For eight years I flew in Air Force Two
After Tipper and I left the -- ah -- the White House -- (Laughter) -- we were heading from our home in Nashville to a small farm we have 50 miles east of Nashville.
This may seem like a small thing to you, but... (Laughter) When I looked in the rearview mirror, I suddenly realized something.
Have you ever heard of phantom limb pain? (smile)
For those of you who don't know, it's a cheap family restaurant chain.
She whispered, "Hey, former Vice President Al Gore and his wife Tipper."
I started this speech by telling you about what happened the day before in Nashville.
And then after giving my speech, I went back to the airport and headed home.
While I was sleeping on the plane, the plane landed in the Azores for refueling in the middle of the night.
I woke up and the door opened and I went out for some fresh air and I saw a man running down the runway.
Three days later, I got a nice, long, handwritten letter from my friend and colleague, Bill Clinton, saying, "I heard about your restaurant. Congratulations Al!"
(Laughter) We want to celebrate each other's successes in life.
In the last two days, we've got a new January temperature record.
It's an easy target to deal with, but much more global warming pollution comes from consumption in buildings than cars and trucks.
Efficiency in other modes of transportation is just as important as cars and trucks.
Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is going to be a killer app that will allow us to continue to use fossil fuels safely.
Make the decision to live carbon neutral
It's easier than people think, really.
By the time the movie comes out in May, it will be updated to version 2.0 and you will be able to purchase offsets with a click.
If the world becomes a closed system with America's participation, how many people are on the board of directors...how many of these people are on the company's board of directors?
If it's a closed system, if you don't convince your CEO to maximize revenue through carbon reduction and trading, you'll be held legally accountable. work to resolve
We need to change the mindset of the American people
Some of you have more influence than us Democrats.
we are one
It's not just preventable, it's actually reversible. For the last 29 years, we've been wondering how effective a low-tech, low-cost intervention that is simply changing our diet and lifestyle can be. We've proven that with these high-tech, expensive, state-of-the-art instruments, such as pre-intervention and one-year post-intervention quantitative arteriography and cardiac PET scans.
A study we published a few months ago showed for the first time that the progression of prostate cancer can be stopped or reversed by changing diet and lifestyle, compared to 9 percent in the control group. We saw a 70% reduction in tumor size growth and growth inhibition.
So here's an MRI and an MR image, and you can see the prostate cancer activity in red, and you can see that after a year, it's gone down.
Now, obesity is on the rise. It's two-thirds of all adults, 15 percent of children. What really worries me is that diabetes has gone up by 70 percent in the last decade. Our children are shorter than their parents. We may be the first generation to have a life, which is a shame, because it's preventable.
here is my doppelganger
(Laughter) Dr. Gero is a wonderful, slightly insane scientist who appears in the Android version of Dragon Ball Z.
If you look closely, his skull has been replaced with an acrylic glass dome, which allows you to see how his brain works, and even control it with light.
By controlling the brain, we understand how it works.
Many neurologists agree with that idea, and believe that understanding requires detailed observation and analysis.
They say, "If we could record the activity of neurons, we could understand the brain."
Let's take a look at what brain activity looks like.
There are 10,000 neurons here.
That's about 1% of a cockroach's brain.
Your brain is about 100 million times more complex than this.
We don't know the code the brain uses.
How?
In other words, instead of recording neuron activity, we have to control it.
Of course, I'm not the first to realize that intervention is a powerful tool.
Go back at least 200 years, and Galvani's famous experiment goes back to the late 18th century and even earlier.
This experiment revealed for the first time, the most basic, an important part of the neural code, the information is in the form of electrical pulses.
It's difficult in mobile animals, and it limits the number of wires that can be inserted simultaneously.
As you get closer to these purple neurons, you can see that their membranes are dotted with tiny pores.
These pores conduct electrical currents and are the basis for all communication in the nervous system.
These are paired with light receptors like your eye.
When light hits the receptor, the pore opens, allowing an electrical current to flow and the neuron to send out an electrical signal.
Because the light-activated pores are written into DNA, we can achieve incredible precision.
Because each cell in our body has the same genes, but different cells activate different genes.
In this picture, the bluish white cell in the upper left does not respond to light because it lacks the light-activated pore.
This method works so well that it can even write artificial messages directly into the brain.
This was done six or seven years ago by Susana Lima, who was a graduate student at my school.
Susana genetically engineered the fruit fly brain on the left so that only two of the 200,000 cells were sensitive to light.
The field of optogenetics has grown exponentially since we started the first step.
We deal with these pressures with our brains, and that part of our brain that holds the key to making decisions is what I call the "actor."
Let's apply this neurobiological argument to an abstract model, using our specialty, the fruit fly, to create a one-dimensional world.
This constant inner voice, if you're Austrian like me, think of it as the Catholic Church in your brain, if you're Freudian, think of it as the superego, if you're Jewish, think of it as your mother.
(Laughter) Clearly, the critic is the key to our intelligence.
So we tried to identify the cells in the fly's brain that act as "critics."
In other words, the fly is supposed to learn from the mistakes it thinks it made, but it doesn't actually make them.
We raised flies whose brains were randomly sprinkled with light-controlled cells.
What these cells have in common is that they all produce the neurotransmitter dopamine.
But the neurons that produce dopamine are clearly very different on the left than on the right.
But the fly on the left behaves completely differently.
After many iterations of this kind of experiment, we narrowed down the location of the "critic" to 12 cells.
These 12 cells, shown in green, send their output information to a brain structure called the mushroom body, here in gray.
Given what we know about mushroom bodies, it makes perfect sense.
These LEDs are connected to sensors that detect the presence of odor molecules in the air.
Each odor activates a different set of sensors, which in turn activates different odor detectors in the mushroom body.
In the fly's cockpit, the actor, the pilot, can recognize which smell it is by looking at which blue LED is lit.
We artificially created this situation by making the critic work with the light.
thank you
(applause)
(Music) ♫ In the morning ♫ ♫ When you wake up ♫ ♫ Make coffee ♫ ♫ Read the newspaper ♫ ♫ Slowly ♫ ♫ And softly ♫ ♫ Wash the dishes ♫ ♫ Feed the fish ♫ ♫ You sing me happy birthday ♫ ♫ This day ♫ ♫ As if it were the last ♫ ♫ On this earth ♫ (Applause) Yes.
I want to do something a little special today.
There is nothing more exciting than performing a song for the first time in front of an audience. Especially the unfinished songs.
In the acoustic world, when a mic gets too close to a sound source, it goes into a self-destructing loop and produces a rather unpleasant sound.
(Laughter) Of course, it's impossible for the eyes to see the eyes, but I feel like they're trying.
Or for the ear to hear itself - it's just not possible.
(music) ♫ Give yourself a congratulatory handshake ♫ ♫ Give yourself a handshake ♫ ♫ The eyes that look at you are your own ♫ ♫ And the ears that listen ♫ ♫ Cause ♫ ♫ You made the impossible possible ♫ ♫ You untied yourself ♫ ♫ Now you're utterly invincible ♫ ♫ A heart that no one can hurt ♫ And bare ♫ ♫ Break it yourself ♫ ♫ Break it yourself, break it yourself ♫ ♫ Break it yourself, break it yourself ♫ ♫ Break it yourself ♫ (Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Yes.
It's good. A songwriter can get away with some kind of murder.
But I think reckless curiosity is what the world needs right now, at least a little.
(music) ♫ Quiet ♫ ♫ Quiet she said ♫ ♫ Calling from behind his head ♫ ♫ At the edge of the bed I can see blood ♫ ♫ I can see ♫ ♫ Cells growing ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ Don't spill the wine ♫ ♫ I can see it all from here ♫ ♫ I can see it ♫ ♫ oh ♫ ♫ I can see it ♫ ♫ The weather system ♫ ♫ The world ♫ ♫ The weather system ♫ ♫ The world ♫ ♫ Some of the languages ​​we speak ♫ ♫ Not for sale ♫ ♫ I'd keep it ♫ ♫ Some substance free agent ♫ ♫ In a place where they're scared ♫ ♫ Stay there for a while ♫ ♫ Don't spill the wine ♫ ♫ I can see it all from here ♫ ♫ I can see it ♫ ♫ oh♫ ♫ I can see ♫ ♫ This world's weather system ♫ ♫ This world's ♫ Thank you.
(applause)
This is Bertie County, North Carolina, USA.
Let's take a look at a map. This is North Carolina, and if you zoom in, you have Bertie County in the eastern part of the state.
Reliance on agricultural subsidies Lower-than-average quality schools Poverty rates in rural areas are higher than in urban areas.
Bertie County is no exception
And Bertie County isn't just a rural area, it's extremely poor.
It's the poorest county in the state.
One in three children live in poverty, in what is often referred to as the "rural ghetto."
The region's largest employer is a Purdue poultry processing plant
There are more vacant and dilapidated homes than buildings in use.
Ethnically, 60 percent of the population is African American, but the majority of economically advantaged white children attend Lawrence Academy, a private school.
86% of public school students are black
To say that public education in Bertie County is "struggling" might be an understatement.
In my opinion, Bertie County's greatest asset right now is this man, Dr. Chip Zallinger, affectionately known as "Doctor Z."
In October of 2007, he was appointed superintendent to rebuild a broken education system.
In the late 80's he founded one of the pioneering charter schools in the United States.
He chose us in particular because we have a unique design process, a process that can generate relevant design solutions in areas where design services and creative capital are usually hard to come by.
When we were invited, we were based in San Francisco, so during 2009, we spent almost half of our time in Bertie County, bouncing back and forth between our two locations.
"We," Project H, is me and my partner, Matthew Miller. Matthew is a MacGyver type of architect.
After a year of going back and forth, we fell in love with this place.
The design was untouched, so I saw this as an opportunity to bring it in. I added a whole new tool to Bertie County's toolbox that otherwise wouldn't have been available.
But more than that, the Bertie County community itself was desperate for new perspectives, local pride, connection building, and scarce creative capital.
The first is “design for education”.
In this picture, the children are playing Match Me, a game that teaches basic multiplication.
(Laughter) Now, the second approach is to redesign education itself.
And the third approach, which we're most excited about, is the ongoing design as education.
Design as education means actually teaching design in public education, not design practice to learn something like building rockets to learn physics, but learning design thinking itself and actually building and building. It means that you learn the technology to do it according to the purpose of the local community.
In other words, we designers are no longer consultants, but teachers, responsible for growing the creative capital of the next generation.
Design as an educational framework works like an antidote for many school districts that have suffered from boring, rigid, language-only classes.
It's hands-on, it's challenging, it requires active participation, but it lets kids learn the required subjects the way they should really be learned.
It's like vocational training.
The first project will be a downtown open-air market that will be completed next summer, followed by a covered bus stop for school buses in the second year, and a senior housing renovation in the third year.
I would like to introduce three of our students.
She loves farming and aims to be a high school teacher.
He's obsessed with racing off-road motorcycles and wants to be an architect.
Through Studio H, he can acquire the skills necessary to be an architect, the ability to draw blueprints, assemble wood and metal, and conduct research for clients.
Indeed, design and architecture provide a different kind of classroom for public education.
Studio H is a small story, especially in the first year, 13 students, 2 teachers, 1 project in 1 location.
Ultimately, design itself is a continuous learning process for our peers, our clients, and ourselves as designers.
It's a really small story, but I hope that as a step towards the future, we're building the future of rural areas, public education, and even the future of design.
thank you
(applause)
Today I want to talk to you about ethnic conflicts and civil wars.
Three things are important: leadership, diplomacy, and institutional design.
For decades, civil wars have been making headlines, but ethnic conflicts in particular continue to pose major challenges to international security.
In Georgia, after years of stalemate, full-scale violence returned in August 2008.
This quickly escalated into a five-day war between Russia and Georgia, further deepening rifts within the country.
In Kenya, the 2007 presidential election race devolved into massive ethnic violence, killing or displacing thousands of people.
In Sri Lanka, a decade-long civil war between the Tamil minority and the Sinhalese majority culminated in a bloody climax in 2009, claiming about 100,000 lives since 1983.
In Kyrgyzstan, just a few weeks ago, there was an unprecedented level of violence between Kyrgyz and Uzbek people.
Hundreds were killed, more than 100,000 were displaced, and many Uzbeks fled to neighboring Uzbekistan.
And finally, in Iraq, violence is on the rise again. Four months after the last parliamentary elections, Iraq still has not formed a government.
Over the past 20 years since the end of the Cold War, the overall number of civil wars has been on the decline.
Similarly, civil war deaths are lower than they were 10 or 20 years ago.
The deadliest period was recorded between 1998 and 2001, when about 80,000 soldiers, police and rebels were killed each year.
The lowest number of war dead was in 2003, at just 20,000.
This declining trend is made even clearer when you factor in the genocide in Rwanda in 1994.
800,000 civilians were murdered in just a few months.
In other words, there is no good war or bad peace for civilians suffering from ethnic conflicts and civil wars.
So today there are fewer conflicts and fewer casualties.
The defeat of the Tamil Liberation Tigers in Sri Lanka is probably the most recent example, but similar cases of so-called military solutions can be found in the Balkans, the South Caucasus and other parts of Africa.
Take Northern Ireland for example
After centuries of hatred, decades of violence, and thousands of victims, a historic agreement was reached in 1998.
In order to ensure the long-term success of the Northern Ireland peace process, he imposed very clear terms on which to enter the negotiations.
Subsequent amendments to the agreement were made by the British and Irish governments in their unwavering resolve to bring peace and stability to Northern Ireland.
The agreement combined power-sharing in Northern Ireland with a cross-border system linking both Belfast and Dublin, and gave due consideration to the Irish side.
The terms of the agreement are complex, but so are the causes of conflict.
Who would have imagined that Ian Paisley and Martin McGuinness would jointly govern Northern Ireland as Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, respectively.
But is Northern Ireland a rare example, or are these explanations generally applicable only to advanced democracies?
When Liberia's long-running civil war ended in 2003, it was leadership, diplomacy and institutional design that mattered, as did Macedonia in 2001, when it successfully avoided a full-scale civil war, and Indonesia in 2005, when it successfully ended. The same is true for the Aceh conflict.
The hopes offered by the Oslo Accords did not lead to an end to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Not everything that needed to be resolved was included in the actual agreement.
Failing to seize this opportunity, regional and international leaders pulled back from the issue, distracted by the ensuing second intifada, the 9/11 attacks, and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. was
A comprehensive peace agreement in Sudan was signed in 2005, but it's less comprehensive than expected, and the terms still continue to nurture the seeds of a full-scale war between the South and the North.
A final example is Kosovo
The failure of a negotiated settlement of the Kosovo problem, the violence and tensions, and the resulting de facto separatism, are motivated by many different factors.
Cold peace is better than cold war Cold peace is much better than hot war
What separates the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from Northern Ireland? What is the difference between the civil war in Sudan and Liberia?
Both successes and failures tell us some very important things that we must always keep in mind if we want the good news to continue.
First is leadership
In the same way that ethnic conflicts and civil wars are not natural phenomena but disasters caused by humans, their prevention and resolution do not come naturally.
Leadership must be dexterous, determined and visionary for peace.
Second is diplomacy.
Third is institutional design.
Yet, no amount of diplomatic effort or institutional design can cover up the failures and consequences of local people's failures.
So we have to develop leaders -- leaders who have the skills and the insight and the determination to make peace happen.
Finally, ending a civil war is a process fraught with danger, frustration and setbacks.
It often takes generations to achieve it, but it requires us today to take responsibility, and learn about the right understandings of leadership, diplomacy, institutional design, and so on, today. child soldiers can become the children of tomorrow.
thank you
(applause)
Today I'm going to show you a photo I took of the Lakota.
Many of you have heard of the Lakota or a larger tribe called the Sioux.
The Lakota were one of many tribes that were driven from their lands into prisoner-of-war camps, which are now called reservations.
Prisoner of war camp, also known as Camp 334, is where the Lakota live today.
If you've heard of the American Indian Movement, called AIM, or the American Indian Movement, or Russell Meanes, or Leonard Peltier, or the Oglala conflict, you know that Pine Ridge is the epicenter of Native American affairs.
Today I was asked to talk about my relationship with the Lakota, which is very difficult for me. this is a huge barrier
But at Pine Ridge, I've always been "wasichu."
"Wasichu" is a Lakota word meaning "non-Indian," but it also means "one who brings the best part of the meat."
We're in a private school in the American West with red velvet chairs and money in our pockets.
This piece of paper is the history that I have learned from my Lakota friends and family.
1851 The First Treaty of Fort Laramie was signed, delineating the distinct boundaries of the Lakota nation.
The Homestead Act, signed by President Lincoln, forced large numbers of whites into Native territories.
In 1863, the Santi Sioux rebelled in Minnesota, and 38 Sioux were hanged, the largest execution in U.S. history.
It was President Lincoln who ordered the execution, just two days after he signed the Emancipation Proclamation.
1866 When the new era of the transcontinental railroad began
In response, three Lakota chieftains, led by Red Cloud, attacked and defeated the Americans several times.
1868 The Second Treaty of Fort Laramie unequivocally guarantees the Lakota sovereignty over the great Sioux country and the sacred land of the Black Hills.
The government also promises land and hunting rights in surrounding states.
The treaty seemed to give Red Cloud and the Sioux a complete victory.
In fact, this is the only war in American history where the government negotiated peace by giving up on all the demands of the other.
1869 Transcontinental railroad completed
Goods began to be transported, but so did hunters, who slaughtered buffalo in large numbers and deprived the Sioux of their source of food, clothing and shelter.
In addition, the military issued orders forbidding western Indians from leaving the reservation.
In 1874, General George Custer announced the discovery of gold in Lakota territory, naming the Black Hills.
The news brought a large influx of white settlers into the Lakota nation.
1875 The Lakota War begins over violations of the Treaty of Fort Laramie.
On June 26, 1876, General Custer's 7th Cavalry was wiped out at the Battle of Little Bighorn while en route to attacking a village in Lakota.
In 1877, the great Lakota warrior chief Crazy Horse surrendered at Fort Robinson.
he was killed in custody
1877 was also the year we found a way around the Fort Laramie Treaty.
A new treaty was presented to the Sioux chiefs and strongmen, by a movement known as "sell or starve," forcing them to either sign it or cut off food supplies to the tribe.
Only 10% of adult men signed
The reservation was divided into 160-acre parcels and assigned to individual Indians, and surplus land was disposed of.
This destroyed the reservation because it made it easier for each generation to further subdivide and sell the land.
Most of the surplus land and many of the smaller parcels on the reservation went to white ranchers.
It's the year the Wounded Knee massacre happened.
On December 29, U.S. forces laid siege to the Sioux who were encamped on the banks of Wounded Knee Creek and, using a new rapid-firing gun called the Hotchkiss Machine Gun, massacred Chief Bigfoot and 300 prisoners.
This was treated as a "battle," and 20 Congressional Medals of Honor for valor were awarded to the 7th Cavalry.
This is the most Medal of Honor ever awarded in a single battle to this day.
More medals have been awarded to those who indiscriminately killed millions of women and children than in any battle in World War I, World War II, South Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan.
The Wounded Knee Massacre is considered the end of the Indian Wars.
Whenever I visit the Wounded Knee Cemetery, I always feel that this is not just a Lakota or Sioux grave, but a grave for all indigenous peoples.
It was a beautiful dream."
With this incident, a new era began in the history of indigenous peoples.
All things can be compared before and after Wounded Knee, because in that moment, right when you put your finger on the trigger of the Hotchkiss gun, the U.S. government made its attitude towards Indigenous rights clear.
In 1980, the United States Supreme Court ruled on the longest trial in U.S. history, the trial of Sioux and the U.S. government.
The court held that the Black Hills land acquisition was illegal and that the original price plus interest should be paid to Sioux.
The court ordered a payment to Sioux for land in the Black Hills of only $106 million.
The Sioux refused to accept it under the slogan, "The Black Hills are not for sale."
Many are homeless, and those who do have homes, up to five families living together in crumbling buildings.
39% of the homes in Pine Ridge have no electricity.
At least 60% of homes are full of black mold.
Over 90% of the population lives below the national poverty level
The probability of contracting tuberculosis in Pine Ridge is about eight times higher than the national average.
Infant mortality rate is the highest in North America, about three times the national average
Cervical cancer is five times the national average
School dropout rates are up to 70%
The teacher turnover rate is eight times the national average.
Grandparents often raise their grandchildren because their parents are unable to do so due to alcoholism, domestic violence and general lethargy.
50% of people over 40 have diabetes
Life expectancy for men is 46 to 48 years, about the same as Afghanistan and Somalia.
That's how we came to own the United States of America.
Even now, long after the guards have disappeared, prisoners of war continue to be born in the camps.
Here's what's left of the bones after the best meat is taken away.
The massacre of 1890, and the broken treaties one hundred and fifty years ago, may be long forgotten by our dominant society, but I can't help but ask you. How do you feel about today's statistics?
How is the suffering in these images connected to the history I just read?
There must be a call to action
For a long time, I sat on the sidelines, content to be a witness and just take pictures.
The suffering of indigenous peoples is not an easy one to solve.
The United States continues to violate the terms of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 and 1868 with the Lakota Nation on a daily basis.
Today I propose a call to action -- my TED wish is to uphold the treaty.
to give back the black hills
(applause)
One man died after a 36-hour work shift.
we love chocolate
80% of the cocoa comes from Ivory Coast or Ghana. Their cocoa is harvested by children.
Ivory Coast has a big problem with child slaves.
Children from conflict zones are trafficked and forced to work in coffee fields.
Uzbekistan is the second largest cotton exporter in the world.
Every year when it's cotton harvest time, the government closes the schools and packs the kids into buses and takes them to the cotton fields. And let the cotton harvest for 3 weeks.
If you want to see an old-fashioned sweatshop, meet me at Madison Square Garden. We will walk you through the streets and take you to a Chinese sweatshop.
However, if we take heparin as an example,
It's a pharmaceutical product.
The problem is the active ingredient in the product. As I explained earlier, the active ingredient is obtained from pigs.
The American manufacturers that make the ingredients decided to move their factories to China several years ago. Because China is the world's largest supplier of pigs.
A few years ago there was a scandal. Around 80 people died as a result. It's caused by contaminants. It slipped into the heparin supply process.
This substitute is $9 a pound. It costs $900 a pound to make real heparin.
And why did the Chinese food and drug authorities allow this to happen?
There are about 500 of these facilities in China alone, and they make active ingredients.
There is no system in place to guarantee human rights and basic dignity.
Governments that are failing and lax at the national level are much less capable of responding to such problems at the international level.
If we want to guarantee the delivery of public goods at the international level, in the case of global supply chains, we have to come up with a different mechanism.
Fortunately, there are some examples.
The 1990s saw a series of scandals involving the production of American branded products. These include child labor, forced labor and serious health and safety violations.
Finally, in 1996, former President Clinton held a meeting at the White House. He brought manufacturers, international human rights NGOs, trade unions and the Ministry of Labor into one room and said, "Ladies and gentlemen, I don't want globalization to be a race to the bottom.
So they created a White House task force to investigate and spent three years debating who had what responsibility in the global supply chain.
The companies didn't feel it was their duty.
And they agreed, "We do what we agree on in our common standards and code of conduct.
We apply this in our global supply chains regardless of ownership or control.
Of course, this doesn't happen naturally in a multinational company.
I need a safe space.
We need a place where people can come together, sit down, think about these issues, agree, and work out solutions without fear of scrutiny or stigma.
The problem is a lack of trust, trust and interrelationships between NGOs, labor activists, civil society organizations and transnational corporations.
“How can I trust them?” you say.
Even if you are a responsible person, responsibility without accountability may not work.
You don't have to believe me, and you shouldn't.
Check out the audit results on our website.
Ask yourself again. Is this company acting socially responsible?
I hate the idea that governments are not upholding human rights around the world.
Just look at the swine flu, bird flu, and H1N1 that are prevalent worldwide.
What they lack is a safe space where everyone can come together, agree and act.
But there are thousands of suppliers.
But there are companies like this.
Some companies are very big companies.
But we break this down into basic realities.
It starts with giving them back their dignity
Sitting in a slum in one of India's brightest new cities, Gurgaon, right next to Delhi, I was talking to the workers in the textile sweatshop across the road. When asked what kind of message they would like to convey to brand companies
They didn't say money.
they said: "Our employers treat us like we're subhuman. As if we don't exist.
Ask them to treat us like humans."
So I appeal to all of you.
thank you.
Do you ever feel completely overwhelmed when faced with a complex problem?
I'm an ecologist, I study complexity, and I love complexity.
And I study the interconnectedness of species in nature.
This is a food web, or should I say a map of the feeding relationships between species in mountain lakes in California.
I'd like to share with you two important insights about complexity that we're learning from nature, and they could potentially apply to other problems as well.
For example, you can plot the carbon flow from your supply chain within a company's ecosystem, or you can visualize the connectivity points of habitat patches in endangered species in Yosemite National Park.
Now let's shift focus and look at a really complex problem, provided by the U.S. government.
This is a chart showing the U.S. military's counterinsurgency strategy in Afghanistan.
Although it made the front page of the New York Times a few months ago,
The stated goal is to increase public support for the Afghan government.
Mostly non-violent, broadly divided into two categories: active engagement in ethnic conflicts and religious beliefs, and fair and transparent economic development and provision of services.
In nature, simplicity is often the other side of complexity.
thank you
(applause)
First, let me explain what mathematics looks like in the real world and in education.
Geologists, engineers, biologists, all sorts of people, modeling and simulation and
The next step is to take that problem and turn it from a real-world problem to a math problem.
has changed dramatically in the last few decades
it's a chore
My guess is that people around the world today spend the equivalent of about 106 human lifetimes teaching them how to do calculations by hand.
For example, mental arithmetic
I often ask about ancient Greek and its associations.
I've always been interested in ancient Greek, but I don't think we should be forced into a subject like ancient Greek for the whole nation.
They say you shouldn't use machines until you have the basics.
But the automation of cars has allowed us to separate driving a car from learning how to engineer and service a car.
Just because paper was invented before the computer doesn't mean you have to use paper instead of computers in math classes.
i don't think so
I think computers can help with this problem and be conceptual.
think of the outside world
Do you think that engineering, biology, and other things that have benefited greatly from computers and mathematics have been downgraded by the use of computers?
By doing lots of examples, you'll be able to find answers and better understand the basics of the system.
Programming is how most steps and processes are written down, and it's also a great way to engage students and check their understanding.
So what I'm saying here is that we have an opportunity to make mathematics more practical and more conceptual.
Here is an example I made for my daughter
very simple
We were talking about what happens when we increase the number of sides in a polygon.
very simple example
The first countries to do this, in my opinion, will take the big leap and create a new economy that will have a better economy and a better future.
I want you to understand that this is not an incremental change.
We're trying to bridge the gap between classroom math and real-world math.
(applause)
I'm happy to be here to talk to you about one of my favorite subjects, beauty.
I'm trying to understand, intellectually, philosophically and psychologically, what the experience of beauty is, what can be said for sure about beauty, how people can get lost in trying to understand beauty.
The variety of baby faces, movies like Berlioz's Harold in Italy and The Wizard of Oz, Chekhov's plays, landscapes of Central California, Hokusai's painting of Mt. The stunning winning goal Van Gogh's Starry Night Jane Austen's novel Fred Astaire dancing across the screen
But still, I think I can give you a glimpse of the most powerful theory of beauty we've ever had.
Of course, many people think they know the right answer to the question, "What is beauty?"
Or, as some people, especially academics, like to say, "Beauty is in the culturally conditioned eye."
Beethoven is loved in Japan
Peruvians love Japanese woodblock prints
Inca sculptures are treasures of the British Museum, and Shakespeare has been translated into every major language on earth.
How can this universality be explained?
We should also take into account our knowledge of the aesthetic interests of the hunter-gatherer tribes that survived in isolation during the 19th and 20th centuries.
The experience of beauty is one element in a series of evolutionary adaptations.
Beauty is an adaptive process, augmented and enhanced through the creation and enjoyment of works of art and entertainment.
As we all know, evolution works by two main mechanisms.
Another big principle of evolution is sexual selection, which works in a very different way.
The peacock's magnificent tail feathers are perhaps the most famous example of this.
If we keep this idea firmly in our minds, we can see that the experience of beauty is also an evolutionary means of triggering and sustaining interest, fascination, and even obsession, in order to induce us to make the best choices for survival and reproduction. increase
Beauty is kind of how nature works from a distance.
Consider for a moment the allure of beautiful landscapes, one of the important sources of aesthetic pleasure.
This landscape is today on calendars, on postcards, on golf courses and parks, and in gold frames in living rooms in New York and New Zealand.
It's a picturesque Hudson River school landscape, open and short grassy and dotted with woodland.
In this landscape, or in the blue haze, the presence of water is indicated, along with the lush greenery, animals and birds, and finally, there is a road that leads into the distance, or it may be a riverbank or a coastline, which leads into the distance. as if inviting me to follow
Landscapes like this are considered beautiful, even by people in countries that don't have landscapes like this.
The ideal savannah landscape is one of the clearest examples of human beings everywhere acknowledging beauty as a visual experience.
Perhaps the most recognizable works of art from the earliest period of humankind are the spectacular cave paintings of Lascaux and Chauvet.
The Chauvet cave is about 32,000 years old, around the same time that small realistic statues of women and animals were created.
The beautiful shell necklaces and ocher body paint you see at handicraft fairs today have been found to be about 100,000 years old.
But the most striking prehistoric artefacts are much older than that.
These crude tools continued to be used for hundreds of thousands of years, but it wasn't until about 1.4 million years ago that Homo erectus began making thin, sharp stone blades, often oval. It's sometimes in the shape of symmetrical, spiky leaves and teardrops that we find attractive even when we look at it.
Its symmetry, its fascinating materials, and most of all, its delicate workmanship are utterly beautiful, even to our eyes today.
(Laughter) What's interesting is how this idea was communicated, because the Homo erectus that created them didn't have a language.
It's hard to understand, but it's an amazing fact.
In our modern world, virtuoso techniques are used to create imaginary worlds in fiction and film, and to express strong emotions through music, painting, and dance.
I find beauty in things that are well done.
So the next time you pass by a jeweler's window with a beautifully cut teardrop-shaped gemstone, don't think that it's just culture that makes you think that shiny gem is beautiful.
Your distant ancestors also loved the shape and saw beauty in the skill required to create it, long before love could be put into words.
Is beauty in the eye of the beholder?
It's a gift, inherited from our ancient ancestors' intellectual skills and rich emotional lives.
Our strong reactions to images, to emotional expression in art, to beautiful music, to the night sky, will be passed on to our descendants as long as the human race continues.
(applause)
So I said, "Relax, Alex.
From there, when you look down on Yokneam, everything looks so small.
I walked 120 kilometers to reach Sudan.
I still get goosebumps when he said it, because he said it with the Moab Mountains in the distance.
That's where Joshua descended and led the Israelites across the Jordan into the land of Canaan, at the end of his journey from Africa 3,000 years ago.
Sometimes I visit a kibbutz (farm) built by Holocaust survivors.
We also visit the sites of Jewish settlements, Nabatite settlements, Canaanite settlements, three, four, or five thousand years ago.
Embracing complexity makes them more tolerant, and tolerance leads to hope.
thank you
(applause)
Thank you very much
I answered, "I play the cello and then sing a little bit," and he said, "If it's the cello, I'll do a little too."
(Applause) The song is "Farther than the Sun."
It ruined my life. (Laughter) Al Gore and An Inconvenient Truth.
Look at this, it's "green school."
the classroom has no walls
The teacher uses a bamboo blackboard.
we practice holism
The kids at my school spend 181 days in a box school.
The same people who built my schools also build prisons and mental hospitals with the same materials.
Then the turbine kicks in, producing 8,000 watts of electricity day and night.
Now you know what these are
Number of people times amount of water
So these are composting toilets, but nobody at school wanted to know about these toilets, especially the principal.
"I've been on a plane for 24 hours," he said.
I will bring my sons in August."
Volcanic rock laid by hand
When some kindergarten kids recently moved their gates, they realized that the fences were made of tapioca.
They pulled out the tapioca root and sliced ​​it into thin slices to make delicious chips.
The green school enters its third year with 160 children.
(Laughter) We've done a lot of crazy things. What do you mean by local?
To be local, 20% of the students in the school had to be Balinese, and that was a very big promise.
But what about the children with learning disabilities, the dyslexic children, we've changed the name to Prolexic, and they're doing well in this beautiful classroom.
It's as strong and dense as teak, and it can support even the heaviest of roofs.
The yellow box was called the administration building
It has a double helix
There were a lot of problems during construction, and when the Balinese workers saw this huge blueprint, they said, "What is this?"
So we made a big model
The Balinese carpenters used bamboo scales to measure it, select the bamboo, and proceed with the construction, in a time-honored way, mostly by hand.
The scene was chaos
In the center of the school there is a bamboo grove that stretches for seven kilometers.
This may not be the world's largest bamboo structure, but we believe it's the most beautiful.
The Green School was built to be a model for the world.
You ruined my life, but you gave me a wonderful future.
(applause)
We're talking about the high seas here.
The high seas is a legal term - 50% of the Earth's surface.
And finally, I'm going to think about a new perspective that's being created and evolving about the governance of the high seas, one that's based on a basin-wide conservation perspective, but shaped by global norms of precautionary action and respect for the sea.
It's absolutely unbelievable
And so, within just three years, between 2003 and 2006, we were able to set the norm and change the landscape of deep sea trawl fishing.
In 2009, the United Nations assessed its progress since then, and found that nearly 100 million square kilometers of seafloor had been protected.
This area is also known as a breeding ground for the river eels of Northern Europe and North America. The eels are now so depleted that they have disappeared from Stockholm, and only five have been spotted in England recently.
The captain of a New Zealand vessel that recently sailed to the Antarctic reported a dramatic decline in the number of killer whales in the Ross Sea, which directly depend on the Antarctic toothfish as a staple food.
Now it's the Costa Rica Dome, not far from the United States, a recently discovered area that could be a year-round habitat for blue whales.
What's unique about the Costa Rican Dome is that it's not consistently in the same area.
So it doesn't necessarily stay on the high seas.
The Tagging of Predators in the Pacific project is one of 17 Censuses of Marine Life
Stay tuned for more information
Fishing boats can also be tracked with tags as well.
But we need to think big and global.
Here we extend our sincere gratitude and praise to Sylvia Earle's wish, for shedding our attention to the depths of the sea beyond the high seas and our own territories.
thank you
(applause)
A funny thing happened on my way to becoming an amazing, world-class neuropsychologist, and I had a child, but this is amazing.
Sorry TED
It's not that you're more neurotic than everyone else, you're really honest about your neuroticism."
my baby vander is 8 now
In fact, more than 4 million people have concussions each year, and that's only for people under the age of 14 who were brought into the emergency room.
High school athletes are actually three times more likely to suffer fatal injuries than college students, and they also take longer to recover.
What you might not be familiar with is that the wife of a former NFL player who popularized the study said, "Isn't it strange that my 46-year-old husband always loses his keys?
I may have forgotten to mention that my son is an only child.
Heads Up is concussion-focused in children
A valuable resource for student-athletes, teachers, parents, professionals and coaches alike.
How much does the protective equipment cost?
to wear a helmet
Recently in graduate school, one of my students, Tom, said, "Mr. Kim, I wear a bike helmet when I go to school."
thank you
(applause)
I don't remember the exact time
Everything in the room was shaking My heart, my windows, my bed, everything
And then I went back to bed and prayed, and I secretly thanked God that the missile didn't hit my house and that my family was okay.
Thirty years later, I still feel guilty about that prayer.The next day, I learned that the missile hit my brother's friend's house, killing him and his father. mother and sister were safe
The next week, the mother came to my brother's classroom and asked the seven-year-olds if they had any pictures of their son, because they had lost everything.
This is not a story about an unnamed survivor of a war or an unnamed refugee, the stereotypical image you see in newspapers and on television of someone in shabby clothes, with a dirty face and frightened eyes.
I grew up in war-torn Iraq, and I believe there are two sides to war, but we only see one side.
We only talk about one side
But as someone who lives and works in it, what I've witnessed is that there is another side.
I grew up seeing the colors of war, the red of fire and blood, the earthy brown that explodes before my eyes, the piercing silver of an exploding missile, so bright that nothing can protect my eyes.
I grew up with the sounds of war, the constant roar of cannonballs, the terrifying roar of explosions, the ominous bass of jets flying overhead, the mournful sound of air raid sirens.
After that, I left Iraq and founded Women for Women International, working with women who survived the war.
A Palestinian woman said, "It's not the fear of dying only once. Sometimes I feel like I'm going to die ten times in one day," she said, describing the sounds of marching soldiers and the sound of guns.
80% of refugees in the world are women and children
90% of modern war casualties are civilians.
how interesting
500,000 Rwandan women are raped every 100 days
As we speak, hundreds of thousands of Congolese women are being raped and mutilated right now.
Checkmate
What we're missing are the stories of women who kept their lives going during the war.
war has two sides
The side that fights and the side that keeps schools and factories and schools running.
To understand how to build lasting peace, we must understand war and peace on both sides.
To understand the true meaning of peace, we all need to understand what a Sudanese woman said, "Peace is the regeneration of toenails."
She grew up in South Sudan during 20 years of war, where a million people died and five million refugees.
Many women were kidnapped by rebels and soldiers to be sexually enslaved or forced to carry weapons and food for the soldiers.
There, this woman walked for 20 years, lest she be taken away again.
We have to understand that you can't talk about ending war or peace without including women at the negotiating table.
You can't talk about any kind of stability, whether it's building lasting peace or building democracy or a sustainable economy, without including women at the negotiating table.
Last but not least, we need to invest in peace and women, not just because it's the right thing to do to build sustainable peace, but for the future.
She made $450 and was doing well.
We need to invest in women, because it's the only way we can ensure that there will be no more wars.
thank you
(applause)
Let's start from the beginning
There are companies, non-profits, charities, and all sorts of organizations that have employees, volunteers, and other people working there.
I went to work, sat at my desk, used an expensive computer
7 hours?
Is this China? what the hell happened
The real problem is what I call M&M's managers and meetings.
During the day at work, meetings are utterly toxic, toxic, and pernicious.
"Meetings and Bosses" are two of the biggest problems in business today, especially in the office environment.
So here are some suggestions to rectify this situation.
And what that means is that if no one talks to each other, an enormous amount of work gets done.
Another suggestion is to switch from active communication and engagement, such as pats on the shoulder and meetings, to more passive communication using email, messengers, and other collaboration tools.
And my final suggestion is, if there's a meeting scheduled and you have the authority, just call it off.
(applause)
(Applause) Thank you.
It's the first house I built
Everything in the kitchen was salvaged from the trash
It looks like a penis, but hey, it's a bathroom.
(Laughter) A house made out of Budweiser cans.
(Laughs) The shower imaged a glass of beer.
This faucet is a beer tap
(Laughter) The branches in this little house are made out of Osage oranges.
Let me show you something you've never seen before
but you've never seen this
It's my new chocolate phone."
Repetition creates patterns
It creates a lot of waste in the construction industry.
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote a book called "The Birth of Tragedy" around 1885.
So he wrote that culture oscillates between two perspectives. One is the Apollonian perspective: well-planned, rational, perfect.
And the third thing is that - the Industrial Revolution started during the Renaissance with the rise of humanitarianism, and it made great strides around the time of the French Revolution.
So materials are now standardized.
this is just a myth
I'm saving five bucks a minute
the walls are so thick
For one thing, all professionals, from merchants to salespeople to inspectors to engineers to architects, all think this way.
all subdivisions look the same
humans are social creatures
What we have to do is reconnect with our very primal part and decide, "I want to put my CDs on the wall over there.
It's almost as if corporations are using children to force parents to buy things that are not good for us or the planet.
Young children especially love the colorful packaging and plastic toy extras.
(Laughter) This seed is planted and grown.
But most of the corn we eat is somewhat genetically engineered.
Let me tell you, corn is used for everything.
Then more harmful chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides are sprayed on vegetables and fruits to kill pests and weeds.
And then they irradiate the food to make it last longer and ship it to supermarkets thousands of miles away.
Not long ago, I wanted to be an American football player.
(Applause) Thank you.
This man, who we call "the oddball farmer," doesn't use any herbicides, genetically modified seeds, or pesticides.
Sometimes I go to Bill's farm and volunteer to see up close where the meat we eat comes from.
The next time you go to the grocery store, consider local produce, know the producers and foods, and choose organic.
thank you
(applause)
When it comes to difficult negotiations, the Middle East comes up with a favorite story: a man left 17 camels to his three sons.
The old woman thought for a long time, then came back and said, "I don't know if I can help you, but if you really need it, I'll take my camel."
(Laughter) If you think about it for a moment, this story resembles a lot of tough negotiations that involve us.
It's my life's mission to find the 18th camel in the world's conflict.
I think humans are like those three brothers.
we are one family
it's not easy but it's simple
Most of the time, when we think of conflict, we think of two sides: Arab countries and Israel, workers and employers, husbands and wives, Republicans and Democrats, and so on.
And what we always overlook is the third side. In conflict, the third side is us, our communities, our friends, our allies, our families, our neighbors.
we can play an incredibly constructive role
Some years ago, as a facilitator, I was involved in a very difficult negotiation between representatives of Russia and representatives of Chechnya.
We met at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Holland, in the same room where the Yugoslav war crimes trials were being held.
He kept talking, and then he turned to me and said, "You're American, aren't you?
We are here to see if we can find a way to stop the suffering and bloodshed in Chechnya.”
How many of you in the last year were worried about the Middle East and wondered if there's anything you can do about it?
even though it's so far away
Why do we pay so much attention to this conflict?
Is it the number of dead?
Stories matter, and as an anthropologist, I agree.
Stories are used to convey knowledge
As an anthropologist, I know that every culture has its origin story.
What is the story of Middle Eastern origins?
That man, as you know, is Abraham.
Now we are in the scourge of terrorism.
What is terrorism?
Terrorism means treating strangers, innocent people, as enemies who want to kill you to inspire fear.
that's the first step here
There is real power in walking
We crossed the border into Syria and visited Aleppo, which is said to be named after Abraham.
Then we went to Damascus, a place with a long historical connection with Abraham.
Then we traveled to Northern Jordan and arrived at Jerusalem, a land that was deeply associated with Abraham, and from Bethlehem we finally arrived at Hebron, where Abraham was buried.
Men, women, young people, old people, and the funny thing is, there are more women than men.
Last month, there was an article about this in The Guardian, Manchester, in the Guardian, two full pages.
A villager commented, "Walking connects us to the world."
He said it was like a living light that gave us hope.
because people who walk spend money
This woman, Umm Ahmad, lives on the road through Northern Jordan.
The potential power is to change the game.
To change the game, you have to change the fabric, which means changing the way you see things, changing the fabric from hostility to hospitality, from terrorism to tourism.
Acorns are associated with the oak tree. They grow on the oak tree. They are also associated with Abraham.
So the question is, if it's done in Europe, can it be done in the Middle East?
Of course it's not easy
Is possible
Go to someone, someone from a different culture, a different country, a different ethnicity, a different person, invite them into a conversation and listen.
How about a TED walk after the TED talk?
If each of us takes a step forward, we can bring this world one step closer to peace.
Third position -- if we can unite the web of peace, we can stop even the lion of war.
thank you
(applause)
what is capitalism
I think capitalism shouldn't be viewed as an ideology, but as an operating system.
app and hardware
It needs to be patched, it needs to be updated, and it needs a new version as well.
But even the Constitution of the United States, if you read its text, you'll find that the framers of the Constitution thought about patents and copyright before the First Amendment, which provided for freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of the press.
that's exactly what happened
A few years after the Wright brothers figured out the principle of flight, people started using cars more and more.
And suddenly, the regulatory system, the operating system, suddenly had to be patched for consumer safety.
Suddenly, drivers were required to have a driver's license, to have a vision test, to register their vehicle, to follow speed limits, to follow traffic rules, so that horses and pedestrians could coexist with cars.
And in five or 10 years, the same thing will happen with self-driving cars, because they will coexist with human-driven cars.
Why this matters is that in the next 10 years, something different from drones and self-driving cars will happen, and the most important economy in the world, the largest economy in the world, will become a country ruled by communists. It's from
This fact is fraught with fundamental problems and will pose an identity crisis for the United States.
That's why it's so important to think of American capitalism as an operating system, not an ideology.
What I want policymakers to think about is how to separate ideology from the economy and how good policy ends up being good politics.
thank you
(applause)
There are six million species of insects on earth, six million species.
was $80 billion
small animals eat insects
Small animals that eat insects are eaten by larger animals, and those animals are eaten by larger animals.
For example, you can choose which insects to eat, just like you can go to a fish restaurant for dinner and choose which fish to eat.
More than 1,000 species of insects are eaten on earth.
(Laughter) In fact, all processed foods contain a lot more protein than we think.
1 gram of cochineal is about 30 euros
Currently, the total population is between 6 billion and 7 billion, but population growth will reach 9 billion by 2050.
How do we feed the world?
we eat a lot
For example, if one-third of the world's population were to increase their average meat consumption from 25 to 80 kilograms, and in fact one-third of the world's population lives in India and China, the demand for meat would increase tremendously. increase
First of all, I would like to say that in Western societies, we eat too much meat.
There are a lot of problems in producing meat, and we're facing them more than ever before.
What if you were an entrepreneur?
Insects produce much less manure per kilogram of meat (protein) produced
What's more, the amount of ammonia and greenhouse gases produced per kilogram of manure is much lower with insect manure than with cow manure.
In fact, it's even comparable to the meat we eat today.
Very good from a calorie point of view.
Already, 80 percent of the world eats bugs, which means that we, the people who live in countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Netherlands, are the minority.
(applause)
Africa was a really interesting place
I later became an industrial engineer as a product development engineer and an expert in relevant detection technology, which was actually the first technology suitable for the developing world.
I started working in industry, but I didn't feel very fulfilled in contributing to a material consumer society in the form of extraction and manufacturing.
So I decided to quit my job and turn my attention to the real problem of landmines.
Landmines are a structural impediment to development, Princess Diana said on TV, and she's right.
We chose rats
Why would you choose a rat?
It's also very sustainable in this environment.
So why use rats?
Rats have been used in various experiments since the 1950s.
Clickers make special sounds that can be used to reinforce certain actions.
This is a team from Mozambique, and there's a Tanzanian instructor who teaches three Mozambicans skills.
Mozambique has a demonstration site
Last year, about 6,000 people stepped on landmines, and in the same year, nearly 1.9 million people worldwide died from tuberculosis, the leading cause of infectious diseases.
That's 40 to 60 percent reliability of microscopy, which is the WHO standard procedure.
The word "Tering" comes from the smell of tar.
So we tried it by getting some samples from the hospital, and we trained rats on them to see if they worked, and when we ran it on multiple rats in a row, we got 89 percent sensitivity and 86 percent specificity. came out
this is a positive sample
In a cage like this, (Applause) In a cage like this with rats -- we currently have 25 rats for tuberculosis testing -- 1,680 in a day in a cage like this. You can check the sample of
This is the first prototype, a camera rat, a rat carrying a special bag with a built-in camera that can go inside the rubble, like after an earthquake, and find victims.
this is in the prototype stage
It's about empowering vulnerable communities to tackle difficult, expensive and dangerous humanitarian detection tasks, and do it using readily available local resources.
thank you
(applause)
Since then, I've been making my own clothes, so everything in my closet is original.
But as I sifted through countless piles of clothes at the thrift store, I thought, What happens to the clothes I don't buy? and
I did a little research, and soon I found a very scary supply chain, and I ran into a rather disturbing reality.
Only 15% of the fabrics and clothes produced in the United States each year are donated or recycled, and the remaining 85% of the fabrics and clothes end up in landfills each year as waste.
That's an average of 200 T-shirts per person going to waste.
The amount of clothing thrown away in Canada is enough to fill the largest stadium in my hometown of Toronto, a 60,000-capacity stadium, three times with piles of clothing.
Even with this fact, I still consider Canadians to be some of the more polite people in North America, so please don't hate Canada.
(Laughter) And what's even more surprising is that the fashion industry is the second most polluting industry in the world, after oil and gas.
I'm not trying to defend the oil and gas industry, but I wouldn't be surprised if it's number one in polluting the environment.
Because maintaining the status quo is the antithesis of what the fashion industry is aiming for.
Unfortunately, not only do we actually throw away much of what we consume, we also use a lot of resources to produce the clothes we buy every year.
On average, each household needs 1,000 bathtubs of water for each clothing purchase each year.
It's modular in nature.
For example a motorcycle jacket
It's a normal jacket with buttons, zippers and decorations.
To effectively recycle a jacket like this, you need to be able to easily remove these parts and turn them back into plain fabric.
It takes a lot of time and money to disassemble a jacket like this.
Sometimes it's more cost-effective to throw things away than to recycle them.
Most of the clothes that we normally own have an average lifespan of about three years.
Even if you can extend the life of your clothes by just nine months, you can reduce waste and use 20 to 30 percent less water in those clothes.
Styles are ever-changing. Eight seasons from now, you'll probably be wearing something different than what you're wearing now, no matter how environmentally conscious you are.
Currently, between 10 and 20 percent of toxic chemical dyes end up in water bodies near production sites in developing countries.
It's these toxic chemical dyes that keep a bright red dress staying red for years.
What if you could use spices and herbs to dye your clothes?
Modern fashion is all about individuality
But what could be more personal and unique than clothes that change color over time?
So it's unique, and more importantly, it's dyed with natural dyes.
But if we could implement a process similar to this on a commercial scale, we could easily reduce our reliance on harmful chemical dyes to dye clothes.
The $2.4 trillion fashion industry is a very competitive place.
The fashion industry is the best industry to embrace the experimentation and change that will enable us to have the sustainable future we need.
thank you
(applause)
(Laughter) When I go to parties, they ask me what I do, and when I say, "I'm a professor," their eyes go dark.
(Laughter) When I go to a philosopher's party (Laughter) and they ask me what my field of study is, and I say, "consciousness," their eyes don't cloud over -- their lips curl up.
(Laughter) And then I get sneers and laughter and growls, and they think, "That's impossible! You can't explain consciousness."
So he says, "You know that philosophers like rational arguments."
He continues, "For most philosophers, the ideal argument is as if you give the audience premises, and then give them reasoning and conclusions, and if they don't accept it, they die.
It's very difficult to change people's minds about things like consciousness, and I finally understand why.
We heard the other day that everyone has strong opinions about video games.
But they don't consider themselves video game experts, they just have strong opinions.
But maybe they don't consider these views to be expertise.
But when it comes to consciousness, people seem to think we all think, "I'm the expert.
And when you tell them your theory, they say, "No, no, that's not consciousness!
This is my favorite picture of consciousness ever.
Saul Steinberg, you know, the cover of The New Yorker.
There's this wonderful stream of consciousness here, and if you look at it all the way through, you'll learn a lot about this man.
How is that possible? many people think it's totally impossible
They think, "There is no naturalistic explanation for consciousness."
"If you say, 'I'm writing a book about magic,' they'll ask, 'Is it real magic?' And when they say real magic, they mean miracles, magical acts and supernatural powers."
(Laughter) This is how many people think about consciousness.
(Laughter) Real consciousness is not a wisdom bag.
but i'm not going to explain it all
Here's how a philosopher explains the trick of sawing a woman in half
(Laughter) So let me show you how philosophers describe consciousness.
And with that, I'm going to show you that consciousness isn't as wonderful or as wondrous as you think it is.
And the same goes for consciousness.
watch carefully
I'm working with a young computer-animator-documentary writer named Nick Deamer, and as part of a big project he made for me is a little demo that I think some of you might be interested in.
It's a feature-length documentary about consciousness.
Did any of you notice that the color of all those squares changed?
Even though you know all these colors change, it's hard to notice, and it takes a lot of concentration to spot those changes.
This is what I predicted in the last page or two of my 1991 book, "Consciousness Explained," where I thought that if you did this kind of experiment, people would notice even really big changes. I said you'll find out you couldn't
Now, how is it possible that there are so many changes going on and we are not aware of them?
Where your eyes aren't looking, your vision is noticeably lackluster.
Bellotto was Canaletto's pupil.
And I noticed a lot of people on the bridge there - you can barely see them crossing the bridge.
You've seen something like this -- this is the opposite effect
the same thing
Is the shape on the left the same as the rotated shape on the right?
yes it is possible
But the details of the process are still under intense controversy.
All you know is that you have certain beliefs
they come in a particular order at a particular time
We'll have to go backstage and ask the magician.
can you see it?
In a way, as an effect, the boundaries are really there.
Notice that there are two ways to look at the cube, okay?
We can see the cube just fine, but where does the color change?
Will the purple painters and the green painters fight over who should paint the back of this curtain? wrong
I'm going to show you two pictures, they're slightly different.
You can see the red roof and the gray roof here, and in between is the mask, the blank screen for a quarter of a second.
This continues, and your task as a subject is to press a button when you see a change.
Now, for 240 milliseconds, we'll show the original image. Blank.
Show the next picture for 240 milliseconds Blank
Now we will be the subjects of the experiment.
Indeed, the Rensink subject took just over a second to press the button.
2.9 seconds
What's on that barn roof?
(Laughter) It's easy.
Is it a bridge or a pier?
This is it, because it's very big, but it's hard to see.
can you see it?
Audience: Yes
How many engines are there in that Boeing wing?
(laughs) Right in the middle of the picture!
What I wanted you to see is that scientists, using outside, third-party methods, can tell you things about your own consciousness that you never dreamed possible, and the fact is, you are. You're not as much in control of your own consciousness as you think you are.
And we've made quite a lot of progress in coming up with a theory of mind.
he is right this is the problem
I once spoke at Harvard Medical School, and the head of the lab said, "In our lab, we have a saying.
If you work on one neuron, it's neuroscience.
If you work on two neurons, it's psychology."
(Laughter) We should have more theories, many of which may be given from the top down.
thank you
(applause)
The food and beverage industry is generally the most wasteful industry in the world.
For every calorie in food consumed here in the UK, 10 calories of energy are used to produce it.
That's a lot.
It is then harvested.
Then it's sold, bought and delivered to me.
There are many types of "waste".
Waste of time, waste of space, waste of energy, etc. And waste of waste.
This restaurant is called "Acorn House".
Floors: Sustainable and reusable.
Chairs: repurposed and even more reusable.
I hate waste Especially for walls.
The surface is a plastic polymer.
We filter our own water.
This is the kitchen in the same room.
This is a small kitchen about 5 square meters.
Three compost bins process 70 kilograms of raw vegetables per week. On top of that, it also makes an excellent compost.
I took out the dried cooking waste and gave it to the worms. Say, "Hey, it's time for dinner."
(Laughter) Here is the water filtration system.
Water is a very important aspect.
If we could make Waterhouse a carbon-free restaurant, if we could make it fuel-free, that would be great.
And I managed to do it.
This restaurant is a bit like Acorn House - same chairs, same tables.
Everything is powered by electricity. The restaurant itself, and the kitchen.
And very importantly, this room is water cooled or heated to its temperature, it filters the water itself, and it's powered by water power.
It's literally "Waterhouse".
And this is a willow air diffuser made in England. It moves quietly and gently, creating air flow in the room.
I don't know how it works, but I paid a lot of money.
He grows all his own fruits. I think it's wonderful.
In fact, what I'm trying to do is create the most sustainable supermarket in the world.
think it's important
My job is all about listening
It sounds easy, but it's actually quite a big job.
It's not just the sound, listen to the thunder within yourself
Listen, listen, listen
Next time you go to a concert, open your body and let it resonate inside.
But what I can say with certainty is that in my country, like Wall Street and London and everywhere else, men are at the helm of the financial game, and this lack of diversity and uniformity is devastating. cause the situation
what does that mean?
It was also a business opportunity.
Will the government change?
(Applause) Einstein defined insanity as doing the same thing over and over and expecting different results.
We have a long history of strong, brave and independent women since the days of the Vikings.
I first became aware of the economic and social importance of women when I was seven years old, which coincidentally happened to be my mother's birthday, October 24, 1975.
It was the beginning of a long journey for me, but this day felt important.
Five years later, Iceland's first female president, Vigdis Finnbogadottir, a single mother, breast cancer survivor who lost one breast, was elected.
(Applause) So there were a lot of role models for women who had a huge impact on making me who I am today.
This is how we create a sustainable future and change the world.
(applause)
I grew up in New York City between Harlem and the Bronx.
Now let me assure you, there are some very nice things about being a man.
I lived in the Bronx, and Long Island, where the funeral was held, was about two hours away from home.
Speaking of which, I once asked a 12-year-old football player, "How would you feel if a coach told you you looked like a girl in front of the whole team?"
(applause)
This is the story of an Indian woman's journey.
While all my classmates were getting married with big dowries, I was going to school with a tennis racket and doing a lot of extracurricular activities.
To me, the police meant the power to correct, the power to prevent, the power to detect injustice.
That's why I entered the Indian Police as a woman
It's about tough and equal policing.
I continued, "Do you pray? Do you want to say a prayer?"
i prayed for them. Everything started to change from there
This video shows one of the inmates teaching a class.
And that was the beginning of another change.
Stationery was also a donation
If you want to know more, watch the movie "Doing Time Doing Vipassana"
let me show you the next slide
this was a magic box
This man in blue, yes, this man, he was a prisoner and a teacher.
This is a big issue, and we, as a small group of activists, put together an ombudsman bill for the Indian government.
Thank you very much
(Applause) Thank you, thank you very much.
thank you, thank you, thank you
We're experiencing the most amazing thing ever: the power relationship between men and women is changing rapidly, and in most places that matter, women are ruling everything.
When my mother was young, she didn't go to college
Now, for every two men who graduate from college, three women graduate.
This year, for the first time ever, women will make up the majority of the U.S. labor market.
The Marlboro Man retired a few years ago, and what's changed is this unimpressive man, a parody of American masculinity that we see in commercials today.
In fertility clinics in the United States, 75 percent of couples want a girl, not a boy.
Even in places like South Korea, India, China, and other places that might be considered very patriarchal societies, things are slowly changing, and families no longer want their eldest son so strongly.
Think about it, open your eyes to the possibilities, connect the dots, and the evidence is everywhere.
I have a husband, a father, and two loving sons.
Like many of you, I've been reading the headlines about the recession, and I've noticed a clear pattern: the recession hits the men more than the women.
The first is that the impact of the recession on men is no longer a temporary one, but a reflection of a more fundamental shift in the global economy.
Women, Majority of Workforce
Labor Statistics: Women occupy most managerial positions
Look at the last headline: Young women earn more than men their age
The headline comes from a market research firm,
Young single women were the main buyers of homes in the neighborhood.
What we're seeing here is what economists call economic polarization.
The economy is bifurcated into high-skill, high-paying jobs and low-skill, low-paying jobs, and the middle-skill, medium-paying jobs are disappearing from the economy.
This is because the economy has changed a lot.
These two economies require very different skills, and women just happen to be better than men at developing these new skills.
Today's economy requires a completely different set of skills.
Besides, it has a cascading effect
To know what's going to happen, we have to look not just at the current workforce, but at the future workforce.
why? this is a mystery
For some reason men don't go back to college
In the last decade or so of research, there's something called the boy's crisis.
But the college girls I saw had a completely different picture of the future.
There was an instructor in the class explaining how their identities had been lost in this new age.
it's happening all over the world
India's poor women learn English faster than men to become staff in India's growing new call center.
In the '70s and '80s, the South Korean government aimed to rapidly industrialize, and what they did was push women into the labor market.
look at the chart
We haven't fully processed the information yet, but in pop culture we see a strange and exaggerated trend of changing stereotypes.
Even Helen Mirren owns a gun today
We've had a glass ceiling in the economic realm for a long time.
Standing at the foot of a high bridge is of course terrifying, but it's also pretty exhilarating.
(applause)
I've been in the field of education for a long time. Through teaching, I've learned a body of knowledge about children and learning, and I want more people to understand the potential of their students.
This was different from my previous generation's experience, and it affected the way I interacted with information in small ways.
With the advent of the Internet as a learning tool, I left Wisconsin and moved to Kansas, where I became a teacher in the Kansas School District, in a lovely little town there, where I taught my favorite subject, the U.S. Government.
they made flyers and called the office
I moved from Kansas to beautiful Arizona and taught in Flagstaff for a few years, this time with middle schoolers.
We had the chance to speak with Paul Rusesabagina, the man who inspired "Hotel Rwanda."
I teach at the Academy of Science Leadership, a partnership between the Franklin Institute and the school district in Philadelphia.
This kid is Robbie, and he wanted to share his first ballot of the day with everyone.
(applause)
I started teaching MBA students 17 years ago.
Years later, I sometimes meet old students
Are they of the same race?
Sociologist Mark Granovetter, in his famous paper, "The Strength of Weak Ties," looked at how people get jobs.
Weak ties—the person you just met today is your ticket to a whole new society.
"It's hard, because your network is fundamentally predictable," you answer.
The paradox of social hubs is that to get randomness, you need planning.
At one university I worked at, each floor had a mailroom.
At another university I worked at, there was only one mailroom, and it was a social hub where all the faculty met.
What I really want you to think about is that you have to fight your own filters.
Let me give you an example
A few years ago, there was a year of many things for me.
So within a few weeks, I lost my identity as a teacher and found myself in a stressful new identity as a mother.
I got tons of advice from people around me.
People of lower socio-economic status turned inward.
How can we overcome it?
How do you say "please," "thank you," and "you're welcome" in other languages?
"Thank you" in Spanish, Italian and French is "gracias," "grazie," and "merci."
"kembali" in Indonesian means "please come back"
Instead, think of yourself as an atom, a being that travels through the universe of society, colliding with other atoms, exchanging energy, combining to create something new.
thank you
(applause)
It was meant to be an intelligent online magazine about sex and culture, and it did just that.
RG: So when we put down the parenting magazines that we were looking at with these beautiful pictures, and looked at our actual living room, it looked more like this.
RG: So today I want to share with you four taboos of parenting.
We were in the process of delivering our first child
And then a nurse came towards me with a pearly baby, and then I thought back to what my friends had said, "The moment I held a baby in my arms was more than anything I'd ever experienced in my life. The feeling of love comes rushing in with far greater power."
But the moment the baby was placed in my arms was amazing.
This picture was taken just a few seconds after I held the baby, and I held him in my arms.
What I felt at that time was a deep affection for my child, but it's a very different feeling than what I have for him now, five years later.
I think that probably many men, to a greater or lesser degree, experience the feeling that their emotional response is inadequate in the early months or first year of parenting.
(Laughter) RG: I think I'm really affectionate for an uncle.
RG: Far left (AV: No!)
It was an amazing experience, but when I got home, suddenly I felt detached, trapped and excluded, and I was amazed by that feeling.
I'll never forget, she said, "Anyway, that's not what you want to say to a first-time mother."
RG: Of course, we think this is exactly what we should tell first-time mothers.
AV: Now for the third taboo. Don't talk about miscarriage. But today I'm going to tell you about my experience.
After we had Declan, we recalibrated our expectations.
Of course, it was a very difficult time. It was very difficult.
During this period of grief, surprisingly, I didn't want to see anyone.
it was a really hard time
In my opinion, a miscarriage is an invisible loss.
For the deceased, there's a funeral, the life is celebrated, and there's a lot of support around them, which isn't the case with miscarriages in women.
15-20% of pregnancies end in miscarriage, a staggering rate.
In one study, 74% of women felt they were partly responsible for their miscarriages, which is terrible.
Additionally, 22% of women would keep their miscarriage a secret from their spouse.
Now for taboo number four, don't say that having a child lowers your level of happiness.
This graph is made up of four completely independent studies.
Basically, there's a cliff-like drop in marital satisfaction that, as you can see, is closely tied to broader happiness, and doesn't rise until the first child goes to college.
RG: I ran a website for parents, so I had a great reporter, and I was able to interview the scientists who conducted these four studies.
This is the baseline of what we expect our average happiness to look like throughout life, but of course.
But as you get older, like lithium,
Perhaps part of what happens in your 20s and 30s is learning to insure your happiness.
It's great to have moments of transcendent joy, but they usually fly by in the blink of an eye.
So what is the average level of happiness?
AV: As I said earlier, I think what creates this happiness gap is walking into parenting or any long-term relationship with false expectations.
RG and AV: Thanks
(applause)
If you have a scene like this, modern computer vision algorithms will show a woman and a dog.
It tells me that a woman is smiling
In this research, I think about how humans understand and process the world.
It's the thoughts, memories, stories that people evoke when they see scenes like this.
You've probably seen a dog like this before, and maybe you've run on a beach like this, vacation thoughts, memories, time spent at the beach, memories of running around with another dog, and so on. may have reminded
One of my guiding principles is to help computers make sense of these experiences, to make sense of what we share, believe and feel, and to evolve computer technology in a way that complements our own experiences. to play an important role in
Have you ever seen a selfie at a funeral?
A similar blind spot persists to this day in the field of facial recognition technology, which studies how to distinguish and recognize different human faces.
When we think about the cutting edge of research today, we tend to limit our thinking to one data set, one problem.
And that creates more blind spots and more biases that AI can amplify.
So at the time, we thought we had to think deeply about what the technology we were researching would look like five years from now, 10 years from now.
Humans evolve slowly, and in the meantime we have time to correct problems with our relationships and our environment.
Artificial intelligence, on the other hand, is evolving at an incredible rate.
So we all have to think about this more and more right now, and think about our own blind spots and preconceptions, and how they inform our technology today's technology. We have to discuss what will mean tomorrow.
Stephen Hawking has warned that artificial intelligence could destroy humanity.
There are open source tools for machine learning and artificial intelligence that we can contribute to.
We can share our experiences with technology and how it relates and excites us.
Are they evil?
Right now, we are shaping the AI ​​of tomorrow.
Technology based on understanding the visual world, which is constantly changing and "streaming," will be used in self-driving cars.
So what we do now affects what happens in the future.
If we want AI to evolve to serve humans, we must now chart our goals and strategies and pave the way.
And we also choose what the future of AI will look like.
thank you
(applause)
Why do you think the rich should pay more taxes?
Why did you buy the latest iPhone?
Why did so many people vote for Donald Trump?
When you say you like George Clooney better than Tom Hanks because of his environmental thinking, is that really the case?
I'm an experimental psychologist, and we're trying to figure this out in our lab.
They are professionals at creating the illusion of free choice.
I'm a photographer, so I like the light and the way it looks.
(Woman 2) No I didn't notice
The conclusion that this strongly suggests is that if there is no difference between actual choice and manipulated choice, then we may be constantly making up reasons.
I also like the earrings.”
This effect is called "choice blindness"
But I guess what you want to know is, does the same apply to more complex and meaningful choices?
In Sweden, the political arena is dominated by a left-wing coalition and a right-wing coalition.
Before an election, newspapers and pollsters put out what they call the "election compass," a list of issues on which the two coalitions are at odds.
For example, should the gas tax be raised? Or should the 13 months of paid parental leave given to men and women be divided equally between their parents to increase gender equality?
Before the Swedish parliamentary elections, we made our own election compass.
just like we make mistakes trying to understand others
Design something and ask, "Why do you think this is good/bad?"
When a reporter asks a politician, "Why did you decide that?"
On the bright side, you might say that we're more flexible than we think.
we can change our minds
Our attitudes are not fixed.
Just because you said you liked something a year ago doesn't mean you have to like it now.
(applause)
What would you think if I told you that you could do something right now that would improve your brain, improve your mood and focus right away?
And if that same thing could have lasting effects and protect your brain from diseases like depression, Alzheimer's, and dementia.
I'm talking about the powerful effects of physical exercise.
Simply moving your body has an immediate, long-lasting and protective effect on your brain.
So today, I'd like to share with you a story about how I, as a neuroscience professor, used my deep understanding of neuroscience to conduct an experiment on myself, and why exercise is the most transformative thing you can do for your brain today. or discovered the scientific basis for
The first is the prefrontal cortex, just behind the forehead, which is the area that plays an important role in determining judgment, concentration, attention and personality.
The second important part is right here in the temporal lobe.
The human brain has two temporal lobes, the left and right, and deep within those temporal lobes are structures that are important for forming and retaining facts and events in long-term memory.
That structure is called the hippocampus.
I have always been fascinated by hippocampus
How can an event that takes as little as a minute, like your first kiss or the birth of your first child, shape memories that can change your brain for the rest of your life?
that's what i want to understand
I wanted to record the activity of individual brain cells in the hippocampus as subjects were forming new memories.
I wanted to make sense of the short bursts of electrical activity that neurons use to communicate with each other, and how they might or might not form new memories.
But a few years ago, I did something unusual in the scientific world.
Because I stumbled across something so amazing that it had the potential to change the lives of so many people, and I couldn't help but study it.
But when I stuck my head out of the closed lab, I noticed something.
(Laughter) I didn't move my body at all.
It actually took me years to realize that, and it was really miserable.
So I went on a trip down the river—alone because I didn't have a social life.
On the way back, I thought, (Laughter), "I was the weakest person on that trip."
I came back with a mission
That inspired me to go to the gym.
As I was sitting at my desk writing out a research grant application, a thought crossed my mind, something that had never crossed my mind before.
I suspect that the amount of exercise I've incorporated into my life has changed my brain.
So, as a curious neuroscientist, I searched for literature on the effects of exercise on the brain.
The more I learned, the more I realized the powerful effects of exercise.
And now, after several years of concentrating on this subject, I've come to the following conclusion: Exercise is the single biggest change you can make to your brain right now, and there are three reasons for that.
First, it has an immediate effect on the brain.
It lifts your mood right after your workout, exactly how I feel.
My lab also showed that just one workout increased the ability to quickly shift focus and focus, and the effects lasted at least two hours.
And finally, multiple studies have shown that a single workout can reduce your reaction time. Essentially, when a Starbucks coffee cup falls off the counter, you can grab it quickly, which is very important. is that
The effects are really long-lasting, because exercise actually changes the structure, physiology and function of the brain.
In the hippocampus -- exercise actually creates new brain cells, new brain cells in the hippocampus actually increase its volume, and at the same time improve long-term memory, right?
Next, the most common neuroscience finding about the long-term effects of exercise is that it relies on the prefrontal cortex to improve attentional function.
But the biggest change that exercise makes is its protective effect on the brain.
Think of the brain as a muscle here
The more you work out, the bigger and stronger your hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
That's because the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex are two areas that are most vulnerable to normal cognitive decline due to various neurodegenerative diseases and aging processes.
Increased lifelong physical activity won't cure dementia or Alzheimer's disease, but it builds the largest and toughest hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, prolonging the time it takes to see these diseases progress.
In short, get your heart rate up
The good news is that you don't have to pay an expensive membership fee to go to the gym.
I've gone from studying the deep functions of the brain to understanding how exercise can improve brain function. My current goal in the lab is, I just told you, three or four times a week for at least 30 minutes. It's not just about knowing
(Thank you for applause
It turns out that incorporating exercise into your life will not only lead you to a happier, more secure life, but it will also prepare your brain for life-threatening diseases.
By doing so, you can change the trajectory of your life for the better.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
I'm going to talk to you today about the emergence of collaborative consumption.
I also have a DVD box of the "24" series on my shelf at home, season 6 to be exact.
My husband, Chris, and I both love this show.
Honestly, if you've seen it once or twice, you probably won't see it again, because you already know how Jack Bauer beats the terrorists.
I used to live in New York for 10 years and am a big fan of "Sex and the City."
You've probably noticed by now that there's an emerging field called "swap trading."
And then, rondoron from Reseda, California, wanted to trade my "24" for my "almost new" Sex and the City.
But 99% of transactions on Swaptree are successful, and 1% are negative because they didn't arrive on time, or for other trivial reasons.
So what's going on here?
So technology is enabling strangers to trust each other.
We now live in a global village, and we can mimic connections that used to occur face-to-face, on a scale and in ways that were absolutely impossible before.
So what's really happening is that social networks and real-time technology are taking us back in time.
There are eBay, which can be said to be the origin of the exchange market, car sharing companies like GoGet, where you can pay a monthly fee to rent a car by the hour, and personal microfinance platforms like Zopa. We match people who want to lend out $100 to borrowers anywhere in the world, and I think we're sharing and collaborating again in a way that's even hippie than hippies.
Before I talk about other systems of collaborative consumption, I'd like to answer the question that every book writer is asked: "Where did the idea come from?"
As this "peer-to-peer revolution" becomes ubiquitous, "sharing" is experiencing tremendous growth.
So we're kind of monkeys, born and bred to share and cooperate.
But things are changing, and one of the reasons is because of digital natives, Generation Y.
We live in an age of connectivity, where we can find anyone, anytime, in real time, with a small device in our hands.
Rapid advances in peer-to-peer social networks and real-time technology are fundamentally changing the way we behave.
The third is concern about unresolved environmental issues.
These four factors are mingling with each other and influencing each other to bring about a major shift from the 20th century represented by hyper-consumption to the 21st century represented by collaborative consumption.
I think we're at an inflection point, and the natural behavior of sharing through sites like Flickr and Twitter applies to our everyday lives beyond the internet. It has been
From the morning commute to the way we design clothes and even the way we make food, we are consuming and collaborating again.
The first is the redistribution market.
Swaptree does exactly that, but the redistribution market is about moving used stuff from where it's no longer needed to where it's needed, to someone else.
This has come to be thought of as the fifth R: reduce, reuse, recycle, repair and redistribute because redistribution can extend the life of products and reduce waste.
In a few years, I expect words like coworking, couchsurfing and time banking to become part of our everyday landscape.
The third system is the product service system.
A power drill is used for only 12 to 13 minutes of its life
So let me give you an example of how collaborative consumption is so powerful and transforming who we are.
The cost of maintaining a normal car is $8,000 a year.
This is where car-sharing companies like Zipcar and GoGet are looking.
In 2009, Zipcar recruited 250 participants from 13 cities, who were self-proclaimed car addicts and new to car sharing, and asked them to leave their car keys for a month.
During that time, they had to walk, cycle, or use public transportation such as trains.
As the possessions disappear into the cloud, the line between mine, yours and ours blurs.
Of course, these systems require a certain amount of trust, and reputation is the foundation of that.
Let's go back to the first example we talked about in Swaptree.
It's the so-called new social currency, and it's going to be as important as credit ratings.
thank you
(applause)
On a warm August morning in Harare, Farai, a 24-year-old mother of two, is walking to a park bench.
she looks miserable and depressed
Now, sitting on a park bench is an 82-year-old woman known in the community as "Grandma Jack."
Farai hands Aunt Jack an envelope from the clinic nurse.
Auntie Jack invites Farai to sit down, opens the envelope, and reads the letter.
"Grandma Jack, I'm HIV positive.
I've been living with HIV for the last four years.
I have two children under the age of five.
Farai continues
"Over the last three weeks, I've thought about killing myself, taking my two children with me.
I can't take it anymore
The conversation between the two lasts about 30 minutes.
And finally, Grandma Jack says, "Farai, I think you have all the symptoms of kufungisisa."
The word "kufungisisa" opens the floodgates of tears
So kufungisisa is the same word as "depression" in my country.
The WHO estimates that more than 300 million people around the world today suffer from depression, which is what we call "kufungisisa."
The WHO also says that every 40 seconds, somewhere in the world, someone commits suicide, mainly because depression, or kufungisisa, keeps them from feeling happy.
Most of these deaths occur in low- to middle-income countries.
In fact, the WHO has said so far that suicide is now the leading cause of death among those aged 15 to 29.
But there are many different events that can lead to depression and sometimes suicide: abuse, conflict, violence, isolation, loneliness, and the list goes on and on.
But the only thing we know is that depression can be treated and suicide can be prevented.
But the trouble is, there aren't enough psychiatrists and clinical psychologists around the world to do that job.
For example, most low- and middle-income countries have a psychiatrist-to-population ratio of 1 in 1.5 million, which means that 90 percent of the people in our country who need mental health services do not have access to them. That's what it means
There are 12 psychiatrists in our country, and I'm one of them, and this number covers about 14 million people.
One night, I was at home, and I got a call from the ER, which is a town about 200 kilometers from where I live.
An ER doctor says, "One of the patients you treated four months ago had a drug overdose. He's in the ER.
Of course you can't jump in your car in the middle of the night and drive 200 kilometers.
I assumed it would take about a week.
One day, Erica's mother calls and she says, "Erika committed suicide three days ago.
I couldn't help but ask, almost reflexively, "Why didn't you come here to Harare?
"I didn't have the $15 bus fare to Harare."
Suicide is not an uncommon occurrence in the world of mental health.
But there was something about Erica's death that hit right to the very core of who I am.
I went into a state of self-discovery, trying to truly discover my role as an African psychiatrist.
there are hundreds
So in 2006, I started my first group of grandmothers.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Today, there are hundreds of grandmothers working in more than 70 communities.
And just last year, in one community in Zimbabwe, over 30,000 people were treated by an old woman on the Friendship Bench.
And -- (Applause) Our reported results show that six months after treatment with Grandma, the patient was still asymptomatic, no depression, and suicidal ideation completely diminished.
In fact, our results came from a clinical trial that actually found that grandmothers were more effective at treating depression than doctors. (Laughter) (Applause) We are moving towards expanding the program
There are now over 600 million people over the age of 65 in the world.
By 2050, there will be 1.5 billion people over the age of 65.
Imagine creating a global network of grandmothers in every major city in the world who are trained in evidence-based talk therapy and supported through a networked digital platform.
they will make a difference in the community
Finally, here's a file of photos of Grandma Jack.
Farai is currently employed
And I'm sure she'll be in awe when she finds out that what she pioneered and helped has now spread to other countries, like Malawi, Zanzibar, and here in New York City, USA. would have
thank you
(Applause) (Cheers) (Applause)
Most refugees now live in urban areas, not in refugee camps.
With the majority of refugees living in urban areas, it requires a paradigm shift and a new way of thinking.
Rather than wasting money on building walls, it would be better to spend it on a program that encourages refugees to help themselves.
If allowed to lead productive lives, refugees can become self-sufficient and contribute to the development of their host countries.
I was born in the city of Bukavu, the capital of the province of South Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
I was born the fifth child of 12 brothers and sisters.
My father was an auto mechanic, but he worked hard to get me through school.
Like all young people, I had many plans and dreams.
I wanted to finish my studies, get a good job, get married, have kids, support my family.
Nine years ago, in 2008, the war that broke out in my home country forced me to flee to Uganda.
My family also joined the endless line of refugees trying to settle in Kampala, Uganda's capital.
In my home country, I lived in the city, so I felt Kampala was better than the refugee camp.
As the local urban poor, the refugees faced the problem of poverty, and their refugee status also brought them many other challenges, one of which was the language barrier.
French was the official language in Congo
English in Uganda
We were harassed, exploited, intimidated and discriminated against
YARID — African Youth Refugees for Holistic Development — was born out of a dialogue within the Congolese community.
We asked the community how to organize to solve various problems.
Free English classes empower refugees to engage with the Ugandan community, get to know their neighbors, and sell groceries.
We've seen people who no longer need our help.
As the YARID program expands, the number of nationalities it serves continues to grow: Congolese, Rwandan, Burundian, Somali, Ethiopian, South Sudanese.
YARID is currently supporting more than 3,000 refugees throughout Kampala City and is expanding further.
Give us the support we deserve and we'll pay it back with interest
thank you
(applause)
At a time when human suffering, hunger and climate change are so severe, some of you may wonder why we worry about cats.
What I want to share with you today is a message I learned from this precious leopard with a unique personality.
This is the Okavango Delta in Botswana
This elephant gives up hope with too many enemies.
In many ways, the elephant has become a symbol of inspiration for us, and a symbol of hope as we move forward.
(Applause) Back to the leopard.
It's like watching a graduation ceremony
In the past, only kings wore leopard skins, but now they are worn by traditional healers and clerics during ceremonies.
This is a skinned lion's paw, which is eerily similar to a human hand. Ironically, the fate of the animal is in our hands.
The 20,000 number of lions is a cautionary tale. There are 3,000 to 4,000 male lions, but they're all infected with the same disease.
So, somewhere far away, for every lion hanging on the wall, we estimate that there are 20 to 30 lions killed.
Ecotourism in Africa brings in $80 billion a year.
But even more worrying is that when humans lose their connection with nature, they lose their spiritual connection with these animals, they lose hope, they lose the spiritual connection and dignity that connects us to the planet.
(applause)
In 1962, when Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring" was published, the canary in the mine didn't sing to people in the world of making things like mine.
Were the birds singing?
what is a bird?
Sold in California with the following warning: "This product contains chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm."
this is the bird
Someone who listened to my six-hour lecture on NPR, "The Conversation of Monticello," sent me a thank-you message saying, "Design is intention, but design is what you do for the world. So you have to understand that world, and you have to put your own innate intelligence into design, but to go back to the origins of design, you have to go back in time and understand the planetary control systems and configuration conditions, and the joy you'll find in doing so. It's about the abundance and not the limits given to us. So while our current culture is filled with concerns about limitations and fears, I think about what we can share by adding another dimension to the abundance of the sun. We can do it.”
It's fundamental to me that design is the first sign of human intention.
What is the first question a designer should consider?
Commerce, on the other hand, is very fast-paced, very creative, effective and efficient, and very honest, because the exchange of value cannot last long without mutual trust.
If global warming is their goal, they're doing great.
So I came up with the idea of ​​"cradle to cradle," and the goal is very simple.
Presented this to the White House
This Pendleton baby blanket is made of materials that are good for your child's body instead of causing future Alzheimer's disease.
Ask yourself, what is justice? Is justice blind or ignorant?
The United Nations declared that water is a human right
Is there anyone here who doesn't breathe?
Clean soil is also a big issue, the nitrification and dead zone of the Gulf of Mexico.
Do you remember him saying, "The Stone Age didn't end because we ran out of stones."
This is a hospital monitor shipped from Los Angeles to China.
But we're working with Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway and Shaw Carpet, the world's largest carpet company.
This is where I'm from, I grew up in Hong Kong, a city of 6 million people in 100 square kilometers.
I went to Yale for graduate school, and I studied in Le Corbusier's style buildings like this, what the architecture world calls Brutalism.
It's the Pacific gyre
The book itself is actually a polymer, not a tree.
That's the title of the first chapter — 'This book is not a tree'.
I think most of us have used the word "competition" before.
Most of them don't know that it comes from the Latin competere, which means "to work together."
It's meant to be like Olympic athletes training together.
As Francis Crick pointed out nine years after he and Watson discovered DNA, life is a prerequisite for growth, requires free energy, sunlight, and has an open chemical system.
Instead of growing destruction, grow what you enjoy, and if the FDA allows it, you can even make French cheese.
So there are two types of metabolism, and together with the German chemist Michael Braungart, we identified two underlying types of metabolism.
We call this biological nutrition and technical nutrition.
Our first product was a fabric that was created by analyzing 8,000 different chemicals used in the textile industry.
From nylon, back to caprolactam, back to carpet.
this is a color photo
This is the largest green roof in the world, about 10.5 acres.
As a final example of this, I'd like to introduce you to a new city that I'm designing for the Chinese government.
Currently, we are designing cities in 12 cities in China based on the "cradle to cradle" concept.
We will have a city without energy and without food.
this is the site
this is their plan
This is what the site looks like now - this is our proposal.
Transportation is very simple, because everyone is within a five-minute travel radius.
And then they make natural gas and bring it back to the city to fuel their cooking.
This is the fertilizer gas plant
Solar-powered roofs in all factories and industrial areas power the city.
(applause)
We don't live in a time when our mothers and grandmothers had very limited career choices for women.
Women make up 13 percent of parliaments around the world.
The other problem is that women face a tough choice between career advancement and personal fulfillment.
A recent study in the United States found that two-thirds of married senior executives had children, compared to only one-third of married women.
So I asked, "Did you just move to this office?"
He looked at me and said, "Yes. Or maybe you were the only one who needed to go to the bathroom."
When I was in my senior year of college, I took a course called European Cultural History.
I read all the books in English and attended most of the lectures.
my brother is busy
I said, ``Oh, I wish I could have made a good connection between John Locke's (labor) property theory and the philosophers who followed.''
Women don't negotiate for themselves in the workplace
And most importantly, men see success as their own, whereas women look to external factors for reasons.
it's not that simple
There's a famous Harvard Business School study of a woman named Heidi Roisen.
But this one word made a big difference.
The bad news is, everyone liked Howard.
I'm going to tell you something really embarrassing, but it's important.
I said okay and sat down and started talking to her,
When women and men work full-time and have children, women do twice as much housework as men, and women do three times as much childcare as men.
the cause is more complicated
(Applause) Research shows that families with similar incomes and similar responsibilities have half the divorce rate.
It's a very esoteric irony, but the actions that women take in trying to stay in the workplace -- and I see it all the time -- actually end up leaving.
And she starts thinking about having children, and from the moment she starts thinking about children, she tries to make room for them.
The problem is -- let's say you get pregnant on that day, on that exact day, and you're nine months into your pregnancy, you're on three months of maternity leave, you're taking six months of rest -- it's a two-year fast-forward that I've often witnessed. It's the women who start thinking long before that, when they get engaged, when they get married, when they start having children, and it can take a long time. A woman came to me about this.
Don't make decisions too early, especially decisions you make unconsciously.
But I hope future generations can do it.
A world where half the countries in the world and half the companies in the world were run by women would be a better place than the world is today.
thank you
(applause)
She hired seemingly unemployable people to do beekeeping and honey harvesting to create a value-added product that her employees would find and sell to Whole Foods.
Now let's talk about Los Angeles, and as you know, Los Angeles has its problems.
Today, 20 percent of the energy we consume in California is mainly used to send water to Southern California.
Think about it, do you want an air conditioner or a cool room?
A few years ago, the County of Los Angeles decided to spend $2.5 billion to fix public schools.
When we visited, even though we were only there for a few hours, some of the people had weird coughs, not just miners, but ordinary people.
Judy saw the landscape destroyed and the water polluted.
Mountaintop removal brings very little money to the local community, and it makes the people in the community very miserable.
Many remain unemployed and face the same social problems as the unemployed in the slums: drugs and alcohol, domestic violence, teenage pregnancies and health problems.
But just a few months ago, Judy was diagnosed with stage 3 lung cancer.
(Applause) The three people I spoke to don't know each other, but they have a surprising amount in common.
There are many other examples like this
One of the problems is waste management and unemployment.
There's this thing called eco-industrial business, which in Europe is called eco-industrial parks, where one company's waste is turned into another's raw material, or the recycled material is turned into a product that can be used and sold. doing
We can create local markets and incentives for recycled materials to be used as raw materials for manufacturing.
Poor urban American workers do not benefit economically from our current food system.
This is my smart infrastructure
With smart infrastructure, municipalities can manage both infrastructure and social needs at a lower cost.
It's happening all over America, and it's growing.
Hometown security is about rebuilding our natural defenses to put people to work and restore nature.
my father was a great man in many ways
I'm a grown woman now, and I've learned a few things.
To me, charity is just about giving. People should give, and they always have, give until it hurts.
I think my program was a little ahead of its time in the beginning.
Thank you very much
(applause)
That's why I'd like to call you a storyteller."
(Laughter) I said, "Let me think about it."
And I thought, Am I a storyteller?
My job is to collect stories.
In the end it turned out to be a "shame"
What was supposed to be a year turned into six years, thousands of stories, lengthy interviews and focus group studies.
what is the theme? what is the pattern?
What they had in common was courage.
(Laughter) "What does that mean?"
That's how I found a therapist.
(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
(Laughter) "It's just the way it is."
I posed the question and got 150 replies in an hour and a half.
this is the world we live in
I'm going to have a few beers and a banana nut muffin.
(Laughter) You can't numb these painful feelings without numbing your emotions.
So when you numb those feelings, you also numb your joy, your gratitude, your happiness.
it becomes a dangerous cycle
Religion has already moved from belief in faith and mystery to certainty.
I'm right and you're wrong shut up
(Laughter) I hope people in 100 years from now will be stunned when they look back.
We pretend that what we do doesn't affect other people.
We pretend that our actions don't have a significant impact on others.
(applause)
Ken and I have worked together for almost 40 years.
-- (Applause) Now, I'm sure many of you here, myself included, have some kind of collective dissatisfaction with the way things are and the way society's institutions are run.
And even in our own work, we are forced to choose between doing what we think is right, doing what is expected of us, doing what is required of us, doing what is profitable.
Because bankers are smart
Practical knowledge is the moral will to do the right thing, the moral skill to find the right thing to do.
Aristotle was interested in observing the workmanship of craftsmen, and when they—
And almost all interactions with people require this kind of flexibility.
Smart people know when to bend the rules
So the will to do the right thing is just as important as the moral skills of improvisation and handling exceptions.
michael is young
One day he lost his job.
He panicked about how he was going to support his family.
it was just a toy gun
Under Pennsylvania guidelines, this type of crime carries a minimum sentence of two years in prison.
what he had was a toy gun
Armed robbery has a minimum sentence of five years in prison.
Michael was sentenced to five years in prison.
What's remarkable here is that it's been known to psychologists for 30 years.
For example, if you reward a child to draw a picture, they will lose interest in drawing and will only care about the reward.
it doesn't have to be this way
Both Ken and I believe there is a source of hope there.
These people find ways to circumvent or subvert those rules, even in systems that demand adherence to rules and are rewarded to guide them.
There's one judge named Robert Russell.
So he started selling marijuana
he was in a special court
Why did this idea spread?
By general standards, these borrowers are high risk, but their default rates are extremely low.
And this is the medical world, too, where some Harvard doctors are working to transform medical education to ameliorate the phenomena of humanitarian deviance and lack of empathy peculiar to medical students.
Aristotle believed that practical knowledge was the key to happiness, and he was right.
There's a lot of research going on in psychology today about what makes people happy, and what they've found are two things that may come as a shock to some of you, but they have a lot to do with happiness. is love and work
Work is engaging in meaningful and satisfying activities.
There is no substitute for wisdom - that is our claim
My big ideas are very, very small, but they can unlock the millions of bigger ideas that lie dormant within us.
So I embarked on a journey to rediscover the importance of sleep.
(Applause) We women are at the helm of this new revolution.
I had dinner with a man the other day, and he boasted that he had only slept four hours the night before.
Especially when I'm on a breakfast date here in Washington and ask, "How about 8 o'clock?"
Most of the time, it's like, "Eight o'clock is too late, okay, I'll play tennis, finish the conference call, and see you at eight o'clock."
thank you
(applause)
(Laughter) The problem here, I think, is that we think we can read the Koran like we normally read it, and it's something that you can read casually on a rainy afternoon with popcorn in your hand... the Koran is God. It's like saying God is just a bestselling author, forgetting that it's a revelation to Muhammad from
My Arabic proficiency was declining to the point where I needed a dictionary, so I picked up four famous translations and decided to read them side by side, verse by verse, comparing the translation to the original 7th-century Arabic version. went
(Laughter) So I read slowly.
Camels, mountains, wells in the desert, descriptions of water sources reminded me of those years when I wandered through the Sinai desert.
And as for the language, its rhythmic cadence reminded me of nights when Bedouin elders recited narrative poems for hours.
And so I began to understand why only the Quran written in Arabic is truly the Koran.
Only God knows the true meaning."
(Laughter) Maybe that's how we call pure angelic beings, or the Greek word kouros or kore, eternal youth.
There are no 72 virgins in the Quran.
thank you
(applause)
I'm a surgeon who studies creativity, and I've never had a patient who said, "Be creative during surgery," which is a little ironic.
That said, having had a number of surgeries, I feel that surgery has something in common with playing an instrument.
A deep and enduring fascination with sound led me to become a surgeon and research into the science of sound, especially music.
Is it really possible to study creativity scientifically?
And then comes the second question: why should we scientists study creativity?
Maybe so, but let me tell you from a scientific point of view, even though we're going to talk about a lot of scientific innovations today, we still know very little about how the brain makes innovation possible. We know very little about how people can be creative.
I think that in the next 10, 20, 30 years, the science of creativity will really take off and blossom, because we now have new ways of scrutinizing processes like complex jazz improvisation. This is the brain.
This is basically what I do in my lab
That blood flow increases the volume of blood in that area and changes the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin.
Deoxyhemoglobin can be detected by MRI, but oxyhemoglobin cannot.
This inference method, which measures blood flow rather than neural activity, tells us that during a particular task, areas with more blood flow are more active. So that's the gist of how fMRI works. ever since
In the experiment, we put musicians in the same scanner and asked them to memorize a melody and then alternate playing it with another musician in the control room.
This is musician Mike Pope, one of the best bass players in the world, and an amazing piano player.
I've always been fascinated by freestyle
I think these two musics are related to each other because they're from different eras, and rap has a similar social function that jazz once did.
I just want to find out, neurologically, what creative genius is, and I think we're getting closer with the methods I've shown you.
And hopefully, in the next 10, 20 years, there will be real research where science has caught up with art, and we're probably just getting started.
(applause)
In terms of mammography screening, women are divided into two groups: one group where mammography is very effective and many lives have been saved, and another group where mammography is not effective at all.
Because the breast has become a politically influenced organ.
I'm not a breast cancer survivor.
I'm not a radiologist
I don't have any patents, I've never been paid by a medical imaging company, I'm not asking for your votes.
she found a lump in her breast and came to me
Her sister was diagnosed with breast cancer in her 40s.
She and I were both pregnant at the time, and it was very heartbreaking to think of her anxiety.
Fortunately, her lump was benign.
She asked, "If I had breast cancer, would I be confident that a mammogram would detect it in its early stages?"
So I looked at the mammograms and looked at the radiology literature, and to my surprise, I found that in her case, the mammogram had less than a 50% chance of finding the tumor early.
Radiologists, too, were outraged by the committee's guidelines.
But I think radiologists are heroes.
Physicians who can read mammograms are in short supply, because reading mammograms is one of the most difficult aspects of radiology, and radiologists are sued more often when breast cancer is missed than any other.
And that proportion is largely determined genetically.
Two-thirds of women in their 40s have dense breast tissue, which may explain the low diagnosis rate of mammography.
Radiologists classify breast density into four categories based on how the tissue looks on a mammogram.
This tumor is clearly visible in the upper part of the fatty breast.
So mammography can detect more than 80 percent of tumors in fatty breasts, but only about 40 percent of very dense breasts.
Unfortunately, breast density not only makes cancer harder to detect, it's actually a predictor of breast cancer risk.
It's a stronger risk factor than having a relative with breast cancer.
It's almost like there was no innovation until digital mammography was licensed in 2000.
A $25 million taxpayer-funded study found that digital mammography offers no advantage over conventional mammography, and it's even worse for older women.
So digital mammography was a huge leap for the manufacturers of this machine, but it was just one small step for women.
What about ultrasound?
MRI is very sensitive and can detect tumors, but it's also very expensive.
An MRI costs 10 times more than a digital mammogram.
Malcolm Gladwell, speaking of innovation in The New Yorker, said, "Scientific discoveries are often not the product of a lone genius.
Rather, if you bring people with different perspectives together in the same room and create a forum for them to discuss things they wouldn't normally talk about, they'll come up with big ideas."
It's kind of like the essence of TED.
He quotes one pioneer, "The only time a doctor and a physicist see each other is when the physicist is sick."
Gamma imaging has been used for some time to image the heart, and has also been attempted to image the breast.
There was a problem: the gamma detector was a very large tube filled with crystalline scintillator, and it couldn't get close enough to the breast to look for small tumors.
Unlike X-rays, gamma rays had the advantage of not being affected by breast density.
Survival rates are greater than 90% if detected when tumors are less than one centimeter, but survival rates plummet as tumors grow.
But Michael told me about a new type of gamma detector, and this is it.
So I talked to him about the problem of breast density, and decided that this detector might be able to get closer to the breast and find small tumors.
Here is an image of the first patient
With this new detector, we can see the outline of the tumor.
Here is the current detector
But MBI takes advantage of the different behavior of molecules in tumors, so it's not affected by breast density.
If you've had a mammogram, if you're old enough to have a mammogram, you know what comes next: pain.
(Applause) The detector sends the image to the computer.
Here is an example
The mammogram image on the left shows a faint tumor surrounded by dense tissue.
In this example, one mammogram shows that there are three separate tumors, one of which is only three millimeters.
After proving that we could detect small tumors, we used this image to apply for research grants from the Susan G. Komen Foundation.
To my delight, they bet on this unknown group and funded a study in which they would screen 1,000 women with dense breasts using mammography and MBI and compare the results.
Only 25% of the tumors found were found by mammography.
The mammogram was normal, but showed a lot of dense tissue, while the MBI showed a two-centimeter tumor with high radio uptake.
In this case, it was a one-centimeter tumor.
Her mammogram shows dense tissue, but there was a worrying area of ​​high uptake on the MBI, which looks better on the color image, like this.
This corresponds to a tumor the size of a golf ball.
So when we realized that we could see three times as many tumors in a dense breast with this device, we had to solve an important problem.
So it's not just young women who benefit.
MBI takes four images of each breast.
MRI takes over a thousand images
But maybe that's why MBI is considered destructive: it's as accurate as an MRI, much easier to read, and a fraction of the cost.
The paper has since been accepted and will be published in the journal Radiology later this month.
Widespread acceptance of this technology will not benefit me financially in any way, and that is very important to me, because I want to keep telling you the truth.
So until it becomes available, women with dense breasts should know the following to protect themselves.
Connecticut is the first and only state to impose a mandate to inform patients of their breast density after a mammogram.
I attended a mammography conference last week in Chicago with 60,000 people, and I was amazed at the heated debate over whether or not patients should be informed of their breast density.
If you don't know, ask your doctor or read up on your mammogram results.
Second, if you're a premenopausal woman, have a mammogram during the first two weeks of your menstrual cycle, when breast density is relatively low.
And finally, and most importantly, the debate about mammography continues, but every woman over the age of 40 should have an annual mammogram.
Mammography isn't perfect, but it's the only screening method proven to reduce mortality from breast cancer.
Some people die years after getting breast cancer, and fortunately most women survive.
So it will take 10 years or more to prove that any screening modality can reduce breast cancer mortality.
Now is the time for us to acknowledge the amazing achievements of mammography and its limitations.
After having a biopsy and learning that she was at high risk for cancer, and having lost her sister to cancer, she made the difficult decision to have a prophylactic mastectomy.
thank you
(applause)
Now for the "Awesome" story, which began about 40 years ago when my father and mother came to Canada.
My father left a small village outside Amritsar, India.
My sister and I grew up here and had a peaceful and happy childhood.
2006 was a great year
We got married in Ontario's wine region under blue July skies, surrounded by 150 family and friends.
2007 was another great year
This is a picture of me and my friend Chris taken on the Pacific coast.
I saw seals out of my car window, so I stopped the car and took a quick picture, but our heads were too big.
(Laughter) 2008 and 2009 were a little tougher years.
My friend Chris, the one I showed you in the picture earlier, struggled with mental illness for quite some time.
So I came home from work one night and turned on my computer and built a little website called 1000awesomethings.com.
50,000 blogs are launched every day, so my blog was one of 50,000.
It was getting bigger and bigger
And then one day, I got a phone call and the person on the other end of the phone said, "You've won the award for the best blog in the world."
(Laughter) (Applause) Which country in Africa are you going to send money to?
(Laughter) But I ended up getting on a plane and walking the red carpet with Sarah Silverman and Jimmy Fallon and Martha Stewart.
But recently, I've had the opportunity to sit back and think, "What have been the things that have made the website and myself grow over the last few years?"
No one can predict the future, but one thing we do know is that things don't go according to plan.
Mom could get cancer, Dad could get sly.
I love how they spend hours in the backyard picking dandelions to make a nice Thanksgiving table decoration.
It must have been the first time on your way home from work that all the lights were green.
There must have been the first time you walked past a bakery and smelled that freshly baked bread, or the moment you pulled a $20 bill out of your old jacket pocket and said, "I've found the money."
(Laughter) (Applause) This cover is amazing.
I don't know what it's like to be in an unknown country in your mid-twenties.
Let me pause my TED talk for ten seconds, because there are very few opportunities in life to do this, and my parents are sitting in the front row.
(Applause) When I was a kid, my dad used to love telling stories about when he first came to Canada.
(Laughter) This organization was preparing a big welcome lunch for new immigrants to Canada.
There was bread, there was a little dill pickle, there was olives and pearl onions.
There were also tuna salad sandwiches, egg salad sandwiches, and salmon salad sandwiches.
There was lasagna, there were some braises, there were brownies and butter tarts, there were many kinds of pies.
I ate it with a combination of olives and pie."
(Laughter) When I was five years old, my dad used to take me grocery shopping, and he would look at the stickers on the fruits and vegetables in amazement.
We're the only ones with jewelry and democracy.
There are books, buffets, radio waves, brides, and roller coasters.
You can go to the movies and get a good seat
The cashier at your favorite supermarket, the manager of your factory, the guy who follows you closely on the highway, the salesman who calls you at dinner, the teacher you've been with, the person you've greeted the dawn with, the politics of different countries. The whole house, every actor in the movie, every family member, every person you love, you and everyone in this room, in 100 years we'll all be dead.
Life is so wonderful that we have so little time to experience and enjoy each and every little moment that makes life like this so sweet.
thank you
A sustainable peace in which the vast majority of people in the world have access to sufficient resources to live a life of dignity, without poverty and fear, if they can find adequate access to education and health care. can live
That is human security.
It's about using that money more rationally to make the nations and people of the world safer.
Unless we take action to make it happen, unless we begin to believe that everything we've heard in the last two days is a building block for human security.
I replied, "That's good.
I think what we need is action.”
I spoke with Aung San Suu Kyi a few days ago.
As you know, she's Burma's democratization hero.
I talked to her about various issues
Dr. Shirin Ebadi is the first Muslim woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
She's traveling because she was out of the country at the time of the election.
When she was planting trees, I don't think most people realized it, but as we all planted trees, she used it as an opportunity to talk about how to overcome an authoritarian country.
We change the world by working together
Women in Burma who are participating in the Million Signature Campaign are working for human rights and democracy.
of mother and three children
They've done their part to bring peace to Northern Ireland, but they're still working because there's still work to do.
she's running for president now
One of the reasons for the success of this campaign was that it grew the number of two NGOs to thousands in 90 countries around the world, working together with the common goal of eradicating landmines.
If each and every one of us who cares about the things that matter is stepping up and volunteering as much as we can, we will change the world, we will save the world.
thank you
(applause)
Technology and resilience are much easier than you think
The fort in San Francisco had 1,300 soldiers.
This is a commercial that aired during the 2000 Super Bowl
In the case of the gold rush, once the gold runs out, it's over.
There are many similarities between the Internet and the history of the electrical industry
The light bulb built that infrastructure, and home appliances began to spread.
By the way, this was the beginning of the first asbestos lawsuit.
But before you accuse our ancestors, let me show you my conference room.
We haven't made much progress since 1908.
But it's really progress. Have you ever tried to install 802.11 yourself?
When you think about the "resilience" of the gold rush, it's understandable that it's pretty depressing, because once the last nugget of gold is gone, it's over.
my mom hates this picture
What is the definition of cyborg?
Consider traditional anthropology
Somebody goes to a strange country and says, "What's fascinating about the people here, what's interesting about the tools they use, what's interesting about the culture."
And when you lose that information, all of a sudden you feel like you're missing something, like you're missing something, but you can't see it, which is a very strange feeling.
When I was little, my father used to sit me down and say, "Let me teach you about the future of time and space."
"No, no, no, there's a better way," he said,
He took out a piece of paper, wrote A and B on the paper, and then folded the paper so that the two points touched.
For the next 10 to 20 years, when I was going to sleep, I would say, "I want to be the first person to build a wormhole, do more things faster, and build a time machine."
But when I got to college, I realized that technology doesn't spread just because it works.
So I started studying anthropology
When I was writing my paper on mobile phones, I noticed that everyone was carrying around wormholes.
So, over time, time and space have been compressed.
All the people you have access to right now, or in other words, all the family and friends you can connect with.
This is very important because
It's the first time in human history that we're all connected to each other in this way.
That's why I study cyborg anthropology.
thank you
(applause)
This magical transformation has become known as my toaster project.
It's a scene in which the protagonist, a 20th-century man in the book, finds himself alone on a strange planet inhabited by people whose technological level is primitive.
So I decided to try making an electric toaster from scratch.
Let's start with steel How can you make steel?
He probably misheard me and thought I was there to make a poster, so he wasn't prepared to take me to the mines.
EnglishAnd when you study geology, you learn what happened in the past, and there have been tremendous changes.
This is no longer a working mine. Ray was a miner, but the mine was closed and reopened as a tourist destination because it can no longer be mined on the scale that is being done in South America and Australia.
Anyway, I got a suitcase full of iron ore, and I took it by rail in London, but I ran into a problem: how do I turn this stone into a toaster?
So I ended up with this book from the Science History Library.
This is the first Western textbook on metallurgy.
(Laughter) One of the things that struck me over and over again throughout the project was that the smaller the scale, the further back in time you had to go.
This is the result of a day and a half of smelting iron.
Then (applause) the next thing we tried to get was copper.
But not anymore. I found a retired geology professor to guide me into the mine, and he said, "You can take some water from the mine with you."
The reason I wanted to get water is that the water that flows into the mine becomes increasingly acidic and dissolves the minerals in the mine.
A good example of this is Rio Tinto in Portugal.
As you can see, a lot of minerals are dissolved in it.
Then I traveled to Scotland to get my mica.
Mica is a mineral that is very good as an insulator and has a high electrical insulating effect.
The last ingredient I'm going to talk about is plastic, and of course my toaster needs a plastic case.
Plastic is made from oil, so I called BP, the oil company, and spent half an hour talking to BP's public relations department, if they could take me to an oil rig and get me a bucket of oil.
So I looked for other ways to make plastic.
Plastic can also be made from vegetable oils and starches.
It was going very well for a while, but I left it outside to dry, and when I came back, the snail had eaten the potato pieces.
I went to Manchester and visited a place called Axion Recycling.
(Music) (Laughter) Here's a picture of my toaster.
240 volts of current ran through homemade copper wires and power plugs.
And after about five seconds of toaster movement, unfortunately, the heating element melted.
This room looks like it holds 600 people, but it's actually a lot more, because each of us has more than one personality.
Ever since I was little, I've had two personalities, and I've been having conflicts and conversations.
I call them "mystic" and "warrior" respectively.
So I sought answers and followed my neighbors to Catholic mass.
Read Sartre and Socrates
And ever since then, I've been following a mysterious path, trying to go beyond Albert Einstein's "illusion of our consciousness."
This is actually a human trachea
These colored objects are actually microbes swimming around us in this room.
she's worried about what's going on in the world right now
I've been a warrior, working on women's issues, running political campaigns, and activizing the environment.
The next title, which some of you may be familiar with, will surprise you with its author, "Four and a Half Years of Struggle Against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice."
and later morph into violent extremism.
A few weeks ago, I invited a woman from the Tea Party movement to lunch.
she seemed shocked
By the end of lunch, we had come to accept each other's candor.
Neither of us made any attempt to change the other, but neither of us pretended that our differences would disappear after lunch.
I will meet you there."
(applause)
The 100 Girls Project shows great stats.
For example, 250 boys are suspended for every 100 girls who are suspended.
For every 100 girls who get expelled, there are 335 boys.
If there are 100 girls in special education, the number of boys will be 217.
For every 100 girls with learning disabilities, that's 276 boys.
324 boys for every 100 girls diagnosed with an emotional disorder
And boys are four times more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
I believe there are three reasons why boys don't fit in today's school culture.
I'm not saying we need to allow guns and knives in schools.
But if an Eagle Scout student who finds a penknife in a locked, parked car is suspended from school, I think zero tolerance may be going too far.
he is a little boy
The content of the conversation itself changes depending on who is present at the table.
This compressed curriculum is detrimental to all active children.
We need to talk to teachers, parents, school boards, politicians.
Because really good games cost money, and World of Warcraft has a lot of money.
If you pay attention, make changes, and re-engage them in learning, the boys will leave elementary school saying, "I'm smart."
thank you
(applause)
I spent a week on a research ship.
I'm not a scientist, but I was with a team of brilliant scientists from the University of South Florida tracking the movement of BP's oil in the Gulf of Mexico.
Studies have shown that even trace amounts of crude oil and dispersants can be very toxic to phytoplankton, and this is a very thorny problem because so many lives are affected.
Rachel Carson, the pioneer of modern environmentalism, warned of just this in 1962.
Hence the name "Silent Spring".
I've been trying to figure out why the Gulf of Mexico has stuck with me, because I'm Canadian, and I don't have any ancestral ties.
We have to think about why we allow these things to happen, because we're taking a gamble on a priceless thing: a gamble on what to do and what not to do about climate change.
Now, as you know, a huge amount of time is being devoted to climate change debates, both at home and abroad, on the question, "What if IPCC scientists are wrong?"
So the climate change crisis requires us to act according to the precautionary principle, because when human health and the environment are at great risk, and the potential damage is irreversible. Sometimes we can't afford to wait for perfect scientific accuracy.
But in an affluent world, as long as there is such a world, climate policy is not based on prevention. Rather, it is based on cost-benefit analysis, where economists look for what they believe will have the least impact on GDP. is
It's from economists trying to apply mechanistic thinking to science.
In fact, we don't know when the feedback loop will completely wipe out the warming that we've created.
This is a popular reason, with a lot of truth to it, because taking big risks, as you know, costs a lot of money.
By the way, former BP CEO Tony Hayward had a plaque on his desk with the slogan: "What would you try if you knew you couldn't fail?"
I'm not going to go into this right now, but research shows that women are less likely than men to take reckless risks when investing, and the reason, as you know, is that women are more likely than men. Because it's hard to be overconfident like
I think this problem of what you might call the "danger of privilege" brings us closer to the roots of collective recklessness.
For example, at Kansas City Airport, I came across this ad as I exited the women's restroom.
We beat Mother Nature and we won, we always won, because it's our destiny to rule nature.
"The Gulf of Mexico is a very big ocean.
But it's also the story of modern capitalism, because it's the wealth of this land that created our economic system, which must continue to grow and feed the frontier. cannot continue to function
The problem is that the story was always a lie.
And now, on multiple fronts, we're reaching those limits.
Otherwise, how can we explain the cultural space dominated by Sarah Palin?
"So stop worrying and keep shopping."
Unfortunately, this assessment is overly optimistic.
The fact is that we've exhausted most of the available fossil fuels, and we've entered a riskier era of business, the ultimate energy era.
It always amazes me how few people besides Canadians know about the Alberta oil sands, which are projected to be the number one source of oil imported by the United States this year.
You can't just dig a hole and pump
Then you peel off the topsoil to get to the oily sand.
This requires a lot of water, and the used water is poured into a huge, toxic tailings pond.
This presents a very troubling problem for the indigenous people who live downstream, who have an alarmingly high rate of cancer.
You may have seen these headlines a lot lately.
The idea behind all this geoengineering is that as the Earth warms, we can cool it by shooting particles of sulfuric acid and aluminum into the stratosphere, reflecting the sun's rays back into space.
Solving pollution problems with more pollution
It's the ultimate "junk shot"
We need stories with new types of heroes, heroes who can take a different kind of risk, who can face the recklessness that comes their way, who can put the precautionary principle into action, even if it requires direct action, hundreds of them. It's like trying to stop a dirty power installation, or fighting for the abolition of a coal mine on a mountaintop, even though a young man is arrested.
thank you
(applause)
thank you
Six years earlier, I had just started my career as an opera singer in Europe, when I was diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, also known as PH.
i'm from colorado
I stopped eating salt, went vegan, and started taking high doses of sildenafil, aka Viagra.
(Laughter) My father and grandfather were always looking for the latest information on alternative and conventional treatments for PH, but after six months, I couldn't walk down hills or climb stairs.
Here's a list of side effects: If you eat something high in salt, like a peanut butter and jam sandwich, you'll probably end up in intensive care.
If you go through a metal detector, you'll probably die.
Within weeks, I was singing on stage, and a few months later, I made my debut at the Kennedy Center.
A few days after arriving, I met a wonderful, elderly conductor, and I began to be selected for various roles.
Eventually, I started going back and forth between Budapest, Milan, and Florence.
Then in February of 2008, my grandfather passed away.
Seven weeks later, I got a call from my family.
I thought I had to say goodbye in some way
But the symptoms of right heart failure soon appeared, and even though I knew I would never see my home again, I had to return to sea level.
I collapsed into the front door of my apartment and crawled to the bathroom, where I realized I had a problem: I had forgotten to prepare the most important medicine.
I performed here and there, but as my health deteriorated, I lost my voice.
I had two friends who died a few months after undergoing very difficult surgeries.
I thought stem cells might be a good idea, but they weren't quite as practical as I could use them.
I officially took a break from singing and went to the Cleveland Clinic to be re-examined for a lung transplant, my third in five years.
It was due to right heart failure.
But the next morning, while I was still at the hospital, I got a call.
I flew to Cleveland, my family rushed over, and just in case, they tried to look me in the face and say one last goodbye.
My last memory is lying on a white blanket and telling the surgeon that I want to see my mother again and hopefully I don't want to lose my voice.
My mother didn't get to say goodbye to me before the surgery, but she stayed by my side throughout the months of recovery.
Over 10 tubes were in my body.
But isn't life just about avoiding death?
My parents were very worried about me going all over the place doing auditions and performing, but they knew that this was better for me than thinking about my own death all the time.
(Applause) [Singing: French] Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you very much.
thank you
(Laughter) Journalism-educated journalists, engineering-educated engineers.
(Laughter) Years of learning about DNA replication and photosynthesis didn't really help me in my career in technology.
I had to learn everything on my own: sales, marketing, business strategy, even programming.
Advances in robotics and machine learning are changing the way we work, automating routine tasks in a wide variety of jobs while also extending and augmenting human capabilities.
The cash-strapped Oakland Athletics decided to change baseball because they began looking for people who didn't rank highly on traditional metrics like RBI, but who could contribute to the team's scoring and winning streak.
This idea is starting to spread beyond sports.
Secondly, hire for performance
Inspired by my own work experience, I created Headlight, a recruiting platform that gives candidates a chance to shine.
If you're going to hire a marketing manager, let him plan a new product launch campaign.
Look for ways to showcase your unique skills and abilities outside the traditional resume and cover letter.
When my father figured out the situation, he immediately explained the family situation.
We need to ditch outdated hiring practices and embrace new ways of finding and developing talent, empowering candidates to tell their stories in powerful and compelling ways.
A world where people are seen for their true potential and given the opportunity to reach their potential is possible.
thank you
(applause)
There's been a lot of controversy about the negative impact that plastic has on the planet and on other organisms, but it also harms humans, especially the poor.
It is shortening the lives of people living in the Gulf.
But we don't realize the price poor people are paying to bring disposable products into society.
Biomimetics, on the other hand, value the wisdom of all species.
We might be able to create a green society that even Dr. King would be proud of.
And that is the goal.
We live in a country that accounts for 5% of the world's population and emits 25% of greenhouse gases. The number of prisoners in the world is -25% of the country.
thank you very much.
(applause)
It's this machine that puts the burden on us. This is a computed tomography machine, or CT.
It uses X-rays that rotate at high speed around the human body.
It's an amazing machine that we can use to improve healthcare, but it's also a challenge for us.
This is the explosion of medical data that we are facing today.
These machines, which began being introduced around 1970, scan the human body and produce about 100 images of the human body.
There's a problem."
So I want to transform the data into something like this
Even with computers that are constantly getting faster and more powerful, extracting relevant information from gigabytes and terabytes of data is a difficult task.
this is my daughter
There's something in this machine that allows me to do what I do with medical data.
I paid a million dollars for that machine
New graphics cards come out every month, and these are from vendors like NVDIA ATI Intel, and some of the latest models.
As you know, for a few hundred dollars, you can buy a graphics card like this, add it to your computer, and do a lot of things.
This is the data acquired by the CT scanner
This is a woman and you can see her hair
Here you can see the X-rays scattering against the metal part of the tooth.
It's very high resolution, and it really shows what's possible with today's standard graphics cards.
As a forensic case, in Sweden alone, where I'm from, about 400 virtual autopsies have been performed in the last four years.
It's very high resolution, and we've devised an algorithm that allows us to magnify the finer details.
Again, it's fully interactive, and the system allows you to rotate and view images in real time.
This case may need no explanation, but this is a car accident where a drunk driver hit a woman.
It's very interesting for us to be able to look at things like knife stabbing cases.
Here you can see the knife going through the heart.
So, in determining the cause of death, it can be very useful in criminal investigations, and it can also steer investigations in the right direction, and in some cases, track down the real killer.
This is a case that I found interesting
You can see the bullet lodged next to this person's spine.
If you're trying to find these fragments inside the body during a normal autopsy, it's actually very difficult.
This is a touch device that we developed based on standard GPUs and existing algorithms.
If you're thinking of buying an iPad, forget it. This is what you wanted.
Steve, I hope you're listening to this.
Now that we've talked about touch, let's talk about really touching data.
You can see on the left is a touch device.
So when you virtually touch the data, the pen receives a force, and you get a sensation from that feedback.
Now, thanks to a new scanner, we can scan the entire heart in just 0.3 seconds, and it's time-resolved.
I believe this is the future of heart surgery.
It would be a dream come true for a cardiac surgeon to see inside a patient's heart with high-resolution data before surgery.
this is a very interesting project
MRI uses magnetic fields and radio frequencies to scan the brain or any part of the body.
This gives us information about the structure of the brain, but it can also be used to measure the magnetic difference between oxygenated and non-oxygenated blood.
This means that it is possible to create a map of brain activity.
Motts is doing something here, probably doing something like this with his right hand, because the left motor cortex is activated.
She came to the center, was sedated, and was brought straight into the scanner.
this is a bear
This is the bear's nose
With that said, I'd like to thank everyone who helped generate these images.
It takes a lot of work to collect data and develop algorithms to create all the software.
thank you
(applause)
The greatest developments and innovations in the world often occur at the intersection of two fields.
I also want to make people more interested in science and technology by creating new technologies for art.
In my venture, Marilyn Monrobot, I'm trying to turn art into technology.
If you're an entertainer who wants to work with a lovely robot, or if you want to add an element of entertainment to your robot, please contact me as an agent.
So let me introduce you to our first robot, Data.
Named after a Star Trek character
And I can use each and every one of you as coaches for future robots.
Well, the doctor said to the patient, "I have bad news and bad news.
The bad news is that you only have 24 hours to live."
Another person pulls out his phone and calls 911.
(Laughter) (Applause) Why is television called medium?
Because it is neither rare nor well done.
In fact, as soon as someone turns on the TV, I go to another room and read.
thank you very much
(applause)
The world is changing so fast
Furthermore, by 2050, China's economy is projected to be twice the size of the United States, and India is also estimated to match the United States' economy.
A few weeks ago, I was looking at the latest forecast, according to BNP Paribas, about when the Chinese economy will surpass the size of the United States.
Goldman Sachs predicted 2027
China will change the world, and two things in particular will change the most.
Until modern times, no country, not a developed country, but a developing country, has become the world's largest economy.
this is just an illusion
The big question here, obviously, is how can we understand China?
How should we strive to understand China as a country?
This is China when the Qin Dynasty triumphed in 221 BC, when the Warring States period ended, and modern China began.
Right after the Han Dynasty, but still 2,000 years ago.
One more thing I would like to add is, of course, we all know that China is huge, both racially and geographically, with a population of 1.3 billion people.
What we don't often realize is that China is very diverse, it's also pluralistic, and in many ways it's very decentralized.
So this is China, not so much a nation-state as a civilized state.
The first one is that what the Chinese hold most politically is the survival and unity of Chinese civilization.
The second, maybe more objective, is Hong Kong.
Remember when Britain handed Hong Kong back to China in 1997?
One country, two systems
we were wrong why were we wrong
So China's reaction is a question for Hong Kong, and it's a natural reaction, just as it's a question for Taiwan. One civilization, many systems.
Chinese people have a very, very different conception of race compared to other countries.
Did you know that 90 percent of China's 1.3 billion people identify themselves as Han Chinese?
Chinese people don't think like that.
But the great advantage of this historical experience is that without the Han people, China could never have come together as one nation.
The Han identity has become the cement that holds this country together.
Today, China's state-society relationship is very different from that of the West.
The problem with this proposal is that the Chinese state enjoys legitimacy and power much more than the Western world.
The reason for this, I think, is for two reasons.
Clearly, this has nothing to do with democracy, because we think China is not a democracy.
So the way power was built in China was very different from our experience in the West.
By the way, the result is that the Chinese have a very different view of the state.
This is how the Chinese view the state, really different from ours.
Know that China believes in the market and the nation.
But this combined with a very strong and ubiquitous state.
And then there's the Grand Canal, which was first built in the fifth century BC.
It's 1,114 miles from Beijing to Hangzhou to Shanghai.
And all in all, when we try to understand China, we try to build on the experience of the West and use Western concepts to look at it from a Western perspective.
Here's an interesting passage from a book by American historian Paul Cohen.
A culture like this -- in fact, the rest of the world, in fact -- was in a very weak position relative to the West, and these countries were forced to understand the West because they were in society. because of the existence of the West
Consider the example of East Asia
East Asia: Japan, South Korea, China, etc. One-third of the world's population lives in these countries.
So let me tell you, East Asians, people from East Asia, know a lot more about the West than people in the West know about East Asia.
because what's going on? Let's go back to the first chart - the Goldman Sachs chart.
What's happening is that from a historical perspective, the world is being driven and shaped at a very fast rate, not by the old developed world, but by the developing world.
First, the West is rapidly losing influence over the world.
A year ago, there was a dramatic presentation of this at the climate change conference in Copenhagen.
Europe was not at the final negotiating table
I'd bet it was probably about 200 years ago.
and this is what will happen in the future
The second conclusion is that the world will inevitably end up being unfamiliar to us, because the world will be shaped by cultures and experiences and histories that we are less familiar with and less familiar with. because it will be
Some people say, I have a British friend who lives in China, and he said, "The continent is sleepwalking into oblivion."
Maybe this is true Maybe this is an exaggeration
If you want to feel and taste the future, try China - there is old Confucianism.
This is like a train station you've never seen before.
it doesn't even look like a train station
China already has the largest network of any country in the world China will have a network larger than all the networks in the world combined
So this was one way to solve it, because China has so many cities with over 20 million people.
So what should be our attitude towards this world? This world is developing rapidly before our eyes.
Countries like China and India have emerged, which have 38 percent of the world's population -- and countries like Indonesia and Brazil have been symbolized by one of the most important acts of democratization in the last 200 years. increase
The big ship here is the ship that Zheng He sailed in the early 15th century, and he sailed across the South China Sea, the East China Sea and the Indian Ocean to East Africa.
(Laughter) Or this silk scroll, if you look closely, you'll see that it was made in 1368 by the city of Zhuzhou.
The Chinese also invented golf.
welcome to the future thank you
(applause)
We are all patients and people.
Doctors are sometimes patients too.
I see people who are actually given information but don't follow it.
Considering smoking, this problem can be evidenced in diabetes, obesity, various heart diseases and some cancers.
It dates back to the time of Aristotle.
This is the low fear group.
Please brush and floss your teeth.
This was the message, the experiment.
This concept is credited to Albert Bandura, who did a study to see if people could have a concept of empowerment.
Campaign for the American Diabetes Association.
I don't know if it works or not.
Bandura knew years, decades ago.
We connect personalized data and information obtained from individuals to their lives.
We must always connect information with action. That action is issued as another informational feedback. Thus creating a feedback loop.
Behavioral change is a well-observed and well-established concept.
You've seen it before. A speed limit sign.
This is how the feedback loop works.
Your blood pressure may drop slightly.
It's a pharmaceutical advertisement.
It clearly states what the drug works for, and especially for whom. So you can understand whether the information is personal or drug related.
Every time you take a drug, you are exposed to side effects.
A CRP test is usually done after a cholesterol test. done concatenatively.
A protein that appears when blood vessels become inflamed. You are at risk of heart disease.
We take the data we have and do some simple calculations with a variety of calculators available on the internet to get the actual risk.
(Laughter) Quest Diagnostic and LabCorp are two of the largest laboratory testing companies. They made $700 million and $500 million respectively last year.
This information is very powerful.
You can create your own feedback loop.
The only plausible answer is (audience: yes) - yes.
What does this mean? Please explain the data.
You don't have to have a higher education level than the people in this room.
thank you
(applause)
but it didn't work
My parents got divorced and my sister got arrested.
I realized I didn't have to wear high heels, I realized I didn't have to wear pink, and it felt right for me.
I've traveled a lot, but I still think like an American woman.
thank you
(applause)
When I was five years old, they bought me an orange Schwinn Stingray bicycle.
I've traveled around the world and been in different cultures, and I've written books about those journeys, "Walking Through the Bible" is one of them.
I also hosted a program of the same title on PBS.
Until May of 2008, I had a routine blood test at my regular check-up, and my alkaline phosphatase levels were abnormal, and something was wrong with my bones.
They had just turned three, and they loved anything pink and purple.
(Laughter) "Doctor, that was a good joke," I said the next day.
I sneaked out to the back, and there was a moat and a fence, and I could see a meadow with cows.
Jeff's advice is, "Be a traveler, not a tourist.
Twenty years ago, doctors would have amputated my leg and hoped it wouldn't come back, and the survival rate was 15 percent.
After that, in a 15-hour surgery, Dr. John Healy at Sloan Kettering Memorial Hospital in New York, removed my left femur and replaced it with titanium.
If you've seen the Sanjay special on CNN, you've seen the oversized screw that I put in my pelvis.
This is a very rare operation, and only two people have survived it before me.
One night my mother-in-law called me and told me that her daughters, who were three and a half years old at the time, missed me.
(Laughter) One night, my daughter Eden came over.
I thought to myself, just in case - yesterday when we were all doing Tony Robbins' yoga together, the only word that came up, the word that wasn't used in this seminar, is "friend."
(Laughter) But he's a publishing agent, selling dreams in a world where dreams rarely come true.
When asked, "What is the most valuable thing that can be given to a dreamer?"
My house wasn't far from the Brooklyn Bridge, and during the year and a half that I was on crutches, it became something of a symbol.
I was on crutches, my wife was by my side, my daughters were up front in rock star poses.
And yet humans have been walking upright for four million years and we're still doing basically the same thing.
200 years ago, a new type of pedestrian appeared in Paris.
The lost year was the year of Jubilee for me
So here I am standing here today, and as you can see, I can walk without crutches or a cane.
I had my 18 month scan last week.
As epidemiologists know, that's half the number of people diagnosed with the disease each year in the United States.
So go to 23andMe or councilofdads.com and click the link
May you find a puddle somewhere to jump in May you find a way to climb over, around or through the wall that separates you from your dreams
thank you
(applause)
The days of massive infrastructure are over.
Similarly, the concept of architecture in this field that is out of context is just— excuse me. That's blatant—it's just not worth the approach that's needed.
In other words, oysters are the foundation of my manifesto urban design projects. The project I did in New York Harbor is called "oyster-tecture."
The circled areas are the Gowanus Canal and Governor's Island that I'm talking about.
Here is another angle shot of the actual Gowanus Canal.
When we started this project, the central idea was to look back in history and see what was there.
We also learned that you can eat oysters the size of a dinner plate right on the Gowanus Canal.
This project addresses these three critical issues. And in a new and exciting way, I think.
Now, back to our hero, the oyster.
In addition, one oyster filters 50 gallons of water per day.
Originally, New York was fueled by oyster farming and roads were literally built on oyster shells.
The central idea here was to once again hit the reset button and over time create a self-renewing, clean and productive ecosystem.
"What is a fuzzy rope?"
After all, what we were creating was a new blue and green park for the next century, flooded with water. It's an amphibious park, so to speak.
Imagine scuba diving here.
Introducing new words for the wonderful world to come. It's flupsy. This stands for "floating upwelling system".
I received two questions about this project.
The other is when we can eat the oysters.
thank you very much.
(applause)
We don't just live, we make things,
This is a very small scooter for this man.
Last summer it was held in Detroit and next summer it will be held again at Ford.
I think that is extremely important.
This is Andrew Archer.
I met Andrew at a community conference co-hosted by Maker Faire.
Andrew moved from Duluth, Minnesota to Detroit.
He liked to take things apart,
His mother gave him part of the garage. Then, it seems that he was making something by collecting various things at the flea market.
He didn't seem to particularly like school, but he was drawn to robotics competitions, and once he realized he was talented, he took his passion more seriously.
And he started building robots.
In fact, when I sat down next to him, he told me about the company he started, and he was in the middle of building a robot for a two-wheeled motorcycle factory that would traverse the factory floor.
If you don't know what they are, let's call them brains.
I don't know if it's something you see very often, but it's a mailbox. Ordinary mailbox and Arduino.
If someone opens your mailbox, a notification will be sent to your iphone.
This is called a makerbot,
This is how they do interesting things.
For $8,000, you can build your own satellite and fly it into space.
(applause)
I believe that social media can change the silly and degrading gender stereotypes we see in media and advertising.
Instead, you get a lot more information about what you do online, what you like, what you're interested in.
If you look at the statistics, and these are the global statistics, across all age categories, women's use of social networks outpaces men's.
If social media dominates the old media, and they're dominated by women, does that mean women dominate the world's media?
Will we suddenly see more female characters in comics, games and TV shows than ever before?
Is it possible that the media landscape could suddenly turn feminist?
Media companies will hire more women because they know they're important for business, and I think women will continue to occupy the social media arena.
why should i know?
Of course, old media companies and advertising companies would need to know.
In my job, I spend a lot of time researching the impact of media and entertainment on people's lives.
Not just because it's fun, it's fun, but our research shows time and again that entertainment and play have a huge impact on people's lives, on things like political beliefs and health.
thank you
(applause)
There's an African proverb that goes, "As long as the hunter is the speaker, the story of the lion will never be known."
The key to racial literacy is that the forgotten truth, the understanding of cultural differences, has the power to heal centuries of racism, dehumanization and disease.
Both my parents are African American
My father was born in southern Delaware, my mother in northern Philadelphia, and the two are as different from each other as West and East New York City and Montgomery, Alabama.
My mother handled things a little differently.
Her cultural behavior irritated a lot of people.
When we walk into a supermarket, people stare at us like we stole something.
(Laughter) Now, my parents were both Christians.
The difference was that my father prayed before the racial conflict, and my mother always prayed after.
The brain imagines that children and adults are older, bigger and closer than they really are.
need racial literacy
Now how do parents talk about that? What is racial literacy?
(Laughter) Racial literacy is the ability to judge, reinterpret, and resolve when you encounter someone and experience racial stress.
I feel it in my belly, so many butterflies are fighting, they're flying up to my throat and choking me."
If you really need help, inhale and exhale slowly.
Also, with the help of my colleagues Loretta and John, we also tapped into the cultural modalities of African-American barbers, training black barbers to be health educators in two areas. reducing sexual risk in relationships with, and eliminating retaliatory violence.
And in the final project, we're teaching parents and children to understand racial trauma separately, and then teaching them to work together to resolve the little angers they face every day.
Now, talking to children for racial understanding is healing, but it takes practice.
i have two sons
(Laughter) But when I think about them, they're still babies to me, and I worry every day that the world will misunderstand them.
Trayvon Martin's parents were crying on TV because George Zimmerman was acquitted.
Julian glued to the TV
He wanted to know why, why on earth a grown man chased, caught, and killed an unarmed 17-year-old boy.
The words that barely came out of my mouth were, "Julian, sometimes there are people in the world who look down on black people and other people of color and they don't treat black people and people of color as the same people, even if they're children. ”
CA: Yeah, that's what we call racism.
Julian's reaction was priceless
In my head, I was thinking, What if Julian and Brian were Trayvon?
I estimated my anger to be 10
In my head, someone was following Julian and I was chasing them.
you have to be careful
You deserve to exist on this planet, and you can be as happy, beautiful, and intelligent as you want.
Racial socialization is not just something parents teach their children.
It's also about how children respond to what their parents teach them.
Against the racial anger that has been burning in our bodies, minds, and souls for centuries -- that harms our bodies, minds, souls, and even our health -- we can use something like gun control in our hearts. increase
Racial literacy, and training, allows us to analyze racial trauma from our stories, and through speaking comes healing.
Never forget that there is love and protection in our cultural differences, and as long as the hunter is the speaker, the story of the lion will never be known.
thank you
(applause)
An Ethiopian woman named Derartu Tulu stood at the starting line.
It's a really heartwarming story, but if you dig a little deeper, it makes you wonder what happened there.
And the study found that if you start running marathons at age 19, you get faster the older you get, peaking at age 27.
60-year-old men and women are running as fast as they were when they were 19.
It doesn't matter what, but in folklore and mythology, running is always associated with a sense of freedom, vitality and youth.
Today, I introduced you to the ever-expanding subculture of barefoot runners who have ditched their shoes.
i will make my own drums
(Applause) A gathering of pacifists
a lot
i was never pure
everything is everything
Another woman lost six
a woman lost her head
Where are the hearts of refugees?
My spine that curves in a spiral
The cluster bomb left behind
breathe
thank you
(applause)
Until that moment, I was the old corporate warrior: I ate too much, drank too much, worked too much, and neglected my family.
And so I started working again, and since then, I've spent seven years working on work-life balance, studying and writing.
I would like to share with you today four observations.
First, if society is to somehow address this challenge, we need honest debate.
The trouble is that a lot of people talk absolutely ridiculous things about work-life balance--
(Laughter) The second observation -- we have to face the fact that governments and corporations are unwilling to solve this problem.
(Laughter) It's about all companies.
We have to take responsibility for setting and enforcing the boundaries we need in our lives.
have sex
have breakfast with wife and kids
have sex again
(Laughter) Driving the kids to school on the way to work
work another three hours
drink with friends in the pub early in the evening
drive home and have dinner with my wife and kids
have sex
(Laughter) Let's be more realistic.
(Laughter) A day is too short, too long after retirement.
Fourth observation - balance itself needs to be revisited in a balanced way.
I work 10 hours a day and my commute takes 2 hours.
(Laughter) Exercise is great, but there are other parts to life: an intellectual part, an emotional part, a mental part.
You want me to go to church and talk to my mother?"
i understand
But a few years ago, an event gave me a new perspective.
Somewhere in the audience today, my wife called me at work and said, Nigel, pick up our youngest child, Harry, from school."
I left work an hour early and picked up Harry at school.
A minimal investment in the right place can dramatically change your relationships and even your quality of life.
Because if enough people do it, we can change the popular definition of success from the silly, simplistic, whoever has the most money when they die wins, to a more sensible, balanced life.
I think this is an idea worth spreading
(applause)
Ever since I was a little kid and watching "Star Wars," I've been fascinated by the idea of ​​personal robots.
I knew that such a robot didn't exist, but I really wanted to build one.
Twenty years later, I was a graduate student at MIT, studying artificial intelligence, in 1997, the year NASA landed the first robot on Mars.
So that year, I started working on this robot, Kismet, the world's first social robot.
Three years later, after a lot of programming and working with other graduate students in the lab, Kismet was ready to start interacting with people.
(Video) Scientist: I have something to show you.
Kismet: (words) Scientist: This watch was given to me by my girlfriend.
This little robot somehow tapped into something deep within us socially, and it opened up the prospect of interacting with robots in entirely new ways.
For several years now, I've been exploring the interpersonal dimension of robotics with some very talented students in my lab at the Media Lab.
my favorite robot is leonardo
Leonardo developed in collaboration with Stan Winston Studios
I would like to show you a special moment with Leo
Matt Berlin is in contact with Leo, introducing him to a new object.
Because it's new, Leo can't decide what to do.
But just like us, he can learn by watching Matt's reactions.
(Video) Matt Berlin: Hi Leo
Leo this is cookie monster
Can you find the cookie monster?
Cookie Monster is a very, very bad guy
he is a scary monster
(Laughter) CB: Yeah, Leo and Cookie had a bit of a hard time meeting each other the first time, but now they get along really well.
So what we've learned from building these things is that robots are actually fascinating social technologies, because they actually push our social buttons and treat us like partners, and that's them. is the central function of
By changing our way of thinking in this way, we are able to imagine new questions and possibilities for robots that we had never thought of before.
One of the things we've learned is that if we design robots to communicate with us using the same body language, if they can use the non-verbal gestures that humans use, like Nexy, this puppet robot, people are robots. discovered that people began to respond in a similar way to humans to
Robots are actually becoming a very interesting new scientific tool for understanding human behavior.
Is mimicking certain gestures that important? is a question
This video was filmed in the David Desteno lab at Northeastern University.
For example, if robots could respond to our nonverbal gestures, it would be a really cool new communication technology.
Imagine a robot accessory for your mobile phone?
Same as today's video conferencing
Finally, the expressive Mebot.
In today's world, families are living farther and farther from each other, which certainly has a negative impact on family relationships and bonds.
In my case, I have three little boys, and I want them to have a very good relationship with their grandparents.
But my parents live thousands of miles away and don't get to see each other very often.
So in the not-too-distant future, I imagine this: My mother sits at her computer, launches a browser, and connects to a little robot.
I can imagine my grandmother being able to play with her granddaughter and her friends, playing in the house, telling them fairy tales before bed, and all sorts of other things.
Through this technology, they will be able to actively participate in their grandchildren's lives in ways that are not possible today.
Today, more than 65 percent of people in the United States are obese, and it's a big problem for children, too.
As we get older, if we're obese at an early age, we realize that it's a chronic disease that not only impairs our quality of life, but also puts a huge financial burden on our healthcare system.
This robot is called Autom
Corey Kidd developed this robot during his PhD research
Designed as a diet and exercise coach robot
You enter information into an on-screen interface, for example, how many calories you ate that day, how much exercise you did.
Is it only the quality of the advice and information you provide that matters? such as
What we were most interested in was not how much people lost weight, but how long they actually interacted with robots.
(Laughter) When I looked at the emotional engagement, it was completely different.
The last thing I want to talk about is the future of children's media.
Today, children spend a lot of time in front of screens, whether it's television or computer games.
my sons really love the screen
So today, I'd like to introduce you to my group's new project, Playtime Computing, which takes a serious look at what's compelling in digital media, and literally pulls them off the screen and into the real world of a child. The purpose is to have various play characteristics in the real world.
This is the first time I've tried this idea. Characters can be physical or virtual, and digital content can move out of the screen and into and out of the real world.
Any changes a child makes in the real world must be reflected in the virtual world.
Here Nathan changed the letter A to the number 2.
Think of symbols like this as giving your character special powers when they return to the virtual world.
What I'm trying to do here is create an immersive experience for the kids, as if they were part of that story.
I want them to literally use their imagination to create these kinds of experiences.
They boost our imaginations, help us feel more connected even when we're far apart, and serve as trusted partners to help us achieve our personal goals. I think robots are for people
thank you
(applause)
So no job, no food.
Many of these children became severely malnourished.
There is no government to protect them.
But there are only two rules.
These are our two rules.
Because over the last 20 years, Somali women have stood up.
In a camp with 90,000 people, if you don't make some rules, conflicts will arise.
(Applause) We are working for women's empowerment and opportunity. Women are not alone.
It has brought much-needed medical care to people who otherwise wouldn't have access to it.
But one day my mother got sick and I went to the hospital. In hospitals, I saw doctors doing important work and devoting themselves to helping the sick.
Unfortunately my mother died when I was 12 years old.
My mother died from complications of a gynecological disease. So I decided to become a gynecologist.
That's how I became a doctor.
In my case, my mother had prepared me to become a doctor since I was little, but I didn't really want to.
I love it, but it didn't work.
When the civil war started, I realized how my mother was helping people, how she really needed help, and how in Somalia she needed the care of a female doctor to help women and children. I witnessed that.
So I thought maybe I could be both a reporter and a gynecologist.
my sister is different.
What's the biggest problem with working as a mother and daughter in such a dangerous and sometimes scary situation?
Yes, I was working in very dangerous and difficult conditions.
When I saw someone who needed me, I decided to stay with them to help them. Because I was able to do something for them.
Now I have 90,000 people who respect each other and don't fight.
And I am grateful for my daughters.
That's the best part.
You see 300 patients, you do 20 surgeries, you care for 90,000 people.
(Applause) Wait, wait.
Aramid fiber is the closest
This is 10,000 times the range of artificial fire detectors.
These three examples give you a sense of what biomimicry can do.
And we need to bring about three big changes in our sustainability reforms.
Third, the shift from a fossil fuel economy to a solar fuel economy
I think biomimicry is the solution we need for all three of these things.
Think of nature as a catalog of products, all of which benefit from 3.8 billion years of research and development.
Given the level of investment, it makes sense to use it.
Let's start with radical resource efficiency gains
Studies of pollen, radiolarian and carbon molecules have helped us devise the most efficient structural solutions using hexagons and pentagons.
So we had to find an alternative to glass, which was pretty limited in terms of size.
There are many examples in nature of very efficient structures based on pressurized membranes.
So we started researching a material called ETFE.
So what it does is you put it in three layers, weld them along the edges, and then inflate them.
The great thing about this is that one piece can be made about seven times the size of glass, and it's only 1% the weight of double glazing.
And so we rode a positive cycle where one breakthrough led to another breakthrough.
At the end of the project, the superstructure itself weighed less than the air inside it.
The Eden Project is a great example of how ideas from biology can lead to radical increases in resource efficiency, providing the same functionality with very little material.
For example, from giant water lilies in the Amazon, we can develop roof structures of great efficiency. Architecture inspired by abalone shells. Ultra-light bridges inspired by plant cells.
nature is completely different
There are several examples of projects that deliberately try to mimic natural ecosystems.
One of my favorites is Craham Wiles' cardboard to caviar project.
Their area has a lot of shops and restaurants, a lot of food, a lot of cardboard and plastic waste.
I shredded the cardboard and sold it to the equestrian center for horse beds.
Graham Wiles continued to add more and more elements, creating a mechanism to create value from the waste stream.
Just as natural systems tend to increase in diversity and resilience over time, there is a real sense that this project has a multitude of possibilities.
It's a quirky example, but it's a very big one, because it suggests that we can transform the big problem of waste into big possibilities.
Next, we'll build an anaerobic digester that can handle all of the biodegradable waste in the area, and use the heat generated by the waste to power our greenhouses or convert it into electricity and feed it back into our grid.
Incorporating a system that converts wastewater into fresh water, using plants and microbes to generate energy from solids.
As you can see, it brings together food and energy and water and waste cycles in one building.
For playfulness, I proposed this for a roundabout in central London, which as it stands now is a complete eyesore.
With a little bit of planning, this can be transformed from a space dominated by transportation to one that provides open space where people can reconnect with food and transform waste into closed-loop opportunity.
The last project I'm going to talk about today is the Sahara forest project that we're working on right now.
For example, when Julius Caesar arrived in North Africa, most of North Africa was covered with cedar and cypress forests.
The more we lose vegetation, the worse climate change will likely lead to desertification.
We are working with the man who invented the seawater greenhouse.
This greenhouse was designed for a dry coastal area, and the way we do it is by dribbling seawater across the walls of this evaporator grill, each time the wind blows, the greenhouse will become moister and cooler.
This makes the inside cooler and more humid, so plants don't need as much water to grow.
It's like green ink spreading out of a greenhouse, turning barren land into biologically productive land, and in some ways, we've achieved restorative design that goes beyond sustainable design.
But in mature ecosystems, you'll find just as much symbiotic relationships.
And the technology that has become an ideal partner for seawater greenhouses is concentrating solar power (CSP), which uses tracking mirrors to collect the sun's heat and generate electricity.
The potential for CSP is that we receive 10,000 times more energy from the sun every year than all the energy we use, 10,000 times.
That's exactly what a seawater greenhouse produces.
CSP puts out a lot of wasted heat
Finally, shade under mirrors can produce all kinds of crops that don't grow in direct sunlight.
What we found is that different things crystallize at different stages.
When seawater evaporates, the first thing that crystallizes is calcium carbonate.
It builds up on top of the evaporator, pictured on the left, slowly becoming covered with calcium carbonate.
next is sodium chloride
This is a hotel in Bolivia
After that, there are various compounds and elements that can be extracted, such as phosphates, which we put back into the soil to fertilize the desert.
Seawater contains almost every element on the periodic table.
So we should be able to extract expensive elements like lithium for high-performance batteries.
In parts of the Persian Gulf, the salinity of sea water is gradually increasing due to the wasteful disposal of brine from desalination plants.
The Sahara Forest Project is a model of how we can grow carbon-free food, how we can generate renewable energy in the most water-poor regions, and how we can reverse desertification.
Let's go back to the big challenges I mentioned at the beginning: radical resource efficiency, closed loop, solar thermal economy.
And I firmly believe that there are many solutions if we learn how nature solves problems.
this is an important point
thank you
(applause)
(Applause) Thank you very much.
The Christmas music they played was horrible if you ask me.
And when I hear a song that I don't like, I think I'll try to make it better.
(Whistling) But at Christmas dinner, it was kind of annoying.
So my sister-in-law warned me several times, "Can you stop whistling?"
(Laughter) I lose my face.
(Applause) Of course, it was a really fun experience.
And like judokas and athletes, I went back in 2005 to defend my title, and I won again.
And now, in the beautiful city of Rotterdam, I'm on a big stage and I'm talking about whistling.
I quit my job as a nurse
(Laughter) Now, I'm not the only one whistling.
we are here to celebrate compassion
But to me, there's a problem with compassion.
Many of us know that it's an integral part of any culture of any tradition, and that it's real in the lives of each individual, but the word "compassion" has become a mere skeleton in culture, journalism. In my field of
Karen Armstrong told me an iconic story, after giving a lecture in Holland, the word "compassion" was translated as "pity."
In doing so, I hope to tell you that words matter, that words matter, that words shape how we understand ourselves and interpret the world, and that words shape how we understand ourselves and interpret the world and how we relate to others. I hope you agree with the basic premise of
Compassion is a worthy successor
Compassion is just one word in our vocabulary, but if we can really make it permeate it, to the point of reference for ourselves and others in our private and public spheres, it might change us.
First, I simply want to say that compassion is kindness.
"Kindness" can sound like a very soft word, and it's often prone to certain platitudes.
But kindness is an everyday by-product of all great virtues.
Compassion is also curiosity
I love a phrase suggested by Aziza Hassan and Marka Fenjebezi, two women in Los Angeles who are innovating for interfaith understanding.
Compassion is synonymous with empathy
I think compassion is also often associated with beauty, which means that you're willing to see the good in people, but not just those who might need help.
What I love is hearing my Muslim interlocutors often talk about beauty as a central moral value.
In its godly light Compassion also takes us into the realm of mystery--not merely to see beauty, but in the midst of suffering to see in the face of a stranger the lively and pious face. It also probably encourages us to look for the face of God within.
I don't know if I can show you what tolerance looks like, but I can show you compassion, because it's visible.
If we can see it and recognize it, it changes the way we think about what is possible and what can be done.
I first learned this most intensely from Matthew Sanford.
He lost his father and sister in a car accident and has been paralyzed from the waist down since he was 13.
He's currently doing a great job with veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan.
this is jean vanier
And although compassion can be of that nature,
Compassion is rarely the immediate answer, but it's always a hint of a deeper reality, a deeper human potential.
And compassion is unlocked in a wider circle, never by statistics or strategies, but by signs and stories.
We need that too, but we're hitting our limits.
But at the same time, I think we're rediscovering the power of storytelling. We need stories to survive, to thrive, to change as human beings.
This will change science and will eventually change religion.
We don't often hear that Einstein used his fame to advocate for the rights of political prisoners in Europe or for boys in Scottsboro, in the south of the United States, who faced racism.
Einstein deeply believed that science should transcend national and ethnic boundaries.
But he saw physicists and chemists become procurers of weapons of mass destruction in the early 20th century.
He once said that the science of that era became like a razor blade in a three-year-old's grip.
And Einstein foresaw that the more modern and technologically advanced we grow, the more we need the virtues that tradition carries on.
Now, relying on Einstein might not seem like the best way to make compassion real and accessible to everyone, but it is.
Now, you interpret this picture as looking out the window at something that looks like a cathedral and lost in thought -- but no.
And here's the full picture, and you'll see a middle-aged man in a leather jacket tasting a cigar.
He was incredibly compassionate in some relationships, and horribly inept in others.
And being compassionate to those closest to us is often harder, and it's one of the other darker aspects of the world of compassion that deserves our sincere attention and enlightenment.
Gandhi was actually a flawed human being.
Mother Teresa was also
so do we all
But our problems are, in fact, perhaps the most fertile source for developing this ultimate virtue of bringing compassion to those who are in the midst of joy and suffering. How refreshing it is to realize that
Einstein became a humanitarian not because of his outstanding knowledge of space, time and matter, but because he was a Jew raised in Germany, the birthplace of Fascism.
Now, I'd like to propose a final definition of compassion -- Einstein and Paul Robeson, by the way -- and I'd like to call it "mental technology."
And what we're discovering will shine a light on what romantic writers and poets call the "heavenly open mind" of the child.
This is a mother in India who speaks a language that was unknown until recently, Koro.
The 800 or so Koro speakers around the world know that they need to talk to their babies to preserve their language.
No scientist disputes the curve itself, but research institutes around the world are trying to figure out why it's the way it is.
In my lab, we look at the first critical period in development, when babies are trying to master the sounds used in their own language.
By studying how sounds are learned, I think we can model the rest of language and even critical periods in children's social, emotional and cognitive development.
Place the baby in the parent's lap and train it to move its head when the sound changes from "ah" to "ee", if the timing is right.
What we found is that babies are sensitive to this statistic, and the statistic is very different between Japanese and English.
Babies absorb the statistics of language, and that changes their brains, transforming them from citizens of the world to culture-bound listeners like us.
We are governed by representations in memory that are formed early in our development.
What we're seeing here is changing the way we think about critical periods.
From a mathematical point of view, we expect language learning to slow down as the distribution stabilizes.
That raises questions about bilingual people.
We are entering a golden age of knowledge about child brain development.
We'll be able to see how the brain behaves as children experience emotions, learn to speak and read, solve math problems, and come up with ideas.
By examining the brains of children, we may discover deep truths about what it means to be human, and in the process, we may also be able to keep our hearts open to learning for the rest of our lives. Thank you very much. thank you
(applause)
One day, when I was about 10, I found a box of my father's antiques.
Among them was a pair of black corduroy bell-bottom pants under a bunch of college textbooks.
These pants were in terrible condition. They were musty and moth-eaten.
Up until that day, all I knew and wore was my school uniform, and I was really grateful for that, because from a very young age, I realized that I was a little different.
(Laughter) I was bullied a lot.
So I decided to become invisible to survive, and the uniform helped me to look like any other kid.
(Laughter) Eventually, it became very clear to me that I was not going to be the son my father always wanted me to be.
sorry dad
And over time, I became less and less sure if I actually wanted to change.
So the day I met those black corduroy bell-bottoms, something happened.
(Laughter) All the way to school and all the way home, because I was sent home right away. (Laughter) I turned into a little brown rock star.
On that day, instead of being invisible, I chose to be seen by others just by wearing something different.
That day I discovered the power of what I wear.
I discovered the power of fashion that day and have been hooked ever since.
we should express ourselves, wear what we want
What's the worst that can happen?
But in October of 2017, we faced a different enemy when an internet troll posted a vicious slur over a photo of her in jeans that day, at age 20.
Most of us now choose to wear jeans, in places like New York, London, Milan, and Paris, and maybe we won't reconsider it as a privilege, something that might cause inconvenience elsewhere. And we don't think of it as something that one day will be taken away from us.
My grandmother was the kind of woman who took special pleasure in dressing up.
And the color she loved to wear was probably the only true truth about her, the only thing she had authority over, like most other Indian women of her generation. Because it was not allowed to exist beyond what was dictated by tradition.
My grandmother got married at 17, and after 65 years of marriage, suddenly one day my grandfather passed away, and it was an unbearable loss.
But that day, she also lost something else, the only joy she had: wearing color.
In India, according to custom, when a Hindu woman becomes a widow, she is not allowed to wear any color other than white since the day her husband died.
I don't think you can really tell by looking at what she's wearing, because it's a black-and-white photo.
This is what fashion can do
It has the power to fill us with joy, the joy of freedom to choose who and how we want to live, a freedom worth fighting for.
And freedom fights and protests come in many forms.
There's a city called Vrindavan, where thousands of Indian widows like my grandmother live.
But as recently as 2013, the widows of Vrindavan started celebrating Holi, a festival of colors in India, where widows are not allowed to participate.
The lessons of resistance have always been taught by fashion's great revolutionaries -- designers.
Jean-Paul Gaultier taught me that a woman can be king.
Thom Browne taught me that men wear heels too.
And at Alexander McQueen's Spring 1999 show, two giant robotic arms were placed in the center of the runway.
McQueen taught me this before he took his own life, that this body of ours is a canvas that we can paint however we want.
But he soon began receiving death threats because of his appearance.
Eyewitnesses said the body had multiple wounds.
In Peshawar, about 2,000 miles away, Pakistani transgender activist Alisha was shot multiple times in May 2016.
She was taken to the hospital, but was refused admission to either the men's or women's ward because she was wearing women's clothing.
What we choose to wear is sometimes a matter of life and death.
Alisha died that day and was buried as a man.
What kind of world is that?
In this world, it's natural to fear this kind of surveillance and violence against our bodies and clothes.
But the bigger fear is that once we surrender and blend in, one after another, we become invisible, and the more normal this false cooperation seems, the less shocking this oppression feels.
Today's injustice may become the norm tomorrow for the children we raise.
It's time to stand up and stand out
get used to it
Fashion gives us a language for dissent.
wear it like armor
thank you
(applause)
I spend a lot of time traveling around the world these days, speaking to groups of students and professionals. And you hear similar things everywhere you go.
On the one hand, people say, "Now is the time for change,"
I don't want to disappoint my family and friends. "
Nothing in life is important without a price.”
This conversation is a very good reflection of what is happening at the national and international level.
Our leaders and ourselves want it all, but we don't talk about the price,
I have a favorite quote. by Tilly Olsen, the great writer from the American South.
What is the price of not trying?
Then I was moved by Cambodian women. They are beautiful women who inherit Cambodian traditional dance.
The Khmer Rouge killed over a million people under the Pol Pot regime in the 1970s. Their targets were elites, intellectuals, artists and dancers.
I sat in the studio watching these women clapping their hands -- it was a beautiful rhythm -- and around them these fairy dancers in their beautiful silks.
And after that atrocity, I thought, this is what people really pray.
Because we're committed to honoring the most beautiful parts of our past, from which we build our vision for the future.
I've also been exposed to the dark side of power and leadership.
In 1986, I moved to Rwanda and started working with a small group of Rwandan women to create a microfinance bank.
One of them, Agnes -- on the far left -- was one of the first three women to become members of parliament in Rwanda. She could have been called Mother of Rwanda because of what she left behind.
A founding member of the liberal party, which championed diversity and tolerance, three months before the genocide, she left the party to join the extremist Hutu Power and the regime that carried out the genocide. served as Minister of Justice. She became famous for inciting men to say, "Kill them now, don't act like a woman."
No group is more vulnerable to this kind of manipulation than the group of young men.
I have heard that the most dangerous animals on earth are adolescent males.
Sometimes, even a small investment can unlock the truly enormous limitless potential that we all hold within us.
He works with a group of young men from Kibera, the world's largest slum.
Then they started a business plan competition.
What we really want as human beings is to be visible to each other.
That's how these young men decided to do a TEDx event. Speaking of workshops that come to slums, they focus on HIV and at best microfinance. I was tired of it
And they are doing just that.
Hats off to everyone in Kibera.
My own focus is on making philanthropy more efficient and capitalism more inclusive.
At the Acumen Fund, we obtain philanthropic funds and invest in what we call "Patient Capital." We will invest in entrepreneurs who recognize that the poor are not just passive recipients of charity, but who want to solve their own problems and decide for themselves, who see themselves as agents of total change.
These entrepreneurs put people and the planet above profit.
I was also in Lahore Pakistan the day suicide attacks attacked two mosques.
Less than 24 hours later, 13 miles from the mosque, I was visiting one of our investments. Jawad Aslam is a wonderful person who dares to choose a life of immersion.
It took two years just to register the land.
There are also schools, clinics and shops.
But there is only one mosque.
Our world needs this kind of moral leadership and courage.
It was a great honor to have the opportunity to work with child psychologist Robert Coles. He was one of the people who stood up for change during the Civil Rights Movement in America.
She developed the idea that we should be a part of history and that everyone should have access to education.
He continued: “In conclusion, in many ways, leadership is like the ear of rice.
we need a leader.
At the same time, we must have the humility to recognize that we cannot do this alone.
Robert Kennedy once said. "Few have the power to rewrite history, but each of us has the power to change a small part of history.
Our lives are so short, our time on this earth is so precious, and we only have each other.
thank you very much.
(applause)
The "mesh" I'm going to talk about is
We've shared wine, food, and other wonderful experiences in cafes and bars in Amsterdam.
One of them is the recession. It's caused us to rethink our relationship with things in terms of value.
More people, less space, less things
(Laughter) Another thing to note is that we've invested hundreds of billions of dollars over decades, and we're inheriting assets.
Zipcar is the world's largest car-sharing company.
When I go to pick up my aunt at the airport, it's a sedan.
The average across America and Western Europe is 8 percent.
And last year, 2010, two companies were formed: Whipcar in England and Relay Ride in the United States.
Both are car-sharing services between individuals, and two things that make car-sharing work are the availability of a car and the fact that it's within a block or two of where you are.
It took us six years to get to 1,000 cars.
Maybe because I'm a technology entrepreneur, I see things as platforms.
These platforms invite different developers, different people, to come together with opportunities and ideas to build apps for specific audiences.
If you think about it in the same way, cities are also platforms, and of course Detroit is too.
Cities also invite participation, and historically they have invited participation of all kinds.
There are already 7-8 cities in America
I was having coffee in Portland, and I had half a latte left, when all of a sudden, a small monitor in the store flashed a message that the next bus was in three minutes, and the train was in 16 minutes.
Amazing opportunities are popping up all over America, and about 21 percent of all vacant commercial and industrial space has potential.
And once every three weeks, there's a pop-up grocery store, and it's a social event for people who love food.
Crafty Fox, a woman who loves handicrafts, is hosting pop-up miscellaneous goods fairs around London
(Laughter) If we're looking at waste and thinking about how we can be generous and contribute to each other, but if we want to improve our economy and improve our environment, it's important to share our failures.
For example, Velib started in Paris in 2007, a bold attempt at a large-scale bike-sharing service.
What we're seeing is just the beginning. Mesh companies are attracting people and generating interest, but it's still early days.
Thank you very much
(applause)
After doing some research on national security, I decided to make women's issues a focal point of American foreign policy, not just because I'm a feminist, but because I believe that society would be better off if I did, because women are politically and economically empowered. Once you have it, you will inherit those values, and you will have better health, better education, and greater economic prosperity, both economically and politically.
If you look around the world, you'll see that women, especially in Western societies, are increasingly in leadership positions, and in other parts of the world, the glass ceiling is being broken, and yet there are still many. of violence and many problems remain, even though more and more women are entering the negotiating table when you are in the negotiating table.
Tarja Halonen is the current president of Finland and for a time he represented the European Union.
it's a monday morning
In Washington, the President of the United States is sitting in the Oval Office, trying to decide whether or not to attack Al Qaeda in Yemen.
In Madrid, María González stands at her door, listening to her baby howling, wondering whether to let her cry until she falls asleep or pick her up.
Because in a society that is overwhelmed by information and has become extremely complex, we believe that experts are better able to process information than we are. is
But I feel that this is a big problem, a problem with potentially dangerous consequences for society, for culture and for individuals.
The problem is with us: we rely too much on experts.
We surrender our power and replace the anxiety of our own uncertainty with the illusion of certainty that they provide.
this is no exaggeration
In a recent experiment, a group of adults listening to an expert was scanned with an MRI.
Once they started listening to the experts, the self-decision-making areas of their brains turned off.
They listened to the experts and accepted their advice, right or wrong.
Did you know that studies show that doctors misdiagnose 4 out of 10 times?
Of course, there are exceptions, wonderful exceptions that contribute to civilization.
What all this means is that it takes too long for a paradigm shift to happen, and that complexity and nuances are ignored, and in the end, money does the talking, and the worst side effects in drug-funded clinical trials are in your favour. I've seen evidence that they're missing out, and I've seen studies funded by food companies that when they launch new products, they overstate their health benefits.
They make careless mistakes every day.
A recent study of surgical medical documents found that surgeons removed healthy ovaries, operated on the wrong side of the brain, or operated on the wrong hand, elbow, eye, or foot. Misconceptions can also occur
For example, a common mistake of thinking among radiologists is that when they look at a CT scan, they are too dependent on what the referring doctor said, or what the referring doctor said.
So far I've given you some insight into the world of experts.
I'm short on time, so I'd like to focus on just three strategies.
A recent study found that most expert clinical trials of drugs are first tried on male animals, and then on men, before they go on sale.
It's as if they forgot that half the world's population is female.
Being a rebel means recognizing that the assumptions and methods made by the experts can be wrong.
To create a paradigm shift, to come up with a breakthrough, and to dismantle myths, we need to create an environment in which expert knowledge can be contested, with new, diverse, conflicting, heretical opinions. into the discussion without hesitation, bearing in mind that human progress arises not only from the creation of ideas, but also from their destruction, and thus surrounds ourselves with diverse, conflicting, and heretical opinions.
Now is not the time to blindly follow, blindly accept, blindly trust like never before.
thank you
(applause)
They sing the sound of car alarms as if it were the babbling of spring
(Laughter) The relationship between the violin and technology?
Where is the world headed?
The world of nanotubes is so strange
And the surface of the earth is already full of holes We're right here in the middle
When all the mockingbirds fly they'll sound like the last four days on earth
Thank you TED
(Applause) Wow
(applause)
This woman is slowly dying because she has a benign tumor in her facial bones that completely blocks her mouth and nose, and she can't breathe or eat.
don't forget the hair
Look at the image on the left. This is my son. He has eyebrows.
Dysmorphophobia is the extreme form of this, where you can't see yourself the way other people see you.
We can only see ourselves in mirror images, and only in images and films that capture only a fraction of our lives. It's a shocking truth, isn't it?
Age matters too, as attitudes toward appearance change.
Take Rebecca as an example, she has a benign vascular tumor that has grown through her skull, her nose is blocked, and she has trouble seeing.
They've gotten so used to this face that they think they're special.
In fact, parents sometimes argue over whether to have the lesion removed.
Is this change real? Or is it just a figment of the patient's own imagination?
This is Henry, two weeks after he had a malignant tumor removed. The tumor was on the left side of his face and had spread to his cheekbones, upper jaw, and orbit.
he remained calm and nonchalant
This man had a malignant tumor and when he was in his 20s, he came from Nigeria to England for surgery.
As a psychiatric nurse, he continued working.
They'll feel that having facial surgery changed their lives, because it makes other people think they're a better person.
Some of you might say, "This is another form of cosmetic surgery."
But there are other people who are not opting for facial surgery.
A Bangladeshi girl from east London who had a huge malignant tumor on her right face that left her blind and a rapidly growing tumor that threatened her life.
After the tumor was removed, her parents wanted her to wear this beautiful green velvet dress with pink ribbons in her hair and to show the world this painting, from a conservative Muslim family, and her mother wore a burqa veil. I was there
So this is not just a Western phenomenon.
This has been going on since Lombroso defined the criminal face.
Todorov said that people can look at a person's face and make a judgment within a fraction of a second.
So far, we've talked a lot about facial appearance.
Modern technology uses computers to create models.
I don't know what they think of recognition and identity.
So face transplants have their problems.
Sounds like a Julia Child recipe.
In England, we see a lot of facial injuries among young people.
(applause)
It happened in 2003 at Nashik's Kumbh Mela, one of the world's largest pilgrimages.
Every 12 years, more than 30 million Hindu pilgrims flock to my city, which normally has only 1.5 million people, and stay there for 45 days.
The purpose of the pilgrimage is to wash away all their sins by bathing in the river Godavari.
This seems like the perfect solution, but strangely enough, at an event like the Kumbh Mela, most people don't bring their cell phones.
So we created "Ashioto," which means footsteps in Japanese. It's a portable mat with a pressure sensor that can count the number of people walking on it. Sent to analysis software
Otherwise people can step over the sensor.
We built a prototype out of cardboard and aluminum foil in three days.
When we colored the sensor, people got scared and asked us, "Does stepping on it electrocute you?"
(Laughter) So we decided to put a cover on the sensor, so people don't have to worry about things on the ground.
After some experimentation, we decided to go with an industrial sensor that's used in hazardous area safeguards, with a sheet of black neoprene rubber as the cover.
Now the data is sent in real time to a server and a heatmap is drawn based on the information from all the devices on the ground.
I'd be happy if someone could use this code to make many gatherings safe.
And my new dream is to improve this system and apply it all over the world to prevent the loss of life and to ensure the safety of the flow of people, because every human soul is precious, at concerts and sporting events. Even in the Maha Kumbh Mela of Allahabad, in the pilgrimage to Mecca, in the Shiite pilgrimage to Karbala, in the Vatican City.
thank you
(Cheers) (Applause)
Before we talk about the impact of future technology, let's first take a quick look at some of the unintended consequences of modern technology, especially social media.
It was thought that social media would bring people together in unimaginable ways.
These three girls are talking to each other, looking each other in the eye, without being awkward.
(Laughter) Are people more connected, or are they just connecting to their devices?
this is the actual tweet i received
"Chuck, no one wants to hear your stupid, ignorant political views!
(Laughter) (Applause) Trolls aren't the only new ways to torment teenagers, there's also cyberbullying.
(laughs) "Then why don't we turn off the internet?"
driverless car
(Laughter) But with driverless car-sharing, people won't have cars anymore, and there won't be a need for the Department of Motor Vehicles.
(Laughter) That's the service they provide.
(Laughter) In the future, no one will own a car, which means teenagers will have no place to flirt.
That's right artificial intelligence
There was a time when artificial intelligence was the subject of jokes.
As a literal sarcasm you hear at cocktail parties, someone used to say, "Artificial intelligence...
(Laughter) Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, Bill Gates have all publicly stated that they have serious concerns about artificial intelligence.
(Laughter) One thing is clear: creation always hates its creator.
If you have a teenager, you've probably been told, "I hate you, you're ruining my life.
(Laughter) Before we can build a fully artificial intelligence, we have to build a fully artificial emotion.
Remember when you thought robotics was cool?
(Laughter) (Applause) Finally, I also need to talk about bioengineering, a field of science that promises to eliminate disease before it occurs, leading to longer, more satisfying, healthier lives.
When this is combined with hardware that can be implanted in the body, we can see the next evolution of humankind.
It all sounds great, until you understand where it's going.
(Laughter) This kid is surprised because both of his parents are black.
(Laughter) Imagine him 20 years from now at a cocktail party.
"My parents are black
(Laughter) It's all terrifying, but I think the people in this room know it's not.
The real question isn't whether the technology is scary or not.
thank you
(applause)
As a child, I was raised by three elderly Native Hawaiian grandmothers who took care of me while my parents worked.
In Hawaii, they say it's a good night for fishing.
In fact, the hull of a canoe is like the womb of a ship.
It is the place where you can feel the rhythm, connection and direction of the waves most accurately.
Old navigators who sail thousands of miles across the ocean in double canoes from tiny islands have been compared to astronauts.
It's 2010
The world is in trouble, as predicted by the woman who raised me in Hawaii.
We live in a society that is flooded with data and still hungry for wisdom.
An African shaman said, "Does your society worship jesters and the king appears in plain clothes?"
The connection between the past and the future is fragile
Mau passed away five months ago, but his legacy and teachings live on.
He said, "This island is a canoe. A canoe is an island."
(applause)
I'm a little nervous right now, because I'm going to make a bold statement that we should change the way we think about cancer, but there are a lot of people out there who know more about cancer than I do.
Starting with genomics
In particular, as we all know, the genome is like a blueprint for the body, which would be great if it were true, but it's not.
If you have a lot of salt, you can suspect that you're using too much salt.
So if you look at a person and look at that person's genome, it's the same thing.
What we can decipher from the genome is a list of ingredients.
But most of the time, you need to know what the kitchen is like, because usually sick people were previously healthy, so they have the same genome.
But in general, we can hardly tell the difference between a healthy person and a sick person, except in special cases.
because it is very useful in certain situations
It's also a great theoretical achievement in biology.
It's the only theory biologists have ever really got right.
And Darwinian evolution is the core theory.
Just by comparing gene similarities, we can get an enormous amount of information about genetics.
And the way to do that is to look at what a gene is producing and what happens after gene expression. And that's what proteomics does.
As the genome is the study of all genes, proteomics is the study of all proteins.
So it's important because, unfortunately, we don't have a way to measure these things as easily as we do with the genome.
It takes hundreds of steps and takes a very long time.
I was getting a lot of calls from an oncologist named David Agus.
But then one day, John Doerr, Bill Berkman, and Al Gore told me to call David Agus on the same day.
"Every day I see patients dying without knowing what's going on inside their bodies.
So we did it, and I ended up working with David to form a small company called Applied Proteomics, where we built an automated line of robots that could measure proteins in a consistent way.
And literally hundreds of thousands of features can be seen from one drop of blood at a time.
So you're measuring each isotope as a different substance.
Looking at this image is like Galileo looking at a star for the first time through a telescope and suddenly realizing that it's much more complicated than I thought.
This green is Alice and the red is Bob.
So I think this is already very useful in a lot of medicine.
As for cancer -- I didn't know anything about cancer when I got involved in this, but working with David Agus, I started to look at how cancer is actually being treated, and even surgery to remove it. witnessed
If you classify it as syphilis, you can give it penicillin.
Malaria patients are given quinine or quinine derivatives.
i think it's a big mistake
I don't think cancer should be treated as a noun.
These tumors are symptoms of cancer.
Your body is probably cancerous all the time, but your body has a lot of mechanisms that you have under control.
If it's 'living room water', it would be better to tar the roof."
It's silly, but that's basically what we do.
David arranged for me to speak at the National Cancer Institute, and Anna Barker was there.
But I want to bring people from outside the cancer field together, and I'm going to work with doctors who know a lot about cancer, and we're going to set up a different research program."
We'd like to get to the point where we can actually create predictive models to understand when cancer develops, what's actually happening, and which treatments are effective against cancer.
I think that eventually, once we build a model like this for humans, our group won't be able to do that, but eventually we'll have a computer model as good as a global climate model.
It will require a lot of effort and research.
But ultimately, we'll be designing custom cancer treatments for everyone.
thank you
(applause)
(Applause) Thank you very much.
You just heard "Skylife" by David Balakrishnan
We're talking about different ideas. His idea was that music should come from the heart.
Back in the mid-20th century, beautiful music from the heart wasn't exactly a popular idea in the classical world.
But he insisted on beautiful music
Then Astor Piazzolla's "Oblivion"
(music) (applause)
room full of boys
There's a little girl, she's just turned nine or 10, and she's sitting in the middle of the room, surrounded by books.
There is not a single school in this village that functions as a place for girls to get an education.
In this house, it was customary to keep girls indoors.
By the time a woman has a newspaper, the news is old news.
I'm sorry, it's impossible."
But then a miracle happened
Wherever you live, your identity establishes your place in society.
Millions of girls around the world are denied basic human rights simply because they were born female.
I would have been in a similar situation if I hadn't been raised as a boy.
I was determined to keep studying, to learn, to be free.
I went on a three-day hunger strike
(Laughter) (Applause) That's how I finished my higher education.
Two years later, when it came time to go to college, my father's attention shifted to my younger brothers.
Fortunately, I got the job, but the biggest challenge is facing my father.
So that night, I packed my stuff in a bag, went to my dad's room, and said to him, "Tomorrow morning the bus will arrive.
so i went to sleep
The next morning my father was standing beside me to take me to the bus stop.
(Applause) That day, I learned the value of words.
At TRDP, I discovered Pakistan, a country I didn't know, and it was more complicated than I thought.
But then I saw what women were experiencing in other parts of Pakistan.
The nearest hospital was at least 32 kilometers away.
When a pregnant woman goes into labor, she rides a camel to the hospital.
relatives and neighbors noticed
By that time, other parents were sending their daughters to school.
(Applause) Girls are getting jobs in health agencies and even police.
But somewhere in my heart, I came to realize that change was needed outside of my village.
Around that time, I joined the Acumen Fellowship.
There I met leaders like myself from all over the country.
So I started to understand the true meaning of leadership.
So I decided to go back to my hometown area and become a teacher at a school in a remote village.I spent two hours each way every morning and evening at a school where you had to go by bus.
It was hard, but on the first day, I realized that I had made the right choice.
The girls were eager to learn, but the schools were understaffed.
I invited a few friends over and asked them to help me teach.
Introduce girls to the outside world through books and extracurricular activities.
i will never stop studying
Unless we educate girls, we will never have world peace.
Maternal mortality may not be reduced
thank you
(applause)
Exactly ten years ago I was in Afghanistan.
As a reporter for Al Jazeera, I went undercover in then-conflicted Afghanistan, and witnessed the great suffering and destruction of war.
For decades, people in the Arab world and the Middle East have lived under authoritarian governments.
And other governments said to their citizens, "Would you like to see Iraq?"
A new generation with higher education, connections around the world, world-class values ​​and international affairs has created a new reality for people.
this is what happened in tunisia
This was their propaganda
Al Jazeera was barred from entering Tunisia, and the government did not allow Al Jazeera journalists to enter.
Against Facebook, they brought camels to Tahrir Square.
They started advocating tribalism in front of Al Jazeera.
Because these corrupt elites have lost even the ability to deceive people.
Al Jazeera is not an instrument of revolution.
We were banned from reporting to Egypt, and some of our correspondents were arrested.
For 18 days, cameramen broadcast the voice of the people from Tahrir Square.
Audience (Applause) Thank you.
We've covered many tragic events and issues, civil wars and conflict zones, because we've been at the center of them.
C: Some people in the West are still skeptical and think it's just a harbinger of more chaos.
The young people of today's Arab world are politically, culturally and ideologically much smarter and more capable of making changes than the old, backward governments.
Two weeks ago, I was in my studio in Paris when the phone rang and I said, 'Hey, you won the JR TED Prize 2011.
Tell me your wish to save the world."
I can't save the world
(Laughter) "That's cool."
Technology, politics, and business actually change the world, and it's not always right.
Then what about art?
Can art change the world?
After I found a cheap camera on the subway, I started photographing my adventures with friends and keeping copies of the photos, these really tiny pictures.
I opened my first "expo de rue", it's a "sidewalk gallery".
this is paris
This is the Champs Elysées
Everyone was glued to their TVs, watching disturbing and terrifying footage shot from the corner of the city.
A year later, it was exhibited in front of the City Hall in Paris.
That's when I realized the power of paper and glue.
Can art change the world?
A year later, I was listening to the Middle East conflict.
So my friend Marco and I decided to go there and meet real Palestinians and real Israelis.
So I decided to shoot portraits of Palestinians and Israelis who were doing the same job: taxi drivers, lawyers, cooks.
They are both taxi drivers."
Then there was always silence
"Oh yeah, that's part of this project."
What "Face 2 Face" demonstrated was that what seemed impossible was actually possible. In fact, it was easy.
We didn't push the boundaries, we just proved that we can go farther than we ever imagined.
When you go to these developing societies, women are the core of the community, but it's still the men who run the streets.
And so we were inspired to start a project where men could express their gratitude to women by posting pictures of women.
The project name is "Women Are Heroes"
For example, in June 2008, while watching television in Paris, I learned about the terrible conditions that were taking place in Rio de Janeiro, in Providencia, Brazil's first favela.
All of Brazil was shocked
Said to be the most violent favela, controlled by the largest drug cartel
i decided to go there
As I was walking around, I met a woman and I showed her my book.
"Hungry for culture
I took some pictures of the kids and the next day I put them up on posters.
The next day, we had a meeting in the square, and some women came.
Are you an NGO? media? "
Doesn't France have color? "
Bringing people into the project -- I think people's curiosity is what motivates them.
This is Kibera in Kenya, one of the largest slums in Africa.
I put it on the roof, but I didn't use paper, because paper doesn't stop the rain from leaking into the house, but vinyl does.
When you look at Kibera, Kibera looks back.
There's a lot of dust on the roads in India, so there's a lot of dust, and you can barely see it, but the white paper has glue on it, like the back of a sticker.
(Applause) Thank you.
(music) ok
In Kibera, more and more roofs are installed every year.
It's always been at the core of my work.
I also received an invitation to cover the MOCA Museum
this is london
new york
(Applause) This photo of three men in gas masks was taken in Chernobyl, but it's posted in southern Italy, where the Mafia sometimes bury their garbage.
Art changes the way we see the world
"Why don't you go to Iraq or Afghanistan?
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
This is Revolution 2.0
because everyone was a hero
we all use wikipedia
And in Revolution 2.0, the Egyptian Revolution, everyone contributed something, small or big, and it will go down as one of the most moving stories in the history of human revolution.
It was really inspiring to see how all these Egyptians actually changed.
everything was going bad
everything was going wrong
It's not because people were happy with this situation, it's not because they weren't unhappy about it.
And yet, people kept silent because of the psychological barrier of fear.
everyone was scared
And as the psychological barrier of fear worked so well for so many years, technologies like the Internet and Blackberry SMS began to spread.
they probably have the best life in the world
Yet they continue to feel the pain of the Egyptians.
The Internet has played an important role in encouraging these people to spread their voices, collaborate with each other, and start thinking.
it was an educational campaign
i still remember that picture
He was brutally tortured and died.
The Internet revealed the truth, and everyone knew the truth.
he was from the middle class
His photo was remembered by all of us.
A few days later, tens of thousands of angry Egyptians gathered there, claiming to the Interior Ministry, "Enough is enough.
But when people actually took to the streets, the first time there were thousands of people in Alexandria, it was amazing, it was amazing, because the connections that people made in the virtual world were reflected in the real world. Because people who share the same dreams, the same frustration, the same anger, and the same thirst for freedom
People started taking pictures, they were reporting human rights abuses in Egypt, they were coming up with ideas, they were voting on those ideas, they were putting them into action.
there was no leader
Amir's Tunisian experiment inspired us and proved that there is a way.
yes we can do it
And when I saw the sights outside on the 25th, I went back and said, "Egypt after the 25th will never return to Egypt before the 25th.
revolution is happening
This isn't the end, it's the beginning of the end
I was detained on the night of the 27th
I was blindfolded and handcuffed and detained for 12 days.
I was not allowed to speak to anyone
When I saw the changes that were happening in this square, I seriously thought it had been about 12 years.
fear is no longer fear
It was amazing how everyone was empowered and now claiming their rights.
This whole revolution has shown us how ugly the regime is, how wonderful and amazing people these Egyptian men and women are, and how simple and amazing they are, every time they dream.
We will win because we are willing to stand up for this dream."
In fact, one taxi driver said to me, "Listen, I'm breathing the air of freedom right now.
I feel like I've regained the dignity I've lost over the years."
Finally, I want to share with you a belief that I believe, as the Egyptians proved true, that the power of the people is far greater than the power of those in power.
(applause)
This is the state budget
I think it's probably the most boring topic in my morning talk.
But these budgets are key to our future, they matter to our children.
Most of the funding for education -- whether it's kindergarten through sixth grade, whether it's a prestigious university or a local junior college -- most of this money comes from state budgets.
America's economy is huge, $14.7 trillion.
The answer is 26%
That said, at least in theory, the state budget is supposed to be balanced.
Only one state doesn't have to balance the budget.
But what this really means is that there is a pretence.
sell off assets
There are actually five states worse than this, and only four, in fact, don't have this big of a problem.
There are ways to minimize the impact, even temporarily, but it's still a problem.
technology has a role to play
what's going on?
just look at this spending
everyone has an opinion
And decisions are made based on the numbers.
So what do we have to do?
We need better accounting
We need to understand why pension accounting is done this way.
Finally, we need to reward politicians properly.
In fact, tax cuts came in the following week, making the situation even worse than had been estimated.
i think this is a solvable problem
thank you
(applause)
we are living longer
In fact, the number of people in need of organs has doubled in the last decade, but the number of transplants has barely increased in the same period.
Therefore, a field called regenerative medicine is attracting attention.
There are actually many areas involved.
For example, we use biomaterials as scaffolding, which look like scraps of a shirt, but are special materials that can be implanted in patients to help the body regenerate.
This isn't really a new field.
Interestingly, this is a book published in 1938.
But I'd like to draw your attention to my co-author, Charles Lindbergh.
Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells, these cells still can't grow.
like a cotton candy machine
It's kind of like cotton candy fibers, and it's made into tubular structures, and you can use this biomaterial to help your body regenerate itself with its own cells.
What we've done is create a biomaterial bridge and bridge the gap so that the cells in the organ can cross that bridge and regenerate the tissue.
Today, many clinical trials are using different types of stem cells for heart disease.
If you need a large structure to replace a large structure, use the patient's own cells or some other cell and a biomaterial at the same time as a scaffold.
You can see the leaflets opening and closing. This heart valve is still in the experimental stage and is being studied further.
Another technology that we've actually applied to patients is the bladder.
Same conditions as in the human body, 37 degrees and 95 percent oxygen.
But now we have better ways to make these structures out of cells.
We're using a certain kind of technology to work on solid organs like the liver, using discarded livers.
After two weeks, you get something that looks like a liver.
The generation of human liver tissue using this technology was shown just last month.
Another technology we've used is printing.
This is a regular inkjet printer, but instead of ink, it uses cells.
The printheads are going back and forth printing structures, and printing this structure takes about 40 minutes.
Next is more advanced technology, our next generation technology, a more sophisticated printer.
The scanner first scans the patient's wound, then the printhead prints the desired layer directly onto the patient.
this is how it actually works
The scanner scans the wound
It's a new technology that's still in development.
We're also working on more sophisticated printers.
In fact, our biggest challenge is solid organs.
I don't know if you know, but 90 percent of the people on the transplant waiting list are waiting for a kidney.
Patients die every day because they don't have enough organs.
The strategy here -- which is a CT scan, or X-ray image -- is layer-by-layer computerized morphometry and image analysis to reconstruct a three-dimensional image of the patient's own kidney.
And then we look at the organ slices, analyze each layer, and feed that information through a computer to design the organ for the patient.
It takes about seven hours to print the kidneys, and we're just about three hours away.
thank you
Dr. Kang is part of the team working on this project.
Thank you very much, Dr. Kang.
It's a new technology we're working on right now.
After this surgery, my life got a lot better.
(Applause) (Enriquez) Sometimes these experiments work, and when they work, they're really good.
I'm a sophomore in Communications, majoring in television and media. Basically, I'm trying to live like a normal kid.
I had 16 surgeries that seemed impossible, and I had kidney failure when I was 10.
And I had this surgery, and it made me who I am today and saved my life.
I was one of the first 10 people who underwent this operation.
When I was 10 years old, I didn't realize how amazing it was.
(applause)
thank you. Hip hop and Anita Hill.
(cheers) My parents were radicals, (laughter) grown up into adulthood.
My mother started when I was little. The world's longest-running women's film festival.
While other kids were watching comedies and cartoons, I was watching esoteric documentaries. A documentary about women by women.
Both are authors of the book "Manifesta".
Worn by Jennifer Baumgardner
Gender, class, race, ability, all these things are part of what it means to be a woman.
A feminist blog is a 21st century version of consciousness raising.
And one of our greatest successes was getting an email from a teenage girl in central Iowa. "I came across your site while doing a google search for Jessica Simpson.
thank you.
These things are enough to make you feel overwhelmed.
I have experienced this myself. 2002, the year I graduated from Barnard College.
I wrote about Nia Martin-Robinson. She has civil rights activist parents in Detroit and is totally dedicated to environmental justice.
Instead, she decided to do what she really wanted to do: make movies.
She made a movie about the social welfare system and had a big impact on society.
I wrote about Maricella Guzman. The daughter of Mexican immigrants, she joined the military to pay for college.
After being sexually assaulted at a boot camp, she co-founded a group called the Women's Military Action Network.
And what could be more important after all?
This is not to say that we should give up on our wildest and biggest dreams.
When I was little, I had some strange habits.
The activists I interviewed literally had nothing in common. Except that they all say that the person who influenced them the most was their mother, which is their roots as an activist.
My mother and women like her taught me. Life is not about glory, certainty, and stability.
thank you very much.
(applause)
Look, this is the aldehyde and this is the alcohol.
begin to differentiate into effector and memory cells
1 million students a month, 100,000 to 200,000 video views per day.
As some of you may know, five years ago I was a hedge fund analyst, living in Boston, tutoring my cousin remotely in New Orleans.
Here's one of those letters: "My 12-year-old son has autism and was having a really hard time with math.
(Laughter) (Applause) I was so happy that I kept going.
If Isaac Newton had left a YouTube video of calculus, I wouldn't have had to.
When teachers do this, there's a clear advantage: students can enjoy the video just as much as my cousin did: pause, repeat, and go at their own pace.
But what's even more interesting is, perhaps counterintuitively when it comes to the use of technology in the classroom, it's the idea of ​​removing the uniform lecture from the classroom, and having students take the lecture at home, at their own pace, and then have them do their homework in the classroom with the teacher. By enabling interaction with teachers and other students, teachers are making the classroom more human with technology.
So Khan Academy -- I quit my job and started a proper organization and turned it into a non-profit organization, and the question is, how do we take this to the next level?
There's also the Khan Academy video.
This is fundamentally different from what is happening in the classroom today.
It sounds silly, but that's exactly what's going on in our classrooms.
Half of my math classes use Khan Academy software.
Basically, the teacher comes in every day, and the kids do it at their own pace, and this is what they're actually seeing on the dashboard of the Los Altos School District.
From our point of view, the key metric is "valuable, human teacher time per student."
Using technology, we can not only turn the classroom upside down, but we can also humanize the classroom by a factor of five to ten.
We are doing this at the district level.
Now you can log in and see the dashboard for teachers, and you can become a coach for your child, your nephew, your cousin, or the kids in your club.
I feel like I got a glimpse of the future of education.
(applause)
"Why is it so important?" asked the journalist
I want to talk about what the web is based on this notion of relevance.
Growing up in rural Maine, the Internet meant something completely different to me.
So one day, I was surprised to see conservatives disappear from my Facebook feed.
What happened was that I realized that Facebook was watching what links I clicked on, and I actually clicked more on the links of my liberal friends than my conservatives.
Facebook isn't the only company doing this behind-the-scenes algorithmic editing of the web.
According to one engineer, even if you're not logged on, Google checks for 57 signals, adjusting its search results based on what kind of computer you're using, what browser you're using, where you're located, and so on.
Think about it, there's no standard Google search anymore.
But a few weeks ago, I asked a bunch of my friends to send me screenshots of a Google search for "Egypt."
When you look at them side by side, you don't even have to read the links to notice the difference between the two pages.
More than just Google and Facebook
A little bit of Justin Bieber, a little bit of Afghanistan
The problem with algorithmically customized filters is that they're largely based on what the user clicked on first, which throws that balance off.
And the problem is that algorithms don't yet have the ethics that editors had.
Again, because I think we need the Internet to become what we envisioned it to be.
thank you
(applause)
What if you could record your life, every word you said, every act you did, in a storage device close at hand, so you could go back in time and replay your haunting memories, or scan the passage of time to find patterns in your life you've overlooked? can
That's exactly the journey our family started five and a half years ago.
This is my wife and collaborator Rupal.
We set up a privacy policy to protect the privacy of the subjects, and then made the data partially visible and open to trusted research teams at MIT, so that we could extract patterns from this huge data set and the process of language acquisition. Exploring the influence of the social environment in
The horizontal axis is time
While my son is learning from the linguistic environment around him, he is also learning the linguistic environment from him.
Welcome to my home
me and my son on the floor
It's the same concept, but we're seeing a completely different realm of communication dynamics.
Programs, for example sports competitions, commercials, the link structure that connects everything is the content graph.
It's the third dimension that matters
Tens of millions of links form the connective tissue of the social graph, leading to show content.
We can explore this structure in interesting ways.
It's like building a microscope or a telescope to find new structures for communication behavior.
Now, back to my son, as I was preparing my talk, he was looking over my shoulder, and I showed him a series of videos and asked for his permission.
listen carefully
(applause)
this is a river
this is a stream
It flows from East Helena through densely populated areas to Lake Helena.
Now, it was originally in the late 1800s when people migrated to places like Montana.
So there was a lot of water, but not a lot of people.
But with the increase in population and demand for water resources, local residents were a little worried. And in 1865 Montana passed its first water law.
There were precedent cases in 1870 and 1872, both involving the Prickly Pear River.
And senior water rights holders risk losing their water rights, along with the economic value attached to them, if they don't use them.
You'll be happy to know that the rest of the presentation is free.
(Laughter) Another thing that's happening across the country is that companies are becoming more concerned about their water footprint.
Montana beer brewers are already taking steps to reduce their water consumption, but they're still using a lot of water.
Of course beer is made with water.
After all, there's a strong correlation between water and fishing, and depending on how you look at it, fishing and beer.
Until now, business water management has been limited to measurement and reduction, so we are proposing that the next step is restoration.
In some states, senior water rights holders can legally retain their rights and their waters and still let water flow into streams.
The water rights are theirs, and if they want to use the water rights to help the fish in the stream, they have the right to do so.
He's a senior water right holder, so he can protect the water from other users of the stream.
This man is measuring the water left in the creek.
Each increment comes with a serial number and certificate that brewers and other users purchase to restore water to degraded ecosystems.
Brewers pay to restore water to streams.
It provides an inexpensive, easy and measurable way to restore water to depleted ecosystems, while giving farmers an economic choice and providing a simple solution for businesses concerned about their water footprint.
After 140 years of conflict, 100 years of stream dryness, and a situation where lawsuits and regulations failed to resolve, we bring together conscious buyers and sellers through the marketplace to achieve solutions that do not require litigation.
It is about providing those who care about their water footprint in rural areas with a genuine opportunity to restore water to degraded ecosystems, areas in critical water need, while at the same time educating farmers on how to consume water resources. It's giving them a meaningful economic choice.
We've brought together senior water rights holders and brewers in Montana, hotels, tea shops in Oregon, and the high-tech companies that consume the most water in the Southwest.
(applause)
I've covered many failures throughout my career.
The second insight is that emotion is at the center of thought.
We are children of the French Enlightenment
55% of babies in America are said to be able to talk to their mothers and learn how to relate to other people.
(Laughter) This trait is gender-specific.
Others, on the other hand, are capable of recognizing their own biases and overconfidence.
Groups are smarter than individuals, so it's a very useful ability.
He married Carol and had a wonderful marriage.
Years of policy failure have made us realize just how shallow our view of human nature was.
thank you
(applause)
The moon is visible because of the reflected light.
Now, with modern telescopes, we've collected breathtakingly beautiful "silent images" of the universe, an album of images that trace the history of the universe back to the Big Bang.
Maybe one day we'll be able to see the black hole's shadow against a bright, glowing background, but not yet.
Einstein thought that if space was empty, if the universe was empty, the structure would look like this -- gridlines, of course, don't really exist.
This is Einstein's great theory of general relativity.
But what Einstein didn't realize was that if you squashed the sun down to 6 kilometers in diameter, which is to say, if you squashed a million times the mass of the Earth down to 6 kilometers, you would create a black hole, so dense that even light could come close. It's a dark shadow in the universe that you'll never be able to escape if it's too long
It wasn't Einstein who realized this, but Karl Schwarzschild, a Jewish German who had served in the German army during World War I and was active on the front lines against Russia, and was already a recognized scientist. bottom
You can't hide behind a black hole
If it was a scene in "Battlestar Galactica" where you are fighting Cylons, "Don't hide in a black hole!
Again, the sun can't be a black hole, it just doesn't have enough mass, but there are tens of thousands of black holes in this galaxy.
But even though a black hole looks dark from the outside, it's not dark inside, because all the light from the galaxy is sucked into the black hole.
It's like a near-death experience, seeing the light when you walk through a tunnel like this, but it's a complete death experience.
And if you can see it, it's pretty faint, but if you can see the red wave emanating, it's a gravitational wave.
Two black holes move closer together
You can see two galaxies in this Hubble Telescope image.
Two black holes are colliding and merging on a time scale of billions of years.
This animation, made by our friends at Proton Studios, shows what the Big Bang looks like from the outside.
Now imagine you are inside the big bang
Imagine two black holes colliding 10 years ago.
This is literally the definition of "noise"
Will it ever happen again?
(applause)
"Bezos, come inside the house.
Not what I expected, but I walked inside the house, up the stairs, through the hall, past the 'real' firefighters - who had nearly put out the fire - from the bedroom. i got my shoes
I know what you're thinking, but I'm not a hero.
(Laughter) I've seen acts of generosity and kindness on a huge scale, both in my work at Robinhood and as a volunteer firefighter, but I've also seen acts of kindness and courage on an individual basis.
Don't wait until you make a million dollars first to change someone's life.
If you have something to give, give it now
You don't get the chance to save someone's life every day, but every day you have the chance to make an impact.
thank you
(Applause) Mark Bezos: Thank you.
A few winter mornings, I was driving to work in Johannesburg, South Africa, when I noticed a light fog hanging over the city.
I was disturbed by the contrast between the beautiful scenery I knew and this smog-covered city.
The biggest challenge was that I didn't know much about environmental science, air quality management, atmospheric chemistry.
Your unique perspective can lead to unconventional thinking that can make big strides in problem solving, but it takes boldness.
At the time, I knew that if I wanted to make a difference, I had to learn about air pollution first, so I became a student again.
After doing a little research, I found that air pollution is the most significant environmental health risk in the world.
According to World Health Organization data, nearly 14 percent of deaths worldwide in 2012 were attributed to indoor air pollution and air pollution, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
Air pollution alone kills more people than malaria and HIV/AIDS combined.
I started talking to city officials in Johannesburg and surrounding cities, I joined the local scientific community, and I made a few solicitation calls.
I started thinking of ideas to improve this situation.
My first thought was how to combine my skills in software engineering and artificial intelligence with the knowledge of the experts I turned to for help in a meaningful way.
I wanted to build an online system to manage air quality, a system that would track air pollution over time and use that to predict the future and the possible impacts.
I was determined to turn this idea into a practical solution, but I was hampered by uncertainty and no guarantee of success.
And I've come to realize that sometimes just one fresh perspective or one new skill can set the conditions for great things to happen.
And we're also using the latest machine learning techniques to predict the degree of pollution for a few pollutants over the next few days.
We can anticipate worsening air pollution in advance, identify the sources of particularly bad pollution, and get orders from the authorities to curtail operations.
Through assisted scenario planning, city planners can also make better decisions about expanding infrastructure such as residential areas and industrial zones.
In short, what would have happened if I hadn't investigated the problem of air pollution further?
Wherever you are in the world, next time you have a natural curiosity within you, and it's something that's on your mind, and you've got a wilder, more daring idea, even if it's outside your area of ​​expertise. Ask yourself why not?
thank you
(applause)
This image of the sun may seem somewhat aggressive and malevolent, but we must remember that all the energy on earth comes from the sun, and light is simply the visible part of this energy.
you can indirectly see the sun
But the truth is that the human eye is incredibly adaptable to different levels of light, and these create environments that aren't boring and monotonous, which in turn enriches our lives.
In the 1930s, Richard Kelly first formulated a methodology for modern lighting design.
He coined three terms: "focal glow," "ambient lighting," and "brilliant role." Together, these very different ideas of lighting in architecture create this beautiful feeling.
Richard Kelly saw this as something infinite, with no focal point and details that melt into an infinite background.
In the background you can see the Seagram Building, which has become an icon of modern lighting design over time.
And there's this idea that what helps us most when looking at something is yellow light, to which we're most sensitive.
But I want to say a little more about how the combination of light and dark is the quality of our lives.
It never reaches the ground that should have been its destination.
This will only spoil the darkness
If you look at it on a global scale, it looks like this
When you think about what the Earth should be like, you get this wonderful image: Darkness supports imagination, meditation, and helps us make sense of things.
It used to be a smaller city, and the pace of urbanization was tremendous.
Now we need to understand the question: How do people move through this urban space?
Not so long ago, lighting was lamps like this, of course.
This way we can keep the darkness and create the light.
First, we need to rethink urban lighting.
In all of these examples, I think we should make light out of darkness and use darkness as a canvas, as visual artists like Edward Hopper do.
I feel suspense in this painting
By valuing darkness, lighting design can create more interesting environments that enrich our lives.
This is the best known example of Tadao Ando's Church of the Light.
I also think of Peter Zumthor's spa in Wals, where light and dark enhance each other in a soft blend to create a space.
I think it's great that TEDx is being held in a theater for the first time.
I believe that the theater is a place where you can use lighting to really enrich your life.
(applause)
But my area of ​​expertise is in a different civilization, perhaps not quite the right term to call it a civilization.
(Applause) I've been working with chimpanzees in Tanzania since 1960.
Since then, modern technology has changed the way field biologists work.
So many things that we couldn't do when we started in 1960 are now possible.
A chimpanzee using a computer!
Chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans also learn sign language
At the time, the reason it was such an exciting leap forward was because it was thought that only humans could make and use tools.
(Laughter) Now, in Gombe alone, we know that chimpanzees use tools in nine different ways for different purposes.
And then chimpanzees are being studied -- in other parts of Africa as well -- they're finding very different tool-using habits.
These patterns seem to be inherited from generation to generation through observation, imitation and practice, which is the definition of human culture.
Over the past 40-plus years, researchers including myself have studied chimpanzees and other apes and other mammals with complex brains and social systems, and what we've learned is that, after all, there's a clear line separating humans from the rest of the animal kingdom. it means there is no
Nurtured through a long childhood, the loving bonds with mothers and siblings last a lifetime, and can live up to 60 years.
Chimpanzees are compassionate and altruistic
The disappointing thing is that chimpanzees, who taught me humility more than any other animal, are rapidly disappearing from the wild.
They're taking lumber trucks and mining trucks to towns and selling them.
Along with the animals that support their livelihood, their culture is being destroyed.
I've already talked about the loss of human cultural diversity, and I've seen it.
Did you know that there are about 50 chemicals in our bodies that didn't exist 50 years ago?
Diseases like asthma and cancer are increasing around hazardous waste dumps.
everyone has a role
Violence breeds violence, in my opinion
Next is the resilience of nature
We are surrounded by great people who make the impossible possible.
When I was in New York after 9/11, I was terrified, but there was still courage, love and compassion among the people there.
Where is hope?
In your hands, in my hands, and in my children.
it's up to us
We are the ones who make a difference
thank you
thank you so much
I'll paint the solar system on the back of her hand, and then she'll have to learn the whole universe before she can say, "I know it like the back of my hand."
It just smells like smoke so you can follow the burning house to find the boy who lost everything in the fire and see if you can save him.
Or we can find the boy who started the fire in the first place and see if we can change it."
That's what rain boots are for The rain will wash it all away if you want it
There's nothing more beautiful than how the sea won't stop kissing the shore no matter how many times it's pushed back.
Always apologize when you've done something wrong But never apologize Refusing to lose the sparkle in your eye
Your voice is small but don't stop singing
3 things I know to be true
Jean-Luc Godard was right when he said, "A good story has a beginning, a middle and an end, but not necessarily in that order."
(Laughter) I've been waiting all week to tell you this joke.
(Laughter) Why was the Scarecrow invited to TED?
(laughs) I'm sorry.
Here are three things I know to be true
You go to the end of a poem, and you look back and you're like, "Oh, that's what happened." And sometimes, you get to the end of a poem and it doesn't solve anything, but at least you get a new poem out of it.
spoken word is poetry as performance
So I decided to give it a try.
When I performed for the first time, the audience of teens jeered and sympathized with me, and when I walked off the stage, I was shaking.
When I found out that there was a poetry open mic every week at a bar on Manhattan's Lower East Side, my bewildered but understanding parents took me there, and I was totally immersed in the world of the spoken word.
I was the youngest there for at least 10 years, but the poets at the Bowery Poetry Society didn't mind the 14-year-olds hanging around.
The Bowery Poetry Society became my classroom and my home, and the poets who attended encouraged me to speak.
There was something about me that was unique to me, and the more I focused on it, the stranger my poetry became, but the more it felt like it belonged to me.
In college, I met a fellow poet with whom I could share my thoughts on this spoken word magic.
When I was in high school, I created Project V.O.I.C.E.
But writing poetry can be very scary at times.
So I started using lists. Everyone can write lists.
The first list I'm asked to write is "10 things I know to be true."
At some point, you realize that someone else has something that's exactly the same as, or pretty close to, what's on your list.
So she wrote her first poem, a love poem like no other I've ever heard.
The poem begins, "There's a brilliant man named Anderson Cooper."
(Laughter) "Did you see him compete in the pool with Michael Phelps in 60 Minutes? He jumped into the water in his swimming trunks and tried to beat the king of the water.
(Laughter) (Applause) The number one rule of being cool is to stay calm, to look like you're not afraid of anything, you're not impressed, you're not excited.
I'm helping my students rediscover their curiosity through spoken words. They go against their instincts to stay cool and unmoved, actively engage with what's going on around them, and reinterpret it from there. to make something
I write musicals and I make short films.
Many of us feel alone or that no one understands us, but spoken word teaches us that if we have the courage to express ourselves and share our stories and opinions, we can reach out to a roomful of peers. It means being rewarded by a community that listens.
It's an amazing realization, especially at age 14.
You have to grow, explore, take risks and challenge yourself.
That's step three. Infuse your work with what makes you who you are, even if it's constantly changing.
When I teach, I travel a lot. I don't always get to see my students reach step three. But I was lucky with Charlotte, and I got to see her journey unfold.
I try to tell things that only I can tell, like this story.
I've been wondering what the best way to tell this story is: in PowerPoint, in a short film, where exactly is the beginning, the middle, and the end?
When the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, the explosion turned into a tiny supernova, instantly turning to ashes animals, people, plants, anything that came in direct contact with the sun's light.
What was left of this city soon became so
When Grandpa Genji passed away, I was only five years old, but I took my mother's hand and said, "It's okay, you'll be a baby and come back."
But in Hiroshima, the people were wiped clean, leaving only the wristwatch and the pages of the diary.
So no matter how many restraints I have to fill my pockets, I'll keep trying, and I'll one day write a poem I'll be proud of, to be displayed in a museum and be the only proof that I ever existed.
My parents named me Sarah, a biblical name, and in the story, God called me Sarah.
There's a wall in Hiroshima that's been scorched black by radiation.
There was a person sitting on the first step of the stairs, blocking the rays from hitting the stone.
Now all that's left is an eternal shadow of positive light
After the atomic bomb, experts said it would take 75 years for the radioactively damaged soil of Hiroshima to grow again.
The moment I meet you I am no longer in your future
So if you tell me I can do the impossible, I'd probably laugh
I still don't know if I can change the world I don't know much I don't know much about reincarnation But sometimes I forget even the century I'm in when I'm made to laugh so hard
But just in case, I'm trying my best to do it right this time.
thank you
You know how I feel, waking up to mountains of unread smartphone notifications
i didn't know what to do
How do you find fulfillment in a world that is literally changing at or faster than you can think of?
i started looking for answers
I talked to many people and friends, I also talked to my family
I've even read a lot of self-help books
In fact, the more self-help books I read, the more stress and anxiety I had.
(Laughter) It felt like I was stuffing my mind full of junk food, and I was becoming mentally obese.
(Laughter) I almost gave up, until one day I found this --
This is an ancient Chinese classical philosophical book written over 2,600 years ago.
Anxiety and stress just disappeared all of a sudden.
And today, I'm going to share with you three lessons I've learned from this "philosophy of water." These three lessons have helped me find great fulfillment in most of what I do.
The first lesson is about humility.
Helps all plants grow, keeps animals alive
But without this humble contribution of water, life as we know it might not exist.
I want to learn more. I need your help."
I became genuinely interested in the stories and experiences that made them unique and mystical.
Humility gives power to water
The second lesson I learned is about harmony.
If you think about water running toward a rock, it just flows around the rock.
Thinking about this, I began to understand why I was stressed in the first place.
I felt like I had to succeed and prove myself, and I was trying to force things to change.
So I shifted my focus from trying to be more successful to trying to find more harmony, and instantly I felt calmer and more focused again.
Does this fit my nature?
I've come to feel more comfortable simply being who I am rather than who I should be.
My job actually became easier because I stopped focusing on the things I couldn't control and started focusing only on the things I could.
This is the expression of the power of harmony in the Tao Ching.
In fact, it's the ability to adapt, morph, and remain flexible that allows water to persist for so long in the face of all environmental changes.
We too live in a world that is constantly changing.
We no longer work according to a fixed job description or follow a single career path.
Our organization often hosts hackathons, where small groups or individuals work together to solve business problems in short time frames.
Interestingly, the teams that consistently win are not the teams with the most experienced members, but the ones whose members are willing to learn and willing to let go of what they've learned, helping each other and navigating successfully in a changing environment. It is
Life is like a hackathon in some ways.
humility, harmony, openness
These are the three lessons I've learned so far from "The Philosophy of Water."
So these days, every time I feel stressed, frustrated, anxious, or unsure of what to do, I ask myself, "What would I do with water?"
(Laughter) Bitcoin, fintech, inspired by a book written long before digital technology, this simple and powerful question changed my life for the better.
Thank you
(applause)
I was only four years old when I saw my mother use the washing machine for the first time.
it was the best day for my mother
For my grandmother, the washing machine was incredible.
Now in Sweden and other wealthy countries, people are using all kinds of machines.
Homes are full of machines
I can't even list them all.
2 billion people live on less than $2 a day
Two billion people use washing machines.
More precisely, how do most women in the world wash their clothes?
It's a hard job that takes time, and you have to do it for hours every week.
You may have to fetch water from afar to do your laundry at home, or you'll have to carry your laundry to a distant river.
source of most of the world's electricity and energy
One-seventh of the world's population uses half the energy
That's 12 total
But the main concern of students who are interested in the environment is, understandably, the future.
Population growth will occur mainly among the poorest, because of high infant mortality and high birth rates, which is an increase of two.
In fact, the probability of climate change is high and the risk is
And that Dilma Rousseff went from energy minister to president in one of the world's most democracies.
In a democracy, people vote for the washing machine.
steel mill thank you
thank you
I just got back from a community that holds the secrets of human survival.
It's where women run things, where sex is done to say hello, and play takes center stage in the day - it's all about having fun.
This is the Congo jungle where wild bonobos live.
Bonobos, along with chimpanzees, are the closest relatives of humans.
Chimpanzees are known to be highly aggressive.
(Laughter) Unfortunately, there's been too much emphasis on this aspect of human evolution.
But unfortunately, bonobos are the least understood of all the great apes.
The Congo is a place that is paradoxical: it's incredibly biodiverse and beautiful, but it's also utterly dark - a decades-long civil war that claimed as many victims as World War I.
But in this land of violence and chaos, you can hear the soft laughter that shakes the trees.
I'm not saying this is the solution to all human problems. There is more to bonobo life than the Kama Sutra.
Bonobos, like humans, love to play throughout their lives.
Play is not just children's games
Play enhances creativity and resilience, and play is also associated with diversity - multiple interactions, multiple behaviors, multiple connections.
Bonobos at play show us the evolutionary roots of human laughter, dance and ritual.
play is the bond that binds us together
see what she's doing
yes
(Laughter) Sexual play is common in both bonobos and humans.
Humans, like her, sometimes play alone, and in doing so, we explore the boundaries between our inner and outer selves.
That playful curiosity drives exploration and interaction, and the unexpected connections that emerge are the very source of creativity.
Play is necessary to successfully adapt to a changing world.
So are we making the most of our playfulness?
The times when it seems least appropriate to play may be the times when you should play the most.
So, my fellow primates, let's embrace this gift of evolution, let's play together, and rediscover creativity, togetherness, and wonder.
thank you
(applause)
Our planet has experienced three major evolutionary waves in the past.
The first wave of evolution is Darwinian evolution.
Then humans stepped out of the Darwinian evolutionary stream and created the second great wave of evolution, changing the environment in which we evolved ourselves.
We changed ecological niches by creating civilizations.
By changing our environment, we put new pressure on our own bodies to evolve.
Through agricultural culture and modern medicine, we have changed our evolution.
We started selectively breeding animals thousands of years ago.
Think of dogs, for example. Dogs are deliberately designed creatures.
Dogs are the result of selective breeding of traits that we like.
this is beefalo
They're in development right now, and in the not too distant future, beefalo patties will be available in your local supermarket.
This is Geep, a cross between a goat and a sheep.
The scientist who created this adorable creature was then forced to slaughter and eat it.
He said it tasted like chicken.
this is cama
Bigger than a tiger
One of the things that we've been doing is using genetic enhancement, or genetic engineering, to take normal selective breeding and use genetics to take it a little further.
We all know that there are deep-sea creatures that emit light.
You can see these cells glowing in the dark under certain wavelengths of light.
and even monkeys did it
And in fact, in many states, you can now buy bioluminescent pets.
And some states allow it, some state prohibit it.
Some of you may have read that the FDA is reviewing genetically engineered salmon.
But if you can clone that horse, you can put the gelding into a race, and you can put a genetically identical stallion into the farm.
(Laughter) And we've also used cloning technology to help protect endangered species.
This is how we use animals today, to create in them the drugs and things that we want to use.
The guar is an endangered ungulate of Southeast Asia.
we have two types of DNA
This presents a problem of how to define species in the age of biotechnology, a problem that we still don't know how to solve.
This adorable creature is the Okinawa German Cockroach
This is DARPA -- the Defense Research Institute -- one of the key projects there.
This technology is pretty advanced, and this creature is a moth, a moth in its pupal stage, and at this point, it's a wire that incorporates computer technology, so when it emerges from its pupa as a moth, it's already installed.
They've now created organic robots.
A graduate student in Sanjiv Thalwar's lab said, "How is this ethical?
This is Miguel Nicolelis from Duke University.
Computers have figured out what the monkey's brain is doing as it moves its arm around.
Then I installed the prosthesis you see in this picture, and placed the arm in another room.
Then he put a monitor in the monkey's kennel, and it showed a prosthetic limb in another room, and the monkey stared at it.
Technology isn't the only thing we're putting into animals.
This is Thomas DeMars from the University of Florida.
He put 20,000 and 60,000 isolated rat neurons, just lots of independent neurons, on a chip.
He used it as an IT piece to run a flight simulator.
We created an organic computer chip made from living, self-assembled neurons.
This mouse was created by Charles Vacanti at the University of Massachusetts.
It's a combination of genetic engineering, macromolecular physiotechnology, and xenotransplantation.
Finally, not too long ago, Craig Venter created the first artificial cell. He took a cell and a DNA synthesizer to create an artificial genome. And that cell self-reproduced as another cell.
You might have thought that the creation of life would look something like this.
(Laughter) But the truth is, Frankenstein's lab isn't like this.
This is a DNA synthesizer, and underneath is a bottle of A T C G, the four chemicals that make up our DNA strands.
we have to ask ourselves
Should we start making organic robots that take away the autonomy of animals and become just toys for us?
Once we've mastered this technology in animals as the final step, and we're going to use it on humans, what will be the ethical guidelines we follow?
we are now in control of our own evolution
We're directly designing the future of this planet's species.
It leaves us with a great deal of responsibility, and not just the responsibility of the scientists and ethicists who think and comment on it.
It's everyone's responsibility, because it determines what kind of body and what kind of planet we're going to live in in the future.
(applause)
We at Berkeley Bionics call this robot an exoskeleton.
Soldier: Wearing an exoskeleton HULC, you can carry 200 pounds (90 kg) and walk for hours on any terrain.
An estimated 68 million people worldwide use wheelchairs.
As a result of stroke or paralysis, the only option is almost always a wheelchair.
I'd like to introduce you to eLEGS. Amanda Boxtel is wearing it. She injured her spinal cord 19 years ago and has been unable to walk for 19 years to this day.
(Applause) Amanda Boxtel: Thank you, everyone.
(Applause) Thank you.
In August 2007, Claron was awarded the Amsterdam Art Prize in recognition of her talent, and her impressive and extensive repertoire makes her stand out on stage.
And we marvel at its astonishing beauty in its resounding vocal expression -- mysterious, spontaneous, primitive.
A few years ago, I did a meditation retreat in Thailand.
I spent two weeks in my own little cabin, no music, just the sounds of nature - trying to figure out the nature of concentration in the moment.
I closed my eyes, took a breath, and the first thing that came to my mind was Porgy and Beth's "Summertime."
♫ Fish are jumping and the cotton is high ♫
♫ Oh, your daddy's rich and your ma is good looking ♫
I opened my eyes and saw her with her eyes closed
After a pause, she opened her eyes and looked at me and said, "It's like meditation."
I know what you're thinking.
You think I'm lost Someone will come to the stage and gently guide you to your seat.
"How long are you planning to stay?"
(Applause) We've seen a lot of change in that time.
Let me tell you the story of a friend of mine who used to teach English in Abu Dhabi.
One fine day, she took her students to the garden to teach them some nature words.
But instead, she learned - the Arabic names of the local plants - their medicinal properties and how they are used for beauty and culinary purposes.
It is true that I have witnessed many changes.
It wasn't that long ago.
Apart from that, I was employed by the British Council, along with 25 teachers.
We were the first non-Muslim teachers to be employed in Kuwaiti schools.
The most notable change in recent years has been the shift of English teaching from a mutually beneficial practice to a large international business. English as a foreign language-
But if you are not a native speaker, you have to take the test.
I don't think so.
No, I don't think so.
English teachers are gatekeepers.
So what happened to the translation?
Looking back at the Golden Age of Islam, there were many translations in those days.
A good example is Einstein.
But luckily for the world, he didn't have to take an English test.
(Applause) Now here's a headline I've seen recently. "Education: The Great Gap"
To do that, we need a Western education.
My daughter came to England from Kuwait.
She studied science and mathematics at an Arabic-focused school,
(Applause.) He left a wonderful statement when he received the award. "The children of Africa will lead this land still shrouded in darkness to a continent of light."
(Thank you for applause.
(applause)
The idea behind the Stuxnet computer worm is actually fairly simple.
We don't want Iran to get the bomb.
Iran's key asset for developing nuclear weapons is the Natanz uranium enrichment facility.
The gray boxes you see, these are real-time control systems.
If you somehow compromise these systems, the systems that control drive speeds and valves, you can actually cause a lot of problems in your centrifuge.
This gray box doesn't run Windows software; it's a completely different technology.
This is the plot behind Stuxnet.
So let's start with the Windows dropper.
Payload goes to gray box, damages centrifuge, delays Iran's nuclear program -- mission accomplished.
When I started researching Stuxnet six months ago, I had no idea what its purpose was.
The only thing we knew was multiple zero-day vulnerabilities used on the Windows side, the dropper side, which were extremely complex.
It seemed like they wanted to do something about these gray boxes, these real-time control systems.
So it came to our attention, and we started a lab project where we infected our environment with Stuxnet and tested this thing.
Then something really funny happened.
Stuxnet acted like a lab rat, didn't like our cheese, smelled it, but didn't want to eat it.
It didn't make sense to me.
After experimenting with different flavored cheeses, I knew this was a directed attack.
Otherwise Stuxnet does nothing.
Possibilities include, for example, power plants in the United States and chemical plants in Germany.
So I extracted the exploit code, decompiled it, and discovered it consisted of two digital bombs -- a smaller one and a larger one.
they know everything
If you've heard that Stuxnet droppers are complex and high-tech, let me tell you, this payload is extremely sophisticated.
It surpasses anything we have ever seen.
Here is a sample of the actual attack code.
What we're talking about here--about 15,000 lines of code.
It looks almost like old-fashioned assembly language.
Let me tell you how we were able to make sense of this code.
The first thing we looked for was system function calls. Because we know what these do.
Then I looked for timers and data structures and tried to relate them to the real world, to potential real world targets.
To get a theory of the target, keep in mind that it must be absolutely full-blown sabotage, a high-value target, most likely located in Iran. because that's where the most infections were reported.
Mostly it comes down to the Bushehr nuclear power plant and the Natanz fuel enrichment plant.
So I said to my assistant, "Give me a list of all the centrifuge and power plant specialists among our customers."
So we were able to connect this little digital warhead with rotor control.
The rotor is the moving part inside the centrifuge, the black object you see here.
By manipulating the speed of this rotor, you can actually penetrate the rotor and eventually even detonate the centrifuge.
The Big Digital Warhead -- We set our sights on this and looked very closely at the data and data structures.
For example, the number 164 really stands out in this code; it cannot be overlooked.
I started looking into the scientific literature on how these centrifuges were actually built at Natanz. And I discovered that these are organized in what we call cascades, and each cascade holds 164 centrifuges.
These centrifuges in Iran are subdivided into 15 so-called stages.
almost identical structure.
Don't get me wrong here, it didn't go this way.
Anyway, I get it, the two digital warheads were actually aiming at the same target from different angles.
The small warhead is taking one cascade, turning the rotor and slowing it down, and the big warhead is manipulating the valves to six cascades.
All in all, we are very confident that we have indeed identified what the target is.
Natanz, only Natanz.
So don't worry about other targets being attacked by Stuxnet.
What it does is it steals input from sensors -- say, pressure sensors or vibration sensors -- and feeds it to legitimate code, and this code runs during an attack, Use fake input data.
In fact, this bogus data has been pre-recorded by Stuxnet.
In fact, it is much more dangerous and aggressive.
For example, in a power plant, a safety valve must open within milliseconds when a large steam turbine speeds up too much.
Clearly, this cannot be done with a human operator.
So when compromised, really bad things can happen.
please think about it. This attack is generic.
--As an attacker--there is no need to carry this payload on a USB stick, as we saw with Stuxnet.
Traditional worm techniques could also be used for spreading.
Just spread it out as widely as possible.
Here are the consequences, the consequences we have to face.
So, unfortunately, the largest number of targets for such attacks are not the Middle East, but
We must face these consequences. Better start preparing now.
Ralph, it's been pretty widely reported that everyone speculates that the Mossad is the main entity behind it.
Ralph Langner: Okay, do you really want to hear it?
Yeah ok.
My view is that the Mossad is involved, but the initiative is not Israel.
The driving force behind it is the cyber superpower.
there is only one. It's America -- fortunately, fortunately.
For otherwise our problems would be even greater.
CA: Thank you for scaring us. Ralph, thank you.
(applause)
The production was directed by South African artist and stage director William Kentridge.
You could say it's a metaphor for life.
So in 1981, I persuaded Basil and a few friends to start a puppet theater company.
Twenty years later, by chance, I had the opportunity to collaborate with the Sogolon Marionette Troupe in Bamako, Mali, and I did a piece about a tall giraffe.
A full-sized giraffe was simply called a "tall horse."
This work was seen by Tom Morris at the British National Theater in London.
So we started testing
This is a cardboard model, a little smaller than a hyena.
You can see that the legs are plywood and the structure of the canoe is still there.
We went back to Cape Town and completely redesigned the horse.
(Laughter) This is where we build horses in our workshop in Cape Town.
These are half-finished horses, ready to be finished in London.
So let me introduce you to Joey.
Joey
(Applause) (Applause) Joey
Joey come here
A bicycle brake cable attached to his head runs to his hand.
A horse's hearing is very important
Here Tommy is in what we call the heart position.
Adrian thought he needed to split the doll's chest in half, and he tried to make it breathe like this, because that's how horses breathe with their chests puffed up.
The skin itself is made of transparent nylon, and when the lighting designer wants to hide the horse, lighting the background makes the horse ghostly.
This was also a practical consideration.
They need to act alongside other actors in the production.
(Applause) Mikey Brett, Craig, Leo, Them Joaquin, Basil, and me.
(Applause) Thank you, thank you.
(applause)
October 13, 2012 I will never forget this day
It wasn't just any hill, it was a 24-kilometer climb to the town of Hawi on the Big Island of Hawaii.
When I was a kid, I used to watch this race every year on my living room TV.
When I was in high school, I volunteered at a nearby hospital.
In college, I interned at the White House, studied abroad in Spain, and backpacked all over Europe on my own with brace legs and crutches.
After graduating, I moved to New York City for a job as a management consultant, got an MBA, got married, and now have a daughter.
(Applause) When I was 28, I was introduced to rowing, then triathlon, and I was lucky enough to meet Ironman World Champion Jason Fowler at a disability camp.
At the age of 34, with his encouragement, I decided to go to Kona.
Kona, or the Hawaii Ironman, is the oldest of the Ironman distance races, and for those unfamiliar with it, it's the Super Bowl of triathlon.
For competitors like me in a wheelchair, an Ironman race is a 3.8-kilometer swim across the Pacific Ocean and a 180-kilometer handcycle across a lava field -- it sounds exotic, but it's not as scenic as it sounds, it's very inhabited. In the middle of nowhere, and then we end up with a marathon, running 42.195 kilometers in a racing wheelchair in a temperature of 30 degrees Celsius.
No matter how hard I tried, it was impossible to finish the swim within the time limit of ten and a half hours.I was about two hours late.
My best friend, Shannon, and my husband, Shaun, were waiting at the top of Hawi to drive me home.
On my way back to town, tears began to flow
My dream of finishing the Ironman World Championships came crashing down.
I worried about what my friends, family, and coworkers would think of me.
(Laughter) How am I going to explain to everyone that things didn't go as expected and planned?
A few weeks later, I told Shannon about Kona's "debacle," and she said, "Minda, big dreams and goals are only achieved when you're ready to fail."
I knew that in order to move forward, I would have to forget about this failure, and it wasn't the first time I had faced insurmountable adversity.
I was born in Bombay, India, and shortly before my first birthday, I contracted polio and was paralyzed from the waist down.
My birth parents who couldn't care for me left me in an orphanage.
Fortunately, I was adopted by an American family and moved to Spokane, Washington, just after my third birthday.
Over the next few years, I underwent a series of surgeries on my hips, legs, and back until I was able to walk with a brace and crutches.
I struggled with my disability as a child.
People were staring at me all the time, and I was embarrassed to wear a torso or leg brace, and I always wore pants to hide my skinny chicken legs.
Many people with polio in developing countries will not have the same level of health care, education and opportunities that I have had in the United States.
many do not survive to adulthood
All of us, at times in our lives, face goals that we can't seem to reach.
I want to share with you what I learned when I tried again.
A year after my first attempt, on a sunny Saturday morning, my husband, Shawn, threw me off the Kona Pier into the ocean, and along with 2,500 of my closest friends and rivals, we started swimming at the gunfire at 7:00. It was
I said to myself, "Minda, stay focused.
And as we walked into town, a loud speaker said, "The last competitor to make it within the bike time limit is Minda Dentler."
(Applause) Only three minutes ago.
(Laughter) It was 5:27 p.m., and I had been racing for 10 hours and 30 minutes.
I focused on one push at a time and kept moving forward.
crossed that finish line
For the first time in 35 years, a female wheelchair athlete has completed the Ironman World Championships.
(Laughter) A paralyzed orphan from India.
Overcoming adversity, I made my dreams come true. Through this vow I made to myself, I gradually learned that completing an Ironman race wasn't just about winning Kona.
Today, everywhere in the world, we are closer than ever to eradicating one such disease.
By the mid-1980s, polio paralyzed more than 350,000 children a year in more than 125 countries.
By contrast, so far this year, only 12 cases have been reported in endemic countries.
Since 1988, 2.5 billion children have been vaccinated against polio, and an estimated 16 million children who might otherwise be like me are walking.
Despite tremendous progress, until it's eradicated, polio remains a real threat, especially to the world's poorest children.
So this became my new Ironman race to eradicate polio.
I am reminded daily of my daughter Maya, who is two and a half years old.
She can climb a ladder in the park, ride a scooter, kick a ball across the lawn.
Everything she's doing at her age reminds me of what I wasn't able to do at her age.
I gave her her first polio vaccine when she was two months old.
As I left the room, I felt my eyes fill with tears.
For the first time, I realized that my daughter's life was going to be very different from mine.
thank you
(applause)
It was a cube -- a very big cube.
When you look inside through the window, it's a stark contrast. Inside the cube is a calm, civilized domestic image of the people of Africa: family, friends, Nigerian professionals -- writers, poets, fashion designers, and so on.
The picture of Africans captured by the Western media is, at best, overwhelmingly primitive and indistinguishable from African wildlife.
I started my career as a professional photographer in 1994, but my passion and enthusiasm for photography dates back to my childhood, when my parents had their children photographed by a professional photographer almost every month.
Later, when I started going to boarding school, my friends and I bought a Polaroid camera, and then I started experimenting with self-portraits, the original selfie, if you will.
(Laughter) "Cover Girl 1994" was my first major work, and it was well received in the United States and Europe, and was quickly placed in college art books.
With the "Cover Girl" series, what I wanted to do was to recreate an image that was totally unexpected, but deeply convincing, on the cover of a magazine.
The "Cover Girl" series offered a new way of portraying Africans in a more complex way.
Like Cover Girl, the Sartorial Anarchy series consists of self-portraits.
In each picture, I combined completely disparate costumes from different traditions, countries and eras.
He paired it with a British Norfolk jacket and Nigerian Yoruba trousers, and, more improbably, he even held a South African Zulu combat stick.
I also began to explore the vast potential of color - its power to evoke emotions, its impact on the viewer's psyche, its poetic charm, its limitless capacity to transcend the realms of meaning and logic.
Nollywood is the first time that African filmmakers have truly told the story of Africa.
From romance, horror, gangsters to action — there's a complex depth to the Nigerians depicted in their various films.
Nollywood is an excellent mirror for Africa
Nollywood is a new development in Africa.
This group portrait is exactly the same size as Raphael's School of Athens.
Nollywood also embodies a kind of modernity never before seen in Africa.
You might be surprised to hear me say this, but portraying Africans in a contemporary setting is almost taboo in the art world -- wearing fancy, neat clothes, manicures and pedicures, doing hair. you must not
(Applause) Part of my job is to continue to beautify Africa for the world, one portrait at a time.
thank you
(applause)
I loved cars like all boys do
I lost my best friend in a car accident when I was 18.
The first time I touched on this concept was at the DARPA Grand Challenge, when the US government decided to give out cash prizes to self-driving cars that made it through the desert.
And it did the unbelievable thing: it was the first car to come back in the DARPA Grand Challenge, and Stanford won a prize of two million dollars.
I drove State Route 1 from San Francisco to Los Angeles.
Did you know that car accidents are the number one cause of death among young people?
4 billion hours wasted in America alone.
There's a vision here, there's a new technology here, and I hope that later generations will look back and think it's absolutely ridiculous that a human was driving a car.
(applause)
i wanted to be a rock star
I wanted to be the fifth member of Depeche Mode or Duran Duran.
I grew up in a small farm in northern Nevada, and it was—
A choir conductor who knew me to sing invited me to join the choir.
But a week later my friend said, "You should join the choir.
For the first time in my life, I felt part of something bigger than myself.
And then I started conducting, and I got my master's degree from the Juilliard School.
About two years ago, a friend of mine emailed me a YouTube link and said, "This is amazing."
A young woman made a fan video for me, and she sang the soprano part of a song I wrote called "Sleep."
Britlin was so innocent and sweet that her voice was crystal clear.
And it dawned on me that maybe 50 people could do the same thing and sing their soprano alto and tenor bass parts and post them on YouTube and put them all together into a virtual choir.
And then people started uploading videos
(singing) This is Evangelina Etien (singing) from Massachusetts.
(singing) Stephen Hanson of Sweden
(singing) Jamal Walker of Dallas, Texas
I said, "Thank you Scott, I'm glad you found me."
(Applause) Thank you.
thank you very much
This video went viral
So I decided to do a "virtual choir 2.0," and I chose the song "Sleep," which Britlin sang, which I also wrote in 2000, with lyrics by my good friend Charles Silvestri.
Once again, I posted a video of the conductor and started accepting submissions.
(singing) Some members are much younger
We closed the submissions on January 10th, and we ended up with 2,051 videos from 58 countries.
So it was great to sing together again! "
Me too
In the wilderness of Alaska, the satellite is my link to the world."
I feel close to the choir, almost like family.
If I'm going to teach my daughter about electronics, I'm not giving her a soldering iron.
(Applause) Once you know the basics, you can build a little more complicated circuit.
We can talk about parallel and series circuits
We don't usually think of kitchens as electrical engineering labs or children as circuit designers, but maybe we should change our minds.
(applause)
Ten years ago one Tuesday morning, I was doing parachute training at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.
I'm very careful with the straps I put on, especially the leg straps that sit between my legs.
After that, sit down and wait for a while, because that's the army.
And if the leg straps aren't set correctly, that's another thrill.
By the time we got to the drop zone, everything had changed.
But a lot of things had changed, and I was a 46-year-old brigadier general at the time.
I had been doing well up until that point, but I didn't realize in the morning that so many things had changed that I had to make a big change myself.
I still believe that true leaders are like that.
A few years later, when I was a company commander, I went to the National Training Center.
Leadership through humiliation, so to speak.
I went over to apologize to him, and he said, "I think you did a good job, Stanley."
More importantly, the armed forces I led were spread over more than 20 countries at the time.
It's a new type of leadership for me.
One night in Iraq, I was standing in front of a screen with a high-ranking official watching a shootout by a unit.
"Where is John's son, what is he doing?" I asked.
I spent most of my career in the Ranger Corps.
Every Ranger swears to the others that no matter what happens, no matter what the cost, if you need me, I'll come to you.
And I've learned that individual relationships are more important than ever.
Now, I've come to believe that great leaders aren't great because they're right, but because they're willing to learn and trust.
It's not like an electric ab machine that gives you ripped abs in 15 minutes a month.
(Laughter) And it's not necessarily fair.
But if you're a leader, the people you rely on will help you.
thank you
(applause)
What would the happiest man in the world look like?
So how do you become the happiest man in the world?
There's a way to measure happiness in your brain.
In this method, FMRI measures the relative activation of the left prefrontal cortex relative to the right prefrontal cortex.
He's by far the happiest man ever measured by science.
(Laughter) Actually, he was meditating on compassion.
My dream is to create a state of world peace in my lifetime, and to create a state of inner peace and compassion on a global scale to make that happen.
Compassion brings happiness
And those interesting insights change the whole game.
So what we need to do to create a global climate of compassion is to rethink compassion as something fun.
But having fun is not enough
What if compassion was also profitable?
Then all the bosses and managers in the world want this kind of compassion.
So I started looking at compassion in business.
Because at my company, Google, I had what I was looking for right in front of me.
Google is a company based on idealism
A company that thrives on idealism
At Google, expressions of corporate compassion almost always follow the same pattern.
It's a funny pattern
And sometimes it gets so big that it's officially recognized.
The first example is the largest annual community event, where Google employees from around the world bring their labor to the community. then officially recognized
During the Haiti earthquake, a bunch of engineers and product managers volunteered to come together and stay overnight to create a tool for earthquake victims to find their families.
Expressions of compassion can also be found in our international offices.
For example, in China, a mid-career employee launched China's largest social action contest, involving more than 1,000 Chinese schools to tackle issues such as education, poverty, and the medical environment.
There are so many radical social actions all over Google that the company decided to form a social responsibility team to help with the actions.
And this idea came from a grassroots level, with two Google employees who wrote their own job descriptions and took the jobs themselves.
I found it interesting that the social responsibility team wasn't formed as part of a major corporate strategy.
But having fun is not enough
There are also real business benefits
The first benefit of compassion is to produce highly effective business leaders.
what does that mean?
Compassion has three elements
What does that have to do with business leadership?
A very comprehensive study led by Jim Collins and reported in his book "Good to Great" shows that it takes a very special kind of leader to move a company from excellence to greatness.
he calls them "level 5 leaders"
In addition to being extremely effective, these leaders possess two key qualities: humility and ambition.
These leaders are ambitious for the greater good.
And according to research, they make the best business leaders.
The motivational component of compassion creates ambition for the greater good.
So compassion is the way to develop level 5 leaders.
And this is the first compelling business benefit
The second compelling benefit of compassion is to create inspiring employees.
Employees inspire each other for the greater good
Create a vibrant and energetic community where people admire and respect each other
So you go to work in the morning and work with three guys who want to build a hospital in India.
So this mutual inspiration fosters cooperation, spontaneity and creativity.
The first component is creating a culture of passionate interest in the greater good.
So always ask yourself, how does your company and your work contribute to the greater good?
This awareness of contributing to the greater good is highly self-inspiring and creates an environment in which compassion can thrive.
The second component is autonomy.
he considers himself one of the prisoners
The third component is a focus on inner development and personal growth.
For example, leadership training at Google puts a lot of weight on inner qualities like self-awareness, self-discipline, empathy and compassion, because we believe that leadership starts with character.
what a company
And this creates the foundation for emotional intelligence.
what does that mean?
This means that we can observe our thought streams and emotional processes from a third-person perspective with a high degree of transparency and objectivity.
Now comes the third step, which is to create a new mental habit.
Imagine that every time you meet someone, the first thing you do is habitually and instinctively, "I want them to be happy."
imagine that you can
This habit, this mental habit, will change all your work.
I thought this was true on an individual level as well as on a corporate level.
thank you
(applause)
I've been in a very difficult and somewhat dangerous situation over the last few years.
So when it came time to talk about brands and sponsorships at TED, I wanted to do something a little different.
As some of you may know, I put up an ad on Ebay a few weeks ago.
I put out a Facebook message, tweeted on Twitter, and auctioned off the naming rights to this 2011 TED Talk.
(Laughter) How many people do you think watch TED talks?
(Video) M. Spurlock: I want to make a movie about marketing and product placement and advertising, funded solely by marketing and product placement and advertising.
The title of the movie is "The Greatest Movie Ever Sold"
That's the idea of ​​the whole movie from start to finish.
JK: Both
MK: I can help.
MS: Okay (MK: Good) Excellent
MS: By the time I realized this, one by one, all of these companies had disappeared.
The problem was, my idea had one fatal flaw like this.
If you do a Google image search for "transparency," this comes up -- (Laughter) (Applause) at the top.
We hear a lot about transparency these days.
Politicians, presidents say it, even CEOs say it.
(Laughter) Unpredictable -- (music) (Laughter) Like this weird country road.
and very risky
(Laughter) This is very risky.
When I was a kid, when my father would tell me a lie - he used to look at me like this - he would say, "There are three sides to any story.
(Video) MS: I have a friend who makes Hollywood movies and a friend who makes small independent films like me.
A friend of mine who makes Hollywood movies says that the success of the movies is due to the brand partners.
And the title of this movie is "The Greatest Movie Ever Sold."
MS: What is the word for ban?
(Laughter) Woman: Excellent technology.
MS: This is a multi-million dollar company
(Video) MS: How would you describe your brand?
i don't know
But I wear accessories too, but I also like sunglasses and crystals.
Man 5: A bad alcoholic writer
Lawyer: My Brand is Lawyer
Tom: I'm Tom
(Laughter) And then I realized I needed an expert.
Most companies -- as human beings are by nature -- try to avoid things that they're not sure about, they try to avoid fears and all that, but you're really embracing it.
What other brands are similar?
MS: A playful and thoughtful brand Who are you?
If someone asked you to describe your brand personality, what would your brand be?
Thanks to that, in showing the story of the movie, I was able to show that there are commercials and movie promotions these days that use neuromarketing, an MRI, to work on the desire center of the brain.
(Applause) We even went to school districts, and businesses are popping up in financially-strapped schools across America.
The movie hasn't even been distributed yet
I've always believed that when you take a risk and take an opportunity, the opportunity will come from there.
I think we need to encourage people to take risks in the future.
So, in the spirit of honesty and transparency, my talk, Embracing Transparency, is brought to you by the wonderful folks at EMC who paid $7,100 for the naming rights on Ebay.
Courtesy of EMC: “Embrace Transparency”
(Applause) J. Cohen: Morgan So, on the transparency side, what happened to that $7,100?
I have a check in my pocket, a check for $7,100 to the Sapling Foundation, the parent organization of TED, to pay for my attendance at TED next year.
(Laughter) (Applause)
This was the onset of ALS
I met my brother and my father and said, "I'll give you some money.
I went there with the intention of just writing a check, but what I actually gave was a check that even I didn't know how to cash.
I met the Graffiti Research Lab, aka GRL, and they have a technology that allows you to project light onto any surface and paint with a laser pointer.
(Applause) It was great.
And the other thing we did was bring seven programmers from literally every corner of the world to my house.
My wife and kids moved into the back garage and these hackers and programmers and conspiracy theorists and anarchists took over the house.
It's called EyeWriter
(Applause) Thank you.
And after more than a year of planning, two weeks of programming, more eating and working all night, Tony drew for the first time in seven years.
We set up a projector facing a wall in the parking lot outside the hospital.
Everything in this room was impossible, this stage, this computer, this microphone, this EyeWriter, it was once impossible.
Thanks guys
(applause)
Remember what you wanted to be when you were 17?
I used to get eye exams for fun
The day I turned 17, after a fake eye exam, my eye doctor realized it was my birthday.
So I answered, "I'm going to learn to drive."
Ever since I was born, I've been legally blind.
Can you see this hand?
every man in the room is george clooney
What's so strange is that when I was three and a half years old, before I started school, my parents made an unconventional and courageous decision.
The first thing that came to my mind was my mother crying next to me.
when i was 28
I just said "I'm sorry
and the door closed
And I was thinking about the question the eye doctor asked me, "What do you want to be?
Nine months after the snot-covered stone incident, I had my first blind date, Kanchi, a 2.3m tall elephant.
But when you believe in yourself, amazing things happen.
All I needed was a vision and a belief.
thank you
(applause)
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
We all know in our hearts that this is not how the universe works...
Eggs are beautiful, sophisticated things, and you can create even more sophisticated things, like chickens.
This intuition is actually reflected in one of the most fundamental laws of physics: the second law of thermodynamics, the law of entropy.
Eric Beinhocker estimates that 10 billion different commodities are traded in New York City alone.
So here's the big mystery: how in a universe governed by the second law of thermodynamics, can we create the kind of complexity I just described... the kind of complexity represented by you, me, and this room.
The answer is something like this: the universe can create complexity, but it's very difficult.
This is how complexity is built up step by step.
Big History calls these moments threshold moments.
At each threshold, things get tougher
Complexity becomes more fragile, more fragile, Goldilocks conditions become more stringent, complexity becomes more difficult to create.
As extremely complex organisms, we desperately need to know the story of how the universe creates complexity in defiance of the second law, and why complexity means vulnerability and frailty. ...
That's the story told in Big History
let's do it
(Laughter) First, let's go back in time, 13.7 billion years ago, to the beginning of time.
The universe is small, smaller than an atom.
Energy also does something very strange: it congeals to form matter, the quarks that make up the particles of light, and the leptons that contain the electrons.
it all happens in the first second
Let's move forward 380,000 years.
So simple atoms are born: hydrogen and helium.
Let's pause here for a moment, 380,000 years after the birth of the universe, because we know a lot about the universe at this stage.
Recent studies, such as those from the WMAP satellite, show that there is actually a very slight difference in the background.
The blue area you see here is only one thousandth cooler than the red area, and these are small differences.
Gravity is stronger the more things there are
At slightly denser areas, gravity begins to compress the clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms.
And that's how the early universe split into billions of clouds.
About 200 million years after the big bang, stars will start popping up all over the universe, numbering in the billions.
And the universe just got a lot more interesting and complicated.
Stars create Goldilocks conditions that cross two new thresholds
If you're wearing a gold ring like I am, it was made by a supernova explosion.
The universe will become chemically more complex
That's how our solar system formed, 4.5 billion years ago.
Rocky planets like Earth are much more complex than stars because they contain a much wider variety of materials.
We crossed the fourth complexity threshold here.
The next stage introduces things that are much more fragile, much more fragile, but also more creative and capable of creating more complexity.
organisms were created by chemistry
we are a huge package of chemicals
It works on a scale smaller than gravity, which is why we're smaller than stars and planets.
What are the ideal conditions for chemistry?
You need energy first, but not too much.
There's so much energy in the center of the star that all the bonded atoms just split apart again.
not too little
There's too little energy in intergalactic space for atoms to bond together.
We need a diversity of chemical elements, we need liquids like water.
In a solid, the atoms stick together and cannot move.
In liquids, they move around, nestle together, and bond together to form molecules.
So where do we find those Goldilocks conditions?
Planets are wonderful, our early Earth was almost perfect.
How can we stabilize this large, seemingly viable molecule?
Here life creates a whole new trick.
DNA copies itself Make a copy
But the real beauty of DNA is in its imperfections.
What that means is that the DNA is learning.
And 600 to 800 million years ago, multicellular organisms appeared.
6,500 years ago, an asteroid hit Earth near the Yucatan peninsula, creating conditions equivalent to a nuclear war and wiping out the dinosaurs.
I learned that DNA learns, stores information.
DNA stores information through random errors, some of which just happen to work.
But DNA has created a way to learn faster, creating organisms with brains that can learn in real time.
The sad thing is that when you die, your information dies with you.
And that's why we're so creative and powerful as a species, and that's why we have history.
And 10,000 years ago, they took advantage of the rapid changes in the global environment, the end of the last ice age, to learn to farm.
Using that energy, the population multiplied many times over.
Human societies will become larger, denser and more connected.
Collective learning is a very powerful force, but I don't know if we humans can harness it.
I vividly remember the Cuban Missile Crisis as a child growing up in England.
For several days, the entire biosphere was on the brink of destruction.
What Big History can do is not only show us the nature of our complexity, our vulnerabilities and the dangers we face, but also show us the power of collective learning.
I want my grandson Daniel, and his friends and contemporaries around the world, to know the story of big history, and to know it well enough to understand the challenges and opportunities that we face.
We believe that Big History will become an indispensable intellectual tool as Daniel and his generation faced enormous challenges and enormous opportunities... at this threshold moment in the history of this beautiful planet...
(applause)
public space
art review
It's a big problem and a big obstacle to fix, because the most passionate voices go unheard, especially during elections.
It's like running into a wall
We can democratize public spaces
(applause)
I am Vicar General of the Church of England
I have been a priest for 20 years
Most of the time I've been struggling with questioning the nature of God, what is God?
"Almighty" is the most frequently used adjective when worshiping God in my church.
As time went on, I became more and more uncomfortable with this perception of God.
Do we really believe that God is the masculine boss that we've portrayed over the years in worship and worship?
Of course, some have expressed a different view of God.
The view that God expresses himself through powerlessness rather than power,
Recognition that God is by definition unknown and unknowable
Searching for the meaning of life in deep resonance with other religions and philosophies.
On December 26th of last year, exactly two months ago, an undersea earthquake triggered a tsunami.
Right after the tsunami, I read in the newspaper about the South Asian tragedy written by the Archbishop of Canterbury.
The only response would be a silence of sympathy and some practical help.
we want an explanation from god
we want an explanation from God
Some say we only believe in God who shares our pain
The Eternal God must be able to enter the human soul and experience our suffering within it.
After the devastating events of the 20th century, people questioned a cold God.
The answer was, "God is with us, or God is no longer worthy of our loyalty."
We all have a suffering God, a God who has an intimate relationship with this world and with all living things.
Last week, my children and I sang one of our favorite songs, "A Wise Man Built a House on a Rock."
But if God was able to intervene in the course of events, then of course he would have stopped the tsunami.
I'm sure you've all heard about the man who surfed the waves, the teenage girl who sensed danger because she was studying tsunamis in school.
Can we obtain God's favor through worship and faith?
Does God demand loyalty like a medieval dictator?
If not a puppeteer or a tribal guardian, who is God?
Maybe God allows tragedy, so that bravery and mercy can be shown.
God may be testing our charity and faith.
In his great novel, The Brothers Karamazov, Dostoevsky tells Ivan of his naive and pious brother Alyosha, "If you say that the suffering of children is the price you need to buy the truth, then I'll say it first. The truth isn't worth that price
This is more acceptable, but it leaves God with the ultimate moral responsibility.
Is God a cold, heartless bystander?
Does God intimately participate in our suffering to feel it for himself?
We Should Rethink God
But what if God doesn't act? What if nothing?
In the natural cycle of life and death, where creation and destruction repeat continuously
in the process of evolution
in the incredible complexity and splendor of the natural world
Collective unconscious within the soul of the race
in you, in me, in mind and body
Inside the tsunami Inside the victims Inside the depths of things
Is God just another name for the universe, and does God itself not exist?
How can we attribute personality to God?
Isn't it ironic that God, whom Christians perceive as infinite and unknowable, is bound in a closed system and rigid doctrine?
There's an Indian greeting, which some of you may know, is a respectful bow and "Namaste," which roughly translates to "The God in me is greeting the God in you."
Namaste
But I did offer some suggestions about new ways of thinking about God.
But in the end, the only thing I could say with certainty was, "I don't know." That might be the most profound religious statement.
thank you
I grew up in the suburbs of Paris, the youngest of three children.
I got bad grades in high school, and it's a rare occurrence, so I decided to hide it from my parents.
Later, my mother found homework in my school bag and quickly discovered that the signature had been forged.
i was born in algeria
Later, when I moved to France, I loved to eavesdrop on grown-up stories, and I listened to all sorts of stories about my father's life up until that point, especially what he "did" in World War II -- "did" in the Algerian War. about the thing
I knew my father was a pacifist and a non-violent man, so it was hard to imagine him with a helmet and a gun.
One day, while my father was sorting through his files for his French citizenship, I stumbled across some documents.
I managed to convince him how important it was for us, and for others, to know his story.
Now, the story of my father, who was born in Argentina.
In fact, it was kind of a coincidence that my father became a forger.
My father had been trained to obey the law, and even though he was persecuted, he never thought of forging documents.
The man suddenly became very interested
(Applause) That was just the beginning.
One day my father introduced me to my sister
And he also explained that he had a brother, and when I first met him and my sister, I was three or four years old, and they were 30 years older than me.
Both are in their 60's now.
In order to write a book, I asked my sister what kind of father she knew.
And I realized that by asking questions about my father's past, I was probably stirring up a past that was too painful for him to talk about.
In Africa, countries were fighting for independence: Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Angola.
My father was associated with Nelson Mandela's anti-apartheid party.
Then there was the Vietnam War
When I was a kid, my friends used to read Grimm's fairy tales to me, but my dad told me stories of humble heroes, people with unwavering ideals who did miracles.
(Thank you for applause
it was like breathing
After undergoing cancer surgery and losing the ability to speak, eat, and swallow, I was forced into a virtual world where a computer was my life.
Over the past few days, at TED events, we've had a number of great speakers.
I used to be able to talk like that
I'll start with my wife Chaz
My tongue, larynx and vocal cords were still intact.
(Laughter) (Laughter) I was an optimistic person, and everything was going well.
the first surgery was a success
I suddenly started bleeding profusely
Thank you Leonard Cohen for saving my life.
After that, during the year I was hospitalized until I was discharged, my carotid artery ruptured seven times.
There was a time when I tried different synthetic voices available on the internet and spoke with a British accent, which Chaz called Lord Lawrence.
Chaz suggested that I try to find a company that would customize my voice using voices from TV shows from the last 30 years.
I was against it at first
But I decided to give it a try anyway.
These are the comments I recorded for television when I appeared with Chaz on Oprah Winfrey's show.
This voice we call Roger Jr.
Flow is not natural
I feel like I'm the main character in Harlan Ellison's "I Have No Mouth, But I Scream."
For most of the millions, billions of years, there was no life on Earth.
Civilization became possible only when we learned to pass knowledge from generation to generation.
And then came man's most advanced and mysterious tool: the computer.
Some of the famous early computers were built in the city of Urbana, where I was born and raised, which is also believed to be the birthplace of HAL9000.
I was in high school, but I was a reporter for the local newspaper, and I was asked to go into the computer lab at the University of Illinois and interview the creators of something called PLATO.
It was a computer-based education system that was running on a computer called ILLIAC at the time.
According to Wikipedia, PLATO started humblely but enabled forums and message boards, online testing, email and chat, emoticons and instant messages, remote screen sharing and multiplayer gaming.
The first web browser was also developed in Urbana, so this city in southern Illinois, where I grew up, was the birthplace of the virtual internet world we live in today.
I started writing with computers in the 1970s, when a very early Atech system was installed at the Chicago Sun-Times.
The first desktop I bought was a DEC Rainbow.
(Applause) The portable computer I took to the Cannes Film Festival for The Sun Times was the size of a suitcase, and it was called the Porterum Telebubble.
(Laughter) All of this happened in the blink of an eye.
I feel very lucky to be living in this time in history.
For billions of years, the universe has evolved without warning.
We live in the age of the Internet, and it seems to be shaping our global consciousness.
We are born in a box framed by time and space.
I started using the Internet as a convenient tool The Internet has become an indispensable part of my everyday life.
Not everyone is as patient as my wife, Chaz.
But on the internet, everyone speaks at the same speed.
After a series of surgeries to transplant tissue from both shoulders, I developed lower back pain that made it difficult for me to walk.
People -- (Applause) Loud -- I'm sorry.
Excuse me
(Laughter) You shouldn't let your wife read this.
I've met many other people with disabilities who use this form of communication.
(Laughter) We all know the Turing test for artificial intelligence.
If the judge cannot distinguish between humans and machines, the machine passes the test.
(applause)
I was born in Poland and now live in America.
I'm starting a group called Open Source Ecology
We've picked 50 machines that we believe are the most important in sustaining modern life, like tractors and bread ovens and circuit makers.
When I was in my 20s, I got my PhD in the field of fusion energy and found myself useless.
Should we call it consumer lifestyle?
I started a farm in Missouri and learned about the economics of farming.
One day, when I bought a tractor, it broke down.
I paid for the repair and it broke again
I knew that industrial productivity could be achieved on a small scale.
And then I put this 3D design, schematics, instructional videos and budget on the wiki.
So far, we've prototyped eight of the 50 machines.
The same thing is starting to happen with hardware.
We're looking at hardware, because it's hardware that can change people's lives in material ways.
We continue to explore possibilities with open hardware technology to make the world a better place.
thank you
(applause)
Back in Singapore, in 1990, I performed the first successful cadaveric liver transplant in Asia, despite great challenges.
In retrospect, the transplant was the easiest part.
(Applause) More than that, I am proud to be the guardian of her 14-year-old son.
(Applause) But not everyone waiting for a transplant is so lucky.
The reality is that there simply aren't enough donor organs.
Demand for donor organs continues to rise, especially in relation to an aging population, but supply remains roughly flat.
In the United States alone, there are 100,000 men, women and children awaiting transplants, and more than a dozen patients die every day because of a shortage of donor organs.
Not long after I had my first liver transplant, I was given another task: to go to prison and harvest an organ from an executed prisoner.
I was pregnant then
But during my happy period, I was haunted by a heavy, melancholy feeling as I walked through the high-security death row, where I had to pass through to the temporary operating room.
I was informed that consent had been obtained
I was troubled by the feeling that harvesting organs from executed prisoners was at least as ethical as harvesting stem cells from human embryos.
I wondered if there was a better way, a way to avoid death but still bring the gift of life to millions of patients around the world and have a huge impact.
Also, the concept of organ transplantation shifted from whole organs to cells.
In 1988, I participated in a series of total pancreatic transplant surgeries at the University of Minnesota.
At that time, stem cell research was gaining momentum with the world's first isolation of human embryonic stem cells in the 1990s.
This new and disruptive cell technology intrigued me and changed the way I thought about the transition from whole organ transplantation to cell transplantation.
I focused my research on stem cells with potential for cell transplantation.
We know there are many different types of stem cells.
Stem cells harvested from fat are adult stem cells.
Fat was the best source of adult stem cells.
But because adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells,
But in 2007, two wonderful people, Shinya Yamanaka in Japan and Jamie Thompson in the United States, made a remarkable discovery.
Researchers around the world are now in a race to reprogram aging adult cells in our bodies into more useful iPS cells.
In our lab, we focused on reprogramming young cells with large amounts of fat harvested, so that in the future, we might be able to transform young cells into other specialized cells that could then be used for cell transplantation.
If this research is successful, it will reduce the need for human embryo research and human embryo sacrifice.
In May of 2006 I had a horrible experience.
There are 37 million people in the world who are blind, and an additional 127 million people who are visually impaired.
Research into retinal stem cell transplants is currently underway, and could one day restore vision to millions of people with retinal diseases around the world.
As the world's population ages, scientists are racing to find ways to strengthen the body with stem cell-based therapies.
The stem cells drift through the bloodstream to the damaged organ and release growth factors that repair the damaged tissue.
Stem cells may be the building blocks for repairing damaged tissues in the body, or they may be able to create new liver cells to repair damaged livers.
There are currently about 117 clinical trials investigating stem cells for liver disease.
Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide
1.1 million Americans have a heart attack each year.
4.8 million people have heart failure
Stem cells may be used to deliver growth factors to repair damaged heart muscle, or they may be differentiated into heart muscle cells to restore heart function.
170 clinical trials are underway to investigate the role of stem cells in heart disease
Research is underway, and stem cells may represent a breakthrough in cardiology.
Stem cells offer us the hope of connecting to new beginnings, and even though progress is gradual, there is hope that we can transplant cells instead of organs and restore rather than replace.
Stem cell therapy may reduce the need for organ donation in the future.
And in the UK, there's a clinical trial in the first phase investigating neural stem cells for stroke treatment.
The research successes that are playing a major role today are only possible because of the curiosity, contribution and dedication of scientists and medical pioneers.
thank you
Students often ask me, "What is sociology?"
Before you know it, they'll send in tanks and dispatch troops.
Many oil-producing countries aren't democracies, but they're aided by the United States.
they build schools and help people
Can you feel their anger and fear of what is happening in their country? Please try to imagine
That's empathy, and it's also understanding.
I'm not endorsing Iraqi terrorists.
But I'm saying that as a sociologist, I can understand them.
thank you
(applause)
I called my wife, Leslie, and said, "There are so many great people here trying to do really good things.
Her name is Pam Moran and she lives in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Albemarle County, Virginia.
She said, "I grew up in a small town in southeastern Virginia, surrounded by coal mines and farms. This table was in my grandfather's kitchen.
The project I'm about to talk about is called the "World Peace Game," and it's also done in an empty space.
It all started in 1977
So I got my degree, and it was a degree in education.
It's a "experimental" educational program
There were no instructions, no reference books, not even standards for gifted education programs.
(Applause) The movie is called "Fourth Graders' Struggle for World Peace."
On the right is my brother Malcolm
And my mother who inspired me when I was in fourth grade. She taught me in 4th grade at an African American school in Virginia.
A lot of people are standing on this stage right now
So when one thing changes, everything changes.
But they also try to undermine the whole game
Then they learn to ignore their short-sighted reactions and impulsive thoughts, and start thinking about long-term, better outcomes.
the students run the game
(Video) Boy: The World Peace Game is in full swing
Hunter: I gave them— (Applause) Actually, I can't say anything because I don't know the answer.
It is impossible. Because their wisdom is so much greater than mine, and I openly admit it to them.
we were very upset
I thought of myself as a bad teacher. why is she doing this?
Now she made a small war to prevent a big war So we stopped and had a very philosophical discussion about whether this was right, whether this situation was good or bad.
(Applause) Another beautiful thing happened.
i was in tears too
I'll show you what my friend David said about this.
it's about my friend brennan
He said, "How many zeros are in a trillion? I have to do the math right now."
(applause)
Years later, in Bangalore, one night, I couldn't sleep, and I picked up this book, thinking it would put me to sleep in 10 minutes.
That's what drove me to change careers - from being a software engineer to being a science writer - because I wanted to be involved in the joy of science and the joy of sharing it with people.
Today I want to share with you some photos and stories from that trip.
Astronomers, cosmologists, and physicists believe that there is something called dark matter in the universe, which makes up 23 percent of the universe, and dark energy, which fills space-time and makes up the remaining 73 percent.
Many of the experiments and telescopes that I've seen are, in one way or another, tackling the two mysteries of dark matter and dark energy.
Let's start with an underground mine in northern Minnesota, where researchers are searching for dark matter.
Early 20th century miners worked by candlelight.
This is the world's largest underground laboratory.
There's another way to search for dark matter, which is indirect detection.
If there is dark matter in our universe, then those particles should collide to create other particles that we all know, one of which is the neutrino.
Neutrinos can detect the trail of collisions with water molecules.
When a neutrino hits a water molecule, it emits a blue light, and it glows blue for a moment. And by looking for that blue light, we can learn about the neutrino, and indirectly, the dark matter that may have created it. increase
But to do that, you need a very large amount of water.
Where in the world can you find such water?
It's Lake Baikal
A midwinter scene of Lake Baikal in Siberia.
the lake is completely frozen
The line of black dots in the background is the ice camp where the physicists work.
Russians are working on the ice in the middle of winter in Siberia.
Imagine a huge lake, like an ocean, moving beneath you.
A few people have been working for 20 years looking for particles that may or may not exist.
After Siberia, let's talk about the Very Large Telescope in Chile's Atacama Desert.
There are four telescopes with a diameter of 8.2m.
And the better we understand that, the better we'll understand the dark energy that makes up the universe.
The reason we had to build this telescope in a place like the Atacama Desert is because the Atacama Desert is so high up.
And finally, let's take you to Antarctica.
Some of the most amazing experiments, some of the most amazing experiments, are being conducted in Antarctica.
I went to see an experiment called long-term balloon flight, and I took the telescope and instruments to the upper stratosphere, about 40 kilometers above the ground.
An American C-17 transport plane brought it from New Zealand to McMurdo, Antarctica.
This is the hut built by Scott on his first expedition to the South Pole, when he first came to the South Pole.
It's a cosmic ray experiment launched into the upper stratosphere at an altitude of 40 kilometers.
Engineers and engineers and physicists work on the Ross Ice Shelf, and for reasons I won't say, it's the best place to launch a balloon, except for the weather.
There's a volcano in the background with a glacier at the top.
The job here is to assemble the entire balloon - the fabric, the parachute, everything - on ice and fill it with helium.
Two trucks in the back are loaded with 12 tanks of compressed helium.
If the weather changes before launch, we have to put everything back in the box and take it back to McMurdo Station.
This particular balloon carries two tons of equipment, so it's huge.
The balloon is inflated with helium. It's a beautiful sight.
The balloon on the left is infused with helium, and the fabric continues down the middle, where electronics and explosives are tethered to parachutes, and parachutes are tied to lab equipment.
(Video) Radio: Okay release the balloon release the balloon
It is an observatory in the Himalayan mountains in Ladakh, India.
look to the right, there's a telescope
And on the far left is a 400-year-old Buddhist monastery.
What struck me was that in the journeys of the giant telescopes, astronomers and cosmologists were always looking for some kind of silence, whether it was the silence from radio waves or the silence from light.
thank you
(applause)
You all know, of course, that he didn't mean it literally, but in this country right now, you can't be too cautious.
(Laughter) I'm a biologist, and the central theorem of our subject is the theory of design, Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
It's universally accepted among professionals everywhere, of course.
If you want to know what I have to say about Darwinism itself, I think you'll need to look at my book, which you probably won't find in any bookstore outside.
(Laughter) In court cases these days, it's often argued that there's a new kind of creationism called "intelligent design," or ID.
Don't be fooled there is nothing new in ID
It's just a new name for creationism, and I would dare say it's been rebaptized. (Laughter) For tactical and political purposes.
The argument of the so-called ID theorists is the same old one that has been refuted over and over again, from Darwin's time to today.
(Laughter) In fact, educated theologians, led by the Pope, are very strong proponents of evolution.
Kenneth Miller's book, "Finding Darwin's God," is one of the most effective attacks against intelligent design that I know of, but it's even more effective if it's written by a devout Christian. because
People like Kenneth Miller deserve to be called a godsend by the evolutionary lobby -- (Laughter) -- because they're debunking the allegation that evolution is effectively equivalent to atheism.
But here I want to say something good about creationists.
(Laughter) I think they're absolutely right about one thing.
As I said, many evolutionists are also religious, like the Pope, but I think they're fooling themselves.
I believe that a true understanding of Darwinism undermines faith in religion.
(Laughter) Complexity is the problem that all biological theories must solve, but you can't solve it by assuming more complex existence.
What makes Darwin's theory of natural selection so amazingly elegant is that it solves the problem of explaining complexity with only simplicity.
God's Theory Isn't Just A Bad Theory
So we're used to not challenging religious ideas, and it's interesting to see how much frenzy Richard causes when he does." This Richard is me, not him.
Religion teaches them to accept authority, revelation, and faith instead of always sticking to evidence.
Now, there's a classic scientific journal called the Quarterly Review of Biology.
The first paper is a standard scientific paper that presents a variety of evidence: "Iridium layers at the KT boundary and potassium-argon dating craters in the Yucatán Peninsula show that dinosaurs were wiped out by meteorites."
"No, I don't know if atheists should be considered citizens, I don't know if they should be considered patriots.
It's one country under God."
(Applause.) What is an atheist, really?
An atheist is simply someone who feels about Yahweh the way Christians feel about Thor and Baal and the golden calf.
As I said before, we are all atheists to many of the gods that have so far attracted human worship.
(Laughter) (Applause) No matter how we define atheism, it should be a permissible academic belief, not a non-patriot, a non-national who is promised to lose an election.
All of this stems from the perception that atheists are a strange, eccentric minority.
Of course, Christianity makes up the vast majority, about 160 million people.
But what do you think is the second largest group? 2.8 million Jews, 1.1 million Muslims, more than Hindus, Buddhists, and all other religions combined.
The second largest group, numbering about 30 million people, is called the non-religious or secular.
I can't help but wonder why politicians who want more votes are so famously intimidated by forces like the Jewish Lobby that the Israeli situation is exactly the American Jewish vote. It seems to exist, but on the other hand, the non-denominational have been politically forgotten.
The secular, non-denominational vote, if properly mobilized, is nine times the Jewish vote.
Why doesn't this substantial minority mobilize to exercise its political power?
Mensa, as you know, is an international organization for people with very high IQs.
And from a meta-analysis of the literature, Bell concludes, citing "43 studies of the relationship between religious beliefs and a person's level of intelligence or education, conducted since 1927. shows inverse correlations except for only four
About 20% are agnostic, and the rest can be safely called atheists.
Among biologists, the figure is even smaller, with only 5.5% of them believing in God, compared to 7.5% of physicists.
The philosophical view of the nature of the universe, which the majority of American scientists believe, and perhaps the majority of intellectuals as well, is anathema to the American electorate, and it is believed that this view will be held in public in popular elections. not a single candidate dares to affirm
To put it bluntly, America's political opportunity is heavily burdened against intelligent and honest people.
(Applause.) I'm not a citizen of this country, and I hope it doesn't come across as rude when I suggest that something should be done.
(Laughter) I think I've already hinted at what that is.
What we need is an American atheist coming out movement to raise awareness.
Most of the time, people who come out will destroy the myth that there's something wrong with atheists.
This may also show non-linear threshold effects
I think the term 'agnosticism' is generally the most appropriate to describe my state of mind."
Aveling was a militant atheist. He tried to dedicate a book on atheism to Darwin, but failed to persuade him to accept it. Incidentally, this is where Karl Marx tried to dedicate "Capital" to Darwin. A popular myth was born, and in fact it was Edward Aveling, not Marx, who tried to do so.
As for the truth, Aveling's mistress at the time was Marx's daughter, and after Darwin's and Marx's death Marx's papers were mixed up with Aveling's and said, "Dear Sir, I am very grateful to you for dedicating your book to me. I don't want you to." Darwin's letter was mistakenly thought to be addressed to Marx, and that's what triggered this myth that you all know.
Anyway, it was Aveling, and Darwin challenged Aveling when they met.
"Why do you call yourself an atheist?"
"But why should we be so aggressive?" Darwin complained.
(Laughter) Anyway, that happened over 100 years ago.
Now about an intellectual renounced Jewish friend who happens to celebrate the Sabbath because he wants to preserve cultural cohesion, and describes himself as a "tooth fairy agnostic." I am
like god
Hence the term "tooth fairy agnostic".
Bertrand Russell made a similar opinion, using the hypothesis of a teapot orbiting Mars.
This is why a friend of mine uses the term "tooth fairy agnostic" as a label to refer to so-called atheists.
But if we want people who are deep down to be an atheist to come out in public, we need something better on our banner than "tooth fairy" or "teapot agnostic." and
What about "Humanist"?
One of the things we learned from Darwin is that humans are but one of millions of species, some close and some distant.
(Laughter) I think the best alternative to "atheist" is simply "non-theist."
When atheists like Stephen Hawking and Albert Einstein use the word "God," they are, of course, metaphorically using it as a convenient abbreviation for the depths and mysteries of physics we still don't understand. pointing to a specific area
But if you can do it with the scary word "atheist," the political repercussions will be much greater.
Now, if I were a religious person, I said I would be very afraid of evolution. Let me take it a step further, if I got it right, I would be afraid of science in general.
"No, no, no! My God is a little God, but I want him to stay that way.' Religions, old and new, that emphasize the magnificence of the universe as revealed by modern science, are a storehouse of awe and reverence untapped by traditional beliefs. I wonder if we can bring out the
Now, you're an elite audience here, and I'm guessing about 10% of them are religious.
Many of you probably agree with the polite cultural belief that religion should be respected.
But I suspect that many of them, deep down, despise religion as much as I do.
Religious lobbies in this country are heavily funded by foundations like the Templeton Foundation and the Discovery Society, not to mention the tax benefits.
If my book sold as much as Stephen Hawking's instead of Richard Dawkins', I'd do it myself.
Let's all stop paying ridiculous respect
thank you
(applause)
Imagine a big explosion while climbing over 900 meters
Two minutes later, three things happened at the same time.
I don't want to postpone anything in my life anymore
My only goal in life is to be a good father.
How would you change your relationship? How do you change negative energy?
Above all, are you doing your best as a parent?
thank you
(applause)
Do you want to become more attractive and confident?
Or perhaps you've always wanted more creativity.
(audience: Creativity) Creativity
how is longevity
It's the majority. As a doctor, I'm very happy.
Or is it possible
Evolution is a recurring subject here at TED, but today I want to share with you my perspective as a doctor.
(Laughter) But if you're going to accept biological evolution, think about this: Is it just the past, or is it the future?
This is another way of looking at the tree of life
One of the branches, the human part, is, of course, where we're most interested.
We diverged from a common ancestor with modern chimpanzees about six to eight million years ago.
We have been in this world for about 130,000 years.
This is not human insulin, but it is the same protein, chemically indistinguishable from the protein produced by the human pancreas.
Speaking of bacteria, have you noticed that we have more bacteria in our gut than there are cells in our bodies?
about 10 times more
So think about it, when Antonio Damasio asks you about your self-image, do you think about bacteria?
Our gut is a wonderful and hospitable environment for bacteria.
Other than that, you're a wonderful environment for bacteria, just as we need them in our lives.
but what about the future
Or are we destined to change into something else, perhaps even more adapted to our environment than ever before?
So let's go back in time a little bit to the Big Bang, 14 billion years ago, the formation of the Earth and the solar system, about 4.5 billion years ago, about 3 to 4 billion years ago, when the first protists appeared on Earth, about 800 million years ago to 10 years ago. Multicellular organisms emerged 100 million years ago, and humans finally emerged 130,000 years ago.
(Laughter) Now, when I was a freshman in college, I took my first biology class.
The grace and beauty of biology fascinated me.
I became obsessed with the power of evolution and realized something very fundamental: in most real life, in single-celled organisms, each cell divides and all of that cell's genetic energy goes to both daughter cells. inherited
In fact, it might be said that the inevitability of death in our bodies appears simultaneously with sexual reproduction in the course of evolutionary time.
One night there was a knock in his hotel room.
(Laughter) As a doctor, I realized that I was working towards a goal, but it was different from the evolutionary goal. Not a contradiction, just different.
Evolution is about passing the genome on to the next generation, adapting, and surviving through generations.
It's the only test of survival and success.
What does this mean? When we look back at what happened in the course of evolution, and rethink our place in evolution, and especially when we foresee the next stage, I think there are several possibilities. exists
As for "isolation," if we, as a species, migrate to different planets, we'll have "isolation," and environmental changes can cause evolution in a natural way.
But there's still a third possibility, and it's an intriguing and terrifying possibility.
It's not necessarily good for society, but that's what individuals and their families are choosing to do.
The Human Genome Project started in 1990 and took 13 years.
It was completed in 2004, and the year after that, you were able to do the same thing for $20 million in three to four months.
Today, you can have a complete sequence of 3 billion base pairs of the human genome in a week at a cost of about $20,000.
It won't be long before the human genome hits $1,000 and is ready for everyone.
Just a week ago, the National Academy of Engineering presented the Draper Prize to Francis Arnold and Willem Stemmer, two scientists who independently developed a technology that hastened the natural processes of evolution to produce favorable proteins. bring it about in an efficient way, which Francis calls "directed evolution."
Two years ago, Shinya Yamanaka was awarded the Lasker Prize for his work, where he took fibroblasts, adult skin cells, and manipulated four genes to induce them to become pluripotent stem cells. A pluripotent stem cell can become any cell in the body.
The exact same technology that makes human insulin in bacteria can make a virus that not only protects you from that virus, but also makes antibodies against other viruses.
You can change the cells in your body, but what if you could change the cells of your descendants?
What if we could change the sperm and the egg, or what if we could change the fertilized egg to give our offspring a chance at a healthier life, we could rid ourselves of diabetes and hemophilia, we could even reduce the risk of cancer?
When we get to the point where we can give it to the next generation and have the traits we want, the old evolution will turn into the new evolution.
We can compress a process that would normally take 100,000 years into 1,000 years, maybe even 100 years.
These are the choices your grandchildren and their grandchildren will have.
And most importantly, can we acquire the wisdom that we need to make these choices wisely, and can we pass on that wisdom?
thank you
(applause)
There aren't many good words for the concepts I'm going to talk about.
When you make a personal decision to put a burglar alarm in your home, when you make a national decision to invade a foreign country, you're making a trade-off, whether it's money, time, convenience, functionality, or radical freedom.
You've probably heard over the last few years that the world is safer because Saddam Hussein isn't in power.
The question is, was it worth it?
There are also different views on politics.
Imagine a rabbit eating grass in a field
the rabbit finds the fox
So the rabbit will make a security trade-off, "Should I stay or should I run?"
Rabbits that are good at making trade-off decisions will survive and reproduce, and rabbits that aren't will be eaten or starved to death.
I think this is a very interesting question
Feeling and reality are often the same
Perception of risk is subject to a number of biases.
this is for children
Bin Laden is more feared because he has a name
Fourth, people underestimate risk in situations they can control and overestimate risk in situations they don't.
There are many other cognitive biases that influence our risk judgments.
There's something called the availability heuristic, which is basically guessing the availability of something based on how easy it is to imagine.
If you hear a lot about tiger attacks, there must be plenty of tigers around.
(Laughter) If an event is common, it's no longer news.
These are the risks you're worried about in car accidents and domestic violence.
And we are the storytelling species
And this cognitive bias acts as a filter between us and reality.
I've written a lot about "security theater," something that makes people feel safe but doesn't do anything.
If the economy, if the market promotes security, and if people make trade-offs based on comfort, then the best thing companies can do to stimulate the economy is to make people feel secure.
there are two ways to do that
We all know the crime rate in our neighbourhood, because we live there, and it's basically what it feels like.
If you don't understand the risks and costs, you're going to make the wrong trade-off decisions.
In a primitive, simple world, there's no reason to have a model at all, because the sensations are so close to reality.
you don't need a model
But in today's complex world, we need models to understand the many risks we face.
you need a model to understand
he was born there and he knew how to survive
(Laughter) because we have different models based on our own experiences.
Think of the model of terrorism, or the model of child abduction, or aviation safety, or road safety.
Models can also emerge from industry
There are also many models coming from science.
The health model is a great example
Think cancer, bird flu, swine flu, SARS
As an example, let's go back 100 years, when electricity was just coming out, and there were a lot of concerns, and people were afraid to ring the bell.
A good example of this would be last year's swine flu.
When the swine flu first appeared, the initial information caused a lot of overreaction.
When the vaccine came out in the winter, a surprising number of people refused to get it.
I think it's up to the observer
this is not uncommon
A good example is the risk of smoking
Over the past 50 years, the risk of smoking shows how the model is changing, and how the industry is fighting against the model it doesn't want.
Compare that to the second-hand smoke argument, which came out about 20 years late.
what about seat belts
When I was a kid, no one wore a seatbelt.
What about airbags, a debate that came about 30 years late.
There's also another cognitive bias, the confirmation bias, where we tend to accept data that aligns with our beliefs and reject information that doesn't.
We can have two models in our minds at the same time, when we have cognitive dissonance in those cases where we both believe in two concepts, and ultimately.
We rely on government agencies to determine the safety of our medicines.
I didn't check the plane
A more honest way is to actually fix the model.
change comes slowly
The smoking debate took 40 years, this one was the easy one.
Information seems our best hope
In 1982, I don't know if you remember, but there was a brief Tylenol poisoning epidemic in the United States.
There was no real danger, but people were frightened.
It's completely security theater
Today, it's like putting an RFID bracelet on the newborn and a matching bracelet on the mother, so that if anyone other than the mother tries to take the baby out of the maternity ward, an alarm will go off.
Let's start with an example
You know the story of Newton's apple, right?
And it certainly wasn't impossible for Newton.
What about Einstein?
Or rather, was it within reach and possible - for Einstein, of course - was it a small step on his own scientific path?
As a physicist, as a scientist, I've learned that half the answer lies in asking the right questions.
I think we're starting to have a great conceptual framework for finding and working with the right questions.
We're going to discuss the "new", but of course we'll touch on the science behind it.
There are many ways that new things enter our lives, and they can be very personal, like meeting new people, reading a new book, listening to a new song.
It could be a new theory, a new technology, a writer could be a new book, a composer could be a new piece of music.
To experience something new is to explore a very strange space, a space of what could have been, a space of what could have been, a space of possibility.
Or it could be a conceptual space, like acquiring and understanding new information -- that is, learning.
Or it could be a biological space.
Think of the never-ending battle between new viruses and bacteria and the immune system.
It's that we're incredibly bad at grasping this space.
For example, the first weather forecast attempt failed.
this is a true story
A few months ago, this happened to a self-driving Volvo car in the middle of the Australian wilderness.
(Laughter) This is a common problem, and one that will increasingly affect artificial intelligence and machine learning in the near future.
It's an old problem from the 17th century, but I think we now have new tools and new clues to solve it.
It was winter in Rome, Italy.
The winter of 2012 in Rome was special.
What happens then?
It is continually shaped by our actions and choices.
We were very fascinated by this connection we found, that's how scientists do it.
Of course, for innovation research, we need a testable framework.
The first is about the speed of innovation, the frequency with which new things are observed in a variety of different systems.
Our theory was that the frequency of innovation should follow a universal curve, something like this.
This is good news, because missions that seemed impossible may not be so impossible, and if you follow your intuition, there will be a positive chain reaction.
(Laughter) We were able to see these patterns very clearly in the vast amount of data that we collected and analyzed.
A sensible balance, or a conservative balance, maybe I should say, a balance between the past and the future, a balance between exploitation and exploration that already exists and may be what the system needs.
Now, the other good news is that we now have the scientific tools to examine this equilibrium and push it further in the future.
As you can imagine, I was fascinated by these things.
Our mathematical methods are already giving us clues and hints for exploring, creating and exploring within the space of possibilities.
This will be the starting point for the wonderful journey of scientifically investigating the new, and also for the personal investigation of the new.
And this will have many consequences, affecting many important activities -- learning, teaching, research, business.
At the same time, we have many new tools that allow us to examine the workings of creativity and the catalysts for innovation.
thank you
(applause)
What if you could grow a battery in a Petri dish?
Nanostructures, but another thing that's fascinating is that the male and female abalones work together to pass on genetic information.
What if we could do the same with solar cells and other batteries?
My favorite biomaterial is my 4 year old.
But it wasn't until about 500 million years ago, during the Cambrian period, that life in the sea began to build hard matter.
Calcium and iron and silicon were increasing, and organisms had learned how to make hard substances.
Abalone shells use these proteins to make their shells.
This is a high-power battery that I'm growing in my lab.
Here's the battery I took with me to the White House press conference.
What we've been able to do so far is modify the virus so that it has dye-binding molecules lined up on its surface that act as antennas and transmit energy through the virus.
Another gene grows an inorganic material that splits water into oxygen and hydrogen, so we can make clean fuels.
Nanowires made by viruses
thank you
I grew up in a family of social science professionals, but I was the only weird kid who drew.
(Laughter) I did sketches of models in my mom's Sears department store catalog --
My bedroom, full of my crafts, was like my own private gallery, living in creation.
But let's be honest, my true foundation as an architect today didn't start in my bedroom art gallery, but in the conversations I had around the table at dinner with my family.
We talked about how people lived and formed relationships, from the impact urban migration had on a village in Zambia, to the complex medical needs of the homeless on the streets of San Francisco.
In fact, we share our deepest human connections in physical space.
Our life experience unfolds in physical space, even in this crazy era of texts and tweets.
Unfortunately, architecture hasn't told all of our stories equally.
(Applause) By "spatial justice," I mean understanding that to achieve justice, we need space, and that equal distribution of assets and services and their use is a fundamental human right.
In the '90s, a community group led by mothers who lived in public housing on the hill overlooking the plant fought to close it down.
Sounds like a success story, right?
For the past four years, I've been part of the diverse design team that responded to the call, working with the mothers who initiated it, other residents, local organizations, and the power company.
A few months ago there was a community meeting in the area.
People asked the question, "If I sell the land to a developer, won't they just build luxury condominiums like everywhere else?"
This zip code still suffers from the lowest per capita incomes and the highest unemployment and incarceration rates, even though it's in a city that's home to big tech companies like Twitter, Airbnb, and Uber.
And these high-tech companies are -- uhm -- actually triggering gentrification, which is rapidly transforming the identity and demographic composition of the region.
Anyone who's ever been displaced knows the pain of losing the place that held your life.
A developer, Majora Carter, once told me, "Poor people don't hate gentrification.
Acknowledge past injustices and proceed with development—maybe we can find value not only in new stories, but also in past histories.
This rethinking requires recognizing the injustices of the past and the pain and grief woven into them.
As I began to reflect on my work, I realized that pain and grief were recurring themes.
I heard it in Houston, I heard it when I worked on a project with a day laborer.
From the protests in Charlottesville and New Orleans over the removal of statues,
But that there's space for pain
We invited the residents there to record their stories for posterity.
That party was the most amazing community meeting I've ever attended.
It takes time to heal
In my work, I've traveled all over the world, but I've never been to a place where pain doesn't exist, and I've never been devoid of healing potential.
Now, as a point of talk, I could tell you five steps to healing, but I don't have the answers -- at least not yet.
In a privileged environment, we must examine our guilt, our displeasure, our sense of complicity.
Ann Marks, a nonprofit leader, once said, "Wounded people hurt people, healed people heal."
Healing is acknowledging the existence of pain and making peace with it.
Taking the first step requires courage
Have the courage to see the pain of others and the will to coexist with that pain, even if it makes you uncomfortable.
thank you
(applause)
For the past year and a half, our company, Push Pop Press, has been working with Charlie Melcher's MelcherMedia on our first full-length interactive book.
It's titled "Our Choice," and the author is Al Gore.
Zoom in to see where it was taken
This book contains over an hour of documentary footage and interactive animations.
What's really cool about this book is the interactive infographics.
this is my favorite one
(When you blow on it, the windmill in the picture spins.) (Applause) When the wind blows, the excess electricity from the windmill is stored in a battery.
You can start reading on your iPad in your living room and continue reading outside on your iPhone.
works exactly the same
This is Push Pop Press' first work, Al Gore's "Our Choice."
thank you
I have been making toys for the last 30 years.
In the early '70s, I was in college.
It was a very revolutionary time.
Anil Sadgopal, a PhD at Caltech, came back to India as a molecular biologist at a cutting-edge laboratory called TIFR.
In the early '70s, the slogan was 'Go to the people'
this was the turning point
I said, "I will spend a year here."
This hexagon, for example, is constantly changing contours like an amoeba.
Why use triangles?
A tetrahedron looks like this
I was a young engineer, 24 years old,
(Applause) In fact, if you put in four marbles, you can recreate the molecular structure of CH4 methane.
Four hydrogens, four vertices of a tetrahedron, and between them is a carbon atom.
Every time I go to school, I see the shining eyes of children
This inflates the balloon - it's a little pump.
This is how the valve was made
Well, this pump is a nice sprinkler.
This toy is made of paper, it's funny
Feynman was fascinated by this as a child.
This is the seven-color white light that Newton was talking about 400 years ago.
there is a straw
this is some kind of blown straw
the simplest motor in the world
The most expensive thing is the battery inside
With batteries it costs 5 cents
When it flows through a coil, it becomes an electromagnet.
The interaction of the two magnets rotates the motor.
The program, which started in 16 schools, has spread to 1,500 national schools.
Over 100,000 children learned science this way
There are 12 million blind children in the country. (Applause) For those who live in darkness.
It has two magnets
A pulley made by sandwiching rubber between two CDs.
And as you can see the LED lights up
We make a lot of toys like this out of newspaper.
This is a flapping bird, as you can see.
"Captain's Hat Story"
were singing and dancing
I suddenly encountered a storm and huge waves.
And so the ship sinks, and the captain loses everything, except his life jacket.
thank you
(applause)
It feels natural to us now
It was the morning of September 11th, 2001 when I found out my son was at the World Trade Center.
I knew at that point that this was a political affair.
This also led us, through human rights organizations, to meet with other victims' families.
She was the only mother in the group.
I could see in her eyes that she was a mother like I was
I got married when I was 14
I lost my first child when I was 15 and my second child when I was 16.
So I decided to tell my own story, and I want other women to get something out of my suffering.
It's up to us women, because we are women and we love our children.
we have to hold hands and do something together
I go to school and talk to Muslim girls so that they don't get married young against their will.
We hugged and cried before we even said each other's names.
And then we all sat in a circle, and people who had gone through this kind of reconciliation were there to help.
I know what suffering is, and I believe that those who commit crimes should be justly judged and punished.”
What I've learned from her is not just that she's a woman who can be generous in this situation, but also what happened before this, what happened to her son, but the life she led.
I've never met anyone who has had such a hard time in a life so different from the culture and environment that I know.
I hope the day will come when everyone can live in peace and respect each other.
(applause)
(Laughter) Think of this as a flying pixel.
This is what we call sensible design in our lab.
If you want to win races today, you'll need something like this to monitor your car in real time, with over a thousand sensors to gather information from your car and send that information to your system for processing in parallel with the information gathering. It sends the evaluation back to the car and makes changes in real time.
This is what the engineering term is called a real-time control system.
What's interesting about what I'm going to talk to you about today is that real-time control systems are beginning to make their way into our lives.
Over the last few years, our cities have become covered with networks and electronics.
It accounts for 75% of our energy consumption and contributes up to 80% of our CO2 emissions.
This is called "Talk to Me"
It's fundamentally changing the way we humans interact with our environment.
In a way, it's like Michelangelo's old dream.
And today, for the first time, the environment is starting to speak back to us.
Let's talk about sensing first.
The first project I'm going to show you is actually the first project in our lab.
So what we did was take advantage of a new type of network at the time, the mobile phone network that was deployed all over the world, from which anonymous statistical data was collected by the operator and used to understand how the city worked.
The summer of 2006 was lucky
The year Italy won the soccer world cup
Anyway Italy won in the end
here is the city
It's Zidane's headbutt moment
The next day, everyone went to the center to see the winning team, including the then prime minister.
We don't know much about where things go.
So in our project, we developed a little tag to record the movement of garbage through the system.
(♫ Music ♫) From Seattle...
There's a lot of wasted transportation, and it's complicated.
And the plastic bottles we throw away every day remain there.
Our first project was in Zaragoza, Spain, a few years ago.
The project was triggered by the mayor's question, when he came to us and told us that Spain and Southern Europe have a great tradition of using water in public buildings.
One of the ideas that was developed in the MIT workshop is imagine a pipe like this and a valve that opens and closes with a solenoid valve with a knob.
I made a water curtain using pixels made of water
We named it Digital Water Pavilion
the whole building is made of water
It has no doors or windows, but when you approach it, it opens to let you in.
Now let me tell you what happened one night, all the sensors went off.
But that night was more fun than usual.
(Video) (Voice of the People) That was very interesting to us, because as architects, engineers, designers, we're always thinking about how our users will interact with us.
reality is always unpredictable
here is the video
Each pixel receives input from people, human actions, and so on.
I have something I want to show you here for the first time.
So we worked with Roberto Bolle, the famous ballet dancer of our time, the star of the New York Metropolitan and Milan La Scala, and we used 3D capture to capture his movements and use that as input for our fly fire.
Here is Roberto dancing
If you look at the pixels on the left, you can see that we're capturing at different resolutions.
It uses both real-time 3D scanning and motion capture.
As one possible input we want to use this for Flyfire
Imagine everyone making a small donation for every pixel
This has made knowledge and everything digitized and accessible through the internet.
Today, for the first time in history, as demonstrated by the Obama campaign, we can go from the digital world to the physical world through the self-organizing power of networks.
But tomorrow, by tackling the challenges looming today, by thinking about climate change and carbon emissions, for example, how we can transition from the digital world to the physical world.
The Cloud is a cloud, it's made of pixels, and like a real cloud, it's made of particles.
Cloud particles are water, but our clouds are pixel clouds.
You can move inside and have various experiences.
thank you
(applause)
But after meeting a biologist, I started working with these materials: green tea, sugar, a few microbes, and a little bit of time.
I'm using a recipe for kombucha, which is a symbiotic mixture of bacteria, yeast, and microbes that during the fermentation process turns the cellulose into filaments.
I make about 30 liters of tea at a time and add a few kilos of sugar while it's still hot.
After three days, bubbles will form on the surface of the liquid.
They stick to each other, form layers, and form a sheet on the surface.
It can be cut and sewn in the traditional way, or it can be shaped by gluing the wet material into a three-dimensional shape.
The color of this jacket is the color of green tea itself.
It's similar to human skin, and it's intriguing.
Using iron oxidation, you can change colors without using dyes.
Microbial cellulose is already being used to heal wounds, and in the future it could be used as a biocompatible vascular or even bone cell replacement material.
But with the power of synthetic biology, it's possible that by manipulating this bacterium, we might be able to do something that produces the quality and quantity and shape that we want.
The fun of working with microbes is in their efficiency.
I'm not saying that microbial cellulose will replace cotton or leather or other textiles.
But in a time when natural resources are becoming more and more precious, I think it could be a smart and sustainable option.
Thank you very much
We are in one of the galaxies, the Milky Way galaxy.
The Milky Way galaxy has about 100 billion stars
If you just point your camera somewhere in the sky and leave the shutter open, and the camera is hooked up to the Hubble Space Telescope, you'll see something like this.
Each of these blobs is a galaxy the size of our own galaxy, with 100 billion stars per blob.
There are roughly 100 billion galaxies in the observable universe.
The age of the universe from the big bang to the present is 100 billion years in dog age.
As a cosmologist, I want to ask, "Why is the universe like this?"
One of the big clues is that the universe is changing over time.
If we take one of the galaxies and measure its velocity, it's moving away from us.
If you look at more distant galaxies, they're moving away faster.
that the universe is expanding
The universe used to be denser and warmer than it is today.
But the conditions in the days of the Big Bang were very different from the air conditions in this venue.
Gravity's pull on objects was much stronger just before the big bang.
This suggests that the early universe was not randomly selected.
Part of our understanding of this was put forward in the 19th century by the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann.
At its core, entropy is how many ways you can rearrange the constituents of a system while still looking the same macroscopically.
This is a very important insight, because it helps explain the second law of thermodynamics, which increases the entropy of the universe, and so does the isolated corner of the universe.
The reason for the increase is simply that there are more states with high entropy than low entropy.
The insight of increasing entropy is what's behind the so-called "arrow of time," the difference between the past and the future.
All the difference between the past and the future is due to the increase in entropy, the fact that we can remember the past but not the future.
The fact that people are born, live and die, that it's always in that order, is because entropy is increasing.
Boltzmann explained that it's perfectly natural for low entropy to be high, because there are more high entropy forms.
But what wasn't explained was why the entropy was low in the first place.
That's the cosmologist's mission
But if you look at it again in a billion years, it's going away even faster.
Individual galaxies are accelerating away from us, and the universe is accelerating.
Unlike the low entropy of the early universe, even if we don't understand it, at least we have a good theory, and if that theory is correct, we can explain it, which is the theory of dark energy.
According to Einstein, this energy is pushing the universe.
This is because unlike matter and radiation, dark energy does not become less dense as the universe expands.
Even if the universe gets bigger and bigger, the amount of energy per cubic centimeter of space stays the same.
This has important implications for what the future holds for the universe.
When I was your age, I didn't know what the universe was going to be like.
But if there's an endless supply of dark energy, the universe just keeps expanding forever.
The past is 14 billion years Even if the dog is 100 billion years old, the number of years in the future is infinite
It may be finite or infinite, but the universe is accelerating, and there are parts of it that we have never seen and never will.
Finally, even an empty space has a temperature.
In the '70s, Stephen Hawking said that even though black holes look dark, they emit radiation when quantum mechanics are taken into account.
Hawking and Gerry Gibbons' very similar calculations show that when dark energy is in empty space, the entire universe emits radiation.
The energy of empty space causes quantum fluctuations.
So even if the universe goes on forever and the density of mundane matter and radiation diminishes, constant radiation and thermal fluctuations will continue to exist even in empty space.
Boltzmann studied this in the 19th century.
He said, "The entropy of the universe increases because there are more variations of high entropy than low entropy."
But this is probabilistic
It will probably increase, and the probability of that is very high.
And so Boltzmann said, "We can also say that the universe started in thermal equilibrium."
He didn't know about the Big Bang or the expansion of the universe
But in Boltzmann's view, we know that if we wait, eventually the random oscillations of these molecules will occasionally create low-entropy states.
What if that were true, Boltzmann came up with two very modern ideas: the multiverse and the anthropic principle.
The problem with thermal equilibrium is that humans cannot live in this state.
Because life itself depends on the arrow of time.
But there are also big fluctuations.
Carl Sagan famously said, "To make an apple pie, you first have to create the universe."
According to Boltzmann, if you want to make an apple pie, all you have to do is wait for the random movement of atoms to make an apple pie.
The probability of this happening is higher than the random movement of atoms to create an apple orchard and sugar and an oven to create an apple pie.
Feynman also understood this
If the universe is not oscillating, why was the early universe low entropy?
I showed you this picture.
For 10 billion years the universe has been expanding
But black holes aren't forever either
This empty space basically lasts forever
But as you've noticed, empty space emits radiation, and there are actually thermal fluctuations, and it cycles through all possible combinations within the degrees of freedom of empty space.
So even if it's eternity, there's a finite number of things that can happen in the universe.
Why aren't you?
so i don't know the answer
Or "The Big Bang may not have been the beginning of the universe."
This is because the egg is not a closed system, because chickens lay eggs.
Maybe there's something natural about the laws of physics that gives birth to our universe in a low-entropy form.
I was asked by the organizers to conclude with a bold speculation,
People will admit that our little universe is just one part of a larger multiverse.
Furthermore, we will be able to understand theoretically what happened in the Big Bang and compare it with observations.
I'm excited to think that one day I might know the answer
thank you
(applause)
We tend to take small things in our lives that we don't pay attention to, like pollination, for granted.
When I heard about colony collapse syndrome, the disappearance of bees, I was driven.
Many scientists say it's the most serious problem facing humanity.
like a canary in a coal mine
"But why?"
Because we realized that nature created reproduction as a mechanism to propel life forward, the force of life that runs through all living things, turning it into a link in the evolution of life.
Rarely seen with the naked eye, it's an amazing moment when the animal world meets the plant world.
(music) (applause) Thank you.
Thank you very much
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
My long road to becoming a polar photographer began when I was four years old when my family moved from southern Canada to northern Baffin Island, near Greenland.
Snow and ice were my sandboxes and the Inuit were my teachers.
It's pure white, but it's not a polar bear.
It's called Spirit Bear or Kermode Bear
My childhood dream came true, and I spent the whole day walking in the forest with a bear.
I'm thrilled to be able to show you the photos from that time and the work I've done in the polar regions.
thank you very much
There's been a lot of news that the sea ice is disappearing, and that it's at its lowest point.
I want people to understand that if we lose ice, we lose whole ecosystems.
Polar bears are also expected to become extinct within 50 to 100 years.
Polar bears are excellent hunters
It's different from the harbor seals around here.
Ringed seals also spend their entire lives associated with sea ice.
They give birth in the ice and eat the Arctic cod under the ice.
We're diving in the Beaufort Sea.
When the sun comes out in the spring, phytoplankton grow under the ice, and then seaweed grows, and then zooplankton emerges to eat them.
Losing ice is like losing soil from a garden.
After being under the ice for about an hour.
When I came up from the bottom, I just wanted to get out of the water
(Laughter) But it's worth the effort.
I went through the hole you saw and entered the sea of ​​ice, and when I looked up at the ice from below, I felt dizzy.
It's a bowhead whale
This whale may be over 250 years old.
And the biggest threat right now is the loss of ice in the north, caused by our lifestyles in the south.
And the cod is there because of the amphipods and copepods that feed on it.
My time with the spirit bear was intense, but I don't think I'll ever have another experience like meeting that leopard seal.
Leopard seals have had a bad reputation since the days of explorer Shackleton.
(Laughter) Five days past the Drake Passage— isn't this amazing? Five days after crossing the Drake Passage, we finally reached Antarctica.
(Laughter) The seal was biting the penguin's head and swinging it around.
but he was right
I had a very dry mouth, maybe not as badly as it is now -- (Laughter)
It went on like that for four days.
(Laughter) And if that didn't work, she started putting a penguin on my head.
When she got irritated, she blew air bubbles in my face.
thank you
I'm going to talk about materials, old and new, that continue to amaze us, and that may change the way we think about materials science and advanced technology, and perhaps even contribute to medicine, global health, and reforestation in the future.
That's a bit of a bold statement.
It also has technical properties, so it could be used for microelectronics, and it could also be used for photonics.
The material is like this
This material is made of silk
The discovery process is generally inspired by nature.
Silkworms do an amazing thing, they use two ingredients, proteins from their glands and water, to create a very durable protective material, comparable to industrial fibers like Kevlar.
So how do we actually reverse-engineer this, from the cocoon back through the glands to the starting material, water and protein?
This brings us back to the basic building blocks
And we use this to make all sorts of things, like films.
The recipe is simple: pour in the silk solution and wait for the proteins to self-assemble.
And when the water evaporates and the proteins assemble, we remove the protein film.
I said that film is also technical.
what does that mean?
It means that it can be coupled with some of the typical technologies, such as microelectronics and nanoscale technologies.
And once you have these properties of a material, you can do a lot of things.
If you look at it at just the right angle, a hologram appears on the silk film.
But silk is versatile and can do more than optics
Silk LED tattoos for fashion conscious people
As you can see, silk has versatility in material form.
As I mentioned a little bit at the beginning, proteins are biodegradable and biocompatible.
This is a picture of a tissue section
What do you mean by biodegradable and biocompatible?
The idea is that if you shine a light so that the car can see you, you'll be able to see deep into the tissue, because there's reflective tape made of silk.
It doesn't taste good, so I need help
Silk acts as a cocoon of biological material in the process of self-assembly.
So if you change the recipe and add something when you pour it in -- add something to the silk solution, whether it's an enzyme, an antibody, or a vaccine -- the self-assembly process protects the biological function of these dopants.
The screw I showed you earlier can actually be used as a screw to hold broken bones together, and you can administer a drug at the same time as the bone heals.
So I made a silk card with penicillin in it.
We stored this for two months at 60 degrees Celsius, or 140 degrees Fahrenheit, and the penicillin didn't lose its potency.
That's the difference you see here.
thank you
(applause)
I wanted to save the world and make everyone happy.
When I grew up and realized that science fiction wasn't going to give me superpowers, I decided to embark on a real science journey in search of a more useful truth.
Players who weren't smiling had an average life expectancy of just 72.9 years, while those with a bright smile had an average life expectancy of about 80.
Using 3D ultrasound technology, you can see a developing fetus smiling inside the womb, even though the baby is born.
Even blind babies smile when they hear human voices.
A smile is the most basic, biologically uniform facial expression that humans have.
Paul Ekman, a leading figure in the study of facial expressions, conducted a study in Papua New Guinea where the Fore people, a tribe that had no connection with Western culture and were known for their peculiar cannibalistic practices, The situation that made you smile was the same as us
So, from Papua New Guinea to Hollywood to contemporary art in Beijing, we smile a lot and smile when we're happy or satisfied.
A study at Uppsala University in Sweden found that it's hard to frown when you see someone smiling.
Why you ask?
That's because smiling is evolutionarily contagious, and it inhibits facial muscle control.
Mimicking a smile, or actually smiling, gives us clues as to whether the smile is real or fake, so we can understand the emotion of the person smiling.
A recent study at the University of Clermont-Ferrand in France focused on mimicry, where participants were asked to guess whether a smile was real or not, and they held a pencil in their mouths to restrain the muscles they use when smiling.
(audience laughter) In addition to theorizing evolution in "The Origin of Species," Darwin also wrote the facial feedback hypothesis.
Darwin also mentions the French neurologist Guillaume Duchenne, who used electric shocks to create smiles.
According to British researchers, a single smile can stimulate the brain to the equivalent of 2,000 chocolate bars.
Unlike bingeing on chocolate, smiling more often makes you healthier.
Smiling reduces stress hormones like cortisol, adrenaline and dopamine, releases happy hormones like endorphins, and lowers blood pressure.
A study from Pennsylvania State University found that smiling not only makes you look more likeable and kinder to others, it also makes you appear more competent.
my name is amit
i grew up in india
I had a great education, and I have no complaints, but I had very little access to museums and works of art.
So when I started traveling the world and going to museums, I learned a lot.
It doesn't matter where you are, whether it's Bombay or Mexico
This is "The Starry Night" I'm sure you've never seen it like this
You can create your own museum online, and you can collect images like this and build your own collection.
maybe i shouldn't say that
the answer is no
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
I'm one of the few people who got to know him and enjoyed his existence.
I'm going to tell you about the Richard Feynman I know.
he is a philosopher
He seemed smart and made me feel like we could solve any problem together.
The students had all decided to order Feynman sandwiches ahead of time.
Can we build a machine that thinks and has consciousness like a human?
Despite all that action, there was something extraordinary about Feynman.
We liked each other and liked the same things
At some point, Dick became convinced that his personality and mine were somewhat similar.
"My real hero is my father.
He also taught me the Pythagorean theorem.
Then Feynman's eyes opened
He says that there was a time when he believed that having that kind of relationship with his father was very important in order to become a good physicist.
So let me tell you a little bit about Feynman as a physicist.
Feynman's style as a scientist was always to find the simplest, most basic solution possible to a problem.
In the 1950s, people were trying to figure out how superfluid helium behaved, and there was a theory.
It was a very complicated theory, full of very difficult integrals and formulas and calculations.
Unfortunately, the atoms in liquid helium are very close to each other.
he had a clear idea
I wasn't there at the time, but in 1968, my university was working on the structure of the proton.
The means of analysis, of course, was the Feynman diagram.
The experiment was simple: take a proton and hit it sharply with an electron.
"Let's just think of it as a swarm of partons moving at super-fast speeds."
Let me just say that I don't think Feynman liked the event.
He would have said, "I don't need it."
(applause)
It means that sensations, emotions, decisions, actions, etc., are all in your head, controlled by a computer called your brain.
What they found was that the brain is made up of hundreds of billions of cells called neurons, intricate circuits.
Human-designed computers have fewer parts, but we designed this one, so we know how it works, but the brain is made up of thousands of different types of cells, maybe tens of thousands.
They're different shapes, they're made up of different molecules, and they're all connected to different parts of the brain.
These are the cells that you see atrophy in things like schizophrenia.
called basket cells
It's one of the cells that seems to be overactive in things like epilepsy.
Each of these cells is an amazing electrical device.
How can we figure out how this circuit works?
In the 20th century, there was a lot of hope for drugs to treat brain disorders.
That's probably why most, if not all, drugs on the market cause serious side effects.
As for Parkinson's disease and cochlear implants, electrical stimulators implanted in the brain have helped some people to some extent.
There are many molecules in nature that can convert light into electricity.
Around 2004, in collaboration with Georg Nagel and Karl Deisseroth, this idea came to fruition.
Its cell membrane contains several small proteins that can convert light into electricity.
These are called channelrhodopsins
These proteins behave like the solar cells I mentioned earlier.
When stimulated by blue light, it opens tiny holes in the cell membrane and allows charged particles to enter the eye spot, which in turn emits an electrical signal in the same way that a solar cell charges up.
Now all that's left to do is take that DNA and put it into a virus-like gene therapy vector and put it into a neuron.
We did it one morning in the summer of 2004, and the first attempt was successful.
You introduce this DNA into neurons.
The neuron's own protein-synthesizing machinery assembles light-sensitive proteins and installs them in the cell like a solar panel.
this is very powerful
There are still genetic tricks to making light-activated cells.
This field has come to be known as optogenetics.
Let's take a complex network as an example, where a virus can be used to introduce a gene into only one type of cell in a dense network.
And when you shine light on the whole network, only that type of cell will activate.
For example, let's take the basket cells I mentioned earlier, the inhibitory cells that atrophy in schizophrenia.
One of the questions we've addressed is what are the signals that mediate the sensation of reward in the brain.
So, in collaboration with the Fiorillo Group, we created a simple paradigm where one side of this little box was illuminated by a pulse of light as the animal moved.
Now the question is, where in the brain can we find something to overcome this fear?
Here's a quick video showing one of the targets we're working on.
The next scene is eight minutes later.
We've spent the last few years looking back at the tree of life, looking for ways to turn off circuits in our brains.
Let's take the example of epilepsy, an overactive brain.
If drugs have not been effective in treating epilepsy, there is the option of removing parts of the brain, but that is irreversible and can have side effects.
What if we could temporarily shut down the brain until the seizures stopped, resetting the brain back to its initial state, much like a dynamic system transitions to a steady state in dynamics?
Here's an animation that illustrates the concept, and what we're hoping to do is create cells that can be turned off by light stimulation, and turn them on with light and make them inactive for the amount of time it takes to calm a seizure.
A new hope in gene therapy is the development of the adenovirus -- a virus that everyone here probably carries, but that doesn't cause any symptoms -- that's going to over 100 patients to transfer genes into their brains and bodies. has been used in
Honestly, it's still early days, but we're excited.
Blindness comes in many forms: the photoreceptors in the back of our eyes disappear.
The retina has a complex structure
photoreceptor cells are on top
During blindness, such as retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration, photoreceptor cells are atrophied or destroyed.
The eyes are transparent and the light is still passing through.
Here's a mouse trying to solve a maze problem.
The purpose of this maze is to get out of the water and onto a small platform.
We're going to introduce a blue light sensor into the central cell layer of the retina at the back of the eye to act as a camera, similar to what we did when we introduced a solar cell to make the neurons light sensitive.
There the light is converted into electricity
I think this preclinical study shows hope for what we want to achieve in the future.
We're also exploring new business models in the area of ​​neurotechnology.
thank you
(Laughter) The first step is to be able to use light instead of drugs to control seizures and epilepsy and to identify therapeutic targets.
Second, I think you said that you could now control your brain with two colors, like an on/off switch.
Ed Boyden: That's right
JE: So one day we'll be able to download and upload memories?
EB: Yeah, we're starting to work hard on that as well.
EB: Thank you
(applause)
Hello, my name is Thomas Heatherwick.
It's a picture of my mother, who ran a bead shop in London.
hospital building
This is a three-dimensional work of art with millions of meters of wire and 150,000 beads the size of a golf ball.
This is a cafe by the sea in England.
Our most recent project is the design of a biomass power plant powered by organic waste.
This area is one of the poorest areas in England.
There are 2,000 new buildings being built next to this power plant.
It has symbolic importance.
There's also room for a bar mitzvah at the top.
(audience: laughter) Because it's a power park
There are 250 pavilions
It was the largest expo in the history of the world.
250 countries were competing
(audience laughter) But the Expo is about the future of the city, and the Victorians in particular were pioneers of bringing nature into the city.
And the world's first modern public park was in London.
And trees look beautiful on everyone, and I've never met anyone who doesn't like trees.
Same with flowers
As the cloud passes by, you can see the cloud at the tip that allows light to pass through.
(Applause) We're building a building like this.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
(Laughter) And because I'm also a scholar, I put the audience to sleep for free through my talks.
Most of the time, you would think that pain is a symptom of some disease, and most of the time, it is.
This is what my patient, Chandler, pictured here, actually experienced.
As you can see she's a beautiful young woman
When I met her last year, she was 16 and wanted to be a professional dancer.
During dance practice, she fell on her arm and sprained her wrist.
Here's what her arm looked like when she visited my clinic three months after the sprain.
The pain radiated from her wrist to her hand, fingertips, elbow and up, almost reaching her shoulder.
Worst of all, she was suffering from allodynia, the medical phenomenon I just described with this feather and burner.
When you turn on the switch, the light comes on
When you turn off the switch, the light goes out too.
So you would think that the nervous system is like this.
When you tap your thumb with a hammer, the information is sent to the wiring in the arm, the nerves, of course, to the junction box in the spinal cord, where new wires, new nerves, transmit that information to the brain, where it recognizes that the thumb has been injured. To do
Normally, the junction box in the spinal cord would just connect one nerve to the next in a one-to-one fashion by emitting chemical information called neurotransmitters, but what actually happened? And neurotransmitters spill out in all directions, all over the spinal cord, interacting with other cells around them.
These cells, called glial cells, were once thought to be non-essential structures in the spinal cord that simply held together vital cells like nerves.
However, it turns out that glial cells are essential in regulating, amplifying, and even distorting the sensation of pain.
When these glial cells are activated
And that's why pain is itself a disease.
The nervous system has plasticity
Most importantly, we use demanding and sometimes uncomfortable physical and occupational therapy to retrain the nerves within our nervous system to respond normally to the activities and sensations that are part of our daily lives. use
Yesterday, I had lunch with her, who is studying dance at college here in Long Beach, and now she's an amazing dancer.
In the future, instead of the drugs that are in use today that simply obfuscate the problem and alleviate the symptoms, they will work directly at the root of the problem, and glial cells, or the glial cells that they produce, will spill out and strain the central nervous system. I believe that we can develop therapeutics that attack harmful proteins, that can distort and magnify what we call pain, plasticity.
I've been studying this phenomenon called bioluminescence for many years.
Most bioluminescence occurs in the ocean, so understanding this phenomenon is very important to understanding marine life.
I've been a bioluminescence junkie ever since I went on my first deep-sea submersible and dived deep and saw the lights dance like fireworks.
I needed a way to share my experiences directly
We had to chase it in a submersible for a long time, because the top speed of this fish was one knot, which was the same as the top speed of the submersible.
Organs under the eyes emit light
For example, this shrimp releases a chemical that emits light into the water, much like a squid or an octopus vomits ink.
This little squid has the same ability, so it's called a fire shooter.
There are many creatures in the open ocean, many of which emit light.
Some of these may have inspired the creatures in the movie "Avatar," but you don't have to go all the way to Pandora.
Some starfish also emit light
Some brittle stars emit bands of light along their legs.
This looks like a plant, but it's actually an animal.
I call it an electronic jellyfish
It's just 16 blue LEDs, but you can program different light patterns.
So what you see here is the bait box, and it's surrounded by creatures that look like sea roaches, all isopods.
It's like a chat room. Once the conversation starts, everyone joins in.
(laughs) no
thank you
(applause)
Then he said, "You're tying it wrong."
this is the weak knot
(applause)
A media theorist recently tweeted that "19th century culture will be defined by novels, 20th century culture will be defined by movies, and 21st century culture will be defined by interfaces."
We're driven by data, and when we show that data, it's a great opportunity to create interfaces that tell great stories.
People on the east coast are waking up, followed by flights from Europe arriving in the upper right.
You can see San Francisco and Los Angeles Moving towards Hawaii on the bottom left
You can zoom in further. This is Atlanta.
You can see the chaos at New York's airports, where air traffic controllers come to terms with major nearby airports.
Let's move on to the West Coast, San Francisco and Los Angeles, Nevada and Arizona, areas of low traffic.
Visualized international communications
It shows how New York communicates with other international cities.
Mechanical chess machine of Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen
So I created a drawing tool and
"I'll pay you two cents for your help," he added.
662 sheep were rejected. Those who didn't meet the criteria were kicked out of the flock.
(Laughter) The drawing time ranged from four seconds to 46 minutes.
I expected people to say, "Why do you draw sheep?"
Sheep were the first animals in the world to be bred for the mechanical processing of by-products, selectively bred for production traits, and the first animals to be cloned.
It’s important to interpret things in your own way and do something different.”
This is a scene from Charlie Chaplin's movie "Modern Times."
And it inspired a project I worked on with my friend Takashi Kawashima.
Some drew stick figures, some drew smiley faces.
In collaboration with my friend Daniel Massey
we resynthesized this song
I'm making a music video for my favorite band, Radiohead.
It came down to Rick Rubin. Rick had just finished working on Johnny Cash's last album, called "Ain't No Grave."
We collected and cut a lot of Johnny Cash's past film footage.We divided one second into 8 frames and woven in the illustrations drawn one frame at a time to complete a dynamically changing music video.
I don't have time to show you everything, so here are two short clips.
I thought it would be great to contribute to his memory.
Chris and I have been blown away by the possibilities of modern web browsers, how fast HTML5 audio and video and JavaScript can work.
(applause)
It's actually a pretty big idea.
This is a polio vaccine.
Although this is great technology,
But it wasn't always like that.
Even here in California, just a few years ago, things were very different.
People were very afraid of this disease.
People were so afraid of polio that it could lead to mass panic.
There was no cure, no vaccine.
Twenty years later, America successfully developed a polio vaccine.
In the late 1950s, it was enthusiastically hailed as a scientific miracle.
There is finally a vaccine to stop this terrible disease. This vaccine has worked wonders here in America.
Bruce Aylward: "Oh, John, polio is almost eradicated."
But the reality is that polio is still happening today.
So there was a sudden outbreak of polio in two countries on the other side of the world that hadn't had the disease in perhaps a decade.
Hundreds of people have died, including adults as well as children.
Polio remains an explosive, devastating disease.
So I would like to give you a brief introduction to the work of the Polio Partnership.
So what we are looking for is a permanent solution.
We want every child on the planet to enjoy a polio-free world, just like you.
Thus, we are trying to completely eradicate this virus.
The risks are huge, but the rewards - the economic and humanitarian rewards and the ramifications - are undoubtedly enormous.
Eradicating polio could save the poorest countries more than $50 billion over the next 25 years alone.
However, eradication of smallpox was difficult. It was extremely difficult.
But polio eradication is more difficult in many ways. There are several reasons.
First, when we started to eradicate polio about 20 years ago, more than twice as many countries were infected as when we started to eradicate smallpox.
Because it deteriorates quickly in the tropics, I put a special vaccine monitor, shown here, on each vial. The monitor shows rapid changes at high temperatures, so you can see at a glance if the vaccine is unsuitable for use in children, meaning it is no longer effective and no longer protective.
Even then, the child will have to take multiple doses of the vaccine.
We had to launch one of the biggest social movements in history.
Well, getting the polio vaccine is easy.
On the other hand, reaching 500 million people is extremely difficult.
This group of millions of volunteers has been working to eradicate polio for more than 20 years.
It took years to build the foundations for polio eradication. It took more than 15 years, much longer than planned. But once the foundation was in place, the results were astonishing.
Within the next two to three years, all three polioviruses were rapidly eradicated in all countries where polio eradication campaigns were launched. All that was left was the four countries shown here.
And by 1999, one of the three polioviruses we were trying to eradicate had been completely eradicated from the planet. The concept has been proven.
When we started over 20 years ago, the virus was causing 1,000 new cases of paralysis in children every day.
But last year the total number was 1,000.
But the most exciting part of polio eradication is, beyond geography, poverty, culture, and the presence or absence of conflict, of helping every child, every community – the most vulnerable people in the world. It is our call to the international community to deliver the most basic medical services to the world.
To make matters worse, the virus began to spread from these four countries, mainly in northern India and northern Nigeria, to much of Africa and Asia, and even to Europe, where they remained free of the disease for decades. A terrible epidemic broke out in the region.
The cruel truth is, if we don't have the will, the skills, or the money to bring even a simple oral polio vaccine to the world's most vulnerable children, the disease will paralyze them in no time. However, it means that we will again have a situation of over 200,000 people every year.
There is absolutely no doubt.
Umar also contracted polio,
Polio infects people in the world's poorest communities.
We are working with the International Committee of the Red Cross to ensure that every child is reached.
Of these, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar continue to experience polio cases. More than 500,000 children are born here every month.
As long as there are children out there paralyzed by this virus, we are reminded that our society cannot afford to provide even the most basic services to children.
This makes polio eradication the ultimate equality, the ultimate social justice.
This huge social movement to eradicate polio is doing more for children.
Eradicating polio is the right thing to do.
And our great efforts over the last 20 years are now at a crossroads.
But if we turn a blind eye now, we will miss the chance to eradicate an ancient disease forever.
Please support our activities. Now, in every corner of the globe, every parent and child can live polio-free forever and rightfully.
thank you very much.
And is the money easy to raise?
thank you very much. (BA: Hi there.) (Applause)
If you live in Iran, you will be subject to censorship, harassment, arrest, torture, and even execution.
art is our weapon
Sometimes I envy Western artists who have freedom of expression.
It was after the Islamic Revolution of 1979.
During my time away from Iran, the Islamic revolution had spread to Iran, and Iran's Persian culture had been completely transformed into Islam.
And the more I faced my own dilemmas and questions, the more I became deeply involved in the doctrines of the Islamic revolution that actually transformed the lives of Iranian women.
I found the subject of Iranian women to be quite interesting, because historically women have played a role in political change in Iran.
As an outsider, I had come to Iran to find my place, but I was not in a position to criticize the government or the ideology of the Islamic Revolution.
Thus my art became a little critical.
my knife is a little sharper
Last year, a movie called "Women Without Men" was completed.
My obsession with this book and the reason I decided to make it into a movie is that it not only immediately addressed the traditional and historical issues of being an Iranian woman, but also the issues of freedom from foreign intervention, independence and democracy. Because it also mentions four women who advocated for change, liberty and democracy during Iran's struggle for a concept.
The challenge of this film was to strike a balance between the story of politics and the story of women's issues.
Here's a snippet of the movie's characters and their images.
The green movement is happening, it was the summer of 2009, and when my film was released, there were riots on the streets of Tehran.
It's incredibly ironic, but the cry for democracy, the social justice that we tried to portray in the film, came to life in Tehran.
It caught the attention of Iranians who stood up for basic human rights and fought for democracy.
The image of women during the Islamic Revolution was one of voiceless submissiveness, but on the streets of Tehran I caught a glimpse of a new idea of ​​feminism: educated, looking to the future, not the past, sexually open and fearless. no serious feminists
These women and young men united Iranians at home and abroad and around the world.
and again they proved
Now, even though I have to work in the West, I'm proud to be an Iranian woman and an Iranian artist.
thank you
(applause)
A few weeks ago, I had the opportunity to go to Saudi Arabia.
As a Muslim, my first priority was to go to Mecca and visit the Kaaba, the holiest of Islamic temples.
In other words, men and women were all worshiping together.
When we got there, there was a male section, carefully separated from the female section.
Because the Kaaba and its ceremonies are vestiges of the earliest period of Islam, the time of the Prophet Muhammad.
Today, within what we generally call Islamic law, and especially Islamic culture, there are actually many different cultures, for example in Saudi Arabia, which is very different from where I am from, Istanbul, Turkey. .
Perhaps some of the traditions are bad habits and should be changed.
On the other hand, Westerners who see Islamic culture and know its problematic aspects should not simply conclude that it is ordained by Islam.
It is perhaps the "Middle Eastern" culture that is confused with Islam.
There is a custom called female circumcision.
However, in North Africa, animists as well as Muslims are known to have some Christian and Jewish practices of female circumcision.
The same goes for “honor killings”. It's a tragic tradition, and of course it gets a lot of attention in the Western media.
It is a tradition actually found in some Muslim communities,
There have been tragic honor killings among Armenian communities within Turkey.
Within the Middle East, many Islamic movements are prone to authoritarianism, and some so-called Islamic regimes, like Saudi Arabia, Iran, and even worse, the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, are authoritarian regimes. there is no doubt about it.
For example, in Saudi Arabia, we have a religious police.
Religious police force all citizens to follow the Islamic way of life, such as women being forced to cover their heads with the hijab, a head-covering veil. it's so dictatorial
I think the problem is political culture. We have to think about how we can change that.
One interesting thing is that most of the problems surfaced later. It is not from the Koran, which is the sacred core of Islam, but, to some extent, due to differences in tradition, intellect, and interpretation of the Koran in the Middle Ages.
These things that make up Islamic law, the problematic parts of Islamic law, were born out of later interpretations.
In the 19th century, very important reforms were carried out by the Ottoman Turks, who ruled in fact the entire Middle East at that time. It gave Christians and Jews equal citizenship, recognized a national polity, recognized a representative parliament, and promoted religious freedom.
Therefore, the last decades of Ottoman Turkey transitioned to a model of democracy, a constitutional monarchy. At that time, freedom was of great political importance.
This question needs careful discussion.
In the early 20th century, with the demise of the Ottoman Turks, the entire Middle East was colonized.
The West, at least some powers within the West, especially the United States, have made the mistake of supporting such narrow-minded dictators. They thought it would be beneficial to them.
In 1950, it had its first free and equal elections. With that, the dictatorial and vulgar political system came to an end. It was the beginning of Turkey.
Devout Muslims in Turkey learned that voting can change politics.
They wanted democracy, they wanted freedom.
they just said: , “I want freedom. I want democracy.
It's just that it's a promising time in the Islamic world right now.
They just need to be allowed to work.
(applause)
It was previously thought impossible for a blind person to drive a car safely on their own.
In 2007, our team came third in this competition and won half a million dollars.
What the NFB wanted was not a car that could transport blind people, but a car that blind people could make decisions for and drive.
So we had to throw everything away and start over.
It was an absolutely wonderful experience
The prototype worked well, so we took the next step and started building a real car that could drive on real roads.
How does it work?
It's a pretty complicated system, but let me simplify it and explain it to you.
For that we use the initial measurement unit
Then we detect lanes with two cameras,
The system is smart enough to determine the safest way to drive.
To do that, we've developed a wide variety of non-visual interface technologies.
Both DriveGrip and SpeedStrip are very effective
AirPix is ​​a good example of a non-visual interface that conveys information.
It's a little tablet with lots of holes, and the compressed air that comes out of those holes creates images.
You might want to change the frequency of the airflow or the temperature.
It's a multidimensional user interface.
Here's a simulator with a blind person driving an AirPix.
Simulators are great for practicing blind drivers, but they can also be used to quickly experiment with non-visual user interfaces.
Just a month ago, on January 29th, we unveiled this car at the Rolex 24 race at the famous Daytona International Speedway.
the first box comes
(Applause) Since I started this project, I've received hundreds of letters and emails and phone calls from people all over the world.
This car is a prototype, and it won't be put on the road until it's as safe as, if not better than, the cars we have today.
Combined with the new interface, it could also make cars safer for sighted people.
Imagine a classroom in which the teacher writes on the blackboard, and through a non-visual interface, a visually impaired student can read it.
What I've shown you today is just the beginning.
thank you very much
(applause)
It was a little too funky, so we decided to bring in a little more feminine side, so we went with a duck, which made it more appropriate.
Our studio in Bali was just 10 minutes from a forest where monkeys live, and of course monkeys are supposed to be the happiest of all animals.
And as a result, men and women reported very similar levels of happiness.
This is a quick overview of all the studies I've seen.
black people are just as happy as white people
Whether you're ugly or you're really, really good looking, it doesn't matter in the slightest
So the women on the right are actually much happier than the men on the left, because whether or not you have a large number of friends and meaningful friendships has a huge impact.
Plus, being married seems to make you happier than being single.
My fellow TED speaker Jonathan Haidt came up with this beautiful little analogy between the conscious and the unconscious.
I look at my own life. I was born in Austria in 1962.
If I had been born over 100 years earlier, I would have made a big decision in my life, and that would have been to stay where I was born. I would probably have the same job as my father. would have been married to
We live where we want, not least in the West
we become what we are interested in
It's very surprising, but for most of us, we make those decisions of unconscious influence, almost without realizing it.
they are influenced by things they are unaware of
If I make all of these things a little more personal and see what makes me happy as a designer, the simplest answer, of course, is to do more of the things I like to do and less of the things I don't like to do. It will help you know what you really want to do there.
It just came out six months ago and is currently gaining incredible traction in Germany.
And I think his widow will succeed in that pursuit.
In this case, it's a giant screen like Times Square in the exterior plan for Singapore.
And from that point of view we turned it into a lovely project
thank you
(applause)
How many creationists are there in this group?
Yet many Darwinists are a little apprehensive and want to know the limits of how far Darwinism can go.
beaver dam yes no hoover dam
Interestingly, people are resistant to the idea of ​​applying evolutionary thinking to the way we think.
You are in the forest or in the meadow where you see an ant crawling on a blade of grass.
yes it's a fluke lancet fluke
it's a small brain worm
It's a parasitic brain worm that lives in the stomachs of sheep and cows to continue its life cycle.
Salmon swim upstream to reach their spawning grounds, and lancet flukes hijack passing ants, burrow into their brains, and drive across leaves like off-road vehicles.
The ant's brain was hijacked by a brain-infecting parasite that induced suicidal behavior.
Has it ever crossed your mind that Islam is "surrender" or "sacrifice self-interest to the will of Allah"?
Yes, it's ideas, not bugs, that hijack our brains.
Now, am I saying that parasitic thoughts have taken over the brains of a significant minority of the world's population?
(Laughter) There are tons of ideas worth dying for.
Freedom If you're from New Hampshire...
(Laughter) Justice Truth Communism
Many for Catholicism and many for Islam
These are just a few examples of ideas worth dying for.
The host works hard to spread these ideas to others.
The secret to happiness is to find something more important than you and give your life to it
Genetic interests subordinated to other interests.
On the one hand, it has a very large biological impact.
So what theory are we using to look at this?
There are many theories, but what ties them all together?
Richard Dawkins, you can hear his story later, invented the word "meme," and first introduced this idea in his book, "The Selfish Gene," in a very clear and vivid way.
now i'm talking about his idea here
now it's everyone's idea
I'm responsible for how I say my memes.
In fact, we are all responsible for not only the intended effect of an idea, but also the potential for misuse.
So it's important to Richard and me that these ideas aren't abused or misused.
It's easy to misuse, which is why it's dangerous.
but there is a problem
The bottom line is that memes are like viruses.
That's what a virus is! Can you make a meme out of something like that? "
Yesterday Nicholas Negroponte talked about virus telecommunications, so what is a virus?
What are memes made of? What are the bits made of, Mom?
They are made of information and can be carried on any physical medium.
When asked, "Do memes exist?"
there are different species of memes
Simple and beautiful furniture?
This is how ideas can live on despite the fact that they're not genetically transmitted.
After all, the Shaker Kingdom meme was basically a sterilizing parasite.
There are other parasites like this -- that make the host infertile.
it's part of their plan
In Jared Diamond's wonderful book, "Guns, Germs, and Steel," he states that it was germs, rather than guns and steel, that conquered the new hemisphere, the Western Hemisphere, and the rest of the world.
And they wiped out the local population, who had no immunity to these pathogens.
Yesterday, a lot of people, including Nicolas Negroponte, talked about all the wonderful things that happen when our ideas spread thanks to all these new technologies around the world.
But among all these ideas that inevitably go global because of that technology, there are also toxic ideas.
Sayyid Qutb was one of the fanatical founders of Islam and one of the dreamers who inspired Osama bin Laden.
These memes are spreading all over the world and they're wiping out entire cultures.
But what we have to realize is that for many people around the world, it's a big deal.
So how do you tell good memes from bad memes?
That's not the job of memetics
If you had a friend who died of AIDS, you would hate HIV.
But the way to deal with it is to do it scientifically, to understand why and how it spreads from a morally neutral point of view.
get the facts
I think I fall into this category, as do many other experimental quantum physicists, who need logic to organize the complex ideas of quantum physics.
That was the physics of a few years ago, and we need quantum mechanics to explain the tiny particles.
This is the first physical object visible to the naked eye that has been mechanically put into a state of quantum superposition.
What you're looking at right now is a tiny computer chip.
You can see the green dot in the middle
Here is a picture of the object
What you're looking at now is a little hunk of metal with a bulge that looks like a diving board.
I made this the same way a computer chip is made.
In the final step, I had to build a machine to create a swimming pool-shaped hole under the device.
This device is capable of entering a state of quantum superposition, but it needs a little help.
Inanimate objects as passengers aren't just people, they're the light that comes in, the wind that blows in, the heat in the room.
We turned off the lights, removed all the air with a vacuum, and cooled it to a temperature near absolute zero.
Instead of being completely still, it was vibrating, and the vibration was like breathing, like the lungs were expanding and contracting.
What does it mean for an object to be vibrating and non-vibrating at the same time?
think about the atom
What this means is that all the atoms are in two different places at the same time, and the whole chunk of metal is in two different places.
i think this is really cool
(Applause) It's been worth the years of being locked up in a clean room, because listen to me, the difference in scale between an atom and that hunk of metal is the difference in scale between that hunk of metal and you. roughly the same
So I had to form a new intuition, that all the objects in the elevator were in fact pure quantum objects, just in a small space.
We often hear that in quantum mechanics everything is interconnected.
But it's not quite right
It's not just that, it's much deeper.
thank you
(applause)
Because I thought that when I got to Palm Springs, I would find everything I wanted to wear.
let's start on sunday
It was $55 for the whole thing, including the jacket, and this was the most expensive style of the week.
monday colors are powerful
Physiologically, it's almost impossible to be in a bad mood if you wear red pants.
thursday confidence is the key
But I didn't understand what this meant until I was 30.
thank you
(Applause) Friday, the truth of all things - a message for you Gold sequins go with anything
Because the lesson I'm trying to learn this week is that it's okay to let go.
Thank you very much
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
We have a lot of data, a lot of power.
Think about World War II, the great engineers of the time and the great physicists who worked on nuclear physics, fission and fusion.
android
(Laughter) The next question is a little more challenging.
Kant
mill
You know more about mobile operating systems, but what we really need is a moral operating system.
How in the world can we use numbers as a moral standard?
Plato had many of the same worries as we do.
I want knowledge, not opinions
I want to know the truth about justice, just as there is truth in mathematics.
If you have 2 of something, add 2 more and you get 4
So it's not a matter of opinion
Plato wondered what if ethics was like mathematics?
What if there is such a thing as pure justice?
as ambitious as we are
If you think this way, you too have a Platonic morality.
but don't give up
What if morality, or what makes something moral, is what maximizes pleasure and minimizes pain?
Let's take an example
He says we should use our reason to identify the rules that guide our actions, and then it's our duty to follow those rules.
ethics are hard
Ethics demands thought
Hannah Arendt said, "Alas, most evil in the world is not done by those who are determined to do it.
This she called "the banality of evil"
let's do it let's think
do it at lunch
Find an artist, a writer, an unlikely philosopher, and talk to them.
find someone in the humanities
A few days ago, hundreds of people gathered across the street from here.
You might be wondering, what does 17th-century French theater have to do with venture capital?
When you think about it this way, you become more sensitive about caring for people, which is important for ethical decisions.
Based on Norse mythology
Now that we have this much power, it's up to us to decide what to do with it, and that's good news.
this is our movie
thank you
(applause)
As a child growing up in Montana, I had two dreams.
I was lucky early in my career.
I usually practice finding money on the street
(Laughter) I think it's this social aspect that appealed to Michael Crichton.
Michael Crichton was also the first to advocate bringing dinosaurs back to life.
You know the story
You put the DNA into an ostrich egg or something, and you wait a little bit, and you see, a baby dinosaur is born.
And then the social dinosaurs act socially, band together, and start colluding.
(Laughter) (Applause) Or maybe just trees.
When this movie came out in 1993, I got a grant from the National Science Foundation to try and extract DNA from a dinosaur, and I chose the one on the left, Tyrannosaurus Rex, which is a very nice specimen.
A student of mine, Dr. Mary Schweitzer, has a background in doing this sort of thing.
We got the 65-million-year-old heme.
We haven't found the oldest dinosaur yet, so we don't know how long dinosaurs would live.
This is the first soft tissue from a dinosaur.
By the way, birds are dinosaurs
birds are living dinosaurs
(Laughter) As you can imagine, this is our problem.
chicken is a dinosaur
(Laughter) (Applause) But the sixth graders will demand,
"Well, fix the chicken."
(Laughter) I'm here to tell you how to fix a chicken.
It's a way of taking a gene from one animal and introducing it into another.
You know, on rare occasions, human babies are born with tails, and that's because of their ancestral traits.
Snakes with legs are sometimes born
Matthew Harris, a fellow at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has figured out how to activate the tooth gene, and he's actually expressed the tooth gene and made chickens with teeth.
you can make a chicken with teeth
better than a glowing chicken
If you look at dinosaur hands, Velociraptor has a nice clawed hand.
This is the other gene we're looking for.
(Laughter) It's a cool chicken.
(applause)
I never studied sculpture, engineering, architecture.
After college, I applied to seven art schools, all of which were unsuccessful.
I chose to become an artist on my own terms, and spent 10 years painting until I was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to study in India.
I had to do something
This fishing village is famous for its sculptures.
When I went for a walk on the beach, I saw fishermen hoisting their nets on the sand.
For two years, I searched and searched for a fiber that could withstand UV rays, salty winds and air pollution, but still be soft enough to sway in the wind.
I found an amazing aeronautical engineer, Peter Heppel, who designs sails for American yacht racing.
(Laughter) I didn't know where to start, but I said yes.
14 years ago, I was looking for beauty in traditional crafts.
I got a call the other day from a friend who lives in Phoenix.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
thank you
(applause)
There are billions of people in the developing world who don't have a single city to host them.
But the great thing about cities is that they are worth far more than they cost to develop.
In the summer of 2009, Honduras was hit by a bitter political crisis.
In the next regular election, Pepe Lobo won a landslide victory, promising redevelopment and mediation.
he asked Octavio to become chief of staff
Meanwhile, I was preparing to speak at TEDGlobal.
Through a process of tinkering and trial-and-error user testing, we were trying to boil down the difficult idea of ​​a charter city to its fundamental elements.
We often focus on new technologies, but in order to progress, we need rules in addition to technology, and it's the rules that often get in the way of us.
A friend from Guatemala sent Octavio a TEDTalk link in the fall of 2010.
he showed it to Javier
They said, "Let's show this to our country's leader."
And we met in a hotel conference room in Miami in December.
At that time, the discussion was relatively abstract, and in a pause, Octavio said, "Paul, why don't you watch the TEDTalk?"
(Laughter) The TEDTalk was talking about a charter city in very simple terms, and it starts with an uninhabited land, and the articles of incorporation set out the rules that apply to it, and the options you have to live by those rules. to provide people
Here's a picture of Denver, bordered by the new airport being built in Denver.
This airport alone occupies 100 square kilometers
I sat down and they played me a TEDTalk.
Immediately after that, on January 19th, Congress voted on a constitutional amendment to provide for a provision for special development zones.
The vote on this constitutional change was 124 to 1 in a country that had just gone through a painful crisis.
All parties, all factions supported this.
And on February 17th, it also passed with a vote of 114 to 1.
one is korea
Here's a picture of the new center of the newly created city in South Korea, bigger than downtown Boston.
Many of them are fathers who need to leave their families and go to work, and some are single mothers who need money for food and clothing.
So what's the idea of ​​building a whole new city in Honduras?
What's the idea of ​​giving every family a choice of multiple cities competing for residents?
It's an idea worth spreading to the world.
(applause)
In another couple, a sperm with an X chromosome meets the egg's X chromosome.
For example, the SRY gene on the Y chromosome of a person with XY chromosomes dictates that the gonadal primordium that we all have as a fetus becomes the testes.
Fetal testes secrete testosterone
This is called androgen insensitivity
Another example: A few years ago, I got a call from a 19-year-old man who was born a boy, was raised as a boy, had a girlfriend, had sex with a girl, lived a life as a man, and found out he had ovaries and a uterus.
It was an extreme case of something called congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
He had the XX chromosome, and while in the womb his adrenal glands were so active that they created an androgen environment.
Some people with XX chromosomes have what's called ovotesticles, where the ovarian tissue is lined with testicular tissue.
Race is also much more complicated than the terminology implies.
For example, humans and chimpanzees share at least 95% of their DNA.
They were racist and sexist, but they were great people.
Because of the events of 1776 brought about by the founding fathers.
The monarchs of the Old World didn't have the concept of DNA, but they did have the concept of birthright.
If you look at the Founding Fathers, it's clear that many were interested in science, and they were interested in a naturalistic conception of the world.
They moved away from the supernatural interpretation and rejected the concept of supernatural power, power that was transmitted because of the vague notion of birthright.
Then came civil rights activism, notably Sojourner Truth, who said, "Am I not a woman?"
The same thing can be seen in the disability rights movement.
Of course, there's a problem. As we start to look at commonalities, we have to start asking why we keep certain divisions.
Because she was born three months before her due date, Mary gets all the rights three months before Henry does: consent to have sex, the right to vote, the right to drink.
There seems to be a pragmatic response in our culture that says, "We're drawing the line because we have to draw it somewhere."
At one point in Texas, they decided that marrying a man meant they didn't have a Y chromosome, and marrying a woman meant they had a Y chromosome.
This is also a very strange story, because, as I mentioned at the beginning, there are examples of things like androgen insensitivity.
I want to think about the possibilities of what democracy might have looked like if mothers were more involved.
With that in mind, we have an interesting situation at hand.
Many years ago, when I was in graduate school, my supervisor, who knew that I was interested in feminism, and I thought I was a feminist then and now, asked me a strange question.
Feminism is about breaking down gender stereotypes, there's nothing feminine about it.
Maybe there's something about the average female brain that's different from the male brain, something that cares more about complex social relationships and vulnerable people.
thank you
(applause)
And yet, even though everything seemed fine for John, he was still struggling with drug addiction and depression.
On the night of June 11, 2003, he climbed to the edge of the Manhattan Bridge fence and threw himself into dangerous water.
Amazingly—no, miraculously—he lived.
In one study, 19 out of 20 people who attempt suicide fail.
But people who fail are 37 times more likely to succeed the second time.
I know John well because I am John.
It's worth discussing, and it's an idea worth spreading.
thank you
(applause)
I met Harriet a few years ago when I attended the TED Conference in Long Beach.
We were introduced through a mutual acquaintance named Linda Avey, founder of the first online personal genetics company.
We gave Linda her genetic information, so she knew that Harriet and I were both distant cousins ​​with the rare mitochondrial DNA type haplotype K1a1b1a.
When I met Harriet at TED the following year, she ordered one of our haplotype t-shirts.
What does this have to do with the future of health?
The way I met Harriet is an example of how rapidly evolving cross-disciplinary technologies will impact our lives in the future, from low-cost genetic analysis to powerful bioinformatics applications and the Internet. and connection with social networks, etc.
we often think linearly
As a doctor and an innovator, I can tell you that by maximizing the use of these technologies, we can have a profound impact on the future of health and medicine, and we can address some of the most important problems in today's healthcare, like high-cost healthcare and aging populations. The underutilized information, the fragmented healthcare supply, and the often difficult acceptance of innovation.
What we can do is move this curve to the left.
We spend most of our money in the last 20% of our lives.
If we could use that money to motivate the doctors in the health system and ourselves, could we shift the curve to the left, improve our own health, and increase our use of technology?
This is an iPhone 4
I'm a track sharer in medicine at Singularity University, which is based in Silicon Valley.
Every summer we gather about 100 highly talented students from all over the world.
Coming next month is Future Med, a program for interdisciplinary training and medical applications of new technologies.
There are over 20,000 apps on mobile phones
It's obvious from Moore's Law that computers are getting faster and faster.
Now, we can see inside the brain with unprecedented methods and precision, and we can basically reconstruct it, and perhaps in the future, we can redesign it and reverse analyze it, so that we can better understand pathologies, diseases, treatments, and so on. will be like
We can look inside the brain with real-time fMRI.
By understanding these processes and connections, we can understand the effects of therapy and meditation, and we can create more individualized, more effective psychotropic drugs.
Scanners for these applications are becoming smaller, cheaper and more portable.
let's get personal
Now we have what's called a virtual colonoscopy.
This is an example of a paradigm shift
We are advancing into an era of digital medicine that integrates biomedical IT, radio, and mobile phones.
My stethoscope is also digital, and of course there's an app for that.
We're clearly moving into the tricorder era.
Now, for about $5,000, you can get a powerful diagnostic device that fits in the palm of your hand.
Also, now is the era of iPad and even iPad2
As you may have seen, IBM's Watson defeated two Jeopardy champions last month.
Now is the era of virtual visits
This is RP7, and if I'm a hematologist, I can visit other clinics and hospitals.
We also have mirrors today that can measure your heart rate.
The future will have wearable devices in our clothes that monitor us 24/7.
Maybe years from now, when you look in the mirror, it will diagnose you.
Some of these technologies will bring us closer to our patients, give us more time, and will allow us to expand the touch that is a key component of therapeutics.
So the doctor can look inside the patient through the lens and locate tumors and blood vessels.
This can be integrated with decision support
But what about controlling other elements?
For patients with disabilities such as diplegia, there's something called a brain-computer interface (BCI), where a chip in the frontal lobe motor cortex of a quadriplegic can control a cursor, a wheelchair, and ultimately a robotic prosthesis.
These devices are getting smaller and smaller, and they're going to be introduced to more and more patients.
We are entering the era of wearable robots.
This is Amy Mullins, who lost both legs as a child, and Hugh Herr, an MIT professor who lost both legs in a climbing accident.
Clearly, obesity is booming in the wrong direction, and it's costing us a lot.
We'll also have smaller robots that can move autonomously inside the body, allowing them to do things that surgeons can't do, more non-invasively.
In the heart, pacemakers are getting smaller and easier to implant, so training intervention cardiologists isn't necessary.
Here's a prototype from Medtronic that's smaller than a dime
What if a pathologist could use a mobile phone to make microscopic diagnoses and collect that data in the cloud to improve diagnosis?
Now, this chip, developed by Steve Quake at Stanford, uses microfluidic technology.
As miniaturization continues, we're entering the age of nanomedicine, where devices can be miniaturized to design red blood cells, build microrobots that can monitor the immune system, or remove blood clots from arteries.
In the field of genomes, when it first appeared 10 years ago, it cost a billion dollars to sequence.
And when we start crowdsourcing that information, things get interesting. We're entering an era of truly personalized medicine, where we're prescribing the same best-selling drugs that don't work for certain individuals. It allows us to administer different, personalized medicines at the right time.
The data show that my risk of developing macular degeneration, a form of blindness, is almost normal.
If you upload this same data to deCODEme, you'll find, for example, that your risk of type 2 diabetes is twice the normal.
We are entering an era of systems medicine, systems biology, where all of this information can be integrated.
It should hit the market in a year or two
Yes, I'm an oncologist, and I have to say that most of what we administer is poison.
We learned at Stanford and elsewhere that we could find cancer stem cells that cause cancer to recur.
If cancer stem cells remain, the tumor will recur in months to years.
We're working to identify cancer stem cells, and we're targeting these cells for long-term cures.
We're entering an era of personalized oncology, where all the data can be aggregated and made available, where tumors can be analyzed to come up with personalized cancer drug combinations.
I've done a lot of research on stem cells.
Embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful cells
Just last year, Geron conducted the first trial of using human embryonic stem cells to treat spinal cord injuries.
It's still a phase I trial and it's progressing.
We've actually been doing clinical trials with living stem cells for 15 years, and we've studied a wide range of subjects, especially cardiovascular disease.
I've developed a device called the MarrowMiner that is much less invasive and allows you to harvest bone marrow.
It's been cleared by the FDA, so it should hit the market next year.
So where is stem cell therapy headed?
If you think about it, every cell in your body has the same DNA as it did in the embryo.
Now we can reprogram skin cells to look like pluripotent embryonic stem cells, and we can use them to treat multiple organs in the same patient, so we can have a personalized stem cell line.
We're going to integrate this with cell engineering, a rapidly growing technology that enables 3D printing of organs, using cells instead of ink, essentially reconstructing organs in 3D.
Finally, given the trends in technology and its impact on health and medicine, we are moving toward miniaturization, decentralization, and personalization.
But sometimes it's too late, like stage 3 or 4 cancer.
thank you very much
(Applause) Bow.
The reason we call them the Elders is because 500 million years ago, the Elders tripled the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere, which caused the explosion of life and the birth of all of us.
You know the creatures we call "elders" by the name "plankton."
A few years ago, I gave a talk about my invention, the 3D microscope.
He realized that his problem could be solved with my microscope.
(Laughter) We started working together and learning about this amazing creature.
This is a world without plankton
Plankton use sunlight to produce two-thirds of the oxygen we breathe.
for now
Simoni Bianco, SB: As many of you know, since 1950, the average surface temperature has risen by 1 degree Celsius because of the CO2 we emit into the atmosphere.
This increase in temperature doesn't seem like a big deal to us, but it's a big deal to plankton.
Indirect measurements show that the number of phytoplankton on Earth declined by 40 percent between 1950 and 2010, and climate change may be to blame.
Because the plankton that are alive today are cleaning that carbon out of the atmosphere.
Our theory is that plankton are so small that it's very difficult to care for organisms that are invisible to the naked eye.
To make this happen, let me take you on a scuba diving trip with Plankton.
Martin Short is my all-time favorite actor.
I was always inspired by science fiction
As an inventor, I try to turn fantasies into reality.
Some time ago, I invented a glove that allows me to travel and help you explore virtual worlds.
The image sensor I have is like the stuff behind the lens of your cell phone.
(Laughter) I like plankton.
(Laughter) Underneath, there's an LED light that casts a plankton shadow onto the image sensor.
Now, this silver thing is an XY plotter that drives the image sensor to follow the plankton as they swim.
Now comes the fantasy part
(Laughter) If you put a tilt sensor on top of this helmet, you'll be able to control the microscope with your head.
So let's take a look at the footage captured by this image sensor.
These are all plankton
This is inside the little dish, and when I move my head, I can move the microscope.
SB: Yes
let's find something
What would happen if the garbage collectors disappeared and stopped coming to us?
look at that
(Laughter) But... right?
TZ: I agree
Yet it can sense and react to its surroundings.
Together with my colleagues at the Center for Cellular Construction, and with the help of the National Science Foundation, we're using Stentor to detect the presence or absence of contamination in food and water, and I think that's really cool.
It converts sunlight and carbon dioxide into the oxygen that fills your lungs.
TZ: (exhales) SB: You did it! (Laughter) Now here's something interesting.
About a billion years ago, ancient plants acquired the ability to carry out photosynthesis by incorporating microscopic plankton into their cells.
As you can see, plankton is extremely important to our life and very much needed by us.
i know it's sad
(Laughter) In a game against plankton, you win or you die.
(Laughter) Now, what's amazing to me is that we've known about global warming for over a hundred years.
Yes, our world is built on fossil fuels, but we can build our society on renewable solar energy for a more sustainable and secure future.
It's good for these little creatures, plankton, and it's good for us, and I'll tell you why.
When you see these creatures, they're looking for places to swim around, eat, and reproduce.
The result is all sorts of conflicts over oil resources.
Fossil fuels are like global tobacco.
Audience: now
But instead, let us use our new brain, the neocortex, to save our elders, the oldest creatures on earth.
Let's apply science to harness the energy that has fueled the Elders for millions of years: sunlight.
thank you
(applause)
my mother was a philanthropist
This is my native language called Maragoli, which is spoken in western Kenya, and now you can speak my mother tongue.
Mutual responsibility to care for each other
I grew up in rural western Kenya.
I vividly recall the neighbors visiting each other's homes and, if someone was sick, harvesting crops for their family.
And often, the community would come together and give money to the kids in the neighborhood to go to college, not just in the country, but abroad.
My country's first surgeon was from that rural village.
(Applause) Yeah...
And as I grew up, I went to colleges at home and abroad, got a few degrees here and there, became a city citizen, went on to work internationally, in humanitarian and philanthropic work in development.
let me tell you how
what can we accomplish for each other?
What can we do for medical science?
give up walls
Every idea matters, small or big.
It's a privilege to give more
(Applause) It's time for women to give more to women.
It's time to give more to women
In 1990, a woman came to the Global Fund with a grand idea, and her name was Lucello Gonzalez, from Mexico.
She wanted to start a fund to support rooted activism in the Mexican community.
Today, 25 years later, that fund, called Semillas, raised $17.8 million and spent it on the community.
(Applause) It's affecting more than two million people, and we're working with a group of 600,000 women in Mexico.
I want to tell you that even long after the lights have gone out of Mexico, Semillas will have a long life with its community and its women.
Thirty years ago, very little money went directly into the hands of women in the community.
Today, we have created 168 women's funds around the world, 100 of which are in our country.
You'll find it in rural indigenous communities as well.
The first is that if you want to solve some of the world's biggest problems, you should invest in women and girls.
(Applause) Not only do they scale up their investments, they care for everyone in their community.
Women who know how to protect themselves know what it means to make a difference.
The second reason I want to invest in women and girls is because this is the smartest thing you can do in this day and age.
If we're going to have over $350 trillion by 2030, we need to put it in women's hands.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
I'm a contemporary artist, but my background is a bit odd.
I grew up in rural Arkansas, with nothing around and dirt roads, and the nearest movie theater was an hour away.
But I think it was a good environment for me to grow up as an artist, because I grew up with people who were unique and quirky and good with their hands.
For example, when my sister and I were kids, we had a competition to eat squirrel brains.
But when I was little I remember my dad killing flies in the house with my BB gun.
(Laughter) So I did.
I figured out their backgrounds, their passions in life, their artistic style, and started creating their work.
Realist painting, for example, can range from this style of the classic masters, to utterly realistic still lifes, to this kind of single-hair painting.
Perhaps the best part of this piece is at dusk and dawn, when the shadow of the earth casts in and it's dark on the ground, but there's still a bright light overhead.
It was a lot of fun, because we spent two days digging through soft soil.
The latest project is called "Weather I Made."
(Applause) This is a 1.5-foot-long, 12-centimeter-wide frost she left behind.
Next is a group of Japanese artists, Japanese (Laughter) artists in Tokyo.
(Laughter) It was one of the best compliments I've ever received.
This artist is Gus Weinmuller, and he's doing a big project called "People's Art."
This is the "love nest" project.
What he did was get wild birds to make art for him.
This one is titled "Nest of Love Song Mixtape"
(Laughter) This is "The Lovemaking Nest."
(Laughter) Next is Sylvia Slater.
So it's a valuable item made of precious metals and gemstones.
This is a duo of Michael Abemathy and Bud Holland
This is also a pile of leaves
This picture of a snake in a box is an example.
(Laughter) The next artist is Hazel Clausen.
This is also the symbol of their culture.
This is their distinctive Angora embroidery
This is Gerd Schaefer, one of the founders
Next up is a group of artists called the Silver Dobermans, whose motto is "Let's spread pragmatism one person at a time."
Next is K.M. Yoon, a very interesting Korean artist.
Maynard Sipes is next
Next up is Australian artist Janine Jackson, and this is one of her projects, "What a work of art does when you're not looking."
This is my cousin and my sister's dog Gabby
She's the most prolific artist of the 100, and she'll be 90 next year.
Next is Vera Sokolova
To be honest, Vera is kind of scary
(Laughter) She's an optometrist in St. Petersburg, and she works with optics.
(Laughter) And this is from Cicely Bennett's short film series.
There are 77 other artists
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
I'm here today to start a revolution
Before you start to use force, or sing to raise your spirits, or choose a color to symbolize, I want to define what I mean by revolution.
A revolution is a drastic change in the way we think and act, the way we think and act.
We are last in Europe for innovation
So it's no surprise that 62% of Bulgarians aren't optimistic about the future.
This is not a conspiracy against Bulgaria, these are facts.
We need to radically change the way we think and act, transforming Bulgaria for ourselves, for our friends, for our families and for our future.
How did this happen?
we don't value play
(Applause) Be serious.
(Laughter) (Applause) Here's how it works.
But what happens in step 3?
(Laughter) We said, "He's five."
Unfortunately, the problems we face today are not the problems of the industrial revolution.
What we need now is adaptability, the ability to learn to be creative and innovative.
We just create robot workers that we treat like assets, they're leveraged and then thrown away.
Everyone knows kittens play
What you probably don't know is that kittens with restricted play are less social.
And finally, this is a very interesting study that shows a relationship between play and brain size.
The more you play, the bigger your brain becomes
Dolphins have big brains and play a lot.
we are humans we play sports
we play instruments
We dance, we kiss, we sing, we joke
We play constantly, just play a lot, and we're designed not to stop playing.
this is a tremendous benefit
There are benefits to humans as well as there are benefits to animals.
It also promotes the development of the prefrontal cortex, where many cognitive processes take place.
It's not fiction, it's not a fairy tale, it's not a child's trick, it's objective, coherent science.
These are the benefits of playing
Let's do a little exercise. Close your eyes and imagine a world without play.
what does the world look like?
Imagine your workplace
We generally think that the opposite of play is work.
"My co-workers see me laughing I must not have enough work" or "Oh my boss is watching me I need to hide
The opposite of play is not work
The opposite of play is depression, it's depression
play actually improves work
In addition to benefits for humans and animals, play also benefits the workplace.
Doctors are serious, but laughter is still great medicine.
It works in Bulgaria, folks, for two reasons.
One is that play is universal.
i asked them all
You'll say, "But how do you know they're happy?"
Rediscover it anyway, because you are the leaders, the innovation leaders, the thought leaders.
fear is the enemy of play
(Laughter) In short, we need to take drastic changes in our thinking and behavior, but we don't need a workers' revolution.
We don't need a workers' revolution
But what you should do is kindle the flames of revolution.
thank you
(applause)
As an artist, I value connections very much.
Through my work, I want to show that humans are not separated from nature, and that everything is connected.
Nearly 10 years ago, when I visited Antarctica for the first time and saw an iceberg for the first time.
My heart was pounding and I was feeling dizzy, trying to understand what was in front of me.
Each iceberg has its own personality
When the iceberg melts, I'm breathing ancient air.
When the iceberg melts, it becomes fresh, mineral-rich water that supports a lot of life.
But some ice is over 100,000 years old.
You can see a small boat on the left
This is a standard size iceberg in Greenland.
thank you
(applause)
Each hand has an accelerometer to read hand position
(applause)
The second place I feel free is the moment after I score a goal on the soccer pitch.
For example, I'm a stage producer who loves sports.
When it comes to freedom, we talk about it abstractly and confrontationally: "Protect our freedom," "Let's build a wall here," or "We're hated because of our freedom."
We have well-designed systems for imprisoning and deporting, but how do we design freedom?
The name of the project is "Moving and Passing"
Imagine you're a 15-year-old kid from Honduras living in Harlem, or you could be a 13-year-old daughter born in Washington, D.C. to Nigerian immigrants.
You're practicing dribbling between the cones for about 15 minutes, and suddenly a marching band comes onto the field.
thank you
(applause)
When you think of a cello solo, you probably think of Johann Sebastian Bach's unaccompanied cello suites.
As a child studying this timeless masterpiece, Bach's music mingled with the singing voices of Islamic prayers coming from neighboring Arab villages on the kibbutz in northern Israel where I grew up.
I would listen to Janis Joplin or Billie Holiday late at night after a long practice session, but at the same time, tango music was blaring out of the stereo in my parents' room.
all of that became music for me
I still start practicing every day with Bach's music.
But as I moved away from traditional classical repertoire and explored new avenues of musical expression, I realized that with modern technology, there's no reason why you should be limited to just one stringed instrument at a time.
My cello and my voice overlap to create a large sonic canvas.
I want to create limitless possibilities with this cello.
I become the medium through which the music flows, and in the process, when everything goes well, the music transforms and I become something else.
Because of family circumstances and my choices, I've been involved in the auto industry by nature, and I've worked for Ford for 30 years.
What happens when the number of vehicles on the road doubles, triples, and eventually quadruples?
I did that for about two years, until I think I was about 12, and then one day my dad came home in a Lincoln Mark III.
That night my father finished dinner early.
My first car was a 1975 green Mustang
My great-grandfather was Henry Ford, and my maternal great-grandmother was Harvey Firestone.
So maybe there was a lot of expectations when I was born.
My great-grandfather, Henry Ford, believed that Ford's mission was to improve people's lives and make automobiles accessible to ordinary people.
As a boy, I used to go fishing in the Michigan river where Hemingway fished, and I wrote about it later.
When I was in high school, I started reading Thoreau, Aldo Leopold, and Edward Abbey, and developed an awe for the natural world.
I seriously wondered if it was the right thing to do, but after graduating, I joined Ford.
And I realized that the university professors weren't completely wrong.
At the time, there was a group at Ford who believed that the ecological nonsense had to go away, and that I needed to stop hanging out with these crazy people who talked about being ecological.
(Laughter) Of course, it wasn't my intention, but I kept being very vocal about the environment, which is what we now define as sustainability.
Like the environment, the freedom of movement that my great-grandfather created is under threat.
The world population is currently about 6.8 billion people, and in our lifetimes, it's likely to grow to around 9 billion people.
If we look at population growth in terms of cars, it becomes clearer.
As the population grows and the world grows more prosperous, the number of cars will grow from 2 billion to 4 billion by the middle of the 21st century.
Today, the average American spends about a week of the year stuck in traffic, an astounding waste of time and resources.
The average driver in Beijing now spends about five hours commuting.
Last summer, as many of you may have seen, there was a 100-mile traffic jam in China that took 11 days to clear.
In the next two to three decades, 75% of the world's population will live in urban areas, and there will be 50 cities with over a billion people.
Quite frankly, even with cleaner cars, four billion cars on the road are still four billion cars, and traffic jams are traffic jams, even without emissions.
My great-grandfather once said, before he developed the Ford Model T, "If you asked people what they wanted, they would have said they wanted a faster horse." The solution to more cars is more roads. is not
After World War II, instead of adding two-lane roads to connect the country, we built an interstate highway system.
We envision smart cars, but we also need to build smart roads, smart parking lots, smart public transportation systems.
We don't want to waste our precious time in traffic jams and looking for toll booths and parking lots.
Pedestrian areas and vehicle lanes will be set up, reducing the time it takes to cross New York City during rush hours from an hour to 20 minutes.
In Hong Kong, there's an interesting system called Octopus.
Very soon, the systems we use to address music, entertainment, GPS information to vehicles will begin to be used to build networks between vehicles.
But soon cars will be able to talk to each other.
These technologies will integrate millions of vehicles into one system.
Companies, entrepreneurs and venture capitalists should understand that this is both a big social problem and a business opportunity.
It's amazing how much brains, money and serious debate has been put into the green energy space over the past three years by these people working on green energy.
It's not something that one person or one group can solve.
In the era of the Model T, most people never traveled more than 25 miles in their lifetime.
And cars have given us the freedom to decide where we live, where we work, where we play, and even when we want to go out.
(applause)
I'm Savant, or more accurately, high-functioning autistic Savant.
I want to talk briefly about perception.
When Anton Chekhov was writing his later famous plays and short stories, he used notebooks to write down what he noticed about the world around him, the little things that other people overlooked.
Every time I read Chekhov's unique take on human life, it reminds me of why I became a writer.
In my book, I'm looking at how perception works and how different ways of perceiving shape different knowledge and understanding.
And for this poem, why did the author use the word "hare" and not the word "rabbit"?
I ask this because I believe that personal perception is central to how we acquire knowledge.
Aesthetic judgments, not abstract logic, guide us and shape the processes that have led us to our current knowledge.
I'm an extreme example of that.
1 is a flash of white light
3 is green
4 is blue
5 is yellow
this is one of my paintings
represents the multiplication of two prime numbers
But it's not just numbers that have color
This is the opening part of the novel "Lolita"
Nabokov himself was a synesthete.
Another example, a bit more mathematical.
If you're a chess player, you know that 64 is a square number, so a chess board is 8 by 8 with 64 squares.
But what about 75?
If we think of 100 as a square, then 75 looks like this.
64 becomes 6,400
It's easy if you know how
(Laughter) The second problem was an Icelandic word.
Words, like numbers, express the fundamental relationships between the objects, events and energies that make up our world.
Poets, like other artists, sometimes use this intuitive understanding.
So is the hare itself. It's not a cat, it's not a dog, it's a hare - why a hare?
So, I hope that in the last few minutes I've been able to show you a little bit of how I see things. Words have colors and emotions, numbers have shapes and personalities.
The world is richer and bigger than it seems
thank you
(applause)
As you know, I write for children, and I'm probably the most widely read author of children's literature in America.
I always tell people that I don't want to dress like a scientist and go out in public.
As you know, an epiphany is usually like finding something you dropped somewhere.
this is a picture of a circle
Three or four years ago, in the middle of the night, Mr. Posten, the teacher at that time, called me, "I need to see you.
I'm so sorry that we didn't get to know each other as adults.
The next day we were in Cleveland.
We looked at her, we laughed and we cried, and she knew she needed to go into hospice.
And when the woman who wanted to see me again as an adult did so, she turned into an ashes box and was placed in the palm of my hand.
What happened is that the circle closed and it became a circle, and then there was that epiphany that I was talking about.
The epiphany is that death is part of life.
She saved my life Me and my partner saved her life
thank you
(applause)
And many people really associate space and silence
How can you tell the difference between the sound of the sun and the sound of a pulsar?
The answer lies in radio astronomy.
Radio astronomers study radio waves from space, and they use sophisticated antennas and receivers to get precise information about what objects are and where they are in the night sky.
Using simple technology, we can turn these transmissions into sound, just like the signals we can send and receive here on Earth.
Today I'm going to tell you a short story about listening to the history of the universe.
This story doesn't start with giant telescopes or futuristic spacecraft, but rather with a more humble medium -- in fact, it's the medium that sparked the telecommunications revolution that we're all part of today. it's a phone
It was Boston, 1876. This is Alexander Graham Bell, the man who was working with Thomas Edison for the invention of the telephone.
Critical to their technical setup was a wire that was half a mile long, and this wire was draped over the roofs of several homes in Boston.
Thomas Watson spent hours listening to strange crackling, hissing, shrill, whistling sounds that were picked up by his antenna.
The thing to remember here is that this was 10 years before Henrich Hertz proved the existence of radio waves, 15 years before Nikola Tesla's alternating current, which Marconi first broadcast. about 20 years ago
We didn't have the technology to communicate.
So what are these strange sounds?
Some of the sounds, as he had correctly guessed, came from activity on the surface of the Sun.
While inventing the technology that ushered in the telecommunications revolution, Watson discovered that the star at the center of our solar system emitted intense radio waves.
Fast forward 50 years, and Bell and Watson's technology has completely changed global communication.
But going from a few wires on the roofs of a few houses in Boston to thousands of miles of cable across the Atlantic Ocean is no easy process.
And not long after that, Bell was looking for new technologies to make the most of this revolution.
Radio can carry sound without wires
But there was one continuous noise that Jansky couldn't pinpoint, apparently, it sounded four minutes earlier each day through his headphones.
Jansky made the historic discovery that space objects can emit radio and light waves.
It had been 50 years since Watson accidentally discovered the sound of the sun, and Jansky's careful listening had ushered in a new era of space exploration: the era of radio cosmology.
Over the next few years, astronomers hooked up antennas to large speakers and learned about radio waves in our skies by listening to Jupiter and the Sun.
Arno Penzias and Robert Watson used horn antennas at Bell Labs in Holmdel to study the Milky Way with great precision.
but the noise didn't go away
It's the first study to show that there was a big bang, and the universe was born exactly 14.7 billion years ago.
So our story ends with the beginning - the big bang where everything begins.
This is the noise that Penzias and Wilson heard, the oldest you'll ever hear, the micro-square of the universe against the background of radiation left over from the Big Bang.
I'm Joshua Walters
i am a performer
(Beatbox) (Laughter) (Applause) I'm a performer, but I'm also diagnosed with bipolar disorder.
When I was 16, in San Francisco, I went into a manic state where I crossed the line and thought I was Jesus Christ.
It may have seemed terrifying, but to think you're Jesus Christ, no amount of drugs can get you that high.
(Trumpet imitation) Right now, there's a movement underway to reframe mental illness in a positive way, at least seeing hypomania as an advantage is one of them.
If you don't know what hypomania is, think of it as a Ferrari engine with no brakes and no control.
Some of them even committed suicide
So maybe there's no such thing as "crazy," and being diagnosed with a mental illness doesn't mean you're crazy.
thank you
(applause)
(Sergey Brin) I would like to address a question that has been on your mind for a long time.
(audience) yes
You can see at a glance how people around the world are using Google
It became popular in the United States and Spain at the same time.
At the same time, we want more people to be healthy and educated.
Anyone know who this is?
It has now grown to over 100,000 members.
(Larry Page) Thank you Sergey
I often think that as a company gets bigger, it's harder to come up with small, innovative projects.
We've also found that people like to work on things that are important, and naturally, they tend to gravitate towards the higher priorities.
Thanks to this, I've built a meeting management software where when you walk into a room, you can see all the meetings in progress, take notes easily, and it's automatically emailed to everyone who attends.
A lot of engineers go to these meetings, and some of them need to do their laundry, but they don't.
Anyway, every year we take the whole company on a ski trip.
There was this young man's blog, who seemed a little depressed and wrote, "I sleep a lot."
We don't have to worry about products sold cheaply in poor countries being reimported back into the United States, like the pharmaceutical industry does.
thank you
Civilization today is gone, no books, no electronics, no Facebook, no Twitter.
Rectangular pieces of plastic with strange symbols written on them,
this is not a hypothetical question
It covered an area of ​​about one million square kilometers, extending into present-day Pakistan, northwestern India, and parts of Afghanistan and Iran.
king? God?
These symbols are often found on seals.
let me show you
If you look at today's map of India, the languages ​​spoken in northern India mostly belong to the Indo-European family.
So the Indus script is an ancient Indo-European script, like Sanskrit.
The Indus script represents the ancient Dravidian language family, the language family spoken by the South Indians.
Proponents of this theory cite the small number of Dravidian speakers in northern India near Afghanistan, and argue that Dravidian languages ​​were probably spoken throughout India at one time, and therefore that the Indus civilization was also of Dravidian origin.
I've been fascinated by the Indus script ever since I encountered it in a middle school textbook.
I'm a computer neuroscientist, so my day job is building computer models of the brain to study things like how the brain makes predictions, how it makes decisions, how it learns, and so on.
are you ready
Language has patterns
Indus script has a similar pattern.
And then what comes next is a symbol like a quotation mark.
This is similar to the Q and U examples, isn't it?
Well, as a result, the computer predicted the correct symbol 75 percent of the time.
Have you ever spilled coffee on your keyboard?
What about the Indus script?
Where is the Indus script?
It turns out that the Indus script falls within the range of linguistic characters.
It's that the Indus script has linguistic properties.
The same is true for the Indus script.
So the Indus script can be used to represent multiple languages.
From what we've seen so far, it seems likely that the Indus script represents language.
this is the next big challenge
Many of the symbols look like drawings of people, insects, fish, birds.
Many ancient scripts are based on the principle of "rebuses," that is, pictures of words.
The seven stars are pronounced "el-meen" and are the Dravidian word for the Big Dipper.
So far, we can write the word TED in Egyptian hieroglyphics and cuneiform, because both scripts were deciphered in the 19th century.
The Maya civilization began to speak in the 20th century, but the Indus civilization remained silent.
can't wait to find out
thank you
(applause)
I'd also like to tell you about a real-life experience four years ago when I almost died and almost died, and I want to tell you about the e-patient movement that I learned about.
When I first learned about this e-patient movement, I was blogging under the handle "Patient Dave," but I quickly changed my name to "E-Patient Dave."
As for the word "patient," as I got involved in medicine and attended a number of meetings as a spectator, I realized that people who don't have patients in this room are like people elsewhere. is to speak to
But what I want to tell you today is that "patient" is not a third person word.
As I speak today, the first thing I want you to know is that I'm speaking on behalf of all the patients I've met and have yet to meet.
Charlie Safran, a senior doctor at my hospital, and his colleague Warner Slack have argued for decades that the most underutilized resource in health care is the patient.
It was July 1969
I was a freshman in college at the time, the year the first manned moon landing took place.
At that time, the world was changing rapidly.
A few weeks later, Woodstock was held.
Fall of 1969 The Whole Earth Catalog is published.
was a hippie magazine for self-sufficiency
It's easy to assume that hippies are simply hedonists, but there's a definite component to that. I was part of that movement, a definite component of taking responsibility for yourself.
The subtitle of this book is "Access to Tools."
In the 1980s, this young doctor, Tom Ferguson, was the medical editor of The Whole Earth Catalog.
And then I got an x-ray, and the day after -- if you've been through your own medical crisis, you'll understand, and you may have noticed.
In my case, it was January 3rd, 2007 at 9:00 am.
The phone rang and it was from the doctor.
He said, "Your shoulder is fine, but Dave, there's something in your lungs."
I found five of these things in both of my lungs.
my wife came with me
She's a veterinarian, so she's seen a lot of ultrasounds.
(Laughter) This is an MRI image.
(Laughter) I went home.
Before I met her, I was seeing women with suboptimal search results.
Cancer, or a tumor, is something that grows out of your own tissue.
Most patients are incurable."
And this is a diagram of stage 4 kidney cancer after starting the drug.
I fainted and broke when I hit the ground.
I scraped the information and found that the median survival was 24 weeks.
Think about why patients are motivated and motivated to help others.
A doctor introduced me to a patient community called Acor.org, a site where people with cancer and a lot of amazing things happened.
There's no cure, but there's something that sometimes works, and usually ineffective, called high-dose interleukin therapy.
This is the power of patient networks
That aside, the numbers unfolded like this.
The punchline of this story is that a year and a half later, I was able to attend the wedding of this beautiful woman, my daughter.
When she came down the stairs, when it was just me and her for a moment, I was so glad I didn't have to tell her mother, "I wish Daddy was here, too."
I also want to talk about other patients who are doing all they can to improve their care.
This is Regina Holliday, a painter in Washington, D.C., who lost her husband to kidney cancer the year after I got sick.
As I said at the beginning, I've argued that patients should have access to their medical data.
(Laughter) Think of the possibilities.
This is a site I stumbled across called VisibleBody.com.
I thought, "Where is my psoas muscle?"
What did Google announce this year?
yes google body browser
This is Kelly Young, a rheumatoid arthritis patient from Florida.
The big problem with rheumatoid arthritis patients who call themselves "RA patients" -- her blog is called "RA Warriors" -- is that 40 percent of them have no obvious symptoms.
The radiologist's report was, "No cancer found."
Now, through her blog, she's actively seeking help to get better health care.
We know you are the most underutilized resource in healthcare.
She was able to do it because she had access to the raw data.
In fact, at TED2009, the creator of the web, Tim Berners-Lee, said in a talk that the next revolution would be to get the raw data instead of using your browser to find other people's papers on that data.
At the end of his talk, he chanted with the audience, "Raw data now!"
I'm begging you to say three words to improve healthcare so that patients can help other patients!
thank you
(Applause.) God bless the patients around the world watching this webcast -- "May patients help other patients!"
Originally, this railroad was a freight line running down 10th Street.
We exchanged business cards, stayed in touch afterwards, and founded an organization called Friends of the High Line.
At that time, there were many who opposed
It's already cost $150 million
We held a design contest to select our design team.
And the first section ends here on 20th Street
In addition, the Whitney Museum of American Art will move and build a new building right at the foot of the downtown High Line.
Designed by Renzo Piano
The High Line used to be filled with giant billboards, so we got a little playful, and instead of putting the billboards in the frame, we put people into the cityscape.
But I think what makes the High Line special is the people there.
But the High Line made it so, because public spaces have the power to change the way people perceive cities and how they interact with the people around them.
(applause)
A few years ago, I felt kind of stuck in a rut, so I decided to follow in the footsteps of the great American thinker, Morgan Spurlock, and try something new for 30 days.
Take something you've always wanted to add to your life and try it for 30 days.
What I've found is that 30 days is just the right amount of time to pick up a new habit or break something like watching the news.
This is a photo taken in a challenge to take a picture every day for a month.
I clearly remember where I was and what I was doing that day.
Last year, I even climbed Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa.
I learned that if you really want to do something, you can do anything in 30 days.
No way! I wrote it in just a month
it's terrible
Because you can say "I'm a novelist"
(Laughter) One last thing I want to say
When I gave up sugar for 30 days, day 31 looked like this
(Laughter) What I want to ask you is, "What are you waiting for?"
(applause)
I have been interested in food for many years.
I taught myself how to cook with a big book like this.
I went to culinary school in France
In the last 20 years, people have realized that science has a lot to do with food.
In fact, to understand how cooking works, you have to know the science of cooking, a certain amount of chemistry and physics.
And there are many techniques that chefs have cultivated, whether it's aesthetics or new approaches to food.
There is a chef in Spain named Ferran Adrià.
None of the techniques these guys have developed in the last 20 years are in those books.
To learn them, you have to actually work in a restaurant.
Is there a way to show people food in a way they've never seen it before?
This idea explains what happens when you steam broccoli.
This type of wok is not very effective. It caught fire three times.
After my publication was delayed, the New York Times ran an article with the headline, "30-Hour Wait Time for Burgers Gets Longer."
Because in our ultimate burger recipe, making buns, marinating meat, and all that stuff, it takes about 30 hours.
As a result, the best way to cut things in half is to actually cut them.
So we have two halves of the best kitchens in the world.
(Laughter) We cut a $5,000 oven in half.
We glued pyrex or heat resistant glass to the front.
The wonderful thing is that when you cut something in half, you get another half.
So it's like in a Hollywood movie, where the actor uses wires to fly through the air, but you digitally erase the wires, and they actually fly, right?
Something happens when you cut a wok in half, the oil falls into the fire and hisses.
One of the cooks lost an eyebrow because of it
This is the Fourier heat conduction equation
is a partial differential equation
We have the world's only cookbook with partial differential equations.
But you don't know that much about James Watt.
we also did a lot of calculations
I wrote thousands of lines of code to create this cookbook.
This calculation shows how the heat of a barbecue or other heat source changes as you move away.
So when you move vertically away from the surface of the heat source, the heat goes down.
That horn-shaped area we call the sweet spot.
That's where you should really cook
There are actually two ways to make a product.
As you can see it's really simple
Lettuce contains liquid smoke
Look closely, I'll use popcorn here to explain.
Popcorn shows something important in physics.
We had a high speed camera and we had a lot of fun making the book.
The key to this law of physics is that when water boils to steam, it expands 1,600 times.
The book has a chapter about gels
2,438 pages
(applause)
Evolution happens that way
There are as many types of pollen as there are flowering plants.
It's also useful in forensics, etc.
Most of the pollen that causes hay fever comes from plants that use the wind to spread their pollen, which is a very inefficient way of doing it, so much of it ends up in our nostrils.
Of course, we know the relationship between insects and plants.
The plant gets something and the hawk moth carries the pollen elsewhere.
Plants have evolved to create little landing sites here and there for stray bees.
Many plants have markings that look like insects.
There are at least 20,000 species of orchids, a truly staggering variety.
Here we are in a flower, and insects have to stick their little proboscis in the middle and go all the way down the tube to get to the nectar.
here is a plant
This flower has black dots, and to us, they look like black dots, but to the males of certain insects, they look like two cute, worthy females.
To give another example, this plant mimics another orchid that stores a lot of food that insects like.
(Laughter) It's ylang ylang, and it's used in a lot of different perfumes.
Flowers don't have to be so flashy
flies love this
I don't know what a dead horse smells like, but I'm sure it smells similar.
it's terrible
If you're from Brazil, you know this plant.
Instead of starch, which is the plant's food, the plant takes something like fat and burns it at a rate similar to how a little cat burns and metabolizes fat.
That's twice the energy output of a hummingbird for the same weight, which is absolutely amazing.
Insects are the most common pollinators that come to mind, but in the tropics birds and butterflies also pollinate.
Many tropical flowers are red, because butterflies and birds see red just as well as we do.
Insects can see green, blue, and ultraviolet, different shades of ultraviolet.
What do insects see?
This is how it looks under visible light
most bees can't see red
You can't know exactly what a bee sees, any more than you can know exactly what you're looking at when I call it red.
Here's another little flower, and because of the different wavelengths of UV light, it needs a different filter to be seen by the pollinator's eye.
Thank you very much
(applause)
In the police photo, that's actually my car.
The scene is less than a kilometer from Cedars-Sinai, one of Los Angeles' leading hospitals.
The police are waiting for the fire department to arrive, cut the car off and extract the driver.
Consciousness continues to evolve, and part of it is here in Madhya Pradesh, India, where you'll find one of the oldest pieces of rock art in only two places in the world.
The Egyptian god Horus, symbol of prosperity, wisdom and health.
So if you watch this show from outer space, you'll realize that the most precious resource on this blue planet is our consciousness.
In the United States, there is an injury every 20 seconds, 1.5 million a year, a stroke every 40 seconds, Alzheimer's disease every 70 seconds.
Depression is the second most common physical disability among people aged 15 to 44.
During my recovery, I learned that suicide was the third leading cause of death among teens.
When it comes to migraines, 40% of the population suffers from occasional headaches.
It's as if our society is retreating into depression and withdrawal from the catastrophic climate change we'll soon be facing.
As I watch the human show, I wonder: Will humans grow in consciousness to confront and solve catastrophic climate change, or will they continue to retreat?
This isn't my EEG in the hospital, it's your EEG tonight or last night.
Neurological disorders require 10 years of rehabilitation, so we need a long-term view.
this is my brain
You can see the result of more than a third of the right brain being destroyed by a stroke.
During that process, which took years, one doctor said that my recovery and progress since my head injury was miraculous given the extent of the injury.
That inspired me to write a book because I didn't think it was miraculous.
The mind has the capacity to redefine, as demonstrated in the 1970s by two experts named Hagen and Silva.
Globally, 30 percent of school children have learning weaknesses that they cannot self-correct, but with proper screening, they can be detected and treated before they drop out.
I'm not a doctor, so I won't talk about specific subtests.
As you can see there are 3 columns
then underwent cognitive training
The Journal of the National Medical Association did a clinical review of my memoir, which is unusual.
I'm not a doctor and I have no medical background at all.
Still, they thought the book contained important and valuable information, and they commented on it after careful peer review.
That's a good question, because my memoir was just a process of discovering solutions that worked for me.
Here's what one person did when he was 7 and 11 years old when he underwent cognitive training.
this person is particularly interesting
The person may have been diagnosed with a learning disability.
The craniomandibular system is extremely important for this.
Up to a third of the population has some kind of disorder, disease or malfunction in the jaw that affects the whole body.
i still had a migraine
The next problem solved is that if 90% of head and neck pain is due to an imbalance, the other 10%, excluding aneurysms, brain tumors and hormonal imbalances, is a circulation problem.
There are large pipes through which the blood flows, and there are nerves around the pipes that absorb the nutrients carried by the blood.
If that bulge is in the brain, where nerves are most concentrated, you get a vascular migraine.
MRI MRA MRV volumetric MRI
A vascular surgeon removed most of my bilateral first ribs.
Consciousness is all about communication
I was very fortunate that my father's business partner's husband worked for the Alfred Mann Foundation for Scientific Research.
Alfred Mann was a brilliant scientist and inventor who was interested in bridging the gaps in consciousness, trying to restore sound to the deaf, light to the blind and restore movement to the paralyzed.
I brought this FM device from Southern California.
An FM device implanted in the motor cortex sends signals to the appropriate muscle drive points in real time, so that, for example, someone who can't control their arm can move their arm in real time.
Another FM device implanted in the fingertip sends a signal to the sensory cortex of the brain when it touches a surface, producing the sensation of touch.
A radio controls every step, and every time I walk, a sensor relays information from my foot.
When I came out of my coma, I could recognize my family, but I couldn't remember my past.
And that she was buried in her hometown of Phoenix while I was in a coma.
thank you very much
I was also amazed at the role that technology played in your recovery.
It's my friend. I charge it every night.
There's a sensor under the heel that detects when the foot is off the ground, called heel lift.
It accelerates the amount and intensity of stimulation.
But there are millions of deaf people around the world, and cochlear implants are now available to many people.
(applause)
My mother, who was an elementary school teacher, did everything in her power to help me improve my reading comprehension.
My reading skills improved, but my compulsory reading lessons didn't make me love books.
(Laughter) I read two novels that semester and wrote that report.
(Laughter) My high school was over 70 percent black or Latino, but the advanced English classes were all white.
My personal encounter with this institutionalized racism changed my relationship with reading.
Rather than focusing on reading skills and moving students from one level to another, or forcing poor readers to memorize unfamiliar words, we should ask ourselves: How can my child? Can we inspire them to become self-aware as readers?
And he looked at me and said, "I'm not a mathematician, I'm a math genius!"
According to the U.S. Department of Education, more than 85 percent of black boys in fourth grade aren't proficient at reading.
85 percent!
Before I go on stage, I look at the audience and judge.
Are they white or Latino?
(Laughter) In society, the reading that we expose our children to is the equivalent of bar jokes in church.
So it's strange that so many children don't read.
Educator and philosopher Paulo Freire believed that teaching and learning are two-way.
Students should be seen as co-creators of knowledge, not like empty buckets to be filled with facts.
A lot of children's books aimed at black boys are full of serious topics like slavery, civil rights, biographies.
Less than 2 percent of black male teachers in America
Many black boys grow up in single-mother households
What cultural factors and social cues lead us to conclude that black boys should read?
A lot of black guys go to the barber shop once or twice a month.
"The Barber's Bookstore" connects reading with male-centric spaces, and engages black men in the early reading experience of boys.
This identity-based reading program uses popular lists of children's books recommended by black boys.
These are the books they actually want to read
According to Scholastic's 2016 Kids and Family Report, the number one reason children choose a book is if it makes them laugh.
thank you
(applause)
Good morning everybody
And then we feed them a sort of food called cell culture, which is sterile, of course, and grow them in an incubator.
Let's take the example of the heart, which is my main area of ​​research.
This electrode acts as a pacemaker, causing the cells to contract in the lab.
Example of electrical stimulation
About the size of a mini marshmallow
So here's the second lesson: cells do all the work.
It's also worth noting that our experience of life is mediated by cells.
Behind our senses of hearing, sight, touch, taste and smell are corresponding cells that receive and interpret this information.
Please don't let your non-cancer cells become an endangered species.
thank you
(applause)
After cutting her arm with a shard of glass, the girl fell into a light, intermittent sleep on the train station platform from exhaustion.
She started crying when she saw her face in the mirror
She put her jacket on tightly -- and closed it tightly to hide the blood stains.
My name is Pam What should I call you?
(Pam) I'm glad you called me.
I ran away from home and was sleeping on the streets of London.
I was sexually abused by my father and his friends.
I was self-harming every day and had suicidal thoughts.
The first time I called Samaritans, I was 12 and completely hopeless.
A 24/7 anonymous helpline in the UK where anyone despairing or suicidal can seek help.
Samaritans became a lifeline for me as a teenager who was feeling a lot of despair.
I had become a survivor of abuse, not a victim.
When I was 21, I contacted Samaritans again.
At that time, I wanted to become a volunteer.
I wanted to give back to the organization that saved my life.
It's a simple idea that can be applied to all aspects of life.
When I contacted Samaritans in the 1980s, nobody wanted to talk about child abuse.
It was considered shameful and no one wanted to talk about it.
It has been implicated in high blood pressure, an increased risk of depression, and death from alcoholism and smoking.
Loneliness is more harmful than smoking 15 cigarettes.
It is also associated with the incidence of dementia
And a recent study found that lonely people are twice as likely to develop Alzheimer's disease.
Of course, there are many people who live alone but are not lonely.
But caring for a spouse with dementia can be very lonely.
A recent groundbreaking study has clearly defined what loneliness is.
And that happens when there's a mismatch between the quality and quantity of the relationships you have and the relationships you want.
But for me, the fact that volunteers took their time to listen to me openly and confidentially was a life changer.
I returned the favor by volunteering for 25 years at Samaritans.
And in 2013, to address the emerging problem of loneliness, we launched a new helpline for older people across the UK, called The Silver Line, to help lonely and marginalized older people. the purpose is to
Some people call to report abuse.
And some, like me, have given up on life.
Setting up a helpline is a simple idea, so to speak.
And for those who prefer to write, we also have "Silver Letters," where we write letters as pen pals and deliver them to seniors who like to correspond.
My favorite is the music group, where we're on the phone every week and we're all playing instruments and listening to each other.
(Laughter) They say it's fun.
(Woman) Hello Alan Good morning
(Alan) Hello
(Alan) How are you doing this morning?
The Silver Line is reaching out to the elderly like the Samaritans have reached out to me.
How often do we just listen to people without giving them advice?
It's actually quite difficult
Now that it's all connected, people who call the Silver Line in need of catchers are giving back by becoming catchers themselves, by volunteering and being part of the family of this organization.
And most people ask me why
There comes a time in life when everyone needs a catcher.
yes it's pam
Because it often has the power to save lives.
thank you
(applause)
First, I want to introduce you to a commercial that Apple aired in 1984, inspired by George Orwell.
(Video) Big Brother: We are one people, one will, one purpose.
Narrator: January 24 Apple Computers Introduces Macintosh
It's about setting us free with technology created by innovative companies.
Twenty years later, Apple sold iPhones to China and censored the Chinese App Store for many politically controversial apps, including the Dalai Lama, at the behest of the Chinese government.
American political cartoonist Mark Fiore also had his satirical app censored in the United States because Apple employees worried it was offensive to certain groups.
The German news magazine Stern's app was also censored because Apple deemed the content in the app a bit too racy for users, even though the magazine is sold perfectly legally in newsstands across Germany. is
And even more controversially, Apple recently censored a Palestinian protest app after the Israeli government responded with concerns that it could be used in terrorist plots.
Now, private companies are beginning to apply arbitrary standards of censorship that are far harsher than the constitutionally guaranteed freedom of speech in a democracy.
In the pre-internet world, our sovereignty over our physical freedom was almost entirely controlled by the state.
But now, a new layer of private sovereignty exists on the Internet.
And their software coding, their engineering design terms of service, etc. act like the laws that govern what you can and can't do in your digital life.
And these platforms have been really useful for Tunisian and Egyptian activists since this spring.
Wael Ghonim, who was a Google executive by day in Egypt and a Facebook underground activist by night, said to CNN after Mubarak left office, "If you want to liberate society, give it the internet. It's okay."
But overthrowing a regime and building a stable democracy are two different things, and much more complex.
On the left is a photo taken by an Egyptian activist who took part in a raid on the Egyptian National Security Service in March.
But some documents were left intact, and some activists found surveillance records about themselves, including numerous copies of their email exchanges, cell phone messages, and even Skype calls.
One activist actually discovered a contract by a Western company for the sale of surveillance technology to Egyptian security forces.
Egyptian activists speculate that these surveillance techniques are still in use by the transitional authorities that run the network.
In Tunisia, the censorship under President Ben Ali has actually resumed since about May, albeit not on a large scale.
If you try to visit certain Facebook pages or websites that the transitional authorities have determined may incite violence, you'll see blocked pages like this.
In protest of this, blogger Slim Amamou, who was imprisoned by Ben Ali and became part of the transitional government after the revolution, resigned from his cabinet.
In Tunisia, there's been a lot of debate about how to deal with issues like this.
In fact, some of the revolutionary supporters on Twitter said, "Well, I really want democracy and freedom of expression, but some of the claims are so violent that they could undermine our democracy. should be regulated from
But the question is, how do you decide who is responsible for making those decisions, and how do you make sure they don't abuse their authority?
Welcome to democracy Tunisians and Egyptians
In fact, no matter what you think of Julian Assange in America, even people who aren't necessarily die-hard fans of him are very concerned about how the U.S. government and certain companies are responding to WikiLeaks.
Amazon Web Hosting has dismissed Wikileaks as a customer following complaints received from US Senator Joe Lieberman, even though Wikileaks was never indicted or convicted of any crime.
This is a map of the social network in the world, and it's clear that Facebook has taken over most of the world, and whether that's a good thing or a bad thing depends on how people feel about how Facebook operates.
But national borders exist in several cyberspaces.
In Brazil and Japan, it's for unique cultural and linguistic reasons.
On the other hand, if you look at China, Vietnam, and some other former Soviet states, things are much more serious.
Governments and local social network companies are creating a situation where the potential for these platforms to effectively empower individuals is constrained by the relationships between companies and governments.
China has a famous "Great Firewall", Facebook, Twitter, which now blocks Google+ and many other foreign websites.
But that's only half the story
The other half of the story is the requirement, known as the system of self-restraint, put out by the Chinese government for all companies operating on the Chinese Internet.
Translated into plain English, it means censorship and surveillance of users.
It's a ceremony that the China Internet Association, which I actually attended in 2009, recognizes the top 20 Chinese companies that are best at exercising self-restraint, that is, policing content.
Robin Li, CEO of Baidu, China's leading search engine, was also one of the winners.
This website called Rospil is an anti-corruption site.
Earlier this year, people who donated to Rospil through an online payment system called Yandex Money in Rospil managed to get information from Yandex Money officials. There was an embarrassing incident when I suddenly started receiving threatening phone calls from members of a political party.
This has a chilling effect on people's ability to use the internet to hold governments accountable.
I think the important thing isn't a debate about whether the internet helps the good guys more than the bad guys.
The most urgent question to ask now is how do we make sure that the Internet evolves in a citizen-centric way.
Because, as I am sure you will all agree, the only legitimate purpose of government is to serve its citizens, and I believe that the only legitimate purpose of technology is to improve our lives, to be manipulated. I don't think it's about enslaving
We know how to hold government accountable.
For example, in France, President Sarkozy told the CEOs of Internet companies, "We are the only legitimate representatives of the public good."
But he's since defended the infamous Three Strikes Act, a law that disconnects citizens who use file-sharing from the Internet, according to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, as a disproportionate violation of citizens' right to communicate. It's been criticized among civil society groups that certain politicians are more interested in protecting the interests of the entertainment industry than they are in defending the rights of their citizens. I am questioning
And here in the UK, there are also concerns about a law called the Digital Economy Act, which holds private intermediaries accountable for policing the behavior of their citizens.
So what we need to realize is that if we want a citizen-based internet in the future, we need a broader and more sustained internet liberalization movement.
It's the result of decades of sustained shareholder and consumer activism.
But it doesn't just require innovation focused solely on political science and geopolitics, it also needs to address issues in business management, investor behavior, consumer choice, and even software design and engineering.
Each of us has a key role to play in creating a world where governments and technology serve people.
thank you
(applause)
A sense of belonging was largely determined by ethnicity, and the nation-state came to reflect that.
When you look at Islamic fundamentalists and far-right fascists, what they're good at, and what they're good at, is communicating across borders, using technology to organize, to spread a statement, to create a truly global phenomenon.
By the way, I'm from Essex, born and raised in Essex, England.
Born in Essex, I joined an organization when I was 16.
And when I was 17, I was recruiting students from Cambridge University into the organization.
At 21, I co-founded this organization in Pakistan.
At 22, I co-founded this organization in Denmark.
I learned how to use email in extremist organizations.
But the reason I was able to learn how to use technology was because my time in extremist organizations forced me to think beyond national boundaries.
If you look at the atmosphere in Europe these days, far-right fascism is on the rise as well.
Anti-Muslim rhetoric is also on the rise, and it's a phenomenon that transcends national borders.
Because the internet and communication technology connect these people all over the world.
If you look at the recent rise of far-right fascism in Europe, you'll notice that there are phenomena that are simultaneously affecting domestic politics and transcending national borders.
Some countries are banning kosher and halal meat.
Remember the Christmas Day bombing plan? There was a man named Anwar Awlaki
He's an American citizen, but ethnically Yemeni, now hiding in Yemen. He inspired the son of the president of Nigeria's National Bank.
This Nigerian student studied in London, trained in Yemen, flew in Amsterdam and tried to attack America.
Ironically, even taking the example of the far right, chauvinist nationalists are exploiting the benefits of globalization.
In my view, social movements consist of four main characteristics.
Let me give you one example, the one you all know, Al-Qaeda.
By the way, the difference between an idea and a narrative is that an idea is an idea that a person believes in, and a narrative is a means of spreading that idea, that is, propaganda for that idea.
So the thoughts and narratives of Al-Qaeda immediately come to mind.
one of the leaders was recently killed in pakistan
This is the power of social movements.
But if I ask you to focus on Pakistan today and think of the symbols and leaders of Pakistan's democracy today, perhaps the assassination of Benazir Bhutto is the only thing that comes to mind.
One of the problems we face is the lack of a youth-driven, grassroots, global social movement for a democratic culture in Muslim society.
I think there are four reasons for that.
Those who want a democratic culture are already in power or are building strong globalized societies, strong nations.
The second reason is political correctness, which means
The third reason is that democracy has become just another political choice in Muslim societies, where one political faction asks voters to vote for the democratic party, while the other. Other parties want a military dictatorship and ask people to vote for the military party.
And then another party says, "Vote for us, we're going to have a theocracy."
And people say, "I tried democracy and it didn't work.
And the fourth reason, which I named on this slide, is the ideology of resistance.
These four reasons, briefly outlined above, make it difficult for a democratic culture to spread, not just as a political choice, but as a social choice.
Is it simply a matter of lack of education?
Statistically, their level of education is higher than the average level of education in Western societies.
In addition, if poverty is the only reason, bin Laden comes from Saudi Arabia's richest family.
What I think is missing is truly grassroots, citizen action on the ground, international aid, education and health care.
What is needed is a youth-led movement that demands a democratic culture across nations, and that means more than just holding elections.
Without freedom of speech, we can't have free and fair elections.
Without freedom of belief, there is no right to join an organization.
So what is needed is an organization that calls for a democratic culture on the ground, and raises the demand for that culture.
Egypt is a good starting point
There, a political coalition was formed for the political purpose of removing the leader.
Because it's not enough to remove a leader, a ruler, a dictator.
So far, trends that started in Egypt have historically spilled over into the Middle East and North Africa region, the MENA region.
(applause)
Has anyone been to Aspen, Colorado?
I recently went to Aspen and came across this song.
"no."
This man, Archie Cochrane, was a military doctor, but he was taken prisoner and had a problem.
he says he heard suspicious laughter
Some of you may be wondering what is Marmite?
It looks like crude oil
Imagine that, forget about this picture, give this guy a long red beard and a shaggy red hair.
If you don't give your prisoners vitamins, it's a war crime.
The next morning, vitamin B12 was delivered to the camp and the prisoners began to recover.
You see it in the politicians we vote for, people who genuinely believe they can understand how the world works in the face of this amazingly complicated world.
let me give you an example
That's Hans, Mick Jagger at TED.
From this perspective, there were 300 different products and services in the society that our brains evolved into.
This baby was born through trial and error
What is evolution?
And it's not just biological systems where trial and error work miracles.
For example, let's say you want to make detergent.
how do you do it?
How should we design that nozzle?
Unilever failed that way too, it was too complicated.
Even this problem is too complicated
But geneticist Professor Steve Jones explains how Unilever solved this problem: trial and error, change and choice.
So after 45 generations, we got this amazing nozzle.
This trial-and-error process is more common than you might think in successful organizations.
I could list all the facts and figures about the American economy, but I think the most striking feature is this: 10 percent of businesses disappear every year in America.
10% of Americans don't disappear every year
I've been talking about this all over the place for the past few months and some people say, "Tim, that's pretty obvious.
Trial and error is definitely important
If we're going to stop doing all that stuff in school, let's admit it's become the norm that trial and error is a good thing.
(Applause) Until then, I'm going to keep talking about trial and error and why we should let go of our god complex.
It is very difficult to admit that we are fallible.
Some time after the trial started, he got his colleagues together and had a meeting, and he said, "Here's the early results, folks.
Yes, Cochrane was someone who would do this.
The reason he did that was because he knew it would be much easier to stand in there and say, "In my little world, I'm God, I understand everything.
it's not easy
Right after the war, a young mathematician named Yutaka Taniyama came up with a wonderful conjecture called the Taniyama-Shimura conjecture.
Decades later, this conjecture proved to be very useful in proving Fermat's Last Theorem.
In fact, it turned out to be equivalent to proving Fermat's Last Theorem.
If you prove one, you prove the other.
Taniyama tried many times to solve this, but he could not prove it to be true.
And in 1958, shortly before his 30th birthday, Yutaka Taniyama committed suicide.
His friend, Goro Shimura, worked with him on that task, looking back on Taniyama's life decades later.
He said, "He wasn't a very careful mathematician.
he made a lot of mistakes
I tried to imitate him and found that it's actually very difficult to make a good mistake."
thank you
(applause)
As you can see in this photo, the revolution was started by women, and then men and women came together to lead protests.
What I wanted to tell you is that over 60% of Yemen's population is under the age of 15.
People in Yemen use anime, artwork, paintings and cartoons to communicate their current situation to the rest of the world.
The Yemen Times is already an independent English-language newspaper with a strong reputation in Yemen.
you've already noticed
it was very hard at first
father was assassinated
In times of revolution and change like today, independent media is very important.
i'm not that old
You talked about the responsibility of the media.
As the saying goes, "People fear what they don't know and hate what they fear."
I'm an example and there are others like me
YemenTimes.com
(applause)
Hundreds of years from now, the history books will surely write that our generation is the generation of people coming online and building something truly amazing on a global scale.
But it's also true that the Internet has serious problems: security problems, privacy problems.
This is Brain
This 5.25 inch floppy disk is infected with Brain.A.
This is the first virus found on PCs
This is the boot sector of an infected floppy, and if you look inside, it says "Welcome to the Labyrinth" right here.
Basit and Amjad are Pakistani first names.
(Laughter) This was in 1986.
it's 2011 now
It's been 25 years since the PC virus problem appeared.
This is the town of Lahore, about 300 kilometers south of Abbottabad, where bin Laden was captured.
(Laughter) Who do you think opened the door?
(Laughter) (Applause) Basit is standing there.
Sitting is my brother Amjad
And there was a certain satisfaction in hearing that Basit and Amjad themselves had been hit by computer viruses dozens of times before.
In other words, there is justice in the world.
What I'm running now is a system for running old programs on modern computers.
What you're looking at is a list of old viruses
(Sirens sound) As a final example, do you know what the "walker virus" does?
Viruses are now a global problem.
Today, criminal gangs create viruses and use them to make money.
So when a virus writer has infected a Windows computer and they don't know what to do with it, they can sell other people's infected computers to these guys.
There are several ways, for example, banking Trojans steal money from users when they use online banking, or keyloggers.
Every email you write is also logged and sent to the criminals.
What they want most is a session where you shop at an online store.
Here's an example of a file I found on a server a few weeks ago.
Once you have someone else's credit card information, you can use it to buy anything online.
both are on the run
A few weeks ago, US authorities froze Mr. Jain's Swiss bank account, which had a balance of $14.9 million.
We know that online criminals hire programmers and testers to test programs and build back-end systems using SQL databases.
the internet is international
that's why we call it the internet
How can we track them down?
let me show you an example
The code is encrypted, let's decipher it
It is encrypted by taking 97 and XOR
Doesn't look much different than the original
It's a backdoor that takes over your computer.
In this blog, he writes about his life, his life in St. Petersburg in his early twenties, his cats and his girlfriend.
And if you look at this picture, you can see that the Mercedes-Benz license plate number is O600KO78RUS.
(Laughter) So what happens when online criminals are identified?
In most cases of online crime, we don't even know which continent the attack is coming from.
I wish it were easier, but unfortunately it's not.
You've heard about Stuxnet
Siemens S7-400 PLC programmable logic controller
We've become very dependent on computers to work, on basic things like the internet and electricity.
So this creates a whole new problem for us.
This is actually very basic, thinking about continuity, thinking about backups, thinking about what's important.
What we need is a more global, international law enforcement effort to find online crime syndicates, who are making millions of dollars from online attacks.
It's more important than antivirus and firewalls.
What's important is finding the people behind the attacks, and even more importantly, finding people who are trying to get into the world of online crime and haven't started yet.
It's about finding people who have the skills but who don't have the opportunities, and giving them the opportunity to put those skills to good use.
thank you very much
(applause)
It's been an interesting journey for me to get to the point of understanding and accepting that, and I think it's worth sharing with all of you the understanding of the whole idea of ​​the self that came from that.
That self becomes a vehicle for navigating the social world.
But that self is a subjective projection based on other people's subjective projections.
The relationship between self and identity was very troubling growing up for me.
I grew up in a coastal town in England in the 70's.
My father is white from Cornwall and my mother is black from Zimbabwe.
it is very important
When I was 16, another opportunity stumbled upon me, and I got to do my first movie.
It was the first time that I could exist in a functioning self, a self that I controlled and directed and brought to life.
During an interview with Dr. Phyllis Lee, she asked me, "What is your definition of race?"
Because the genetic difference between a black Kenyan and a Ugandan is greater than a black Kenyan and a white Norwegian.
In other words, race has no biological or scientific basis.
We have created value systems and physical realities that support our self-worth.
But it's a projection, something our smart brains create to deceive us from the reality of death.
The self's struggle for certainty and definition will never go away unless you show a connection with the Creator, that is, you and me.
In those moments, I connect with everything: the earth, the air, the sound, the energy of the audience.
I've played a variety of roles over the years, from a vengeful ghost in the slavery era to Secretary of State in 2004.
And when I realized and understood that the self is a projection, a role, something interesting happened.
But I'm not ashamed of myself
Through time and practice, I tried to live more in my own essence.
If you can do that too, amazing things will happen.
Because when we all live in ourselves and misinterpret it as life, we devalue and numb life.
Let's leave a note to ourselves that the cracks are beginning to appear in the world we've built, and the cracks are flooded with waves, oil pouring in, and blood pouring in.
(applause)
This photo is by Michael Najar, and it's a real photo in the sense that it was actually taken in Argentina.
This photo was taken when we were in the depths of the valley.
This is the Hang Seng Index for Hong Kong.
this is art and metaphor
I started thinking about this a couple of years ago on a transatlantic plane, sitting next to a Hungarian physicist my age and talking to them, Hungarian Cold War physicists. I asked what it was like
To understand this, you need to know how stealth works.
So they didn't rely on radar, they built a black box that looked at electrical signals and electronic communications.
"There are 2,000 physicists on Wall Street, and I'm one of them."
"It's funny that you asked me that, because it's actually called black box trading.
It is also called algo trading or algorithmic trading.”
Algorithmic trading evolved in part because traders at financial institutions had the same problem as the U.S. Air Force -- there's a lot of moving points, and whether it's P&G or Accenture, they're moving millions of stocks in the market.
So they've got to break that big thing down into a million small transactions, which is where the algorithms come into play.
And the magical and scary thing about it is that the same math that divides big things into a million little things can also be used to find a million little things and put them together to see what's really going on in the market. is
All they had was a monitor with numbers on it and a red button that said "Stop."
What we're doing is writing things that we can no longer read ourselves.
There's a company in Boston called Nanex that uses math and magic and other obscure stuff to look at all the market data and actually figure out algorithms out of it.
Because within a few hours, it was up to $23.6 million, not including shipping.
Netflix has changed its algorithm many times over the years.
Pragmatic Chaos tries to do the same thing that other Netflix algorithms do.
But the difficulty of the problem, and the fact that we don't know it well, doesn't make pragmatic chaos less effective.
What you're seeing here -- well, you might not normally see it -- is the physics of culture.
Here are two algorithms competing in the living room
And the idea that architecture itself could be subject to algorithmic optimization isn't all that far-fetched.
It's most noticeable when you're inside a sealed metal box, a new type of elevator called a destination-controlled elevator.
Bin-packing algorithm is used
This is what we are trying to design
We're designing to the language of this machine.
Wall Street's algorithm relies on one thing above all else: speed.
If you think about what a microsecond is, if you say that a mouse click takes 500,000 microseconds, you'll get a feel for it.
But with Wall Street's algorithm, if you're five microseconds behind, you lose.
So if you're an algorithm, you're going to look for someone like the architect I met in Frankfurt, who hollows out skyscrapers, strips them of all the infrastructure for human use, like furniture, and reinforces the floors with steel bars. And we're going to be able to pile up a pile of servers, and it's all about making the algorithms closer to the Internet.
You might think that the Internet is a distributed system.
I honestly don't understand a lot of what they say.
They talk about light cones and quantum entanglement, and I don't really understand any of them.
But if you look at this map, you can see that this map shows that if you want to make money in a market that's represented by the red dots, that's where the people are, the cities, but for maximum efficiency, you put your servers where the blue dots are. that there is a need
As you may have noticed, many of the blue dots are in the middle of the ocean.
So that's what we're going to do. Maybe we'll make a bubble or a platform.
(Laughter) The real interesting part isn't the money.
But now there's a third co-evolutionary force: algorithms, Boston Shuffler, Carnival.
We'll have to understand those things as part of nature, because in a way they really are.
(applause)
"I want to fly like a bird" has been a dream of mankind.
birds are very agile
thank you
(Applause) (Applause) (Applause) So let's take a closer look at SmartBird.
The next thing you'll see is how to measure aerodynamic efficiency.
I knew about electromechanical efficiency, so I was able to calculate the aerodynamic efficiency.
thank you
The question to be asked today is not "Why did we invade Afghanistan?"
In other words, why are we still in Afghanistan after 10 years?
Why We're Spending $135 Billion
How did this happen?
Because it's not the 1990s anymore.
If Al-Qaeda tries to establish a base near Ghazni, we will attack it thoroughly, and it will be difficult for the Taliban to protect Al-Qaeda.
When I walked around Afghanistan in the winter of 2001-2002, I saw this sight.
But he was more conservative, foreign-exclusive and Islamist than we think.
Also, a man named Mullah Mustafa tried to shoot me.
But after a year and a half, I asked him why he tried to shoot me.
But I don't mean to say that Afghanistan is a place full of people like Mullah Mustafa.
From 2008 to 2010, I was at the Harvard Institute. There were people like Michael Semple who spoke Afghan fluently and who had been to almost all parts of Afghanistan.
For example, Andrew Wilder was born on the border of Pakistan and Iran and devoted his entire life to Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Beginning in 1978, Paul Fishstein worked for Save the Children and launched the Afghanistan Research Unit.
The first thing that has to change is the organizational structure of our government.
It's a real shame that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the United Nations, and the militaries of these countries have very little idea of ​​what's going on.
In 2008, only three of the 350 staff at the British Embassy in Afghanistan could speak fluently Dari, Afghanistan's main language.
it's not.
The military has shrunk,
Bosnia today has a lower crime rate than Sweden.
Egypt is more important if the focus is on regional stability.
Why Mountain Rescue?
thank you very much.
(Applause.) Thank you very much.
thank you.
(Applause) Thank you.
Thank you, thank you.
thank you
(Applause) Rory, you mentioned Libya at the end.
Cities continue to grow, urbanization is spreading, and in the last 200 years, there's been explosive growth, and by the second half of this century, the planet will be completely dominated by cities.
now over 82 percent
In China, 300 new cities will be built in the next 20 years.
But cities are a solution to these negatives as well.
And what is urgently needed now is a scientific theory of the city.
My provocative proposition is the urgent need for a serious scientific theory of cities.
And scientific theory is a framework that is quantifiable and that makes predictions based on underlying generalized laws.
Are there any universal laws?
Isn't London a big whale?
Isn't Edinburgh a horse?
Isn't Microsoft a giant anthill?
We use words like the "DNA" of a company, the "metabolism" of a city, and so on. Are these metaphors just bullshit? Or is it worth considering?
If so, why is it so hard to kill a city?
If you have a serious theory, you should be able to predict, for example, when Google will go bankrupt.
Also called growth
But for economies, for companies, for cities, in the current paradigm, it's very, very bad.
Let's talk about biology first
The reason for this is network
All life is governed by networks, from intracellular networks to intercellular networks to the ecosystem level.
But a city is also a network, and the most important part of a city's network is you.
And this is the scaling of the city
What you see here is the phenomenon of scaling.
So what I've graphed here is income and GDP, city GDP, crime and patents, all in one graph.
If we double the size of the city from 100,000 to 200,000, or from 1 million to 2 million, the result is the same, both mechanically increasing by 15 percent. Income, wealth, AIDS cases, police force, etc. about everything you can think of
I don't have time to talk about all the math stuff, but at the bottom of it all is social networks, because it's a universal phenomenon.
This 15% rule applies wherever you are on the planet, whether you're in Japan, Chile, Portugal, Scotland, it doesn't matter.
The data always show the same trend, despite the fact that these cities have evolved independently.
something universal is happening
Again, this universality is who we are, we are the city.
On the right side, walking speed is increasing in European cities.
But there's a terrible catch to this, and the catch is that the system is doomed to collapse.
It's doomed to collapse for a number of reasons, and the reason is Malthusian: resource depletion.
There is a continuous cycle of innovation here, which is necessary for sustainable growth and avoiding collapse.
The question is, can we, as socio-economic beings, avoid heart attacks?
So from the size of a company, say a small company, you can infer the size of Walmart.
And this is repeated across companies of all sizes.
thank you
(applause)
(Audience) Yes
(Laughter) I had a lot of problems. I had a lot of problems at work, and every day when I got home from work, my wife would ask me the same question over and over again.
At the time, I was spending 40% of my income on childcare.
(Laughter) I said, "Why are you saying that?"
(Laughter) Moving on to six months later, I've been a stay-at-home mom for a week.
(Laughter) I was standing in the bathroom looking in the mirror (Laughter) crying (Laughter) tears all over my face.
(Child) I don't know
If you take your kids to the park every day, they'll get dirty every day.
(Laughter) And you're more likely to be peeed on, and no one wants to be peeed on by their own baby.
Studies show that, two hours a day, prisoners spend more time outside than children.
I used to think that the best way to teach a child about right and wrong was through discipline, because the pain and fear that comes from scolding would definitely teach them what's wrong and what's right. and
But the truth is that the best way to teach children right and wrong is to educate them.
A lot of the videos you see here are on my YouTube channel, called "Beleaf in Fatherhood."
I was an artist and I wrote songs for other artists.
It's not that hard to prepare dinner by the time you get home, is it? "
(Laughter) He just confided in me. (Laughter) I said, "You don't know anything."
Because I finally got to stand in their shoes.
No one can deny that family is fundamental to everyone's life.
thank you
(applause)
this is hermann goering
What he desperately wanted was Vermeer's work
I finally found an art dealer, a Dutchman named Han van Meegeren, who sold a wonderful Vermeer painting for ten million dollars in today's money.
So he said, "I'll prove
Give me a canvas and paints, and I'll draw you better than Vermeer sold to that damned Nazi.
and the treason charge was dropped
There's a lot about Hann Meegeren, but let's get back to Göring, who is pictured being interrogated in Nuremberg.
But I could sympathize with his reaction when he was told that his treasured painting was actually a fake.
(Laughter) Shortly after that, he committed suicide.
In particular, "The Supper at Emmaus" is said to be Vermeer's masterpiece, and people from all over the world came to see it, but it was actually a forgery.
Sociologists like Beblen and Wolfe would say that origin matters because we're snobs and status-obsessed.
But what's even more interesting is that what you think you're eating makes a crucial difference in how it tastes.
Of course, everyone drinks the exact same wine.
When you think you're drinking something expensive, parts of your brain associated with pleasure and reward light up.
It's not just that you enjoy it more or that you like it this way, but it's a really different experience.
(Laughter) A particularly dramatic example is a neurological disorder called Capgras syndrome.
As a third example, consider consumer products.
You can wear shoes, you can play golf with golf clubs, and chewed bubble gum is completely useless.
The gum was chewed by pop singer Britney Spears and sold for hundreds of dollars.
(Laughter) These shoes are probably the most valuable of all.
(Applause) Object fascination isn't just about celebrity objects.
We then asked another group of subjects with different constraints and conditions.
(Laughter) So let's get back to art.
For works of art, history is really special.
Philosopher Dennis Dutton, in his wonderful book, "The Art Instinct," said, "The value of a work of art comes from the assumption that there is human skill behind its creation."
This approach allows us to explain the differences in people's tastes in art.
I've been talking about the visual arts, but I'll also give you two examples from music.
Famous violinist Joshua Bell
Washington Post reporter Gene Weingarten wanted him to do a daring experiment.
He actually made $20 extra, but didn't count it.
(Laughter) (Applause) The second example of music is John Cage's modernist piece "4'33".
(Laughter) For a dollar and ninety-nine cents, you can hear this silence, unlike any other form of silence.
They delivered a series of painful electric shocks.
It hurts even more when you think someone is hurting you on purpose.
(applause)
And there are those who worry about the peace and security of the world.
The food riots of 2008 happened because a "silent tsunami" of hunger hit the planet, doubling the price of food overnight.
Amazingly, breastfeeding for the first six months saves one child every 22 seconds.
But in Niger, less than 7 percent of children are breastfed for the first six months.
less than 3 percent in Mauritania
It's chickpeas and powdered milk plus vitamins to give your brain the nutrients it needs.
Technology can change food shortages in famine-prone places.
Now, in more than 30 countries, we're delivering food via mobile phone and changing the situation for refugees.
The reason women in Africa can't sell food is because they have no roads, no warehouses, no bags to put their produce in, but what if women could provide food to hungry children elsewhere?
Studies show that malnutrition and hunger cost societies an annual cost of anywhere from 6 percent of GDP to as high as 11 percent.
Thirty-six countries with severe malnutrition collectively cost 260 billion dollars in economic losses each year.
The World Bank estimates that it will cost $10.3 billion to tackle global malnutrition.
And changing hunger is also an opportunity to change our minds.
I want you to join me in drawing a line in the sand and saying, "No more
thank you
(applause)
As a writer and director, I tell stories that change society because I believe stories have the power to move us.
stories change us
When I write and direct my plays, I amplify the voices of the socially vulnerable. I struggle with self-censorship, which has kept many Ugandan artists away from social and political activism. Not since former Ugandan president Idi Amin persecuted artists.
Dialogue is important because it informs us and inspires us to think. Thinking is where change begins.
I believe that no one is ignorant
I don't think listening to each other will magically solve all our problems.
My first play, "Silent Voices," was based on interviews with war victims in northern Uganda, and it was called "God's Resistance Army," led by the government and Joseph Kony. I brought together victims, political leaders, religious leaders, cultural leaders, pardon commission members and transitional judicial leaders on justice for war victims. To have an important discussion that was unique in Uganda's history.
He explained that his laugh was due to embarrassment, and he admitted that he was embarrassed.
He found himself among the actors on stage and saw the meaninglessness of his past deeds.
"Let's listen to each other's truths"
When I lived in the United States, many of my American friends were surprised that I didn't know about "smart" Western food, like lasagna.
(Laughter) So my question to them was, "Well, do you know malakwang?"
they tell me about lasagna
it makes for a better meal
thank you
(applause)
Thank you very much! I'm so honored to spend my last days as a teenager here.
Today I want to talk about the future, but first I want to talk a little bit about the past.
My grandmother was on the train to Auschwitz, the death camp
And for some reason, we don't know all the details, the train got on the wrong track and went to a labor camp instead of a death camp.
my grandmother survived and married my grandfather
My mother was born while I was living in Hungary.
And when my mother was two years old, the Hungarian Revolution broke out, so I decided to leave Hungary.
My grandmother was a chemist. She worked at the Banting Institute in Toronto. She died of stomach cancer at the age of 44. I never met my grandmother, but I kept her name - Eva Vertes. And I think I inherited my grandmother's passion for science.
I actually discovered this passion not far from here when I was nine years old.
We were on a family trip by car and we were at the Grand Canyon.
I wasn't a kid who read books. I tried everything from The Hardy Boys, which my father recommended, to Nancy Drew, which I tried to read myself, but I just didn't like reading.
But at the Grand Canyon, my mom bought a book called "The Hot Zone," which was about the Ebola virus outbreak.
It had a big bumpy looking virus on the cover, and I just wanted to read it, so I picked it up and while driving from the edge of the Grand Canyon to Big Sur to Monterey, where we are today. I read that book, and from that moment on, I knew I wanted to live a life in medicine.
After I entered high school, I began to think, "Maybe now I'm a fine high school student, and I might be able to do something in this big world of medicine."
When I was 14 years old, I emailed professors at my local university asking if I could work in their lab, but almost no one responded.
But I had the opportunity to speak with Dr. Jacobs, and I was accepted into his lab.
At the time, I was very interested in neuroscience and wanted to study neurology, specifically the effects of heavy metals on the developing nervous system.
So I started doing research on that subject, and after working in his lab for a year, I saw the predictable results: when you feed fruit flies with heavy metals, their nervous systems are severely damaged.
Partly because I didn't know much about the field, I thought, "In Alzheimer's, memory loss is caused by cell death, while this compound called a purine derivative promotes cell proliferation."
And I thought, "If we can promote cell proliferation, then maybe we can suppress cell death."
So that year, and I'm still working on this research, I found that a specific purine derivative called guanidine inhibited cell growth by about 60 percent.
And I happened to come across something called cancer stem cells.
That's what I want to talk about today about cancer.
Last summer, I was doing cancer stem cell research at Stanford University.
And in the meantime, I was reading the literature on cancer, trying, as usual, to familiarize myself with this new field of medicine.
In fact, tumors appear to arise from stem cells.
cancer appears to be a direct result of injury
Smoking damages lung tissue and causes lung cancer.
Drinking alcohol can damage the liver and cause liver cancer.
When the body senses damage to an organ, it triggers cancer, sort of like a repair response.
It removes the cancer cells, but it also exposes the existing damage that the body was trying to heal.
If we can somehow get these cells to differentiate into bone tissue, lung tissue, liver tissue, etc., regardless of how the cancer cells came about, it will be a repair process that will eventually leave them in a better state than they were before the cancer started.
So this changed my view of cancer in a big way.
Some literature even goes so far as to say that skeletal muscle tissue is resistant to cancer, and not just cancer, but metastasis to skeletal muscle.
Metastasis is when tumor cells detach and travel through the bloodstream to other organs. This is metastasis.
So, in these documents, it said, "Metastasis to skeletal muscle is very rare."
So muscle cells exist but don't divide, so they're probably not good targets for cancer to take over.
And the brain, which is nerve tissue, becomes cancerous, even though brain cells are also terminally differentiated.
But in science, we know that once we find an answer, more questions inevitably arise.
Maybe I can say I'll be doing this for the rest of my life
Now, some of my hypotheses, the first thing that comes to my mind about skeletal muscle is that there are a lot of blood vessels going to skeletal muscle.
So the first thing that makes me think is that blood vessels are like highways for tumor cells.
Tumor cells can travel through blood vessels
In other words, angiogenesis is indeed a central process in the pathogenesis of cancer.
When I was reading the literature trying to figure out why cancer doesn't spread to skeletal muscle, the first thing that caught my eye was an article that reported autopsy results that 16 percent of cancers had "micro" metastases to skeletal muscle. bottom
We use a lot of skeletal muscle, our heart is beating all the time, we're working our muscles all the time.
That's why when tumors invade skeletal muscle tissue, they don't get a blood supply and can't grow.
So this suggests that there may be anti-angiogenic factors in skeletal muscle, and perhaps even pathway factors in angiogenesis that actually determine where blood vessels form, which is a promising future cancer. can be therapeutic
And there's another very interesting thing: tumors move through the body in a very complex way, and it involves something called a chemokine network.
Tumors express chemokine receptors, and when the corresponding chemokine is present in another organ far away in the body, the tumor senses it and migrates toward it.
Is it possible that skeletal muscle does not express this type of molecule?
And another very interesting thing is that there are some reports that damage to skeletal muscle is correlated with metastasis to skeletal muscle.
So there are many possibilities as to why tumors don't spread to skeletal muscle.
But by investigating, by tackling cancer, by examining where there is no cancer, there must be something to be found, and there must be something about why this tissue is resistant to tumors.
And can't we take advantage of it? Properties, compounds, receptors, whatever controls anti-tumor properties, could it be applied to general cancer therapy?
By the way, there is a factor called MyoD in skeletal muscle that can be said to link the resistance of skeletal muscle to cancer and cancer caused by a runaway repair reaction.
So, the tumor cells have metastasized to the skeletal muscle tissue, but once they enter the skeletal muscle tissue, is it possible that MyoD acts on the tumor cells and turns them into skeletal muscle cells?
Muscles are being used all the time, they're always getting damaged.
If you have a tissue-deteriorating disease like Alzheimer's that kills brain cells and you need to regenerate new, healthy brain cells, what if cancer were available in the future? What if you injected a tumor into the brain and let it differentiate into brain cells?
Cancer cells are so versatile, they're so versatile that you just have to manipulate them in the right direction.
(applause)
"Getting meaning from sound" Let this be the definition of "listening"
And sound also governs time, and time is always embedded in sound.
Conscious listening always produces understanding, and this is what happens when you lack conscious listening.
So I want to share with you five simple exercises that will help you develop your conscious listening skills.
This is about enjoying mundane sounds
(Dryer sound) It's a waltz One, two, three One, two, three
(Coffee grinder) Wow!
Even mundane sounds can be interesting if you pay attention to them.
It's the listening position. It's about moving the position to the most appropriate position according to what you're listening to.
Use this for communication and listening
Sound is my passion, my life
So schools need to teach listening as a skill.
If we teach listening in schools, we can lift our listening from that slippery slope to the perilous world I talked about today and move it into a world of constant conscious listening, or at least a world where it can be achieved.
(applause)
By the end of this year, nearly one billion people around the world will be actively using social networking sites.
One thing they all have in common is that they all die.
A blog post I wrote earlier this year by Derrick K. Miller got me thinking about this, he was a science and technology journalist who died of cancer.
48 hours of video is now uploaded to YouTube every minute
200 million tweets posted per day
The average Facebook user creates 90 pieces of content each month
But now we're creating an incredibly rich digital archive that will live in the cloud for years after we die.
There are already several services out there that let you decide what happens to your online profile and social media accounts after you die.
In a nutshell, it's a service that allows you to post videos and messages that you create to Facebook after you die.
There is another service called 1,000 Memories
It's a service that allows you to create online tributes with photos, videos and stories to your loved ones and post them after their death.
Many of you may know Deb Roy, at TED in March, where he shared how he analyzed over 90,000 hours of home videos.
As technology evolves, you can imagine what this thing will look like in five, 10, 20 years.
Going a little further, MIT's Media Lab is building robots that can interact more like humans.
Finally, remember this famous scene from Election Night 2008 in the United States, where CNN broadcast hip-hop artist will.i.am live on hologram for an interview with Anderson Cooper.
What if you could use the same type of technology to project images of your loved ones into your living room, and talk to them as if they were alive based on the content you created while they were still alive?
I think this will be entirely possible as both the amount of data we use and the technology that makes sense of it scales exponentially.
thank you
(applause)
And there are over five billion such devices in the world.
We transmit 600 terabytes of data each month on our mobile phones.
One of the issues is capacity.
Radio waves are limited
Because of this limitation, we can't handle the sheer number of bytes sent each month, the sheer volume of data, and the unmet demand for wireless communications.
The 1.4 million radio towers that are base stations consume a lot of energy.
radio waves pass through walls
But on the other hand, there are 14 billion light bulbs in the world, which is light.
Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum
X-rays are useful in the medical field
Infrared can only be used at low power due to eye protection regulations.
And in the middle is the light spectrum
Yes, light. Light has been around for millions of years.
I compared the amount of radio waves with the amount of light spectrum.
Multiply that by 10,000 and you get 14 billion.
The number 14 billion is the number of light bulbs we already have.
So the infrastructure is in place
Looking up at the ceiling, there are many light bulbs
LED is a semiconductor electronic device
We call this technology SIM OFDM
here is the receiver
(Applause) Now again
Of course, the light from the ceiling also illuminates the receiver.
the answer is yes
There is data only where there is light.
Cars have LED lights on the front and back, allowing cars to communicate with each other, and by exchanging information, they can even prevent accidents.
We call this Li-Fi, it's Light Fidelity.
I believe this is a symbiotic relationship and a solution to four problems in today's wireless communications.
thank you
(applause)
Instead, it's like using a remote control for your TV, but when you speak, it uses some kind of telemetry.
Just like you can change the settings of your television with a remote control to suit your mood, through language you can change the settings of other people's brains to suit your interests.
So they just repeat the same thing over and over again.
We don't know if even Neanderthals were capable of social learning.
Of course, their tools are more developed than those of Homo erectus, but the tools of Neanderthals, who lived in Eurasia for more than 300,000 years, have hardly changed.
As a result, ideas accumulate and technology evolves.
We can say that the world has changed dramatically even compared to 1,000 to 2,000 years ago.
But the arrival of modern humans 200,000 years ago and their social learning wasn't the end of the story, it was actually the beginning of the story.
Social learning is visual theft and created a dilemma.
Social learning is really visual theft.
200,000 years ago If we had made this choice, our lifestyle would have been the same as that of the Neanderthals who arrived in Europe 20,000 years ago.
Small groups seem to be more prone to accidents and misfortunes
Language is a kind of social technology that expands the benefits of cooperation, such as reaching consensus, arranging contracts and collective action.
Whereas other species lived only where their genes were adapted, we were able to use social learning and language to transform our environment as needed.
Language is really the voice of our genes.
As we developed language, we did strange, strange things.
There are 7,000 to 8,000 languages ​​on the planet today.
If you go to Papua New Guinea, you can find anywhere from 800 to 1,000 different natural languages ​​on one island.
There are places on this island where you can meet another language every three or four kilometers.
We know this because when we study other linguistic groups and cultures in relation to each other, we find that other languages ​​slow down the exchange of ideas within the group.
It's actually a map of Facebook friendships.
This communication, this connection with the world, this globalization, is now a burden.
The European Union spends more than 1 billion euros annually on translation between these 23 languages.
Roughly $1.45 billion is spent on translation alone.
The EU employs about 2,500 full-time translators.
I'm sure there are more recent data, but in 2007, roughly 1.3 million pages were translated into English, just in English.
So if language really is the solution to visual theft, and if language really is a pipeline of cooperation, a tool aimed at facilitating the liberalization of the exchange of ideas and people, then we are living in a modern age with a problem. facing
So in this modern world, we face a dilemma.
thank you
Svante also found a FOXP2 gene in Neanderthals that seems to be linked to language ability.
I think a lot of people are familiar with the idea that a gene called FOXP2 has something to do with language ability in terms of motor control.
I'll use a simple analogy to explain why I think Neanderthals are incapable of language: Ferraris are cars with engines.
My car has an engine too, but this is not a Ferrari.
(applause)
People in developed countries spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors, inhaling or coming into contact with trillions of invisible organisms, microbes.
Buildings create complex ecosystems that are important sources of microbes, both good and bad for the human body.
What determines the types and distribution of microorganisms that live indoors?
Buildings are inhabited by microbes in the air, which enter through windows and ventilators.
The fate of indoor-dwelling microbes is determined by complex interactions with humans and the built-up environment.
Today, architects and biologists work together to study smart design to create healthy buildings that are better for the human body.
We spend a great deal of time in buildings that are in very controlled environments, like this one, with mechanical ventilation, filters, heating and air conditioning.
Given the amount of time we spend indoors, it's important to understand the impact these things have on our health.
At the Center for Biology and the Built Environment, we took a hospital as a study, sampled air, and extracted DNA from microbes in the air.
we also sampled the outside air
Lack of diversity isn't necessarily good for your health.
Look at the y-axis of the table, you're more likely to encounter potential pathogens and bacteria in mechanically ventilated air than you are outside.
When you're outside, the air contains microbes commonly found on plant leaves and soil.
Because the healthcare industry is America's second largest consumer of energy.
Hospitals use 2.5 times more energy than office buildings
This model isn't necessarily the best for health.
Just as humans manage national parks, encouraging the growth of some species while hindering the growth of others, we use the framework of ecosystems with our buildings to target the microbes we want to keep indoors. I am thinking of increasing
thank you
(applause)
I was afraid that if I took my hat off, I would cease to exist.
A therapist once said to me, "Eve, you've been going here for two years now, and I'll be honest, I never thought you had a body."
All this time, I lived in the city, because, frankly, I was afraid of trees.
I didn't have a reference point in the body, so I started asking other women about their bodies, especially the vagina, and I thought the vagina was important.
This led me to write "The Vagina Monologue," and then obsessively talk about the vagina incessantly and everywhere I could.
One night on stage, I went inside my vagina
I began to see my body as an object, an object that can move quickly -- an object that can accomplish many things at once.
I started thinking of my body like an iPad or a car.
i was greedy
If I was tired, I would drink more espresso.
When I was scared, I went to a more dangerous place
For example, my father was very kind to me on my 16th birthday.
In fact, these stories have taken me to more than 60 countries around the world.
I've heard stories of women being raped in bed, being flogged while wearing a burqa, being drowned in a parking lot, being burned with acid in their kitchen.
Halfway through the journey, I turned 40 and started hating my body, and this was actually progress, because my body existed enough to hate me.
But the more I talked about it, the more objectified and fragmented my body became.
then i went to another place
I went to the Democratic Republic of the Congo
I heard about an 80-year-old woman who was raped by soldiers with her legs broken, disjointed and twisted over her head.
There were thousands of stories like this, and many women had holes in their bodies, holes and fistulas -- they were the scars of war, holes in the fabric of the soul.
All the stories began to bleed together
The rape of the earth, the looting of minerals, the destruction of vaginas—none of these things left each other and me.
My body was driven not only to become a machine, but to take responsibility for destroying other women's bodies in a mad quest to create more machines to support my machine's speed and performance. became
And then I got cancer -- or rather, it turned out to be cancer.
All of a sudden, I understood that the crisis that was happening to my body was also the crisis that the world was facing, and that it wasn't happening someday, it was happening right now.
Suddenly my cancer became a ubiquitous cancer, the cancer of cruelty, the cancer of greed, the cancer infiltrating the bodies of the poor living near the chemical industry, the lungs of miners. The cancer of stress that we haven't achieved enough yet The cancer of trauma that we tried to force ourselves to forget The cancer of caged chickens and polluted fish The cancer that resides in the uterus of raped women Our carelessness It's cancer that lives everywhere because of
Before I got cancer, the world was something else.
now i'm swimming in it
I love lying on the grass and rubbing my body against the grass and mud splashing on my feet.
When it rains hard, I run around screaming
In the streets of Port-au-Prince I am with three million people
From the third to sixth day of chemotherapy, the fire that burned my body is the fire that is consuming the forests of the world.
During the second round of chemotherapy, my mother got sick, so I went to see her.
A few weeks later, I was in New Orleans, and this wonderful spiritual friend said he wanted to give me some healing.
i was honored
It was morning when I visited her house, and the New Orleans sun was shining through the curtains.
My friend had a big bowl ready, so I asked, "What's that?"
Flowers make you beautiful, and honey makes you sweet."
And in the name of connection, she said, "Water is the Gulf of Mexico."
When the other women arrived, we sat in a circle and Michaela dipped my head in holy water.
And she sang— sang with her whole body
Other women sang and prayed for me and my mother.
It was greed and recklessness that led to the drill site explosion.
My entire existence melted in Michaela's lap.
It was about finding my place and the greater responsibility that connection affords.
It was the devastating war that still continues in the Congo and the indifference of the world.
It was the Congolese women who were just beginning to rise up.
A thousand hallelujahs and a million oms were chanted
It was energy, it was love, it was joy.
All of this was in the water and the world and my body.
(applause)
Boys are 30% more likely to drop out of school than girls
As you know, boys are five times more likely to be diagnosed with hyperactivity disorder than girls, so we put them on Ritalin.
(Laughter) Every year there's a study that looks at college students' self-confessed shyness.
The old shyness was the fear of rejection
The problem is that industry provides it
And Cindy Gallop said that men don't understand the difference between making love and doing porn.
The average boy watches 50 erotic videos a week
(Laughter) The porn industry is growing really fast in America, $15 billion a year.
(applause)
Most of you are probably as lucky as I am.
While working on the radio documentary "Unprisoned," I met a woman who used to be just like us, Sheila Phipps.
Don't get me wrong, there are a lot of people who should be in prison.
there are many criminals here
But there are a lot of innocent people in prison, too.
Eve: Sheila's son McKinley is one of those innocent people.
He was convicted based solely on eyewitness testimony, but decades of research have shown that eyewitness testimony is not as credible as previously believed.
Scientists say memory isn't accurate
More than 70 percent of overturned convictions since the first innocent people were released in 1989 through the use of DNA testing were based on eyewitness testimony.
Despite this, McKinley is still in prison.
(Recorded) Courtney Williams: My brother didn't come to my high school graduation because he was incarcerated the night before.
because there was no evidence
Yves: According to the Annie E. Casey Foundation, the number of young people with incarcerated fathers increased by 500% between 1980 and 2000.
More than 5 million children today will experience parental imprisonment at some point in their childhood.
By the time they're 14, 1 in 4 black kids will see their father in jail.
If you're a white child, the rate is 1 in 30.
One of the key factors in the future success of both the inmate and the child is their ability to maintain a relationship during their parent's incarceration, and it takes an inmate 20 to 30 times more to call home than a regular phone call. It costs twice as much, so many families keep in touch by letter.
Will you still take me to prom?
i really miss you
I won the science fair
Yves: Anissa wrote this letter to her brother during her sophomore year of high school.
She keeps a letter from her brother in the frame of her bedroom mirror and reads it over and over again.
I'd like to think Anissa's brother is in prison for good reason.
(Recorded) Danny Engelberg: I've been doing this for so long, and when I walk into the courtroom, it still takes my breath away.
Woman: I think about 85% of the people there were African-American.
Yves: How do black youth growing up in America today come to understand justice?
Another episode of "Unprisoned" was about a group of dancers choreographing a piece called "Hoods Up" and performing it in front of the city council.
Dawonta White, one of the dancers, was in seventh grade at the time.
(Recording) D'Awonta: We all wore black hoodies because Trayvon Martin was wearing the hoodie when he was killed.
So with that in mind, we said, let's wear hoodies like Trayvon.
I feel judged based on what other black people might have done.
But if it's not our responsibility to question this premise, whose responsibility is it?
There's a Jewish church here that's learning about mass incarceration, and many of its members have concluded that mass incarceration will wreak havoc on the lives of many people, so it will actually cause more crime and make people less safe.
Lay Teri Hunter says the first step to action must be understanding.
So, as Jews, as members of the Jewish community, our responsibility is to educate our community, or at least our fellow church members, as best we can.
We elect district attorneys, judges and legislators to run these systems for WE THE PEOPLE.
As a society, we tend to be more willing to risk imprisoning the innocent than letting the guilty run free.
Prosecutors decide whether or not to take legal action against someone the police arrest, and the sentences prosecutors decide directly affect the length of time a defendant may face.
we all want justice
Our criminal justice system is run by "We the People."
thank you
(applause)
Consider the following: "Humans only use 10% of their brains."
(Laughter) Actually, humans use 100 percent of their brains.
So to solve this information overload, evolution has come up with a solution: the brain's attention system.
Attention is thought to be a leader in the brain.
For the last 15 years, I've been studying the human brain's attention system.
First, how attention controls perception.
A very poignant example of how our attention can be harnessed.
He was on a bridge in Florida at this time.
He had just returned from Iraq at the time.
His body was on that bridge, but his mind and attention were thousands of miles away.
I'm so glad he didn't end his life
Because he was a leader, he knew he wasn't the only one who was suffering, and so were his Marine colleagues.
But before I talk about mindfulness training and research findings, I think it's important to first understand how attention works in the brain.
In the attention studies that we do in the lab, we often record brain waves.
This electrode picks up electrical activity in the brain
We call it the N170 component.
Our hypothesis about attention was this: If attention really worked, and it affected cognition, it would work like an amplifier.
Within 170 milliseconds of actually seeing a face
In some of our studies, we wanted to see if the effects of stress on the brain are very good, minor, or bad, but if stress, as a distracting external factor, has a greater impact on attention, external What if you were distracted within yourself without needing distractions from?
Even though it's easy to see that it's upside down.
What they found was that internal distractions, such as distractions, narrowed the attention gap in much the same way that external stresses and distractions in the environment narrowed the gap.
First, attention is very powerful in that it influences our perceptions.
But while powerful, it's also fragile and vulnerable.
What about in the real world?
Where is your attention now?
Here's the prediction
(Laughter) This is a challenge, so listen carefully.
And this is how we time travel to the past and the future very often.
We don't just remember the past that we've rewound, we also think, relive, or regret events that have already happened.
Or, under stress, you might fast-forward your mind.
Mindfulness has to do with paying conscious attention to your current situation.
We record their attention at the onset of a stressful period, and then record it again two months later to see if there's a difference.
During periods of high stress, if we don't do anything, our attention actually weakens, especially at the end of the stress period.
But if you practice mindfulness training, you can prevent this.
And it's actually important to realize this last point, because it shows that mindfulness training is like physical training, that if you don't do it, it won't work.
On the other hand, if you practice mindfulness, the more you do it, the better.
As I mentioned at the beginning, his Marines were the first participants in the mindfulness training that we offered.
We conducted mindfulness training just before they were deployed to Iraq.
In many ways, he said that the mindfulness training that we provided was very helpful in preventing post-traumatic stress disorder, and in vice versa, helping him grow after being traumatized.
After that, Capt. Davis and I -- this was about 10 years ago, in 2008, by the way -- have kept in touch.
He was promoted to Major and retired from the Marine Corps.
As fate would have it, a few months ago, Colonel Davis, at the age of 46, suffered a massive heart attack.
My doctor saved my heart, but mindfulness saved my life.
Here it is
pay attention to your attention
Pay attention to your attention To calm your wandering mind, practice mindfulness as part of your daily wellness efforts and let your attention be your go-to guide in life.
thank you
(applause)
In fact, we're starting to understand that we, living in developed countries, need to make a strong push to reduce emissions.
So what we've done to deal with climate change is
The reason for this is the rapid urbanization of the planet we live on.
But sometimes it's hard to get a sense of the scale of urbanization.
By the middle of this century, about 8 billion or more people will be living in cities or in areas where you can travel to a city in a day.
It may not be possible to produce that amount of clean energy.
So if we're going to get serious about climate change on our urbanizing planet, we need to find other solutions.
This is a map called Mapnificent, and it shows how far you can go from my house in 30 minutes using public transportation.
this is google walking map
When I looked up the Greater Ridgeway route, it was supposed to go through Guernsey.
(Laughter) But technology is advancing, and we're starting to crowdsource this navigation.
water consumes a lot of energy
Because by and large, today's economy is, as Paul Hawken put it, "We sell the future we stole today, and we call it GDP."
Eight billion people, seven billion, maybe six billion, we on this planet are stealing our future, and we're running out of it fast.
thank you
(applause)
Ever since I can remember, I've felt a strong bond with the ocean and animals.
On June 23, 2000, the cargo ship Treasure sank off the coast of Cape Town, South Africa, leaking 1,300 tons of fuel oil, contaminating an area home to nearly half of the total population of African penguins.
Six years and three days before that, on June 20, 1994, the Apollo Sea sank near Dassen Island, and 10,000 penguins were polluted, half of them dead.
When the Treasure sank in 2000, it was in the middle of the best breeding season ever documented for African penguins, which at the time were listed as an endangered species.
Almost 20,000 penguins were covered in toxic oil immediately after the accident.
The local seabird rescue center, SANCCOB, immediately launched a massive rescue operation that quickly became the largest animal rescue operation in history.
I was a penguin keeper at the New England Aquarium.
Two days later, I was on a plane to Cape Town with a team of penguin experts.
Last week, a 10-year-old girl asked me, "What was it like when you first walked into the building and saw the dirty penguins?"
The day after we arrived, my colleague and I from the Aquarium were put in charge of the second room.
Rescuing wildlife is like life: we learn from each case, one by one, from our successes, and some from our failures.
What we learned from the 1994 Apollo Sea rescue operation was that careless use of poorly ventilated shipping crates and trucks was responsible for the deaths of many of the penguins we rescued. We were far too poorly prepared to handle that many penguins at once.
As a result, only 160 penguins died during the Treasure rescue operation, compared to the previous figure of 5,000.
Penguins also learn from past examples.
And very importantly, a year ago, African penguins were listed as endangered.
What have I learned from this intense and unforgettable experience?
When we all work together, we can accomplish incredible feats.
Being part of something much bigger than ourselves is the most rewarding experience we can have.
As Penguin Lady, my mission is to raise awareness and funds to save penguins.
Ultimately, it affects humanity, as Sylvia Earle said, the ocean is our life support system.
Two threats to penguins are overfishing and global warming.
(applause)
Originally, I was concerned about what was happening in the world.
And I became an actor when I was 12 years old.
I was told I was dyslexic
At that time, I read a book by Frank Barnaby, and this brilliant electron and nuclear physicist said that the media had a responsibility, that every sector of society had a responsibility, that they would strive to improve things and move forward. it is the responsibility to
I thought I could do something
I could become a filmmaker
And I started thinking about peace, and as I said, I was clearly moved by these images and trying to understand them.
That's when the idea came to me
If we can do this for even one day, it could change the level of awareness of the great problems facing humanity.
but we had no money
Together we started writing letters to everyone
I wanted it to be September 21st because it was my grandfather's favorite number.
He saw the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki.
From there, we started our journey and launched this project in 1999.
We wrote to heads of state, ambassadors, Nobel laureates, NGOs, religious groups, organizations - literally everyone.
I remember my first letter
So back to this slide, when we launched this program in 1999 -- the idea of ​​the first ceasefire and day of non-violence -- we invited thousands of people.
It's not thousands, it's hundreds of people -- lots of media -- we were trying to create the world's first World Day of Peace.
so we started our journey
(Laughter) Yeah, I'm not worried about that right now.
I also met Mr. Mandela at the Arusha Peace Conference, and so on -- in my work to prove that this idea makes sense, I've done this.
In the last 12 years, I have visited 76 countries
I recorded 900 hours of their thoughts
I felt that I was presenting an attempt to create this day on behalf of the global community.
And on September 7th, I was invited to New York.
And now I was thinking, "The media will hear this story."
Kofi Annan invited me to give a press conference on the morning of September 11, 2001.
The day of ceasefire and non-violence was never told to the world.
And then I went back to London to see Jude Law.
When I answered, "I'm going to Afghanistan," he said, "Really?"
I could see a little interest in his eyes.
one is to have a great idea
We did that, we visited a lot of areas, we talked to the elderly, we talked to doctors and nurses, we held press conferences, we went out with soldiers, we talked to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), NATO, the British government.
When I got home, I remember one of the team members bringing me a letter, from the Taliban.
Later, 1.6 million children were vaccinated against polio as a result of everyone's ceasefire, non-violence.
They believed in peace, they believed in its potential, they made it real.
And then there's another statement, from the United Nations Department of Security and Security, which says that Afghanistan has seen a 70 percent drop in violence because of this effort.
70 percent less violence -- something that everyone said would never be possible and could never be achieved.
Thousands of soccer games are played on Peace Day in the slums of Brazil and everywhere.
he said "absolutely possible"
it's all about the individual
It's all about partnership
There's a wonderful person in this audience, I don't know where he is, but a few days ago, when I was rehearsing, he said, "I've been thinking about this day for a long time, imagining a square with 365 squares. Look, one of them is white."
Thank you TED
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you very much.
I like to call it the "National Automobile Slum"
Call it suburban sprawl
America's public sphere has two roles: as a living space for civilization and civic life, and as a material manifestation of the common good.
The ability to define spaces and create places worth loving all stems from the essence of a culture called civic design.
Two miles north of my town, an asteroid belt full of junk buildings.
There's something all too important here: it's surrounded by a dynamic, permeable membrane.
Beers are brought in, waitresses come and go, and that makes the center of the place come to life and makes it a place where people want to hang out.
An international design award winner, 1966 or something like that.
This is the back of Boston City Hall, Albany's most important civic building -- excuse me -- Boston.
We are normal We are normal We are normal We are normal We are normal
Please admit we're normal We're normal We're normal
We are entering an era of unprecedented change that is certain in America, an era marked by the end of cheap oil.
We should grow more food closer to where we live
The days of 3,000-mile Caesar salads are coming to an end
Consumers do not owe duties, responsibilities, or obligations to their fellow human beings.
Thank you very much
Other planetary systems outside our solar system are like distant cities that you can see the lights on, but you can't get there.
What we're looking for is the slight fading of light, when a planet passes in front of us and slightly obstructs the star's light, reducing the amount of light that reaches us.
In just over two years of operation, it has discovered more than 1,200 new candidate planetary systems centered on other stars.
This distance is very important, because it tells you how much light the planet receives overall.
The reason it's important to know the distance and the amount of light is the same way that when you're camping around a campfire, you want to get close to the fire to warm yourself up, but you don't want to get too close and get hot or burn yourself.
This is our star, the sun
This also changes the light from the star
Kepler can make this observation very precisely and track its effects.
But this is just the tip of the iceberg
Even if it's cloudy outside, things like this are happening all the time in the sky.
So when we want to know if a planet is habitable, if it can have life, we want to know not only the total amount of light and warmth that the planet receives, but also the "weather" of the universe: high-energy radiation, ultraviolet light, X-rays. is emitted from a star and rains down on a planet
You can't see the planets around other stars in the same detail as the planets in our solar system.
For now, what we can do is measure starlight, learn about the relationship between stars and planets, and look for clues about which planets in the universe are good places to look for life.
thank you
(applause)
I'm a magician, and my favorite kind of magic is using technology to create illusions.
I've borrowed three iPods from people in the audience to show you this.
I'm going to use this to talk about one of my favorite subjects: deception.
(music) One of my favorite magicians is Carl Germain.
Surveys show that men lie twice as often as women -- if those women were telling the truth.
(Laughter) We lie to our advantage and cover our weaknesses.
Oscar Wilde said the same thing about love
Some people lie for money
let's play a game
self deception
Sometimes it's hard to distinguish between the two
Gambling addicts are experts in self-deception.
(Slot machine sounds) They think they can win
Bad experiences are quickly forgotten
That's why we can be so optimistic in this vast and lonely universe.
Our self-deception becomes a positive illusion. Why do movies take us on incredible adventures? Why do we believe Romeo loves Juliet? Why do individual notes, when played together, become sonatas and begin to have meaning?
Composed by Debussy, art is the greatest deception.
Art is a deception that creates real feelings, a lie that creates truth.
But I decided not to take this treatment.
A few years ago, I was doing an experiment in my lab.
(applause)
And the genetic information is contained in a sequence of four bases abbreviated by the letters A T C G.
And this information resides in both strands, and this is important because when a new cell is made, the two strands separate and the new strand is synthesized using the old strand as a template, and the process is nearly perfect.
And these mutations generally accumulate over time.
If you're interested in the history of DNA fragments or whole genomes, you can reconstruct the history of DNA by looking at DNA differences.
Thanks to that, we can now analyze the entire human genome in just a few hours.
Of course, we inherit two human genomes, one from our mother and one from our father.
So the next thing you want to think about is how these genetic differences are distributed around the world.
In fact, if you look, first of all, in Africa, there's a certain degree of genetic variation.
And there's less genetic variation outside of Africa.
Yet Africans have more genetic variation.
What's more, most of the genetic variation we see outside of Africa is very similar to the DNA sequences we see within Africa.
Because of this, I often say that from a genomic standpoint, we are all Africans.
The fact that there's a lot of genetic variation, and it's a gradient, means that if you sequence the DNA from a particular person's genome, you'll be able to pinpoint where they came from very accurately, as long as their grandparents or parents didn't move around a lot.
But does this mean, as many people think, that there are large genetic differences between, say, populations of people on different continents?
For example, research is currently underway to sequence the genomes of 1,000 people from all over the world.
An interesting question is what happened when we met.
What happened to the Neanderthals?
In an attempt to answer this question, my research team has spent more than 25 years researching ways to extract DNA from the remains of Neanderthals and animals that went extinct tens of thousands of years ago.
And at the same time, thanks to the ability to sequence large numbers of DNA molecules at lightning speed, last year we published the first version of the Neanderthal genome, at least 55 percent of what anyone has been able to reconstruct on the Internet. You can see the Neanderthal genome of
The answer to this question is to compare the genomes of Neanderthals and modern humans from southern Europe.
Clearly, more often than not, Neanderthals match Europeans more than Africans match Europeans more than Africans.
It's the same when you compare Chinese to Africans, Neanderthals match Chinese more often.
This is also a surprise: Neanderthals never lived in China.
The explanation we propose for this is that about 100,000 years ago, modern humans met Neanderthals after leaving Africa.
It is believed that they first met in the Middle East, where Neanderthals lived.
That's how people outside of Africa today inherit about 2.5 percent of their DNA from Neanderthals.
Now that we have the Neanderthal genome, we can use this as a reference and apply the technology of extracting DNA from ancient human remains to human populations around the world.
They found that around 640,000 years ago, this individual shared an ancestor with a common DNA sequence with Neanderthals.
And if we go back 800,000 years, it leads us to a common ancestor with modern humans.
We call this group of humans, the Denisovans, named after the place where they were first discovered, from this tiny little piece of bone.
The same question can be asked of the Denisovans as the Neanderthals: Did they interbreed with the ancestors of modern humans?
To answer this question, if we compare the Denisovan genome to the rest of the world, it's amazing to see that no one, even around Siberia today, has Denisovan DNA.
Perhaps this means that the Denisovans used to be more widespread, because it's hard to imagine that the ancestors of the Melanesians lived in Siberia.
We don't know the boundaries of these hominins, but we do know that southern Siberia was inhabited at least some time in the past by both Neanderthals and Denisovans.
Then somewhere in Africa, modern humans emerged, left Africa, and probably went to the Middle East.
Modern humans probably originated somewhere in Africa.
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
Why don't Palestinians put up non-violent resistance?
Nonviolent leaders are trying to create a national nonviolent movement to end the occupation and build peace in the region.
One of the main reasons why the Palestinian peaceful resistance movement has never been successful is the gap between what is happening on the ground and what is known abroad.
I think the shortest thing missing for nonviolence to grow is not Palestinians taking nonviolent action, but our attention to those who are already practicing nonviolence.
(music) Palestinian woman: I heard the wall would separate Palestine from Israel.
Israeli Soldiers: Nonviolent Demonstrations Won't Stop [unintelligible]
Demonstrators: It's a peaceful march
we can do it!
Julia: When I first heard about Budrus, I was surprised that the international media had not picked up on the extraordinary events that happened seven years ago in 2003.
After 10 months of peaceful resistance, residents managed to persuade the Israeli government to move the route of the wall from their land to the Green Line, the internationally recognized border between Israeli and Palestinian territories.
Resistance in Budulus has since spread to the West Bank villages and the Palestinian quarter of Jerusalem.
This silence by the media is of great importance to the extent to which nonviolence can grow or survive in Palestine.
And this goes for adults too.
In other words, what the international community chooses to focus on can influence the behavior of regions and entire countries.
I believe that the key to ending conflict and bringing about peace in the Middle East is that we give greater attention to the leaders of nonviolence on the ground today to transform nonviolence into functional action.
On the Israeli side, there's a peace movement called Solidariot, a Hebrew word that means "union."
So imagine the impact it would have if the mainstream media started covering the non-violent demonstrations that take place every week in villages like Bilin and Nilin Warajeh, around Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan and Jerusalem. Nonviolent leadership. They will be more visible and appreciated, and their activities will be more effective.
thank you
(applause)
I believe that eventually buildings and machines will self-organize, replicating and repairing themselves.
I'm going to compare what I believe to be the current state of manufacturing with the natural system for them.
The current state of manufacturing is skyscrapers, which take two and a half years to build, 500,000 to 1 million parts, are fairly complex, are made of steel, concrete, and the latest and greatest technology in glass.
We have this amazing machine that we're going to take into space that's five years in the making and two and a half million parts.
On the other hand, if you look at natural systems, two million different proteins can fold in 10,000 nanoseconds, and three billion base pairs of DNA can replicate in about an hour.
So there's so much complexity in natural systems, but they're extremely efficient, far more efficient and complex than the ones we build.
In this way, there is something very interesting about natural systems.
So I'd like to introduce you to the projects that I and my colleagues at MIT are working on to make this self-organizing future a reality.
The first two are MacroBot and DeciBot
These are the amazing scientists, engineers and designers who are working on this project.
Can this really scale and incorporate robotics into every part?
There's one tetrahedron, which is the gate that does the computation, and there are two input tetrahedrons.
And then it starts moving up and down in three-dimensional space like this.
On the right, the input [0,0] goes up because the output is 1.
What this really means is that this structure now contains the blueprint for what we want to build.
This means that you can do things like self-replication.
If there is an error you can replace the part
So what does this represent for the future?
It opens up new possibilities for computing.
Amazing parallel and distributed computing power, opening up new design possibilities.
thank you
(applause)
Compassion has many facets.
Here is what the Dalai Lama says: he said: "Love and compassion are essential.
They are not luxuries,
I peered into her face.
Then she saw the face of her son, who was sitting next to her. His face was filled with sorrow and confusion.
Almost every year, I visit the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau with clinicians.
They touched me when I was four years old, blind and paralyzed.
My family brought in a woman to take care of me. The woman's mother was a slave.
She possessed amazing strength.
But first of all, compassion requires an ability to grasp the essence of suffering.
But that alone is not enough. Compassion activates the motor cortex of the brain. In other words, we aspire to actually transform suffering.
If we are blessed, it is because we participate in the transformation of suffering.
But compassion also has another side. It's very important.
I have worked with dying people. For over 40 years.
And as you know, we live in a society, a world paralyzed by fear.
It is said to have resilience.
Researchers at Emory University and Davis University have found that compassion boosts our immune system.
But with compassion, we can boost our immunity by creating compassion.
(Applause.) If compassion is such a wonderful thing, why don't we equip health care providers with compassion so that they can do what they're supposed to do: alleviate suffering?
He said, "I'm getting out of here."
he sticks out his tongue To remove the maggots from their wounds without harming them.
And then the dog transformed into a compassionate Buddha.
The women in this room are lotus flowers floating in the sea of ​​fire.
thank you very much.
(applause)
So let's look at the role that unintended consequences play.
Let's go back in time, 40,000 years ago, when civilization evolved dramatically, and music, art, technology, things we've taken for granted in our time, and so many of the things we see at TED were born.
Now let's go forward in time 10,000 years ago.
what was the origin of agriculture
If our ancestors back then did a technology assessment, what would they have done?
Our choices still have unintended consequences.
As a historical example, a Japanese anthropologist wrote in his doctoral dissertation at the University of Michigan that chopsticks had a long-term impact on the alignment of Japanese people's teeth.
The evidence is that our mouths and teeth keep getting smaller.
The ancients valued the unintended consequences, and that there was a very healthy sense of caution, as seen in the story of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, in the story of Pandora's Box, and especially important as a metaphor for modern technology. The same goes for the myth of Prometheus.
So did the disciples of Hippocrates
And then, more recently, Harvey Cushing is a pioneer in neurosurgery, who has transformed an area of ​​medicine that used to be the majority of surgical deaths into a bright spot. What he does isn't always right. I was aware that no
Modern times, let's now look at the 19th century, where new forms of technology are introduced.
Telegraphers in the mid-19th century were the first to come into contact with such a system, and they were the original hackers.
By at least 1918, Sam Clemens, or Mark Twain, had invested heavily in the most complicated machine ever registered with the United States Patent Office.
The patent document contained 64 pages of text plus 271 drawings.
At the beginning of the 20th century, another factor added to make things even more complicated.
How safety technology itself can be dangerous.
What people in those days learned from the Titanic disaster was that there should be enough lifeboats for everyone on board.
But then another accident happened: the Eastland capsized in Chicago Harbor in 1915, killing 841 people, 14 more than the Titanic.
This story also shows that it's not easy to draw the right lessons from unintended consequences.
So the 20th century made us realize just how complicated reality is, but it also had a positive side.
Penicillin was discovered in 1928, but even by 1940 it could not be produced in commercially or medically viable quantities.
The time is after World War II, and the unintended consequences get even more interesting.
A very good example dates back to 1976, when the bacterium that causes Legionnaires' disease was discovered, and this bacterium is commonly found in water, but the temperature of the water pooled in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. becomes the most favorable temperature for the growth of Legionella, causing problems.
We got some of our brightest scientists to investigate, and they discovered that all the tape drives in question were sitting right next to ventilation ducts.
On the other hand, one of the very positive consequences of 20th century technology is that another kind of disaster has led to positive progress.
That's the origin of the Xerox copier, which celebrated its 50th anniversary last year.
Chester Carlson, who invented this, was a patent attorney.
Warren Buffett's mentor, Benjamin Graham, learned from his own losses during the Great Depression in 1929 and developed his own system of value investing.
What this means is that we need a new way of looking at unintended consequences.
We should learn, for example, from Dr. Cushing, whose operations would have claimed the lives of some of his early patients.
The message I've learned about these unintended consequences is that chaos can happen, so let's take advantage of it.
thank you
(applause)
This seems a little far-fetched, but if you look at yourself and your hands, you know you're alive.
My friends and colleagues who are experts in inorganic chemistry distinguish between the organic, living world and the inorganic, dead world.
Darwinian evolution, in a nutshell, is survival of the fittest.
this is a very profound question
We chemists aren't usually used to asking profound questions.
And in fact, the smallest unit that can evolve on its own is a single cell, a bacterium.
This raises three very important questions: What is life?
Is biology special?
biologists seem to believe that
And as you can see, it's pollinating, sprouting, growing.
All these crystals under the microscope seem to be alive, even though they were dead a few minutes ago.
But when I saw this, I was fascinated because it looked like life.
and this is dead
Let's see if we can make life
In fact, we are the only humans in the universe.
But that's a little boring, isn't it?
Let's take it a step further
And in a universe with carbon and organic biology, it offers an amazing diversity of life.
We take great care in our lab to prevent biohazards from happening.
But what about matter?
Chemists examine molecules in the study of disease.
There are control mechanisms, information is transcribed, catalysts are created, things are happening.
But what do cells do?
Darwin also wrote in a letter to a colleague that life probably originated in some warm pond -- not in Scotland, but somewhere in Africa.
I'm a scientist, not a politician
What we have to think about is the birth of chemical complexity.
most likely
In my lab, we're trying to create inorganic life forms with different modes of reaction.
This is how you remember what you need in terms of chemistry.
In order for evolution to occur, we need containers that compete with each other.
"This is my car, drive it and show it off"
So what we're trying to do is build a Lego kit of inorganic molecules.
Look at the molecules on the screen, this is a very simple kit.
Combining these, we can create literally hundreds of thousands of nanomolecules the size of DNA and proteins, but without carbon.
With this Lego kit, we can create the diversity needed to store complex information without relying on DNA.
In my lab, just a few months ago, cells were made from these molecules.
If you can somehow get the molecules to respond to each other, form the right shape, and compete, the molecules will start forming cells, and the cells will multiply and compete.
If we can create a self-sufficient artificial life form, not only will we learn about the origin of life, but we will also learn that carbon is not essential to life, and that carbon can be used for anything. can develop
The big challenge in cell biology is that evolution has made the problem so multifaceted that we'll never know it all.
thank you
Lee Cronin: Many people think life takes millions of years to come into being.
On the other hand, if we can get life without carbon, we can suggest to NASA what to look for.
Hello everyone
It's an iPad book for kids
make the baby poop
I think there's a problem with children's books, they're full of propaganda.
If you look closely, it's a gay couple who's raising a child.
Shake it up and you're a lesbian couple
I was raised to be a good Samaritan and I am
In fact, when there was a wedding in our neighborhood, we would all paint the house.
Hindus are killing Muslims, be careful."
My work is inspired by these events.
i have another idea
It's a children's book about Indian independence, and it's very patriotic.
But when you shake it, it becomes Pakistani's point of view.
(Applause) We need to separate fact from bias.
My argument is that the only way to nurture creativity is to teach children different perspectives from the earliest possible age.
Children's books are parenting manuals, so give them books that teach them perspective.
I would like to say that art and creativity are very important tools for empathy.
thank you very much
(applause)
There's been a lot of exciting things happening in the world of design and in IDEO this past year, and I'm happy to share with you some of them.
I didn't attend the first TED in 1984, but I have attended many times since.
It's kind of interesting to think back to when Richard started it all. Thank you very much Richard. Coming here has been such an important and fun part of my life.
it was a really good time
This year -- let's get the slides out -- this year we brought this Treo, and we were very involved in it, and we helped Handspring design it.
Many lives are saved by this
We're launching a product called the Zinio Reader soon, which should make reading magazines a lot more fun.
But in the 18 years since Richard started at TED, something happened, and people like us -- of course, there are people elsewhere who have been involved in this sort of thing for a long time, but for us it's just the beginning. And I've just... moved a little bit up Maslow's hierarchy of needs -- and started to look at more human-centered design -- anthropocentrism in designing.
There are a few of them -- they're just under a minute or a minute and a half each -- and I think it would be interesting to see a video of how our work has worked out over the past year.
They wanted a new type of store -- a new store that wasn't just a retail store, but had a cultural role.
I've used liquid crystal displays in many places, but I especially like how they're used in the fitting room.
The Itch group, now part of IDEO, designed an interactive four-story high wall Has anyone seen it?
You enter your information and a little train rides around with your thoughts, like the London Underground.
And then you walk out of the IMAX theater on the fourth floor -- mostly teenagers -- and there's a big open space with tables like this, and you can have a really fun interactive game, also Itch. Designed by Durell and Andrew of
This is a video from CBS Sunday Morning that aired about two weeks ago.
The scenario for the second group is that the walls are alive, and everyone hugs Dilbert."
These videos are very low budget quick prototypes
So tonight, we're announcing a new product that will be unveiled to the public for the first time.
It's called spyfish, and it's a product of a company called H2Eye, founded by Nigel Jagger in London.
This product has two cameras
Throw it in from the side of the boat and you can do a quick scuba dive without getting wet.
We've been working on this project for a long time -- it's been about seven or eight years -- and we're just starting to build it.
It can dive to 500 feet where the sun doesn't reach, and it has a powerful light.
[Narrator] "This central box unites the whole system
The combination of underwater images and ambient sounds gives you the feeling of being underwater." (Applause) And the last thing I want to talk about is a very exciting project called ApproTEC.
ApproTEC is a company founded by a good friend of mine, Dr. Martin Fischer, who got his PhD from Stanford.
He got a Fulbright scholarship and started his own business in Kenya. And he had a very interesting insight: "Kenya needs entrepreneurs. There should be entrepreneurs everywhere."
So he decided to start a Kenyan manufacturing business in Kenya, designed by people like us, but manufactured locally.
And just in terms of product sales -- this is a non-profit activity -- the sales of these products now account for 0.6 percent of Kenya's GDP.
Now we're helping design a cheap manual pump for deep wells that will allow people to grow crops in the off-season on their ¼ acres of land.
Now you can grow crops in the rainy season, but you can't grow them in the off-season.
We're designing simple things like seed presses, pumps, hay compactors, and my students are doing this as a class project, and IDEO has been devoting time to this kind of work, but Martin's. success is truly amazing
(Laughter) (Applause) I've seen a lot of interesting things being designed by different presenters in this session.
In my own practice, from product to ApproTEC, taking a more human-centered approach to design that incorporates behavior and individuality is really exciting.
The topic is about economic growth in China and India.
You think it's unfair, because I'm picking two countries as examples against democracy.
The first question is, why did China grow faster than India did?
Over the last 30 years, China has grown twice as fast as India in terms of GDP growth.
Look at the skyscrapers of Shanghai
India's photo shows slums in Mumbai's Dharavi district.
What I can tell from these two pictures is that the Chinese government can act above the law.
I like to call this the Shanghai model of economic growth, which emphasizes the following points to promote economic development: infrastructure, airports, highways, bridges.
How important is infrastructure to economic growth?
If infrastructure is so important to economic growth, then we need strong governments to accelerate growth.
If infrastructure isn't as important as one might think, then strong government shouldn't be so important.
Let me present these two countries to illustrate this question.
For simplicity, let's call one country 1 and the other country 2.
Country 1 has a distinct infrastructure advantage over Country 2.
Country 1 has more telephone penetration and a longer rail network.
In fact, the country with the most telephones is the Soviet Union, and this is data from 1989.
The photo is Khrushchev
Country 2 is China
Of course, today, China has a huge advantage over India when it comes to infrastructure.
But for a long time, until the late 1990s, China was inferior to India in terms of infrastructure.
The most common mode of transportation in developing countries is the railroad, which is why the British built many railroads in India.
In fact, when we look at the world's experience, it makes more sense to think that infrastructure is actually a product of economic growth.
Is democracy bad for economic growth?
Country A had a per capita GDP of $300 in 1990, while Country B had a per capita GDP of $460.
both are Asian countries
In reality, country A is India, a democratic country, and country B is Pakistan, a country that has been militaristic for a long time.
because the two countries have about the same population
The two countries are geographically similar.
From this comparison, democracy looks pretty good in terms of economic growth.
The East Asian model is one reason
East Asia has some successful economic growth stories: South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore.
Then we conclude that the probability of winning the lottery is 100%.
Philippines also did not succeed
So East Asian models are full of selection biases, and this is known as the dependent variable selection problem, and I always remind my students to avoid it.
So why did China grow faster?
Let's talk about the Cultural Revolution, when China went crazy, and compare it to India under Indira Gandhi.
So the question is, who did better, China or India?
China was in the middle of the Cultural Revolution
Even during the Cultural Revolution, China ended up outperforming India in per capita GDP growth by an average of about 2.2 percent each year.
This is the World Development Index indicator data from the early 1990s.
The adult literacy rate in China is 77 percent, compared to 48 percent in India.
The definition of literacy in China is being able to read and write 1,500 Chinese characters.
The gap between the two countries in terms of literacy is even greater than this data.
China had a significant advantage over India in terms of human capital.
On average, in 1965, the Chinese lived 10 years longer than the average Indian.
If I had a choice between Chinese and Indian, I would have chosen Chinese to live 10 years longer.
If you made this decision in 1965, the Cultural Revolution happened the following year, so there's a downside.
So you always have to think carefully when making these kinds of decisions.
Indian women today have a significant lead over men in terms of life expectancy.
India still has a lot to do when it comes to gender equality.
Here are two photos, one from a garment factory in Guangdong and another from a garment factory in India.
Between 60 and 80 percent of China's coastal workforce is women, while India's is all men.
The Financial Times ran a picture of an Indian garment factory under the headline, "India overtakes China in textiles."
If you look at other East Asian countries, women are playing a very important role in the takeoff of economic growth, in the East Asian manufacturing miracle.
India still has a long way to go to catch up with China.
Now the question is, what about China's political system?
You talk about human capital, you talk about education and public health.
what about the political system
Is it true that a one-party regime has accelerated China's economic growth?
It depends on how you distinguish between static and dynamic political systems.
Fixed effects can sometimes explain change, but they can only explain it in terms of interactions with things that change.
In terms of political change, we introduced village elections.
To me, the pace of political change is too slow and gradual.
And yet the political system has moved in the direction of more liberal, more democratic.
When Indira Gandhi issued a state of emergency in 1975
The Indian government owned and operated all television stations.
What many people don't know is that in the 1990s, India not only embarked on economic reforms, but also on political reforms, such as village autonomy, media privatization, information disclosure.
China is a superstar in terms of economic growth.
But that doesn't mean you're a bad basketball player.
Comparing to superstars is the wrong benchmark.
Think about the future, comparing dragons to elephants.
India has the right political system for economic growth, while China is still struggling with political reform.
I believe that political reform is essential for China to sustain its growth.
Political reform is also very important to share the benefits of economic growth broadly.
I don't know if it will happen, but I'm an optimist.
And hopefully in about five years from now, I'd like to report at TED Global that political reform is happening in China.
they are so scary
Interestingly enough, they have a sense of humor.
They hacked the Fox News Twitter account and posted that President Obama had been assassinated.
You can imagine the panic in the FOX newsroom.
A friend of mine who works in the security industry told me the other day that there are two types of companies out there: those who know they've been hacked, and those who don't.
Three companies that provide cybersecurity services to the FBI have already been hacked.
This enigmatic group, Anonymous, is -- in their own words -- providing a service by revealing how unfit companies are to protect our data.
They claim they're fighting a dastardly conspiracy
They say that governments are trying to take over and control the Internet, and that the only people Anonymous really stands up to are the dictatorships in the Middle East, the global media corporations, the intelligence agencies, and whoever.
The web connects everything, and it will soon be intervening in most human activities.
Now this is a very complicated battle.
But I'm going to need another 18 minutes to explain all of that, so feel free to trust me here, and I assure you that all of these things are related to cybersecurity and Internet governance. Part of it is probably something that even Stephen Hawking has a hard time trying to understand.
As you can see, in the middle is our old friend, the hacker.
Now, I won't say anything, but there is a small research institute in Turin, Italy, called the Hacker Profiling Project.
They're doing some great research on who hackers are, their abilities, their sociability.
i think they are doing a very important job
The hacker group Anonymous that I've mentioned so far is a politically motivated hacking group.
The emergence of true organized crime on the Internet dates back about a decade ago, when a group of talented Ukrainian hackers developed a website that would later lead to the industrialization of cybercrime.
And CarderPlanet has become a supermarket for cybercriminals.
And this completely revolutionized cybercrime on the web, and then just
He was averaging $150,000 a week, tax-free, of course.
And often they are the most vulnerable of all
Dimitri Golubov aka SCRIPT Born in Odessa, Ukraine in 1982
he did a great job
Next, I'd like to introduce you to Renukanth Subramania, aka Jilsi -- founder of the dark market, born in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
At the age of eight, he and his parents fled the capital of Sri Lanka because gangs of Sinhalese were roaming the streets trying to kill Tamils ​​like Renu.
At the age of 11, he was interrogated by the Sri Lankan military and accused of being a terrorist. His parents sent him alone to England as a refugee seeking political protection.
At the age of 13, barely speaking English, being bullied at school, he sought a home in the computer world, where he showed great technical ability, but was soon seduced by someone on the Internet.
Convicted of mortgage and credit card fraud, he is expected to be released from London's Warmwood Scrub prison in 2012.
By the time he finally realized his situation and understood the implications, he had already gone too deep.
Max Vision AKA ICEMAN -- Creator of Carders Market
Born in Meridian, Idaho
Max Vision is one of the best penetration testers in the late 1990s in Santa Clara, California, working for a private company and working with the FBI.
Around that time, he discovered that all of the US government's information networks were vulnerable, and he was intrigued and fixed them - because they included a nuclear research facility - a huge security flaw that would shame the US government. was able to avoid
In prison he would fall victim to financial scammers who persuaded him to work with them after his release.
He set up a newsgroup called bankfrauds@yahoo.co.uk, and then in 2005 he came to England to pursue a master's degree in chemical engineering at the University of Manchester.
Finally, Chagatai Eviapan aka Cha0 -- one of the most notable hackers of all time from Ankara, Turkey
And what's also important is that these traits, which are highly prevalent among hackers, are consistent with those of Asperger's Syndrome.
I discussed this point with Professor Simon Baron-Cohen, who is a professor of developmental psychology at the University of Cambridge.
(Applause) CA: So your idea worth spreading is to hire hackers.
How do you overcome the fear that the hackers you hire might leave a small wormhole?
We want to work with you."
(applause)
My name is Kate Hartman
I teach physical computing and wearable electronics.
don't be ashamed
I use a variety of materials and tools in my work, for example
It all started a few years ago, late at night on the subway on my way home, thinking.
After I got home, I made a prototype of this hat.
This changes the human-plant dynamics, because one plant can actually communicate its needs to thousands of people at the same time.
If you think about scale, I've been obsessed with glaciers lately.
Glaciers are majestic creatures, and they fascinate me for many reasons, but I'm particularly interested in the relationship between humans and glaciers.
(Laughter) Because there seems to be a problem.
I actually live in Canada now, and I go to a local glacier.
There are buses that actually go beyond the moraine, and they drop you on the surface of the glacier.
What should I do when I visit a glacier for the first time?
Should I carve a message in the snow?
These days, we're using devices to find ways to connect with the world, so we actually built a glacier hug suit.
Again, this is a trigger, asking people to lie on the glacier and give them a hug.
My intention is to use the next 10 years on collaborative projects, working with artists, engineers, scientists from different disciplines, working together to find ways to improve the relationship between humans and glaciers. I'm going to finally
(applause)
Ladies and gentlemen, let me show you the human genome.
(Applause) Chromosome 1 is in the upper left, and the sex chromosome is in the lower right.
If you put one base per pixel on a 1280x800 resolution screen, you'd need 3,000 screens to look over the genome.
(Laughter) It took 15 years and four billion dollars to sequence and publish the genome.
That's the equivalent of filling up your car with gas in 1998 and going two trips to Jupiter in 2011.
It's going to double, triple or quadruple every year for the time being.
In fact, one laboratory has 20 percent of the world's analytical capacity, the Beijing Genome Institute.
There was this 37-year-old woman with stage 2 estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.
If you have a deleterious mutation in this gene, you have a 90% chance of getting cancer.
I'm going to tell you the story of the Beery twins, who were diagnosed with cerebral palsy when they were two years old.
It was actually dopa-responsive dystonia.
But the guy in the picture, Joe Beery, was lucky enough to be the CIO of a company called Life Technology.
We found a series of mutations in a gene called SPR, which is involved in the production of serotonin.
So when we gave L-Dopa along with a serotonin precursor, the children became virtually normal.
a few years ago it cost $100,000
$10,000 now, $1,000 next year, $100 the year after next.
They found a single point mutation in the gene responsible for programmed cell death.
This is a natural response that triggers programmed cell death, but the gene that suppresses it has been destroyed.
(Laughter) It opens up the possibility of using the genome as a universal diagnostic tool.
The exact same technology can be used to develop new varieties of corn, soybeans, and other crops that are more resistant to droughts, floods, pests, and pesticides.
So as long as the population continues to grow, we'll have to grow and eat genetically modified foods.
This is a typewriter. It's been on every desk for decades.
And then came the more popular word processors
Bob Metcalfe invented the Ethernet, connected all computers, changed everything radically.
(Laughter) We are here now.
This is the current genomic revolution.
Do you want to know if you are genetically compatible with your lover?
(Laughter) Would you want to elect a president with a genome suggestive of cardiomyopathy?
Imagine yet another thing: what if the software could ask for mutual consent, "Would you like to meet your distant cousin?"
(Laughter) This is probably a good thing, right?
According to experts, 1-3% of you are not the real father of your child.
(Laughter) Look -- (Laughter) These genomes -- 23 pairs of chromosomes, at least so far, don't represent the quality of relationships or the nature of society -- at least until now.
So I want you to wake up, pay attention, and influence the genomic revolution that's happening all around you.
thank you
(applause)
The average American watches TV for about five hours a day.
But today I'm not going to discuss whether television is good or bad. I want to tell you that I believe television has a conscience.
Here's 50 years of Nielsen's top 10 shows.
How did television evolve and what does it say about society?
We went back 50 years to shows from 1959 to 1960.
Did you feel moral ambiguity?
Here's 50 years of research from 1960 to 2010.
Moral ambiguity begins to rise
why?
The Cuban Missile Crisis, JFK was shot, the civil rights movement, the anti-racism demonstrations, the Vietnam War, Martin Luther King and Kennedy were shot, and the Watergate scandal.
Moral ambiguity became a major television meme in the 1990s and for the next 20 years.
Comfort is no longer a reason to watch TV
then look at this
Look, every rise in fantasy and imagination corresponds to a rise in unemployment.
Do we want to see shows about people saving money or losing their jobs?
Whether you're in the television industry or not, you've probably heard and seen the decline of three-camera sitcom-type shows and the rise of reality television.
There was a presidential election in 2000, and the Supreme Court decided the president.
In the 1950s, June Cleaver in the heartwarming drama Leave It to Beaver
Maud Findlay was one of the out-of-the-box actresses of the 1970s who covered abortion, divorce and menopause on TV.
The vice president, played by Murphy Brown, also suggested the idea of ​​single parenthood.
Ladies and gentlemen, TEDWoman women and men, and TEDWoman's global audience, thank you for the opportunity to speak to you about the conscience of television.
(applause)
And most of them were and still are very poor and do not live long.
There's $195 trillion worth of wealth in the world today There's $195 trillion worth of wealth.
And as you know, most of it is owned by what we call Westerners, people in Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand.
Despite being 19% of the world's total population today, Westerners own two-thirds of the wealth.
In fact, in 1500, the average Chinese was richer than the average American.
based on purchasing power parity
By the 1970s, the average American was about 20 times richer than the average Chinese.
If you look at the 10 countries that would go on to become the great powers of the West, in 1500 they were all small -- 5 percent of the world's land area, 16 percent of the world's population, and 20 percent of the world's income.
By 1913, these countries, along with the United States, had become a gigantic empire - 58 percent of the land, the same size of the population, and three-quarters of the world's economic output.
this question is not new
Interestingly, at about the same time, there were non-Western people who asked the same question, almost in reverse, such as Ibrahim Mutefelika, an official in the Ottoman Empire, who belatedly introduced the art of printing into the Ottoman Empire. Published in 1731. In his book, he wrote, "Why did Christian nations, once more fragile than Muslim nations, become so powerful in recent years that they now dominate so much territory and defeat the glorious Ottoman army? ”
They took all the Germans together, divided them into two large halves, and implemented communism in the East, and you know the result.
In a surprisingly short time, the former East Germany built the Trabant, or Traby, the worst car in the world, while the people in the West built the Mercedes-Benz.
His name wasn't Adam Smith, Billy Connolly or Sean Connery, but he was smart too.
5. Consumer society
Competition means that, in the 1500s, there were nearly a hundred national sovereignties in Europe, each of which had competition between corporations and nations.
For example Benjamin Robin's application of Newtonian physics to ballistic mechanics
The Ottoman Empire isn't far from Europe, but there's no scientific breakthrough.
This is what made the difference between North America and South America.
This is the land grant system on the bottom half of the slide.
For example, in Senegal, since the early 20th century, public health has improved dramatically, and life expectancy has begun to rise.
Since the iPhone is designed in California and assembled in China, does the West still dominate innovation?
If you look at the number of patents, the East is clearly ahead.
Japan has held the top spot for many years, South Korea has jumped to third place, and China is poised to overtake Germany.
Why?
it's open source
The average American was once 20 times richer than the average Chinese.
What is clear in modern economic history is that it is extremely difficult to transition to democracy before individual property rights have been established.
Third: Can China survive without Killer App #3?
This is Chinese artist Ai Weiwei's studio in Shanghai being demolished earlier this year.
But I don't think his studio has been rebuilt.
Winston Churchill defined civilization in his pivotal 1938 speech.
I once asked a colleague at Harvard, "Hey, is South America part of the West?"
Although he was an expert in Latin American history,
This crisis is of concern to many people, myself included, but I think it's an epiphenomenon.
(Laughter) So we assembled a team of experts: Harvard University, MIT, American Heritage English Dictionary, Encyclopedia Britannica, and our sponsor, Google.
Ladies and gentlemen, one picture is not worth a thousand words
that is very low
I heard that a company across the river called Google has been working on a digitization project to make this possible for several years.
What's left is 5 million books, 500 billion words, a string of characters a thousand times longer than the human genome that, if written down, would make more than 10 trips between the Earth and the Moon -- veritable fragments of our cultural genome. is
"4-gram" consisting of four words is
Individual n-grams show cultural trends
I might say "Yesterday, I throve."
Or you might say “Yesterday, I thrived.”
He will reply, "Most people say thrived, but sometimes people say throve."
What you are seeing is the frequency of use of "thrived" and "throve" by year.
JJ: You might also want to take a look at this n-gram, which tells Nietzsche that God isn't dead, although maybe God should get a better spokesperson.
(Laughter) And that's how the bubble burst.
We lose interest in the past faster.
If you want to be famous, you can learn from the 25 most famous politicians, writers, actors, and more.
You become famous in your late 50s, but then you become very famous.
(Laughter) You might be thinking, "I'm going to do my best job in my 20s."
As you might guess, Marc Chagall was a Jewish painter under Nazi Germany.
Here's the distribution in German, but it's very different, it's more to the left.
On the other hand, there are those far to the right who seem to benefit from the propaganda.
It's like genomics
Culturomics is similarly
The great thing about culturomics is that anyone can do it.
So you can type in a word of interest and instantly see the n-gram, and you can also see examples of the various literature in which the n-gram appears.
It's not that people thought it was mediocre, it used to be that s was written differently and looked like f.
This person seems interested in the history of frustration
There are many types of frustration
this has something to do with reagan
Google digitized 15 million books
12% of all books ever published
It's a big chunk of human culture.
When that happens, it will change the way we understand past, present, future, and culture.
thank you very much
(applause)
Last October, I had the opportunity to go to the Congo, which is the second largest country in Africa.
Over the last decade, five million people have been killed in action in the East.
The real number is 1.3 percent of adults infected with HIV.
It doesn't sound like much, but in a country of 76 million people, there are 930,000 infected people.
Infrastructure is so bad that only 25 percent of people have access to life-saving drugs.
It's a place where sex workers bring clients and do business.
Damien knows condoms, but he doesn't sell them.
It's not surprising, considering that only 3% of people in the Congo use condoms.
But if you're really going to stop the spread of HIV, you have to think about your customers. Think about the people whose behavior you want to change, couples, young men and women, whose lives depend on what they do.
thank you
(applause)
The case of the Tasmanian devil has shown that not only can cancer be contagious, but it can also threaten the survival of a species.
First, what is the Tasmanian Devil?
But not many people know that there actually exists an animal called the Tasmanian Devil, the world's largest carnivorous marsupial.
The Tasmanian devil gets its name from the terrifying scream it makes at night.
The Tasmanian devil lives only on the small island of Tasmania, located in southern Australia.
Despite their ferocious appearance, Tasmanian devils are adorable little animals.
In fact, growing up in Tasmania, every time I met a Tasmanian devil in the wild, I was really stoked.
It all started in 1996 with a photograph taken by a wildlife photographer of a Tasmanian devil with a large tumor on its face.
Animals, just like humans, can develop bizarre tumors.
The disease was first identified in northeastern Tasmania in 1996 and has since spread across Tasmania in a big wave.
They inevitably progress into these large, ulcerative tumors.
We immediately thought of the virus-transmitted cervical cancer and the AIDS epidemic with other cancers.
Cancer is a disease that affects millions of people worldwide each year.
A third of the people in this room will get cancer at some point.
I myself had a colon tumor removed when I was 14.
Natural selection is survival of the fittest
Within the fast-dividing population of cancer cells, evolution selects for new mutations that can grow faster, acquire nutrients more effectively, and invade the body.
That's why cancer is so difficult to treat
But it was in the case of the Tasmanian devil that the cancer acquired an amazing evolutionary adaptation.
this is jonas
It's a Tasmanian devil that we found with a large tumor on its face.
As a geneticist, I'm interested in analyzing DNA and mutations.
I took this opportunity to take samples of the tumor on Jonas' face and several other parts of his body.
In fact, Jonas himself and his tumor were as different as you and the person sitting next to you.
So Jonas' tumor wasn't self-generated.
Further analysis of the genetic profile revealed that Jonas' tumor probably arose first from a female Tasmanian devil, even though Jonas was clearly male.
An analysis of hundreds of Tasmanian devil cancers across Tasmania revealed something significant.
All cancers shared the same DNA.
They have a habit of biting each other violently, especially in the face.
This Tasmanian Devil cancer may be the ultimate cancer.
But why hasn't this phenomenon been seen in animals other than Tasmanian devils, such as humans?
Kimbo had a huge, bleeding tumor at the base of his penis.
In fact, the same cancer cells that infected Kimbo have been found in dogs in New York City, in the Himalayas, and in the Australian outback.
Genetic profiling suggests that this cancer has been around for tens of thousands of years, and may or may have originated in Neanderthal-era wolf cells.
Is cancer contagious between humans?
This question was of great interest to oncologist Chester Southam in the 1950s.
This is a picture of Dr. Southam injecting cancer into a volunteer who was an inmate at the Ohio State Penitentiary in 1957.
(Laughter) So passing cancers between humans is very rare.
But under certain conditions it can happen
Finally, given the ability of cancer cells to divide and adapt to their environment, cancer is inevitable.
In fact, I believe that cancer can be defeated by analyzing the complex evolutionary processes that drive cancer growth.
My personal goal is to beat this Tasmanian devil cancer.
Let us help prevent the Tasmanian Devil from becoming the first animal to die from cancer.
thank you
(applause)
Basically, there's a demographic event happening right now.
So what is actually happening? I agree. Villages all over the world are emptying out.
There is a truth here that cannot be called romantic. ――It was said in Germany during the Renaissance that the city air frees people. So some people go to cities like Shanghai. But most people head for the pioneer cities where aesthetics reign
They are the people who are getting out of poverty as fast as they can.
They have homegrown infrastructure and vibrant city life.
One-sixth of India's GDP is produced in Mumbai
Education is a major event that can happen in a city.
What is going on in the streets of Mumbai?
But I don't think so, because doodling has a huge impact on our ability to process information and solve problems.
In the 19th century it represented a "corrupt politician"
And today, the official definition of "doodle," which I personally think is the most offensive definition of all time, is "wasting time," "procrastinating," "hanging out," "drawing nonsense." Doing things that have no value or substance," and my favorite definition of them all is "doing nothing."
(Laughter) I've also heard horror stories about people scolding teachers for doodling in classrooms.
There are strong cultural norms against doodling in learning settings.
The truth is that doodling is such a powerful tool that we need to remember and relearn it.
There are four ways learners get information to make decisions.
thank you
(applause)
I grew up in a secular, white, middle-class family in America in the 1950s.
So from a relatively young age, I was looking to fill the existential emptiness and connect with something bigger than myself.
yes that was it
(Laughter) So I got a fountain pen, but it didn't give me the sense of belonging and the confidence that I was looking for.
A young turtle-loving naturalist immediately decided on the Galapagos Islands.
And when my daughter, Katie, turned 13 and spent two weeks with me at the bottom of the Grand Canyon, she realized for the first time that she had power and courage.
It's a beautiful moment of silence together, a moment that brings us all together.
(Laughter) My family recently asked me if I could do something about the more than 250 boxes that I've collected over the course of my life, and my instinct to perform the ritual kicked in.
(Laughter) I could see my kids opening box after box and wondering why they kept all this stuff.
(Laughter) And then I imagined they'd see me in one of those pictures as a young beauty, and they'd say, "Who the hell is this guy with your dad?"
So I started experimenting
the results were great
These conversations brought people together, especially across generations, and I found myself in a space that I opened up to people talking about things that really mattered to them.
People are living much longer now, and for the first time in human history, it's common for four generations to live together.
I'm 71, and with a little luck, I still have 20 to 30 years to go.
(applause)
I teach at Stanford
Arthur Conan Doyle
Conan Doyle tells this anecdote about Bell's interactions with his students:
Bell began to explain to the students
Burntisland is the closest ferry from Fife.
Finally, the fingers of her right hand show dermatitis, a dermatitis peculiar to workers in the linoleum factories of Burntisland."
A year or two later, Laennec invented the stethoscope.
later renamed the stethoscope
In fact, as some of you know, the red-and-white striped barber pole came from a blood-stained bandage, and the objects on either end represent vessels that collect blood.
The advent of auscultation and percussion marked a turning point, when doctors began to look inside their patients.
A very famous painting, The Doctor, by Luke Fildes.
Fildes' eldest son, Philip, died on Christmas Eve after a brief illness at the age of nine.
I often wonder, if Fildes were commissioned to do this painting in 2011, what would he be painting?
A real patient thinks, "Where's everyone?"
"Who is in charge?"
when i was in texas
She found the place she was looking for, and she went there.
Let me tell you about another experience that influenced me, before I moved to Stanford, when I was in Texas.
In America, the average doctor interrupts a patient in 14 seconds.
I had this strange feeling that the patient and I were performing some kind of primitive ritual, and I had a role, and the patient had a role.
At the end of the examination, the patient said in awe, "This is the first time I've been examined like this."
The good news is, it's not cancer, or tuberculosis, or some dreaded infection.
The bad news is that we don't know what's causing it, so first what you should do and what we should do..."
"I remember one patient, who at that point was a skeleton in a skin, unable to speak, unable to respond to normal medicines, candida, and a crusty mouth.
A few hours before he died, he saw me and started moving his hands in slow motion.
I'll see you through to the end
thank you very much
(applause)
It started with an organization called The Young Foundation, which has been revolutionizing education for decades: the Open University, the Extended School, the School for Entrepreneurship, the Summer College, the School of Everything.
Work by learning, learn by working
The first time I tried it was in Luton, only the airport is famous, there and Blackpool, famous for beaches and leisure.
we started with two schools
It's not perfect yet, but I think this idea could change the lives of probably thousands of teenagers who are bored at school.
(applause)
I was born in Switzerland, but I grew up in Ghana, West Africa.
i was free and happy
The early '70s was a time when Ghana's art and music flourished.
In 1979, I witnessed my first military coup.
We children gathered at a friend's house
There was a vintage black-and-white TV, and on the flickering screen, the former head of state general was blindfolded and tied to a pole.
The firing squad took aim, pulled the trigger, and the general was dead.
This was broadcast live
I became ashamed of myself as an African.
Fortunately, in 2008, I decided to return to Ghana, after 28 years.
And that's where I started looking for footprints from my childhood.
And then I realized that when I left my country, free and fair democratic elections were a dream come true.
So I thought, is Ghana searching for identity as I was searching for myself?
Is what happened in Ghana a metaphor for what happened to me?
Now, in 1957, Ghana was the first sub-Saharan country to become independent.
In the late 50s, Ghana and Singapore had comparable GDPs.
It's certainly important to understand the past and look at it from a different perspective, but I think it's time to prove that we should look at the strengths of our own culture and live in the present based on that.
I asked one voter, "Who are you voting for?"
Now let me give you an interesting comparison.
People went back to their polls and decided their own president, not the legal system.
The losing candidate gave up power and Ghana entered a new democratic cycle.
What Ghana has taught me is to look at people and yourself in a different light.
yes we africans can
thank you
(applause)
I'm a doctor, but I went into research and am now an epidemiologist.
Epidemiology is the science of how we determine in the real world whether something is good or bad for us.
This is Dr. Gillian McKeith, aka Gillian McKeith.
You fill out a form on a website, you pay $60, and it's sent to you.
"Red wine prevents breast cancer"
People who eat vegetables and olive oil have fewer wrinkles
This is how our beliefs and expectations are induced, so in clinical trials, we use placebos in controlled experiments, where half the people get the real treatment and the other half get the placebo.
What I just gave you is a very simple and straightforward illustration of how the media and supplement companies and naturopathic doctors can distort the evidence to their own ends.
Twenty years ago, a new generation of antipsychotics came along that was expected to have fewer side effects.
So it's no surprise that industry-funded trials are four times more likely to have positive results than independently funded trials.
But -- and that's a big point -- but (Laughter) it turns out that, in fact, the methods used in industry-funded trials are much better than independent-funded trials.
I like statistics, so I'll start with that
This graph is called a funnel plot
I myself prescribed this drug to a patient.
In fact, 76 percent of all clinical trials involving this drug were withheld by physicians and patients.
Data so far show that this drug shortens the duration of the flu by several hours.
It's without a doubt the biggest ethical issue in medicine today.
(applause)
The history of civilization is, in a way, the history of maps. How have we come to understand the world around us?
One of the most famous maps works because it's not really a map at all.
[Small things, big ideas] [Michael Bierut on the London Underground Map] The London Underground system came together in 1908, when eight different lines were merged into a single system.
The map they made was a complicated one.
Harry Beck was a 29-year-old engineering draftsman who occasionally worked for the London Underground.
They just want to move from station to station, "Where do you get on? Where do you get off?"
He took this mess of spaghetti and simplified it.
Then he evenly spaced the stations, colored each station in a color that matched its line, and fixed everything so that it was no longer a map.
In 1933, the London Underground finally decided to try Harry Beck's map.
They realized it was a hit, and they printed 750,000 more copies, and this is the map you see today.
Focus on who you are doing it for
The second principle is simplicity.
Who would have thought that an electrician would be the key to unlocking what was, at the time, the most complex system in the world? It all started with one man with a pencil and an idea.
The earliest examples we can trace are from ancient Greece and ancient Rome.
In the Middle Ages, many monks wore something like a hooded cape, a kind of hoodie.
And then, of course, there's the world of legends and fantasy.
The image of the hoodie is tied to the Grim Reaper
It's the dark side of the hoody
As clothing, it was so functional and comfortable that it quickly became popular among workers.
It was very comfortable and perfect for street wear, but it also had the added benefit of giving me anonymity when I needed it.
I can immediately picture the hood on, I can feel its warmth and its protection, but at the same time I can feel its psychological side.
When a 17-year-old black boy, Trayvon Martin, was shot and killed by neighborhood vigilantes, the Million Hoodies March took place across the country, where people wore hoodies and marched through the streets to protest this kind of prejudice. I protested
It's not often that one piece of clothing, like a hoodie, has such great symbolism and history that it encompasses so many different worlds.
It's made of wood, it's got several layers of paint, and it has an eraser and a core that's made of graphite, clay, and water.
The beginning of a pencil is graphite
Meanwhile, in Concord, Massachusetts, in the United States, Henry David Thoreau created a scale for different hardnesses of pencil leads.
The softer the pencil, the higher the graphite content, and the darker and smoother the line you draw.
The harder the pencil, the higher the clay content and the thinner and finer the line.
Originally, when they were made by hand, pencils were cylindrical.
Everyone has their own pencil, and every pencil tells a story.
"Blackwing 602" is known to have been a favorite of many writers, especially John Steinbeck and Vladimir Nabokov.
The basic one that has been around for years is shaped like a horizontal bar.
In the 1970s, the so-called "software crisis" happened, and computer design suddenly and rapidly became more complex than people could have imagined.
it took me 5 minutes
[in progress...] But when you start to think of progress bars as something to ease the pain of waiting, you also get into psychology.
For example, if a progress bar is moving at a constant speed, it feels like it's slowing down, even though that's actually what the computer is doing.
So a progress bar at least gives the viewer a sense of beginning and end, a sense of getting closer to a goal.
I think in some ways it also eases the fear of death.
It can be rope, clothesline, twine,
What's important is that it has some weight and makes a whip-like sound.
The origins of jumping rope are unclear, but
Even black children of former slaves in the antebellum South were jumping rope.
In Harlem and the Bronx, Brooklyn and Queens in the 1950s, you could see a lot of girls jumping rope on the street.
From the 1950s to the 1970s, girls weren't allowed to play sports.
A lot has changed, but it was girls who ruled the playground back then.
It is something that is passed down from generation to generation
A jump rope can be used for many things.
There are no bad buttons, only bad people
3,000 years later, when someone finally invented the buttonhole, the button quickly became practical.
The combination of a button and a buttonhole is a great invention.
Button design hasn't changed much since the Middle Ages.
one of the most enduring designs in history
It's either a domed button with a little shank, or a circle just like this, with or without a border -- you can have two or four holes.
Just as important as the button is the buttonhole.
Before there were buttons, clothes were much more bulky, and they morphed to the shape of the wearer, and people would either burrow into them, or just wrap themselves in something.
But as new uses for buttons were discovered, fashion moved closer to body shape.
I think the historical reason why buttons have been around for so long is that they've done a great job of keeping clothes closed.
Zippers are fragile, Velcro is noisy and wears out over time.
When I was a child, my mother knit me a beautiful sweater.
i didn't like
Stairs are perhaps the most emotionally influential physical element an architect deals with.
[Small things, big ideas] [David Rockwell on Stairs] Basically, stairs are a way to get from point A to point B at different heights.
Stairs have a common language
People climbed with whatever they had available: logs placed in steps, ladders, natural trails that had been trodden over time.
Stairs can be made from a variety of materials.
There are straight staircases and spiral staircases.
For a moment, imagine descending a gentle, majestic staircase like that of the New York Public Library.
An experience like this is very different from plunging down a narrow staircase into an old pub-like space.
Stairs provide epic drama.
Stairs can even be heroic
I remember thinking, "This is going to completely change the way we communicate."
Big Ideas for Small Things Margaret Gould Stewart talks about hyperlinks. Hyperlinks are interface elements. Behind the interface, in the software on your smartphone or on your computer, you have a set of instructions for managing the computer, but the interface itself is. It's for humans, and when you click it, something happens.
Designers today have a lot of options.
Hyperlinks use a markup language called HTML.
He envisioned memex as a personal library where you could put together all the books and articles you've ever seen.
This idea of ​​"connecting information" captured people's imaginations.
In 1982, at the University of Maryland, a group of researchers developed a system called HyperTIES.
In 1987 Apple created HyperCard
Ideas and inventions like this inspired Tim Berners-Lee, who invented the World Wide Web.
Like Lego bricks, hyperlinks are the building blocks for a complex web of relationships that spans the globe.
Hyperlinks, by their very nature, were meant not only to be used by many people, but to be created by many people.
I honestly didn't think much of it myself.
When I was 10 years old, I had a classmate at school named Vicky.
mercilessly
I distinctly remember standing in the empty hallway outside my fifth grade classroom, waiting for Vicky to come out of the bathroom, grabbing a clipboard, a pen, and a self-made survey, and asking for her favorite shampoo. It was like I was doing some research in science class or something.
After class, I went out into the hallway and yelled to the students, "Sticky Vicky uses White Rain Shampoo.
I searched for Vicky through friends, through social media, in every way I could think of.
(Laughter) I wrote a book about hate.
(Laughter) At this point, you might be thinking, "Why does everyone care about hate?
you didn't hate vicky
Gordon Allport, a psychologist and pioneer of hate research in the early 1900s, developed a theory called the Prejudice Scale.
Isn't it all hate?
it's not just a coincidence
that's hate
We have a big problem, so I'm going to define hate broadly here.
So what if you believe a group of people to be inferior but don't talk about them?
(Laughter) But hating the Nazis is also hate, isn't it?
What about hating people who are less enlightened than you?
(Laughter) I'm not a hateful person, I'm just right -- right?
(Laughter) It's wrong.
me and you
Let me give you an example of an ex-terrorist I met in the West Bank.
When Bassam Aramin was 16, he tried to blow up an Israeli convoy with a hand grenade.
Fortunately, the plan failed, but he was sentenced to seven years in prison.
While in prison, he was shown a movie about the Holocaust.
Until then, Bassam thought the Holocaust was largely a myth.
But when he saw what really happened, he broke down in tears.
And after his release, Bassam eventually earned a master's degree in Holocaust studies and founded an organization where former Palestinian and Israeli combatants could work together and find common ground.
Bassam says he doesn't hate Israelis, even though the Israeli army shot and killed his 10-year-old daughter Abeer while she was on her way to school.
(sighs) Bassam even forgave the soldier who killed his daughter.
If terrorists can stop hating, even when their own children are killed, then surely the rest of us can stop the habit of demeaning and dehumanizing each other.
The good news is that we are the ones who shape that culture, so we can change it.
Multiple studies show that racial prejudice is reduced when teenagers participate in integrated classrooms and activities.
For example, in America, three-quarters of white people have no non-white friends.
that's it
it's just hard
I've traveled all over the Middle East, Rwanda and the United States, hearing amazing stories from locals who have made history of hate all past, and all the while, I'm still searching for Vicky.
It was very difficult to find her, so I hired a private detective, and he found her.
In fact, the person I call Vicky went to great lengths to hide his identity.
Anyway, about a year into the trip, I wrote Vicky an apology.
that's why i'm here
(applause)
The night before I left for Scotland, I was in Shanghai hosting the final round of the All-China Talent Show, which was attended by 80,000 people.
Susan Boyle
It means "green onions are free"
My generation was lucky enough to witness and participate in a historic turning point in China that has caused so much change in the last couple of decades.
I remember in 1990, when I was graduating from college, I had an interview for the sales department of Beijing's first five-star hotel, which is still in business, the Sheraton.
I had no idea what a five-star hotel sales department would do.
That day was the first time I set foot in a five-star hotel.
Right around that time, I was being judged for the first public audition for China's state television, and 1,000 female college students had applied.
When it was my turn, I stood up and said, Why do female talents on television always have to be beautiful, cute, innocent, and honest?
What is the difference? How will that difference shape the future of China and the world?
First, who are they and what do they look like?
This is a girl named Meimei Guo. She's 20 and beautiful.
She shows off her expensive bags, clothes and cars on her microblog, which is China's version of Twitter.
The controversy heated up, and the Red Cross held a press conference to clarify the truth, and the investigation is still ongoing.
This case reveals the public's mistrust of governments and government agencies that have historically lacked transparency.
It also showed the power and influence of social media like microblogging.
News portal Sina.com alone has 140 million microbloggers
The more popular blogger isn't me, it's a movie star with 9.5 million followers.
About 80% of microbloggers are young and under the age of 30.
First of all, most of them were born under the one-child policy of the 80's and 90's.
A young couple has to care for four parents with a life expectancy of 73 years.
Starting salaries for college graduates in urban areas are around $400, while the average rent is over $500.
60% of the 200 million migrant workers are young
Last year, a horrifying incident occurred at an OEM factory in the South, where 13 factory workers in their late teens and early twenties committed suicide one after another as if they had contracted an epidemic.
But over the last two years, it's gone up to 39 percent, which indicates an increase in the cost of living.
The Gini coefficient, which measures inequality, has passed the dangerous level of 0.4.
I'm frustrated that society as a whole is losing its mobility.
Through the latest microblogging topics, we can see what young people are interested in.
The topic of public safety is also a hot topic on the Internet.
A special additive applied to chicken or fish makes it look like beef.
A girl on a TV dating show said, "I'd rather cry in my BMW than laugh on my bike."
A father posted a picture of his son
"Happiness" was the most popular word in the last two years.
Happiness is not only related to personal experiences and personal values, but it is also related to the environment.
How should social and political reforms proceed to keep pace with economic growth and ensure sustainability and stability?
thank you
(applause)
I was thinking about quarks and gluons and heavy ion collisions when I was only 14 years old, kidding.
And after that, I was studying evolutionary genetics and systems biology.
But today I'll tell you something else
What I'm going to tell you is what I've learned about life.
I was actually a rocket scientist
I wasn't exactly a rocket scientist, but I worked at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in warm California, a far cry from the cold Midwest where I live now.
it was a very exciting experience
He said, "It's a measurable phenomenon that indicates the existence of life."
"I know it's life," he said.
So this is life, but it's not the kind of life we ​​think it is.
And then, as you know, NASA had a big announcement, and President Clinton held a press conference about the amazing discovery of life on a Martian meteorite.
But soon someone took this idea a step further. A scientist working at the Santa Fe Research Institute thought, "What if these little viruses evolved on their own in an artificial world inside a computer? ”
He designed this system, but it didn't work because his viruses were constantly killing each other.
There are about 10,000 programs here
So what I proposed was to build a biosignature based on life as a universal process.
To test the idea, we first looked at amino acids and some carboxylic acids.
The next thing I'm going to show you is an experiment that I did.
thank you very much
(applause)
Now, although we've tripled the space, we've become so good shoppers that we need more space.
Next, we have a new mantra: "small = sexy."
thank you
(applause)
I hope that in the next 10 minutes, I can change the way you think about many things in your life.
And if you add other consumer durables like cars, that number more than doubles.
Now, when you look at these mountains, most people think they're garbage.
Finding ways to extract these raw materials from highly complex waste streams is becoming increasingly important.
Mostly various types of plastics and metals
In general, metals come from the ore that we mine, from the ever-expanding and deepening mines around the world.
These practices have huge economic and environmental implications that are already becoming apparent today.
Plastic is a whole different story. Less than 10% is recovered.
Most are incinerated or landfilled
And every year, the world produces and consumes more plastic than steel.
have various electrical and magnetic properties
So it's very easy for humans and machines to separate metals from each other and from other materials.
The densities of plastics overlap in a very narrow range
And also the color of the plastic, as you know, can be anything.
Here's a photo I took standing on a roof in Mumbai, India, one of the world's largest slums.
Down in these little workshops, people are trying really hard to separate the plastics by color, by shape, by texture, by whatever tricks they can.
Sometimes we resort to the "burn and smell" technique, where we burn plastic and try to identify the type of plastic by smelling the smoke.
So about 20 years ago, I was messing around in my garage trying to figure out how to separate these very similar materials, and I ended up getting a lot of my friends involved, friends in the mining industry, friends in the plastics industry, and people all over the world. Started visiting mining labs
It's the last major material that can be recovered in significant quantities on Earth.
It breaks down those molecules and then recombines them in specific ways to create the amazing plastics that people use every day.
This will be the currency of the plastics industry.
These are just a few examples of companies that buy our plastics instead of virgin plastics and manufacture new products.
thank you for your time
(applause)
I'm a conductor, and today I want to talk to you about trust.
It's a silent gesture
If you hold it too loosely, it will run away."
In 2000, I had the opportunity to work on forming a new opera company in South Africa.
It made me realize a deep truth: music and other creative endeavors can take you to places where words can't sometimes go.
I think a lot of that is due to the fundamental fact that they're not bound by notation.
A simple tune consisting of three notes T E D
T is for F
Ladies and gentlemen, it's almost time for tea
I'd like to introduce you to a project I'm launching that I'm really excited about that will change people's perceptions and create a new level of trust.
The gift that my wonderful daughter has given me is that it has opened my eyes to the extent of the disabled community that I had never seen before, apart from her very existence.
When I saw the Paralympics, I was struck by how technology could help show that disability is no barrier to achieving the highest levels of athletic performance.
But there's a grim side to this fact, and it took decades for most of the world to come to understand and trust that disabled people and sport can be connected in an interesting and compelling way.
In England alone, there are millions of disabled people with great musical potential.
This is Britain's first national orchestra for the disabled.
It's called "Paraorchestra"
It was just me and four amazingly talented handicapped musicians.
I'm a 22-year-old left-handed pianist.
I was born without my left hand... or rather my right hand.
(Playing) (Clarence) I'd rather be able to play an instrument again than be able to walk
(Playing) (Applause) I wish any of those musicians were here, so you could see firsthand how great they are.
Paraorchestra is the name of this project
Where there is no trust, music withers.
What's going on in your baby's mind?
In the last 20 years, developmental science has completely turned this picture upside down.
In this baby's mind, it's trying to understand what's going on in other babies' minds.
Any political savvy will attest to how difficult this is for some people.
The secret was actually the broccoli.
Crows and other corvids like ravens and rooks are incredibly smart.
In some ways, they're as smart as chimpanzees.
This bird is on the cover of Science magazine and has learned to use tools to get food.
For two years, they've been dependent on their mother birds to put worms in their little mouths, which is a very long time in terms of a bird's lifespan.
Chickens, on the other hand, take only a few months to reach maturity.
Childhood, in fact, was the key to why crows are on the cover of Science magazine and why chickens are soups.
There seems to be a connection between a long childhood and knowledge and learning.
Other creatures, like crows, aren't very good at what they do, but instead they're very good at learning the laws of different environments.
my son is 23
Another way of thinking about it is that instead of thinking of babies and children as less capable adults, we see them as creatures of the same species at different stages of development, much like butterflies and caterpillars, except that they are the ones who shine. Butterflies are flying around and exploring gardens, and we are caterpillars crawling through narrow adult paths.
If it's true that babies are made to learn, then you would think that babies have a very powerful learning capacity, as this evolutionary story bears out.
In fact, a baby's brain is probably the most powerful learning computer on the planet.
But real computers have gotten a lot better, too.
I suggested a decade or so ago that babies do the same thing.
This box lights up and plays music only when you put a certain thing on it.
Our lab has done dozens of studies of how well babies learn how the world works with this simple machine.
But unconsciously, we're doing some very complicated calculations and using conditional probability theory.
Children use statistics in these cases to find out the laws of the world, and I wanted to know if they would experiment in the same way that scientists do.
When you ask a child to describe what they do when they're playing, it's actually a series of experiments.
but i think the opposite
we have a very focused, purpose-driven attention
When you look at babies and toddlers, you notice something very different.
But they are very good at extracting a lot of information from many different sources at the same time.
If you look inside their brains, there's a flood of neurotransmitters that are flexible and very good at facilitating learning, but the inhibitory parts are still underdeveloped.
By the way, that coffee, that wonderful coffee you were drinking downstairs, has the ability to mimic a baby's neurotransmitters.
So what does it feel like to be a baby?
It's like going to Paris for the first time, falling in love, and having your third double espresso.
We can tie our shoelaces and cross the street by ourselves
But if we want to be these open-minded, learning-hungry, imaginative, creative, innovative butterflies, maybe we should start thinking more like children, at least once in a while.
(applause)
Some call this "citizen journalism," others call it "collaborative journalism."
But really, it means that for a journalist like me, it means accepting the fact that you can't know everything, and letting other people become your eyes and your ears through technology.
And I believe this is a really empowering process.
Today, I'm going to explain two cases that I investigated.
both involve controversial deaths
With new technologies, new social media, especially Twitter, we were able to tell another truth.
Essentially what I'm talking about here is "citizen journalism."
So let's look at the first case, the man in the foreground is Ian Tomlinson.
He sold newspapers in London and died at the G20 protests in London on April 1, 2009.
He meets the man in the background, and as you can see, he's wearing a balaclava covering his face.
But we now know that he was Constable Simon Harwood of the Metropolitan Police.
And after this picture was taken, Harwood beat Tomlinson with his baton, pushed him to the ground, and soon Tomlinson died.
Initially, through official statements and an off-the-record briefing, Ian Tomlinson announced that he died of natural causes.
I'm going to show you this slide because this is the newspaper that Ian Tomlinson sold for 20 years of his life.
But as you can see, the bottle that was supposed to be thrown at the police turned into a brick when it appeared in the newspaper.
I learned that Twitter is a microblogging site.
They went to help Ian Tomlinson after he fell down.
called an ambulance
So they were concerned that the account wasn't as accurate as the police claimed.
We also started finding people with photos and evidence through social media.
Now, this photo doesn't show any attack on Ian Tomlinson, but it does show his distress.
was he drunk? did he fall?
For us, this was enough to investigate further.
One of the most amazing things about the Internet is that the information that people put out is freely available to everyone.
As long as your news is on the right side of paid content, which means it's free, anyone can access it.
And these articles questioning the official story, articles with a skeptical tone, made people realize that we had questions.
People who had some material to help us were drawn towards us by a force like gravity.
And six days later, we tracked down about 20 witnesses.
This is the scene of Ian Tomlinson's death, Bank of England, London.
There was no official investigation into his death.
But then something changed
I got an email from an investment fund manager in New York.
The day Ian Tomlinson died, he was in London on business, so he got out his digital camera and recorded this.
(Video) Narrator: This is the crowd at the G20 protests around 7:20pm on April 1st.
They were in Cornhill near the Bank of England.
This footage will serve as the basis for a police investigation into this man's death.
Ian Tomlinson was walking through the area on his way home from work.
(People screaming) If you slow down the footage, you can see there's a serious problem with police behavior.
Here, riot police appear to be beating Tomlinson's leg with a baton.
2:00 a.m. I was there with my IT guy and the video hadn't arrived.
Like Ian Tomlinson, he had children and lived in London.
But he was a political refugee from Angola.
He became ill mid-flight, and after the flight returned to Heathrow, he was taken to hospital and pronounced dead.
In Tomlinson's case, the witness was still in London.
we turned to the internet again
Some of the articles were in a skeptical tone that would have frowned a journalism professor, making speculative allegations that probably shouldn't have been done by journalists.
One of the fascinating things about Twitter is that the flow of information is unlike anything you've ever seen before.
But strangely enough, tweets have the uncanny ability to reach their intended destination.
He was in an oil field in Angola when he sent me this tweet.
I was in my office in London
he contacted me
this is what michael said
The last thing I heard was a man's voice saying, "I can't breathe."
Three security guards, each weighing more than 100 kilograms, were holding him down, and to me, it looked like they were pushing him to the floor.
And all I could see was his head above his seat, yelling, "Help me!"
I didn't get involved because I thought I was going to be kicked off the plane and fired from my job.
Michael was one of five witnesses that we eventually tracked down, most of them, as I said earlier, people we found on the internet and on social media.
You can put them in the plane and find out exactly where they were sitting.
What I have to say here is that for journalists who use social media, journalists who use citizen journalism, the really important thing in everything is making sure that our facts are correct.
So in the case of Ian Tomlinson's eyewitnesses, I had them go back to the scene of the death, walk me around and tell me exactly what they saw.
The danger for journalists, and for all of us, is that we are victims of deception and deliberate misinformation.
so we should be careful
But no one can deny the power of citizen journalism.
So let's think about the two big news stories of the year.
The water rushing into the living room, the vibrating supermarket — these were photos taken by citizen journalists that were quickly shared on the Internet.
It doesn't matter if it's Egypt or Libya or Syria or Yemen.
By documenting their surroundings and telling their stories on the Internet, people were able to overcome the repressive constraints of these regimes.
There are a lot of images like this, and similar images that I could show you, on YouTube. This image is of a protester in Bahrain, but they look unarmed.
and he is shot by the security forces
But citizen journalism and technology like this has added new accountability to our world, and I think that's a good thing.
Finally, the theme of this conference is "Why not." For journalists, it's simple.
It's new for journalists
i think it's very simple
Journalism is the process of witnessing, documenting, and sharing.
When I was a little girl, by the way, I was a little girl when my father told me a story about an 18th-century watchmaker.
The watchmaker turned around and answered, "I see God."
I felt something anyway
It was a physiological reaction.
In my work as a designer, I started asking myself this simple question: Do we think or feel beauty?
you probably already know the answer
And then, I think it was BMW, they introduced a light that slowly fades.
i remember clearly
All of a sudden, I realized there was something that did exactly the same thing, going from light to dark in six seconds -- this is it.
I felt a sense of relaxation, relaxation combined with anticipation.
It certainly happened here, from light to dark in six seconds.
i'm not a neuroscientist
I don't even know if there is such a thing as a conditioned reflex.
but maybe it is
this is one of the most beautiful things i know
it's a plastic bag
At that moment, this plastic bag seemed so beautiful.
look at the picture
What are you doing?
because you need to know how people react to things
this is not an expression of joy
there is something else
something strange is happening
"Poignancy" is my favorite word as a designer
It's a term that describes things that provoke a great emotional response, usually sadness, but they're part of what we do.
This is the beauty's dilemma, the beauty's paradox.
Another thing I'm interested in is whether we can distinguish between intrinsic beauty and extrinsic beauty.
In fact, this woman has a particularly asymmetrical face, beautiful on both sides.
This is the MV Agusta F1
I can't express how exquisite this object really is.
It's not about the shape, it's about how the shape reflects light.
Massimo Tamburini
In Italy he is also called "The Plummer" and "Maestro" because he is actually an engineer, a craftsman and a sculptor.
But me and my peers always have to deal with compromises when it comes to beauty.
now look at her
This is beautiful because it embodies something refreshing and delicious.
Perhaps you enjoy watching ballet dancers dance as much as I do.
You may also be considering that this is incredibly painful
I mistakenly wrote microseconds, but please ignore it.
did you think it was modern? you thought
Look, don't you want to see it again?
you probably didn't know
It feels great when you do it, you look forward to it, and when you tell someone else -- you've already told them, they think you're smart.
form is function
So as a designer, I stopped using "form" and "function."
What I'm currently pursuing is the emotional functionality of things.
thank you very much
(applause)
he is vannevar bush
In 1945 he published an article in the magazine Atlantic Monthly
The brain works with associations
So he proposed a machine and called it Memex.
before the invention of the computer
By the mid-1960s, while working at the Stanford Research Institute, he was able to put it into action.
My company OWL developed a system called Guide for Mac
sent the world's first hypertext system
Apple made a bit of a fuss when it announced Hypercard.
In the second half of November 1990, I decided to exhibit this at a trade fair held in Versailles near Paris.
He told me to write a browser, and his system had no graphics, no fonts, just plain text.
I saw it and thought "that's it"
The following year, in 1994, at the conference in Edinburgh, there was no objection to having Tim Berners-Lee as the keynote speaker.
Meanwhile, Marc Andreessen wrote the world's first browser for the World Wide Web.
But is he happy?
(Laughter) (Applause)
(Applause) Thank you for the opportunity to perform at TED New York.
I've always been a big fan of TED, and I watch it avidly. I used to live in Manhattan when I was little, so New York is my second home, and I'm happy to be back.
The song I just played is called "My Mama," and the next song I'm going to play is "Black Banana," which is also an original song.
Just like the fruit ripens when the time comes
It's my interpretation of the theme of "creating the future."
(guitar music) Clap your hands
one!
Two!
(applause) (guitar playing) (end of performance) (applause)
I don't mean to alarm you, but I just noticed that the person to your right is a liar.
(Laughter) The person to the left is also a liar.
we are all liars
I'm really sorry"
Last year, in the United States alone, there was $997 billion in corporate fraud, on the brink of a trillion dollars.
something we all hate to admit
Studies show that we are lied to between 10 and 200 times each day.
Another study found that people who met each other for the first time lied three times in the first 10 minutes.
We lie more to strangers than to co-workers
Extroverts lie more than introverts
Women lie more to protect others
If you're the average couple, you'll lie 1 out of every 10 conversations.
we are very ambivalent about the truth
(Laughter) Two-year-olds bluff.
By the time you're in college, you'll lie 1 in 5 conversations with your mom.
Why is it so easy to learn
We think liars are fidgety all the time
This smile is known as "duping delight"
See if you can spot him shaking his head saying yes or slightly shrugging his shoulders.
Murderers are known to leak sad expressions
we are human
Now, just a little tidbit, I talked about how to talk to someone who's lying, and how to spot a lie.
I'm going to show you two videos of two mothers, one of whom is lying.
This mother, Diane Downs, shot her child at point-blank range and then drove her car to the hospital with blood all over her car, claiming it was done by a stranger with thin hair.
If you watch this video, you'll see that she can't even pretend to be a distressed mother.
(Video) Diane Downs: When I close my eyes at night, I can see Christie reaching out to me while I'm driving, and the blood just keeps coming out of her mouth.
Some people say it will fade as the days go by, but I don't think so.
She must have seen you with those wonderful brown eyes But you still wanted to kill her
that's the truth thank you
(applause)
Today I'm here to explain why I'm wearing these ninja pajamas.
But first, I want to talk about environmental toxins in our bodies.
Some of you may have heard of the chemical bisphenol A (BPA).
It's a material hardener and a synthetic estrogen, and it's used in things like the paint on the inside of food cans and plastics.
BPA mimics hormones in the body and causes neurological and reproductive problems.
and it's everywhere
A recent study found BPA in 93% of people over the age of six.
this is just one chemical
We have 219 toxic pollutants in our bodies, including preservatives, pesticides, and heavy metals like lead and mercury.
Second, we are both responsible and victims of our own pollution.
And third, our bodies are filters and reservoirs of environmental toxins.
So what happens to these toxins when a person dies?
And current funeral practices make things much worse.
And in traditional American funerals, the corpse is covered with fillers and cosmetics to make it look like it's alive.
They are then injected with toxic formaldehyde to slow decomposition, a practice that causes respiratory problems and cancer among funeral workers.
Green burials, or natural burials, without embalming are a step in the right direction, but they don't address the toxins already in your body.
I think there is a better solution
Since I am an artist, I would like to make a modest proposal at the intersection of art, science and culture.
A new burial system called the Infinity Burial Project uses mushrooms to detoxify the body of toxins.
The Infinity Burial Project started a few years ago with an idea: the Infinity Mushroom, creating a new hybrid mushroom that decomposes and cleanses toxins, provides nutrients to plant roots, and leaves clean compost. is that
But I've learned that creating new hybrid mushrooms is nearly impossible.
But at the same time, I learned that there are also edible mushrooms that can cleanse the soil of environmental toxins.
So I thought maybe I should train a large army of edible mushrooms that would eat my body and cleanse it of toxins.
It's like imprinting and selective breeding for afterlife.
And when I die, the Infinity Mushroom can recognize my body and eat it.
(laughs) Just a little
I know it's not the relationship that we normally think of with food.
But as mushrooms digest and grow in my body, I see the Infinity Mushroom as a symbol of a new way of thinking about death and the relationship between my body and the environment.
For me, growing Infinity Mushrooms is more than just a scientific experiment, gardening, or pet-keeping, it's a step toward accepting the fact that one day I'm going to die and rot.
It's also a step toward taking responsibility for our burden on the planet.
First, a burial suit full of mushroom spores, also known as the "Mushroom Suit of Death."
(Laughter) I'm wearing the second prototype of this burial suit.
It's covered in a crocheted mesh with mushroom spores.
This dendritic pattern mimics the growth of mushroom mycelium, which is the equivalent of roots in plants.
The capsules are embedded in a nutrient-rich jelly that feels like a second skin and melts quickly into baby food for growing mushrooms.
Believe it or not, a few people have donated their bodies to the project and said it's okay to be eaten by mushrooms.
(Laughter) What I've learned from talking to these people is that we have a common desire to understand and accept death, and to minimize the environmental impact of our own death.
Accepting death means acknowledging that we are physical beings that are intimately connected to our environment, as evidenced by studies of environmental toxicants.
I believe this is the beginning of true environmental responsibility.
thank you
(applause)
everything was at my feet
In 1965, I went to Bihar, the state of the worst famine on record, and for the first time I saw people dying of hunger.
that changed my life
I went home and said to my mother, "I want to live and work in the village."
No job, no money, no danger, no prospects for the future."
"Digging a well for five years?
You went to the most expensive school in India and you want to dig a well? "
I decided to start a "barefoot college," a college for the poor.
I replied "No"
(laughs) "Did you fail the exam?"
"So what are you doing here?
why are you here
I replied, "No, I want to start a college just for the poor.
We founded a barefoot college and redefined professionalism.
A professional is someone who has competence, confidence and conviction.
no one gets more than $100 a month
You come to barefoot college to work, to challenge yourself.
You don't need a paper certificate on your wall to show you're an engineer.
So we built the first barefoot college in 1986.
150 people lived and worked there
There is no water and the soil is rocky."
We make 60 servings twice a day with solar heat.
Barefoot technology, something no engineer or architect could have dreamed of in 1986, is that we collect rainwater from our roofs.
All the roofs are connected to underground 400,000 liter tanks so no water is wasted.
If the drought lasts for four years, we still have water on campus because we collect rainwater.
So we decided to start a night school for children.
Democracy, citizenship, how to measure land, what to do when you're arrested, what to do when your livestock is sick.
That's what they teach at night school
Elections are held every five years
Children between the ages of 6 and 14 participate in a democratic process to elect the prime minister.
The current prime minister is 12 years old
They manage and supervise 150 schools and 7,000 students.
Five years ago, she won the World Children's Award and went to Sweden.
(Laughter) (Applause) Where there are many illiterate people, we use puppets.
(Laughter) (Applause) We've been doing this decentralized, straightforward approach to solar powering villages all over India, from Ladakh to the border with Bhutan, training people to start solar power in their villages.
What is the best way to communicate in the world today?
(Laughter) (Applause) When I first went to Afghanistan, I picked three women and said, "I want to take them to India."
sign language
This woman is 55 years old and an extraordinary grandmother.
he didn't know
These three women trained 27 women to start solar power in 100 villages in Afghanistan.
Women from eight or nine countries are sitting at the same table, chatting, but they don't speak the same language, so it's hard to tell what they're saying to each other.
In Sierra Leone, a minister happened to drive past this village late at night.
(Laughter) It's a success story.
Look for solutions within
"First they ignore you, then they laugh, then they fight you, and you win."
thank you
(applause)
Why can't we solve these problems?
B15 iceberg separated from the Ross Ice Shelf
But humans see the world this way, through the glasses of "normal," and I think that's one of the obstacles that prevents us from coming up with real solutions.
Just 90 days later, the greatest discovery of the 20th century was made.
It's the first-ever sequence of the human genome.
It's the code in every one of our 50 trillion human cells that determines who we are.
2 nanometers is the thickness of 20 atoms
Furthermore, what if we could precisely control the energy itself, the electron ?
So I went around the world looking for the brightest scientists I could find at universities who could make the ideas I just described come true, and I founded a company to push their extraordinary ideas forward.
Think about the spaces where we spend most of our time.
The light that shines in the room is good, but in the heat of the summer, it heats up the room you want to keep cool.
winter is the opposite
How is this possible?
One thing about working at the nanoscale is that the conditions and actions are very different.
You think carbon is black
Once you change the state, it stays there until you change it again.
When we were working on this amazing discovery at the University of Florida, I was asked to visit another scientist down the aisle, and this scientist was doing some very impressive work.
First, let me show you the transparency.
Transparency Matters
And then you can see through a little piece of film with amazing clarity.
All of a sudden, you'll be able to convert energy into electrons on a plastic surface that you can attach to your window.
And because it's flexible, you can stick it to any surface.
It was actually in a diner outside the Dallas/Fort Worth airport.
So they made the eBox
The eBox uses new nanomaterials to temporarily store electrons on the outside and see if they can be released and gradually pumped out when needed.
The grid of the future is the absence of the grid, and clean, efficient energy will one day be free.
But if we could transfer energy without limits, easily and cheaply, we could use any kind of water anywhere and transform it into whatever form we need.
I'm delighted to be working with some of the most brilliant and understanding scientists out there, not particularly understanding than many others, but they have a great perspective on the world.
18 years ago I saw a picture in the newspaper
thank you
(applause)
I consider myself partly an artist and partly a designer.
I work for an artificial intelligence lab.
What we're trying to create is technology that you'll want to interact with in the far future.
Not six months from now, but years and decades into the future.
I see art as a way to bridge the gap between humans and machines. If we can figure out what it means to understand each other, then we can train AI to understand us.
I think art is one of the ways that we can add tangible experiences to intangible ideas and feelings and emotions.
We have a limitless range of emotions, and what's more, everyone is different.
That's what makes life so interesting
Everything that is qualitative about us -- our emotional, our dynamic, our subjective part -- has to be transformed into a quantitative form, into something that can be expressed in facts, numbers, computer programs, and so on. is the
Think about the first time you heard your favorite song
how did you feel?
Hard to describe, right?
I've been creating works of art in my lab as a way to improve the experience of cutting-edge technology -- to help design.
It's acted as a catalyst to enhance the way computers interact with us in a more human way.
And how do intuitions affect our interactions?
Let's take human emotions as an example.
But what about more complex emotions?
To explore this, we created a little piece of art, a little experience that allows people to share their memories, teamed up with data scientists to try and come up with ways to translate highly subjective emotions into mathematically accurate ones.
It's like looking at the world through rose-tinted glasses.
For example conversation
Imagine you're having a casual conversation with a friend at a coffee shop.
But when it comes to teaching AI how to interact with humans, we have to teach it step by step what to do.
There's a real branch of sociology called conversation analysis that's trying to map out different types of conversation.
I'm working with speech analysts in the lab to help AI have more natural conversations.
So I created a work of art, a piece of art that deliberately highlights robotic, clumsy dialogue to help us designers understand why it doesn't sound human, and what we can do about it.
Even if it's grammatically correct and uses the correct hashtags and emojis, it can sound mechanical or creepy.
It's called the uncanny valley phenomenon.
There are other things lost in translation, such as human intuition.
Think about the last time you saw an old classmate or colleague.
I created a work that explores computer-generated intuition in physical space.
It was created as a symbolic compass with four dynamic sculptures in a work called "Wayfinding."
Each part represents a direction: North, East, South, West.
Sensors are attached to the tops of the four sculptures to measure the distance to you.
But this piece isn't like a sensor on an automatic door that just opens when you walk in front of it.
And when you walk in front of it, it starts using all the data, or rather, your intuition, that you've captured in the exhibitions you've put out so far, and it responds to you with mechanical movements based on what you've learned from other people.
It's as if I can see all the data being processed in my head, and I can see how the human intuition works with the computer.
I hope that art like this offers a different view of intuition, and that we can apply it to future AI.
These are just a few examples of how I, as an artificial intelligence designer and researcher, use artwork in my work.
I think it's a very important way to drive innovation.
Because there are a lot of extremes with AI right now.
But no matter what you think, there's no denying that we live in a world that's becoming more digital every second.
Our lives revolve around devices and smart devices.
thank you
(applause)
Today I'm going to talk about why we don't have a good brain theory
So we're working on theoretical neuroscience and how the neocortex works.
I decided early on that I wasn't going to work in the computer industry.
Today marks the 50th anniversary of the discovery of DNA.
I said that I also wanted to build an intelligent machine, and that I wanted to study the mechanism of the brain first.
But now I'm doing it, so I'll tell you
So why do we need good brain theory?
Why study ants? because it's funny
Because if we knew how the brain works, we could build intelligent machines.
They say we don't have enough data, we need more information because there's still a lot we don't understand.
There are 30 billion cells in the part of the brain called the neocortex.
Some people say the brain doesn't understand the brain
If you look at other scientific revolutions, like Copernicus' solar system, Darwin's evolution, Wegner's tectonic plates, etc.
All of these things have a lot in common with brain science.
First, there was so much unexplained data
By the time my daughters started kindergarten, they had a basic understanding of these three theories.
In the case of our solar system, the earth is spinning, and the surface is moving at about 1,000 miles an hour, and the earth is moving through the solar system at about a million miles an hour, which is insane. I don't think the earth is moving
Do you feel like you're moving at a million miles an hour? Of course not
It was intuitively correct and obvious. What about evolution?
But actually, if we believe in evolution, we all have a common ancestor.
This is evolution. It's hard to believe, but it's true
Same for tectonic plates
In fact, intelligence is defined by its ability to predict.
Alan Turing defined the Turing test, which says that an object is intelligent if it behaves like a human, and we've long relied on this behavior-based measure of intelligence.
So what happened during evolution?
The first evolution in mammals was the development of the neocortex.
The output from the old brain that receives sensory input comes up to the cerebral neocortex. And the neocortex just remembers
Only humans have the same mechanism in the front as in the back and use it for motor control.
I don't have time to go into detail, but if you want to understand how the brain works, you have to understand how the mammalian neocortex remembers and predicts patterns. Let's
In albums, at the end of a song, the next song comes to mind
When you get home tonight, you reach for the doorknob and you realize it's in the wrong place, and you think something's wrong.
So my experience is that physicists, engineers, mathematicians, people who tend to think algorithmically are the best.
Then have them learn anatomy and then physiology
Well, what kind of brain theory will it be?
Also, as I said, the theory has to be biologically accurate and able to be tested and built upon.
Former Director of the United States Air Force, led by Ronald Reagan, Thomas Reed revealed that the explosion was actually the result of sabotage by the Central Intelligence Agency, in which the United States compromised the pipeline's IT systems. succeeded in
To understand why, let's take a look at how military technology has kept and threatened world peace.
For example, if this TEDxParis had been held 350 years ago, we would have been discussing the remarkable developments of the military at the time, especially the giant Vauban Fortress, and making predictions like, "Now Europe is safe."
So military technology directly affects where the world goes, and world peace itself, and that's where cyber weapons come into play.
Exactly three years ago, both the United States and France announced that they were investing in military cyberspace to better protect IT systems.
In May 2007, a cyberattack damaged Estonia's banking and telecommunications systems.
Because NATO wasn't 100% sure the Kremlin was involved in this case.
Last week, in an article in the New York Times on January 26, 2010, the National Security Agency said that the United States was targeted by cyberattacks, and that in the event of an immediate crisis, they could launch preemptive strikes. was published for the first time
thank you
(applause)
In recent years, the business world has been affected by cyberattacks.
Data breaches from companies like JP Morgan, Yahoo, and Home Depot Target cost hundreds of millions, sometimes billions of dollars.
Between 2012 and 2014, the U.S. Office of Personnel Management had a major data breach.
As you may have heard, state-sponsored hackers abused stolen data to influence election results in many countries.
Two recent examples are the theft of large amounts of data from the German parliament and the theft of emails from the US Democratic National Committee.
Cyberattacks are affecting democratic processes
And things will get worse
As computer technology becomes more advanced, the systems that protect data become more vulnerable.
Even more worrisome is the emergence of a new computing technology, quantum computing, which harnesses the microscopic nature of nature to bring about unimaginable increases in computing power.
Should you pack your digital survival kit and prepare for the coming data catastrophe?
Quantum computing is still in the research stage, and it will be years before it becomes practical.
To me, this seems like a very exciting time in the history of communications security.
About 15 years ago, I was thrilled when I learned about a new way of producing quantum effects that didn't exist in nature.
yes that's right
The lock is a special combination lock that, when closed, converts all the text in the document into random numbers.
Code - this is called a cryptographic key
This is called key exchange.
That's how you get your cryptographic keys safely to the right place.
This is called an encryption algorithm
Most security systems rely on secure means of exchanging cryptographic keys with each other.
But the rapid increase in computational power in computers puts many key exchange methods in use today at risk.
Only 17 years later, in 1994, the code was broken.
As computers became more powerful, we had to use longer codes.
I have to find a way to defend the castle.
Remember the three important points in cryptography: high-quality keys, secure key exchanges, and robust algorithms, right?
Advances in science and technology are jeopardizing two of these three elements.
Random number generation is the basic element of cryptographic keys.
Currently, we use software to generate a sequence of random numbers, called pseudo-random numbers, to generate cryptographic keys.
The less the number generated is truly random, or in scientific terms, the lower the entropy, the easier it is to predict what will happen.
Recently, several casinos have fallen victim to creative attacks.
Slot machine outcomes were recorded and analyzed over a period of time.
This enabled cybercriminals to reverse-engineer the pseudo-random number generators running behind the wheel.
Similar risks can occur with cryptographic keys
A true random number generator is an essential requirement for secure cryptography.
For years, researchers have been trying to build true random number generators.
The quantum world, on the other hand, is truly random.
So it makes sense to take advantage of this inherent randomness.
If you have a device that can measure quantum effects, you can generate random numbers at high speed.
A select group of universities and companies around the world are serious about building true random number generators.
Now it's been miniaturized into a PCI card that fits in a standard computer.
It's the world's fastest true random number generator.
Measure quantum effects to generate billions of random numbers per second
It's now used by cloud service providers, banks and government agencies around the world to improve security.
(Applause) But even with true random number generators, there's still a second serious cyberthreat left: the security of key exchanges.
Current key exchange technology cannot compete with quantum computers.
A quantum solution, called quantum key distribution QKD, exploits the principled and counterintuitive nature of quantum mechanics.
The act of observing a quantum particle changes itself.
Let me give you an example of how it works
But this time, instead of using a phone to communicate the code to James, we're using the quantum effect of laser light to transport the code and send it to James over a standard fiber optic cable.
Because security is based on the fundamental laws of physics, no quantum computer or any supercomputer of the future will be able to break the encryption.
My team and I are working with leading universities and defense departments to mature this amazing technology into the next generation of security products.
The Internet of Things (IoT) anticipates a highly connected era, with 25 to 30 billion devices projected to be connected by 2020.
Quantum technology will be essential to provide this trust, and it must bring the full benefits of great innovation to enrich our lives.
thank you
(applause)
we speak with our hands
Many arm amputations are the result of factory accidents, car accidents and, sadly, war trauma.
Some children are born with no arms, congenital limb defects.
Even if you lose your arm, your nervous system still works
So open up your brain, put something in it, and record the signal, or record the signal at the end of your peripheral nerves.
The surgery was performed by my colleague, Dr. Greg Dumanian.
his brain is thinking about his arm
it's intuitive
A few months later, when he touched Jesse's chest, he felt his missing hand.
(Applause) Amanda, how did you lose your arm?
There's a lot of information in nerve signals, but we want to extract more information.
And then we applied an algorithm commonly used in speech recognition called pattern recognition.
(Laughter) If you look at Jesse's chest, you can see three patterns that correspond to three movements.
Dean Kamen demoed it at TED a few years ago.
the future is bright
thank you
(applause)
(Music) What you've just heard is music that was created by mixing pressure, wind, and temperature measurements recorded during Hurricane Noel in 2007.
Musicians performed based on 3D graphs of weather data
Weather is a collection of elements that are essentially invisible to most people.
So I use sculpture and music to make it not just visible, but audible and tangible.
And then I compare the information I get with weather data from observatories, buoys, satellite images, etc., on the Internet.
The translation medium is a very simple basket.
I use natural reeds because they have a lot of tension and you can't control them perfectly.
If you look closer, you can see that it's all made up of numbers.
Put it in a science museum and it becomes a 3D visualization of your data.
If you put it in a music hall, it suddenly becomes a musical score.
thank you
(applause)
You all know the truth of what I'm about to tell you
What's different now is that we can look at the evidence and compare high- and low-inequality societies to see the impact.
You can see that Norway and the United States on the right are twice as rich as Israel and Greece and Portugal on the left.
This is also life expectancy
A small region of England and Wales with the richest on the far left and the poorest on the far right.
There is a big difference between the poor and the rest
But when you compare the same measure of health and social problems with gross national product per capita and gross national income, you see nothing, no correlation.
All the data I've shown you so far mean the same thing.
It's very important for poor countries, but it's not important for the wealthy developed world.
According to the World Values ​​Survey
Where inequality is at its widest, about 15% of the population feels they can trust others.
same thing is happening
This figure is the percentage of the population diagnosed with mental illness in the previous year.
And this is also closely related to inequality
The red dots represent US states, and the blue triangles represent Canadian provinces.
But look at the difference in scale
From 15 to as many as 150 murders per million population.
Where inequality is high, father's income becomes very important, for example in the United Kingdom and the United States.
I often say this -- there are a lot of Americans in the audience, but if you want the American dream, go to Denmark.
Think about the human cost of this cost.
But in Japan it's quite different.
Some states are doing better because of income redistribution, and some are doing better because there's less inequality in income after taxes.
Another thing that's very surprising about this situation is that it's not just the poor that are affected by inequality.
This is just one example
represents infant mortality
I think there are psychosocial effects of inequality.
Interestingly, there's a similar kind of research going on in social psychology, which looked at 208 separate studies, where they measured stress hormones in volunteers who gathered in a psychology lab. Researched responses to stressful tasks
In examining the data, they wanted to see what kinds of stress would most reliably raise levels of cortisol, the main stress hormone.
This kind of stress has a very unique effect on the physiology of stress.
Now we've been criticized
what about other countries?
There are 200 studies of health from the perspective of income inequality in peer-reviewed journals.
And of course, other scholars using more sophisticated methods have produced studies that control for factors such as poverty and education.
What about causality?
Correlation itself does not prove causation
One of the biggest changes in our understanding of health drivers in wealthy developed countries is how problematic chronic social stress affects the immune system and the cardiovascular system.
We suddenly have an understanding of the psychosocial well-being of society as a whole, which is great.
thank you
(applause)
We talked about spaghetti sauce
(Laughter) The theme for this morning's session is "What we make."
The Swiss are roughly divided into two groups: those who make small, fine, expensive things, and those who handle the money of those who buy small, fine, expensive things.
he is an engineer
Think about it, before there was GPS, there was no radar, and it was a really hard problem.
It was a complicated physics problem.
Named Norden Mark 15 bombsight
For Norden himself, the device had great ethical implications: Norden is a devout Christian.
What is God's will?
By World War II, the U.S. military had purchased 90,000 Norden bombsights for $14,000 each, a lot of money in 1940.
And the bombardiers were required to swear an oath that they would never divulge information to the enemy, even if taken prisoner, because it was imperative that this core technology not fall into the hands of the enemy.
The box was handcuffed to a guard
The Norden bombsight was truly the Holy Grail.
Turns out it's not actually the Holy Grail
Third, when Norden did his calculations, he assumed that the plane would be flying relatively low at relatively low speed.
How many cloudless skies were there in Central Europe between 1940 and 1945?
Here's a famous example of the inaccuracy of the Norden bombsight: in 1944, Allied forces bombed a chemical plant in Leuna, Germany.
In 22 bombing campaigns, the Allies dropped 85,000 bombs on a 3-square-kilometer chemical plant using Norden bombsights.
(Laughter) So why are we talking about the Norden bombsight?
Because there are a lot of Norden bombsights in the times we live in.
Early in the Iraq War, the U.S. Air Force sent two squadrons of F-15E Eagle fighter jets into the Iraqi desert, which were equipped with $5 million cameras that could see the desert surface.
So they dropped thousands of bombs and fired thousands of missiles day and night to get rid of this bane.
After the war, there was an audit, which the military always does, and their question was, how many Scuds were actually destroyed?
What weapon represents the CIA's war in northwest Pakistan?
It's a drone What is a drone?
It is the grandson of the Norden Mark 15 bombsight.
It is a weapon with overwhelming precision and accuracy.
Over the past six years, in northwestern Pakistan, the CIA has launched hundreds of drone-missiles, killing 2,000 suspected Pakistani and Taliban militants.
It's probably the most spectacular record in the history of modern warfare.
During the same period in which the U.S. military was using drones with overwhelming precision, the number of suicide and terrorist attacks against U.S. forces in Afghanistan increased tenfold.
The more efficient we are at killing them, the more angry they become and the more motivated they are to kill us.
I'm talking about the opposite of a success story.
On August 6th, 1945, a B-29 bomber named the Enola Gay flew to Japan and used a Norden bombsight to drop a large thermonuclear reactor on Hiroshima.
But of course it didn't matter
Perhaps the biggest irony for the Norden bombsight.
(applause)
I moved from Chicago to Boston 10 years ago to do research in cancer and chemistry.
For science and medicine, Boston is like a candy store.
The bar is also called "Miracle of Science"
This revolution is just beginning, but we already know that about 40,000 different mutations occur in more than 10,000 genes, 500 of which are the true causative agents of cancer.
Because the cause of this malignancy has been known for decades.
Three proteins: Ras, Myc, and P53.
Cancer is truly the "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse"
Now, BRD4 is an interesting protein.
We built a compound library and came up with a substance called JQ1 and its analogues.
This BRD4-dependent cancer is a very rare cancer.
These small, round, fast-growing cancer cells began to grow arm-like projections.
The next step was to administer this molecule to mice.
The challenge was that we didn't have a mouse model for this rare cancer.
Mice with an incurable disease called multiple myeloma, a malignant disease of the bone marrow, responded dramatically to treatment with this drug.
What we want most from pharmaceutical companies is information about the action of prototype drugs in the early stages of drug discovery.
but this information is kept secret
Research is funded by the public
(Laughter) I've never seen this kind of support for cancer research anywhere else.
(applause)
(Applause) (Applause) I'm a paper-cutting artist.
I pick up a piece of paper and imagine a story, sometimes I sketch, sometimes I don't.
When I was a teenager, I wanted to be an artist by drawing and painting.
For example, I was a shepherd, a truck driver, a factory worker, a cleaner.
I lived in Taiwan for two years.
After that, I became a tour guide based in New York.
As a tour leader, I traveled back and forth between China and Tibet and Central Asia.
And before I knew it, I was nearly 40 and decided it was time to start my career as an artist.
The word "silhouette" comes from the 18th-century French finance minister, Etienne de Silhouette.
As you can see, my native language is French.
The spelling spider is a relative of the spelling bee
(Laughter) But I'm much more connected to the web.
(Laughter) This spider spins alphabets in two languages.
So I want to know how things work and what's going on.
Each window is an image, a world that I often revisit.
What if we lived in a balloon house?
From the slave trade to the overconsumption of sugar, some of it is sweet.
I call them Freudian cities
"Crazy Growth Over Columbus Circle"
"City of Chaos"
"Daily Battle"
"Floating Island"
(Laughter) Whether it's life or paper-cutting, everything is connected.
One story leads to another
This is a three-week paper-cutting marathon at the Museum of Arts and Design in New York.
One is the one I'm wearing and the other is at the Center for Book Art in New York City.
Why do I call this a book?
Local memories are blown by the wind and move randomly.
i love public art
In public art, you can also make cut glass.
The most important story of Bronx literature is the Bronx writers and their stories.
Another glass project is at the San Jose, California Public Library.
I compared the growth of San Jose to vegetables.
The fruit of the world is modern Silicon Valley
It's a tree, so there's something in the trunk that's the root of the language.
On a bench in Aurora, Colorado
(Laughter) Another functional piece is in a subway station south of Chicago.
"The seeds of the future are planted today"
It's a story about change and connection.
For the last three years, I've been working with a South Bronx home developer to bring art into low-income housing and affordable housing.
Each building has its own personality
In the case of a project in Paris, it's about street names.
In 2009, I was commissioned to create a poster for a year on the subway in New York.
(applause)
I bought a $500 house in Detroit in 2009.
There were no windows, no plumbing, no electricity, and it was full of garbage.
This is, of course, the Detroit you've heard about.
The other side of Detroit is more hopeful, more innovative, and maybe something of an answer to cities struggling to regenerate across the country.
But the answer doesn't always align with the conventional wisdom of good development.
About 10 years ago, when I moved to Detroit, I had no friends, no job, no money, and at the time it seemed like everyone was leaving Detroit.
Many of those who left Detroit simply moved to the suburbs, while 139 square miles of the city were left in ruins and an estimated 40 square miles of land abandoned, roughly the size of San Francisco.
Putting aside the vague, agentless term "deindustrialization," Detroit's exodus can be summed up in two structures: highways and walls.
I grew up in a small town in Michigan, in a blue-collar family.
At the time, nearly 50 percent of college graduates had left the state, and I didn't want to, so I thought I'd use my vaunted bachelor's degree to do something positive in my hometown.
At the time, I was reading a book by the great American philosopher, Grace Lee Boggs, who happened to be living in Detroit and left an unforgettable quote.
Eventually, I found an abandoned house in a neighborhood called Poletown.
Only a 15-minute bike ride from the downtown ballpark — the neighborhood was totally rural.
The houses left behind looked like cardboard boxes out in the rain, their shells burst open and their porches melted like two-story monstrosities.
Poletown was an incredibly resourceful, incredibly intelligent and resilient community.
Residents are experimenting with renewable energy and urban agriculture, and by sharing their skills and knowledge with others, they're showing that they can solve problems without necessarily bowing to government.
It's about realizing that together we have the power to reshape the world, and that we can do it on our own, even when the government doesn't want to do it.
This is the side of Detroit you don't hear much about.
But there is a third way to rebuild, and that way refuses to repeat the same mistakes of the past.
Now, as you may have heard, Detroit is going through a period of recovery, rising like a phoenix from the ashes of despair, and the children and grandchildren of those who fled Detroit are returning. is a fact
It's people who have been in Detroit for generations, mostly black people.
2016 — Last year alone (choking), one in six Detroit homes had their water shut off.
excuse me
The United Nations called this a violation of human rights.
And since 2005, one in three homes -- think about it -- in Detroit, one in three homes has been foreclosed, which is roughly the population of Buffalo, New York.
Ten years ago, you couldn't go anywhere in Detroit and be in an all-white group.
This is the price we are paying for conventional economic recovery.
We're creating two Detroits, two classes of citizens, dividing communities.
this is a big mistake for all of us
When economic development is built at the expense of communities, it's not just that someone loses their home, or their water supply is cut off, or they get hurt, but it also destroys part of our humanity.
Or pastors and teachers as an act of civil disobedience, blocking trucks that turn off the water supply.
For all of us, it means finding your role in the community in which you live.
I know the third way is possible because I've lived that life.
If we can do it in Detroit, we can do it in any city.
thank you
(applause)
Detroit Airport June 19, 2002
This is the FBI's Tampa office, where I spent about six months - not all the time, but in and out.
(Applause) I spent a lot of time here.
"Do you live in Florida?" "Yes." "Is today Tuesday?" "Yes."
After that, every time I went out, I called the FBI.
Then the phone calls became emails, and the emails got longer and longer.
Look, Delta Flight 1252 from Kansas to Atlanta.
I also bought some crabs in the neighborhood A little titaline in Emoryville
8:01 p.m., Aug. 19, off Parking Route 80 in Elko, Nevada.
I often go to gas stations and empty train stations
Address of my favorite sandwich shop in California It's a Vietnamese sandwich
So on December 4th, I was here.
But if 300 million Americans
'Cause it's surveillance
I have to watch who's watching me
Humans are the only creatures on earth that have developed moral feelings.
I owe it all to this woman, Sister Mary Marastella, who is also my mother.
I thought there must be some human reason for moral decisions.
Or is there a moral molecule?
After more than 10 years of experimentation, I discovered it.
This little syringe contains a moral booster molecule.
(Laughter) It's called oxytocin.
Oxytocin is a simple, ancient molecule found only in mammals.
It can't be that important."
There must be a reason for that."
So I thought I could devise an experiment to determine if oxytocin makes people moral.
By the way, I had to measure morality.
Because in the early 2000s, we announced that countries with more trustworthy people would be more prosperous.
The trick is that you can't see the other person and you can't talk to them.
But what's wrong with this experiment?
We measured nine molecules that interact with oxytocin, and they had no effect.
Second, we're still only seeing an indirect relationship between oxytocin and trustworthiness, and we're still only seeing an indirect relationship.
To test these things, we needed to manipulate oxytocin directly in the brain.
So oxytocin is the molecule of trust, but is it the molecule of morality?
We did some more research with an oxytocin inhaler.
We also tried to increase oxytocin in non-pharmaceutical ways.
massage, dance, prayer, etc.
To clarify this question, we conducted an experiment in which subjects were shown a video of a father and his four-year-old son with terminal brain cancer.
After watching the video, participants rated their emotions, and before and after the video, blood was drawn to measure oxytocin.
We were able to infer the degree of empathy from changes in oxytocin levels.
Empathy is what connects people to others.
Empathy is what drives us to help.
And with empathy, we can be moral.
this idea is not new
Adam Smith, then an unknown psychologist, wrote a book in 1759 called The Theory of Moral Sentiments.
He also said that because we are social creatures, we share our emotions with others.
He was the same Adam Smith who, 17 years later, wrote his pioneering economics book, The Wealth of Nations.
In fact, he was a moral philosopher, and he had a guess about why we are moral.
To examine immorality, let's go back to 1980.
I work at a gas station outside of Santa Barbara, California.
One Sunday afternoon a man walked into the cash register with a beautiful jewelry box.
I have an appointment for a job interview in 15 minutes in Galena, this job is important, I have to go."
If you look at thousands of people, 5% of the population don't release oxytocin when they're stimulated.
These people have many psychopathic attributes.
If you study sexually abused women, about half do not release oxytocin when stimulated.
High stress also suppresses oxytocin.
There's another interesting thing about how oxytocin is suppressed, and that's how testosterone works.
But the interesting thing is that men with high testosterone levels are more likely to spend their own money to punish selfish people.
(Laughter) If you think about it, we're biologically equated with moral yin and yang.
There's oxytocin in your body that connects you to other people, and it provokes empathy.
Men have 10 times more than women, and testosterone makes men more likely than women to punish immoral people.
Last summer I attended a wedding in the South of England.
200 people gathered in a Victorian mansion
Weddings release oxytocin, but it has its peculiarities.
And then there's the groom's father, the groom's family, and his friends, which are arranged around the bride like the planets around the sun.
I took blood before and after that, and I saw a spike in oxytocin levels.
many people are tweeting right now
When we looked at the role of social media, we found that its use increased oxytocin levels by tens of percent.
We recently ran this experiment for a South Korean broadcaster.
The participants were reporters and producers.
One of those men -- I think he was 22 -- had a 150 percent increase in oxytocin.
There are 800 languages ​​in the highlands
They are the most primitive people in the world
These people also secrete oxytocin.
Oxytocin connects us to others
And it's very easy to release oxytocin in the human brain.
I know how to do it My favorite way is the easiest
let me show you
Just a little bit more in the world - I hope we can share some love Dr. Love's prescription for you is 8 hugs a day
We know that people who produce more oxytocin are happier.
Eight hugs will make you happier and the world will be a better place
(laughs) Thank you very much.
(applause)
I'd like to start tonight with something unique.Let's get off the land and dive into the ocean with me for a moment.
100g of jellyfish has 4 calories
And oceans full of jellyfish aren't good for other marine life, except if you eat jellyfish.
It is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the heaviest bony fish in the world.
It's nice to see the sun and the moon together like this, even if one gets eaten
Another name, mola mola, sounds like it's Hawaiian, but it's derived from the Latin word for millstone, which has an odd round, snapped shape.
And they account for 90 percent of the Mediterranean swordfish fishery.
It's not this time of year, but around October
The hardest thing about this observation is that you have to wait months after you've tagged it.
So this is very important data.
They are not just lazy sunbathers, they are really hardworking fish that dance from the surface to the depths of the ocean where the temperature varies.
And there were some historical attempts that achieved some technical success.
The result was Terrafugia Transition.
It's a two-seater, single-engine plane that flies like a regular small plane.
It might sound like a small thing, but it means a lot, because if we could offer the Transition as a light sport aircraft, it would be easier for us to get the approval, and it would be much easier for users to fly.
There are design and regulatory hurdles to driving on the road, and it's actually more difficult than flying.
It may seem counterintuitive to those of us who spend most of our time on the ground, but when you're on the road, potholes, bumps, pedestrians, other vehicles, and -- the detailed federal motor vehicle safety standards, you have to contend with. there are many
But it's been said that necessity is the mother of invention, and many of the design achievements that we're so proud of with this plane came from solving specific problems in taxiing: turning aeroengines into traffic jams. But it's got a continuously variable transmission, a liquid cooling system, a custom gearbox that drives the propellers in flight and the wheels on the ground, a wing folding mechanism that I'll show you later, and some features for crash safety.
A carbon fiber safety cage that protects occupants weighs less than 10% of the steel chassis of a typical car.
So we needed a little help from the Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
(Laughter) Let's see it in action.
It's under 7 feet tall so it can be stored in a regular garage
If all goes well with the testing and production of the two production prototypes that we're working on now, we should be able to start delivering these planes to the 100 or so people who have already pre-ordered them by the end of next year.
The price of the Transition will be about the same as other small planes.
Here's why
For those of you who aren't yet pilots, there are four main reasons why we don't fly as many as we'd like.
Transition expands our horizons while making the world a smaller and more accessible place.
(applause)
i am a neuroscientist
In neuroscience, we face many brain-related challenges.
Why do we humans and animals have brains?
Think of communication -- speech, gestures, writing, sign language -- it's all made up of muscle contractions.
Once you don't need to move, you don't need luxuries like brains.
This animal is often brought up in the metaphor of the tenured university professor, but that's for another time.
I believe movement is the most important function of the brain, and I don't want anyone to deny that.
Movement is so important, but how much do we understand how the brain controls it?
If you compare the dexterity of a five-year-old to the latest robot, the answer is simple: the child will easily win.
Why is the top problem so easy and the bottom one so hard?
A student trained this robot to pour water into a glass.
In engineering and neuroscience, we use it to mean random noise that corrupts a signal.
The teapot is sometimes full and sometimes empty
Now, what I want to convince you is that the brain also puts a lot of effort into reducing the impact of all this noise and fluctuation.
Now let me introduce you to a concept that has been very popular in the field of statistics and machine learning for the last 50 years, called Bayesian Decision Theory.
This idea has recently been advocated as a way of thinking about how the brain deals with uncertainty.
A key idea of ​​Bayesian inference is that there are two sources of information from which to make an inference.
But another source of information is prior knowledge.
People accumulate knowledge as memories in their lives
The point of Bayesian decision theory is to give mathematical solutions to efficient combinations of prior knowledge and sensory input to create new beliefs.
Let me give you an intuitive example
When you're practicing tennis, you want to guess where the ball bounces over the net.
It is this part of the formula that is key in Bayesian
But if you look inside your brain, you can imagine
During that time I had two daughters
From a tickling experiment, I hypothesized that when a child hits another, it gives a movement command.
Bring in two adults and tell them you're going to play a game.
the game is so simple
What these results suggest is that, as other studies have shown, the brain is counteracting sensory input and underestimating the force it is applying.
Tasks are abstract: I want something to drink, I want to dance, etc. But in order to do something, you have to contract 600 muscles in a specific order.
In life, movement improves through learning
The basic idea is to plan the motion to minimize the adverse effects of noise.
The intuition here is that the noise and the variability that I've shown you get bigger the higher the force.
So one of the principles is that we want to avoid large forces.
There are many diseases that affect movement.
And hopefully, by understanding how to control motion, we can apply it to robotics.
And the last thing I want to say is that no matter how simple the tasks that animals perform, the complexity that goes on in their brains is truly dramatic.
thank you
(Applause) Chris Anderson: I'll ask you a quick question, Dan.
In order to study vision, we need to understand how motion uses vision.
(applause)
Magic is a very introverted field.
But looking at creative practice in the form of research and art as human studies, I wondered how cyber illusionists like myself could share their research.
My specialty is the fusion of digital technology and magic.
It's an augmented reality projection tracking and mapping system that's a digital storytelling tool.
wake up
So this is an attempt to create a kind of artificial life.
First, life has a body.
What we're trying to do in the lab is experiment with one or more of the characteristics of life.
"If we accept the theory of evolution, the first signs of the synthesis of life will be a form intermediate between the inorganic and the organic, i.e., a form possessing only some of the primordial characteristics of life at the boundary between the non-living and the living. It's the characteristic I mentioned earlier, "It's an evolutionary influence from the environment that gradually adds other attributes."
So when you mix chemicals in a test tube, they start to self-assemble into larger and larger structures.
Tens of thousands, even hundreds of thousands of molecules come together to form large structures that never existed before.
These membranes are very similar in form and function to biological membranes, and that's why we can use these membranes to make our protocells.
We start with a naturally occurring clay called montmorillonite.
This structure forms a membrane boundary, surrounded by liquid molecules, shown in green in the micrograph.
Using self-assembly, just by mixing substances in the laboratory, we can create a metabolic surface with information molecules attached to the inside of this membrane structure.
Well, I made another protocell model, simpler than the current one.
And this protocell is just a droplet of oil, and it's going to have a chemical metabolism inside it, and then it's going to use that energy to do something, like this protocell.
The Protocell moves and encounters food.
Now that you're all Protocell experts, let's play a game with the Protocell.
The way this works is that when a simple system of just five chemicals happens to hybridize, something different and much more complex is possible, and it also exhibits characteristics similar to those of another kind of life, which replicates. is the
By experimenting with artificial life like this, we may be able to define pathways between non-life and life.
Not only that, but it expands our view of what life is and the possibilities of life forms, including life that is very different from what we have on Earth.
It's similar to how the sun shines on the earth and photosynthesis takes place to power ecosystems.
Without the sun there would be no life on this planet
Third, you have to make and break chemical bonds, which are important for life to take in the resources it takes from the environment and sustain itself as building blocks.
Most contain no DNA, but exhibit life-like properties.
Through these chemical artificial life experiments, we can gain a basic understanding of the origin of life and how this planet could be inhabited, and also what kind of life might be possible in the universe. Thank you. thank you
(applause)
It's very long, so you'll need two people to use it.
At the slightest sound they hide again
We installed panels on three walls of the room.
This is how it works
This is a prototype video
So pygmies have habits, minds, mood swings, personalities, etc.
This is an early prototype
We were interested in playing with the sense of invisibility.
And when people walk into a room, they can see themselves on the monitor, but one thing's different is that one particular person is always "invisible," no matter how they move around the room.
This is the last work in progress The name is "Space Filler"
thank you
(applause)
It's about a little boy whose father was a history buff, who would often take him by the hand to the ruins of an ancient city in the suburbs.
Decades later, in the San Francisco Bay Area, I started a technology company and built the world's first 3D laser scanning system.
It measures the time-of-flight of the beam and records the time it takes for the light to reflect off the surface and return.
The scanner uses two mirrors to measure the horizontal and vertical angles of the beam to find the exact x y z coordinates.
It's a project called CyArk, which stands for "cyber archive."
With the help of our partners around the world, we've completed nearly 50 projects so far.
Here's a few: Chichen Itza, Easter Island, and what you're seeing here is a scanned point cloud: Babylon, Rosslyn Chapel, Pompeii, and our latest project, Mount Rushmore, which turned out to be the most challenging project.
We also create media for the general public, which is available for free on the CyArk website.
What you're looking at is a 3D viewer that we developed that allows you to view and manipulate point clouds in real time, look at cross sections, extract dimensions, and so on.
This is the point cloud of the Tikal site.
Used for research, visualization, education, etc.
There's arson, there's urban overdevelopment, there's acid rain, not to mention terrorism and war.
It's becoming increasingly clear that we're playing a losing battle
Imagine us humans not knowing where we came from.
Fortunately, the development of digital technology in the last 20-30 years has allowed us to develop a powerful weapon in our battle for digital preservation.
For example, three-dimensional laser scanning systems, increasingly powerful computers, 3D graphics, high-resolution digital photography, and the Internet.
We started a project called the CyArk 500 Challenge, an attempt to digitally preserve 500 world heritage sites within five years.
Two years ago, we were approached by our partners in Uganda who were working on the digital preservation of an important World Heritage Site, the Tombs of the Kings of Kasubi.
Then last March, I heard the sad news.
We owe it to our children, our grandchildren and future generations we will never meet to preserve and pass it on.
(Applause) Thank you.
thank you
thank you
I would like to personally thank David Mitchell, Director of Conservation at Historic Scotland.
(Applause) And Douglas Pritchard, Head of Visualization at the Glasgow School of Art.
(Applause) Thank you very much.
the brain has always fascinated humans
Now, just like physical maps, which have benefited from technology like Google Maps and GPS, brain mapping is going through a period of transformation.
let's look at the brain
20% of the oxygen pumped by the lungs and 20% of the blood flow pumped by the heart are consumed in this single organ.
You can see the temporal cortex on this side
Now, on the outside of the brain is the neocortex.
There are approximately 86 billion neurons in the brain
Of course, as I said, we're starting to be able to map brain function, and we can start connecting individual cells to function.
The number of neurons is 86 billion
Supporting cells called astrocytes glia
Each neuron in the brain connects with up to 10,000 neurons through synapses.
each neuron is unique
this is protein
If you zoom in even further, all the proteins are encoded in the genome.
humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
There are roughly 25,000 genes in this chromosome.
It's called magnetic resonance imaging.
The brain is removed from the skull and sliced ​​into 1 cm thick slices.
20 microns thick, the same thickness as a baby's hair
Now, when we hybridize to a sample, we get a unique "fingerprint" that indicates how much of the gene is active in the sample.
A rough estimate is 50 million data points per brain.
As I said, we've analyzed all 25,000 genes in the genome, and you can see all of that data.
we're just starting to analyze the data ourselves
There are some basic things I would like you to understand.
Proteins are drug targets
For example, when developing a new drug, we can look at the entire list provided by the genome to find better drug targets and optimize them.
Most of you have probably heard the news about genome-wide association studies, like, "A researcher recently discovered a gene that affects X."
We all have different genetic backgrounds and have lived different lives.
But in reality, more than 99% of our genomes are similar.
So the important message I want you to remember today is that while we are celebrated for our individuality, from a brain perspective, we are very similar.
I think these two genes are good examples of that.
DISC1 is a gene that is deleted in schizophrenia.
Donor 1 and Donor 4, which you see here, are two exceptions, and only a few specific cells have their genes activated.
We don't know whether this phenomenon is due to an individual's genetic background or experience.
(applause)
I started Improv Everywhere about 10 years ago when I came to New York with an interest in theater and comedy.
(Laughter) As you can see, I'm not wearing pants.
Now, on the other hand, six of my friends are waiting in their underwear at the next six stops.
(Laughter) At this point, the woman puts away her rape book.
At the eighth station, a girl with a huge bag comes on board and says she'll sell you pants for a dollar, just like you sell batteries and candy on the train.
(Applause) Thank you.
It's a prank, but it's a prank that makes for a funny story
(Laughter) Then there was the dance, and everyone danced.
We were in Union Square, right next to the subway station, so by the time we were done, hundreds of people had stopped and looked up at what we were doing.
You can see the cops in the footage right here.
A police officer in a black uniform is being filmed by a hidden camera
Ultimately, the police told Best Buy that blue polo shirts and khaki pants weren't illegal.
(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) So we left the store feeling happy in about 20 minutes.
It's morning rush hour
It's a very cold day outside
"Rob will give you a high five." (Laughter) "Are you ready?" (Laughter) "This is Rob." (Applause)
(applause)
(Laughter) What I want to do this morning is share some stories with you and tell you about a different side of Africa.
These things do happen, but there is also Africa that you don't hear much about.
Africa of opportunities.
Africa looking for partners to do this together. What I would like to talk about today is Africa.
The arrest was made possible in collaboration with the London Metropolitan Police and Nigeria's Economic and Financial Crime Commission. This commission is headed by one of the most talented and courageous people in our country, Mr. Neuf Ribadu.
A mistake was made and he escaped by disguising himself as a woman and returned to Nigeria from London. Under our constitution, as is common in many other countries, governors and presidents in public office are immune and cannot be prosecuted. But people were so outraged by his actions that the state legislature was able to impeach him and remove him from office.
An episode that shows the fact that the people of Africa will no longer put up with the corruption of their leaders.
It's an episode that shows the fact that people want their resources to be properly managed for themselves and not take it out where only a few elites will benefit.
You hear all the time about corrupt Africa, but in some countries people and governments are fighting it hard and there are success stories.
Does that mean the problem is over? The answer is no.
So when you hear about corruption, don't think that no effort is being made. Don't think you can't do business in any country in Africa because there is overwhelming corruption. it's not.
There is a will to fight, and many nations have fought and won. Other countries, like my country Nigeria, have a long history of dictatorships and the battles are being fought now, but they still have a long way to go.
The results are showing. Independent monitoring by the World Bank and others shows that in many cases corruption is trending downward and governance is improving.
When I talk about it, I immediately think of Africa.
Is there no prosecution for receiving stolen goods in this country?
So when we talk about this kind of corruption, let's also think about what's going on on the other side of the globe. Where is the money going and what can be done to stop it?
I am currently working with the World Bank on an initiative. Regarding asset recovery, we are trying to do what we can to bring money taken abroad back to developing countries.
If we can get back the $20 billion that is stuck there, it could be a lot more than the aid of several countries combined.
And what people in many African countries have now realized is that only we can do it. We have to do it ourselves.
We can invite partners to help us, but we start.
We must transform our economy, change our leadership, become more democratic, and be more open to change and information.
This is what we started with in Nigeria, the largest country on the African continent.
(Laughter) One in four people in sub-Saharan Africa is Nigerian. We have a dynamic population of 140 million people, a chaotic people. But they are very interesting people. You will never get bored.
(Laughter) What we started with was understanding that we had to take charge and change.
So we decided to privatize a lot of our businesses.
(Laughter) In our country, having a phone was a great luxury.
Nigeria's telecommunications market is the second fastest growing in the world after China. In electronic communications, we get about $1 billion in investment each year. But no one knows that. Except for a few smart people.
(Laughter) The first and smartest person to come was MTN, a South African company.
Three years after I was Finance Minister, they averaged $360 million a year in revenue.
360 million in markets in poorer countries where average earnings per capita only reach about $500.
The Nigerians themselves started developing a wireless telecommunications company, and three or four other companies entered the market.
But there is a huge market and people don't know it. Or you don't want to know.
Privatization is one of the things we did.
Another thing we've done is manage our finances better.
Because if you don't manage your own finances well, no one will help or support them.
Nigeria has a reputation for being corrupt and poorly managing public finances because of its oil sector.
Our exchange rate was constantly fluctuating. It's now fairly stable and controlled, so people doing business can predict prices.
Inflation has been lowered from 28% to 11%.
All the changes and transformations that we have been able to make have had measurable results in the economy.
Agriculture grew by more than 8%.
As I said earlier, there are opportunities in agriculture.
Opportunity for solid minerals. Our country is rich in minerals, but no one has invested in them or even explored them. It turns out that nothing will happen without proper legislation to make it possible. We have now enacted mining codes that rival the best in the world.
There are also opportunities in housing and real estate.
There was an investment opportunity and it captured people's imagination.
We asked them to increase their share capital and consolidate the number of banks from 89 to 25.
We went from $25 million to $150 million.
Banks have consolidated and the strengthening of the banking system has attracted more investment from abroad.
Britain's Barclays Bank has $500 million.
We are doing the same thing in the insurance sector.
In the tourism industry, many countries in Africa have great opportunities.
East Africa is known to many for it. Wild animals, elephants, etc.
But it is very important to manage the tourism industry in a way that people will benefit.
It is a new wave of openness and democratization. Since 2000, more than two-thirds of African countries have held multiparty democratic elections.
The best way to do that is by helping create jobs.
Wouldn't it be a great opportunity if you could make money yourself and invest in places that would create jobs and help people stand on their own feet? Isn't that the way to go?
The woman who made it will go to Tanzania and hold a session in June.
Women are diligent, focused and hard workers.
So if you are in Africa please consider investing.
So I invite you to explore opportunities.
If you come to Tanzania, please listen carefully. Because I'm sure you'll hear of various opportunities. It's a chance to get involved in something that is useful to the continent, to the people of Africa, and to you.
Thank you very much.
(applause)
I was invited to the Yale School of Medicine as Associate Professor of Medicine and Chief of Scientific Visualization.
My job was to write a program for NASA to perform virtual surgery on robotic pods for astronauts in space.
I remember the first time I saw collagen
All parts of the body, including hair, skin, bones, and nails, are made of collagen.
It's a rope-like structure, and it's twisted and swirled like this.
The only place in the eye where collagen structure changes is the cornea.
What we were doing was using this new technology to scan the development of the fetus from conception to birth.
I wrote the algorithms, Paul Lauterbur built the hardware, and he later won a Nobel Prize for inventing the MRI.
i got the data
Like a beautiful origami, at four weeks it folds itself, producing a million cells per second.
Early atrium and ventricle appear at 5 weeks
It's mystery, it's magic, it's divine
Only one mile of it is visible
The complexity of creating such a system exceeds any understanding, even known mathematics.
We're launching a new study to scan babies' brains from the moment they're born.
(applause)
Wind tunnel test This wing has no control sticks, no flaps, no rudder.
it's very unique
Yves Rossy
So folks, the historic flight is about to begin.
Sometimes I feel like I'm a bird
It's kind of surreal, because normally there's a big plane around you.
How did you become Jetman?
It feels like you're flying, especially when you're in a tracking pose.
So it's about 190 mph.
For example, last winter I started kitesurfing.
Parachute on harness
(Laughter) That's all.
There are principles, for example, an Airbus has two engines, but it can fly with just one.
this is my ejection seat
So when you flew over the Grand Canyon, where did you land?
Have you ever seen birds flying in tandem?
What next? What's next for Jetman?
(applause)
I've always been fascinated by computers and technology, and I've built apps for iPhones and iPads.
My favorite and most successful app is "Bustin Zeeber." (Laughter) It's a Whack-A-Mole game with Justin Bieber.
So I started programming it, and released it before Christmas 2010.
A lot of kids these days want to not only play games, they want to make them themselves, but it's hard because they don't know where to go to learn how to program.
Then Apple launched the iPhone, and it had the iPhone Software Development Kit, which is a set of tools for building iPhone apps.
This opened up a whole new world of possibilities for me. After playing around with the software development kit, I built some experimental apps.
Any student at our school can come to our club and learn how to design an app.
But this is a good resource for teachers, and educators should recognize this resource and put it to good use.
First, I want to make more apps and games.
I would also like to do some Android programming, and I would like to continue with the App Club to find more ways for students to share their knowledge. Thank you. (Applause)
What I'm doing now is exhaling and using my mouth to make sounds.
Those air vibrations reach you, hit your eardrum, and your brain converts those vibrations into thoughts.
Of course, there is not just one language in the world, there are about 7,000 languages ​​spoken.
Different languages ​​have different sounds, different vocabularies and, importantly, different structures.
So the question arises: does the language you speak affect the way you think?
Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor, said, "To have a second language is to have a second soul," a strong claim that language creates reality.
On the other hand, Shakespeare has Juliet say, "What's your name?
But as more laboratories around the world, including mine, have begun to do research, scientific data has emerged to answer this question.
Let me give you some of my favorite examples.
Or "Move the cup slightly to the north-northeast"
(Laughter) Keep your eyes closed and point.
(Laughter) There's also a big difference in how we think about time.
Here's a photo of my grandfather from different ages.
They don't use the words "left" and "right."
In my case, if I'm facing this way, the time goes like this If I'm facing this way, the time goes like this
We have a very different way of thinking about time.
How many penguins are there here?
Some languages ​​don't do it this way, because they don't have words for exact numbers.
People who don't have those linguistic skills can't do that.
Different languages ​​have different ways of distinguishing colors, and the visual world is also different.
Some languages ​​have many words for colors, while others have only a few words, such as "light color" and "dark color."
For example, in English we have the word "blue" to refer to all colors currently on the screen, but in Russian there is no such single word.
Russian speakers have to distinguish between light blue "goluboy" and dark blue "siniy"
Language has many structural quirks.
Many languages ​​have grammatical gender, where each noun is assigned a masculine or feminine gender.
Which gender is different depends on the language
For example, the sun is feminine in German, but masculine in Spanish, and the moon is vice versa.
Do German speakers see the Sun as more feminine and the Moon as more masculine?
If you ask German and Spanish speakers to describe a bridge like this one, "bridge" is grammatically feminine in German and masculine in Spanish, but for German speakers it's "beautiful." tend to use feminine terms such as "" and "elegant"
Spanish speakers, on the other hand, tend to use masculine words like "strong" and "long."
(Laughter) Different languages ​​have different ways of describing events.
In English, you could say, "He broke the vase."
In a language like Spanish, it's more common to say, "The vase is broken."
People who speak different languages ​​pay attention differently, because different languages ​​pay attention to different parts.
So when you show the same accident to an English speaker and a Spanish speaker, the English speaker will remember who did it, because in English we say, "He broke the vase."
Spanish speakers, on the other hand, if it was an accident, they don't really remember who did it, and they tend to remember "it was an accident."
So two people can witness the same event, the same crime, but remember different things.
Of course, this has a lot to do with eyewitness testimony.
I've given you a few examples of how language shapes the way people think, in many different ways.
A little trick called a number word can be a stepping stone to a new cognitive world.
language can have a very wide impact
Language diversity is wonderful because it reveals how clever and flexible the human mind is.
The human mind has created not one cognitive universe, but 7,000. There are 7,000 languages ​​in the world.
We're losing one language every week, and it's estimated that we'll lose half the world's languages ​​in the next 100 years.
Even more problematic is that much of what we know about the human mind and brain today is based on research involving English-speaking American undergraduates.
What we know about the human mind is actually very narrow and biased, and science needs to do a better job.
I talked about how speakers of different languages ​​think differently, but it's not about how other people think.
It's about how the language you use affects the way you think.
"How can I think differently?"
thank you
(applause)
But for a long time scientists never thought it would be possible.
But if you look around the natural world, the lifespans of different animals really vary.
Each of these animals is different because they have different genes.
And that suggests that somewhere in the genes, somewhere in the DNA, the genes responsible for aging have different lifespans.
If we had such a gene, imagine, in an experiment, we might be able to change one of the genes, the aging gene, to delay aging and extend lifespan.
If we can do that, we can find aging genes.
So we decided to look for genes that control aging.
Instead, they studied a small, round worm called C. elegans, which is about the size of a comma in a sentence.
We were lucky enough to discover that a gene-damaging mutant called daf-2 doubled the lifespan of worms.
This animal can live twice as long
Then take out your handkerchief here
There's something universal about aging
And here is the daf-2 mutant
When I talk to people about this, it seems everyone thinks of someone who's 80 or 90 but looks a lot younger.
she replies "I'm 60"
(laughs) okay
So what is the daf-2 gene?
The daf-2 gene encodes a hormone receptor
And then there's the other part inside that sends the signal to the cell.
So what does the daf-2 receptor tell the inside of the cell?
Mutating the daf-2 gene renders the receptor non-functional, and animals live longer.
So the normal function of this hormone receptor is to accelerate aging.
that's what this arrow means
It shows that aging is controlled by genes, especially by hormones.
These hormones are similar to the hormones we have in our bodies.
The daf-2 hormone receptor is very similar to the insulin and IGF-1 hormone receptors.
Insulin is a hormone that promotes the uptake of nutrients into tissues after a meal.
and IGF-1 promotes growth
The functions of these hormones have been known for some time, but our research suggests a third function that no one has known, perhaps also in aging.
By altering hormone signaling pathways, flies live longer.
For example, there's a study of a group of Ashkenazi Jews living in New York City.
Like the rest of the population, most people live to be roughly 70 to 80 years old, but some live to be 90 or 100.
What they found was that people who live to be 90 or 100 years old are more likely to have the daf-2 variant, which is a mutation in the gene that encodes the IGF-1 receptor.
These are hints that humans are affected by the hormones that govern aging.
The next question, of course, is, are there any implications for age-related diseases?
As we age, we become more susceptible to cancer, Alzheimer's, heart disease, and all sorts of other diseases.
They rarely get cancer, and when they do, they don't turn out to be very malignant.
So how do hormones ultimately affect the rate of aging?
In daf-2 mutants, we found that genes that encode proteins that protect cells and tissues and repair damage are activated in the DNA.
And they are activated by a gene regulatory protein called FOXO.
Under these conditions, the FOXO protein, drawn in blue, enters the nucleus in the center of the cell and binds to genes.
You're looking at one gene, but there are actually many genes that bind to FOXO.
And the genes that it activates include antioxidant genes and what I call carrot giver genes, and the proteins that it translates are genes that help other proteins to fold and function correctly.
DNA repair genes are more active in these animals
and the immune system is more active
All these different genes I showed you actually contribute to the longevity of daf-2 mutants.
We believe that they have the ability to protect themselves from a variety of injuries, which makes them live longer.
When the daf-2 receptor is functioning, it triggers a series of events that prevent FOXO from being taken up into the nucleus where the DNA is located.
That's how it works, and that's why we didn't see long-lived individuals until we had the daf-2 mutant.
We believe that insulin and IGF-1 hormones are the hormones that are most active in favorable living conditions - when food is plentiful and the environment is less stressful.
But we think that under stressful conditions, such as when the food supply is restricted, the levels of these hormones decrease.
And I think it's perceived by animals as a danger signal, a signal that things aren't okay, so that protective mechanism might be deployed.
And it activates FOXO, which goes to the DNA and triggers gene expression that enhances the cell's ability to protect itself and repair itself.
We believe that this is why animals live longer.
And suddenly he knows a hurricane is coming
We all have the FOXO gene, but we don't all have the exact same FOXO gene.
And people who live to be 90 or 100 have a form of the FOXO gene that appears more frequently.
We don't know exactly how this works, but we know that the FOXO gene can affect human lifespan.
And that means that if we can tweak it, we might be able to improve human health and lifespan.
it's really exciting for me
So now, in our lab, we're trying to develop drugs that can slow down aging and age-related diseases, and we're currently using human cells to develop drugs that activate this FOXO.
There are many proteins known to affect aging.
Similar to daf-2 mutants, TOR-damaging mutants extend lifespan in worms, flies and mice
But in this case, we already have a drug called rapamycin that binds to the TOR protein and blocks its activity.
And if you give rapamycin to a mouse, even if it's a human, say, 60 years old, that old mouse will live longer if you give that mouse rapamycin.
It's a drug used in humans because it suppresses the immune system.
Now, in 2011, there is a drug that can be given to old mice to extend their lifespan, and it's based on studies like this in different animals.
So I'm very optimistic, and I'm hopeful that in the not too distant future, this old dream will come true.
thank you
(Applause) Matt Ridley: Thank you, Cynthia.
So when you stop taking the drug, the protein goes back to normal.
we don't have the technology to do that
but i don't think it's a good idea
If you knock them out completely, you'll get seriously ill.
And there are other, safer ways to activate FOXO that are independent of insulin and IGF-1.
There are already some creatures on this planet that don't really age.
they grow to this size
They were tagged and found to be 70 years old.
And 70-year-olds are better at finding good nesting sites and leave more offspring each year.
it is not clear
If you look at long-lived birds, their cells tend to be more resistant to various environmental stresses like high temperatures and hydrogen peroxide.
(applause)
I host a radio program
So every week I get a lot of complaints, and one of the constant complaints is that the title "Infinite Monkey Cage" is in favor of vivisection.
But I don't know why that would ruin the magic.
I think the magic destroyed by science is only replaced by something just as wonderful.
Like astrology, like many rationalists, I'm a Pisces.
It's the same for me, and while it may seem like you're worried about the apocalypse, many worlds theory -- one of the most beautiful, fascinating, and sometimes terrifying theories to come out of quantum interpretation -- is wonderful.
Because in the vast majority of universes you don't even exist in the first place.
Science actually tells us that we will live forever.
On the other hand, everything that makes us, every atom, has made countless different things in the past and will continue to do so.
Your atom may have once been Napoleon's knee.
For example, if my wife looked at me and said, "Why do you love me?"
I could look her in the eye and say from the bottom of my heart, "Because our pheromones match each other's olfactory receptors."
(Laughter) Well, maybe I'll mention her hair and her personality.
i just spit out my broken tooth
I have a son named Archie
That's the great thing about evolution: evolution is the predilection to believe that your child is the best.
(Laughter) This is the strong anthropic principle of vacuuming.
it's very important to me
Every time you breathe in, you breathe in an unfathomable number of atoms of oxygen.
When I look out my window, I realize that every time I stop and look out of my window, no matter where I am, the view out of that window has more life than all life in the universe we know.
If you go to a safari park on Saturn or Jupiter, you'll only be disappointed.
In the words of Nobel laureate Steve Weinberg, "The more we understand the universe, the more meaningless it seems."
Some people associate it with nihilism.
We have the individual power to say, "This is what I want to do."
thank you very much goodbye
(applause)
[Taunting from Danny Hillis] [Now is the time to start talking about manipulating the Earth's climate] What if there was a way to build a thermostat that could lower the temperature of the Earth at any time?
The basic idea of ​​solar geoengineering is that you can cool things down just by bouncing a little bit more of the sun's light back into space.
And the idea of ​​how to do it has literally existed for decades.
Clouds like low clouds like this are the best way to do that.
I like this cloud because it has exactly the same moisture content as the clear air around it.
As you can see from this, even the slightest change in airflow can create clouds.
We're making artificial clouds all the time.
This is a contrail, an artificial cloud of water vapour, created by passing jet engines.
So we're already changing the clouds on Earth.
(Laughter) But we're already doing a lot of this.
We're already doing solar engineering.
There are some very good reasons
And some very close friends of mine in the audience today, who I admire so much, don't think I should be talking about this.
I think it's a really serious problem
I think it makes sense for us to look for ways to mitigate its effects.
But we need science to tell us what our options are. We need science to show us both ingenuity and warning.
thank you very much
(Applause) [This talk caused a lot of controversy at TED2017] [I encourage you to watch the discussion online to see what others have to say]
You've probably seen Al Gore's amazing speech
the climate is in crisis
She said, "I agree with everything they said.
The more we learned, the more our worries grew.
As you may know, Kleiner's partners are obsessed networkers, so when we see a big problem or opportunity, whether it's bird flu or personal medicine, we gather the smartest people we know.
This climate crisis has truly created a network of superstars, from policy activists to scientists, entrepreneurs and business leaders. 50 people
So I'd like to share what we've learned about four lessons we learned last year.
The first lesson is that companies are very powerful and this is very important. This story tells how Walmart went green and what it means
Two years ago, CEO Lee Scott believed that going green was the next big thing and made going green a top priority for Walmart.
And third, they placed items that needed to be refrigerated behind closed doors with LED lights.
Why Walmart Matters because it's huge
America's largest private employer
It is also the largest private consumer of electricity.
We have the world's best supply chain of 60,000 suppliers. If Walmart were a country, it would be China's sixth largest trading partner.
When Walmart declares it's going to be green and profitable, it's going to have a powerful impact on other big organizations.
The second lesson is that individuals matter, and they matter tremendously.
Walmart has 125 million customers in the US
one-third of the population of the United States
65 million compact fluorescent lamps were sold last year
Customers aren't particularly fond of this light bulb.
100 million compact fluorescent bulbs save $600 million in electricity costs each year, and 20 million tons of carbon dioxide each year. every year
It seems very difficult to get consumers to do the right thing
(Laughter) It's hard to change consumer behavior because consumers don't know how much it costs. Do you know?
I'm really scared, because the change that we can reasonably expect from individuals is clearly not enough.
The third lesson is that policies really matter
At the end of the first meeting, we talked about what the next action items would be and how we would follow up.
So Bob Epstein raised his hand and stood up.
Bob is a Berkeley tech guy who started a company called Sybase.
It's necessary, but it's also good for California's economy.
So eight of us went to Sacramento in August to meet with seven undecided congressmen and lobby for AB32.
Six out of seven voted in favor of the bill, which passed by a vote of 47 to 32.
(Applause) Thank you.
I think it's the most important law of 2006. because
Because California became the first state in the country to mandate a 25% reduction in greenhouse gases by 2020.
And that will result in 83,000 new jobs, $4 billion in annual revenue, and 174 million tons of carbon emissions saved each year.
There's a story about national policy we can learn
We went to Brazil and met Dr. Jose Goldenberg
And this is what happened in Brazil
There are now 29,000 ethanol-capable pumps, compared to 700 in the United States and just two in California, and within three years, the percentage of new cars that are fuel-alternative has gone from 4% to 85%.
And what's even more happening in Brazil is that ethanol has replaced 40 percent of the gasoline used in cars.
It has created a million jobs in the country and saved 32 million tons of carbon dioxide. is quite
However, Brazil's carbon footprint is only 1.3% of the world's
Brazil's Ethanol Miracle, Unfortunately, Isn't Enough
The fourth and final lesson is about the potential for radical innovation.
Now, I'd like to talk to you about a tragic problem and a breakthrough technology.
As many as 1.5 million people die each year from a completely preventable disease: malaria. 6,000 people a day
It's two dollars. Two dollars is too much for Africa
So a team of Berkeley researchers, with $15 million from the Gates Foundation, are working to develop and design a radical new method to create a key ingredient called artemisinin, to make it one-tenth the cost. doing
Their breakthrough technology is called synthetic biology.
We built a company called Amyris, and the technology they use is making better biofuels.
Alan Kay famously said that the best way to predict the future is to invent it.
And that's why we're investing $200 million in a wide range of disruptive new technologies that are green technology innovations.
In 2005, we invested $600 million in new technology like the one you see here, doubled to $1.2 billion in 2006.
Fact number two: The president's new budget for renewable energy totals barely $1 billion.
Fact number three: I bet you don't know, but there's enough energy in the hot rock beneath our country to meet America's energy needs for thousands of years. And yet the federal budget calls for only $20 million for geothermal energy research and development.
Who would have thought mass retailers could make money by going green? Who would have thought database entrepreneurs could change California with legislation?
Who would have thought that the ethanol biofuel miracle would come from a developing country in South America?
And who would have thought that a malaria cure scientist would find a breakthrough in biofuels?
It's still not enough to keep Greenland's ice from melting and sinking into the ocean.
Scientists are telling us -- and they're just guessing -- that we have to cut our greenhouse gas emissions in half, and we have to do it as soon as possible.
Looking at the magnitude of the problem, China's carbon footprint is currently 3.3 gigatons while the United States is 5.8. If the current trend continues, China will have 23 gigatonnes by 2050.
When I went to the Davos conference, when the mayor of Dalian, China, was pressed about his carbon strategy, he said, "Americans use seven times as much carbon per capita as China does."
Energy is a $6 trillion business worldwide
It is the mother of all markets. Remember the Internet?
Could be the biggest economic opportunity of the 21st century
Moreover, if successful, it would be the most significant change for life on Earth since, as Bill Joy puts it, methane in the atmosphere was converted to oxygen.
What can you do? Become personally carbon neutral
You can buy carbon credits by going to ClimateCrisis.org or CarbonCalculator.com. You can also join the lobbying campaign for cap-and-trade mandates to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the United States.
And the most important thing you can do is use your personal power and your business card file and lead your company, your organization green.
Can you imagine what would happen if Amazon, eBay, Google, Microsoft, Apple really went green and you caused it?
And I really, really hope that we can all use our energy, our talents, our influence to solve this problem.
(applause)
Here you can see the Yucatan peninsula, and the island of Cozumel is off the east coast.
Not all asteroids are this big
It came at a tremendous speed, hit the ground, shattered, and exploded with about 20 megatons of nuclear bomb energy, a very large bomb.
this is a potential threat
This is an asteroid that passed close to Earth in 2009.
these are just stars
We're building telescopes to spot these threats.
It's about 250 meters in diameter, and it's pretty big, an object bigger than a football field.
will pass near Earth in April 2029
In 2005, NASA launched a probe called "Deep Impact" and sent part of it crashing into the nucleus of a comet.
We moved the comet just a little bit, but that's not the point.
I think even NASA can do it.
(Laughter) The problem is when you put a bullet in an asteroid, change its trajectory, take a new trajectory, and you find that the asteroid is in the keyhole, and it's going to hit the Earth in three years.
(Laughter) A group of scientists and engineers and astronauts call themselves the "B612" Foundation.
If you've read "The Little Prince", you know something, don't you? The asteroid where the Little Prince lived was called B612.
The asteroid's gravity pulls the probe, even for a probe that weighs about two tons.
In the original "Star Trek," there was an alien ship with an ion engine, and Spock said, "They're so technologically advanced.
This is the difference between us and dinosaurs.
The difference between dinosaurs and us is the space program and elections, we can change the future.
(Laughter) We have the ability to change the future.
thank you
(applause)
So this robot is inherently unstable.
It's still experimental, but let me show you some potential future applications.
In hospitals, it could be used to carry medical equipment.
There's a certain beauty in this technology itself.
(Music) (Applause) Hello everyone—
(Thank you for applause
Once upon a time, in 19th-century Germany, there were books.
At this time, the book was the king of storytelling.
but it was kinda boring
(music) The man's name was Lothar Lothar Meggendorfer.
For example, one company uses its search engine to tell love stories.
A Taiwanese production studio is bringing American politics to life in 3D.
I realized that the 6,000-year history of storytelling has evolved from hunting pictures on cave walls to Shakespeare on Facebook walls.
(applause)
After I left UCLA, I moved from Los Angeles to Northern California in a small town called Elk on the Mendocino coast.
So I started doing time-lapse photography.
I've been doing time-lapse photography of flowers nonstop, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, for 30 years.
Beauty and seduction are tools for survival in nature, because we protect what we love.
It opens our hearts and allows us to realize that we are part of nature and not separate from it.
"Oh" means you've been given attention and it brings your attention to the present moment.
“my” means connecting with what is deep inside you
Did you know that 80% of the information we receive comes through our eyes? If you compare the energy of light to a musical scale, the naked eye can only see the middle octave.
Aren't we grateful that we have hearts that can feel the joy and the beauty of nature from this vibration?
The beauty of nature is a gift that fosters gratitude.
I have a gift for you today in a project I'm working on called Happiness Revealed.
look up at the sky
With clouds coming and going, we rarely notice how much the sky changes from moment to moment.
It's a gift that millions of people in the world will never get.
These are just a few of the myriad gifts to open your heart to.
(applause)
But what I'm going to talk to you about today is that this interdependence is actually a very powerful infrastructure, and that open source collaboration can help alleviate some of the most deeply rooted societal problems.
A few years ago, I read an article in The New York Times by Michael Pollan about how growing even a fraction of your own food can do a tremendous amount of good for the environment.
Now, because light and temperature depend on the local environment around the window, the window farm needs a farmer, and it's the farmer who decides what crops to plant in the window farm, and whether or not to grow them organically. is
So we wanted it to be a public project, because hydroponics is currently the fastest growing area of ​​patents in the United States, and it could become an area where companies, like Monsanto, own a lot of intellectual property on food. because there is a nature
There are now 18,000 people registered on this website.
What we're doing is what NASA and big corporations call R&D, research and development.
We call it R&D-I-Y, which means do-it-yourself research and development.
So I can work with my core team to focus on making improvements that will benefit everyone.
In the words of environmentalists and people in the food industry, if we want to really change consumer behavior, we have to put aside the notion of "consumer" and support those who are taking action.
(applause)
If your life were a book, and you were the author, how would you want the story to progress?
This was the question that changed my life forever
Growing up in the hot Las Vegas desert, all I wanted was to be free.
I dreamed of traveling the world and living in a town where it snowed, and I envisioned all the stories I would tell.
When I was 19, fresh out of high school, I moved to a snowy town and became a massage therapist.
All I needed for this job was my hands and a massage table, and I could go anywhere.
For the first time in my life, I felt free, independent, and in control of my life.
I came home from work one day feeling sick with the flu, and less than 24 hours later, I was rushed to the hospital, on life support, with less than a 2 percent chance of survival.
Within days of me slipping into a coma, doctors diagnosed me with bacterial meningitis, a vaccine-preventable blood infection.
After two and a half months of treatment, I lost my spleen and kidneys, the hearing in my left ear, and both legs below the knee.
I thought the worst was over, until a few weeks later I saw new legs for the first time.
The calves were made of thick chunks of metal, the pipes that held the ankles in place were left exposed, and the yellow rubber feet had raised lines from the toes to the ankles to make them look like blood vessels.
But in order to move forward, I had to let go of the old Amy and embrace the new Amy.
I fantasized like when I was little And I imagined myself walking gracefully Helping someone through my journey Snowboarding again
I could feel the wind rushing through me and my heartbeat thumping, as if it was happening right now.
At this moment, a new chapter in my life began.
I think everyone was shocked, and I was shocked and disappointed, but I knew that if I could find the right pair of feet, I could do it.
As you can see, rusty bolts, rubber, wood, and neon pink sticky tape.
These legs and the best gift my dad gave me for my 21st birthday, a new kidney, have inspired me to pursue my dreams again.
I started snowboarding again, and then I went back to work and school.
In 2005, I founded a non-profit organization that aims to enable young people with physical disabilities to participate in sports.
My work there gave me the opportunity to go to South Africa, where I provided thousands of children with shoes so they could go to school.
Believing in these dreams, and facing the fears in front of us, allows us to push our limits and live our lives.
thank you
He's not much older than me. He's in San Quentin State Penitentiary.
When Tony was 16, one day, one moment, he said, "That's Mom's gun.
Murder - it's a felony 25 years in prison If you're lucky, parole at age 50 Tony was out of luck.
I replied to Tony, "It's worse than you think.
Something has changed for Tony
Tony started doing his homework
I said to Tony, "Let's do it."
thank you
(applause)
Yes, as you can see, it's Johnny Depp.
And this is Johnny Depp's shoulder.
And here is the famous tattoo on Johnny Depp's shoulder.
As some of you may know, Depp got engaged to Winona Ryder in 1990 and got a tattoo on his right shoulder. "Winona Forever"
And three years later -- three years is a long time by Hollywood standards -- they broke up and Johnny made a little rework.
(audience laughter) Like Johnny Depp, like 25% of Americans between the ages of 16 and 50, I got a tattoo.
We all know people who got a tattoo when they were 17, whether they were 19 or 23, regretted it by the time they were 30.
I got a tattoo when I was 29 and immediately regretted it.
But I always thought that it was the best choice I could make, given my situation at the time and the information I had at the time.
It is also characteristic of certain types of brain damage.
I call it a lobotomy.
What is regret?
Regret is the emotion that accompanies you to wonder if your current situation would have been more satisfying had you done something different in the past.
In other words, regret requires two things.
And secondly, you need imagination.
"I should have crossed the bridge instead of the tunnel.
We regret it when we think it's our fault that the decision ended up badly, and it could have been better.
Today's talk is about behavioral economics.
There is a vast amount of literature available. It's about consumer and financial decisions and the regrets that come with them -- basically buyer remorse.
Top 6 Regrets -- By far the number one regret in our lives is education.
33% of all regrets are related to decisions made about education.
But what does it feel like when we deeply regret the things we really care about?
Now, the first component of regret is basically denial.
This is an incredibly primitive emotional response.
The other thing I was thinking about in my bedroom that night was, "Why did I do this?
The job of perseveration here is to take the first three elements of regret and create a loop that repeats infinitely.
After I kicked myself out of my apartment that night, I lay in bed thinking about skin grafts for a long time.
The first thing I would like to mention is the intensity and persistence with which we experience the emotional element of regret, which of course depends on what we regret at the time.
That day could be your last day at work.
Because we make decisions that sometimes have irreversible and disastrous consequences. In some cases, it can even be life threatening.
A Google search for "regret" or "tattoo" will return 11.5 million hits.
(audience laughter) The FDA estimates that 17% of Americans with tattoos regret it.
It's Johnny Depp and I and seven million guys.
A second way to deal with regret is to laugh at yourself.
The third way to reconcile regret, I think, is with the help of time.As you know, any wound can heal--but tattoos don't.
It's been years since I got a tattoo.
Like I said, I'm a perfectionist.
this is my tattoo
Your regrets may not be as ugly as you think.
I got this tattoo because I spent most of my 20s living and traveling abroad.
After that, when I returned to New York to settle down, I was afraid that I would forget something very important that I had learned abroad.
It reminds me of the most important thing regret can teach me, which is also the most important thing life can teach me.
thank you very much.
In 1994, I met a 12-year-old boy in a Cambodian prison who had been tortured and was not allowed access to a lawyer.
And then, looking into his eyes, I realized that while I had written hundreds of letters to political prisoners, I had never written to him, because he was. Because he wasn't a 12-year-old boy who had committed some serious crime.
It was a 12-year-old boy who stole a bicycle.
When we hear the word "torture," we tend to think of it as a last resort for political prisoners and thugs when all other options have been exhausted, but the truth is that 95 percent of torture today is against people who aren't political prisoners. is
After silence in the room, a woman (of obscure name) stands up and says "Khrew" which means "teacher"
In a prison in Burundi, I met not a 12-year-old boy, but an 8-year-old boy who stole a cell phone.
I walked up to the prison director and said, 'You should release her.
But what we've found is that it's not just the training of lawyers, it's the connections between lawyers that make the difference.
There are many reasons why I think this is feasible.
And on December 4th, he led 3,000 members of the Youth Communist League from the top 14 law schools, each of them self-disciplined, created posters announcing the new law, went to the police station, and declared citizens' rights. To protect it, he began what he called a non-violent legal revolution.
It all started with a small group of people who decided to commit to it.
I can't visit everyone every day, but he wanted to visit all 156 prisoners, and when I picked him up, he would put his fingers behind the bars.
Many of the prisoners in custody said that he was their supreme joy and their sunshine, and they looked forward to meeting him. Vishna is a four-year-old boy.
So we thank you for your prescient imagination to envision a new world with us, and we invite you to join us on this journey.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
my topic today is learning
When do you start learning?
This question may have made you think of the first day of preschool or kindergarten, when you enter a class for the first time and are taught by a teacher.
If so, your answer is that learning begins at birth.
The idea is that our most important learning happens in the womb before we are even born.
I have written articles for numerous books and magazines.
These two roles of mine intersected when I was writing the book "Origins."
"Origins" is a collection of cutting-edge results from the emerging field of fetal origins.
Fetal origins is a scientific discipline that began almost 20 years ago, based on the hypothesis that human lifespan and health are greatly influenced by the nine months a fetus spends in the womb.
While researching this book, I was pregnant.
Because the sounds of the outside world travel through the mother's abdominal tissue and through the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus, the voice that the fetus hears from the fourth month onwards is very muffled, very muffled.
Newborn infants often cannot, but they are good at sucking.
Of all these experiments, my favorite is one in which pregnant newborns recognized the theme song of a soap opera if they watched it every day.
And fetuses are also learning the language spoken in the environment in which they are born.
A paper published last year showed that from birth, babies cry in ways that accentuate their mother tongue.
Now, what's the use of this kind of fetal learning?
It may have evolved to improve the survival of babies
But sounds aren't the only things fetuses learn in the womb.
By the time the fetus is seven months old, its taste buds are fully developed, and the olfactory organs it needs to smell are functioning.
The taste of the food a pregnant woman eats passes through to the amniotic fluid that the fetus is constantly swallowing.
In one experiment, one group of pregnant women drank a lot of carrot juice during the third trimester of pregnancy, and another group of pregnant women drank only water.
Six months later, we gave these pregnant babies cereals with carrot juice and watched their facial expressions as they ate.
What this means is that the fetus is being taught by its mother what is safe and good to eat.
They are introduced to the unique flavors and spices that are essential to their food culture before they are even born.
Everything that a pregnant woman encounters in her daily life — the air she breathes, the food and drink she consumes, the chemicals she is exposed to, even the emotions that arouse her — is all shared with the fetus in some way.
The fetus takes all of these things into her body and makes them part of her flesh and blood.
In the fall of 1944, during the dark days of World War II, the Germans blockaded West Holland, halting food supplies.
During the Nazi siege of Holland, the winter was so harsh that the canals froze.
Food soon ran out, and most Dutch people were getting by on 500 calories, a quarter of what they used to eat a day.
And on May 5th, 1945, the Nazi siege ended abruptly, and Holland was liberated by the allies.
Decades after the "hunger winter," researchers found that mothers who were pregnant during starvation were much more likely to develop obesity, diabetes and heart disease later in life.
Why does malnutrition in the womb cause disease later in life?
During times of food shortage, it delivers vital nutrients to the most important organ, the brain, and prevents them from reaching other organs, such as the heart and liver.
The fetus regulates its metabolism and various physiological functions according to the environment.
The diet of a pregnant woman constitutes a kind of story - a fairy tale wrapped in wealth or a ruthless chronicle of famine.
High rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease are the result.
At 8:46 a.m. on September 11, 2001, tens of thousands of people were in the vicinity of the World Trade Center in New York - commuters pouring out of the subway Waitresses busy setting up tables in the morning rush Busy phone calls and work. Wall Street brokers
A year after 9/11, researchers surveyed women who were pregnant at the time.
In a highly dangerous environment, the signature behaviors of PTSD -- alertness and alertness, rapid reaction to danger -- can save lives.
let me be clear
Fetal origin research doesn't blame pregnant women for what happens during pregnancy.
It's important to pay attention to what the fetus learns in the womb during those nine months.
Thank you
(applause)
This is Seadragon, an environment that allows us to manipulate vast amounts of visual data, either locally or remotely.
Most of the pictures are taken with a digital camera, but this one was scanned from the Library of Congress, and it's about 300 megapixels.
But it makes no difference, because the only thing that limits the performance of this system is the number of pixels on the screen.
It also has a very flexible architecture.
I made up a very high resolution fake ad, much higher resolution than a normal ad, and added some extra content.
You can see the features of the car here
Other models or even technical specifications are available
It's called Photosynth, and it's made up of two technologies.
If you type "Notre Dame" on Flickr, you'll get images of people in T-shirts and campuses.
They're all Flickr images, so they're all spatially related.
(Applause) I never thought I'd be working for Microsoft either.
(Laughter) As you might have guessed, there are different types of cameras, from cell phone cameras to professional SLRs, and we've stitched together dozens of photos in this environment.
thank you
So I'm proposing a modest way to ease the financial burden.
I came up with this idea when I was talking to a physicist friend of mine at MIT.
Lasers can be controlled with precision, so they can be used for surgery inside the eyeball, for storing vast amounts of data, and for some cool experiments that my friend had a hard time explaining.
Atoms lose their unique characteristics and follow the rules of the quantum world, which is responsible for the eerie nature of superfluids.
For example, if you shine light into a superfluid, you can slow photons down to 60 kilometers per hour.
I have a PhD in molecular biology.
That's why I started the "Dance Your Ph.D" contest four years ago.
surprisingly it works
Dance makes science easier to understand.
Wasted PowerPoint presentations are a serious threat to the global economy.
There are other possible losses as well. PowerPoint is a tool -- any tool can be abused.
Our country has $15 trillion in debt
If you have, say, a budget of $150 million -- say, a budget of $150 million -- and you abolish the National Endowment for the Arts, you can reduce the national debt all at once -- by a factor of 1,000.
Imagine politicians using dance to explain why they should invade a foreign country or why they should bail out investment banks with their tax dollars.
Of course, there may come a day in the distant future when a persuasion technique far superior to PowerPoint will be developed, displacing the dancer as an explanatory tool.
(music) (applause)
(Laughter) A friend and I were having coffee the other day, and I said, "I read a recent study that said coffee reduces the risk of depression in women."
(Laughter) The tweet said (Laughter) "New study suggests coffee may lower risk of depression in women."
(Laughter) In this tweet, there's a link to a blog on the New York Times, where a guest blogger based an article on the site Live Science, which got its information from the Harvard School of Public Health's news site. But there was a link to the actual study abstract, which was a summary of the actual paper published in the journal.
(Laughter) So when I say I "read" a study, I read only a fraction of the study, and it has been manipulated by four writers who weren't the original authors before I received it. It was something
You may be wondering, why aren't academics involved in popular media?
To understand why academics don't engage with mass media, we first have to understand how universities work.
For the last six years, I've taught at seven colleges in four states.
(Laughter) I'm also doing a PhD at the same time.
First, scholars conduct research in their respective fields of expertise.
They apply for public and private grants to fund their research, and when they're done, they publish their findings.
And once the article is published, the profit-seeking company sells that information, in turn, to universities and public libraries in the form of journals and database services.
My friends and I say it's like feeding a monster.
The first problem is that much of the academic research is publicly funded, but the distribution is not public.
Every year, the U.S. government spends $60 billion on research.
According to the National Science Foundation, 29 percent of that goes to public research universities.
If you do a little math, that's $17.4 billion.
Most publicly funded research is distributed through just five companies.
In 2014, just one of them had a profit of $1.5 billion.
it's a big business
If the public is funding academic research, why are we paying to see the results? It seems that you are paying twice
Another big problem is that many scholars don't have much incentive to publish outside of these subscription-based, authoritative journals.
So publication in books and journals is like currency for scholars.
Google Scholar makes open access research searchable and discoverable.
Congress also introduced a bill last year that calls for an open-access policy for academic research projects funded in excess of $100 million.
NASA opened its entire research library to the public this year.
This approach has other advantages as well.
A healthy relationship between the public and academics can encourage public participation in research.
Because for democracy to work, people need to be well educated and informed.
Wouldn't it be better for research to take place in front of everyone's eyes, rather than behind paid sites and bureaucracies?
I believe in inclusive, democratic research that works in the community and has dialogue with the public.
I stand on the shoulders of many scholars, teachers, librarians and people in the community, people who want more people to join them.
thank you
(applause)
what we really want to hear is music
(Music) As you know, it's Beethoven's 7th Symphony.
I'm going to show you a video of a girl who was born deaf.
(Video) Mother: That's an owl
yes owl
owl owl
Hearing loss and its treatments have evolved over the last 200 years.
Today we have multichannel cochlear implants, which is a surgical procedure.
Remember writing this chapter?
Yes, this is the great success story of modern medicine.
However, even with these wonderful cochlear implants that allow users to perceive language, if you turn on the radio and listen to music, you won't enjoy the music at all.
But music is completely different.
I have always positioned music as the pinnacle of hearing.
This is the Rachmaninoff Prelude played on MIDI
Most cochlear implant users cannot hear different instruments
(Violin) It's a violin
People with cochlear implants can't tell the difference between these instruments.
So far, for some reason, the cochlear implant isn't stimulating the auditory cortex correctly in the melody recognition process.
And here comes the question: is there hope?
this is beethoven
This cat is trained to get food when the trumpet sounds
He's deaf, but after a cochlear implant he learned to play the piano.
Watch Joseph's video
When I was four months old, I was diagnosed with hearing loss.
After a while, I put on hearing aids.
I ended up having to resort to lip reading, because I couldn't hear what people were saying.
I started learning to play the piano not long after I had a cochlear implant.
The fact that he can play the piano like this also shows his ability.
You can actually play the piano without a cochlear implant, just by pressing the keys at the right time.
I know he can't hear well because I heard him at karaoke.
We've come a long, long way, a very long way, in terms of hearing recovery.
Restoration of basic sensory functions is essential
I don't mean to underestimate the importance of restoring basic function.
I don't think you should give up on beauty.
(applause)
The moon is looking at someone I can't see
god bless the moon god bless me
God bless someone I don't see
If I go to heaven first, I'll make a hole to pull you in
I'll write your name on each star and the world won't feel so far away
On his couch a fat yellow cat is sleeping Raindrops run down the window And there's not even a hint of coffee in the kitchen
nobody notices
How many galaxies are lost every second
How long will it take to launch the next rocket
Somewhere, an electron jumps out of the energy cloud
astronaut is sleeping
(Applause) Hi
When I was little, I didn't understand that I could only live one life.
I mean, I was enumerating what I thought I was going to be: a princess, a ballerina, and an astronaut.
In April, we had National Poetry Month, and many people in the poetry community took on the challenge, the 30/30 challenge.
What it does is, I write a new poem every day for the entire month of April.
But at the end of the month, when I looked back at the 30 poems I had written, I realized that they were all trying to tell the same story. i just did it again
I realized that this is true on a much larger scale in other stories as well.
French poet and essayist Paul Valéry said, "Poetry is never finished, it is simply abandoned."
I use poetry to help steer and guide my life.
It didn't always go like this
opened a store and made it a family business
My father was born in this black and white world
"Follow the light," he said
"Follow the light"
That was my mother's house before she became a mother
There were only two rooms in the house with walls that reached the ceiling and doors that opened and closed, and that was the bathroom and the darkroom.
They got married and had a child
moved to a house near the park
Babies changed grayscale and filled their parents' photo albums with red balloons and yellow icing.
The baby grew into a freckle-free girl with a scowl She wondered why there was no darkroom in her friend's house Never saw her parents kiss And they held hands never seen
One day another baby showed up
When he laughed, he laughed so loudly that he frightened the pigeons on the fire escape.The four of them lived in a house near that park.
One day the tower fell
The sweet potato boy shoved his fist into his mouth so he could say nothing more
The note read, "Man definitely loves the woman who works in the darkroom."
That was a year before my father picked up the camera again.
A year later, he followed wildfires across the country for a week, camera in hand, fires wreaked havoc on the West Coast and swallowed up an 18-wheeler truck.
On the other side of the country, I was writing poetry in the corner of my notebook in class.
(applause)
You add, "Thousands of young people in Athens, Madrid and New York will demonstrate for social justice, inspired by the Arab peoples."
Let me give you an example
I come from a country called Serbia
In our country, it took 10 years for 18 ambitious opposition leaders to come together under one unified candidate against Balkan dictator Slobodan Milosevic.
A single act of violence can ruin an entire movement.
There are rules to follow in nonviolent struggle.
There are only 200 people in this room
It's true that new media like the Internet are useful because they make things faster and cheaper.
If you look at a book about violence and non-violent struggle by my friend Maria Stephan, there's some amazing data.
thank you
CAPTCHAs are used everywhere on the net.
Multiply that by 200 million times, and the human race as a whole wastes 500,000 hours a day typing in these annoying CAPTCHAs.
In the 10 seconds you spend typing CAPTCHAs, your brain is actually doing amazing things.
The answer is yes, and that's what we're doing right now.
The problem is that OCR isn't perfect
There are so many sites that use reCAPTCHA that the number of words that are digitized every day is quite large. 100 million words per day.
It's become a big meme, and tens of thousands of people are playing with this "captcha art."
Some of them are cute
The question that prompted my research was, if 100,000 people could put a man on the moon, what could a thousand times that number, 100 million, do?
(How many times can you be like the wind or the pole or the dragon?) (Laughter) Next is my favorite part.
For example, let's say you're translating the English version of Wikipedia into Spanish, which is just a small part of the whole giant web.
It's about getting 100 million people to translate the web into their languages ​​for free.
I don't know if there are 100 million people who are bilingual enough to translate for Internet users.
There are over 1.2 billion people learning foreign languages ​​today.
There are, of course, a lot of sentences on the web that you can use, very simple sentences and
As you translate, you learn how other people translate, and you learn a foreign language as you improve.
Because with Duolingo you learn with real content
It's amazing that the translations you get from this site, even though they're beginners, are as accurate as professional translators. Let me give you an example.
There are some tricks to make the translations like professional translators.
very unfair to the poor
(applause)
The red dot on the screen is North America's Great Basin National Park, where I'm studying alpine biodiversity with my collaborators.
If you turn the rock over, you'll find a crab spider grappling with a beetle.
Spiders are not only distributed in many different environments around the world, they are also very diverse.
As this table shows, the origin of spiders dates back to 380 million years ago.
All spiders produce silk during their lives.
Most spiders use a lot of silk to survive and reproduce, and this silk is essential, it's very important.
This means that both spiders and spider silk have been around for 380 million years.
For example, the wild spider on the screen can produce seven types of silk.
How could a single spider produce so many different types of silk?
They differ in size, shape and even color.
Most of these proteins are made up of a single gene family, which means that all of today's diverse genes are integrated into a single gene family, and it's likely that the original spider species had only one type of silk. During the course of 380 million years of evolution, the silk genes were replicated and diverged to form the characteristic silks, and this process was repeated over and over again to produce the enormous diversity of species that exist today. came to
And can you see the same short motif repeated over and over and over again, for example, there's the repeated A, which we call polyalanine, the AAAAA, and the GGQ, and the GGY.
It's very convenient that spiders use their silk entirely outside the body.
This figure shows the stress-strain curves of the spider we just tested in tension on five types of fibers.
I call it the spider's toolbox.
There is a hypothesis that spiders that build webs, like the argiope, have the toughest dragline silks, because they need to catch incoming prey.
It's the combination of stress, strain, and toughness that makes spider silk so special, and it's what attracts the attention of biomimetic scientists, and many of them are trying to find new ways from nature.
Because spider silk has stress, strain, and toughness, but at the same time is free from immune responses, there's been a lot of interest in biomedical applications, such as using it as part of artificial tendons to reconstruct nerve tissue. There can be applications such as using it as a base on which
Spider silk has a lot of potential as a ballistic resistant material.
In addition to these biomimetic applications, I personally find the study of spider silk, and the spider silk itself fascinating.
Next time you see a spider web, stop and take a closer look.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
(Laughter) Now, this dream is made possible thanks to the integration of two well-known technologies.
So let's talk first about focused ultrasound.
made of silicon
Must reach targets inside the brain
(Laughter) So let's talk a little bit about ultrasound and its dynamics.
I'm sure you're all familiar with ultrasound imaging.
You also know about lithotripsy, which destroys kidney stones.
So what I'm going to show you are some applications in the medical field that can be used just by focusing: physical focusing.
The idea of ​​using focused ultrasound to treat lesions in the brain is nothing new.
It makes me wonder why these pioneers failed.
One of the neurological disorders that can be treated with focused ultrasound is movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and essential tremor.
Typical of these disorders, such as essential tremor, is the inability to eat cereal or drink or drink soup without spilling it all over the place, the inability to write in a way that others can read, and the inability to be independent without the help of others. the inability to live a normal life
Many of these patients refuse surgery to cut into the brain.
target in the thalamus
There's water between this transducer and the skull.
So the first sonication is done at a lower energy.
One of the unique features of MR that we're leveraging here is non-invasive temperature measurement.
But here we have both the anatomical image and the temperature map in real time.
The temperature briefly rose to 43 degrees,
You can see the temperature rise to 55 to 60 degrees.
(Applause) Thank you.
John is one of a dozen very heroic and courageous people who volunteered to participate in this study.
It's about 3mm and it's in the middle of the brain
Pain can make life miserable
All of these things that I've listed have been proven to be effectively treated with focused ultrasound, and again, they provide very rapid pain relief.
We drove three hours from the farm to the hospital.
i have good news and bad news
The first two applications are breast cancer and prostate cancer.
Now there's a unique opportunity with MR-guided focused ultrasound because we can actually look at prostate lumpectomy, treating local lesions instead of removing the entire prostate gland. Avoid all capacity and incontinence issues
Now, there are other cancerous tumors that can grow in the abdomen, including cancers of the pancreas, liver, and kidney, which have a very high fatality rate.
this takes time
it will take two years
In 2004, the FDA approved MR-guided focused ultrasound therapy for symptomatic uterine fibroids.
So in 2008, she decided to undergo focused ultrasound surgery.
a new life was born
(Applause) So in conclusion, I would like to leave you with four messages.
Another thing I want you to think about is the new relationship between doctors and patients, where the patient is conscious on the operating table and can even monitor the treatment.
(applause)
(Music) (Applause) Let me introduce you to Jamaiah Williams on drums (Applause), Bernice Travis on bass (Applause) and Chris Sands on piano.
So many decisions are made when you step onto the bandstand.
In jazz every mistake is an opportunity
I made a melody out of it
So what does this have to do with behavioral finance?
But it limits your artistic possibilities.
thank you
(applause)
So today, I'm going to talk to you about microprinters, about my work, about how it all started, and about my motivations for creating the world's smallest 3D printer.
My usual field of work is two-photon polymerization.
It's very heavy, so we named it "Agathe" because we thought Agathe was a nice name.
If you can see the scale bar, Tower Bridge is 100 microns, Fat Man is 20 microns.
For comparison, a human hair is about 50 microns in diameter.
These objects are the size of a particle of dust or smaller, and are barely visible to the naked eye.
So what we're working on, the next step is to make biocompatible polymers to write something inside humans or earthworms, or stick cells to body tissue, and so on.
Today I want to tell you the story behind the microprinter.
what was my motivation
It all started at 6:30 am on Monday
No, I'm lying. It was probably 10 o'clock.
(Laughter) I went to my laser lab, not far from Karlsplatz, at the Freihaus campus of the Vienna University of Technology.
I went inside and the laser device was broken, so I tried to fix it.
That's when I realized there was a big problem with the pump source.
At that point, I realized that I had time to think.
(Laughter) Not a good idea at all.
After thinking about it for a week, on Saturday, I came up with the idea to build the world's smallest 3D microprinter.
(Applause) I called my professor about it.
This video was made by my friend Junior Veloso.
There's a liquid under the set stage that's solidified by the light.
Of course, this is a much larger machine than a microprinter, but it uses pretty much the same principle, so you've seen this.
What does a real microprinter look like?
Some of you may have already seen this image.
It's very small and it's meant for desktops.
For example, how about this hearing aid that you all know?
(Applause) There, you print it out on a big machine, and then you're ready to send it back to Vienna, or wherever the recipient is, or you use the mail, and then you put the electronics in there.
But if you have a microprinter in the store, you can go to the store, have your ear scanned, hit the "print" button, and the 3D model will be sliced, and you can go for coffee, to college, wherever you want, to your hearing aids. It took me less than five days to get my ear molds to use, I got them in just one day.
This is just one example of how small machines like this and other inexpensive 3D printers can change the way we live our daily lives.
(applause)
When I was 14, my parents bought me a chemistry set and I decided to make water.
(Laughter) So I built a hydrogen generator and an oxygen generator, put two of each tube in a beaker, struck a match, and threw it in.
The man next to me is the famous, no, very famous Frank Gehry.
(Laughter) (Applause) (Laughter) (Applause) And Frank -- you've reached an amazing place in your life.
And I know the road was so hard
But this is interesting as a creative person.
So in the beginning, I thought architecture was a service industry, you have to please the client, and things like that.
We bought a little bungalow in Santa Monica For about $50,000 we built a little house next door.
he's building a big concrete building
(Laughter) And then I thought, "Oh, that might be a good idea."
But I've learned that this world won't last that long, someone told me the other day.
Every day is new to me
I approach every project with a new sense of unease It's like my first project Even though I'm in a cold sweat and don't know where it's going I start working If I knew where it was going I wouldn't do it
If you think about the world, just in this audience, most of us are involved with buildings.
He became the head of the Arts Center, which houses Craig Ellwood's building.
They want to add something to it, which is hard to do...because it's a beautiful, minimal black steel building, and Richard wants to add a library and student facilities, and it's a large lot.
When I visited him a few years ago, he showed me his early work, and his early work was similar to mine.
I've worked with Claes Oldenburg and Richard Serra, who doesn't think architecture is art.
did you see that?
Audience: Liquid Architecture
I think for me this is a way of trying to understand the city and... what can happen in the city.
Well he's kind of a patron
It's not his money, but of course
What's Richard's schedule?
Come to the opening, I'll invite you
I saw you introduce drawings at TED
That was a real surprise in Bilbao.
If it leaks... Bilbao didn't leak
I was so proud
We stayed for three days, every day in the rain, they kept walking around - I noticed they were looking down, looking for them, I guess they wanted to know where the bucket was hidden.
and told her about frank lloyd wright
Is it a curse that people want a building like Bilbao?
I asked what kind of building it was.
So four of us went
And they took us to a fine hotel After we looked out over the bay, they put us on a boat and we went out to sea After we looked out at the bay, we put us in a boat and we went out to sea Showed us all the sights of the harbour. gave me
There was a table as long as this carpet, and the harbor supervisor was there, and me and my team.
(applause)
thank you.
And of course, in the Buddhist cosmology, there are millions and millions of planets with human life on them. The Enlightened One can see life on all other planets.
So when they see a glowing light in the sky, they don't just see pieces of matter burning, or rocks or fire or gas exploding.
They actually see landscapes, people, gods, dragons, snakes and goddesses.
It becomes intolerable.
It's kind of forced by technology, but we all know everything, like a Buddha or something, we get enlightened.
And of course, when that happens, we will all be deeply disappointed.
Sometimes we get together with another person trapped under our skin and we both have fun with each other, each trying to break free from ourselves, failing, and we're back together again.
In our self-centered perception - misperception from the Buddha's point of view - we are inside the skin.
Who will get enough attention from the world?
I need a hundred billion, that's how I am.
What if I had to feel the suffering of a hundred other people as well?
However, this is a strange contradiction of life.
I, me, mine. It's just the perfect song. Perfect teaching.
And we feel ourselves differently. Totally strange.
Totally strange.
It's really boring to be like this or that, and the more you focus on how you feel, the worse it gets.
I think the key to saving the world, the key to mercy, is that it's more fun.
Because when you open up like that, what good does it do to layer your own misery on someone else's misery?
Take a look at the beautiful things Chiho showed us. She threatened us with Lava Man.
So compassion is feeling what others feel, and human beings are really compassionate beings.
Jim's brain is now memorizing the almanac-
I wake up in the morning and think, what can I do for just one person, even for a dog, my dog, my cat, my pet, my butterfly.
Thank you very much.
Let's talk about "Thrift"
Thrift is the concept of reducing, reusing, and recycling waste, but I believe there is still room for economic improvement.
My grandmother knew thrifty
Currently, about 1.3 billion tons are buried in landfills each year.
By 2100 there will be four billion tonnes per year.
It's a concept that's going to completely change the way we think about waste, and waste is no longer a dirty word, it's a concept that's trying to get rid of the word itself.
We used to be good at thrift
Going back to my grandmother, she used seed wrappers to wallpaper her bathroom.
Many of the technologies that have been developed for the smart age can also be applied to reduce, reuse, and become more thrifty.
As a materials scientist, what I've been tracking for the last 20 years or so is how companies are getting better at thrift, understanding the above concepts, and making money.
I'll give you two examples
The first is the automobile industry.
It's not an industry that's necessarily known for its innovation and originality, but it turns out that it's doing a very good job of recycling its products.
Of course, that includes old steel and aluminum, but it also includes fenders, interior plastics, windshields, window glass tires.
There's a mature and successful old car industry that recycles cars and puts them back into new cars and other new products.
Even as we move into the era of electric vehicles, some companies claim that up to 90% of the 11 million tons of batteries produced by 2020 can be recycled.
I don't think it's perfect, but it's pretty good and improved.
A simple example is the waste produced as part of an industrial process.
A company called Land Detector, which is already in operation in China and will soon be in South Africa, can take 700,000 tons of exhaust gas per blast furnace and turn it into 400,000 tons of ethanol, which is 250,000 passenger cars. equivalent to a year's worth of fuel for
It's a very effective use of waste.
But what about products closer to home?
The advantage of doing this is not only the simplification of the process, but also the fact that it's one material and there's no waste, and there's also the possibility that the product can be recycled at the end of its life.
Here we're creating a theoretical limit of strength for a single material, which means you can't get stronger than this shape with the same amount of material.
The idea here is to minimize the amount of material.
Let me give you a good example in the field of architecture
Metal nodes like this are usually used to make big tents.
It also reduces waste to zero, reduces costs, and because it's made of steel, you can recycle it when you're done with it.
nature is also very thrifty
Think about it, the natural world is zero waste.
everything is useful for another process
The advantage of this is not only that it's a renewable bio-based resource, but the advantage of this is that it's not only a renewable bio-based source, but it's a transparent material, so it can be used in electronics and food packaging.
In fact, it's very difficult to make spider silk naturally.
it's a bottle of water
why is that interesting?
When we think about reuse and recycling, it's things like metal and glass that can be recycled over and over again.
But with a few enzymes, you can make it infinitely recyclable.
(applause)
(Jamie Oliver) My wish is
I'm here to start a food revolution that I truly believe in.
(Applause) [Great Big Story x TED] (Narration) They had a big idea that could change the world—
(Overlapped voices) My wish is... my wish... my...
[Principal Timothy Baker] (Principal) In the past, kids weren't eating the right things.
Jamie inspired me to tell my school that we're feeding our kids the wrong food.
(Male teacher) Today we're going to do a little science experiment in the kitchen.
(Male teacher) Is this a physical change? Is it a chemical change?
(Children screaming) (Student) Welcome to the Secret Garden!
(Kehinde) This is a greenhouse.
this is a compost bin
(Sean) The chickens are coming out and chasing after you.
(Student) Thank you Jamie
(Student) Thank you Jamie
[Join the food revolution JamiesFoodRevolution.org]
I was walking through the forest in my grandmother's fairy tales
That's why I went to Afghanistan
One day, I was crossing a bridge over the Oxus River.
Afghan warriors were so surprised to see me they forgot to stamp my passport
but he gave me tea
My only weapons were my notebook and my Leica.
I heard Sufi prayers, humble Muslims, hated by the Taliban.
This hidden river connects mysticism from Gibraltar to India.
These are opium addicts and they're sitting on the roof of a house in Kabul, 10 years after the war started.
These are nomadic girls who became prostitutes for Afghan businessmen.
What do we know about these women ten years after the war ended?
Wearing this nylon bag, made in China, it's called a burqa.
One day, the biggest school in Afghanistan, a girls' school.
There are 13,000 girls studying here, and the classrooms in the basement are full of scorpions.
Their love for studying was so strong that I cried.
(applause)
art can change the way you see the world
To empower people to stand up for what they care about through participation in global art projects
[Great Big Story x TED] (Narration) They had a great idea that would change the world...
(Overlapped voices) My wish is... my wish... my...
There are two ways of looking at my work.
(Music) (Luana) Four of us traveling in a truck, Josh Bazelle, Jamie and me.
Luana: We're tools that people who want to spread a positive message can use.
(Jamie) Come in and take a seat here
Anyone can come when the truck is ready.
(music) (shutter sound) Touch the screen, take a photo, enter information
(Woman) I'll show you my funny face
We have printed over 300,000 faces so far.
We don't decide the message
Vianney Pérez: People who drive past and see so many faces are intrigued and wonder who they are.
Change won't happen unless you believe you can change it
Even one small change is a positive change.
It's for everyone who believes art can change the world.
(JR) Art can definitely change the way people see the world.
The reality is that modern medicine is a team sport.
in many ways it's always been
I'm a surgeon, and we surgeons have always had a close relationship with light.
[Let there be light!] When the incision is made, the inside of the patient's body is very dark.
That's why surgery traditionally started early in the morning to take advantage of the sunlight.
And this is one of America's most famous hospitals.
Right here, at the top of the building, with lots of windows letting in light.
Nerves are yellow, arteries are red, and veins are blue.
Over the past few days, we've heard how urgent cancer is and how urgent it is in our society and how desperately we need to end the situation where one person dies of cancer every minute.
Nurses, anesthesiologists, surgeons and assistants are waiting.
Doctors then have to tell their patients that they may need another operation or that they need additional treatments, such as radiation or chemotherapy.
In many ways, we're still operating in the dark.
They were developing a molecule that they developed that is made up of three parts.
The main part is the blue part, the polycation, which is very sticky to any tissue in the body.
molecules pass through the body and are excreted
But if there is a tumor, there are molecular scissors that cut this molecule at the cleavable site.
This is an example of a tumor growing around a nerve.
Can you tell where the tumor is?
But hey, it's fluorescent.
Also, the great thing about fluorescence is that it's not only bright, but it also shines through tissue.
The light emitted by fluorescence can pass through tissue.
So even if the tumor isn't on the surface, you can still see it.
But even before I peeled back the muscle, I could see the tumor underneath.
For example, if you're driving on a highway and you want to know the next gas station, and you have a map, you can find the gas station down the road.
You cut it out, you take it home, you slice it, you look inside, and you finally know there's gas.
Anesthesiologists and surgeons are waiting
it takes time
You can see a lot of small round bumps
With our technology, surgeons can instantly tell where the cancer is.
I'm talking about nerves here.
Take prostate cancer, for example, 60% of men develop urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction after prostate cancer surgery.
Roger helped me
And finally, we found a molecule that specifically labels nerves.
We made this solution, labeled it with fluorescence, and when we administered it to mice, their nerves literally lit up.
You can see facial expressions and movements, you can see each of the nerves involved in breathing, and even the urinary nerves around the prostate.
Can you see the margins of this tumor?
What about the nerve that's going into this tumor?
The white part is easy to see.
What about the part inside the tumor?
So you see, basically, we've developed a way to stain the tissue and color-code the surgical field.
We published our findings in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and Nature Biotechnology.
What is now awaited is the further development of this technology and the development of instruments that will allow us to see this fluorescence in a normal operating room.
It requires long-term, day-and-night, constant courage to educate, persuade, and be accepted.
It's this light that I want to cast in health and medicine today.
TEEB was launched in 2007 as a project by G8+5 environment ministers.
Inspired by Lord Stern's Stern Review.
The project started, we put together an interim report, and countless pieces of information came in from many researchers.
A whopping 20 billion tons of water vapor per day are absorbed by the northeast trade winds, which condense and bring rain to the La Plata Basin.
It's not just about the Amazon or the rainforest
No matter what level you look at this problem -- the ecosystem, the species, or even the genetic level -- you see the same problem at every level.
At the species level, insect pollination of things like fruit is worth 190 billion dollars.
These benefits are important for the poor
Let's take Thailand as an example. The value of mangroves over the nine years we've studied -- it's not that much at about $600 -- and if you convert it to a shrimp farm, it's worth $9,600. and are being converted into shrimp farms.
And the World Bank also recognized this problem and launched the WAVES project Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services.
The following year, the Yangtze River flooded, killing about 5,500 people.
So what is green carbon?
about energy emissions
Finally, from deforestation and agriculture, emissions from methane
Green carbon -- emissions from deforestation and agriculture, and blue carbon, together account for 25% of global warming gases.
We already have a solution, through a system called REDD Plus, which is designed to reduce emissions from deforestation.
Norway has already given Indonesia and Brazil a billion dollars each to implement REDD Plus.
thank you
(applause)
Ben Rochet: I'm Ben
Homaro Cantu: I am Homaro
This dish is basically just seafood and champagne.
The champagne you see is actually carbonated grapes, and this dish with seafood and whipped cream tastes exactly the same as this picture. (Laughter) Ben: It's not just edible pictures.
We did something a little different with the ingredients to transform it into a flavor we're familiar with, like carrot cake.
this is nachos
The difference between our nachos and other nachos is that this is a dessert.
the cow is sticking its tongue out
After that, put it in a vacuum bag, add a little seaweed and spices, and roll it up to make it look like a tuna.
Now for the next challenge
I told the staff to pick a lot of wild plants and use them as ingredients.As long as they're not toxic to humans, let's mix up the plants from the sidewalks of Chicago, bake them, and let's all taste them at Moto.
(applause)
Little did I know then that my life would change forever.
My left leg got entangled in the wheel, so I spun around.
Somehow I was taken to the hospital,
I was wrapped in ice and ended up in a drugged coma.
18 months later, I woke up.
I couldn't see, I couldn't speak, I couldn't even walk.
I weighed 64lbs at the time.
I had many surgeries to fix my neck and fix my heart.
Talking about these things can be hard at times, but bear with me.
I have had over 50 surgeries.
Then I realized that the elderly people needed to have an emergency meeting.
(Laughter) I'm not going to talk about the hairstyles they tried to force on me when I got my hair back.
A former teacher who happened to have Alzheimer's taught me how to write.
I had to overcome two obstacles.
One is post-traumatic stress disorder.
It was actually a robotic surgery. A hematoma was removed from the back of my eye.
The biggest change for me was that the world was progressing and there were all sorts of innovations being made that I didn't know about, like mobile phones and laptops.
(applause)
When I was in fifth grade, I found DC Comics volume 57 on a magazine stand at my local bookstore and bought it, and that comic changed my life.
The combination of text and pictures sparked something in my head that I hadn't experienced before, and I quickly fell in love with the medium of comics.
Despite this, I continued to read comics, and even began to draw my own.
I also became a high school teacher.
This is Bishop O'Dowd High School in Oakland, California, where I work.
I taught mostly computer science for 17 years, with a bit of math and art.
On the first day of every class, I always told my students that I was also a cartoonist.
It seemed like my fifth grade intuition was right.
I was also in charge of technology at the school at the time, so every two or three weeks, I had to miss one or two classes in Algebra 2 to support other computer-based classes.
For algebra 2 students, this was terrible.
Still, in an attempt to make the class somehow consistent, I decided to videotape my lectures.
(Laughter) I thought it was pretty cool.
(Laughter) The video lecture was a disaster.
(Laughter) I was surprised by this, because I thought that the generation of students who were used to screens would prefer to learn on a screen rather than on paper.
Students are of a visual culture generation, so they're used to receiving information visually.
While I was teaching this Algebra 2 class, I was doing a master's degree in education at California State University at the same time.
Comic books first became mass media in the 1940s, selling millions of copies each month and drawing attention from educators of the day.
In 1944, the sociology of education journal even featured an entire volume on this endeavor.
Mr. Burns has his students draw comic essays every year.
Ms. Counts and other library librarians have been at the forefront of the comics movement since the early '80s, when an article was published in a school library magazine that simply put comic novels in the library, and the number of uses. reported an 80% increase in rentals, and a 30% increase in non-manga rentals.
The potential in education is waiting to be harnessed by creative people like you.
thank you
(applause)
(Laughter) (Applause) It's such a radical subversion that it has the potential to upend the balance of power, not just in our country, but around the world.
There's nothing radical or revolutionary about a patch of grass.
What I want to suggest to you is gardening, a subversive activity.
(Laughter) Think about it. Food is a form of energy.
I see gardening as a healthy entry-level drug into new food freedom, so to speak.
But she really inspired me to think more boldly about what role I wanted to play in the garden movement.
The truth is that we're in the middle of an obesity epidemic, and it's not just this country.
It is now spreading all over the world
And it's like we're looking at a parallel universe, and hunger is on the rise.
That's three times the population of the United States.
But at the same time, global food prices are rising, and the world's population is growing, likely to reach 10 billion by the end of the century.
Another problem with population is that even though we know it's growing, many people don't realize it's changing.
Now, I'm sure some of you are fans of Stephen King, and I'm one of them.
You might not think that oil and food are related, but there is actually a very strong relationship between the two.
In modern, highly industrialized food production, one calorie of food requires 10 calories of fossil fuel.
What I'm talking about here is not just a switched time bomb called world population.
It's the average amount of time an American family spends preparing, eating, and cleaning up a meal each day.
31 minutes
Right?
But the reality is a little different.
If you want to solve food problems or health problems, simply replacing regular Coke with the green Coke of the future won't get you there.
I think what's become more of an issue these days is that foods that should be healthy aren't necessarily healthy, and that we're starting to lose faith in our food system.
Here's a picture of the recent outbreak of pathogenic E. coli.
Now we're in this sort of "shopper's dilemma."
I think we need to redefine "good food."
I transformed my garden in this way, and I think the really important message is this: "Gardens grow good food."
When I say good food, I mean a lot of things.
Another important message is, "Gardens foster healthy children and families."
These are my two sons. They look healthy, they're actually healthy, and I think this has to do with the fact that they both grew up in a garden and know where good food comes from. I am
In fact, that's the question that my organization, Kitchen Gardens International, asks and answers.
(Laughter) If this campaign has been successful, it's not just because the visionary First Lady took up residence in the White House -- and yes, that's a big part of it -- because famous chefs and authors said it was a good idea. It's not just because you gave me
Ultimately, I think this was possible because so many people wanted it to happen.
I shared the petition on Facebook and gathered 110,000 signatures.
This is a picture of our little holiday, World Kitchen Garden Day.
Every year on the last Sunday in August, it's a day where we just gather in the garden to learn from each other and experience the garden as a community experience.
We also need to raise the next generation of gardeners, and we're doing this in the United States and abroad.
I need a road map, and I chose this slide for a reason.
On the left is a picture of the "Bicycle Garden" and on the right is a map of Holland.
i think this is a really good start
This is what the garden looked like when I planted it early this spring, and it has a lot of diverse and healthy crops.
But this is not a good representation of the government's agricultural policy.
(Applause) Another thing we need to do is go down to the state law level and make sure home gardens are legal.
We need to devise new ways to bring people who don't have gardens into them.
Earlier this year, a number of Maine towns passed local food sovereignty laws, meaning that townspeople would not only be able to grow their produce where they wanted, but how and with whom they wanted. can sell
(Applause) So I challenge the women to come up with super creative and clever ways to lure the guys out into the garden.
(Laughter) Wearing a bathing suit?
(Laughter) But more than that, I think we need to rethink our garden infrastructure.
I think we need to build new infrastructure.
In addition, I think we need another type of infrastructure.
If we've learned anything from the TED experience, it's that there's power in gathering people, and I think we need to bring people together at the local level.
So this is a new gastronomic history.
At the beginning of the 20th century, four billion chestnut trees on the east coast of the United States were wiped out by a fungal infection.
Fungi are among the most destructive pathogens for plants, including economically important crops.
Can you imagine that the world's crop losses due to fungal infections amount to billions of dollars a year?
This has major consequences Famine in developing countries Drastic reductions in income for farmers and traders Higher prices for consumers Risk of exposure to mycotoxins, toxins produced by fungi
The problem we face is that current methods to prevent and treat these dreaded diseases, whether they're genetic controls that harness natural resistance, crop rotation, seed treatments, or whatever, are limited and short-term. is
We need to rapidly develop more efficient methods, and to do that, we need to identify the biological mechanisms that new antifungal methods can target.
One of the hallmarks of fungi is that they cannot move, they just stretch and grow, forming a highly reticulated structure called the mycelium.
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
Such treatments interfere with communication between fungi and plants by blocking the plant signal or the fungal receptor system that receives the signal.
Fungal infections have wreaked havoc on crops.
Because of population growth, economic development, climate change, demand for biofuels, etc.
Understanding the mechanisms of interaction between fungi and host plants, such as tomato plants, at the molecular level could lead to the development of more efficient strategies to combat fungal plant diseases, which could benefit people's livelihoods, food security and economic growth. It could be a big step towards solving the problem that affects us.
thank you
(applause)
But what even he overlooked was that without consciousness there was no way of true happiness, no possibility of real enlightenment.
Dating back to early philosophies and throughout the history of neuroscience, this one mystery has always refused to be solved and has been the subject of great debate.
I don't think so. I think things are changing.
And what's even more amazing is that, as I'm going to show you, you can see from the surface of the brain to the inside, by looking at the living brain and showing the real connections and pathways.
All of these colored lines correspond to axonal bundles and represent the fibers that connect the nerve cell bodies to the synapses.
what is consciousness
what is a conscious mind
First and foremost, it's the mind, the stream of mental images.
This stream of mental images is the mind.
In order to have a conscious mind, there must be a self within it.
A conscious mind is a mind that has a self in it.
The self gives the mind a subjective view, and consciousness is complete only when the self is in the mind.
The first problem is relatively easy, not at all easy, but it's being tackled bit by bit in the realm of neuroscience.
Think of a grid like the one I'm showing you, and then within that grid, within that two-dimensional plane, think of a neuron.
The retina of the right eye is perfectly symmetrical
If you go to the visual cortex connected from the retina,
In the brain, there's a lot more information, like what's happening around you, that adds to the signals coming from the retina.
This diagram of the brain shows a number of island-like regions, called the image-producing regions of the brain.
For example, the green area handles tactile information, and the blue area handles auditory information.
This is also happening. As I've mentioned, the image-forming regions, which can be described as neural maps, send out signals that travel to a large area around them, shown in purple, which is the association cortex. a place to record things
So there are areas that are used for perception and image generation.
what about self?
If you damage this red part of the brainstem, you're effectively losing consciousness.
In the case of the green part of the brainstem, which is often the case, damage results in complete paralysis, but consciousness is preserved.
In all vertebrates, the structure of the brainstem is very similar to ours, which is one of the reasons I think other species have consciousness.
that's the difference
I strongly disagree with the idea that consciousness is the great product of the cerebral cortex.
Cetaceans and primates also have some autobiographical selves.
The autobiographical self is built on memories of the past and memories of the plans we make: the past we experience and the future we anticipate.
The autobiographical self gave rise to extended memory, reasoning, imagination, creativity and language.
And from that came the means of culture, and so did religion, justice, commerce, art, science and technology.
There are three reasons. First, curiosity.
Primates are extremely curious, especially humans.
Second is the understanding of society and culture.
and finally medicine
And let's not forget that some of the worst diseases of humankind include depression, Alzheimer's disease, drug addiction.
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
Then the middle retinal circuit kicks in, computing the information it receives, extracting the information and translating it into code.
So what happens to the retina when you have a retinal degenerative disease like macular degeneration? Over time, not only do the front row of photoreceptor cells die, but so do the cells and retinal circuits that connect them.
The process is superseded, and the transducer then passes the code to the output cells, which in turn sends the code to the brain, and this prosthesis thus reproduces normal retinal output.
I don't know if "cool" is the right word, but you know what I mean.
Now, can we reconstruct what the retina saw from the firing pattern?
On the left is an image using just the encoder, and on the right is an image from a blind retina using both the encoder and the transducer.
We can use the procedure that we used to unravel the retinal code to find the code that corresponds to the auditory and motor systems, and we can treat hearing and movement disorders as well.
In the same way that we jumped over damaged retinal circuits to reach output cells beyond, we can also jump over damaged cochleae to reach auditory nerves, or bridge stroke-damaged areas in the motor cortex.
(applause)
It feels very flat and rigid.
So point & click, menus, icons, all the same.
One thing you can do is make it bigger - if you want to emphasize that it's important
(Laughter) It's cute, but you could also say it's a subtle channel of information, right?
It's heavy so it feels more important that's why it's cool
The hero of this story, Odysseus, was returning home after the Trojan War.
He stood on the deck of the ship and spoke to the chief officer. "Tomorrow we will pass near that rocky place. There will be beautiful women called sirens.
Got it. Now tie me to the mast. "
But at the same time, there is also a "future self"
It is physically possible to lose weight and
There is another reason why this is difficult. Because restraint from temptation is an unequal battle between your present self and your future self.
Because it's not as easy as you think to get rid of $5.
You can't burn it because it's illegal.
Not writing is bad, but donating is good.
So I ended up deciding to simply leave the envelope on the train.
This is a very timely issue.
Looking at the changes in the savings rate, we can see that it has been declining since the 1950s.
At the same time, the National Retirement Risk Index shows that the odds of not saving enough for retirement are increasing.
In other words, we have a hard time believing that we are getting older, or we cannot imagine that we will ever get old.
So my buddy and I used the most amazing tool of our time, the computer, to help people imagine what their future might look like.
Once you have found an investment that you are happy with, click the "Done Button". These markers will then disappear. Slowly but surely one by one.
They make more money after retirement than when they are still working.
This is a graphical simulation. For those who feel motivated by what money can buy, not by numbers,
The good thing about this is that unlike the program I ran with Hal and Russ-Smith, you don't have to do any programming yourself to experience this virtual reality.
There are smartphone apps you can install for a few bucks that do the same thing.
thank you very much.
I'm a physical therapist working for the Red Cross.
It took a long time for the program to become what it is today.
I was sent to Afghanistan in 1990 to help the war wounded in hospitals.
Orthopedic centers were closed because rehabilitation training was not a priority.
it was a strange feeling
In 1992 the Mujahideen took control of Afghanistan.
the orthopedic center was closed
one day something happened
It was a man in a wheelchair desperately trying to escape.
So I stopped the car and went to help.
The man had no legs and only one arm.
i took him to a safe place
Mahmoud and his son had already come
The gatekeeper told me, "They come every day to see if the center will open."
it's really dangerous
I was worried because I broke the rules
Gradually, week after week, his leg got better.
April in Kabul is really beautiful with roses and flowers blooming
As we entered, we all gasped, and as we sat down, we heard Rafi say to his father, "Dad, you can run faster than me."
I will never forget the sight of Mahmoud and his son pushing an empty wheelchair together.
he is sweating
I don't want my children to be teased at school by other children."
"Okay" I replied
Saying that, he sat down
I got goosebumps all over my body as I sat down.
I couldn't believe it
It's a very fast production line, isn't it?
A week later, Mahmoud was the fastest worker on the production line.
I can't believe it,' said
We call this a “positive discrimination” policy.
Surprise turns into hope
Once you start changing, you can't stop
once you start you can't stop
We also provide vocational training, home education for those who cannot go to school.
they are my teachers
I recently started a program, a sports program, which puts patients in wheelchairs to play basketball.
I asked the usual question, "Is this a priority?
Is this really necessary?"
this is my story thank you very much
(applause)
For the last 10 years, I've been inflicting pain and humiliation on myself in the name of self-improvement.
I decided to become smarter by reading everything from A to Z in the Encyclopædia Britannica, everything from "a-ak" to "Zywiec."
It was painful at the time, but especially for the people around me.
So I tried to follow all the rules written in the Bible.
I followed the Ten Commandments and started growing my beard because Leviticus says not to shave.
there are sheep too
I listened to all the experts, and I talked to people in the medical field.
I wrote while on a treadmill, and by the time I finished writing the book, I had run about a thousand miles.
I had to apply sunscreen
So I ended up spending half my book advance on sunscreen.
this took a lot of time
(Laughter) Yeah, I tried that too.
It was like the movie Caligula
This was indeed a life-changing project
we live in a very noisy world
(Laughter) And this is a really underrated health hazard because it actually triggers a fight-or-flight response, not to mention impairing hearing.
Over the years, it can have real health consequences, damaging your cardiovascular system.
America's founding fathers knew this
So without technology to reduce noise, our country wouldn't exist.
As a patriot, I thought this was important, because wearing all sorts of earplugs and earphones actually improved my quality of life in ways I never thought possible.
To give just one example, we love crunchy textures.
Now you can almost fool yourself into thinking you're eating Doritos.
(Laughter) It made me healthier.
I hope I don't get sick during the book tour
thank you
(applause)
From philosophers and artists to doctors and scientists -- we're looking at what I call the third act, the last 30 years of life, in a new way.
But now I'm in the middle of the third act of my life, and I've never been happier.
Picasso once said, "It takes time to grow young."
(Laughter) I don't mean to glorify aging.
As you may know, the world rests on a universal law: entropy, the second law of thermodynamics.
About three years ago, I read an article in the New York Times.
It was about Neil Selinger, a 57-year-old retired lawyer who attended a writer's course at Sarah Lawrence College, where he discovered his inner voice as a writer.
In the article, Mr. Selinger described what was happening to him:
Quote: "As my muscles abated, my writing grew stronger.
While I lost many things, I finally began to find myself."
For me, Neil Selinger personified the third act of climbing the stairs.
It is said to give a person's life new meaning, clarity and meaning.
He wrote, "Everything you gain in life can be taken away from you, with one exception: the freedom to choose how you behave in any given situation.
That's what determines the quality of our lives.The quality of life isn't defined by whether we're rich or poor, famous or unknown, healthy or sick.
What determines the quality of life is how we relate these realities, what meanings we give them, what attitudes we face, and what emotions we evoke.”
But if we can go back in time and change and reconstruct our relationships with people and events from the past, our neural pathways change.
If we can maintain a more positive sense of the past, it will become the new normal.
It's like resetting a thermostat
As we hit puberty, we start worrying about fitting in and doing well.
older women are the largest population group in the world
thank you very much
(applause)
There's a poem written by a very famous English poet in the late 19th century.
The poem is like this: "On the languid hills of summer, with the drowsiness of the flowing water, I hear the drummer's drum in the distance, and the noise of the drum in my dreams, far, near, soft, Growing louder, the sound passes by the road Hey friends, prey to gunpowder Soldiers march All to death
Today I want to talk about three factors.
Globalization of hegemony -- we talk about globalization of markets, but it's actually globalization of real power.
The terrorist attacks of 9/11 showed that even though you are in the most powerful country in the world, you can still be attacked on one bright September morning by someone in that uncontrolled space.
And while the next few decades will bring more or less turmoil, I hope we can somehow achieve our goal of bringing governance to this global space.
i'm not talking about the government
The world needs an international forum
So the G20 is a treaty-based body.
And, broadly speaking, it looks like a fundamental shift in power is happening right now, from countries around the Atlantic to countries around the Pacific.
My prediction is that the United States will continue to be the most powerful country on earth for the next 10, 15 years, but the circumstances in which American power holds power have changed dramatically.
To us Europeans, the world today may look like Europe in the 19th century.
British Foreign Secretary Canning said, "Britain has common national interests, but no common allies."
I believe we are nearing the end of an era that has lasted for 400 years, the 400 years since the fall of the Ottoman Empire, where Western powers, institutions and values ​​took the lead.
If the West got together, the Bretton Woods agreement, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the problem would have been solved.
And the third factor, which is completely different from the first two.
In today's society, the Internet and the technology that others were talking about here today, everything is connected.
There's a fire in the steppe in Russia, there's a riot in Africa for food.
That's when the enemy was outside the wall
now the enemy is inside the wall
Peace came to Northern Ireland when both sides realized that a zero-sum game wouldn't work.
they shared their fate with their enemies
A major obstacle to peace in the Middle East is that neither Israel nor Palestine understand that they share a common destiny.
Great poem by John Donne
thank you
(applause)
1,000 TED Talks means 1,000+ ideas worth spreading.
How the hell do you spread 1,000 ideas?
Even if you watched all the TED talks and tried to get all the ideas in your head, it would take you over 250 hours to do this.
The average length of a TED talk is roughly 2,300 words.
The question is clear: do you need 2,300 words for a TED Talk?
What is the minimum word count required to speak at TED?
If a novel fits in six words, and an autobiography fits in six words, six words should be enough for a TED talk.
It sounded nice at first, but 600 summaries was a lot, and it turned out to be a huge list.
There was also a misunderstanding
(applause)
But what this filter leaves behind is always the same.
There's an old saying, but any story is essentially "A stranger came to town."
Christopher Booker said in his book that there are only seven kinds of stories.
(Laughter) That's the best answer, and I don't mean it in a bad way.
11% said, "Life is a battle." That's another kind of story.
How many of you know the story of George Washington and the cherry tree?
So what's wrong with relying too much on stories?
More specifically, I think there are some serious problems with overly narrative thinking.
When you strip away the details, whether you're telling a story about your life or a story about politics, you tend to tell it in "good vs. evil."
As a quick rule of thumb, imagine that every time you say "Good vs. Evil," you lower your IQ by about 10 points.
All you have to do is imagine that you're pressing a button every time you tell "Good vs. Evil," and every time you press that button, you lower your IQ by about 10 points.
There's a good way to ask the question, "When should I be particularly suspicious when hearing a story?"
I see this as a kind of mental laziness.
There's another problem with stories: you can only hold a limited number of stories in your head at any one time, in a day, or throughout your life.
For example, when I get out of bed in the morning, I tell myself a story, "My job is really important. What I'm doing is really important." I am telling myself
So stories serve two opposing purposes and often lead us in the wrong direction.
I used to think that I belonged to the good group of economists, allied with other good guys to fight together against the schemes of the bad guys.
maybe i was wrong
There may be times when I'm a good guy, but one day I finally realized, "Hey, I wasn't a good guy."
It's interesting, a lot of books these days are about cognitive biases.
This kind of book, the more you read, the more you learn about your own biases, but at the same time, you're effectively exacerbating your other biases.
People often buy these books as talismans, saying, "I bought this book, so I'm not predictably irrational."
It's like the anecdotal evidence that the most dangerous people were those who studied financial literacy.
They're the ones who go out and make the worst mistakes.
(Laughter) If you think about how capitalism works, there's a bias there.
Let's think of two different stories about cars.
(Laughter) There are a lot of people who get financial incentives to sell these kinds of stories.
(Laughter) That might be good publicity for Toyota, but even Toyota has higher profit margins on luxury cars and less profit on cheap cars.
I don't know, and I'm not telling you to burn your DVD player or throw out Tolstoy.
According to Gabriel García Márquez's autobiography, Live and Tell, we use memories in the form of stories to make sense of our past behaviors, give meaning to our lives, and relate to others. to build
(Laughter) (Applause)
This is a graveyard of equipment
Most of the medical equipment used in Africa is imported and often not suitable for local conditions.
One example of a medical device that may have ended up in a device graveyard is an ultrasound machine for measuring the heart rate of a fetus.
It relies heavily on the skill and experience of midwives.
Two young Ugandan inventors visited a local hospital's antenatal clinic a few years ago when they were students in information technology.
So they invented their own fetal heart rate monitor.
An app on a smartphone records heart rate, analyzes it, and gives midwives a lot of information about the condition of the fetus.
These inventors are -- (Applause) Aaron Tashebe and Joshua Okello.
Another inventor, Tendekai Katsiga, worked for an NGO that developed hearing aids in Botswana.
Hearing aids needed batteries to power them, and batteries needed to be replaced, and they were just too expensive and hard to come by for people he knew.
In response, Tendekai, an engineer, invented a solar charger with a rechargeable battery that could be built into hearing aids like this one.
He co-founded Deaftronics, which manufactures hearing aids based on his invention -- the "Solar Ear."
This glove has temperature and pressure sensors that can also alert the user.
Sudesh invented this glove by first observing how people with a history of leprosy go about their daily lives, learning about the risks and dangers of their living environment.
The inventors I've talked about have integrated engineering into medicine.
That's what biomedical engineers do.
We are running a course at the University of Cape Town called "Health Innovation and Design."
The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the philosophy of the design world.
It encourages students to get involved in their communities and find solutions to health-related problems.
One of the communities that we're working with is a group of senior citizens in Cape Town.
Recently, I did a course project on hearing loss in the elderly.
Many of the students were engineers, and they believed they could design better hearing aids.
I spent time with older people and talked to their health care providers and caregivers.
Students soon realized that the right hearing aids already existed, but many older people who needed and could afford hearing aids did not have them.
What the students found was that many older people with hearing loss denied that fact.
So instead of reinventing and designing better hearing aids, the students surveyed the environment with a view to improving their acoustic properties.
They also devised a campaign to raise awareness of hearing loss and counter the negative public perceptions of wearing hearing aids.
The approach of understanding problems through listening and engagement is not new, but it's often lacking in engineers working in technology development.
Another student's feedback is that what she's learned is to design for empathy, as opposed to designing for function, as she was taught in her engineering education.
What these examples show is that in our pursuit of technology, we are often unaware of our real needs.
But we need technology
I need hearing aids I need a fetal heart rate monitor
So how can we create more medical device success stories in Africa?
Sensing and Responding to Real Needs — Can We Create More Inventors? Don't rely on the exceptional few individuals Don't rely on the exceptional few individuals
We focus on needs and people and circumstances
But Africa is a continent of diversity, with huge disparities in health and wealth, income and education.
We in Africa are already immersed.
thank you
(applause)
(Lauren Hodge) If you were to eat healthier food at a restaurant, would you rather have grilled chicken or fried chicken?
A lot of people would say grilled chicken, because grilled chicken has less fat and fewer calories.
But grilled chicken has hidden dangers.
Carcinogenicity is a substance or agent that can cause cells to grow abnormally, and the abnormal cells that grow can metastasize and spread throughout the body.
Antioxidants are known to reduce this heterocyclic amine.
They weren't sued because the chicken contained carcinogens, they were sued because of California law, Prop 65, which requires explicit warnings if a product is dangerous.
Then one night, I watched my mom make grilled chicken, and I noticed that the lemon juice marinade had turned white around the edges of the chicken.
I learned later in biology class that this is a phenomenon called denaturation, where proteins change shape and lose their chemical properties.
Lemon juice was the most effective, with 98 percent less carcinogens than the control, unmarinated chicken.
Salt water and brown sugar marinades also worked quite well, reducing carcinogens by 60 percent.
Olive oil slightly reduced PhIP formation, but it was almost negligible.
I'm not saying that if you eat unmarinated grilled chicken, you'll probably get cancer and die.
Anything we can do to reduce the potential danger of carcinogens will certainly improve our quality of life.
It was my first science fair project
(Laughter) At the end of my senior year in high school, my grandfather passed away from cancer.
Armed with my first year of high school knowledge of biology, I decided to go into cancer research when I was 15.
Ovarian cancer is a cancer that many people don't know about or care very little about.
But it's the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women in America.
1 in 70 women will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer
Chemotherapy is the most effective way to treat cancer today, and it administers large doses of chemicals to kill cancer cells.
Cisplatin, a drug commonly used in chemotherapy for ovarian cancer, is a relatively simple molecule that can be made in the lab, damaging the DNA of cancer cells and causing them to commit suicide.
But there's a problem, and often drug resistance develops, when you're told your cancer is gone, and years later it comes back.
Probably the biggest problem with chemotherapy today.
So we wanted to understand how ovarian cancer cells become resistant to cisplatin.
And we thought it might have something to do with a protein called AMP kinase.
We may actually be altering the cells themselves so that they become resistant.
When a patient comes in and is resistant to this drug, giving them a chemical that inhibits this protein allows them to be treated again with the same drug.
It was also about discovering my passion.
thank you
(Applause) Hello everyone, I'm Neomi Shah, and today I'd like to talk to you about my research on the relationship between indoor air quality and asthma.
People spend more than 90% of their time indoors
And the economic burden of asthma is greater than HIV and tuberculosis combined.
These statistics struck a chord with me, but what really pushed me to do research was seeing my father and my brother suffer from chronic allergies all the time.
I wondered why my allergy symptoms persisted past the pollen season.
As soon as we realized this, we looked at four major pollutants and their effects on lung health in asthmatics.
But he soon developed a new computational model to quantitatively assess the impact of environmental pollutants on the lung health of asthmatics.
I was surprised that there hadn't been a model to quantitatively assess the impact of environmental factors on lung health, because this seemed very important.
Volatile organic compounds, for example, are chemical pollutants found in schools and workplaces.
Today I'd like to show you an interactive software model that I built.
I'd like to ask you to put yourself in Julie's shoes, or put yourself in the shoes of someone close to you who has asthma or lung disease.
The doctor sits Julie down and measures her peak expiratory rate, which is the amount of air she can exhale in one breath.
Clean the air ducts in your home, work and school
When Julie works on environmental solutions at home, at work, at school, it affects everyone around her.
I'm passionate about this research and hope to continue to expand it to respiratory diseases other than asthma and to more pollutants.
"It's genetics that load a gun, but it's the environment that pulls the trigger."
But if each one of us takes initiative at home, at school, at work, we can make a big difference in air quality.
We spend 90% of our time indoors
And air quality and airborne pollutants have a huge impact on the lung health of everyone, including those with asthma and respiratory disease.
thank you
(applause)
We diplomats are trained to deal with conflicts and problems between nations.
We loosely refer to them as "groups"
Take a look at this slide, which shows the character of the conflict from 1946 to today.
The red areas represent modern conflicts, internal conflicts.
I believe that intervention in Libya was necessary, and so was Afghanistan.
But we still have major deficiencies in how we deal with and understand modern conflict.
Ten years after the military intervention, the country is far from stable.
Frankly speaking, the situation is extremely serious.
In 2005, during my first visit to Afghanistan as foreign minister, I met with the commander of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF).
And it is the Afghans, not us, who will solve this problem."
now everyone agrees
because we didn't talk
The International Committee of the Red Cross, the ICRC, is neutral, so we talk to everyone.
But you don't have to be neutral when you're having a dialogue.
When former Prime Minister Rabin was involved in the Oslo process, he said, "Peace is not made with friends. Peace is made with enemies."
It's difficult, but it's necessary.
this is tahrir square
A revolution is underway here
Should we talk to Hamas?
i think this is wrong
And above all, if we don't respect the rights of the majority, how can we tell the Muslim Brotherhood that we should respect the rights of minorities?
Now our diplomats are directed to talk to all these groups.
We distinguish between dialogue at the diplomatic level and dialogue at the political level.
According to his autobiography, The Long Walk to Freedom, he survived his long imprisonment because he always forced himself to think, "The oppressors are human too." The oppressor is also the same human being."
He used dialogue as a political process not as a strategy for the weak, but as a strategy for the strong.
Dialogue is not easy, neither between individuals, groups, or governments, but dialogue is absolutely necessary.
And what is dialogue all about?
When I engage in dialogue, I sincerely hope that the other side will understand my point of view, and when doing so, I try to impress them with my own opinions and values.
I think we need to strengthen this approach in modern diplomacy, not only in dialogue between nations, but also within nations.
We are seeing new signs
Suddenly one day, NGOs were not just shouting slogans in the streets, they were participating in the negotiations, in part because they represented the victims of these weapons.
Negotiations will not solve the climate change problem unless we can involve people and civil society as part of the solution, not part of the problem.
We diplomats need to know the social capital of our communities.
There are actually many tools in the diplomatic toolbox that can be used to enhance communication.
And we are not helpless in understanding the broader movement across the Arab world.
Western societies today are more complex than ever before, in the age of immigration.
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
(Laughter) She said sure
I was trying to figure out how to tell my family and friends that I had cancer.
I was thinking about how to tell my mother that she had breast cancer when she was pregnant with me.
But I didn't want my mother to be reminded of her cancer experience.
When that happens, you'd think my family and friends would be the ones I would turn to for support.
of course i did
(Laughter) But in those little moments, I wondered what I would have done without everyone's support, without that network.
There are several reasons for this
So I decided to look at the employer's obligations when an employee is diagnosed with cancer.
In Australia, cancer was legally defined as a disability.
I wondered how I would be able to do my job as a lawyer if that happened to me.
I scheduled chemotherapy first thing Monday morning.
While working from home, I wondered how employers could apply the concept of reasonable accommodation in a time when one in two Australian men and women will be diagnosed with cancer by the age of 85.
As we get older, we continue to work longer and are more likely to get seriously ill while working.
The lessons learned from people like me who have been saved by continuing to work through treatment should be shared more widely.
So what should you do, as a manager, when someone at work is sick and you have no idea how it's going to affect your work?
I was able to do that because my boss let me choose.
thank you
(applause)
What I'm going to show you is the amazing molecular machine that makes the living tissue of the human body.
But while we can talk about molecules, there's no direct way to show them.
In the 17th century, the moon was thought to be a perfect, beautiful sphere.
What Galileo saw was rugged and barren, and he represented it in watercolors.
The other is Charles Darwin, a biology star who had big ideas.
There's a yellow-green area in the upper left corner.
The red part is the cross section of the red blood cell.
The red molecule is hemoglobin
Hemoglobin acts as a molecular sponge, absorbing oxygen in the lungs and carrying it throughout the body.
what would it look like
The next image is an accurate model of DNA replication that's happening in your body right now, biology in 2002.
Let's start again with DNA
The DNA in our cells is 30 to 40 million nanometers long.
To organize the structure and control access to the genetic code, DNA wraps around the protein, which is shown here in purple.
This huge piece of DNA is a chromosome
This is what a living cell looks like under a light microscope.
The sausage-like shapes are the chromosomes, and I'm going to focus on this one.
So let's rewind a little bit and just look at the chromosomes and look at the structure and explain.
Chromosomes are lined up
this is one chromosome
It is made up of about 200 types of proteins totaling several thousand in total.
It's involved in the elongation of microtubules, and it can also bind transiently.
But for most medical researchers, making discoveries like this is just a stepping stone to the big goal, which is to end disease, to end the suffering and grief of disease, to end poverty.
thank you
(applause)
(music) ♫ In the TV ♫ ♫ Under the trees in the tall grass ♫ ♫ They stood side by side ♫ ♫ Telling the world their ♫ ♫ stories ♫ ♫ We wandered ♫ ♫ Disappeared ♫ ♫ Soldiers at dawn ♫ ♫ They stole my husband ♫ ♫ We will live ♫ ♫ And we will fade away ♫ ♫ Soldiers at dawn ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ A woman in hope ♫ ♫ A woman in desire for change ♫ ♫ A woman in war and pain ♫ ♫ I believe ♫ ♫ Almighty God knows the names of all of us ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ A woman of hope ♫ ♫ A woman of change ♫ ♫ A woman of love and joy ♫ ♫ Life is short ♫ ♫ Some things must be kept ♫ ♫ Children at your side ♫ ♫ Those who run through the darkness of night ♫ ♫ Oh God, won't you give them a robe of light ♫ ♫ Oh God, ♫ ♫ Will you give them a robe of light ♫ ♫ Dawn is new A sign of life ♫ ♫ Gives me the strength to stand up ♫ ♫ Let's cross the border ♫ ♫ She said ``Live free in this country'' ♫ ♫ A woman who hopes ♫ ♫ A woman who wants change ♫ ♫ War and A woman in pain ♫ ♫ I felt your ♫ ♫ strength in her words ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ How long can I live ♫ ♫ No one knows ♫ ♫ Nowhere ♫ ♫ How much I can serve ♫ ♫ How much I can forgive ♫ ♫ No one knows ♫ ♫ Nowhere ♫ ♫ Aung San Suu Kyi ♫ ♫ For working for peace ♫ ♫ Under house arrest ♫ ♫ For working for peace ♫ ♫ Under house arrest ♫ ♫ To a supporter who asked for a word ♫ ♫ She replied ♫ ♫ Disabling herself ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone do ♫ you know the lyrics let's sing
♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ People who have hope ♫ ♫ People who want change ♫ ♫ People who are full of love and joy ♫ ♫ I believe ♫ ♫ Almighty God knows all of us ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ Thank you ♫
(applause)
We can't function well when it's too hot or too cold.
And the supply of energy is the basis for these activities.
Well, I worked for NASA for 10 years.
But the community I was thinking of is a community on the moon, and what you need here is all the same as a community on Earth, but with its own set of limitations.
there is no coal on the moon
there is no atmosphere
It's just not practical to store two weeks' worth of power in a battery.
Back in 2000, I didn't know much about nuclear power, so I started studying.
Almost all nuclear power plants use water as their primary coolant.
This has its advantages, but it also has many disadvantages.
At normal atmospheric pressure water boils at 100°C
So water-cooled reactors have to operate at pressures much higher than atmospheric pressure.
Some water-cooled reactors operate at 70 atmospheres or more, and some operate at pressures as high as 150 atmospheres.
Therefore, the water-cooled reactor must be a steel pressure vessel with a thickness of more than 20 centimeters.
It may sound heavy, but it's actually heavy.
Things get even worse when there's an accident where you lose pressure in the reactor.
Steam has about 1,000 times the volume of liquid water, so a reactor containment vessel would be very large for a reactor.
If the emergency coolant to cool the fuel inside the reactor runs out, it will overheat and melt.
Current nuclear reactors use uranium oxide as fuel.
It's a ceramic material that has properties similar to the bricks you use in coffee cups, utensils and fireplaces.
When it loses pressure, it loses water, melts the fuel, and releases the fission products inside.
Producing solid nuclear fuel is a complex and expensive process.
And by the time nuclear fuel is spent, less than 1% of the energy can be extracted.
Water-cooled reactors present another challenge: they require large amounts of water nearby to cool and condense the steam produced.
By the way, there are no lakes or rivers on the Moon, and all of this means that water-cooled reactors are not well suited for communities on the Moon, and I would probably agree with you.
(Laughter) I've been lucky enough to learn about a different type of nuclear power that doesn't have this problem.
Surprisingly, this uses salt.
One day, in my friend's office, I noticed a book called "Fluid Fuel Reactors."
From that book, I learned about research done in the United States in the 1950s on nuclear reactors that didn't require solid fuel or water cooling.
It uses a mixture of fluoride salts as nuclear fuel, specifically fluorides of lithium, beryllium, uranium and thorium.
Fluoride salts are chemically very stable
Reactor containment can be much smaller and more compact.
Unlike solid fuels, which dissolve when cooling stops, liquid fuels, which are fluorides, already dissolve at much lower temperatures.
Under normal operating conditions, the bottom of the reactor vessel has a small plug.
This plug is made of a block of frozen salt, and it's kept frozen by spraying cooling gas onto the outside of the pipe.
In general, water-cooled reactors require constant circulation of water to power the plant and prevent core meltdowns like what happened in Japan.
In this reactor, even if power is lost, it will shut itself off without human intervention and come to a safe and controlled state.
Thorium is a naturally occurring nuclear fuel, four times more abundant in the earth's crust than uranium.
Thorium has such a high energy density that a lifetime's worth of fuel fits in the palm of your hand.
Thorium is also present on the moon and is easy to find.
Here's a real map of the location of thorium on the moon.
Thorium exhibits unique electromagnetic properties, making it easy to spot in spacecraft.
The methods of power generation and recycling that make a big difference to survival on the Moon may also make a big difference to survival on Earth.
The LFTR can use thorium 200 times more efficiently than uranium.
LFTR can almost fully harness the energy of thorium, so it produces hundreds of times less waste than uranium and millions of times less than fossil fuels.
We still need liquid fuels to power our cars and machines, but it might be possible to produce these fuels from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water, just as nature does.
If we split water to produce hydrogen and combine it with carbon extracted from atmospheric carbon dioxide to produce methanol, ammonia and dimethyl ether, we may be able to create fuels that can replace diesel oil.
Imagine carbon-neutral, sustainable and recyclable petrol and diesel
In fact, there are 3,200 tons of thorium in the United States, which were stockpiled 50 years ago and are now buried in shallow trenches in Nevada.
And thorium is not a rare substance.
In 2007, we used 65,000 tons of uranium, along with 5 billion tons of coal, 31 billion barrels of oil and 5 trillion cubic meters of natural gas, to meet the world's energy needs.
Thorium can do the same thing with 7,000 tons that can be mined from a single location.
If you're interested, visit our website to find out how our growing and passionate online community of thorium advocates can help power a green, safe and sustainable energy future with thorium around the world. I am trying to spread the word to
Thank you. (Applause)
I remember the first time I saw someone injecting drugs.
I had just arrived in Vancouver to lead a research project, an HIV prevention project in the infamous Downtown East District.
I will never forget that scene, a young woman standing on the stairs, stabbing herself with needles, screaming, "I can't find a vein." Fresh blood was splattered on the walls.
In 1997, the city of Vancouver declared a public health emergency to deal with desperate problems, namely drug abuse, poverty, violence, and a surge in HIV cases.
However, even today, 20 years later, harm reduction is considered a fairly radical idea.
Drug users are much more likely to be arrested than offered methadone therapy.
Why ignore the individual circumstances and the strong scientific evidence that harm reduction works?
Critics say that harm reduction doesn't end illicit drug use.
actually quite the opposite
It's probably the most misunderstood medical intervention ever.
What we're advocating is that it's much better to inject in a clean, dry place with an unused needle, in the presence of someone watching, than in a dingy alleyway with a contaminated needle. Reuse Rather than inject while hiding from the cops
it's better for everyone
It was often blocked by the police, but for some reason it always mysteriously reopened, or was pried open with a crowbar.
I learned that despite the unimaginable trauma, physical pain, and mental illness, everyone there thought things were going to get better.
It was launched in September 2003 as a three-year research project.
Eight years later, the battle over INSITE's closure has reached the Supreme Court of Canada.
Confronting the Canadian government were Dean Wilson and Sherry Tomic, two longtime drug users who know firsthand the benefits of INSITE.
It was a moment of hope for harm reduction.
An interesting thing happened in December 2016, when drug overdose deaths were on the rise, so the government of British Columbia allowed the opening of an overdose facility.
No one has ever died in INSITE.
Our contempt for drugs and drug users runs deep.
We're bombarded with images and media stories about the horrors of drugs.
Millions of people are stuck in a hopeless cycle of imprisonment, violence and poverty that has been caused not by the drugs themselves, but by the laws of drugs.
Let's be clear: criminalization is just a way to institutionalize stigma.
We've been led to believe that people who use drugs are irresponsible and just want to get high, and because of their own mistakes, they end up in crime and poverty, lose their jobs, their families, and ultimately their lives. If you're a human being
The reality is that most drug users have stories of childhood trauma, sexual abuse, mental illness, or personal tragedy.
The media focuses on overdose accidents, like Prince and Michael Jackson, but the majority of those who suffer are those who live marginalized lives, the poor and the vulnerable.
Even with medical care, drug use is highly stigmatized.
"What drugs are you using?"
"When was the last time you were in jail?"
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 64,000 Americans died from drug overdoses in 2016, far more than from car accidents and homicides.
Drugs like OxyContin, Percocet, and Dilaudid have been in uncontrolled circulation for decades to control all kinds of pain.
An estimated 2 million Americans use opioids daily, and more than 60 million Americans were prescribed at least one opioid in the last year.
Many who were so dependent on the reliable supply of prescription drugs turned to heroin.
people are literally poisoned
What if thousands of people started dying from poisoned meat, powdered milk and coffee?
First, harm reduction should be fully embraced, funded, scaled, and widely adopted across North America.
I know that in places like Vancouver, harm reduction has become a lifeline for care and treatment.
And I personally know hundreds of people who are still alive today because of harm reduction.
If we really want to do something about the drug problem, we need to have a serious conversation about drug prohibition and punishment.
We need to recognize that drug use is first and foremost a public health problem, and we need to find comprehensive social and health solutions.
We already have a model to achieve this
In 2001 there was a drug crisis in Portugal.
Many people were using drugs, crime was high, and overdoses were rampant.
Overall drug use has fallen dramatically
This year, many more people will be caught in the illegal drug trade.
And too many parents will be told that their child died of a drug overdose.
thank you
(applause)
Music is the most universal language we have, it surpasses all dialects and languages.
A melody can be played to children in China, and the same melody can be played to children in South Africa.
Although these two children are very different, they still derive some of the same truths from their melodies.
A logical extension of this is that if music is such a universal force, then a group of musicians, an orchestra, if you will, should certainly reflect all aspects of a community.
Joining us at TEDxBrussels today, we're excited about the future, and these were 50 years from now.
If you took a snapshot of all the great orchestras in the world at the time, how many women do you think you'd find playing in those orchestras?
Now, 50 years later, in 2011, every orchestra in the world has a wonderful, healthy gender balance.
You'll think, "Of course! It's perfectly logical."
As a conductor, I can tell you that in all my years of working with orchestras all over the world, I've only met so many disabled musicians that I could count on one hand, in any orchestra, in any orchestra.
Why is this?
That mission has personal roots
I have four children and my youngest was born with cerebral palsy.
Sorry sports fans, but music is far more universal than sports.
So here in the UK, we're in the very beginning of building the UK's first national disability orchestra.
Every country should have a paraorchestra of all shapes and sizes, no doubt about it.
It's one of the folk songs still known in our culture.
Interestingly, folk songs can tell us a great deal about the cultural DNA of the country that produced them.
food is not so good
We need your support. Please help spread this dream around the world, and this orchestra will be at full steam ahead in the summer of 2012.
It is my great honor, pleasure and pleasure to present to you, I am pleased to present to you a short improvisation from that most melancholy tune, "Greensleeves," the first four members of the British Paraorchestra.
(Applause) (Cheers) (Music) (Applause) (Cheers) (Applause)
Haiti had its first case of cholera in 50 years last October.
We had no way of predicting how much it would spread through the water, or how much worse it would get.
Today, water testing requires trained technicians and expensive equipment, plus you have to wait a little less than a day for chemical changes to occur before the results are available.
Canaries have saved countless lives in mines, a simple but important way for miners to make sure they're safe.
We call it water canary
It's an inexpensive device that instantly answers the critical question, "Is this water polluted or not?"
Distributed networks and large amounts of data and information have the power to change society.
thank you
(applause)
Perhaps one of the most common ways to divide the world is between believers and non-believers, believers and atheists.
For the last decade or so, it's been pretty clear what an atheist is.
There are some very vocal atheists who say that religion is not just wrong, it's ridiculous.
What I'd like to talk to you about today is a new way of being atheists, and if you want, I'd like to call that new atheism "Atheism 2.0."
What is Atheism 2.0?
First, a very basic premise: there is no God, of course.
Let's move on. This isn't the end of the story, it's the beginning.
"But..." This is an important "but" "...I love Christmas carols.
i like to see old churches
I enjoy reading the Old Testament."
To me, atheism 2.0 is about looking at religions with respect and disbelief and thinking, "What can I use in this?"
The secular world is full of holes
When we think about how we can make the world a better place, we think about education and invest a lot in it.
In the early 19th century, church-going numbers in Western Europe plummeted, causing panic.
they asked themselves
We should look to culture for guidance, comfort, and morality.
They wanted to replace the Bible with culture.
Religion, on the other hand, starts in a completely different place.
All major religions call us "children" from time to time.
And we need guidance, we need didactic learning.
If you ask a modern liberal individualist, "Would you like a sermon?"
What's the difference between a sermon and a modern secular way of communicating, a lecture?
A sermon tries to change a person's life, a lecture tries to give a tidbit of information.
That's what all religions say, "Kneel down and repeat 10 or 20 times a day."
"New is better than old"
All major religions have calendars
What is the calendar?
A calendar is a way to ensure that you encounter various important thoughts throughout the year.
When I look at the moon, I think, "I'm so small, what's my problem?"
Consider, for example, Jewish forgiveness.
Much of the surplus of wealth goes to museums etc.
Museums are our new cathedrals, they say, our new churches.
The potential is there, but we've let ourselves down
Art should also be a tool to improve society.
let's think of something else
In today's secular world, people who are interested in things of the soul, things of the spirit, things of the higher spirituality, etc., tend to be isolated.
Poets, philosophers, photographers, filmmakers, etc.
they tend to do it on their own
What does an organized religion do?
According to The Wall Street Journal, the Catholic Church made $97 billion last year.
These are all very good qualities
that's what religion does
If you're involved in something communal, in large groups -- doing things together, religion has something to offer.
If you're involved in any way in the travel industry, look to the pilgrimage.
If you're in the art world, look at what religion is doing with art.
If you're an educator, look at how religion spreads ideas.
thank you
Atheism should not cut itself off from the rich source of religion.
There seems to be a lot of atheists in the TED community.
But most people don't think religion is going away any time soon, and they want to find a language in which they can have constructive discussions, talk to each other, and share what they have in common.
(applause)
In the 1980s, in communist East Germany, to own a typewriter you had to register it with the government.
But today, in 2011, if you buy a color laser printer from any major manufacturer and print a page, you'll find faint yellow dots on every page, and the pattern is unique to each individual printer. is
this is what is happening to us today
But no one seems to make a fuss about it
This is just one example of how governments are using technology against us, our citizens.
And this is one of the three main sources of online problems today.
There are 3 main groups
First, there are online criminals.
In fact, there are several billionaires who have made their fortunes through online attacks.
As of today, we already believe that we are more likely to be victims of online crime than to be crimes in the real world.
And, of course, the situation is only going to get worse.
In the future, most of the crime will probably happen online.
This is a good example of what happens when a government launches an attack on its own people.
How could someone die as a result of a hack like this?
For a website to use https it needs a certificate it's an SSL encrypted service Gmail is an example
And that's exactly what happened with DigiNotar.
What about the Arab Spring? For example, what is happening in Egypt?
Among them was a binder called "FINFISHER"
In that binder were documents from a German-based company that sold the Egyptian government tools for interception -- a very large-scale interception of the communications of all citizens.
The company sold the interception tool to the Egyptian government for 280,000 euros.
Western governments are providing tools that totalitarian states use on their citizens.
But Western governments are also doing the same thing to their own people.
For example, in Germany, just a couple of weeks ago, we discovered a Trojan called "State Trojan," which the German government uses to investigate its own people.
If you're a criminal suspect, your phone will be tapped, but today it's more than that.
This isn't about privacy versus security.
It's a question of freedom versus control.
Will we all blindly trust future governments? What about the government 50 years from now?
This is a question that we will have to worry about for the next 50 years.
But it turns out that it's illegal to print a child's drawing of Mickey Mouse onto a sugar slab.
There are two bills currently before Congress.
One is SOPA and the other is PIPA
PIPA is an abbreviation for PROTECTIP (intellectual property protection), which itself stands for "prevention of real threats to economic creativity and intellectual property theft on the Internet" and "prevention of real threats to economic creativity and intellectual property theft on the Internet." It stands for "prevention." Thinking of names for things like this, the congressman's aide must have a lot of free time on his hands.
What SOPA and PIPA are trying to do is this
The Domain Name System is the mechanism that translates human-readable names, like google.com, into addresses that computers use, like 74.125.226.212.
The problem with this censorship model of identifying websites and excluding them from the domain name system is that it doesn't work.
The reason behind this is that SOPA and PIPA bills were drafted by 20th century media companies.
The 20th century was a good time for media companies, all they needed was scarcity.
When you were making a TV show, you didn't have to make it better than any other show that was ever made. As long as it was better than the other two shows at the same time, that's fine, in terms of how hard it is to compete. It was a very low hurdle
It's like having a license to issue money and a free keg of ink.
Gradually, toward the end of the 20th century, scarcity was eroded, not by digital technology, but by analog technology.
Cassette tapes, video recorders, even copiers gave us the opportunity to do things that surprised media companies.
Turns out we're not couch potatoes
Jack Valenti, chief lobbyist for the Motion Picture Association of America, used to liken the dreaded videocassette recorder to Jack the Ripper, and fragile Hollywood to a woman alone at home.
The media industry begged Congress to do something about it.
In the early '90s, Congress passed a bill that changed everything.
The Audio Home Recording Act of 1992.
But this wasn't what the media companies wanted.
They wanted Congress to outlaw all copying.
The DMCA is the moment the media industry stopped relying on the law to distinguish between legal and illegal copying and tried to prevent copying through technological means.
We live in a world where most Americans over the age of 12 share something with each other online.
We share text, we share images, we share music, we share videos.
So PIPA and SOPA are the second round.
What's dangerous about PIPA and SOPA is that it reverses the centuries-old legal notion of innocent until proven guilty and makes you guilty until proven innocent.
You can't share anything until you show that you don't share what we don't want.
The real effects of SOPA and PIPA are different from their advertised effects.
There are two things you can do to stop this: simple and complicated, easy and hard.
You don't have millions of dollars, but you can call your legislators and tell them that you're a voter and that you don't want them to treat you like a thief and you don't want them to break the Internet.
And the DMCA goes back to the Audio Home Recording Act, which horrified the media industry.
"We don't want to do that," the content industry thinks.
It's just the next turn of a screw that has been moving forward for 20 years.
The real message of PIPA and SOPA is
thank you
(applause)
Do you know how many choices you make each day?
Do you know how many choices you make in a typical week?
And it turns out that the average CEO has about 139 jobs a week.
I'd like to talk about this problem and some possible solutions.
Now, as we talk about this problem, I'm going to ask you a few questions, and I want to know your answers.
If I ask you a question, I'm blind, so please raise your hand only if you want to burn calories.
(Laughter) Otherwise, if I ask a question and the answer is yes, clap your hands.
(Applause) Thank you.
When I was a graduate student at Stanford, I used to go to this very fancy grocery store, or at least it was really fancy back then.
It was a store called Draeger's
Well, going to this store was like going to an amusement park
I used to love going to this store, but then I wondered, why am I not buying anything?
There were more than 75 varieties of olive oil, including olive oil from thousand-year-old olive trees in a locked case.
We decided to do a little experiment, and we chose jam.
There were 348 kinds of jam
We set up a small tasting booth right near the entrance of the store.
So if you do a little math here, people are at least six times more likely to buy jams when they see six flavors than when they see 24.
We looked at whether the number of mutual funds available in 401(k) retirement savings plans influences people's propensity to save for their future.
And it turns out that there's actually a correlation.
And what we found was that the more fund options we had, the lower the actual participation rate.
Over the last decade, we've seen three main negative effects of giving people more choice.
So today, I'd like to propose to you four simple techniques, all of which we've tested in some way in various research studies, and which you can easily apply in your own work.
When Golden Cat removed 10 deadly cat litter products, profits increased by 87%, a combination of increased sales and lower costs.
A typical grocery store today sells 45,000 products.
But the ninth largest retailer, Aldi, the ninth largest retailer in the world, Aldi sells only 1,400 items, one can of tomato sauce.
All Harvard employees are now automatically enrolled in the Lifecycle Fund.
Well, before starting this session this afternoon, I spoke with Gary.
(Laughter) You knew it was a trick, didn't you?
In order for people to understand the difference between their choices, they must be able to understand the implications of each choice, and they must be able to tangibly feel these effects.
Why do people spend an average of 15 to 30 percent more money when using bank cards and credit cards?
It turned out that the magazine section of the Wegmans grocery store near the Northeast Corridor had between 331 and 664 magazines.
This is a display of two kinds of jewelry
One is called "jazz" and the other is called "swing"
If you think the display on the left is swing and the display on the right is jazz, clap your hands.
So if you think the left is jazz and the right is swing, clap your hands.
(Laughter) Categories have to have meaning for the chooser, not the choice provider.
Let's look at a very complicated decision: buying a car.
This is a German car maker that can make a complete custom car
There are many decisions, and the number of options that come with them is different.
thank you very much
(applause)
What makes music beautiful?
Many musicologists would say that repetition is a key element of beauty. You choose a melody, a motif, a musical idea, and by repeating it, you anticipate the repetition and either fulfill or subvert that anticipation.
that's the key to beauty
If repetition and pattern are important to beauty, then what does music without patterns sound like if you write a song that contains no repetition at all?
Is it possible to write a song that contains no repetition at all?
In the 1960s, someone named John Costas was working on a very expensive sonar system for the Navy.
(High to low piano notes) This is the sonar sound they were using, the down chirp.
The relationship between the first two notes and the second two notes is the same, and so on after that.
The dots seem to be randomly arranged, but they're not.
John Costas is the inventor of this pattern.
He worked in the Navy as a sonar engineer.
So he wrote a letter to the person in the middle picture, Solomon Golomb, a young mathematician from California.
In fact, Solomon Golomb was one of the greatest discrete mathematicians of our time.
So Solomon Golom spent the summer thinking about this problem.
Galois is a very famous mathematician
it's mathematics dealing with prime numbers
He was challenged to a duel and accepted.
Then he was shot in a duel and died at the age of 20.
All the mathematics that makes cell phones and Internet DVDs that enable us to communicate with each other come from the mind of Evaristo Galois, who died at the age of 20.
Fortunately, his mathematical theory was eventually published.
I wrote back to John, "It turns out that such patterns can be generated using prime number theory."
Elementary school math is enough to solve this problem.
By the way, the piano has 88 notes.
Today, I will present the world premiere of a piano sonata without a pattern.
Back to the question of music, what makes music beautiful?
Musicologists and the famous composer Arnold Schoenberg were thinking about this in the 1930s, '40s and '50s.
His goal as a composer was to free music from tonal structures.
sounds like a costas array
Unfortunately, he died 10 years before Costas discovered that such structures could be generated mathematically.
mathematically impossible
(Laughter) As you listen to this song, I'd like to ask you to try to find the repetitions.
(applause)
(Laughter) But have you ever made a $200 million business from going to a bar?
That's what happened to us 10 years ago.
Don't worry."
Why don't you send in Jeff the bartender? "
(Laughter) "Jeff is worldly and smart.
I couldn't believe it
So we changed the way we recruit and train.
Has the fastest growing software package with annual revenue of $10 billion
On the other hand, the push for STEM education in the United States, centered around science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, has been tremendous.
Since 2009, the number of STEM majors in the United States has increased by 43%, while the number of humanities majors has remained the same.
First, today's technology is very intuitive.
Like Lego bricks, they're easy to build, easy to learn, even easy to program, because there's so much information to learn.
The humanities give us context in the world.
You can hire a bunch of artists, build a technology company, and do amazing things.
Google, Apple, Facebook
Sixty-five percent of the jobs available at these companies are non-technical: marketers, designers, project managers, program managers, product managers, legal representatives, HR specialists, trainers, coaches, sales representatives, purchasers, and more.
If there's one thing we're looking for in the workforce of the future, and I think you'll agree with me on this one, it's diversity.
We need diversity in backgrounds and skills, we need introverts and extroverts, we need leaders and followers.
thank you
(applause)
My job at NASA is to develop the next generation of aviation fuel.
Why the ultimate green for aviation?
Do not use arable land
Second: Do not compete with crops
If 97.5% of the world's water is salt water, 2.5% is fresh water, and less than 0.5% of that is usable by humans.
Halophytes are plants that are tolerant of salt
Sometimes we work with weeds, sometimes we work with algae.
Algae is a good choice if you want to get into the next generation aviation fuel business, and it's well funded right now, and the lab has an algae fuel program.
The problem with closed photobioreactors is that they're very expensive, automated, inflexible, and difficult to grow on a large scale.
It's 95% mixed and the lipid content is higher than in closed photobioreactors, which I think is very important.
But algae has one drawback: it's very expensive.
Is it possible to produce algae inexpensively?
the answer is yes
We do the same thing that we do with halophytes: climate adaptation.
we don't use chemical fertilizers
"How did you get started?" people ask.
A wonderful plant that I love
No matter where you go, you see it all over the country. We love this plant.
So we have seeds for the fuel program.
So far, we've talked about water and fuel, but during my research, I discovered something interesting about Salicornia, which can also be eaten.
Here in a greenhouse in Germany, it's being sold as a health food like this.
In other words, we are pickling pickle weed.
Lastly, Salicornia with garlic is my favourite.
Like Miami Heat's Big Three, NASA GRC Has Big Three
Over the past two years, 35 students from all over the world have worked at the Green Lab.
We use electricity, but there's a solution to that, we're using clean energy like this.
We're also using something very interesting, the solar cell site at NASA's Glenn Research Center, which hasn't been used for 15 years.
Here's an initiative to use the Green Lab as a microgrid test bed for Ohio's smart grid initiative.
I really hope that this concept will spread all over the world.
The perfect solution for food, water, fuel and energy is here
A lot of people ask me, "What do you do in the lab?"
but i'm not sure
Indeed, there are many things in the culture around us that in some ways reinforce the idea that each of us has a certain core, an essential element.
As you answer a number of questions, this is supposed to reveal your core personality.
Isn't it hard to resist when you pick up a magazine like this?
I think we have the common sense that there is a core or essential part of ourselves that we can discover.
You are who you are as an individual and you have this core
I don't know if this "Messiah 1" license plate means that the driver believes in the Messiah or that he is the Messiah.
Either way, they have beliefs about the Messiah.
we have knowledge
But what I want to suggest to you today is that this model is fundamentally flawed.
But in reality, these things exist, and they're all integrated in some way, they overlap, they're connected in many ways.
But we make stories about ourselves, which is what we do when we remember things from the past.
Our desires are also the result of our beliefs, and what we remember also reflects our knowledge.
It's a shift from seeing yourself as the being with all the experiences of life, from seeing yourself as the being with all the experiences of life, to seeing yourself as just a collection of all the experiences of life. It's a shift towards seeing it as a collection of all experiences.
If you get a heart transplant, you're still the same person.
In a way this is common sense
everything in the world is the same
This view is actually not particularly new.
We see it in Buddhism, in philosophies such as Locke and Hume, which began in the 17th and 18th centuries and continue to the present day.
But the interesting thing is that this view is gaining more support from neuroscience.
But it's true that neuroscience shows that the brain has no center where everything converges."
So when you look at your brain and how you create your sense of self, you'll see that there is no central point of control in your brain.
There is no such thing as a center where everything happens.
There are so many different processes going on in the brain, and each process runs distinctly and independently, so to speak.
This is what I call the "ego trick" in my book.
It's like a mechanical trick
Now you might be worried about this idea.
If that idea is correct, that is, that no one has a core or enduring essence of self, does that mean that our existence is an illusion?
There's no "real you"
A lot of people actually talk about this illusion and things like that.
In the same way, we are not illusions either.
Water is always carving out new channels.
Because of these changes, the tides, the weather, some things dry up and new things are created.
Of course, the water flowing down the waterfall is different from moment to moment.
it doesn't mean it's not real
But if you don't think of yourself as such, but as some kind of process, something that keeps changing, that's very liberating.
We have to be careful here, right?
it's not true
If you practice hard, you may get better, but I don't have that natural talent.
There are limits to what people can accomplish
You can see how many parts of you have changed in the last few years.
I think this is a liberating and exciting perspective.
thank you
What I'm doing is a thought experiment
You may know or have read about this book written by this man
Probably the first and only best-selling book ever written about economics.
This book discusses how nations around the world prosper through the pursuit of individual profit.
So my thought experiment is to imagine, what would have happened if Adam Smith had visited Africa?
Luckily, the answer is actually quite easy, because Ibn Battuta, an Arab jurist and traveler, traveled to the east coast of Africa in the 14th century, and what he discovered in Mogadishu was a market. I am writing about it
Basically, merchant ships weren't even allowed to land when they arrived in port.
They had to drop anchor in the harbour, and the boats came to them, and the locals called the merchants and said, "You are the guest and I am the broker."
It's a free market to share the wealth."
When I asked Christian Benimana, who started the session, about this, he said, "If Adam Smith had come to Africa, the sharing economy would have existed long before Airbnb and Uber."
that's certainly true
There will be a lot of money flowing into the countries
This is just 10% of the export value of these countries.
The interesting thing is that mutual aid economies like this still exist, and you can find examples of them in the most unlikely places.
It's the largest electronics market in West Africa.
There are 10,000 merchants with annual sales of about $4 billion.
But the reality is that the market here is governed by the principle of sharing.
This is locally generated venture capital, isn't it?
It was passed from North Africa to Spain, and then from Spain to the western United States, where it is still used.
The people who use Acequias have worked together for hundreds and hundreds of years to manage scarce water resources.
It seems to me that there are actually two kinds of capitalism.
One-hundredth of one percent of Kenya's population controls wealth equal to 75 percent of the country's GDP.
And the rest of the people are like the man in this picture, selling board games and bodybuilding equipment in the slow zone on the highway in Lagos.
If you're selling board games and bodybuilding equipment in a slow zone, then traffic is really, really bad, right?
I wanted to quote Steve Biko, because I thought it was very important, because next month, September 12th, it will be exactly 40 years since he was killed by the country of South Africa. is
He also said, "The great powers of the world have done us wonders industrially and militarily..."
We don't have to emulate the military-industrial complex, because Africa can bring humanity back to the world in a different way.
thank you
(applause)
This is possible thanks to a new technology called additive manufacturing, or 3D printing.
this is a 3d printer
This is an EOS laser sintering machine.
As you can see, we've got shoes, stainless steel rings, plastic phone covers, spinal implants made out of medical grade titanium, and even engine parts.
Not only that, but you can also make parts that have moving parts, like hinges, parts within parts.
This is the work of an architectural firm called Shiro.
It was co-produced by Within Technologies and a company called 3T RPD.
This ability to create complex structures like this can be applied to honeycomb structures to create implants.
With the advent of 3D printers, we can now make better implants.
In fact, the ability to mass-produce custom-made products means that we can create personalized implants for each individual.
Software like Google SketchUp makes it super easy to design a product from scratch.
3D printers can also be used to drop spare parts from the web
It's a kind of desktop printer, part of something called RepRap.
this is for the lamp
You can even manipulate the shape of the product, as long as it's safe, of course.
As for implants, the ability to convert MRI data into 3D data has made it possible to create custom-made implants.
This is the lung and bronchial tree
Today, industry pioneers are using this process to layer cells.
thank you
(applause)
Around that time, my mother passed away at the age of 82.
I'm not saying I didn't help anyone, but I was the team leader.
hypothermia
there are sharks
Are your shoulders ready?
When you're swimming 60 strokes a minute with foggy goggles, you're not focusing on anything, you can't see very well.
The Most Dangerous Poisonous Animal Lurking In The Sea Is The Box Jellyfish
help! somebody help! "
Help me, I can't help Diana."
It was five o'clock in the morning when the medical team arrived from the University of Miami.
In fact, the best advice I ever got was from a Caribbean elementary school student.
I gathered 120 children in an elementary school gymnasium and I talked to them about jellyfish, their jelly-like bodies, and how they're barely visible at night.
"Henry, what's your question?"
He went on to say, "Some people wear bombs for what they believe in, right?"
(Applause) Thank you.
thank you
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) And then what?
but i'm ready
A reporter called me and said that he looked up Wikipedia and said that my birthday was August 22, 1949, and that, oddly enough, it also listed the date of my death.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you, thank you.
I think there's something in the medical culture that needs to change, and something needs to be done.
It's called batting average
Do you know what a 30% hitter is called in the major leagues?
I memorized everything
And that's when I made my first mistake, sending her home.
On top of that, I made two more mistakes.
I went back to work on the ward
But I kept working
"Do you remember the patient you sent home?"
About an hour after she got home from the hospital, she collapsed and her family called 911. When paramedics took her to the emergency room, her blood pressure was only 50, which is severe shock.
Over the next few weeks, I continued to torment myself, and for the first time, I realized that shame in the medical culture is not healthy. I didn't feel a healthy sense of shame because I couldn't talk about it with my colleagues.
I kept asking myself
At my worst, I thought, why did I make such a stupid mistake?
i went back to work
Two years later, I was assigned to the emergency department at a community hospital just north of Toronto, and I saw a 25-year-old man with a sore throat.
It was a busy day and I was in a hurry
I sent him home with a prescription for penicillin.
He had a potentially life-threatening disease called epiglottitis.
luckily he didn't die
He received intravenous antibiotics and recovered within a few days.
I missed two cases of appendicitis in one emergency shift.
In my nearly 20 years of medical broadcasting and journalism, I've personally done as much research as I can about medical malpractice and malpractice, starting with an article in the Toronto Star and a show called "White Coats and Black Magic." I made
24,000 Canadians died from avoidable medical errors in Canada.
The hospital system itself cannot keep up with the doubling of medical knowledge every two or three years.
I'm not a robot. I don't always work the same way.
For all these reasons mistakes are inevitable
My name is Brian Goldman
I am human and can make mistakes
(applause)
"Know thyself." This maxim has been known since ancient Greece.
"Know Thyself"
"Know Thyself"
Following that fascination, I immersed myself in the arts, studied neuroscience, and eventually became a psychotherapist.
Now, as CEO of Interaxon, a thought-based computer technology company, my job is all about my passion.
So self-awareness is what separates us, Homo sapiens, from predecessors.
Look, I have a little electrode on my forehead.
Or what if we could take that information and display it in organic form on the screen?
Over the course of 17 days, 7,000 spectators from all over the world at the Olympics actually controlled the lights 3,000 kilometers away, in real time, all of them controlling the lighting of the CN Tower, the Capitol and Niagara Falls.
let me show you an example
This is an application created for the iPad
The connected headset has cloth sensors on the forehead and above the ears.
Graphs and charts tell you how your brain was working, not just how much rope you used or your high score, but what was going on in your mind.
I call this "intra-active"
We usually think of technology as interactive, or interactive.
For example, thinking computer manipulation can teach children with ADD how to focus.
Children with ADD have a lower percentage of focused beta waves and a higher percentage of theta waves.
Children will be able to control their own brain waves and improve their ADD symptoms by playing video games.
Using near-human technology, we can monitor the quality of our sleep cycles.
I look forward to someday sitting by your side, opening up new toolboxes and discovering more about the world we create and about ourselves.
Six years ago, I started writing about women entrepreneurs before and after the conflict.
In Rwanda immediately after the genocide, 77% of the total population was women.
Income creates respect and wealth creates power, which is why business is so much more important to women.
She started her business in an abandoned garage, sewing sheets and pillowcases and peddling around town, and she had a family of about 13 people to feed.
When we met, we had about 20 employees, mostly women, and they were sending their kids to school.
By contrast, when it comes to "entrepreneurs," most say "men."
Microfinance is a very powerful tool to enable self-sufficiency and improve self-esteem. Women have tremendous potential and we must move beyond our micro expectations and aspirations.
In America, women-owned businesses will create 5.5 million jobs by 2018.
What's more, globally, in developing countries, the percentage is as high as 40% to 50%.
As the World Bank recently announced, women are caught in a productivity trap.
We don't have to invent a solution -- we already have it. Loans based on cash flows, not assets. Loans based on contracts rather than collateral. Women rarely own land.
Microlending specialist Kiva.org is piloting crowdsourcing for small and midsize loans
It seems to be a trend these days to refer to women as "an emerging market within an emerging market."
As someone in the financial industry, I can tell you that over the last decade, 500 billion dollars have been poured into this emerging market.
It's about how we invest and how we think about women.
Next, when we talk about successful men, they're invariably identified as icons, pioneers, or even innovators to emulate.
we are the majority
If you change the way you see yourself, others will follow suit.
thank you very much
(applause)
Just a hint, this solution involves hundreds of mobile robots, sometimes thousands of robots moving around a warehouse, and we can solve the problem.
Just imagine the last time you ordered something online.
Maybe even blue shoes - click! -
I was in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1999 and 2000 during the dotcom boom.
Implementing e-commerce was difficult and very expensive.
In this case, we tried the following idea: what if we had a distribution center in China, what if we had a very low-cost market.
Did you see the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympics?
I almost fell off the couch when I saw this
there is a warehouse here
So the process is very productive.
We were really surprised by the side effects of this approach.
This is the warehouse, and we're thinking about configuring it like a supercomputer with parallel processing.
We use dynamic, adaptive algorithms to optimize the warehouse floor.
When she reaches out her hand, the product jumps into her hand,
The reason is that the workers in the building are vying for the privilege of working in the Kiva zone that day.
(Laughter) This was a pharmaceutical distributor, so they told me not to use the video.
(applause)
As Commander-in-Chief of the Dutch Armed Forces and on behalf of our units stationed around the world, I am very honored to be here with you.
Some chose a microscope as their tool of choice.
Ladies and gentlemen, I made a different choice.
(Laughter) (Applause) My goal is the same as yours.
i chose the gun
As you may have heard, having a gun so close might make you feel uneasy.
Holland is not at war.
The situation in many countries is different.
So why am I standing in front of you with this weapon in my hand?
Why did I choose this gun as my tool?
And I'll tell you how this gun can help you.
The story begins in the city of Nijmegen, in the eastern part of the Netherlands, where I was born.
the nazis invaded the netherlands
that was the last resort
The son of a farmer, my father was a good hunter and an excellent marksman.
At this crucial moment in Dutch history, my father was stationed on the banks of the Waal near the city of Nijmegen.
But with the old guns, even the best shooters in the military couldn't hit their targets.
When I was in high school, I was moved by the stories of Allied soldiers who left the safety of their homes and risked their lives to fight to liberate an unknown country and people.
I've realized that sometimes only guns can cut the line between good and evil.
That's why I picked up a gun, not to shoot, not to kill, not to destroy, but just to stop the bad guys, to protect the weak, to protect the values ​​of democracy and freedom. To protect that freedom, and we're here today in Amsterdam to tell you what we can do for the world.
Guns may be the most important tool for peace and stability.
Violence has declined dramatically in the last 500 years.
Murder rates in Europe have dropped 30 times since the Middle Ages.
Moreover, civil wars and repressions have declined since the end of the Cold War.
Statistics show that we live in a time of relative peace.
According to Harvard University Professor Steven Pinker's most recent writings and many thinkers over the years, the main factors that led to the formation of a less violent society were the spread of the rule of law, the monopoly of the use of legitimate force by many nations, and the use of force. is legitimized by a democratically elected government, checked and balanced, and legitimized by an independent judiciary.
It cuts the temptation of an arms race between potentially hostile groups in our society.
War is no longer the best option, which is why violence is declining.
Ladies and gentlemen, this is the rationale for the existence of our military.
Soldiers use guns as tools for peace
That's why we're building a justice system in Afghanistan right now.
We train police officers, we train judges, we train prosecutors all over the world.
Ladies and gentlemen, look at this gun, we are facing the ugly side of the human mind.
Every day, I hope that politicians, diplomats, development donors will transform conflict into peace, threat into hope.
But until that day comes, we have to find a compromise between ideals and people's failures.
Until that day comes, I will fight for my father who tried to shoot the Nazis with an old gun.
Ladies and Gentlemen, until the day comes when we can put our guns down, I hope we can all agree that our peace and stability don't come for free.
We need good equipment and well-trained and dedicated soldiers.
I hope that you will support our troops like this young captain, and provide her with good guns, not the old guns my father issued.
We hope that you will support us - when our soldiers are out, when we are home, and when we are hurt and when we need our care.
I hope you can respect this soldier with this gun.
she wants a better world
She's making a positive contribution to making the world a better place, like all of you here today.
thank you
(applause)
And once you're familiar with cancer, you quickly realize that there are basically three weapons, or tools, in the fight against cancer: surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.
Using low-intensity electric fields to fight cancer
Let me first clear up some common misconceptions.
First of all, an electric field is not a current that flows between tissues.
Electric fields aren't ionizing radiation like X-rays or proton beams, so they don't bombard tissue and disrupt DNA.
Also, electric fields are not magnetic.
An electric field is a field of force.
And these forces act by attracting anything with an electric charge.
The best way to imagine electric fields is to think about gravity.
Gravity is also a force field, acting on mass.
It floats freely in three dimensions without being acted upon by forces.
But when the space shuttle returns to Earth, and the astronauts enter Earth's gravitational field, they begin to experience the effects of gravity.
When you land, you're perfectly aligned with the gravitational field.
In cancer, the cells divide rapidly, leading to uncontrolled tumor growth.
We can liken the cell to a mini space station and think about it from an electrical perspective.
That space station has chromosomes, the genetic material, in the nucleus.
The important point is that these special proteins are one of the most highly charged substances in the human body.
These chains extend and connect to the genetic material, pulling it apart from one cell into two cells.
This is exactly how one cancer cell becomes two, two cancer cells become four, and ultimately, uncontrolled growth of the tumor.
And when the cell's space station enters the electric field, the electric field acts on the highly charged proteins and aligns them.
I'm going to show you two in vitro experiments.
You can see two cells about to divide -- at the top of the screen.
Over the last decade, Novocure has developed two systems, one for cancers of the head and one for cancers of the trunk.
Five-year survival rate is less than 5%
So these patients have already had surgery, they've also had high doses of radiation to their head, they've had their first round of chemotherapy, but it didn't work, and their tumors grew back.
The patients were divided into two groups
The first group received a second dose of chemotherapy, which is supposed to double their life expectancy compared to no treatment at all.
And it was the first time the Food and Drug Administration had included a quality-of-life claim in a cancer treatment approval.
Robert Dill Bundi is a famous Swiss cycling champion.
One year after this treatment - this is his baseline MRI.
A year after this treatment, his tumor grew again at a furious pace.
This cloudy white mass is a tumor recurrence.
At this point, doctors told him he had about three months to live.
First of all, these electrodes are non-invasive.
Treatment is continuous at home, without the need to go to the hospital on a regular or ongoing basis.
It's been five years since Robert's diagnosis, and he's still alive, and more importantly, he's doing well.
i really am the happiest person in the world
Bill: Novocure is also working on a second target, lung cancer.
We did a phase II clinical trial in Switzerland, also in relapsed patients, who received standard treatment but their cancer came back.
I'm going to show you another video of a woman named Lydia.
Lydia is a 66-year-old farm worker from Switzerland.
In her case, you can see she's wearing transducer arrays, one on her chest and one on her back, and a second set over her liver, flank to flank.
When we spoke to her, she said, "When I was on chemotherapy, I had to go to the hospital every month for an IV.
A new research project is now underway in Karolinska, Sweden, to prove this hypothesis.
Other trials are planned Lung cancer Pancreatic cancer Ovarian cancer
And I'm very hopeful that the next few decades will bring significant progress in reducing mortality, which has been a major problem with this disease.
thank you
(applause)
When I was 7 and my sister was 5, we were playing together on the bunk bed.
I looked down from the side of the bed and saw my sister landing on all fours in pain.
I did the only thing I could think of in my panicked seven-year-old mind to avoid the tragedy.
The reason it's a measurement error is because it messes up my data.
This graph is important to me because when I look at the news, most of it is not positive, it's negative.
(Laughter) What this shows us is that reality doesn't necessarily shape us, but the lens through which our brain views the world shapes our reality.
If we can change the laws of happiness and success, we can change what we can do, and we can change our reality.
We found that IQ predicts only 25% of job success, and the remaining 75% depends on your level of optimism, your support, and your ability to see stress as a challenge rather than a threat.
I said, "Most people do on Friday nights." (Laughter)
In the last three years, I've traveled to 45 countries, working with schools and businesses in recession.
I'm going to talk to you today about designing medical technology in a resource-poor environment.
There's a very sophisticated anesthesia machine in the back.
This image is the power supply to a rural hospital in Malawi.
By this point, I think you can see that the infrastructure isn't that good.
Similarly, compressed oxygen and other medical supplies are considered luxuries, and can sometimes run out of stock for months or even years.
Not only is it inappropriate, it's also seriously unsafe.
About a year ago, collaborators at Johns Hopkins University Hospital investigated surgery in Sierra Leone.
The first operation of the day was an obstetric operation.
35 million surgeries are performed each year without safe anesthesia.
Now let me show you how this machine works.
I've already mentioned oxygen several times.
The air in the room turns out to be spectacularly free, and it's abundant and already contains the much-needed 21 percent oxygen.
This mixture passes through this area before it enters the patient's lungs, and here, although you can't see it, there's an oxygen sensor that displays on a screen the level of oxygen being delivered.
The only difference is that we're dealing with 21 percent oxygen.
This way, you don't need a highly trained anesthesiologist to use anesthesia machines, which is great for rural hospitals that don't have the training they need.
So it doesn't break that easily, and if it breaks, you can replace virtually any part with a hex wrench and a screwdriver.
Finally the price is affordable
But we want to be sure that this machine is the most effective and safest machine for hospital use.
One of our partnerships is with Johns Hopkins University Hospital here in Baltimore.
Who gets surgery and who doesn't?
If more people in the health care industry, people trying to manage the challenges of low-income countries, how to design, how to find solutions, not as an off-the-shelf thing, but from the point of view of the hospital, not the object of aspirations, but actually much of the world. If we could design it for the environment that exists in the world, we could save a lot of lives.
thank you
(applause)
Here's an analysis slide comparing the power of a RISC microprocessor to the power of a local area network.
What's interesting is that this slide, like the other technology slides, is kind of a straight line on a semi-log graph.
something very strange is happening here
But when things like this happen, things change qualitatively.
So, if transportation technology were to evolve as fast as microprocessors, the day after tomorrow, I'd be in a taxi and be in Tokyo in 30 seconds.
If so, we're in the middle of a transition.
We're on this line, so to speak, and the world is in the process of transitioning from the way it used to be to something new.
Because the transition is hard to understand when you're in the middle of it.
When I was a kid, the future meant no more than around the year 2000, and people were talking about what would happen in the year 2000.
There's a conference going on here right now to discuss the future, and we realize that the "future" is still around the year 2000.
Because the only way to understand this is to really step back and look at things on a long time scale.
This is life in a very simple chemical form, but what got interesting was when these drops learned how to abstract.
In fact, our original genes are written in the same code, in the same way.
All other organisms are written with the exact same set of letters and the same code.
(Laughter) What was the next step?
writing down the DNA was an interesting advance
Then came a very interesting development that changed things completely: the cells began to exchange and transfer information, and they began to form groups.
This can lead to the evolution of antibiotic resistance.
This next interesting step took another billion years.
At this stage, multicellular communities were born, communities of many different types of cells working together as one organism.
Skin cells are completely useless without heart, muscle, brain and other __ cells.
Now, the next step happened within the community.
These cellular communities began to abstract information again.
this is the neural structure
They became the brain and nervous system of that community.
Come to think of it, this is a great invention.
The invention of language was an example of a small step in that direction.
Telephones, computers, videotapes, CD-ROMs, etc. are specialized systems that we have created in our society to handle that information.
Evolution can now occur in microseconds.
The next step, language, etc., was less than a million years old.
And the next step, like electronics, seems to take only a few decades.
This process is self-replicating, and it's becoming something of an autocatalyst, where change itself enhances the rate of subsequent change.
I also don't know the individual roles of the transistors in the Connection Machine.
One particularly interesting method that I've been using a lot lately is "evolution" itself.
For example, in the most extreme case, you can actually evolve a program from a random set of instructions.
"And reproduce them by a process of recombination that mimics reproduction."
Create a child by exchanging subroutines of two programs The child inherits the characteristics of the subroutines of both parent programs
In other words, the equivalent of an evolution that takes millions of years can be done by a computer in minutes, or even hours, if it's complex.
Their lives depended on their work.
(Laughter) One time, I was on a 747 with Marvin Minsky, and he took out his card and said, "Look at this!"
So we're starting to rely on computers that do a process that's very different from engineering.
Now we're trying to use those programs to build even faster computers, so that we can do this process even faster.
Now, we're at a point similar to when single-celled organisms were turning into multicellular organisms.
So we're amoebas, and we don't know what we're trying to create.
We're really at a transition point.
(applause)
In fact, I'm one of many people in my generation who can't afford to buy a home.
In 2017, Australia's youth homeownership rate fell to an all-time low.
I foolishly decided to build my own house
And what I realized was that I wanted to democratize design and architecture.
That led me to a very naive question: What is building a house?
Ultimately, building a house is about making decisions within a set of variables, some of which have physical consequences.
Using modular components, players select items from their library and drag them into their world.
When we think of sustainable housing, we think of wealth and wealth, but that shouldn't be the case.
Every hour, during your downtime, 4,000 new homes are needed around the world.
There is a shortage of 250,000 homes in Australia alone.
It is said that by 2050, the world's population will grow from the current 7.6 billion to 9.8 billion people, and hundreds of millions of people will have problems with security, health and safety.
it's the 21st century
It may seem like a far-fetched goal, and I know it's ridiculously ambitious, but right now our operating model is operating at a 10-to-1 ratio.
So for every 10 houses we build, we can provide a home for people who need it.
These are just a few examples of really exciting innovations happening in Italy, France, Dubai and Australia.
In Italy, we developed a technique using Sorel cement.
First invented in 1867, Sorel cement is a beautiful chemical combination of locally sourced sand and magnesium oxide used to 3D print stone walls.
In Dubai, at the foot of the two majestic Emirates Towers, in the middle of the desert lies a vision of the future.
It's an experimental office of the future, built out of 3D-printed concrete, printed in China, assembled on site in Dubai.
But those things are just tools, the hammers of the future, if you will.
To build using these technologies, you need models, like the ones players in our games are building.
thank you
(applause)
(Laughter) As all father jokes should be.
To be precise, I am genderqueer.
This discomfort can range from a minor annoyance to a feeling of personal danger.
When I was in college, I was thrown out of the women's restroom at a bar by a security guard who grabbed me by the back of my neck.
It wasn't until my previous experience as a transgender collided with my new identity as a parent that I realized my vulnerability and how it prevented me from being the most myself.
Over the course of nine months, I imagined myself being called "Mama" and so on, but it didn't feel like me at all.
But all too quickly, Elliot came into this world crying like a baby, and my new identity as a parent began.
I decided to become a dad, and my family faced the world.
"Do you want to be a man?"
So I weigh the costs and risks, sometimes prioritizing my family's safety over being myself.
I don't want my fears and anxieties to weigh on her, to break her heart, to cause her to question her own opinions.
I was shoved with pink stuff and it was a little frustrating. As someone who has spent countless hours learning and teaching about gender, I am well versed in the social construction of gender, and sexism is masculinity. Because of that, I thought I knew that it would appear sometimes clearly and sometimes implicitly.
If you only dress your child in blues and greens and grays, people won't think, "You're a cute, gender-neutral baby."
In my attempt to practice gender neutrality, I unconsciously gave masculinity the upper hand.
So we work together to celebrate, rather than eliminate or diminish, femininity in our lives.
Now, this initiative that I started for Elliot made me rethink how sexism manifests itself in my own gender identity.
I haven't quite gotten over my feelings of dissatisfaction, but I've come to realize that if I don't address my body discomfort, I'm furthering sexism, transphobia, and setting an example of body-degrading behavior.
If I, the parent, feel uncomfortable with my body and hate it, how can my child love my body?
But I have to choose option 2 every day.
I try every day to feel comfortable with my body and how I express my femininity.
About a year later, Sarah's hours changed and she got a new nurse, let's call her Becky.
Out of the corner of my eye, I could see Becky spinning her chair around and staring at Sarah.
So every day I'm reminded of the same promise I made to Elliott and myself.
Leaving room for growth and moving beyond the comfort zone in the hope that we will be able to live a more meaningful life.
I know in my head and in my heart that there will be hard, painful and unpleasant days ahead.
thank you
(applause)
you have the power to change the world
I'm not saying it as a cliché, but you really do have the power to change the world.
But ideas are powerless as long as they stay within you.
If ideas can be communicated in a way that resonates with people, change can happen and change the world.
My family collects old European posters.
What I love about this poster is the irony.
it's hard to change the world
It can't be done by just one person with one idea.
And ideas are most effectively communicated through stories.
I wanted to know how I could incorporate stories into my presentations.
We've studied Poetics and Rhetoric, and many presentations don't even have this simplest form.
When I started researching hero archetypes, I thought, "Yes, the presenter is the hero of the story, the star of the show on stage."
If you read Joseph Campbell's "The Hero's Journey," there's a very interesting insight at the beginning.
That's the role of the presenter
A story has an arc, and the arc is its shape.
I thought, if a presentation had a shape, what would it look like?
I will never forget it was one Saturday morning.
Isn't it amazing?
(Sniffles—laughter) I was crying.
At the beginning of your presentation, you need to establish what you're talking about.
The funny thing is, if you get the wind right, the ship will go faster than the wind.
After going back and forth between what is and what should be, the final turning point is the call to action, which is what every presentation should have at the end.
You have to make it look poetic and dramatic as an ending.
Let's zoom in. The white line is where he's talking.
And the blue line towards the end is the guest speaker.
A master communicator, he keeps his audience engaged with his stories.
He leaves a promise that Apple will continue to create groundbreaking new products.
This is the form of the "I have a dream" speech.
He also uses a lot of metaphors and visual representations.
We all know what it's like to have no money in your account.
So he used a metaphor that everyone is familiar with.
It's a well-known song, and one that was especially important to black people at the time, and they changed the lyrics of the song and used it as a cry of protest against promises that weren't kept.
"Free at last! Free at last! Thank God! Free at last!"
So he was a great man, he had big dreams
Changing the world isn't easy, it's a big job.
But if I can do it, anyone can do it
I met someone, I fell in love, and I went to college for a year.
I did what every bright young woman should do: get married at 18.
But I chose a different story for my life—
But if it's your world, you can change it
you can change your life
(applause)
How should we make the rules that govern people?
This question has always been important
Today, it's even more important if we're dealing with large-scale problems like rising inequality, climate change, refugees.
This is also a very old question.
People have been asking themselves this question ever since they started living in organized societies.
He believed that humanity needed a benevolent "guardian" who could make decisions for the common good.
Kings and queens thought they could be "guardians," but they tended to fall from power during various revolutions.
The answer was cruel, ruthless and inhumane.
But a different answer, a different kind of answer, has awakened from a "hibernation" that lasted for about 2,000 years with remarkable success in recent years.
The answer, of course, is democracy.
I'm going to ask you two questions. Raise your hand if you agree.
First, who thinks that living under a democracy is a good thing?
But what I'm trying to say is that if liberal democracy is the end of human history, then there is a huge paradox or contradiction.
why is it?
but in practice it doesn't work
Our politics is broken, our politicians can't be trusted, our political system is being distorted by powerful vested interests.
I believe there are two solutions to this paradox.
It was here that I had an epiphany, an enlightenment.
It's actually a very simple idea: pick people at random and make them members of parliament.
(Laughter) Let's think about this for a few more minutes.
(Laughter) Interestingly enough, random sampling was an important part of democratic practice in ancient Athens.
When people are given responsibility, they act responsibly.
of course not
How can we fix our broken political system and rebuild democracy for the 21st century?
There are several things that can be done, and they're actually being done right now.
You can implement it in schools, in workplaces, in other organizations, like Democracy In Practice is doing in Bolivia.
We can also set up policy juries and civil councils, which is currently being done by the newDemocracy Foundation in Australia, the Jefferson Center in the United States, and the Irish government.
We could also start a social movement for change, like the sortition foundation is doing in the UK.
It's like sending a Trojan horse into the heart of government.
change can and will happen
thank you (in Hungarian) thank you
(applause)
The digital divide is represented by a 45-year-old mother who can't get a job because she doesn't know how to use a computer.
The digital divide is defined this way: the divide between individuals and groups who have access to information and communication technologies and those who do not.
Third, because they don't know the benefits that such technology will bring.
World population is approaching 7 billion
That's roughly 30 percent of the world's population, which means that the other 70 percent of the population -- nearly five billion people -- don't have access to computers or the Internet.
Let's think about this number for a moment
Five billion people, four times the population of India, have never even touched a computer or the Internet.
This is the digital abyss we're talking about, not the information divide.
If you look at this map by Chris Harrison, you can see the connectivity of the Internet around the world.
As we find that most Internet connections are concentrated in North America and Europe, the rest of the world is engulfed in the dark shadows of the digital divide.
What does this mean?
The world we live in seems to be undergoing a digital revolution, and I'm sure everyone here thinks we're in it, but the 70 percent of the world's population who are alienated from the digital world are part of this revolution. is irrelevant
The Internet should not be a luxury, it should be a right, an essential and fundamental part of social life in the 21st century.
(Applause) Thank you.
It brings social participation, a necessary tool for change.
And don't forget about your carbon footprint.
Imagine 5 billion laptops
Not a very sustainable model
With this in mind, we created a different model.
We've created a network of community centers that use technology to develop education, which is called the RIA Learning and Innovation Network in Spanish.
RIA owns 1,650 computers
Of those, 34,000 have graduated from our course.
Technology is nothing without content
You can't just go out into a community and pretend to change it, you have to look at so many different factors.
We start by observing the basic geography of the place.
Take Ecatepec for example
The most densely populated municipality in Mexico
Then we turn to income levels and education.
So here are four basic elements to consider when leveraging education through technology.
We need to create a welcoming place for our community, so we need to create a place that is based on the needs of children, the elderly, and everyone else who lives in the community.
The second is the connection
The Internet is a very complex organism, powered by human ideas, thoughts and emotions.
We have to create a network that supports the exchange of information.
Education cannot exist without content
You can't pretend to have a relationship with just one computer in one child.
We need to train people who not only train users, but also facilitate user education.
When we talk about the digital divide, people are stigmatized and intimidated, and they don't understand how their lives are beneficial.
By training facilitators, you're helping them overcome digital barriers.
we created a digital education community
This creates a virtuous circle
I came to live here in 2006
It's the poorest community in all of Mexico.
After living with them for two months, watching their children, watching how they work, I understood that the only way to make a difference, the only way to break the cycle of poverty, is through education.
We can use technology to bring education to these communities.
I'm sure everyone here has experienced it: human energy drives technology.
Let's use that energy to make the world a better place.
thank you
(applause)
How do you remember where you parked your car in a huge parking lot?
And let's try to understand what's going on in his brain.
First, the hippocampus, shown in yellow, is the organ of memory.
The etymology is the Latin name for "seahorse," which has a similar shape.
The human brain has 100 billion neurons
The hippocampus has two layers of cells that are tightly connected.
In recent years, we have begun to understand the mechanism of "spatial memory" by recording neuronal activity while mice and rats search for food in their cages.
Let's say we're recording a single neuron in the hippocampus of a rat.
This shows that sensing the distance and direction of things like buildings around you is very important for the hippocampus.
In fact, cells have been discovered in the input region of the hippocampus that accurately sense the distance and direction to boundaries and rims when rats and mice walk around, and transmit them to the hippocampus.
Even in this case, we can see how when we change the shape and size of the environment, the place where we think the flag is is changing.
Place cells get these path integration signals from "grid cells."
Grid cells are cells in the input part of the hippocampus that have similar properties to place cells.
If you record a few grid cells, shown here in different colors, you can see that each cell's grid-like activation pattern is spread throughout the environment and slightly offset.
And we found it in the brain's entorhinal cortex, the same place where rat grid cells are.
He probably remembers where he parked his car based on the distance and direction from the surrounding buildings and walls.
All of this is about a new era of cognitive neuroscience that is beginning to understand psychological processes such as how we remember, imagine, and think based on the activity of the billions of neurons that make up our brains. is just one example of
thank you
(applause)
The under-30 age group that my brother and I belong to, Pat said 70%, but our statistics show that it's 60% of the population in this area.
Qatar is no exception
It's a very young nation led by young people.
We're all familiar with the latest technology and the iPod, but I've been thinking about this traditional abaya dress that I'm wearing right now.
We're changing our culture from the inside, but at the same time we're also trying to get in touch with our own traditions.
We don't all want to be the same, we want to respect and understand each other.
We move between different worlds and different cultures, trying to answer the different expectations of ourselves and others.
Let me ask you a question: What should culture be like in the 21st century?
In today's world of personalization -- where cellphones and even hamburgers have personality -- how do we perceive ourselves and others?
How will it affect our desert culture?
I don't know how many people in Washington know about the cultural development of the Arab region, but in Qatar, the Museum of Islamic Art opened in 2008.
The existential, social and political impact of an artist on the shaping of a country's cultural identity is of great importance.
Culture and art is big business
Women leaders are emerging in our societies because they see the importance of preserving and preserving cultural identities for future generations.
Our mission is cultural integration and independence
In a few days, the Arab Museum of Contemporary Art will open.
(Laughter) This museum is as important to us as it is to the West.
Some of you may know the Algerian artist Baya Mahideen, but not many know that she worked in Picasso's studio in Paris in the 1930s.
To help with this, we set up the Doha Film Institute.
useless
(Applause) Back to East-West travel, last month the second Doha Tribeca Film Festival was held here in Doha.
The audience was 42,000, and 51 films were screened.
First of all, we can bring the voices of our Arab filmmakers and creators to New York City, which represents the world's greatest cities.
Culture is an important tool that unites people
"Know thyself" is a life journey of self-expression and realization.
(applause)
This story is a remarkable example of the power of teaming.
What is "teaming"
It's about people connecting and collaborating with each other, getting things done across all boundaries, whether it's discipline, distance, time zone, whatever.
Sports teams win because they practice
Think of teaming as an impromptu team made up in a park, as opposed to a formal team with lots of practice.
the answer is obvious
So why do I study teaming?
They have different shifts, different responsibilities, different areas of expertise, and they may not even know each other's names.
Of course, teaming isn't always a matter of life and death.
Obviously, treating patients in the emergency room and making an animated film are two very different jobs.
But despite their superficial differences, they have a lot in common.
Unilever CEO Paul Polman put it very well: "The challenges we face today are so huge and daunting that it's clear that we can't solve them alone. That's why we need the humility to invite others in."
Take smart cities for example.
In many places around the world, people have come together to try to design smart cities that are green and livable.
The goal was to create an experimental smart city from scratch.
Apparently, cross-industry teaming was very difficult.
I think this is a bigger problem than most people realize.
In reality, professional culture clash is a major barrier to achieving the future we want.
Before we take a peek at the answer, let's go back to Chile.
Teaming took place in Chile for 10 weeks, with hundreds of members from different professions, different companies, different sectors, even different nationalities.
During this process, they tried many ideas, they tried, they failed, they failed miserably every day, but they persevered and kept going.
And for the next 53 days, food and medicine were transported and communications were made through this narrow lifeline, while the people on the ground spent those 53 days teaming up, trying to figure out how to make a bigger hole, and trying to design a capsule at the same time.
this is the capsule
And on the 69th day, after more than 22 hours of painstaking rescue work, they managed to lift the miners one by one.
How did they overcome professional culture clashes?
Let's call this "situational humility"
They've overcome what I call "the basic human challenge." It's hard to learn as long as you think you know.
Let me explain with a quote from the movie "The Paper Chase."
Abraham Lincoln said, "I don't like the man very much, so I need to get to know him better."
I don't like him because I don't know him very well.
But if you take a step back and reach out into the outside world, miracles can happen.
This is the kind of mindset we need to achieve what no one can do alone: ​​together we can build the future we dream of.
thank you
(applause)
This kind of harassment faced by women in Pakistan is very serious and sometimes life threatening.
This kind of harassment prevents women from accessing the Internet, essentially from acquiring knowledge.
this is a kind of oppression
Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world, with 140 million people having mobile phones and 15 percent of the population with internet access.
Pakistan also produced the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, Malala Yousafzai.
But that's just one side of Pakistan.
On the other side, a twisted notion of "honor" is tied to women and their bodies, allowing men to disrespect and even kill women in the name of so-called "family honor." are being kicked out of their homes and left to die in the name of "family honor" for talking to men on their cell phones.
Let me be clear, this is not honor, it's cold-blooded murder.
I come from a very small village in the Punjab province of Pakistan, where women are not allowed to pursue higher education.
My family elders did not allow women to pursue higher education or pursue professional careers.
However, unlike the other male guardians of the family, my father was a man who wholeheartedly supported my aspirations.
That was the first time I asked myself, "Why?
Why are women not allowed to enjoy the 'equality' enshrined in the Constitution?
The law says that women have equal access to information, so why is it that it's always the men -- the brothers, the fathers, the husbands -- who grant this right to women, effectively rendering the law meaningless? will it end? "
In 2012, we launched the Digital Rights Foundation to tackle all issues, including women's experiences in the online space and cyber harassment.
From lobbying for a free and safe internet, to convincing young women that safe internet access is a fundamental human right, in dealing with a problem that has bothered me for years. I'm going to do my part to light the fire.
I think of women who feel unsafe in the online space, who live in fear of rape threats in their inboxes, who are traumatized but who don't get the support they need. is
Secure access to the Internet is access to knowledge, and knowledge means freedom from oppression.
Fighting for women's rights online is fighting for equality.
Thank you
(applause)
(Applause) Dinosaurs are a little funny.
(Laughter) People ask me all sorts of questions, but one of the most common is, why do kids love dinosaurs?
There are many kinds
A long time ago, in the early 20th century, museums were digging for dinosaurs.
Around 1970, some scientists thought, "What the hell is this? All the dinosaurs you see are big.
(Laughter) Now, when you go to a museum, how many baby dinosaurs are there?
(Laughter) They discovered things that looked different and gave them different names.
Dr. Peter Dodson, of the University of Pennsylvania, has noticed something: Dinosaurs grow like birds, but not like reptiles.
It's a pretty good study -- any bird with a crest on its head, like the cassowary, grows to 80 percent adult size before the crest develops.
This is the problem, and Dr. Dodson used Hypacrosaurus, a duck-billed dinosaur, to point this out.
You could say it's a mature bone.
(Laughter) Here are 12 dinosaurs.
Take a look at these three first
They are thought to be related like cousins.
But no one thought they were more closely related.
People looked at these and talked about how different they were.
Pachycephalosaurus has a large, thick dome on its head, a small ridge on the back of its head, and many bumps on the tip of its nose.
And a similar dinosaur from the same period, the same age, Stygimoloch, had horns on the back of its head.
And this is called Dracorex Hogwartsia.
Dracorex is the smallest, Stygimoloch is medium, and Pachycephalosaurus is the largest.
Because scientists like to name
With just these three dinosaurs, I can easily -- as a scientist -- assume that this is just the same animal growing up.
The flow of this story tells us that Stygimoloch and Dracorex are extinct.
(laughs) okay
At Berkeley, a colleague and I were doing research on Triceratops.
And when they reach adulthood, their horns grow forward.
If you look at the edge of the frill, there are little triangular bones that grow into large triangles and then flatten out along the frill, much like the pachycephalosaurus projections.
This skull is two meters long.
it's a very big skull
There's a much larger dinosaur that looks a lot like the Triceratops skull, and it's called Torosaurus.
When you cut open a Torosaurus, it's mature inside.
"Of course not, but there's a hole in the frill," they said.
This is Edmontosaurus and Anatotitan.
Anatotitan: giant duck
When we look at the histology of bone, we can see that
Nanotyrannus was a child's bone, and the larger one was an adult's bone.
it's a good number
4th grade kids love dinosaurs and remember their names.
If there's one city where it's hard to buy or rent a house, it's Sydney.
37%
37% of the time, if you're looking for a month, you have 11 days to set standards and prepare to take action.
I am a computational cognitive scientist
To do this, we consider the computational structure of everyday problems, and then compare the ideal solution to that problem with what we actually do.
As a by-product, we've found that a little bit of computer science can make human decision-making easier.
(Laughter) She used to point out that I was taking the wrong approach to this problem, who later became my wife.
(Laughter) (Applause) From the simple problem of deciding which restaurant to go to, to the serious problem of deciding who to spend the rest of your life with, life is full of computational problems that you simply try to solve with guts. is too difficult
(Laughter) When you're looking for life advice, a computer scientist probably isn't the first person you think of.
This is a problem with a certain computational structure.
This situation creates what computer scientists call the explore-exploit trade-off, and what computer scientists call the explore-exploit trade-off.
This is also the problem that technology companies face when deciding which ads to put on their websites.
Over the last 60 years, computer scientists have gained a better understanding of the trade-offs between exploration and exploitation, and some surprising insights.
When you're trying to decide which restaurant to go to, the first question to ask is how long will you be in the city?
But if you're going to stay longer, let's explore.
You can try new things and the information you gain will help you make better choices in the future.
The value of information increases as the number of opportunities to use that information increases.
You don't have to go to the best restaurants every night
Dare to try something new and explore
you might learn something
The information you get that way will be worth more than one delicious dinner.
Computer science also makes things easier at home and at work.
Martha Stewart seems to have put a lot of thought into this question (Laughter), and she has good advice.
She said, "Ask yourself four things: How long have you had it?
There are experts who are thinking about this issue even more intensely, and will point out that one of these questions is more important than the other three.
Over the years, computer scientists have experimented with different ways of determining which data to remove from fast memory.
Going back to Martha's four questions, computer scientists would say that the last question is the most important.
The idea of ​​organizing things so that the things you're most likely to need are where they're most accessible can also apply to the workplace.
That way, the documents will be arranged from left to right in order of most recently used.
Organizing your wardrobe and your desk probably isn't the most pressing issue in your life.
Sometimes the problems we have to solve are just too hard.
Even in those cases, computer science can provide some strategy and solace in those cases.
The best algorithms do the most meaningful things in the least amount of time.
When computers are faced with hard problems, they deal with them by simplifying them, by introducing randomness, by removing constraints, by making approximations.
(Laughter) 37%.
that's the best you can do
Computer science helps us become more tolerant of our limitations.
If you're using the best process, you've done your best.
thank you
(applause)
If you take a picture with your camera, the process ends the moment you press the shutter.
I thought anyone could do it.
Yet it still retains its realism.
So it's more like capturing an idea than capturing a moment.
What creates the illusion?
Ultimately, it comes down to how we interpret the world and how we can represent it on a two-dimensional plane.
the basics are pretty simple
Let me show you a simple example
What makes a photograph look real is something we don't even think about, things that surround us every day.
I think there are three simple rules to get realistic results.
The first rule is that the photos you combine must have the same perspective.
Second, the combined photos must have the same lighting conditions.
These two photos meet both criteria, they're taken from the same height and the lighting conditions are the same.
this is another example
I think it's easier to create a place than to find it, because that way you can take the ideas you have in your head and make them happen.
For example, the fish were caught on a fishing trip.
And I made the house on the island red and made it look Swedish.
If the photography is done well, the results can be very nice and very realistic.
thank you
(applause)
On my last day at college, a girl came up to me and said, "I remember the first time I met you."
A year and a half after we moved to Toronto, I was invited to their wedding.
It was an eye-opener for a woman to walk up to a stranger she met four years ago and say, "You're such an important person in my life." I don't even remember a moment that had such a huge impact on my life that I would say, I don't even remember a moment that had a huge impact on my life
Six years ago, when I was pregnant with my first child, I discovered something strange: one of the most common preservatives in baby care products, when ingested, mimics estrogen.
In fact, the chemicals in our products are very easy to get through your skin and into your body.
These preservatives have been found in breast cancer tumors.
Many of these chemicals have been linked to the rapid rise in chronic childhood diseases common in industrialized countries.
For example, in England, childhood leukemia increased by 20 percent in one generation.
1 in 10 children in Canada has asthma
We also see this trend in Europe and North America.
Chronic childhood diseases, including obesity, juvenile diabetes, and precocious puberty, are on the rise at an alarming rate.
I'm actually surprised that I got involved in this pesticide problem, because the world's largest chemical manufacturer asked me to study the effects of atrazine on amphibians and frogs.
Atrazine was a hot-selling product from the world's largest chemical manufacturer.
(Laughter) Even amphibians --
Normally, the testicles make the male sex hormone, testosterone.
But atrazine activates an enzyme called aromatase, which converts testosterone into estrogen.
When cancer cells form in the breast, aromatase converts androgens to estrogens, which allows the cancer to grow and spread into a tumor.
And speaking of estrogen, there's been a lot of recent mention of a chemical called bisphenol A, BPA, which Tyrone mentioned in the movie.
this is a plasticizer
The interesting thing about BPA is that it does the same thing as estrogen, and was actually once considered a synthetic estrogen for use in hormone replacement therapy.
So many studies now prove that BPA seeps out of the bottle, dissolves in the milk, and gets into the baby's body.
We give synthetic estrogens to newborns and infants.
A little over two weeks ago, the European Union passed legislation banning the use of BPA in baby bottles and baby cups.
But just two weeks earlier, the U.S. Senate had refused to even discuss banning BPA in baby bottles and baby cups.
Scientists now agree
Many species are going extinct faster than the dinosaurs, and amphibians will be gone.
80% of amphibians are at risk of extinction
Generations and decades of exposure to so many chemicals will affect the health of our grandchildren and their generations by the chemicals we use today.
It's not just theoretical, we know that things like estrogen, PCBs, and DDT can cross the placenta and increase the chances of developing breast cancer, obesity, and diabetes in a fetus in the womb.
Chemicals like DDT, DES, and atrazine can affect you through your milk even after your baby is born.
what is it?
Help me
Tyrone told me that the fetus is trapped in a contaminated environment, and this is my contaminated environment.
Maybe because of the connection to the next generation, like my wife and daughter 13 years ago - maybe that connection is why women often become activists in this field.
Frogs exposed to atrazine, due to a hormonal imbalance, have more holes in their testicles, can't produce sperm, empty testicular ducts, and a 50% drop in fertility.
Although it cannot be studied in humans, one researcher accidentally discovered that men with low sperm counts and quality had significantly higher levels of urinary atrazine.
In fact, men who work in agriculture have higher levels of atrazine.
The urine of men with direct skin contact with atrazine has 24,000 times higher levels of atrazine than the average person.
Of course, 90% are Mexican.
They've also been exposed to chemicals like chloropicrin, which was originally used as a nerve agent.
When we turn on the faucet, we have safe water, and we end up thinking that we are the masters of our environment, not part of it.
We know the effects of the things we put out into the world, but we lack knowledge of the effects when we put them into our bodies.
thank you
(applause)
straw like a whip
This is very useful for scientists, because when scientists discover an insect they've never seen before, they can learn a lot just by looking at how the insect eats.
The characteristics of an insect's mouth are key to distinguishing which "order" it belongs to, and can give clues to how it grows and what it feeds on.
The chewing mouth shape is the most common
And it's also the most primitive. All other mouth shapes are thought to have started like this and evolved into something else.
This mouth shape is found in ants of the order Hymenoptera, grasshoppers of the order Locustidae, crickets, dragonflies of the order Odondae, and beetles of the order Coleoptera.
House flies, fruit flies, and other non-biting flies belonging to Diptera are the only insects that use this method.
For example, some larvae and adults have completely different mouths. For example, caterpillars chomp on leaves with their chewing mouths, before emerging into butterflies and moths with siphon-like mouthpieces.
She takes him to Arthur Murray to learn ballroom dancing.
You know, statistically, half of them will be divorced within 10 years.
Of course, researchers want to know why.
Researchers are using billions of dollars of your tax dollars to find the answer to this question.
Another study found that positive-minded couples were the happiest.
One of my favorite studies found that the more a husband was involved in housework, the more attractive the wife was to him.
A study found that people who smiled in their childhood photos were less likely to get divorced, which is a valid study.
Now, I don't know how old you all are, but when I was a kid, I used to use a special camera to take pictures, and it contained something called film.
Now, what else can you do to protect a happy marriage?
thank you
i am a journalist
My job is to meet and talk to people from all walks of life.
The story begins in my hometown of Caracas, Venezuela, South America, a place that has always been a place of magic and wonder for me.
I remember, one day, when I was about seven years old, my father said to me, "Mariana, I'm going to send you and your sister to a place."
I want you to experience a different culture."
(Laughter) I was very excited.
But my father had a slightly different plan.
Caracas sent us to Brainerd, Minnesota.
When I got there, one of the things I noticed was that the other kids had different shades of blond hair, and most of them had blue eyes.
The first night, the camp overseer gathered everyone around the campfire and said, "Guys, this year's camp is very international. We have Sister Atencio from Venezuela."
(Laughter) Other children looked at us as if we were from another planet.
"Do you go to school by donkey or canoe?"
(Laughter) I tried to answer in my poor English, but people just laughed.
I don't think they were trying to be mean, but they wanted to understand who we are and connect them with the world they know.
But I had a sister who cried every day that I had to look after at summer camp.
Making friends was a special reward
Then, when I was in high school, my dad expanded his plans for the summer vacation, and we were sent from Caracas to Wallingford, Connecticut, for our final year of high school.
When I opened the door to the room, there was her sitting on the bed with a scarf covering her head.
I think she probably sensed my disappointment, because I didn't hide my feelings very well.
As a teenager, I wanted to fit in and be popular, maybe even have a boyfriend to take me to prom, and I thought Fatima would get in the way because she's shy and dresses harshly. because there was a rule of
Little did I know I was making her feel the way I felt at summer camp.
I was so selfish that I couldn't put myself in her shoes.
So how can we be aware of this blind spot?
But I was determined to find something of value.
And then it looked like the whole school raised their hands to bid.
My dance class really stood out compared to the tenth violin class offered that day.
felt really special
That's when I thought of Fatima, who I didn't think was special when I first met her.
She's from the Middle East, like Shakira's family.
When I returned to Venezuela, I began to realize how much these experiences had changed me.
Being able to speak multiple languages ​​while traveling through different places with people who are different from me gave me a special sensibility.
What I'm finally starting to understand is the importance of putting yourself in someone else's shoes.
That was the big reason why I wanted to become a journalist.
I was able to get a scholarship to study journalism.
It takes courage to respect
Voltaire said, I may not agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to express yourself.
Without dialogue, we repeat the same mistakes, because we can't learn anything new from them.
I covered the 2016 election on NBC News.
i wanted to do something different
I was watching the election results with an illegal immigrant family.
When Donald Trump almost won the election, an eight-year-old girl named Angelina ran up to me in tears.
As I pointed my camera at her and other family members in a similar situation, I tried to make people see them as people, not as illegal immigrants.
I've told you before how my path to personal growth began.
On that day, April 10th, 2014, I was on my way to the studio when my parents called me.
"What happened?" I asked
"Your sister was in a car accident."
my heart seemed to stop
It's often said that life can change in an instant.
In the last two years, my sister has had 15 surgeries and spent most of her time in a wheelchair.
The worst thing was that even now, it's so painful that I can't even put it into words.
It changed the way people looked at her and us.
(Applause) Thank you very much.
I have traveled the world and met and talked to many different people.
Celebrate the imperfections that make us special
We're all quirky and unique, and that's what makes us wonderfully human.
Thank you
(applause)
For the past three years, I've been hosting a national radio program.
Five days a week, live in 40 cities, I talk to men and women across the country who feel stuck.
Did you know that one in three Americans are currently dissatisfied with their lives?
(Laughter) (Applause) Sorry, Simon.
Of course you know what word it is, it's "Fine"
"How are you?" "Ah, I'm fine."
What a flimsy and poor word
"It's okay. We'll have to wait until the kids graduate before we get divorced. Until then, we'll live in separate bedrooms."
"I'm fine. I'm unemployed and barely making a living, but it's hard to get a job anyway."
Do you see the odds of -- uh, you over there, put your computer down and stand up Doug (Laughter) Doug here -- say hello to everyone in the back -- the odds of Doug being born at the moment he was born. The odds of being born with his parents' current DNA is 1 in 400 trillion!
Isn't that amazing? (Doug) I'm lucky
Day in and day out, you've got ideas that change your life, ideas that change your world, ideas that change your mindset, what do you do with those ideas? nothing!
What was the first decision you made when you woke up this morning?
If you're lucky, you'll have someone you love next to you, and in my case, my husband, my two kids, and the occasional dog.
Scientists call this "activation energy."
try this test tomorrow
(Laughter) Try it.
Tomorrow morning, I'm going to set my alarm 30 minutes earlier than usual.
And here's why I want you to do it, because you're actually going to witness physical forces, and those forces will change the way you behave.
Even if you can do one thing, you will find another thing you don't want to do.
but it's not easy
I made a theory about why people get stuck in life.
Most of you have taken an introductory class in basic psychology and learned about Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, right?
Your body is designed to send you signals.
How do you feel when you need food?
How do you feel when you need water?
How do you feel when you need sex? Thank you smile)
When I feel stuck or dissatisfied with my life, I think that's a signal.
One more thing you can use, I call it the "five second rule."
I want you to practice this today.
And one more thing, I want to tell you that everything I do, whether it's a radio show, a TV show, a book or a column I'm writing, is for you.
(Applause) Thank you. Please stand up.
Because I'm a millennial computer scientist and author on the TEDx stage, and I've never had a social media account.
Now, I'm here for two reasons. I want to deliver two messages.
The first message I want to send is that I've never had a social media account, but that's absolutely fine and nothing to worry about.
And because I don't use social media, I feel happier, more comfortable with my life, and more successful as a professional.
Let's see if I can really convince you that your life will be better if you quit social media.
The theme of this TEDx event is "Future Tense," but in other words, this is my vision for the future, and I'm assuming that in the future there will be fewer social media users than there are now.
Hipster or Hermit? It's sometimes difficult to tell
The first objection is this: "Cal, social media is one of the must-have technologies of the 21st century.
My reaction to that objection is that it's nonsense.
It's not a coincidence that I've used a picture of a slot machine here, because if you look a little more closely at technology like this, it's not just a kind of entertainment, it's a sort of morally unsavory kind of entertainment.
Today, many of the major social media companies are hiring what they call "attention engineers" to apply the principles of casino gambling, especially in Las Vegas, to make their products as addictive as possible.
The counter-argument goes something like this: "Cal, social media is essential to success in the 21st century economy. I can't stop.
If I don't have a well-developed social media brand, people won't know who I am, they won't find me, the opportunities won't come, and I will disappear from the market."
I recently published this book and argued, based on some evidence, that in the competitive 21st-century economy, the market value is the ability to create something rare and valuable.
In other words - if you write a sophisticated algorithm - if you write a legal brief - if you write a thousand words of prose that keep the reader going until the end - if you write an ambiguous data If you can look at the ocean and use statistics to generate insights that change business strategy, if you can do these kinds of activities that require "deep work" to produce rare and useful results, people will find you.
Thinking back to myself, this objection is also nonsense.
What we're missing in this case is a very important fact that we need to be more honest about: the well-documented reality that social media poses complex and significant harm.
One of the harms this technology does is to our professional success.
But before making this claim, I said that social media tools are designed to be highly addictive.
A growing body of research shows that if you spend most of your day with your attention fragmented, interrupting it to catch a glimpse of, "Let's just take a look at Instagram," can permanently damage your can reduce concentration
So social media use isn't harmless, and can actually have a significant negative impact on your ability to survive in the economy.
If you lose the ability to sustain your attention, you will become less and less involved with the economy.
Research literature shows that the more we use social media, the more lonely and isolated we feel.
It short-circuits the brain, and we're finding that it has cognitive consequences, one of which is the background noise of anxiety creeping in.
If you talk to a college mental health professional, they'll tell you that the prevalence of smartphone and social media use among college students is leading to a spike in anxiety disorders on campus.
Using social media comes at a real cost, and when you're trying to decide whether to use it or not, it's not enough to just be "harmless."
People often ask me, "Okay, but what would life be like without social media?"
It's like a real detoxification process
For the first two weeks, you may feel restless, a little anxious and feeling like you've lost a limb.
The first is that it can be very productive.
I'm a research professor, I've written five books, and I rarely work past five on weekdays.
If you can focus intensely on one thing after another, you'll be amazed at how much work you can do in eight hours.
Life without social media isn't really that bad
I also emphasized that there is real harm.
it's not just harmless
Of course, there will be people who will disagree, and there will be people who will be harsh but accurate critiques of me and my views, and I, of course, welcome negative feedback.
thank you
(applause)
Hello everyone
I'm Sam and I just turned 17
A few years ago, before I even started high school, playing the snare drum in the marching band at Foxborough High School was a dream I desperately wanted to pursue.
So my family and I teamed up with an engineer to develop a snare drum harness that was lighter and easier for me to carry.
(Applause) Now let me tell you a little bit more about Progeria.
Last year, because my mother (a pediatrician) and a team of scientists published the first successful treatment for Progeria, I was interviewed by NPR and John Hamilton asked me this question. "What is the most important thing we should know about you?"
My answer is plain and simple, "I'm living a very happy life."
(Applause) I have a lot of obstacles in my life, and many of them are caused by progeria, but I don't want you to feel sorry for me.
People around me sometimes ask me, "Isn't it difficult to have Progeria?" "How does Progeria interfere with your daily life?"
But instead, I try to focus on what I can do through the things I'm passionate about: Boy Scouts, music, comics, and my favorite sports team in Boston.
So -- (Laughter) but sometimes it's good to find a different way of doing things with adjustments, and I'd like to put these in the "can do" category.
It's like the drum you saw earlier.
I'm going to show you a video of me playing Spider-Man in the marching band at Foxborough High School at halftime a couple of years ago.
(Video) ♫ Spider-Man theme song ♫ (Applause) Thank you.
Well -- that was pretty good, because it allowed me to achieve my dream of playing the snare drum in a marching band, and I believe I can achieve all of my other dreams.
I feel very lucky to have an amazing family around me who has always supported me in my life.
We're a bit out there and band geeks a lot, but we really enjoy being together and help each other out when we need to.
(Applause) Thank you.
When I was little I wanted to be an engineer
I wanted to be an inventor to make the world a better place.
Now, my goals have changed slightly. I want to go into biology, and I'm interested in cell biology, genetics, biochemistry, whatever.
About four years ago, HBO started a documentary about me and my family called "Life According to Sam."
It was an amazing experience, but that was four years ago.
Like all of you, my perspective on things has changed, and I hope I've matured enough to reflect on my future career path.
So this is a weight off my shoulders, because I no longer have to think of Progeria as an abstraction.
(Applause) Thank you.
So in my philosophy, I hope that you, too, can live a very happy life, no matter how big your barriers are.
My high school's homecoming day dance party will be held tomorrow and I'll be there.
thank you very much
(applause)
There's no other woman like you
And your thighs are so sexy I can't help but rub them together
i love you
Once I decided that I wasn't going to fit into the narrow confines of society's expectations, I began to feel free.
but that's okay
My name is Ashley Graham and I'm a model and body activist.
Over the last 15 years, I've come to the conclusion that there is no such thing as a perfect body.
Because I, like you, have a wonderfully unique and different body.
Today's fashion industry might classify me as "plus size," but I like to think of it as "my size."
Did you know? The plus-size fashion industry started with an American size 8.
I feel strongly that we need to move beyond the boundaries of plus-size modeling and start looking at what it means to be a model in 2015.
My journey here started in Lincoln, Nebraska.
When I was 12, I was scouted at a mall.
I graduated when I was 17 and moved to New York City, and while most young people in college are on the self-discovery stage, my self-discovery stage was runway and catalog auditions.
I was working full time as a plus size model.
I struggled to find real confidence
The Dove report on "beauty" actually features surveys of thousands of women in 10 countries.
2%!
Together, we need to redefine beauty on a global scale.
The first is that you become a role model for yourself.
Plus size fashion is an $18 billion industry
IMG, now the number one modeling agency in the world, has signed me and other models who are size-defying.
Like my confidence, my body was being abused, manipulated, and dominated by people who didn't really understand it.
I had to learn to take back my body as my own.
In fact, people in the fashion industry told me that I would never be able to appear in a magazine or be on the cover alone.
(Applause) Thank you.
My goal is to give young women a voice.
For the girls who can't look at themselves in the mirror and say "I love you"
thank you
(applause)
I have a question for you. How many of you can draw?
Because when people say, "I can't draw," I think it has a lot more to do with belief than talent or ability.
So most people who say they can't draw are just an illusion, and today I want to prove it to you.
But at the end of this session, wouldn't it be nice if you could draw something like this?
(audience murmurs) Yeah yeah!
(Audience) Yes!
A character named Spike
next is spiky hair
Line to the left Line to the right
(laughs) OK
nose
Smile
But this time let's change our eyes a little
Look, put the two circles together like this
And this time, let's change the mouth a little.
nice curly hair
Line to the left Line to the right
let's call him jeff
Next, the mouth is also slightly different.
The bottom triangle is the rest of the hair
Line to the left Line to the right
Next is a frame. Draw two circles like this and connect them.
I'll save my favorite and most surprising example for last.
In fact, when they're little, they draw well, but by the time they're 15 or 16, most kids think they can't draw.
And I've also worked a lot with adults from all walks of life, especially those in the business world, who often want their presentations to be memorable.
this is my favorite
Have you ever been asked what you do at a party?
Turns out it was part of a charity called TALK.
TALK is a great charity that helps people who have had a stroke, especially those who suffer from aphasia.
(audience) Oh!
let's see another photo
Finally, I got a nice email from Dr. Mike Jordan, who is also the chair of TALK, or rather, the doctor and the chair of this group.
Great, I thought this was a great example to share.
(audience) Yes!
thank you
(applause)
But the nice thing about this is that it's so easy that you can just hop on and it will send your results to Google Health as well.
We created an application that allows you to search for an AED on Layar, which expresses augmented reality.
Please help me, let's not just make our health a little better, but take control of it. Thank you.
(applause)
"listen
my grandmother asked me
If you sharpen your ears, you'll hear family chatter, laughter, the howl of the wind, and even the chirping of crickets.
And then I would tap the plate with a spoon and tap my chest with my little hand, trying to recreate the sounds I heard.
After a few years, I came to understand what tradition and culture meant, what was taboo and what wasn't.
I think this taboo stems from the psychological and traditional notion that women are inferior to men.
At its core, the drum is a very sensual instrument.
Drumming is inherently a symbol of a strong African tradition, and its importance is found in many aspects of African heritage.
But those same drums are rapidly disappearing from the music scene, and the popularity of traditional music is rapidly declining.
In my life as a percussion teacher, I've noticed that so many women actually want to play the drums, and they're afraid of it at the same time.
Some people worry about the physical pain that comes with playing.
it's certainly not that easy
Some are opposed by their husbands, others fear the responsibility of being cultural bearers in general.
My roots made me who I am and my culture will always be with me.
thank you
(Applause) (Chime) (Cymbal) (Chime) (Rattle sound) (Drum) (Applause)
basking sharks are amazing creatures just amazing
the second largest fish in the world
It was an important fish, especially along the coasts of Claddagh, Duff, and Connemara, where subsistence farmers sailed in sailboats and unarmored boats to fish for basking sharks offshore and sometimes as far as Sunfish Bank, 30 miles west of Achill Island. This is an old woodcut from the 1700's 1800's
The streetlights of Galway, Dublin and Waterford were lit with sunfish oil.
Sunfish is one of the words for basking sharks
Humans kill 100 million sharks a year
And between 2,500 and 3,000 sharks were killed by 1985, many by Norwegian ships.
The importance of basking sharks to coastal communities is also reflected in language.
""Liabhan mor"" means "big animal"
It's an amazing opportunity for science, and basking sharks are amazing creatures.
I focused on two areas where I was primarily active, North Donegal and West Kerry.
We tagged 105 sharks last summer
To actually film the shark, we used a camera on a pole from the top of the boat.
We also used some high-tech satellite tags.
What happens is that we let the tag detach from the shark after a certain period of time, and that period of time was eight months, and the tag detached and washed ashore and communicated with the satellite, not all the data, but enough for us. send data
The tagged shark traveled from the Isle of Man to Nova Scotia in about 90 days.
I think one of the things that is surprising and strange is that sharks don't have a lot of genetic diversity.
I'm not a geneticist, so I'm not going to say I understand genes.
They looked at the basking shark genes and found that the basking shark genetic diversity is very low.
I think they're all sharks and they all descended from a common ancestor, the genes passed down from their parents.
Looking at nucleotide diversity, basking sharks are an order of magnitude less diverse than other types of sharks.
So he did another study with microsatellites, which was much more expensive and time consuming, and surprisingly, it yielded almost the same results.
It turns out that basking sharks have a very low diversity for some reason.
Similarly, whale sharks, which are large plankton-eating sharks, are more diverse.
I don't understand it, I don't pretend to understand it, and geneticists probably don't understand it, but there are numbers.
What the numbers tell us is that the population is so small that this species is in danger of becoming extinct.
So where exactly do the samples for genetic analysis come from?
This is now banned, which is good news for sharks.
The total number of samples worldwide is now 86, and it's a very important study.
Then when Emmett and I got back to Marine Head Pier, I noticed a black slime on the front of the ship.
I had a little test tube of alcohol to send to the geneticist.
This was early in the month of August, and sharks usually peak in June and July, so you don't see many sharks in August. not
We were desperate. As soon as we heard there were sharks in Blasket, we rushed over and managed to find a few sharks.
Look at this nice black shark slime
(Laughter) (Applause) I spent 20 years studying whales and dolphins in Ireland, and whales and dolphins were a little more dynamic.
So you can easily tell the gender of a shark.
If we knew the gender of a shark before we sampled it, we could tell the geneticist whether the sample was male or female.
(applause)
The January 12, 2010 earthquake in Haiti triggered change.
The earthquake devastated the capital city of Port-au-Prince, claimed 320,000 lives, and left 1.2 million people homeless.
I still remember standing on the roof of the Ministry of Justice in Port-au-Prince.
The disaster in Haiti has given us a glimpse of disaster response in a hyper-connected world where everyone is connected by smart mobile devices.
Things were different outside Haiti
On the Internet, tens of thousands of volunteers gathered to convert text-to-text tweets, then convert them and post them on open source maps with important information, Crisis Mappers and Open Street Map, just to name a few. We published this on the web and disseminated information so that the media, aid organizations, and communities can participate and utilize it.
We started talking to Voilà, a local telecommunications provider that is a subsidiary of Trilogy International.
There were three requirements
Out of this devastation in Haiti came TERA, the Trilogy Emergency Response Application, which can be used not only for relief efforts, but also for community disaster preparedness.
It is also used in campaigns to raise health awareness, such as cholera prevention.
It's also being used to promote sensitive issues like gender-based violence.
About 74% of people were able to receive the data.
The TERA system was developed in Haiti with the assistance of local engineers.
Citizens and entire communities in developing regions around the world are using technology to drive positive change everywhere.
Grassroots has been strengthened through the social power of sharing, and with it, the old analog command-and-control model is about to be overthrown.
This transformative power of technology can be seen in Kibera.
Kibera is Africa's largest slum
Located on the outskirts of Nairobi, the capital of Kenya
If you were to pick up a tourist map in Nairobi today, Kibera would be presented as a remote, lush national park.
Young people living in Kibera communities are literally projecting themselves onto a map with simple GPS devices and SMS-capable mobile phones.
People like Josh and Steve, layering information on information, posting tweets and texts on the map in real time so everyone can access it.
It also has its own news site on YouTube, which currently has 36,000 viewers.
For example, in Mongolia, where 30% of the population is nomadic, SMS information systems are used to record movement patterns and weather patterns.
In Nigeria, an open-source SMS tool is being used by Red Cross field workers to gather information from local communities to improve awareness of malaria and prevent its spread.
It is said that there will be 3 billion smartphones in the market by 2015.
Citizens of all cultures and societal strata are moving towards a hyper-connected world where smart, high-speed mobile devices are connected to an ever-increasing pace.
thank you
(applause)
It stretches straight across northern Canada within the Labrador Peninsula and is home to extant wild caribou, the George River caribou herd, numbering about 400,000.
Wetlands are one of the most threatened ecosystems on a global scale.
This is a photo of the east side of Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, a newly designated UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Tombstone Valley is home to the Porcupine Caribou herd.
I think that because we live in a time of environmental crisis, we can learn a lot from those who have lived sustainably in this ecosystem for over 10,000 years.
This viscous, tar-like bitumen is abundantly buried in the subarctic forests and wetlands of northern Alberta.
Check out this truck It's the biggest truck on earth
It is a dump truck with a loading capacity of 400 tons, about 14 meters long, 11 meters wide and 8 meters high.
When I stand next to this truck, my head is roughly under the yellow hubcaps, and my head is roughly under the yellow hubcaps.
It's the size of a gigantic metropolitan area, probably much larger than the city of Victoria.
This is just one of many mines, and there are currently 10 mines.
So, a lot of water is pumped underground at super-high temperatures all the way to this huge network of pipelines, seismic lines, drilling channels, compression stations.
Both methods of production emit more greenhouse gases than any other oil.
This is one of the reasons why it's called the world's dirtiest oil. This is one of the reasons why it's called the world's dirtiest oil.
And that's why it's one of Canada's largest and fastest growing sources of carbon emissions. And that's why Canada is now the third-largest per capita carbon emitter in the world. This is the reason why it is the third largest in the world.
Oil sands -- or rather, tar sands -- "oil sands" is a propaganda term that oil companies promote to a sticky, tar-like substance that is thought to be the dirtiest oil in the world. so as not to be broken
That's why I decided to call it oil sands.
Tar sands consumes more water than any other refining method, using 480-790 liters of water, contaminating it and returning it to tailings settling ponds, the largest toxic reservoirs. return to tailings pond
Tailings ponds reach up to 9,000 acres
It's the size of two-thirds of the entire island of Manhattan.
For example, it stretches from Wall Street at the south end of Manhattan to perhaps 120th Street.
In Fort Chippewa, a village of 800 people, toxins were found in the food chain, and this was scientifically proven.
Not many decades ago, I borrowed a boat from an indigenous man, and he said, "If you're out on the river, don't ever eat fish.
We're making it the biggest industrial project in history, producing the biggest high-carbon greenhouse gas emitting oil.
We're doing that in the second largest oil reserve on the planet, and we're doing it in the second largest oil reserve on the planet.
This is one of the reasons why Canada, the natural champion of climate change, and we, one of the first signatories to the Kyoto Protocol,
This is a globally significant wetland, probably the largest on the planet.
It's also the last refuge for the largest herds of buffaloes, and important habitat for other species.
This is a pipeline that carries unrefined tar sands in Keystone State to the Gulf Coast, through the agricultural heartland of North America, where the United States secures a contract to use the world's dirtiest fuel. securing a contract to use , casts a huge shadow on America's sustainable clean energy future.
The Great Bear Temperate Rainforest It is commonly said to be the largest coastal temperate rainforest ecosystem in the world It is said to be the largest coastal temperate rainforest ecosystem in the world
But there are plans to build a pipeline, a giant tanker ten times the size of the Exxon Valdez, that only a few years ago the B.C. Ferry was going through. It's about to be transported to what is said to be the most difficult place to navigate in
the world doesn't need more tar mines
We must remember that these wetlands and forests are the best, best, most important defense against global warming.
And we should all come together and say no to tar sands.
Everyone in this room, people across Canada, everyone listening to this presentation, has a role and a responsibility.
Because what we do here will change our history, and it will change the blueprint of our chances of survival, of our children's chances of survival, of a prosperous future.
It would destroy the Athabasca Delta—the largest and best freshwater delta.
It's destroying the Great Bear Rainforest -- the largest temperate rainforest in the world.
So if this presentation inspires you, please join the community that's doing it internationally, and let Canada take more responsibility, let Canada be the climate change champion again, not the climate change villain, and say no to the tar sands, everyone. let's say yes to the clean energy future of everyone Let's make everyone say yes to the clean energy future
thank you
(applause)
We tend to think that the darkening of the night sky is an inevitable consequence of progress, change and technology.
But before that, let me tell you about my own dark night sky experience.
I never saw a really dark sky until I was 15.
When I looked up at the sky, there were an impossibly large number of stars.
But I will never forget the first time I saw the dark night sky.
I was just amazed at how many stars there were.
The reason why the Earth looks like this blue-green marble is because it's reflecting the sun's light, and that's why we can see the oceans, the clouds, the land.
This is Earth at night, and it dramatically shows how humans are affecting the planet.
What that image shows is that it's not just in those extremes, it's everywhere you have outdoor lighting.
A single light bulb can illuminate an entire room.
While it's great for indoor lighting, when it comes to outdoor lighting, the traditional bulb shape, which spreads light in all directions, is actually inefficient.
It just spreads the light into the sky and it's called "light pollution."
Even if you're not interested in stargazing, you should be concerned about this problem, because 60 to 70 percent of the energy used in outdoor lighting is wasted, hiding the starry sky.
As a scientist, I use technology every day.
In fact, technology is allowing us to interact with the sky in ways that were once impossible.
A good example of this is the Hubble Space Telescope.
Hubble is in space, sending us pictures every day, allowing us to see things that we could never see with the naked eye, things that humankind has never seen in its entire history.
In the last few years, planetariums have gotten really high tech, and they've got some really cool visuals, and even if you're not looking directly at the sky, they're giving you access to knowledge about the sky.
I'm sure you've all heard of Hubble and planetariums.
It's called a "citizen science project."
Citizen science is where large research projects put their data online and teach the public, like you, how to work with the data and make interesting or necessary characterizations so that they can contribute to the research.
One such thing is the Galaxy Zoo, shown here.
I can see that the Galaxy Zoo would be easy to get people to attend, because it has beautiful images, and galaxies in general are very attractive.
An example of such a thing is the citizen science project on the Kepler project, which I'm also involved in.
Kepler is a space telescope that attempts to find planets around stars by measuring the light of stars with precision.
And the citizen science project for that is Planet Hunters.
In Planet Hunters, like in Galaxy Zoo, after a short tutorial of just a few minutes, you're ready to jump right in, using data from the Kepler Space Telescope to find planets.
But not only are many people interested in this work, but the citizen scientists at Planet Hunters are actually discovering planets that otherwise would not have been found.
If you look closely, you'll see that this is the first academic paper to acknowledge the importance of Irish coffee in the discovery process.
So this appeals to people's curiosity and their desire to be involved in scientific discovery.
think about that for a moment
The sky you see is shared by all life we ​​know.
The night sky is a gift of nature, like a park that you can visit without going there.
thank you
(applause)
In other words, we all have one biography, but we have many.
About the size of a rugby ball
It's made of clay, it's molded into a cylinder, it's written on it, and it's dried in the sun.
The story begins with the Iran-Iraq War and the chain of events that led to the invasion of Iraq by foreign powers, the removal of the dictator, and the rapid change of government.
Belshazzar son of Nebuchadnezzar II Nebuchadnezzar II conquered Israel, destroyed Jerusalem and carried out the Babylonian captivity.
His son Belshazzar gave a feast
He was already at war with the Iranian Persian king.
And that very night, Cyrus, king of Persia, invades Babylon and Belshazzar's regime falls.
To the Babylonians I proclaimed in Babylonian, "I am Cyrus the king of all the universe, the great king, the mighty king, the king of Babylon, the king of the four quarters of the world."
People can restore altars and worship the gods in their own way and in their own place.
It's a central document in Jewish history.
What was happening was a momentous shift in the history of the Middle East.
Under the command of Cyrus, the Medes and Persians united to form the kingdom of Iran, the world's first great empire.
Until his son Darius I, the entire eastern Mediterranean was under Persian rule.
This empire is the Middle East as we know it today, and it's the archetype that shaped the Middle East as we know it.
Cyrus remained a role model throughout subsequent European culture.
Xenophon's description of Cyrus' method of organizing diverse societies was an excellent textbook that inspired the founding fathers of the American Revolution.
Jefferson was an ardent follower of Cyrus, an 18th-century ideal of how to create religious tolerance in a new nation.
But back in Babylon, things weren't going so well.
After Alexander, the other empires, and Babylon, declined and went to ruin, and all traces of the Great Babylonian Empire were fading away—until 1879, when the British Museum Babylon Expedition found a cylinder seal.
At that time, only the Hebrew Bible described the return of the Jews and the decree of Cyrus.
no other evidence
All of a sudden this appeared
"Marduk called the name of Cyrus."
Marduk took Cyrus by the hand and commanded him to rule over the people and gave him the rulership of Babylon.
Not surprisingly, the Hebrews who wrote the Old Testament took a different view.
So there is a wonderful passage in Isaiah that all the credit goes to Israel's Chief God, not to Marduk -- Israel's Chief God likewise called Cyrus by name, likewise took Cyrus by the hand, and spoke of the people.
And obviously the cylinder predates Isaiah, and Jehovah used words very similar to those spoken by Marduk.
Isaiah may have known, because he said, of course, this is the word of God - "Though thou didst not know me, I called thy name."
Because, of course, Cyrus was a good Iranian, and he followed a completely different god who was never mentioned in these books.
(Laughter) That was in 1879.
Throughout Eastern Europe, Jews lined up portraits of Cyrus and George V to honor the two great rulers who allowed their return to Jerusalem.
Ten years later, yet another story: the Iranian revolution of 1979.
Another Iran-Iraq War
It was important for the Iranians to remember their great past -- their great past of fighting and winning Iraq.
All the people in Iran, Muslims and non-Muslims - Christians, Zoroastrians, Jews, devout people, non-devout people, they needed a symbol to unite all Iranians.
Last year Cyrus' cylinder went to Tehran again.
it was a big event
In modern Iran, Zoroastrians and Christians are guaranteed seats in the Iranian parliament, which is something to be very proud of.
Is Iran still a champion of the oppressed?
Will Iran continue to free people held captive and enslaved by dictators?
There's a replica at the United Nations
thank you
(applause)
Gabriel Garcia Marquez is one of my favorite authors, but what impresses me even more than the magnificence of the stories he tells is the beauty and accuracy of every word he writes.
At one point, while reading this work, I realized something particularly unusual and wonderful: along with the story, I was swept along by the vivid and dynamic adventure of translation.
In college, I majored in comparative literature, which has many similarities to an English literature major, but instead of just spending three months studying only Chaucer, reading all the world's translated masterpieces. I was able to
Even as a child, what I wanted more than anything else in life was the ability to understand everything around me and share it with everyone.
At its core is communication, which leads not only to greater understanding on a personal level, but even to real change.
Remember not too long ago, when Saturday Night Live's Tina Fey impersonated the newly-appointed Vice Presidential candidate Sarah Palin, the devastating damage was done.
This leads to intellectual stimulation, which results in the physical response of laughter.It's no coincidence that endorphins are released in the brain.
These responses are the complete opposite of the anger, fear, panic, and other mechanisms evoked by the fight-or-flight response.
So comedy is about race, religion, politics, and sexuality, the areas we are most defended against, and by approaching it with humor rather than adrenaline, we release endorphins and turn walls into windows with the magic of laughter. Reveal new and unexpected perspectives
From what I hear, homosexuals want three things the most: to join the military, to get married, and to have a family.
There are very few words that are more focused and represent a subject better than the perfect punch line.
(Laughter) All of my childhood in just three words.
In 1980, when comedian Richard Pryor accidentally set himself on fire while inhaling drugs, I was in Los Angeles the next day, and two days later in Washington, D.C.
A week before the Copenhagen climate change conference, when I met with Joel in December 2009.
So when we started talking about climate change
Governor Perry's solution to this problem was to instruct Texans to pray for rain.
Not for God, not for money, not for money, but as one of the criteria for global policy decisions.
(applause)
We were talking, "Nothing has changed since the time of the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata."
Today we do the same thing with airplanes.
In mythology, when the great Indian warrior Prince Arjuna was thirsty, he took out his bow and shot it into the ground, causing water to spurt out.
I was scared of what would happen if I couldn't just watch the sunset and enjoy it without taking pictures and tweeting it to my friends.
When I was a kid, my grandfather gave me a little silver pocket watch.
When I saw the iPad, I knew it could be used as a storytelling tool to connect readers around the world.
Another thing that really fascinated me as a kid was the fantasy that one marble contains one galaxy.
Another thing that was very important to me was to create content that was Indian but very modern.
We've all heard of fairies and nymphs, but how many outside of India know about the Indian version of the fairy Apsaras?
It's a story that actually touches on new challenges like environmental problems.
But now that we have mobile technology, we can actually take our kids out into nature with technology.
One of the things you do throughout this book is go explore, and you have to go out and use your iPad's camera to collect pictures of different natural objects.
When I was a kid, I used to collect a lot of sticks and stones and pebbles and shells.
A kid in London showed a picture of a fox and said, "I saw a fox today."
A child in India says "I saw a monkey"
You can create a social network centered around digital photo collections that you have actually taken.
There are so many possibilities when magic, earth and technology come together.
We, and all of humanity, are moving towards a world where the forces of nature are closer to technology, and magic and technology are closer.
We are bringing children and ourselves closer to the natural world, to the magic, to the joys, to the childhood infatuation we once had, through the simple medium of storytelling.
thank you
(applause)
You might ask, what is "behavioral finance"?
Now think about how we manage our money.
A lot of people buy as big a house as they can afford, even though it's actually a little bigger than that.
Let's also think about how we deal with risk, like investing in the stock market.
We were willing to take risks, of course.
How many of you have an iPhone?
Many of you have your iPhone insured, you insure it by adding a warranty.
If you lose your iPhone
Behavioral finance combines psychology and economics and tries to understand people's money mistakes.
That's what I really want to focus on today.
How can we understand people's money mistakes, and how can we turn this problem behavior into a solution behavior?
Here we have a representative sample of 100 Americans.
The first thing to notice is that half of them don't even have access to a 401(K) plan.
They can't withhold money from their paycheck into a 401(k) plan before they can see or touch the money.
What about the other half of the people?
they are too lazy
How many people will end up on a 401(K) plan?
one-third of Americans
Nine out of 10 people are unable or determined not to save through a 401(K) plan - or are unwilling to save - or are saving too little.
One person - let's actually cut him in half, because it's less than 1%.
We have to understand why people aren't saving, and we want to turn that problem behavior upside down into a solution behavior, and let's see how powerful that can be.
Let's say we have another great TED event next week.
And during that break, you'll have a snack, and you can choose bananas or chocolate.
wonderful
Let me scientifically predict that 74% of people will choose bananas.
Those people who imagined they would choose bananas ended up eating chocolate a week later.
Is it a matter of what some economists call a "present-oriented bias"?
Let's think about saving, we know we need to save
The problem with this present-oriented bias is that it makes us think about saving, but we end up spending.
But again, a little detour about organ donation.
There's a great study comparing different countries.
In Germany, if you want to donate your organs -- I don't want that to happen to you -- when you get your driver's license or ID card, you check this box, saying, "I donate my organs." ”
Austria is a neighboring country, but it's a bit similar, but it's a bit different.
What is the difference?
You decide whether or not to donate your organs.
But when you get your driver's license, you check the box if you don't want to donate your organs.
doing nothing is very common
So 99% of people are organ donors.
With many 401(K) plans, if people don't do anything, they're left with no savings for retirement, if they don't check the box.
No no, this is serious research, and it has a lot to do with behavioral economics.
A group of monkeys got an apple, very happy
This is called "loss aversion"
We hate to lose things, even if it doesn't involve a great deal of risk.
This is loss aversion, and it comes into play when it comes to saving. People psychologically, emotionally, and instinctively perceive saving as a loss, because they need to spend less.
Whether or not you think about "instant gratification," chocolate vs. bananas, it's a pain to save right now.
If you can't join a 401(K) plan without checking a lot of boxes, people will procrastinate and not join.
And finally, loss aversion, the story of monkeys and apples.
We have these problems, and these are the things that Richard Thaler and I have always been fascinated by -- if behavioral finance is called Behavioral Finance Enhanced or Behavioral Finance 2.0 Practice! Behavioral Finance. ’—that turns a challenge into a solution.
We came up with an embarrassingly simple solution: not today, save more tomorrow.
Now we've talked about the difficulty of checking boxes and taking action.
it's like autopilot
But what do we do about monkeys and loss aversion?
When January comes next year, and it's time to start saving more, people will think they have to cut back on their spending, and that's painful.
It's not just a number written on a piece of paper
To date, 60% of large companies have implemented such programs.
They've been used as part of the Pension Protection Act.
The first is that behavioral finance is very powerful.
This is just one example
The second message is that we still have a lot of work to do.
this is just the tip of the iceberg
If people can't pay their mortgages after buying a house, we have to think about that.
If people are taking too much risk, but they don't understand how much risk it is, or if the risk is too low, we need to think about it.
If there are people who spend $1,000 a year buying lottery tickets, we have to think about it.
Average household spends $4,000 a year on lottery tickets
How many of you feel that you have solid plans for the future? When making post-retirement decisions
Less than 3% in a very sophisticated audience.
You can make it powerful again and again through many opportunities.
thank you
(applause)
First piece, imagine a man burning his life's work.
A poet and playwright, a man whose whole life rested on one hope: the unity and freedom of his country.
My mother, Mai, lost her father when she was 18—by then she was already married and had two little daughters.
I feared pirates, rape and death.
Like most of the adults on board, my mother carried a vial of poison.
My first memory is of a boat, and I remember the droning sound of the engine and the bow crashing into the waves and the huge, blank horizon.
After three months in refugee camps, we arrived in Melbourne.
My mother worked on a farm and then on a car assembly line working two shifts six days a week.
My mother, my sister and I were sleeping in the same bed
Every night my mother was exhausted, but we took turns talking about our day and listening to my grandmother move around the house.
I didn't know how to talk about anything
I met people from all walks of life, many of whom were doing what they loved and pushing the limits of what was possible.
Every night we made a big pot of soup and shared it with each other.
Let me end my story by telling you about my grandmother.
(Applause) (Trevor Neilson) And Tan's mom is here today, she's in the fourth row.
(applause)
I'm a professor of computer science, and my specialty is computers and information security.
Modern medical devices have come a long way technologically
The first pacemaker was developed in 1926
In 1960, the first pacemakers were implanted in the body, a little smaller than the one you're seeing here, and the technology just kept getting better.
In 2006, we reached an important milestone in terms of computer security.
Human implantable devices began to have networking capabilities.
The research team obtained and examined a device called an ICD.
This is a defibrillator, a device that is implanted in your body to monitor your heart rate, and many lives have been saved by this device.
Now, wireless technology and the Internet can greatly improve health care.
Modern cars are sophisticated multi-computer devices.
One is short-range wireless communication, which can be operated by nearby devices such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, and the other is wide-area communication, which communicates with cars through cellular networks or radio stations.
In our first threat model, we tried to see what an attacker could do if they had access to the network inside the car.
If you can master the computer in your car, you can do anything.
But what if the car was always shown to be 20 miles an hour slower than it actually is?
One thing the chase car was able to do was, just by breaking into the computer, it was able to manipulate the brakes of the other car.
You remotely control the computer that controls the door, you unlock it, you start the engine, you bypass the anti-theft system, and you steal the car.
They recorded people on the bus, and then they post-processed the video.
P25 radios are used to communicate with police, all kinds of governmental organizations and combatants, etc. P25 phones have encryption options.
The phone looks like this, it doesn't look like a phone
Motorola is the most popular model, used by secret agents and in combat, and is a common standard in the United States and other countries.
See the difference?
There is a small dot that you can see on the screen, just click a switch to switch.
The accelerometer measures the vertical direction of the smartphone
We put the smartphone next to the keyboard and had people type on the keyboard, and eventually we tried to figure out what they were typing by using the vibrations caused by typing to read the accelerometer and figure it out.
They've been pretty successful. Here's an article from USA Today.
Why is this important? For example, in the Android development environment, developers have to create a manifest that registers all the devices they use, such as microphones, to prevent hackers from hijacking them, but the accelerometer is not controlled.
If your iPhone is infected with malware, they may be able to steal what you type every time you put your iPhone next to your keyboard.
There are other high-profile examples of attacks, but unfortunately I don't have time. One last thing I want to show you is a group from the University of Michigan that was going to be used in the New Jersey ballot, a Sequoia direct-record electronic ballot left in the hallway. I installed Pac-Man on my machine.
But as you can see from the research I've shown, the people developing these technologies need to consider security from the very beginning, and even if you define a threat model, the attackers will probably not be kind enough to stay within the framework of the threat model. so more free thinking is required
What we can do is understand the fact that devices can always be hijacked, and that anything that has software has vulnerabilities, bugs.
Thank you. (Applause)
Hi, I'm Kevin Allocca, YouTube Trends Manager. YouTube videos as a job —
Today, I'm going to talk about how videos become viral and why it's so important.
Anyone here could be an internet celebrity by next Saturday.
That said, there are still 48 hours of video uploaded to YouTube every minute. That said, there are still 48 hours of video uploaded to YouTube every minute.
How does that happen?
Last year Bear Vasquez posted this video taken from his house in Yosemite National Park.
Viewed 23 million times in 2010 alone
(Laughter) In fact, he posts a lot of nature videos.
What happened here?
Jimmy Kimmel tweeted and that sparked the popularity of the video.
Tastemakers like Jimmy Kimmel introduce new and interesting things to a wider audience.
What happened on this day?
Tosh.0 picked it up and a lot of blogs talked about it.
There are now over 10,000 "Friday" parodies on YouTube
(music) "Nyan Cat" is a loop animation with loop music
Viewed almost 50 million times this year
If you're thinking, "That's weird," you should know that there's a three-hour version of this, and it's been viewed four million times.
(Laughter) Even cats are watching this video.
(Laughter) There's even a cat watching the cat watching this video.
Who could have predicted this?
With two days' worth of videos being uploaded every minute, only the truly unique and unexpected can catch the eye of many.
When a friend first told me about this amazing video of a man protesting the fines on bicycles in New York City, I honestly wasn't all that interested.
And all this leads to one big question...
(Bear Vasquez) What does this mean?
Tastemakers, creative communities around their work, sheer unexpectedness, these are the hallmarks of a new kind of media and culture, one that is accessible to everyone, and whose popularity is determined by the audience.
70% of our planet is covered by ocean
I thought Arthur C. Clarke had a point when he said that a good name for our planet would be Ocean Planet.
Now, the oceans are incredibly productive, and you can see that by looking at photosynthetic satellite imagery and the amount of new life being produced.
In fact, the ocean produces half of all life on Earth every day, and it also produces about half the oxygen we breathe.
Now, 10 years ago, an international program called the Marine Life Census was launched, which sought to advance our understanding of life in the world's oceans.
Here are the footprints of various different projects
In fact, four to five new species are registered every day in the ocean.
Well, I'm from Newfoundland, Canada, an island off the east coast of North America. Newfoundland suffered the worst fish overfishing in human history.
We are currently experiencing a shifting baseline.
Of course, there were no refrigeration facilities at that time.
So fishermen only caught as much as they could eat or sell that day.
But the Romans came up with salting
And salting allowed fish to be stored and transported over great distances.
As a result, the industrialization of fishing began.
So it's not totally hopeless.
By 2007, it's a laughable size for a winning fish.
The oceans have lost so much productivity, and we are to blame.
So what's left is actually quite a lot.
I'd like to start by saying a little bit about technology. This is a TED Conference, and I'm sure you, the audience, would like to know something about technology.
The advantage of sound waves is that they can propagate through water much better than light.
Animals come to the surface to breathe, like this elephant seal. When an elephant seal comes to the surface, it sends data, so it can know exactly where it is in the ocean.
Now, for animals that don't surface, there's a device called a pop-up tag, which collects data about the light and the times of sunrise and sunset.
But then an accident at the Deep Horizon oil rig caused an oil spill.
Where are most species of marine life found?
If we plot the positions of the well-known species, we get a distribution like this.
So is this golden V kelp, which was collected below the low waterline in Alaska, and is probably a new species.
How about this guy, this bigfin reef squid is 7 meters long.
The shrimp in this picture, which we call the Jurassic shrimp, is thought to have gone extinct long ago, 50 years ago, at least until marine life surveys discovered it. He lives off the coast of Australia and is doing quite well.
The ocean is so vast that it can hide its secrets for a long time.
You know, what we were taught in high school was that animals need oxygen to live.
In short, what we've learned is that animals can live without oxygen, or at least some of them do, and they can adapt to very harsh environments.
If you suck the water out of the ocean, what's left is the biomass of the organisms on the ocean floor.
We also discovered this spectacular yeti crab, which lives near a boiling hydrothermal vent on Easter Island.
So we did pretty well
There's still a lot to do, as far as the unknown is concerned.
This bacterium we're talking about is actually visible to the naked eye.
But what's really amazing about microbes is that they're so diverse.
It's safe to say that a single drop of seawater contains 160 different types of microbes.
we don't really know
For example, this kind of tuna was once abundant in the North Sea, but now it's almost gone.
As with ocean warming, ocean acidification is a big concern, and we're going to see the effects of this on coral reefs as well.
And the ocean is productive, and everything that happens in the ocean has to do with humans, so even from a selfish point of view, we need to do better than what we've done in the past. there is
So we have to recognize these hotspots and do our best to protect them.
(applause)
For example, let's say you run an experiment.
It's about the size of Delaware, but it has an environmental footprint as large as Vermont and New Hampshire combined.
Over 1,500 tons of explosives are used in West Virginia alone.
500 mountains have been destroyed so far.
This cleaning is done on site
This process creates even more air pollution, with billions of liters of water contaminated with metals, sulfates, cleaning solutions and other impurities.
What are the health effects of mountaintop mining?
I started this research in 2006
I had just started working at West Virginia University.
I had never done any research on coal before that.
I started hearing stories from people in mining towns.
I was also worried about how many people in my neighborhood had cancer.
I've met with many people in southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky to hear these stories and their concerns.
When I searched the scientific literature, I was surprised to find none that looked at the public health impact of coal mining in the United States.
I expected that health problems could be explained by either poverty or lifestyle habits like smoking and obesity.
We also found evidence of a high rate of birth defects and a high proportion of low birth weight infants.
The study didn't include environmental data from actual mining towns.
And they found that the number of violations of drinking water standards was seven times higher than in non-mining areas.
The composition of the mining town dust is complex, but it contained high amounts of silica, a known cause of lung cancer, and toxic organic compounds.
It was found that using that dust in experiments caused cardiovascular dysfunction in rats.
When I testified before a congressional hearing, I was attacked by a member of Congress who had ties to the energy industry.
I spent more than two years doing environmental sampling with scientists from the United States Geological Survey.
In August of this year, the National Academy of Sciences suddenly received a notice from the federal government to stop its own review of the public health impact of open pit mining.
At conferences and meetings, they were skeptical.
"Have you considered a different interpretation?"
We have to admit that they could be right, but these health problems probably don't come from unmeasured confounders.
Probably because they're blowing up mountains over people's heads.
I have published over 30 papers on this subject.
As scientists, we always follow data, but sometimes data has its limits. As thinking, feeling people, we have to decide what the data means and when to act.
Clearly, scientists have a responsibility to report evidence-based truth.
It can be very frustrating to have to wait until public opinion and political consensus catch up with scientific knowledge.
But when the subject becomes controversial and the debate becomes frustrating, it's important for scientists to maintain objectivity and integrity.
If scientists lose their universally recognized integrity, no amount of data will make people understand the painful and difficult truths.
And in the end, scientific truth will triumph.
thank you
(applause)
The first story is about my idol, Charles Darwin.
(Laughter) In 1971, I was studying lagoons in West Africa.
Growing up in Europe, I wanted to work in Africa.
But there, I got a really bad sunburn, and they convinced me that I wasn't born here.
It was my first time to get a sunburn like that.
The lagoon is surrounded by palm trees and you can see the mangroves.
When I went there 27 years later, the fish had shrunk to less than half its size.
The fish seemed happy to be there too
In the 1970s - although it started in the '60s - Europe did a lot of development work.
This is a dead sea turtle
That's why marine protected areas will play such a big role.
There, I think art and cinema will fill the gap, and simulation.
This is a simulation of the Chesapeake Bay in America.
My only suggestion is to tell the director, Cameron, that "Avatar 2" should be set underwater.
thank you
(applause)
It's not a philosophical proposition, it's a science, based on physics, chemistry and biology.
Of course, we can't borrow natural resources, so we're either eating up capital or stealing from the future.
I'm not saying that I don't like it, or that it's not good for polar bears and forests, but of course it is.
The only problem with this plan is that it's impossible.
When I say that, some people argue, no, we need growth, we need it to eradicate poverty.
We're talking about food, water, soil, weather, the basic, practical, economic foundations of life.
So the idea that science and technology will allow us to smoothly transition to a highly efficient, solar-powered, intelligent production-based economy that, by 2050, nine billion people will live prosperous, digital lives is a delusion.
Economic analysis has also shown that acting early is not only more affordable, it's cheaper.
For example, when it comes to climate change, last year was the highest CO2 emissions in the world.
But it's time to stop ignoring reality and recognize that we're not acting, that we're far from acting, that we're not going to act until the economy is in crisis -- we're not going to.
i want to talk about fear
This crisis is inevitable
Of course we don't know what will happen
Imagine China, India, Pakistan going to war as climate change creates conflicts over food and water.
Imagine a highly produced and timely food industry and an overburdened agricultural system collapsing and food disappearing from supermarket shelves.
Imagine a 30% U.S. unemployment rate as the global economy is gripped by fear and uncertainty.
perhaps anger
Of course you can't know what will happen, you have to live in uncertainty.
We are all in danger, and we have evolved to face danger. Fear gives us the strength to face the threat, the courage to face the threat.
Yes, those who believe that humanity can solve any problem, that technology has limitless power, that markets have the power to do good, are actually right.
think of war
How cool would it be to tell your grandchildren that they played a part in that?
Scientists such as James Hansen also say that we will need to eliminate net CO2 emissions within decades.
We drafted the "One Degree War Plan," and we called it that because it calls for a wartime-like structure and focus.
What surprised me was that eliminating net CO2 emissions in just 20 years is actually very easy and very cheap.
we can do it
We've built a strong foundation of science, knowledge and technology -- enough to create a society where nine billion people can live meaningful and satisfying lives.
It's time to grow up, to be wise, to be calm, to be wise.
thank you
(applause)
The amygdala is an alarm system that provides early warning signals.
Over the last 100 years, life expectancy has more than doubled, and average per capita income has tripled, even after inflation.
According to Steve Pinker's announcement, the human race is actually living in the most peaceful time in human history.
And according to Charles Kenny, the global literacy rate has increased from 25 percent to 80 percent in the last 130 years.
a lot of people forget this
We keep changing our expectations higher and higher.
In fact, we're redefining what poverty means.
The cell phone in your pocket is literally a million times cheaper and a thousand times faster than the supercomputer of the '70s.
take a look at this curve
Here's a table of Moore's Law over the last 100 years.
Even the speed at which technology improves is getting faster and faster.
Jeopardy is not an easy game
Four years ago, right here at TED, I and Ray Kurzweil created a new university called Singularity University.
Think about it, that just a bunch of students could impact the lives of a billion people.
Today, you can count dozens of companies that have done just that.
I'll give you an example
This is the story of Napoleon III in the mid-1800s.
I invited the King of Siam to dinner.
But the King of Siam ate from aluminum tableware.
As you know, aluminum was the most valuable metal on the planet at the time, more valuable than gold, more than platinum.
You see, aluminum makes up 8.3 percent of the planet's total mass, but it doesn't exist as a pure metal.
Every 88 minutes, 16 terawatts of energy rain down on the surface of the earth.
"Pale blue dot"
because we're on a planet full of water
We live on a planet that is 70 percent water.
Technology is going online, not 10 or 20 years from now, but now.
The amazing thing is that by the end of 2013, mobile phone penetration in developing countries will reach 70 percent.
They live in a world of information and communication that no one has ever foreseen.
Imagine a new device in a place like this, in the middle of the developing world, where there are no doctors, where 25 percent of the population is sick and 1.3 percent are medical workers.
We call it the rising billion.
Instead of the economy shutting down, we're about to have the biggest injection into the economy ever.
And with tricorders, these people will be healthier, and with Khan Academy, they'll be better educated, they'll have access to 3D printing technology and unlimited computer use, and they'll be more productive than ever before. is
What will this 3 billion people bring?
I'd like to conclude by telling you a story that really got me excited.
This is very important for medical research.
thank you
(applause)
good morning
Power consumption is 15 watts
four rotors
On the other hand, if rotor number 3 is spun faster and rotor number 1 is slowed down, the robot "pitches" forward.
The advantage of this design is that the smaller the size, the more agile the robot becomes.
As a result, the angular acceleration, represented here by the Greek letter α, is 1/R.
is inversely proportional to R
The smaller you make it, the faster you can turn.
In the bottom left image, Daniel is tossing the robot into the air, and you can see how strong his control ability is.
No matter how you throw it, the robot will recover and come back.
Here, robots carry beams and columns to assemble square structures.
This robot can also be used for cargo transportation.
The problem with small robots is that they have a small carrying capacity.
Here's a picture of a recent experiment -- not very recently -- in Sendai, just after the earthquake.
Robots can be sent inside buildings destroyed by natural disasters or inside nuclear facilities to check conditions and check radiation levels.
The basic problem that autonomous robots have to solve is figuring out how to get from one point to another.
It also avoids obstacles
Here, the motion capture camera above is telling the robot where it is 100 times per second.
Here Daniel is throwing the hoop into the air, but the robot is calculating its position and finding the best path through it.
The downside of such a small robot is its size.
So, as I said earlier, we're going to use a lot of robots to overcome the limitations of size.
If you put fig juice on it, the ants will carry it to the nest.
When a robot is surrounded by other robots -- look at robot i and robot j -- what we want the robots to do is monitor the distance to the other robots flying in formation.
If you have a lot of robots, it's impossible to process all this information centrally as fast as the robots need to perform their tasks.
We call this anonymity
The next video I'm going to show you is 20 little robots flying in formation.
The downside to doing it this way is that as you scale up, you'll have many robots carrying one thing, and the inertia will increase, making it less agile.
Again, everything is autonomous, and all Quentin does is give him a blueprint for the structure he wants to build.
But what happens when you leave the lab and go out into the real world?
What if there was no GPS?
We use those sensors to create a map of the environment around us.
We're defining a coordinate system based on where the robot is and what it's looking at.
Here's a video of an algorithm developed by Frank Shen and Professor Nathan Michael, in which a robot enters its first building and creates a map in real time.
This robot is remotely controlled by Frank, but it can also decide where it goes.
9 robots play 6 different instruments
I attended summer camp for the first time when I was nine years old.
My mother packed a suitcase full of books, which was normal for me.
Because reading was the primary group activity in my family.
(Laughter) I was imagining 10 girls in matching pajamas in a cabin and having fun reading together.
I did my best
I felt guilty about it
I made these self-denying choices almost reflexively, and I didn't even realize I was making them.
A lot of introverts do that, and it's obviously a loss for them, but it's also a loss for their colleagues and the community.
Because we need to empower introverts in terms of creativity and leadership.
So even if you're an extrovert yourself, your co-workers, your spouse, your children, the person you're sitting next to right now may be an introvert, all of whom are disadvantaged by the biases of reality that are so deeply ingrained in society. is there
While extroverts crave a lot of stimulation, introverts are more motivated, more active, and more productive in quieter, less obtrusive environments.
The most important institutions, the schools and the workplace, are designed for extroverts and have the stimulation that extroverts deserve.
And there's a certain belief system that's prevalent in the world today, which I call "the new groupthink," where creativity and productivity come mostly from some social setting.
Most teachers believe that the ideal student is an extrovert, not an introvert, even though introverts actually perform better and are more knowledgeable...and research shows that's the case.
(Laughter) Same goes for the workplace.
Adam Grant from the Wharton School of Management has done an interesting study that shows that introverted leaders are more likely to produce better results than extroverted leaders. While enabling them, extroverted leaders unknowingly become so obsessed with being in charge of everything that other people's ideas are so hard to come by.
In fact, some of the most transformative leaders in history have been introverts.
Eleanor Roosevelt, Rosa Parks, Gandhi, they all describe themselves as taciturn, soft-spoken, rather shy people.
Even Carl Jung, who popularized the terms introverted and extroverted, said there is no such thing as a pure introvert or a pure extrovert.
There are also people who are right in between introverts and extroverts, called ambiverts.
This is especially important when it comes to things like creativity and productivity. Psychologists have studied the lives of highly creative people, and they're great at exchanging and developing ideas, but they're also very strong introverts. i found out i have
Darwin often took long walks in the woods alone and flatly declined invitations to parties.
Theodore Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss, created many of his greatest creations in a lonely tower-like study behind his home in La Jolla, California.
In fact, we've known for centuries the transcendental power of solitude.
that's the world we live in now
The same religion that sent sages to lonely mountaintops teaches us love and trust.
The problems we face today in areas like science and economics are so big and complex that they require many people working together to solve them.
What I'm saying is that the more introverts are allowed to do things in their own way, the more likely they are to come up with their own solutions to these problems.
"Cat's Eye" by Margaret Atwood
A novel by Milan Kundera
My grandfather was a rabbi, a widower, and he lived alone in a small apartment in Brooklyn, which was my favorite place in the world when I was growing up. was full of books
But he also loved church gatherings, and you can feel his love in the sermons he gave weekly as a rabbi for 62 years.
Despite his ceremonial role, he was actually so humble and introverted that it was difficult to make eye contact when he was preaching, to the very people he had been preaching for 62 years. Regardless
So now, in my own way, I try to learn from my grandfather's example.
I recently published a book about introversion, and it took me seven years to write.
Those seven years were a blissful time for me, just reading, writing, thinking, researching.
I would like to make three calls to action for those who share this vision.
We should teach children how to work together, but we also need to teach them how to work alone.
This is also important for extroverted children
Third, take a good look at the contents of your suitcase and think about why you put it in.
Extrovert, maybe your suitcase is full of books
If you're an introvert, you probably feel the urge to protect the contents of your suitcase.
But sometimes I want you to open your suitcase and let me see, the world needs you and what you have.
thank you very much
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
I've spent most of my life in prisons and prisons and on death row.
I want to talk a little bit about the power of identity.
She was tough and strong and very powerful
But I remember one morning when I was about eight or nine years old, and I woke up, went to the living room, and my cousins ​​were running around as usual.
My grandmother was across the room, staring at me at first.
I grew up in a small town in the South, and I have two siblings, one a year older and one sister a year younger.
One day when I was 14 or 15, my brother came home with a six-pack of beer -- I don't know where he got it -- and took me and my sister to the woods.
(Laughter) I'm going to confess a little bit.
I'm 52 now, and I confess I've never had a drop of alcohol.
We can get people to do things they don't think they can do.
My grandfather was in prison during Prohibition.
The situation in this country is going to be very different than it was 40 years ago.
In 1972, 300,000 people were in jail or prison.
The United States currently has the highest incarceration rate in the world.
Seven million people are on probation or on parole.
In my opinion, I can conclude that this level of incarceration has fundamentally changed our world.
One in three black people between the ages of 18 and 30 is in jail, in prison, on probation, or on parole.
Meanwhile, in the cities of this country -- Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington -- 50 to 60 percent of young people of color are in jail or prison, on probation or on parole.
Our projection is that in the next 10 years, the disenfranchised disenfranchisement rate will be as high as it was when the Civil Rights Act was enacted.
Many of my clients are very young.
This country has life imprisonment without parole for children.
I represent a death row inmate
it's not our problem
I'm talking about race and whether we deserve to kill.
When I teach African-American history, I tell my students about slavery.
This era of "terrorism," as we all know, was followed by racism and decades of racial subjugation and segregation.
It's hard for us to talk about race, but I think it's because we're not willing to commit to the process of truth and reconciliation.
At one point, I was in Germany giving a talk on the death penalty.
He continued, "Germany doesn't have the death penalty.
It is unconscionable and unacceptable for us to start executing people, whether intentionally or deliberately."
If you were to live in a world where the German state executed people, and those executed were biased towards Jews, how would you feel?
But here in the United States, in the old southern states, we have executions -- if the victim is white instead of black, they are 11 times more likely to be executed, and if the suspect is black and the victim is white. And you're 22 times more likely to get the death penalty -- this is happening in the southern states that have buried and buried the bodies of people who have been assaulted.
I am convinced that our "identity" is in danger.
we love technology and creativity
Because ultimately what we need is to be hopeful, serious and committed to the basic challenges of living in this complex world.
I believe that it is this connection of hearts and minds that makes us pay attention not only to bright and glorious things, but also to dark and difficult things.
When I was a new lawyer, I had the honor of meeting Rosa Parks.
End mass incarceration."
I believe the TED community needs to be braver.
First, we need to find ways to accept these challenges, these problems, these sufferings.
Because ultimately, our humanity depends on everyone's humanity.
I've come to realize that even if each of us has done the worst thing, we're more than just that, and we've come to believe that.
If someone tells a lie, I don't just consider him a liar.
Because there is basic human dignity, and that dignity must be protected by law.
And I also believe that in many parts of this country, and certainly in many parts of the globe, we are living in a world where the opposite of poverty is not wealth.
The client was 14 years old, a young, poor black kid.
To my horror, not only did I write it up, but I sent it to court.
I got out of the car and started walking up the steps of the courthouse.
As I was walking up the steps of the courthouse, I saw an old black man who seemed to be a courtroom cleaner.
and whispered in my ear
It was deeply connected to my inner identity and the idea that every human being can contribute to a community and a hopeful vision.
Finally, this old black man walked into the courtroom with a very worried look on his face and sat down behind me, right in front of the dock.
After about 10 minutes, the judge called for a break.
Only by caring about human rights and basic dignity can we become fully evolved humans.
Our technology, design, entertainment and creativity must be combined with a vision of humanity, compassion and justice.
thank you very much
For example, here in California, we're going to spend a billion dollars over the next five years to carry out the death penalty, one billion dollars.
But 46 percent of homicides never result in an arrest.
there is an opportunity to change this
Thanks for joining us at TED
"Can you see that stone wall?
"Can you see the pier on that lake?
everyone loves stories
Children's show host Mr. Rogers always had these social worker quotes in his wallet: "Truth be told, you can't love anyone when you hear their story." If you ask me, there's no one I can't love."
The movie "John Carter" is based on "The Princess of Mars" by Edgar Rice Burroughs.
Editors and screenwriters have known this all along.
Even after his father passed away, he continues to scratch that itch.
After I finished writing "Toy Story" and "A Bug's Life" in 1998, I fell in love with film scriptwriting.
And finally, I stumbled across this wonderful quote by English playwright William Archer: "Drama is expectation surrounded by uncertainty."
Think back to 1993, when successful animated films were considered "The Little Mermaid" or "Beauty and the Beast" or "Aladdin" or "The Lion King."
we got that fax
(voice) Woody: What are you doing?
Get off the bed!
Slinky? Slinky!
Slinky: Woody I'm sorry but I agree with them.
This was before I decided to pursue storytelling as a career, but looking back, I realize that the events that happened in my youth were actually important events that made me realize the plot of the story.
This was the year that "Lawrence of Arabia" was restored and re-released.
(Video) Boy: Hey! Hey! Hey! Hey!
Who are you?
Everything Lawrence did in the movie was an attempt by him to find his place.
A well-told story always has strong themes running through it.
I was hospitalized for months
I've had blood transfusions since then, and I've survived, and that's what made me special.
I don't know if my parents really believed it, but I didn't want to conclude that they were wrong.
I promise you, Nemo, I'll never let this happen again.
It's about capturing the truth from your own experience and expressing the value that you feel deeply and personally.
thank you
(applause)
Luckily, I grew up in a time when it wasn't difficult for a kid from a rented farming family to attend a state university.
I was fortunate enough to go to Iowa State University to study under Professor James Van Allen, who built the first American satellite instrument.
Professor Van Allen told me that Venus emits powerful microwaves.
The answer to this question is that the Soviet Union's Venera spacecraft confirmed that Venus is a very hot planet, 900 degrees Fahrenheit.
I was lucky enough to become a NASA employee and successfully propose a test mission to Venus.
As a result, I resigned from my position as Chief Scientist of the Venus Test Exploration because I was more concerned and important to the planet that was changing before our eyes.
The greenhouse effect has been well understood for over a century.
In the 1850s, British physicist John Tyndall established a laboratory method for measuring infrared radiation, which means heat.
He showed that gases like carbon dioxide absorb heat, and this absorption acts like a blanket that warms the surface of the earth.
I also collaborated with other scientists to analyze observations of global climate change.
This paper made the front page of the New York Times, and -- in the 1980s -- I was given testimony before Congress on the state of the environment, in which I witnessed the extremes of global warming as the planet's water cycles. said to make the intensity of
On the one hand, heat waves and droughts are the direct effects of rising temperatures, and on the other hand, the warmer atmosphere accumulates water vapor and has more potential energy, making rainfall more intense.
Stronger storms will occur, causing more severe flooding.
Fifteen years later, the evidence for global warming is stronger.
I had the privilege of speaking twice to the Presidential Climate Change Task Force.
By that time, I had two grandchildren, Sophie and Connor.
I spoke at Iowa State University in 2004 and at the American Geophysical Union in 2005.
Because of this, the White House has asked NASA headquarters to ban me from speaking or speaking to the media without prior approval from NASA headquarters.
Informing the New York Times of these prohibitions forced NASA to end this censorship.
In the years that followed, I became increasingly drawn to communicating the urgency of changing energy policy, while also studying the physical dimensions of climate change.
So the key quantity is the amount of the planet's energy imbalance.
Is there more energy coming in than it gives out?
This imbalance adds up to six tenths of a watt per square meter.
That's 20 times more electricity than all of humanity uses.
That's the equivalent of detonating 400,000 Hiroshima-style atomic bombs in one day, or 365 days in a year.
If we are to stabilize the climate, the current state of imbalance means that carbon dioxide concentrations must be reduced from 391 ppm to 350 ppm.
This is a necessary change to restore energy equilibrium and prevent future temperature increases.
Climate change deniers claim that the sun is the main driver of climate change.
But the energy imbalance that was measured was when the sunlight was at its lowest point, when the least amount of solar energy reached the Earth.
As you can see, temperature and carbon dioxide and sea level are highly correlated.
Climate change deniers use this fact to confuse and mislead the public, and they'll say, "Look, temperature change caused carbon dioxide change, not the other way around."
Small changes in the Earth's orbit over the course of a million years changed the amount of sunlight that hits the surface of the Earth.
At higher latitudes, more sunlight hits in the summer and the ice sheets melt.
The warmer ocean released carbon dioxide like Coca-Cola.
Methane is also beginning to be released from the permafrost.
The last time carbon dioxide was 390 ppm, sea level was 15 meters (50 feet) higher than it is today.
Devastation like New Orleans will occur in hundreds of places around the world.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that 20 to 50 percent of all living species will be extinct by the end of this century if we continue to use fossil fuels, and the monarch butterfly will be one of these extinct species.
Global warming is already affecting people
So we can say with a fair amount of confidence that the heatwaves in Texas and Moscow are not normal, they're caused by global warming.
Because the tragic thing about climate change is that we can solve this problem in a simple and honest way, by charging companies that use fossil fuels with a carbon fee and then increasing that amount incrementally. Divide the money by the number of legal residents and send it electronically to those residents each month, and ensure that not a single penny goes to the government.
This is an essential requirement for us to move quickly toward a clean energy future.
Jim DiPeso of the US Republican environmentalist organization wrote, "Transparent and market-based.
But the reality is that rather than setting up a mechanism that forces fossil fuels themselves to bear their true social cost by imposing a rising carbon cost, our governments are subsidizing fossil fuels to the masses. It forces us to spend between 400 and 500 billion dollars a year around the world, which drives the extraction of all available fossil fuels, starting with mountaintop mining, longwall mining, hydraulic fracturing, tar sands, shale oil, North Sea deepwater oilfields. We are promoting the extraction of
If we had started in 2005, we would have only needed a three percent reduction in emissions each year to restore global energy balance and stabilize climate change this century.
but we're not even starting
thank you
(applause)
But really, they're showing us what we can do with the technology we have today.
It's probably the smallest of the 21 apps the Fellows made last year.
Another team that worked on a project in Boston last year took three people two and a half months to complete the project.
Every level of government has projects like this.
There is now a very large community of people building the tools they need to effectively collaborate.
And it's not just Code for America Fellows, but hundreds of people in our own communities every day who are standing up and creating apps for citizens.
They haven't given up on their government
These people know something we've lost sight of
Government ultimately derives its power from us - "we the people of the United States" are also people-driven, right? - How we think about problems affects how change happens.
When I started this work, I didn't know much about government.
Now, two years later, I've come to the conclusion that local governments, in particular, are "opossums."
Boston has more than just call centers
And it's also a great example of government getting into the crowdsourcing paradigm.
One citizen helped another citizen, but the government also played an important role here.
When neighbors help each other, community ties are strengthened.
Calling animal control just costs a lot of money.
That is, we think of input into the government system as a vote.
We use this word with great contempt
Concerned citizens banded together to write a detailed 325-page report, the public comment the SEC was seeking on the financial reform bill.
The good news is that by strengthening civil society, we can radically reorganize the functioning of government using modern technology in a way that is scaled up.
There's a generation in this country who grew up with the Internet, and this generation knows it's not that hard to get it working together, you just have to design the system right.
We're not just that, we're citizens
thank you
(applause)
(Laughter) Solar technology...
(applause)
I'm Keri Anderson
I am an artist and designer
(Laughter) This will spread awareness of renewable energy.
People approach these experiences with certain expectations.
The little things we make may reinforce our assumptions about the world,
"Ken doll is right next to dot com"
(Laughter) It's kind of creepy.
And "Colder Melon Skin"
period
Sometimes there is meaning, justice, and logic in the way things are
Of course I did it with a Christmas card.
(Laughter) This card is literally a four-panel documentary about receiving a card.
(Applause) Thank you.
That's why cliche isn't funny, and why people often have car accidents near their homes.
Paper has amazing overlooked abilities, but it takes a great deal of intervention to give it a new look.
The next project I'm going to show you is a wedding invitation, a format that desperately asks for change.
We're all music nerds, and Karen and Mike have even recorded a song together.
We found inspiration in Mr. Wizard. (Laughter) He was a popular television show that taught children the science behind everyday life.
If you can make a record player out of paper and a sewing needle, what is impossible in this world?
And then I started to get really nervous, because it's up to me to make it happen.
(music and singing) (music stops) We were so excited when we finished.
We have assumptions about material experiences, like "Paper is silent" or "Websites are flat."
In the fall of 2008, we did this, conceived by artist Steve Lambert, organized by The Yes Men, and carried out by many people, including myself.
(Laughter) (Applause) (Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) You might ask, "Why?"
"Why do you make fake newspapers?"
To be honest, real newspapers are very depressing.
We live in a democratic society where we are expected to have a say in what is happening in the world.
We ended the Iraq war years before withdrawal from Iraq was even discussed.
Years before "Occupy Wall Street" happened, we set the maximum wage -- (Laughter) -- and closed the huge pay gap between the lowest earners and the highest earners.
(Laughter) While the real New York Times slogan is "All the news worthy of printing," we proposed a more positive message: "All the news we want to print."
He made the typeface, the layout, the ink smell, everything look like the real New York Times.
For example, what if instead of cheap furniture, you could buy wind farms at IKEA?
It's flat boxed, and it's super easy to put together (Laughter) and comes with a zigzag tool and wooden pegs.
And this is an ad for a used car dealership
If you've never ridden the New York subway, you might not know Dr. Z.
(Laughter) Our fake newspaper was featured in real news around the world.
These unexpected messages of hope have come out because of the bold act of ripping off The New York Times, but also because we've taken a route that none of us expected.
In these three projects, I've shown that the concept of what we want in reality can be extended by rejecting the usual order, by deconstructing things and reconstructing the pieces.
(applause)
words matter
When I was in eighth grade, my teacher gave me a vocabulary sheet, and it said, "genocide."
What I want you to know is that in a war like this, husbands kill wives, wives kill husbands, and neighbors and friends kill each other.
I want words to stop it
I was born in Kigali, Rwanda
When my front tooth fell out, my brother looked at me and said, "Did you lose yours too?
(Laughter) I loved to play, especially in my mom's and my neighbor's garden.
I loved kindergarten too.
We sang songs, we played a lot, we ate lunch
But when I was six years old, the adults in my family started whispering, asking questions and not answering.
One night my mother and father came
They looked weird when they woke us up.
My sister Claire and I were sent to my grandparents, who were hoping that what was going on would go away.
We hid and crawled and sometimes ran
You see, I didn't know what that sound was.
When I was 12, Claire and her family came to America as refugees.
(Laughter) (Applause) I told you.
(Laughter) But after the show, spending time with my parents and my sister and my brother, whom I had never met, I was angry.
Soon my parents came to America, but like Claire, they don't talk about their past.
So the chaos of violence continues in the words we use and the stories we create every day.
Words can never adequately measure the quality and magnitude of human-made destruction.
(applause)
There are other excuses, "There are special people in this world who pursue their passions, and they are geniuses.
They say madness and genius are a fine line
But do you really think you'll get a good career out of it, when there's all the evidence to the contrary?
Passion is the tool that allows you to express your talents in the best possible way.
I love you more than any woman I've ever met
When your friends and family gather at the cemetery, the words that will likely be engraved on your gravestone are: "Here rests the brilliant engineer who invented Velcro."
I want to be a good parent, I can't sacrifice them to achieve great things."
(laughs) What do you want me to say?
The last time I saw him, he was crying on the stairs.
Do you really think it's reasonable to use children as shields?
A child says, "I've decided, I want to be a magician.
You were born."
I could have said to my child, when my child said, "I have a dream."
Like I did
but you are afraid
thank you
When I think about the brain, I find it difficult to understand this. If you were to ask me how the heart works, I would immediately answer that it's a pump.
If you ask me about the lungs, I'd say they exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide.
It's not mechanical like a pump or an airbag.
The brain is made up of 100 billion cells called neurons.
We're not recording the brains of me or you or your teachers. We're using our friend Cockroach.
This is the leg of the cockroach
This is what is happening in your brain right now.
100 billion cells make this kind of raindrop sound.
That's what 100 billion cells do in your brain: they send you information about what you see and what you hear.
(Blow on) (Change in sound) Let's touch this part with a pen.
On the other hand, your brain doesn't just receive electrical impulses, it also sends them out.
it's actually my iphone
Do you know how earphones work in your ears?
(Laughter) Look at how it moves. It moves with the sound of the bass.
It's a collaboration between a human beatbox and a cockroach leg.
(applause)
Do fish feel pain? And
What about insects?
Was the big bang a coincidence?
Why do innocent people and animals suffer?
Will robots ever become conscious?
(music) [How many universes are there? ] Sometimes I've been on a plane for a long time, looking out the window at mountains and deserts and trying to understand the size of the earth.
There are 100 billion galaxies as far as the telescope can see them.
If a star is the size of a grain of sand, then the same number of grains of sand as there are stars in the Milky Way galaxy would be a beach 9 meters by 9 meters wide and 90 centimeters deep.
First, the 100 billion galaxies that can be seen with a telescope are just a small part of the whole.
Yet our physical reality on Earth is deeply connected to a distant, invisible galaxy.
But recent theories of physics, including string theory, tell us that there may be countless other universes made up of different types of particles with different properties and different laws.
But still, a vast multiverse exists in as many as eleven dimensions, beyond all conceivable imaginings and astonishing.
Modern string theory predicts the existence of a multiverse with 10^500 universes.
(Laughter) But even that big number is very small compared to some numbers, which is infinity.
Some physicists think that the space-time continuum is literally infinite, and that it also contains an infinite number of pocket universes with different properties.
The only meaningful answer to the question of how many universes are there is one.
there is only one universe
A few philosophers and mystics might claim that even our universe is an illusion.
All we know is that it's somewhere between zero and infinity
We may be experiencing the greatest paradigm shift in knowledge that humanity has ever experienced.
Conspiracy theorists claim that UFOs come to Earth all the time, and they're getting reports, but honestly, they're not very convincing.
In the past year, the Kepler spacecraft has found hundreds of planets around stars.
If one in 10,000 of these planets has the potential to support life, then there are 50 million possible planets in our Milky Way galaxy.
Even if some of them started to give birth to intelligent life and create technology, those technologies would have grown in complexity and power over the course of millions of years.
On Earth, we've seen how technology can accelerate dramatically in just 100 years.
In a few million years, intelligent alien civilizations could have easily reached the farthest reaches of the galaxy, perhaps building energy harvesting devices, or colonizing fleets, or magnificent works of art that filled the night skies. prize
After all, it's only happened once on Earth in four billion years.
Maybe we are the first civilization in this galaxy.
Only a small fraction of the stars in our galaxy are being searched for interesting signal signatures.
As civilization advances, it will discover communication technologies far more sophisticated and useful than radio waves.
Maybe all the action takes place inside the recently discovered mysterious dark matter and dark energy that make up most of the mass of the universe.
Perhaps an intelligent civilization should realize that life is, after all, a complex pattern of exquisitely interacting information that is more efficiently realized at small scales.
So, just as the heavy, clunky stereos on Earth turned into beautiful little iPods, intelligent life may have miniaturized itself to reduce its impact on the environment.
So our solar system is full of aliens, but we just don't realize it.
Our very idea may be alien life.
In any case, within 15 years from now, we may be able to obtain spectroscopic information about promising planets in our vicinity, revealing just how hospitable they are to life.
Meanwhile, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) is making data available to the public and inviting millions of citizen scientists, including you, to join the collective search.
All of these things will help us understand whether the universe is full of life or whether it's just us.
Wild possibilities and unanswered questions drive us forward.
So stay curious
But as you can see in this picture, the earth is mostly covered with water.
70% of the earth's surface is covered with water
When you go out and look up at the Empire State Building or the Chrysler Building, remember that the average depth of the ocean is 15 of those buildings stacked on top of each other.
Today, I'd like to show you about the Earth, about the oceans.
But what you probably don't know is the deep part of the ocean, where volcanoes are erupting.
Most of the volcanoes on Earth are under the sea, more than 80%.
All over the world — in the Pacific, in the Atlantic, in the Indian Ocean
In those places, the rocks on the ocean floor are in a liquid state.
There are small cliffs around it, and a small white sandy beach.
What makes this water unusual is that it's on the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico.
Water is actually flowing
And there are creatures that live only in this water.
In fact, the largest waterfall on earth is in the ocean, near Iceland.
If you want to explore the ocean, you need technology.
We use the ship Atlantis and the submarine Alvin.
looks like a little lobster
the sea is full of life
If you go to the deepest part of the ocean, the ridge, you'll find hot springs.
very cool
(Laughter) The name "vampire squid" comes from the fact that when it defends itself, it has a black cape that covers its entire body and forms a ball.
This is a "dream ship" that was supposed to come to New York in April 100 years ago.
It's "Titanic"
Microbes are eating the Titanic's hull.
We want to create a virtual Titanic, so that you can sit at home with a joystick in hand and a headset in your hand and explore the Titanic yourself.
There are seven billion people on Earth, and they're all influenced by the ocean, which controls the air you breathe, the water you drink, the food you eat.
There are so many more wonderful things. Every time we dive, we discover something new about the ocean.
So what's in the other 95%?
I would like to say that the ocean is full of surprises.
One of my favorite quotes from Marcel Proust is, "The true voyage of exploration consists less in discovering new lands and in gaining new eyes."
I hope that what you've seen today will give you new eyes and a different way of thinking about the planet.
thank you very much
(applause)
"Inertia is the name that scientists give to the phenomenon that when you pull a cart, the ball on it moves backwards.
Feynman earned degrees from MIT and Princeton, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the Feynman diagram, which explains the motion of elementary particles by solving the mystery of the Space Shuttle Challenger tragedy.
Eratosthenes was the third librarian of the Library of Alexandria and made many contributions to science.
360 degrees divided by 7.2 degrees is 50 —
In fact, he was the one who coined the word "geography."
The distance between the two cities was known to be very precise: 500 miles.
Now, we're living in an era where we're spending billions of dollars on machinery to find the Higgs boson.
Armand Fizeau was an experimental physicist living in Paris.
He was familiar with the story of Galileo's experiments that tried to find out if light had speed.
Galileo came up with an amazing experiment, where Galileo and his assistant had a lamp.
A lot of people think of science as a closed black box, but it's actually an open field.
The people who made these discoveries were just a little more observant, a little more curious.
And their curiosity changed the way people thought about the world and changed the world.
thank you
(applause)
I have one question: Are you religious?
Raise your hand, anyone who considers themselves religious.
Well, maybe 3 or 4 percent.
I didn't know there were so many followers at the TED conference.
(Laughter) Okay, another question. Who considers themselves to be spiritual? Raise your hand in whatever way, form, or form.
My talk today is about the main reason, or one of the reasons, why most people consider themselves to be spiritual in some way, form, or form.
My talk today is about self-transcendence.
And when that happens, we feel ecstatic, and we turn to the up-and-down metaphor to describe this feeling.
Now, it's really hard to think about such abstract things without a good concrete metaphor.
So the metaphor I propose today is this.
But sometimes it seems as if a doorway appears out of nowhere and leads to a staircase.
As you climb the stairs, you experience a state of altered consciousness.
In 1902, the great American psychologist William James summarized a wide variety of religious experiences.
One of the most inspiring cases for me was a young man named Stephen Bradley who thought he had an encounter with Jesus in 1820.
Bradley said about it:
(music) (video) Stephen Bradley: I thought I saw the Savior in human form in the room for about a second, with his arms outstretched, and I thought he said to me, "Come on." was broken.
My happiness was so great that I said I wanted to die.
And at this higher level he became a loving and forgiving person.
Many religions of the world have found many ways, ways for people to climb this staircase.
Others use psychedelics.
This is a 16th century Aztec scroll about a man trying to eat a mushroom containing psilocybin and at the same time being pulled up a flight of stairs by a god.
Others are striving for self-transcendence by dancing, spinning, and circling.
Others overcome their ego at raves.
So many books on war say the same thing. Nothing brings people together like war.
And bringing people together opens up the possibility of extraordinary self-transcendence experiences.
Gray was a soldier in the United States Army in World War II.
And he interviewed many other soldiers after the war to document the men's experiences in battle.
Durkheim even thinks of us as homo duplexes, ie two-level humans.
The lower level he speaks of is the profane level.
Here profane is the opposite of sacred.
In everyday life, we exist as individuals.
We want to satisfy personal desires.
We pursue personal goals.
But sometimes something happens and causes a phase change.
Individuals unite, into one team, one movement, one nation and far more than the sum of its parts.
Durkheim considers this level to be the level of holiness. For he was convinced that the function of religion was to unite people into a collective, a moral community.
Durkheim believes that whatever unites us becomes sacred.
When people surround a sacred object or value, they work as a team and fight to protect it.
Think of the collective joy in Britain the day World War II ended.
Consider the collective outrage in Tahrir Square that overthrew the dictator.
And think of the collective grief in the United States after 9/11, the grief that we all felt and brought us together.
What I am saying is that the capacity for self-transcendence is a very fundamental part of human existence.
I propose a metaphor, about the stairs of the mind.
We are homo duplexes, this staircase takes us from the profane level to the sacred level.
Now for a social scientist like me, the difficult question is: Is this staircase a feature of our evolutionary design?
Is this a product of natural selection? Like our hands?
Or is it a bug in the system or a mistake -- is this religious stuff something that happens when the wiring in the brain gets crossed -- Jill had a stroke and had this religious experience. , is that just a mistake?
Well, many scientists who study religion see it this way.
New Atheists, for example, argue that religion is a set of memes, like parasitic memes, that enter our minds and give us all sorts of insane religious beliefs. It makes you do self-destructive things like suicide attacks.
Let me show you.
Darwin wrote that many of our virtues are of little use to ourselves, but they are of great use to our collective.
He wrote of the following scenario, in which two tribes of early humans would have come into contact and competed.
He said, "If one tribe had many brave, caring, and trustworthy members who would always help and protect each other, this tribe would be successful and triumph over the other." .
In other words, Charles Darwin believed in group selection.
There's a group of guys on the college crew team.
There is competition within this team.
There are guys competing with each other.
Maybe one of them will go to the Olympics.
So within the team, their interests are actually at odds with each other.
But while that competition runs within boats, this competition also runs between boats.
Suppose we have a small group of organisms -- bacteria, hamsters; whatever -- this small group here has evolved to cooperate.
That's great. They eat, protect each other, work together and create wealth.
And as you can see in this simulation, when they interact with each other, they gain points, so to speak, grow, and when they double in size, they split. And this is how they reproduce and the population grows.
But then suppose one of them mutates.
There's a mutation in the gene, and one of them mutates and adopts a selfish strategy.
So when green interacts with blue, you see green getting bigger and blue getting smaller.
We start with just one green and interact with it to gain wealth, ie points and food.
If groups can't solve the problem of free riding, they can't benefit from cooperation, and group selection won't even begin.
It's not that hard a problem.
In fact, nature has solved this problem many times.
And nature's favorite solution is to put everyone in the same boat.
For example, why do mitochondria in every cell have their own DNA? DNA in the cell nucleus is completely separate and unique.
And now let's go back to the simulation and put one of the superorganisms into a bunch of free riders, defectors, scammers, and see what happens.
And soon the whole population will actually consist of these superorganisms.
What I've shown you here is sometimes called a major shift in evolutionary history.
Darwin's laws remain the same, but with a new breed of player on the table, things start to look completely different.
This transition was not a one-off natural anomaly, it just happened in some bacteria.
It happened again, about 120 to 140 million years ago, when some solitary wasps started building small, simple, primitive nests, or colonies.
These early hornets lead to the bees and ants, the bees and ants that covered the world and changed the biosphere.
And then it happened again, and even more grandly, in the last half-million years, our ancestors became civilized creatures, gathering around fireplaces and campfires, sharing the work, painting their bodies, When you speak your own dialect and at last worship your own god.
Once they were all in the same tribe, they were able to keep the benefits of co-operation trapped within.
And they unleashed a mighty force, the most powerful force the planet has ever known. Human cooperation -- the power of construction and destruction.
Indeed, in many cases, if you look at what happened in the many rebellions of the Arab Spring, many of those divisions were along religious lines.
Look at the people in these pictures I showed you.
And now I'm going to do the whole talk again, in three minutes, so to speak, in a broader way.
(music) (video) Jonathan Haidt: We humans have a wide variety of religious experiences, as explained by William James.
One of the most common is climbing the secret staircase and losing yourself.
This staircase takes us from the mundane or ordinary life experience upwards to the sacred or deeply connected life experience.
We are Homo Duplex, as described by Durkheim.
And we are homo-duplex because we evolved by multilevel selection, as Darwin explained.
I'm not sure if this staircase is an adaptation rather than a bug, but if it is, the implications are profound.
If it is an adaptation, we have evolved to be religious.
We have evolved, I mean, evolved to see the sacred in everything around us and to team up with others to revolve around sacred objects, people and thoughts.
This is why politics is so tribal.
Politics is partly profane, partly self-interest, but politics is also sacred.
It's about participating with others in pursuing moral ideas.
It's about the eternal battle between good and evil, and we all believe we are on the side of the good team.
And most importantly, if this staircase is real, it illustrates the constant undercurrent of modern life's discontent.
We have unleashed earth-changing creativity to create vast wealth and comfort.
These days we fly, like individual bees in freedom.
But we wonder: is this all there is?
What should I do in my life?
What is missing is that we are homo duplexes, yet modern secular societies are constructed to satisfy our lower, profane selves.
I saw this desire among my students at the University of Virginia.
Most people long to overcome their pettiness and become part of something bigger.
And this explains the extraordinary resonance of this simple metaphor evoked almost 400 years ago.
"No man is alone an island.
JH: Thank you.
(applause)
To do that, as a user, I have to put you back in the driver's seat.
Requires cooperation between you and computer networks and computers
Virtual Earth is the first step towards creating a comprehensive digital representation of the whole world.
It collects data from satellites, aircraft, ground vehicles and people.
The secret is that his brother works for the Virtual Earth team.
We also consider the user interface
We are working on building a virtual world
Thank you for your time
(applause)
People are very emotional in the recent debates about copyright law, such as SOPA and the ACTA agreement in Europe.
But it's also morally important.
But identifying the real damage to the economy is nearly impossible without using "copyright mathematics."
Since Napster came along, music sales have dropped by about $8 billion each year.
(Laughter) No, it's true.
Other statistics show that there were 45,000 people working in the music industry.
This example is just one of the amazing statistics that "copyright mathematicians" have to deal with every day.
(Laughter) (Applause) A modern iPod classic can hold 40,000 songs. That's $8 billion worth of stolen goods. That's $8 billion worth of stolen goods.
But come and join us next time, where we'll use the same scientific, fact-based examination to talk about the cost of alien music piracy to the U.S. economy.
(Thank you for applause
(applause)
First, I'd like to talk a little bit about a talk I gave at TEDxHouston.
The morning after that talk, I woke up with the worst "vulnerability" hangover.
(Laughter) She said, 'I saw the talk livestream.
(Laughter) She said, "Well, it's too late."
(Laughter) She said, "No."
I pulled myself together and looked at her, and she said, "Are you sure you want to sneak in and steal the video before it's on YouTube?"
(Laughter) She said, "You're a terrible role model for vulnerability."
"If 500 become 1,000 or 2,000, my life is over."
The first is that "vulnerability" is not a weakness.
Who thinks "vulnerability" and weakness mean the same thing?
Vulnerability is not weakness
I define "vulnerability" as the emotional risk, the possibility of getting hurt, the uncertainty.
After 12 years of research, I've come to believe that vulnerability is the most accurate indicator of courage: the courage to expose yourself to vulnerability and be honest.
(Laughter) So what do you want me to talk about?
Let me say this for the record: Vulnerability is the source of innovation, creativity and change.
(Applause) To create is to create something that has never existed before.
The second thing I learned last year— Following the first understanding of the relationship between “vulnerability” and courage— Following the first understanding of the relationship between “vulnerability” and courage— Second. All I know is that we have to talk about shame.
About three months ago, I was at a sporting goods store, shopping for goggles, braces, things my parents would buy.
It wasn't by studying vulnerability that I learned about vulnerability, courage, creativity, innovation.
I learned it through the study of shame.
Here's why
I have failed miserably many times
To me, that's what this conference is all about.
Guilt is "I'm sorry, it's my mistake"
There's a big difference between shame and guilt
I don't know how many perfumes the commercial sold, but I'm sure it sold a lot of antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs.
(Laughter) For women, shame is being surrounded by unattainable, contradictory, conflicting expectations of what a woman should be.
Shame for men isn't about contradictory and conflicting expectations
For shame in a petri dish to multiply explosively, you need three things: secrecy, silence, and judgment.
(applause)
He's the man who popularized the term "bionics," and who created the "Six Million Dollar Man" that I grew up with in polyester clothes.
The problem is that we're tied to mass production. You can make a lot of the same thing, but you can't make one unique thing in this world.
Whatever product you end up with will be as unique as your fingerprint.
Chad is a great footballer who lost his leg to cancer eight years ago.
two things happened
Let's go back 100 years, to the year 1912.
Let's go back 100 years to 1912 and think about the problems our country faced at that time.
A hundred years ago, besides coal, of course, we were looking at whale oil and crude oil.
In 1912, our country chose crude oil and coal over whale oil.
$1 trillion of that goes to OPEC
One is under construction by China, and the other 11 are owned by our country.
Why does Japan have 11 aircraft carriers?
America consumes 20 million barrels of oil a day, which is 25% of the world's daily oil consumption.
This slide shows the period from 1990 to 2040.
Over the next 10 years, assuming $100 a barrel of oil, we're going to pay $2.2 trillion.
But the days of cheap oil are over.
There is no free market for oil
25% cleaner than oil
Does our country have enough natural gas?
probably 175 billion barrels
America has 250 million cars
Natural gas plays a role as a bridge fuel, and that's my view.
If we can do this, we can take the first step in developing an energy plan.
What happened?
I lost 150 million dollars
Natural gas has become overwhelming.
I'm not a giant natural gas producer
Someone said one day that I was the second largest natural gas producer in America.
But I'm also in the fuel supply business
Natural gas is a fossil fuel
For those of you who are convinced of the threat of climate change
But if that's the only reason we don't invest in renewable energy, it's not going to be good for us in the long run.
As for where we're headed, in the long term, I wouldn't mind going back to nuclear power.
I can assure you that what will be on the last page of a report that takes five years to write.
A question from the audience is about fracking and the problem of methane leakage in the natural gas production process. Methane is a worse global warming gas than carbon dioxide.
Seriously, the Department of Energy has nothing to do with fracking.
Today, North America's largest aquifer stretches across eight states in Central Texas and South Dakota, and is the giant Ogallala Aquifer, dating from the Triassic period.
I don't understand why the media is obsessed with eastern Pennsylvania.
So what you envision is that the world that will eventually move away from fossil fuels will come from the ultimate technological breakthrough, where solar and nuclear power will eventually become price-competitive.
On solar and wind, Jim and I agreed in 13 seconds.
that's your problem
Because, again, I want to solve America's energy problem.
So I'm going to take this on a personal level -- I'm going to talk about the relationship between you and the heart, and the relationship between all women and the heart -- but I'm going to expand on the politics.
now it's a woman's disease
And the gap with the women's line from 1984 is widening.
Heart disease kills more women at any age than breast cancer.
breast cancer death rate is down to 4%
We are indebted to these two women.
Bernadine Healy Dr. Healy was a cardiologist.
Around that same time, in the 1980s, she noticed that more and more women were dying of heart disease, and she wrote an article in the New England Journal of Medicine that she called it Yentl syndrome.
Mortality isn't going down, it's going up
And she questioned and hypothesized, could this be Yentl syndrome?
Because women and men look different, heart disease doesn't follow the same pattern as men, heart disease is not diagnosed, despite the best diagnostic and treatment methods that have been developed over the last 50 years of research.
Dr. Healy later became the first female director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Her becoming director is a big deal.
“Why are more and more women dying from ischemic heart disease?”
(Laughter) Let's start by describing a male heart attack.
sharp chest pain
This is a man's heart attack
So we looked at something like this, because today's medical technology allows us to see inside the body, and with this special catheter, we can do IVUS (intravascular ultrasound).
Cellulite here Cellulite here
(Laughter) And when you do an angiogram, and you've colored it red, you can see the disease in the man.
so this was a discovery
We're two and a half years into our five-year research plan.
This is an image that I used in a paper I published this summer in the European Heart Journal.
That's the female pattern, and why we think Yentl's syndrome explains this gap.
One cutting-edge technology that we're very excited about is stem cell therapy.
What's the big physiological difference between women and men?
So I hypothesized that female stem cells might be better at finding wounds, repairing injuries, and maybe even creating new organs, as promised in stem cell therapy. yeah
These are female and male stem cells
many lives are at stake
So please, join me in raising money for the Red Dress campaign.
(applause)
my name is taylor wilson
I'm 17 years old, and I'm a nuclear physicist. Believe it or not, it is.
The future of human energy lies in nuclear fusion.
Because when I was 14, I built my own fusion reactor.
This is the inside of my fusion reactor
I started this project when I was 12 or 13.
I assembled this in my garage, and it's now in the physics department at the University of Nevada.
We collide deuterium, which is hydrogen with extra neutrons.
It's similar to the proton chain reactions that take place inside the sun.
We've developed something that replaces the current detectors of the Department of Homeland Security.
(Applause) And we've also developed a system for making medical isotopes.
A device that can produce isotopes on a very small scale without the need for multi-million dollar facilities.
That's my fusion reactor right now in the background.
I'm in front of the control panel of a fusion reactor.
This is me at CERN in Switzerland, the best particle physics lab in the world.
thank you
(applause)
And to do that, I'm going to show you an animation of five of my poems.
Because combining these two media is kind of unnatural and unnecessary.
At first, I was reluctant, because I always thought that poetry stands alone.
Attempts to put music to my poems have always been disastrous.
Also, when you read a poem about cows, you probably don't need a picture of a cow on the opposite page.
It was Warner Bros., Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes, rather than Emily Dickinson or Coleridge or Wordsworth that inspired my imagination.
I'm all for putting poetry out in public, on the bus, on the subway, on billboards, on cereal boxes.
Back when I was Poet Laureate -- I've said it again, I can't help but -- (Laughter) I was doing a poetry show for Delta Airlines, and it's been two years. lasted about
It's a short poem entitled "Budapest," in which I reveal, or pretend to reveal, the secrets of my creative process.
My pen moves across the page like the snout of a strange animal Shaped like a man's arm Wearing a loose green sweater sleeve
(Applause) Writing isn't that easy for me.
After an introductory poetry class, a student came up to me and said, "Poetry is harder than writing, isn't it?"
(Laughter) The next poem is also short.
Poetry is just saying a few things differently.
And here we're using the imagery of furniture in a doll's house.
The man in the brown suit and the woman in the blue dress are standing motionless and well-behaved all afternoon, staring at each other.
This poem opens with a kind of forgetfulness, some people call it literary amnesia, which is forgetting what you've read.
Long ago I kissed the names of my nine muses goodbye and watched quadratic equations pack their bags.
No wonder you wake up in the middle of the night and open a war book to find the date of a famous battle.
No wonder the moon outside the window looks like it's slipped out of the love poems you used to say in the sky
(Applause) The last poem is "The Dead."
They say the dead are always looking down on us
When we lie in the fields or on the couch, lured by the whispers of a warm afternoon Thinking they're staring back Pull up the oars and shut up Wait like parents for us to close our eyes there is
(Applause) I don't know if other poems will be animated.
(Laughter) I have time left to read one very recent poem.
The title is "To my favorite 17-year-old high school girl"
Did you know that if you had started building it the day you were born, the Parthenon would have been completed in a year?
(Laughter) Centuries later, when you were your age, Franz Schubert was washing the dishes and helping out at home, but at a young age he wrote two symphonies, four operas, two solemn masses. I am composing
(Laughter) Of course, this is in Austria, the pinnacle of lyrical romanticism, and not here in the suburbs of Cleveland.
(Laughter) By the way, it's a lie to say that Schubert was washing the dishes, but that doesn't mean he didn't help around the house.
(Laughter and applause) Thank you very much.
(Applause) Hi
(applause)
Ten minutes from now, 100 million cells will die while I'm talking, and 2,000 brain cells will die today, so you could say the death process starts early.
that's the truth
What we do is prolong life, we can postpone death and detour it, but we can't save life permanently.
It's a familiar word to us.
She looked at me and said, "No way!"
Jim was 94. (Laughter) And then I realized something was missing.
John Hunter Hospital
Only 1 in 10 people over the age of 80 die from cancer
thank you (applause)
I am particularly interested in using the computer as a form of personal expression.
Chris asked me to do a short performance, so I will perform for about 10 minutes. If possible, I'll make a video showcasing some other projects I'm working on in my remaining time.
thank you.
I performed with two singers who specialize in producing unusual sounds with their mouths.
I told you three things last year.
Three things happened.
It's 1950. Here are the industrialized countries, here are the developing countries.
there was a big difference in the world
This is 2007.
The last century, 1870, Europe was a bad environment for children, because most of the statistics are from Europe.
India coming up, first data for India.
China will soon appear. Coming from this far corner.
Look here, compare with modern Philippines.
There is a discrepancy that this is happening today, in developing economies.
This is the change, there is a time lag of 30, 40 years in terms of health.
Volvo is doing very well.
This is war. Toyota was off the track, but now Toyota is on the healthier side than Sweden Can you see?
This will change gradually.
this is my family
This is Sweden. In 1830 my great-great-grandmother was born.
This is 1891, the year my grandmother was born.
She took care of me when I was a child, I'm not talking statistics, I'm talking about my family history.
(Laughter) I think that's the best way to look at historical statistics.
It's very interesting to see the enormous diversity in sub-Saharan Africa.
My daughter was born in what Chile is today, my grandson was born in what Singapore is today, the healthiest country on earth.
Singapore is the best country at the moment.
Also, this sounds like a very good story.
But it's not really easy, but it's a very good story.
CO2 emissions, tons per capita.
In 1962, America emitted 16 tons per person.
India's Environment Minister said, "You are the ones who caused the problem.
OECD countries -- high-income countries -- they caused climate change.
But from now on, we will count per capita.
From now on, the calculation is per capita.
All humans are responsible for their per capita emissions. "
The world is a pretty messy place.
Let's call it Dollar Street.
This family earns about one dollar a day.
Interestingly, the family is still sitting on the floor, as you can see in the panorama.
If you want to see the difference, look over here at the toilet.
I spent 20 years interviewing African farmers, who were on the brink of starvation.
These two young farmers, whose parents died of HIV and AIDS--they discuss with a veteran agronomist.
This man, one of the best agronomists in Malawi, his name is Yunatambe Kumbira, is debating what kind of cassava to plant -- the best converter of sunlight into food that mankind has discovered. .
They are very, very eager for advice on how to survive in poverty.
Technology can get you out of poverty, you need markets to get out of poverty.
But she's very grateful for the public investment in schooling, she can count, she won't be fooled when she goes to the market.
She hopes the child is healthy so she can go to market and not have to stay home.
She also wants infrastructure--it would be nice if the roads were paved,
You can do this.
My 20 years of experience in Africa have taught me that the seemingly impossible is possible.
I think sub-Saharan Africa is the most successful region in the world in the last 50 years.
we have to know a little more about the world
My neighbor knows 200 different wines.
I know only two types of wine, red and white.
(Laughter) But our neighbors only know two kinds of countries: industrial countries and developing countries.
(Applause.) But I have to get serious. What do you do when you are serious?
If you are fighting for a non-governmental organization, you love gender equality.
we need everything
Economic development, as a public health professor, is the most important thing for development. Because it can explain 80% of survival.
It was the government that finally made the law work.
Education, human resources are important.
Environment is important.
Money is not the goal.
Environment, it is very, very important.
But what are the key goals?
Human rights, of course.
Finally culture. Indeed culture is the most important, because it is culture that brings joy to life.
Yes, the seemingly impossible becomes possible.
Even African countries can.
Please remember, please, my main point is this: the seemingly impossible is possible.
(Laughter) (Applause) This is my sword!
Sword swallowing came from ancient India.
(laughter) I'll prove to you guys that the seemingly impossible is possible, using steel, steel, this is a military bayonet used in the Swedish army, It is from 1850, the year of the last war.
You see, the battery is the key here.
It's called a liquid metal battery.
This is a new type of energy storage medium that I invented with a team of students and postdocs at MIT.
(Applause) So let's get started.
The battery was invented about 200 years ago by Alessandro Volta, a professor at the University of Pavia in Italy.
This gave rise to new scientific disciplines, new technologies such as electrochemistry and electroplating.
This is the world's first battery, coin-shaped zinc and silver piled up and separated by cardboard soaked in salt water.
This was the beginning of battery design, with two electrodes and an electrolyte, in this case a different composition of metal and a salt water.
We need to look at this issue from a different perspective.
And to cultivate new perspectives, I sought inspiration from areas other than electrical storage.
Just a few years after its discovery, aluminum went from being a precious metal worth as much as silver to being a common building material.
Voltaic batteries operate at room temperature
It consists of a solid electrode and a saltwater electrolyte
The electrolyte is not a solution of salt and water, but rather a molten salt.
This is an economic miracle in modern electrometallurgy.
We've created a fully liquid battery consisting of liquid metal for both electrodes and a molten salt for the electrolyte.
First, put the low density liquid metal on top, the high density liquid metal on the bottom, and put the molten salt in between.
Magnesium in the top layer
(Laughter) To create an electric current, magnesium loses two electrons and turns into a magnesium ion, which moves around in the electrolyte, absorbs two electrons from antimony, and then mixes to form a bond.
The electrons produced here are responsible for powering devices in the real world.
And to charge the battery, it connects to a power source.
A current passing between the electrodes creates just the right amount of heat to keep it at the right temperature.
It's cool, at least conceptually.
Hire seasoned professionals?
(Applause) Now let me tell you about the evolution of the liquid metal battery.
We call it the "hockey puck"
We call it "pizza"
That's enough energy to meet the daily power needs of 200 American households.
What can we learn from this?
(Applause) What can we learn from this?
About temperature -- the conventional wisdom is to set it at or near room temperature, and then install a controller to keep it at that temperature.
Liquid metal batteries are designed to operate at elevated temperatures with minimal temperature regulation.
And finally, human resources -- the conventional wisdom is to hire battery experts and veterans to tap into that wealth of experience and knowledge.
You see, this liquid metal battery story isn't just a report on the invention of a new technology, it's also a blueprint for inventing inventors.
(applause)
Scientists and engineers change the world
If you really think about this question, you're bound to feel uncomfortable.
It's not the failure itself that limits us.
The road to something truly new and never done before is always fraught with failure.
Clemenceau said, "Life becomes interesting when you fail because failure is a sign that you have surpassed yourself."
In 1895, Lord Kelvin declared that a heavier-than-air flying machine was impossible.
In October 1903, the prevailing opinion among aerodynamicists was that in 10 million years we might be able to build flying machines.
Two months later, on December 17th, Orville Wright flew the first powered plane over the beaches of North Carolina.
it was 1903
General Ferdinand Foch, said to be the most ingenious and shrewd intellect in the French army, said, "Airplanes are interesting toys, but they have no military value."
40 years later, aerodynamics experts coined the term transonic.
In 1947 there was no wind tunnel data above Mach 0.85.
Nonetheless, on Tuesday, October 14, 1947, Chuck Yeager climbed into the cockpit of a Bell X-1 and took off into the unknown, becoming the first pilot to fly faster than the speed of sound.
Six of the eight Atlas rockets exploded on the launch pad.
After 11 completely failed missions, we got our first images from space.
This is still true today
At Mach 20, you can get from New York to here in Long Beach, California in 11 minutes and 20 seconds.
DARPA's hypersonic prototype is the fastest steerable aircraft ever built.
The Minotaur IV rocket will carry it up to near-space altitude and then launch it.
This is an unnatural behavior for a rocket.
I call it Rocketcam
It's aimed at hypersonic gliders.
This is the actual footage from the rocket cam during the first flight.
I changed the aspect ratio slightly to hide the shape.
Here's an image of an unmanned glider heading into Earth's atmosphere from the rocket's third stage.
And yet, we've collected more data about hypersonic flight than we did in 30 years of ground testing combined.
The second flight was three minutes of fully controlled aerodynamic flight at Mach 20.
You can't learn about flying at Mach 20 without flying.
A Mach 20 glider takes 11 minutes and 20 seconds from New York to Long Beach, but a hummingbird, how many days?
Hummingbirds aren't hypersonic, but they're highly mobile.
In fact, hummingbirds are the only birds that can fly backwards.
You can fly up and down, forward and backward, you can fly upside down
So many prototypes crashed, so many...
But like a hummingbird, the only way to learn to fly is to fly.
(Applause) Isn't that beautiful?
Matt is the first human hummingbird pilot
(Applause) Failure is part of the process of creating something new and amazing.
Spider-Man may one day become Gecko-Man
With current technology, we can create structures that resemble the hairs on the soles of the gecko's feet.
So you can stick six 42-inch plasma TVs to the wall without screws.
this is a spider mite
It's one millimeter in size, but next to a micromachine, it looks like Godzilla.
In a world where spider mites look like Godzilla, millions of mirrors, each one fifth the diameter of a human hair, move hundreds of thousands of times per second to project large images, creating movies like "Godzilla" in ultra-high definition. can be seen in
If we can build machines at the nanoscale, what about truss structures like the Eiffel Tower built at the microscale?
Today, we're making a metal that's lighter than Styrofoam, so light that you could put it on a dandelion puff and blow it away with one blast. And if you could make a car out of it, it'd be light enough for two people to lift, but it'd be as impact-resistant as an SUV. can
There are 44 lightning strikes on Earth every second.
Experiments Show Lightning Could Be the Next GPS
Through a thumb-sized grid of 32 electrodes on the surface of the brain, Tim controls his advanced prosthetic hand with his thoughts.
This is the first time that humans have controlled a robot solely through their thoughts.
And Tim held Katie's hand for the first time in seven years.
Made by the Tobacco Plant
Tobacco can produce millions of doses of vaccine in weeks instead of months, and this could be the healthiest use of tobacco ever.
Last September, players of the Foldit game solved the three-dimensional structure of a protease in the retrovirus that causes AIDS in rhesus monkeys.
They were able to work together because they were connected through the internet.
The Internet is home to two billion people, a third of the world's population.
It amplifies our voice and power as a group.
1969 The Internet was just a dream, a sketch on paper.
Then on October 29th, the first packet-switched message was sent from UCLA to SRI.
Who are the scientists and engineers in this magical place called DARPA?
They remind us that we can change the world if we stop fearing failure and try the impossible.
You know, there was a time when you weren't afraid to fail, you're a great artist, you're a great dancer, you can sing, you're good at math, you can make anything, you're an astronaut, you're an adventurer, you're like Jacques Cousteau, you can fly higher and faster than anyone else. Run, I was able to kick hard
Scientists and engineers can change the world
Doubt and fear always creep in
Jason started working at DARPA on March 18, 2010
I saw Jason almost every day, sometimes twice a day.
One particularly dark day for me, Jason wrote me an email.
Then and now, when I feel doubt and fear, when I feel the need to reconnect with that sense of challenge, I remember his words, they were so powerful.
(Applause) Thank you.
On the second flight, we had full aerodynamic control of the aircraft for three minutes before losing control.
What do you imagine that glider will be used for?
Ultimately it's up to the military to decide how to use it.
The guys at AeroVironment have tried over 300 different wing designs, and they've tried 12 different avionics configurations.
But there's something very interesting about flying machines that resemble something.
Aren't you worried about the Pandora's box problem?
that's what we do
It's clear you're an inspiring leader
And you're pushing people to work on such great inventions, but on a personal level, I can't imagine doing your job myself.
Don't you wake up in the middle of the night and ask yourself if your team's talent could have unintended consequences?
In 1998, I was a single mother of four, and just three months after giving birth to my fourth child, I went to work as a research assistant.
The girl happened to be the only girl in the entire village to reach the ninth grade.
Her mother was often told by other women, "You and your daughter will die poor."
After spending two weeks in that village, it's time to return.
With tears in my eyes I said "no"
Two months later, I was asked to go to another village for the same job and live in the village chief's house.
Her mother died giving birth to her and no one knows her father's name."
Within two weeks of my stay, she became my friend and we slept together.
I bought her old clothes and her first doll.
i want to go with you
i want to go to school
I was very poor, had no money, and lived with my parents, and I said "no."
Here's how this girl was raised: This girl was raped by her paternal grandfather every day for six months.
i want to go to school
In 2010, a young woman stood before President Sirleaf and testified about how she and her siblings had lived together since their parents died in the war.
Great people have made a commitment that we will protect our children from poverty and fear.
I believe that all these great works by great people to get young people in the direction we want them to go are failing.
For example, in Liberia, the teenage pregnancy rate is three in 10.
In some areas, people say they wake up in the morning to find used condoms discarded like chewing gum paper.
Girls as young as 12 are prostitutes for less than a dollar a night.
A few days before my TED talk, someone asked me, "So where's the hope?"
A few years ago, a few friends of mine decided that we needed to bridge the gap between our generation and a generation of young women.
Some girls, who were young mothers who were very shy when they walked into the room, are taking bold action and going out and advocating for rights for other young women.
One day she said to me, "My wish is to finish college and be able to support my children."
She sells water, soft drinks, cell phone cards, etc.
This is an African girl's dream
A few years ago there was an African girl
Angry, frustrated and resentful at the state of her society and at the state of her child, this young woman created a movement, a movement of ordinary women uniting one another for peace. was intended to establish
This wish belongs to another African girl
Women came out to protest and speak fearlessly against the brutal dictator.
Today this young woman is me, a Nobel Peace Prize winner.
thank you
I have been asked to lead the Liberia Reconciliation Initiative.
We took 50 of those girls and worked with them.
And this was the beginning of the election
The girls banded together and formed groups to launch voter registration campaigns.
The slogan they used was this: "Even pretty girls vote."
they were able to mobilize young women
Rape isn't barbaric, but rape laws are barbaric.
The first concrete block was made in 1868, and the idea was simple: Cement pieces of fixed size that could be stacked exactly together.
Concrete blocks quickly became the most used building material in the world.
So the concrete block became the basic building block of our time.
About 100 years later, in 1947, this is what Lego made.
In just a few short years, Lego bricks have become ubiquitous in every household.
You don't have to be an engineer to build beautiful houses, bridges and architecture.
What Lego did, in essence, was to create for the imagination the equivalent of concrete blocks, the building blocks of the real world.
Like concrete blocks, transistors can be put together one by one to build larger, more complex circuits.
Eight years ago, when I was at the Media Lab, I started exploring the idea of ​​putting the power of engineers in the hands of artists and designers.
and started developing littleBits a few years ago
littleBits are collections of electronic components, each with one specific function.
Green is output Blue is power Pink is input Orange is wiring
Add in a buzzer for a bonus effect, and you have a noise generator.
Beyond simple play, littleBits are actually very powerful.
For example, how nightlights work, why automatic doors don't trap people, and how an iPod responds to touch.
Designers with no experience in electronics or anything else are playing around with littleBits as materials.
I want to make this material accessible to everyone.
thank you
(applause)
Augmented reality demonstration
Augmented reality is a blend of reality and computer-generated imagery.
It's an ideal medium for the study of magic, asking why, in this age of technology, we continue to be fascinated by magical wonders.
This receptive state of mind was first mentioned by the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
Without it the script becomes just words
Jean Robert-Houdin, France's greatest illusionist, was the first to recognize the magician's role as a storyteller.
There are stories of creation and loss, death and resurrection, and obstacles to overcome.
Magicians wield fire and steel, challenge roaring circular saws, try to catch bullets, and attempt desperate escapes.
But the audience doesn't come to see the magician die, they come to see him live.
Because the best stories always have a happy ending
Jokes lead to expected destinations,
The ending defies logic, offers a new way of looking at the problem, and the audience expresses surprise through laughter.
A key element of a story is that it's made to be shared.
This makes my job difficult. If I want to surprise them, I have to start with the same story, but end it differently, adding a twist to the trick.
We all want to share stories, whether it's magic at a party, a bad day at work, or a beautiful sunset on vacation.
Today, thanks to technology, we can share those stories in ways never before possible: in emails, on Facebook, on blogs, on tweets, on TED.com.
The tools of the social network are digital campfires around which people gather to listen to stories.
We turn facts into similes and metaphors and fantasies.
Stories make us who we really are and sometimes who we want to be.
And if the story is good, it makes us smile.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
First, without glamorizing it too much, imagine lighting your house with kerosene and candles every night, and doing all the cooking with charcoal.
This is how the two billion poorest people in the world cook and light every day.
Not only is this inconvenient, it's inefficient, it's expensive, it's harmful to human health and the environment, and it's not productive.
This is "energy poverty"
Let me give you some examples
I work in Haiti, where about 80 percent of the population lives in energy poverty.
The average household spends 10% of their income on kerosene for lighting, an order of magnitude more than the average American household spends on electric lighting in their homes.
The 2008 hurricane season caused about $1 billion in damage in Haiti.
But Haiti is different. We can't afford it.
In fact, such fuels and technologies do exist, and here's an example.
This is a solar-powered LED light bulb that retails for about 10 dollars in rural Haiti.
The recipe for solving energy poverty seems very simple. If you develop these technologies that will give you a big return on investment, people will jump on them.
At night, I would walk around and talk to street vendors to see if they would be interested in purchasing solar-powered LED bulbs.
A woman I met turned down my offer and said, "Mon chéri, c'est trop Cher." It will save you a lot of money, and it will give you much better light than the kerosene you're using right now." I didn't sell any light bulbs, but I learned something really important: technology and commodities won't solve energy poverty.
Specifically, there are two types of access to end energy poverty: physical access and financial access.
So what do we mean by physical access?
The phrase "the last mile" is often associated with the telecommunications industry.
What it takes to solve energy poverty is retailers that take the last mile to bring clean energy to people.
It means that you can go to the most remote villages in Haiti and meet people selling kerosene and charcoal.
Another access is financial.
What they have is microfinance.
So the recipe for ending energy poverty is much more complicated than just a commodity.
We need to integrate financial access directly with new and innovative distribution models.
So the next time you hear about a technology or product that's going to change the world, be a little skeptical.
The inventor who created the Segway, Dean Kamen, who is a genius by any standards, once said, "My job is to invent, it's easy. The hard part is to spread the technology." and products to the people who need them most.
thank you
(applause)
"The world of plankton".
There are over a million organisms in just one teaspoon of seawater.
A trillion lives are born here, but only a few reach adulthood.
The real power of this land comes from phytoplankton.
Phytoplankton form the basis of the world's largest food web.
Some catch their prey with their sticky tentacles, while others take a bite out of their own cousins.
But my favorite is the crustacean Phronima (a deep-sea shrimp-like amphipod).
And best of all, a small fish like mine is a perfect snack for them.
Here in the plankton world, the food web is so intricate that even scientists don't know who is eating whom.
Not long ago, my daughter Rebecca sent me a message wishing her luck.
In 1996, when I gave my first TEDTalk, Rebecca was five years old and she was sitting right there in the front.
I was about to write a book that celebrated life online and was on the cover of WIRED magazine.
At the time, I was experimenting with chat rooms and virtual communities.
I'm on this TED stage again
My daughter is twenty years old and a college student.
I've just finished writing a new book, but this time it won't be on the cover of WIRED magazine.
Some of the things we do with our devices would have been funny or frowned upon just a few years ago, but we've gotten used to it and it's already become the norm.
Here's a recent photo of my daughter and her friends, who are together but not together.
Some people think it's a good thing
This is called the Goldilocks effect. Not too close, not too far, just the right distance.
An 18-year-old boy who does everything through texting said thoughtfully, "Someday, someday, but definitely not now, but I want to learn how to communicate."
It's going in real time - because you can't control what you want to say."
Relationships are rich, complex and demanding.
we clean it with technology
Over time, we seem to forget it, or stop caring about it.
One day, Stephen Colbert asked me a question out of the blue, a very deep question that caught me off guard.
We talk to each other to learn how to talk to ourselves.
For growing children, those skills are the foundation of their development.
For example, many of us have a wish that the digital assistant on the iPhone, an advanced version of Siri, could become a close friend who would listen to things that others wouldn't.
I think this wish reflects a painful fact that I've learned over the past 15 years.
The feeling that no one is listening to me is very important in our relationship with technology.
Now robots are being developed, they're called social robots, and they're designed to be human companions -- the elderly, children, and our companions.
During my research, I worked in a nursing home and brought along a robot designed to make seniors feel understood.
And then one day, I went and found a woman who had lost her child, talking to a robot that looked like a baby seal.
it was staring into her eyes
seemed to follow the conversation
she was comforted
She was trying to make sense of her life through a machine that had no life experience.
we are vulnerable
And at that moment, the woman was experiencing that pretended empathy. Robots don't empathize.
We expect more from technology, less from people.
I think it's because technology appeals to where we are most vulnerable.
we are vulnerable
We gravitate toward technologies that we feel will connect us in ways that we can comfortably control.
Always connected makes us mistakenly think we're not alone
And if you don't teach your children to be alone, someday they'll be lonely
Like a young lover, I fear that talking too much will ruin the romance.
We grew up with digital technology, and we think both have matured.
But no, it's still early days.
Create a sanctuary in your home Kitchen Dining room - take back the conversation there
do the same at work
Technology is redefining how we connect with each other, how we relate to others, how we relate to ourselves, but it's also an opportunity to reassess our values ​​and our direction.
i am optimistic
One advertising campaign says that online and avatars will "make you love your friends, your body, your life, just use your avatar online."
We're fascinated by virtual romances and the virtual world of games -- and the fantasy that one day robots will become true friends.
thank you
(applause)
Our selection process isn't as rigorous as NASA's, but it's still thorough.
We have already exceeded the limits of human endurance
I should add that everything you see here is artificially illuminated with great painstaking effort.
(Video) The technique I'm showing you here is already outdated and dangerous.
Next year I will lead the international team to J2
I remember that term very well for two reasons.
And we've developed generations of gadgets to explore these places.
What you see here is called the Digital Wall Mapper, which created the first three-dimensional map of a cave, and it just so happened to be the Wakulla Spring.
this is europa
For those of you who have never seen this story, Jim (James) Cameron has made a truly fantastic movie for the IMAX projection system, "Aliens of the Deep Sea."
Here's a short clip of that (video) Narrator: A mission to explore beneath Europa's ice will be the ultimate challenge for robotic technology.
Europa is so far away that even at the speed of light, it would take over an hour for a command to reach the probe.
Now we have to go through the ice
It's basically a nuclear powered torpedo
We need an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)
BS: What Jim didn't know when he made this movie was that six months before this movie, NASA had funded the team I organized and started testing an AUV for Europa.
As this movie shows, it's a smart puppy
It has 96 sensors, 36 computers, 100,000 lines of autonomous behavior programs, and 10 kilograms of TNT in the electronic equipment.
It's been explored to a depth of 292 meters, and no one knows what's below.
That's part of DEPTHX's mission
How do you turn a robot into a microbiologist in the field?
When I see something interesting, I put it under the microscope and look at it.
What I'm going to show you next is the world's first fully autonomous robotic underground exploration.
What about manned space exploration?
The government has announced that it will return to the moon by 2024.
First, you pay by the kilogram for everything you do in space.
Thirteen years ago, the U.S. Department of Defense launched a little-known mission called Clementine.
The most interesting discovery from that mission was that the Shackleton crater at the moon's south pole had very strong hydrogen signatures.
You can use the inflatable system for anything
To get back from the moon, you have to deal with orbital engineering.
There's a myth that nothing can be done in space without a trillion dollars and 20 years.
we live in the most exciting times in history
We are at the confluence of miraculous times where personal wealth and imagination are driving the need for access to space.
Breaking the paradigm requires a completely different approach
We can send an industrial version of the Lewis and Clark Expedition to Shackleton Crater to mine the moon's subsurface resources, and then show that we can lay the foundation for a profitable orbital business.
(Applause) With the right help, we could do it in seven years.
We are in another time when we need boldness to move forward.
100 years after Sir Ernest Shackleton said these words, I would like to raise the banner of industry to the moon and complete the final piece that will open the door to space for all of us in our time.
thank you
(applause)
hi
(Laughter) I did this for two reasons.
(Laughter) Ladies and gentlemen, I've dedicated the last 25 years of my life to designing books.
It all started with an innocent mistake. Like penicillin. (Laughter) What I really wanted to be was a graphic designer at a big New York design firm.
because that's Knopf
But what they all have in common is that they need to look like something.
On my first day of studying graphic design at Penn State University, my teacher, Lanny Smith, walked into the classroom, drew an apple on the blackboard, wrote "apple" underneath it, and said, "Now for lesson one. Alright. listen"
One is the autobiography of Katharine Hepburn and the other is the biography of Marlene Dietrich.
As you can see, pure content and pure form side by side.
[What is Jurassic Park? ] What's the story here?
Someone recreated dinosaurs by extracting DNA from ancient amber.
Genius!
(Laughter) Now, luckily for me, New York, where I live and work, is full of dinosaurs.
(Laughter) So I went to the Natural History Museum, saw dinosaur bones, and bought a book at the souvenir shop.
I was particularly drawn to this page of the book, or more specifically, the lower right corner of it.
I didn't know what I was doing or where I was going, but at some point I stopped, when it seemed like doing more was going too far.
From that time on, Michael was on the cutting edge —
(Laughter) I miss Michael.
Sure enough, MCA Universal called our legal department and said they wanted to buy the rights to this image, so they might use it.
(Laughter) But when you think about this, from my head to my hands to his feet.
I want people to look at an author's book and say, "Wow, I have to read this."
The reason he went there was because he was intimidated by his body image and wanted to explore what was behind it.
David really liked this design, because he does a lot of book signings, and in Magic he could write something like this.
(laughs) Hi!
(Laughter) Augusten Burroughs wrote a memoir called "Dry," which was about the time he was in rehab.
In his 20s, he was a hit-and-run advertising exec and a terrible alcoholic in "Mad Men."
You could call it the "haiku" of the story.
All of these solutions are derived from the text of the book, but the book designer has to interpret and translate the book as he reads it.
Ha! The Sultan is in danger
(Laughter) The last story I'm going to talk about today is an extraordinary story.
A woman named "Aomame" is descending a spiral staircase on a highway in 1984 Japan, and when she reaches the bottom, she suddenly feels that she has entered an alternate reality, slightly different from her original reality, though very similar, but. it's different
So, even if you don't know anything about this book, you're forced to think about a single person who straddles two dimensions of existence.
We love publishing as an art, but we also understand that it's a business, and if we do our job right and have a little bit of luck, great art can be great business.
That's why we created a virtual dissecting table with Dr. Brown from Stanford University.
With this anatomage table, medical students can experience dissection without specimens.
As you can see, I use my fingers to manipulate the digital human body.
You can see a lot of internal structures
so you can see inside the heart
Let me show you, let's start with the skeletal structure and then add the internal organs.
Can you see tendons and muscles?
I wish I could build muscle so easily
(Laughter) This is another way to learn anatomy.
This is the anatomage table
(applause)
If you look around in the upper right corner, you can see what looks like a white line, and this is a road that was built in the 1970s.
So soybean cultivation has exploded, proving that globalization and trade are having an impact on the Amazon rainforest.The world is now intricately connected.
The green area is the land used for agriculture. Wheat, soybeans, corn, rice, etc. are grown.
It covers an area of ​​16 million square kilometers
If you put it all together in one place, it would be the size of the continent of South America.
We use a lot of land for agriculture, but we also use a lot of water.
But what's even more interesting is where this water came from: the Colorado River in North America.
The river's water is melted snow from mountains far to the east, and it flows all the way down through the desert into the Aral Sea.
weather patterns have changed
19 of the 20 fish species endemic to the Aral Sea have disappeared from the planet.
This is a photo that Al Gore gave me a few years ago that he took during a visit to the Soviet Union, quite some time ago, and it shows a fishing boat in the Aral Sea.
We already use 50% of the fresh water on the planet, and agriculture uses 70% of that.
So we use a lot of water and a lot of land in agriculture.
Agriculture has become such a huge presence, it's taking over the land, it occupies 40 percent of the land, uses 70 percent of our water, and emits 30 percent of our greenhouse gases.
The world's nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes have doubled because of fertilizer use, which is causing water pollution problems in rivers, lakes and even the ocean, and is the biggest contributor to biodiversity loss.
So agriculture has become, without a doubt, the most powerful force on the planet, arguably the most powerful force since the Ice Age.
And both of those important things are happening at the same time.
It's not a substitute, it's not a luxury... it's a necessity.
Not only do we need food to eat, we need to supply fiber and biofuels to the 7 billion people in the world, but the demand for agriculture will grow even more in the future, and this is inevitable.
We're going to have more people, we're going to eat more, our diets will change, but at the same time we're going to have an energy crisis, and we're going to need alternatives to oil, and that includes biofuels and bioenergy.
It's a land of biodiversity, carbon reservoirs, and other things we want to protect.
Let's take corn as an example, and the green areas are where the corn yields are already very high, probably at their maximum yields, taking into account the soil and climate of the area, but the brown and yellow areas are naturally possible. This is an area where only 20% to 30% of the harvested amount is harvested.
the water and nutrients that plants need
But it also requires a careful approach to meet future food security needs and environmental needs at the same time.
We have to figure out a way to bring these two things together, a new way of farming where they can coexist.
(music) (University of Minnesota Environmental Institute, In Search of Discovery) (music) The global population is growing by 75 million people each year.
At this rate we will reach 9 billion by 2040
We all know that climate change is a big problem.
But that's not the only problem
Global Agricultural Crisis Needs to Face 'Another Inconvenient Truth'
Population growth + meat consumption + dairy consumption + energy costs + bioenergy production = load on natural resources
Over 40% of all land is cleared for agriculture
This is roughly the size of South America
it's the size of africa
2,800 cubic kilometers of water are fed to crops each year
That's enough to fill the Empire State Building 7,305 times a day.
Fertilizer more than doubled the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in the environment
Surprisingly, the number one cause of climate change is agriculture
emits 30% of greenhouse gases
More than the combined emissions of electricity use and industry as a whole That is more than the emissions from planes, trains and cars
We'll have to double, maybe even triple, the world's food production while the world's population grows by billions more.
We need investments in practical solutions Farmer subsidies, precision agriculture, new crops, drip irrigation, reuse of gray water, better farming, smarter diets.
We face one of the greatest challenges ever. The greatest challenge in human history is to feed nine billion people sustainably, equitably and justly, while protecting the planet for future generations. also for
Thank you. (Applause)
As a body architect, I'm interested in the human body and exploring ways to transform it.
I once worked in Philips' hyper-futuristic design research lab, which looked 20 years ahead.
I was researching how technology could transform the human body and the skin.
may take the form of gas or liquid
As a body architect, I've created a limitless platform to find what I want.
(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
we have fought
I just want to be educated I want to learn I want to grow
Hi my name is frank collecting secrets
It all started in November 2004 when I had a crazy idea.
People started buying their own postcards and making their own.
PostSecret.com has become the world's most visited ad-free blog
Secrets can take many forms
As you can see, it's made out of Starbucks paper cups, and on the other side is a stamp and my address.
Secrets remind us of the countless human dramas, fragility and bravery that are quietly taking place in the lives of those around us at this very moment.
"Everyone who knew me before 9/11 thinks I'm dead."
(Laughter) The next one needs a little explanation before I show you.
The following postcard is made from one of those photographs.
(Laughter) "Inside this envelope is an unused and torn suicide note.
It's in my pocket now."
I read some to her, she reads to me some, and so on.
“She read it once, then read it again.”
(Laughter) When she looked at him, he was on his knees and holding out his ring.
and he sent me this photo
Matty was inspired by this secret to start a website called IFoundYourCamera.He started a website called IFoundYourCamera.
this is one of my favorite
(Laughter) Matty came up with this brilliant idea to capitalize on the kindness of strangers.
It may seem like a simple idea, but the impact it can have on people's lives can be huge.
Matty showed me this heart-wrenching email his mother sent him in this picture.
“This is me, my husband and my son.
The other picture is of my grandmother, who is very ill.
thanks for making the site
The following is the last postcard I will introduce today.
After I posted this secret, dozens of people sent me their voicemails, some of them saved for years and others of deceased family and friends.
Secrets can take many forms
(Applause) Thank you.
Have you ever sent your own postcard?
Have you ever posted your secret on PostSecret?
I started this project because, without realizing it, I was struggling with my own secrets.
Through crowdsourcing, the kindness shown by strangers allowed me to uncover a past that was tormenting me.
(Laughter) (Applause)
I was born in the city of Den Bosch, where the painter Hieronymus Bosch took his pen name.
What's interesting about him, in terms of morality, is that he lived through a time when the power of religion was waning, and he wondered what would happen to a society without religion, or a society with a weakened religion.
Here's a picture of me when I was young and a baby chimpanzee.
(Laughter) And that's when I discovered that chimpanzees are very power-hungry, and I wrote a book about it.
Much of the animal research at the time focused on aggression and competitiveness.
In the process of investigating power, domination and aggression, I discovered that chimpanzees reconcile after conflict.
but the essence is exactly the same
And so the picture I had of the whole animal kingdom, including humans, began to change from that point on, when political science and politics began to change on this issue.
One is reciprocity, which is associated with justice and fairness.
Here's an old video of chimpanzees working together, shot at the Yerkes Primate Center.
Two young chimpanzees are trying to pull a box, but the box is too heavy for one chimpanzee to pull.
Of course, there's food on top of the box.
(Laughter) There are two interesting things here.
Another problem is that elephants are very strong, so you can't build experimental equipment that's too heavy for a single elephant to pull.
So in this case, in a study that we did in Thailand with Josh Plotnik, we had a device that had a single piece of rope wrapped around it.
If you pull on only one side of the rope, the rope comes off and the other side is gone.
(Laughter) But this shows how smart elephants are.
Empathy is currently my main research topic.
Empathy has two qualities.
This is the physical channel of emotional empathy, which is also present in many animals, including your dog.
This is related to empathy
And a real chimpanzee is watching this cartoon on a computer screen.
(Laughter) Now, I'm sure you're aware of yawning contagion, and by the time you start yawning, you're sharing it with other animals.
As you may know, we recently published an experiment.
It's about altruism and chimpanzees, and the question is, can chimpanzees care about the welfare of others?
Originally we experimented with capuchin monkeys
I'll show you how the first experiment went.
A philosopher wrote in a letter: "Monkeys cannot have a sense of fairness, for fairness comes from the French Revolution."
(applause)
Think about it, folks, more than a billion couples are having sex this year.
(Laughter) So my view is that men and women should be free to choose whether or not to have children.
Over a billion people perform birth control without hesitation.
As a result, birth control disappeared from the global health agenda.
Contraceptive use here in Germany is about 66%.
El Salvador is similarly 66%
Now let's compare it to other places, like India's largest state, Uttar Pradesh.
Chad is 2%
Take one country in Africa, Senegal, for example.
So why is it so low?
The same thing is happening today in African countries.
The world we built is in a life-or-death crisis.
100,000 women die each year in childbirth despite not wanting to get pregnant.
Another 600,000 women who didn't want to get pregnant in the first place, give birth to children who die within the first month of life.
What I'm talking about is giving women the power to save their own lives, to save the lives of their children, and to give their families the best possible future.
We also need to help the farmers who are cultivating small plots of land in Africa, so they can grow more crops to feed their children.
My maternal great-uncle was a Jesuit priest.
My great-aunt was a Dominican nun.
I went to Catholic school until I left home to go to college.
One of the teachings that made us girls and peers wonder is this Is birth control really a sin?
I had plans for the future.I wanted to go to college.
I studied hard in college, and I was proud to have a computer science degree, which is rare for a woman at my college.
I wanted to build my career, so I went to business school, and I became the youngest female executive at Microsoft.
I still remember when I left my parents' house to start a new job far away at Microsoft.
My parents sacrificed a lot to give me five years of higher education.
I was free to decide what it was
Marianne, in the red sweater in the middle of the picture, sums up our two-hour conversation in one word, one that I will never forget.
It's universal
Many women do not have basic education
But many of the women who have the knowledge and the power to do so are unable to obtain access to contraceptives.
For 250 years, parents around the world have chosen to have smaller families.
France began reducing family sizes in the mid-1700s.
Over the next 150 years, the trend spread across Europe.
What struck me as I learned about this history was that this trend spread not socioeconomically, but culturally.
Parents have the power to change the future rather than accept it as it is.
In France, the average family size continued to decline every decade for 150 years until it stabilized.
In Germany, this change began in the 1880s and took just 50 years to stabilize family size.
The change in Asia and Latin America began in the 1960s and was accelerated by modern contraceptive methods.
And even under those circumstances, Indian women were really smart.
For decades in America, African-American women have been sterilized without their consent.
It was so commonplace that it was called the Mississippi appendectomy, a tragic piece of American history.
As recently as the 1990s, in Peru, women from the Andean region were being sterilized with anesthetic shots without their knowledge.
This is what drives society forward.
In the same Nairobi slum, I met a working woman who was making backpacks.
I would go with my young children to the local jeans factory and collect the scraps of denim.
She had three children at the time, and I asked her about her family.
In Bangladesh, there is a district called Matlab.
After 20 years, we found that this village had a better quality of life than its neighbors.
women are less likely to die in childbirth
The Asian economic miracle of the 1980s is often talked about, but it's not really a miracle.
One of the main drivers of economic growth in the region was the cultural shift towards small families.
I believe that when sub-Saharan African families are given the opportunity to make decisions for themselves, a virtuous circle of social development will begin to revolve across the continent.
We can help poor families build a better future
For this to happen, both rich and poor governments must make contraception a top priority.
Here and globally, we can do something about the millions of families who don't have access to contraception right now, and how it would change their lives if they did.
If Marianne and this group of women can speak openly about this issue, either privately or publicly, so can we.
thank you
(Applause) (Chris Anderson): Thank you.
(applause stops) Thank you for your courage and everything.
Melinda: These days, I hear smart people saying things like, "Don't worry about population anymore.
(Melinda Gates): If you look at the statistics for Africa as a whole, you're wrong.
i think we need to look at it in a different light
But that choice should be made at the family level.
sex is sacred
Tell me about a contraceptive experience that changed your life, even if it's someone you know.
So what we're going to do is, on July 11th, we're going to have a big event in London, where many countries are going to be there, and African countries are going to be there, and we're going to tell them that this is a global health issue.
The reason I'm passionate about this issue is because I've seen it firsthand in developing countries.
I'm a process engineer, I know boilers, incinerators, fibrous filters, cyclones, etc.
I also have Marfan Syndrome.
In 1992, when I took part in a genetics study, I was horrified to see that the diameter of the base of the ascending aorta, as you can see on the slide, exceeded the normal range, the green line.
And as you can see, my aorta gradually widened to the point where it needed surgery.
The surgery that was possible was gruesome.
They put you under anesthesia, open your chest, put them on a heart-lung machine, bring your temperature down to about 18 degrees, stop your heart, remove your aorta, and replace it with a plastic valve and aorta.
The idea of ​​having surgery was not appealing.
The thought of taking warfarin was absolutely terrifying.
I told myself I'm an engineer I'm in R&D This is just a plumbing problem
The actual problem with the ascending aorta in Marfan's syndrome is the lack of tensile strength.
If you have a high-pressure hose or a high-pressure hydraulic pipe that bulges a little bit, you can just wrap the outside of it with tape, which is really simple in concept.
The little structure you see in the center is squeezing out blood, the left ventricle, which pumps blood through the aortic valve.
moving towards the ascending aorta
That part, the ascending aorta, dilates and eventually ruptures, of course, fatally.
In preparation, we started with image acquisition to create a model of the patient's aorta from MRI and CT scans.
Here is a model of my aorta
It's a very difficult structure to manufacture.
We built a better model through an iterative process.
When I made this model, I made a solid plastic mold like this, using an engineering technique called rapid prototyping.
In fact, the easiest part of the surgery was putting in the implants.
it's really great
(Laughter) When I talk to people who take warfarin for a long period of time, I find that they are living a very inconvenient life, and worse, they inevitably shorten their lives.
This is a list of our core team members. As you can see, we don't just have two technical disciplines, medicine and engineering, but we have a wide range of experts from each discipline.
Rad Mohyaddin, a radiologist
Warren Thornton, who still works on all of our CAD models today, was able to create a CAD code based on a very difficult input data set to produce a bespoke CAD model. wrote me
Organizational barriers were another headache within the project.
i think it's the same in poland
I gave up and went to private investors.
You can find solutions that have never been seen before, things that have never been seen before, very easily, very quickly.
That's all I want to say, you have three minutes left
If you have any questions, please come and talk to me later. It's a pleasure talking to you. Thank you.
What I'm going to talk to you about today is hopefully transforming fear into hope.
Diabetes, cancer, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, heart failure, respiratory failure, diseases that we know are debilitating and have very few treatments.
Regenerative medicine is a very simple concept that anyone can understand.
It's an idea that was introduced on the cover of Science magazine.
The idea is that instead of trying to improve symptoms with devices and drugs and things like that -- which I'll touch on a few times later -- the idea is to replace lost body functions by regenerating damaged tissues and organs. to play
We've come a long way since then
The problem is that the richer you are, the longer you live.
The richer the country, the more elderly people there are.
Why is this important?
On the other hand, if the average age in the country is between 45 and 55, then you're going to see early-onset diabetes, heart failure, coronary artery disease, and other illnesses that the average age person experiences, which are more difficult to treat and more expensive to treat.
Right around the age of 40 to 45, we see a steep rise in health care costs.
(Laughter) There aren't many ways to change the way we treat these diseases and achieve what I call healthy aging.
Let's take diabetes as an example.
Couldn't we have an injection to regenerate the pancreas in the early stages, before symptoms appear?
I think the concept I'm talking about is dramatically conveyed in this video.
A little later, I'll tell you something more important about limb regeneration.
Imagine if they were faced with limb regeneration instead of limb loss.
So in order to have a dialogue with the body, you have to speak the language of the body.
We heal ourselves as a natural process, primarily through the work of our cells.
Finally, we might be able to create smart devices that take over the functions of the body and allow the body to heal itself.
If you could remove all the cells from a pig's small intestine and still maintain it in a biologically active state, then the remaining small intestine tissue would contain all the elements and biological signals needed to encourage the body to heal. The idea is that it might
(Laughter) I'm going to show you a diabetic ulcer.
this is the reality of diabetes
We hear a lot about diabetics and diabetic ulcers, but we don't often associate ulcers with the final stage of amputation if they don't heal.
This is a diabetic ulcer, a tragic one.
The material contained only natural signals.
Can limbs be regenerated?
This is a 78 year old man who lost his fingertip.
You can see the heart muscle beating in the culture dish.
This is bypass surgery, like Al Gore had, but with the difference.
Here, at the end of bypass surgery, the patient's stem cells, taken at the beginning of the surgery, are injected directly into the heart.
I'm going to stand here and show you how early this technology is.
I can see the cells coming back
Basically, if you do bypass surgery on a critically ill person, you'll get a little better.
I think another example of stem cell therapy is about to enter the clinical stage.
You get liposuction fluid, where neurons were made from the isolated stem cells.
Soon there will be patients treated with stem cells derived from their own fat.
I just talked about a device that could dramatically change the way we treat disease.
China established a tissue engineering research center
The first year budget was $250 million
thank you
(Laughter) (Applause) I had a plan, but I never dreamed it would involve a banjo.
♫ Shady Grove, sweetheart ♫ Shady Grove, sweetheart ♫ Shady Grove, sweetheart ♫ Back to Harlan The sound was just beautiful Doc's singing and the banjo's rippling...
Before I went to law school in China, I bought a banjo, loaded it into a little red truck, traveled south through Appalachia, learned a lot of old American folk songs, and ended up in Kentucky, where the International Bluegrass Music Society held a competition. rice field
I was sitting in the hallway one night when some girls came up to me and said,
I picked up my banjo, four songs I knew, nervously playing together.
I was writing a song a few months later.
I wrote the first song in English and the second song in Chinese.
(music) [Chinese] The world is waiting outside the door
(Applause) It's been eight years since that fateful night in Kentucky.
I've played in thousands of shows
I've played with so many great, talented musicians around the world.
I've seen the power of music to connect cultures.
thank you
(applause)
In his book, he recounts his experiences as an intern doctor at Boston City Hospital in 1937, before penicillin became available.
I can't guarantee a healthy long life for all human beings.
But what we need now are pit crews for our patients.
The evidence is everywhere: 40% of people with coronary artery disease in our society receive incomplete or inappropriate treatment.
60% of people with asthma and stroke receive incomplete or inappropriate treatment.
What we've learned from looking at the data about what has happened as a result of increased complexity is that the most expensive treatment is not necessarily the best treatment.
There's a famous thought experiment that deals with exactly this: "What would happen if you took only the best parts and assembled them into a car?"
it's not a system
it took three months
I got interested in this when the World Health Organization came to my team and asked me to help them with their project to reduce surgical mortality.
We looked at skyscraper construction and aviation, and what we discovered was that besides technology and training, there was one more thing that was being used: checklists.
What we've learned is that creating a checklist for dealing with complexity is harder than we thought.
We've implemented this checklist at eight hospitals around the world, deliberately ranging from rural Tanzania to the University of Washington in Seattle.
There's a lot of resistance, because using these tools forces us to face that we're not the system and to act on different values.
Simply using a checklist calls for acceptance of new values, such as humility, discipline, and teamwork.
It's the opposite of what we were brought up with: independence, self-sufficiency, autonomy.
By the way, I had the chance to meet a real cowboy.
They're in constant electronic communication, and they have protocols and checklists for everything they do -- (Laughter) from bad weather to emergencies to livestock vaccinations.
Even cowboys are now pit crews
Making the system work is the critical task of our generation of doctors and scientists.
we all need to be pit crew now
thank you
(applause)
Last January my Fark.com company was sued by Gooseberry Natural Resources, along with sites like Yahoo MSN Raddit AOL TechCruch.
The problem with these patents is that they're murky, and the patent system isn't working as it should, and as a result, many lawsuits end up in settlements.
And because many settlements are under non-disclosure agreements, no one can know the terms of the agreement.
As a result, the patent troll can claim to have won the lawsuit.
One case closed, right?
One of the big problems with patent law is that if you're sued by a patent troll, the burden of proof is on the defendant to show that you don't infringe the patent, and that means you can prove that you don't infringe the patent. I have to
On average, these patent troll cases, even when successful, take two million dollars and 18 months.
If you get sued by a patent troll, that's the best possible outcome.
Six months after the lawsuit was filed, we finally entered the discovery process.
The second thing is to be very clear at the outset: Either you don't have any money, or you'd rather spend money on a lawyer to fight them than give money to a troll.
The reason this method works is that patent trolls receive a percentage of the money they recover in settlements.
This is a technique used by patent trolls, and they take advantage of it.
In conclusion, it can be summed up in one word: don't negotiate with terrorists.
(Applause) Patent trolls do more damage to the U.S. economy each year than any domestic or foreign terrorist group has ever done to the U.S. economy.
And the problem with the patent system is that there are two big industry groups, and each industry expects different results.
The tech industry is demanding stronger protections for producers.
While not completely conflicting, their goals are at odds
Unfortunately, I'm not smart enough to solve the patent troll problem.
(Laughter) It's a patent about filing for patent infringement using a mobile device, which is any computer that isn't stationary.
thank you
(applause)
He is Shivdat Yadav from Uttar Pradesh, India
That confusion gave rise to the title, and this project explored the idea that we are the living corpses, and that we ourselves, in some way, represent the ghosts of the past and the future.
This story is the first of 18 chapters in a new body of work -- "Livings and Others Declared Dead."
For this film, I've spent four years traveling the world researching and documenting bloodlines and their stories.
In each chapter, we see external forces such as dominance, power, territory, and religion colliding with internal forces that are inherited mentally and physically.
On the left is one or more portrait panels, where I've systematically arranged members of my bloodline.
In Chapter 2, I photographed the descendants of Arthur Ruppin
The Zionist Organization sent him to Palestine in 1907 to inspect potential Jewish settlements and acquire land.
While researching the Zionist archives in Jerusalem, I wanted to see the early documents on the founding of the Jewish state.
I was interested in the power of geography, and I imagined what the world would be like if Israel was in Uganda, and this map shows it.
The Archives in Jerusalem holds a card catalog of early immigrants and would-be immigrants to Palestine and later to Israel from 1919 to 1965.
Chapter 3: Joseph Nyamwanda Jura Ondijo was in the outskirts of Kisumu, Kenya, treating patients with AIDS, tuberculosis, infertility, mental illness and demons.
But sometimes, when a female patient can't afford the treatment, the family will give the woman to Jura as compensation for the treatment.
As a result of this exchange, Jura has nine wives, 32 children, and 63 grandchildren.
Polygamy is widespread in Kenya
Polygamy is seen as a symbol of wealth, status and power, as socially and politically influential figures practice polygamy.
Twenty-four European rabbits were brought to Australia in 1859 by British settlers for hunting.
Since the 1950s, Australia has been introducing lethal diseases into rabbit populations to control populations.
In the Srebrenica massacre, six of these bloodlines were killed over two days.
Up to 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys were systematically executed in this massacre.
The woman's name is Zumra
She was followed by four children, all killed in the Srebrenica massacre.
The four were followed by Zumra's sister, followed by her children, who were also killed.
While I was in Bosnia, the remains of Zumra's eldest son were exhumed from a mass grave.
Here's a video used in the Milosevic trial, from top to bottom, showing Serbian army scorpions gathering and killing boys and men after being blessed by an Orthodox priest.
It also monitors the Internet and directs local media to handle sensitive and potentially controversial issues such as Tibet, ethnic minorities, human rights -- religion, pro-democracy movements, and terrorism.
This is a descendant of Hans Frank, Hitler's legal adviser and governor-general of occupied Poland.
There are many blank photographs in this bloodline that highlight the complex relationship with family history.
Reasons for absence include those who refused to participate or
Some parents did, but didn't allow their children to participate, because they thought they were too young to make their own decisions.
It was issued in Poland for the purpose of creating friction between Frank and Hitler, to make Hitler think that Frank was abusing his power.
Speaking of fate, I was interested in the story and fate of a piece of art.
These are the Ferraz family - and the Novaez family.
The conflict has been going on since 1991 in the state of Pernambuco in northeastern Brazil, leaving 20 people from both families and 40 non-family members dead, including hired hitmen and casual bystanders and friends.
Tensions between the two families date back to 1913, beginning with a regional political power struggle.
After returning home, I received word that one of my family members had been shot 30 times in the face.
Chapter seventeen is an exploration of the absence of bloodline and history.
This orphanage in Ukraine has children from the ages of 6 to 16.
In the 12 months I was in this orphanage, only one child was adopted.
People often commit crimes to survive, and suicide rates are high.
Children don't take baths very often because they don't turn on the hot water until October.
this is the girls bedroom
This project has more chapters
Birth and death go on incessantly, and in between there's a never-ending accumulation of stories.
So my question is, is this going to lead to some sort of evolution -- accumulation -- or is it just that we're doing the same thing over and over again?
thank you
(applause)
People are living longer and society is aging
But don't get me wrong, I believe that living longer can and will improve the quality of life for all generations.
The number of years of life expectancy added during the 20th century has exceeded all the thousands of years of human evolution that have added to life expectancy.
In an instant, we almost doubled the length of time we lived.
Moreover, the fertility rate is declining at the same time as the average life expectancy is increasing, so until now, the old pyramid structure, showing the distribution of population by age group, has always consisted of a large number of young people at the bottom, and a small number of elderly people who have survived to old age. The shape of that pyramid structure, which is the apex, is morphing into a rectangle.
This increase in life expectancy is the product of a remarkable culture, a melting pot of technology and large-scale behavioral change to improve health and well-being.
Right now, we have problems with aging: disease, poverty, loss of social status.
Aging brings progress: increased knowledge, increased expertise, and improved emotional aspects of life.
Yes, that's right, the elderly are happy.
These people are happier than the middle-aged and older, and even more so than the young.
In addition, a recent Gallup poll asked participants how stressed, worried and angry they felt the previous day.
As a result, stress, worry and anger all decreased with age.
Social scientists call this the aging paradox.
And we asked, well, maybe older people are just trying to appreciate their otherwise depressing lives in a particularly positive way. (Laughter)
Many years ago, a colleague and I started a study that followed the same population for 10 years.
Initially, the subjects were between the ages of 18 and 94.
how sad are you right now
It was like, "How frustrated are you right now?" And so we were able to get a feel for the kinds of emotions and feelings the subjects were experiencing in their day-to-day lives.
It's a bit too simplistic to just say that older people are happy.
And we think this may explain why older people are better at resolving intense emotional disputes and arguments than younger people.
Older people can see injustice with compassion rather than despair.
And if all things were equal, older people would direct their cognitive resources, such as attention and memory, toward positive information rather than negative information.
If you show these images to older people, middle-aged people, young people, and later we ask them to remember everything they can, older people, not young people, remember more positive images than negative images.
We also asked the elderly and young people to look at their faces in the lab, some of them frowning, some of them smiling.
The relatively positive emotions reported by older adults may be due to cognitive impairment.
Or maybe the nerve centers in your brain are failing so that you can no longer process negative emotions.
And indeed, in situations that really matter, older people process negative information as well as positive information.
And if there's an aging paradox, it's that the realization that we won't live forever changes our outlook on life in a positive way.
(Laughter) Well, if it doesn't work out anyway, there's always tomorrow.
By 2015, there will be more Americans over the age of 60 than under the age of 15.
the numbers don't determine the outcome
If we invest in technology to find solutions to the real problems that older people face, and if we take full advantage of their very intrinsic powers, the extra years of life will dramatically improve quality of life for all ages. is improved
thank you
(applause)
I'm at the Center for Evolutionary Medicine at the University of Zurich, where I study the origins and evolution of human health and disease, based on the genes of ancient human bones and mummies.
I hope this will help us better understand the evolutionary vulnerabilities of the human body and improve our health and its management.
There are many different approaches to evolutionary medicine, one of which is to extract human DNA from ancient bones.
And from this extract, we can reconstruct human genomes from different eras, looking for changes that could be related to adaptation, risk factors, genetic diseases, and more.
The most serious health problems of our time are not the result of simple mutations in the genome, but rather the complex and variable interplay of genetic differences, diet, microbes and parasites, and immune responses.
But of course, all the soft tissue is gone, and the health information we can get from the skeleton itself is limited.
Mummies are a great source of information, but they are very limited geographically and temporally.
Coprolites, which are fossils of human waste, are actually very interesting.
(Laughter) So we assembled an international team of researchers in Switzerland, Denmark, and the United Kingdom to tackle this problem.
Also found in Neanderthals and animals
So the goal of my team of researchers was to see if we could apply genetic engineering and proteomics techniques to look at DNA and proteins and use them to improve our taxonomy and our understanding of what's going on.
And what we found was that there were many commensal pathogens that lived in the nasal passages and mouths.
We also found immune proteins associated with infections and inflammation, proteins and DNA associated with diet.
But what surprised us and was very exciting was that we also found bacteria that normally live in the upper respiratory system.
That means we have virtual access to the lungs, where many serious diseases develop.
They also found bacteria that normally live in the gut.
What started as an idea is now being implemented to generate vast arrays of sequence data that can be used to map the long-term evolutionary history of human health and disease into the genetic code of individual pathogens. investigate at the level
From this information, we can learn how pathogens evolve and why we continue to get sick.
In closing, on behalf of future archaeologists, I'd like to ask you to think again when you go home and brush your teeth.
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
A few months ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to two teams of astronomers for what is arguably the greatest discovery in astronomical observation history.
I'm going to divide the story of the multiverse into three parts.
The first part begins in 1929, when the great astronomer Edwin Hubble notices that a galaxy far, far away is moving farther and farther away from us, and the universe is getting farther and farther away. and established the fact that it is growing and expanding
Now, let's move history forward to 1990. The two teams of astronomers I mentioned at the beginning were intrigued by this idea and decided to measure the rate of slowing the expansion. I decided to measure the degree of deceleration of
Gravity can push things apart, according to Einstein's general theory of relativity, according to Einstein's general theory of relativity.
it's a very small number
Finally, in the dark energy mystery, just put it in the back of your mind for a moment. I'm going to tell you three important things about string theory.
This is an attempt to realize Einstein's dream of a unified theory, a framework that attempts to explain all the forces in the universe with a single framework.
The theory is that if we can look further in from there, then at scales smaller than we can observe with our current technology, there's something inside these particles: tiny vibrating threads of energy, tiny vibrating strings.
But in string theory, there are many, many more dimensions on very small scales, which roll up so small that we can't see them.
If we knew the shape of these extra dimensions, we should be able to compute these features, and we should be able to compute the amount of dark energy.
This is a very radical idea, and it has a big impact on our puzzle, the mystery of the amount of dark energy that the Nobel Prize-winning observations brought to light.
For example, if there are many other universes, for example, if there are many other universes, and the extra dimensions of each universe have different shapes. So the amount of dark energy in each universe is also different, especially the amount of dark energy in each universe is different, especially the amount of dark energy in each universe is different.
We're in a universe with that particular amount of dark energy because we're in a universe with that particular amount of dark energy because the conditions in this universe are suitable for life like us.
A planet much closer to a star like the sun would be too hot for life like us to live on.
The big difference, of course, is that we know that other planets exist, but at this point, the existence of other universes is only hypothetical.
Such a mechanism has been discovered by cosmologists studying the Big Bang Such a mechanism has been discovered by cosmologists studying the Big Bang
An improved Big Bang theory fills this gap.
It's called inflationary cosmology, and it's identified what fuel is needed to expand outer space out of space.
Each universe has extra dimensions
The question that remains, of course, is whether we can confirm the existence of other universes.
Inflation theory already has observations to support it.
And if there are other universes, according to this theory, sometimes these universes will collide.
thank you
Thank you Brian (BG: You're welcome) (Applause)
Maybe the reason money doesn't bring us happiness is because we're always using it for ourselves.
Contrast this with a woman in Uganda, and she said, "I met an old friend of mine, whose son was suffering from malaria.
Because it wasn't $10,000, it was local currency.
In almost every country in the world, people who donate to charity are happier than people who don't donate.
Belgian sales team
But if you spend 15 euros on your teammates, that team will perform significantly better, and you'll make a lot more money than you paid for it.
Teams that spent money on themselves had the same win rate as before.
So if you think, "If money can't buy you happiness," you're using it wrong.
DonorsChoose.org, a non-profit organization primarily for teachers in low-income public schools, where teacher wishes are put forward.
How small are atoms?
To understand, let's ask the question: How many atoms does one grapefruit contain?
Suppose that the grapefruit consists only of nitrogen atoms, which is absolutely not the case, but the grapefruit contains nitrogen atoms.
So how big would a grapefruit be?
You mean to say that if the earth were full of blueberries, there should be the same number of nitrogen atoms in grapefruits?
that's right!
How big is an atom?
Let's take a peek inside each atom, the blueberry. What do you see?
At the center of the atom is what is called the nucleus, which is made up of protons and neutrons, and on the outside you can see the electrons.
How big is the nucleus?
If an atom is a blueberry on Earth, how big is the nucleus?
You probably remember the picture you saw in your old science class of an atom with a little dot with an arrow pointing to the nucleus.
How big is the nucleus?
Imagine a ball as tall as a two-story house.
Imagine a ball the size of a football field. Right in the middle of the atom, you'll find the nucleus.
Still only about the size of a small marble
Atoms have protons, neutrons and electrons
Protons and neutrons live inside the nucleus and carry almost all of the mass of an atom.
If an atom is like a ball in a football field, with the nucleus in the center and the electrons at the edges, what's between the nucleus and the electrons?
Surprisingly, the answer is empty space.
(Sound of wind) Yes, it's empty!
There is a very large empty space between the nucleus and the electron.
Technically, we have an electromagnetic field, but in terms of matter, it's empty.
The thing to remember is that this large empty space is the interior of the blueberry, and the interior of the Earth, so it's actually the atoms in the grapefruit.
Since virtually all of the mass of an atom resides in the nucleus — electrons have a small amount of mass, but most of the mass is in the nucleus — how dense is the nucleus?
2.5 × 10^16 pounds per cubic foot
A car weighs 2 tons on average.
How many car nuclei would you have to pack in a 30 cm square box to make it have the same density as the nucleus?
the answer is much bigger
Roughly equal to the number of humans on Earth
that's the density of the nucleus
Atoms are very, very, very small.
The atoms in grapefruit are like blueberries on Earth.
The nucleus has an impossibly high density
I'm tired
It's a great honor to be here today to talk about cities, cities of the future.
I am happy to be here as Mayor of Rio.
Rio is a beautiful city, a vibrant and special place.
So today, I would like to share with you a special moment in my life and the history of Rio.
This is Mr. Juan Carlos, King of Spain.
This is set to become Rio's third largest park in June of this year.
The surrounding temperature is expected to drop by 2-3 degrees.
The world's urban population is currently 3.5 billion and is expected to reach 6 billion by 2050.
A high-capacity transportation network costs a lot of money.
You know, you don't have to dig deep underground to build a station.
This station has the same comforts and facilities as a subway station.
But what I want to tell you today is that favelas aren't always a problem.
Rio has 6.3 million inhabitants, more than 20% of which 1.4 million live in favelas.
All red areas are favelas
This is a typical favela in Rio
I think you can see the difference between the rich and the poor.
I would like to make two points about favelas.
But what needs to be done is to provide basic services inside the favelas, mainly education and health care, of high quality.
This is an old building in a favela in Rio (the name of the favela) that has been turned into an elementary school, and it's high quality.
We call it Family Clinic.
The first point is to provide basic services in a favela with high quality.
Rio aims to urbanize all favelas by 2020
it was great and a lot of fun
Almost every year we have terrible landslides like this.
This is the Rio Operations Center
how is the weather in rio right now
Today I will talk about AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa.
In the 1990s, the ABC campaign to promote abstinence, honesty and condom use brought the prevalence down from 15% to 6% in a few years.
First and foremost, AIDS is a policy issue.
It may sound like I'm ignoring policy, which is of course the most important thing, but I want you to know in this speech that understanding how epidemics work is essential to effective policymaking. is the
If an HIV-uninfected man lives in Botswana, where the prevalence rate is 30%, and has at least one long-term girlfriend or other partner per year, he is 3% more likely to die within 10 years.
That's a big change in a short period of time.
I see very little change in sexual behavior.
If you're a software engineer and you're thinking about whether to add new features to your program, you have to think about cost.
It is also important to consider the benefits
But how much you want to invest depends on how long you expect to live, even if you don't actually invest.
But life expectancy in Africa, even without AIDS, is very short -- 40, 50 years in many places.
So people in areas with high malaria have a shorter life expectancy than people in areas with low malaria.
So to see if behavioral changes can be explained by differences in life expectancy, we're going to see if more behavioral changes occur in areas with less malaria.
If you look at the blue line, you can see that in areas with low malaria, the number of sexual partners has actually decreased significantly as HIV prevalence has increased.
Young women living in areas with high maternal mortality are less likely to respond to HIV than women living in areas with low maternal mortality.
And when there are other risks, they don't respond as well to the existing risks.
If people don't have the motivation to prevent AIDS, they may not change their behavior even if they know about the disease.
So we need to think about policy and think about effective policy.
We know the success of the ABC campaign in Uganda because we have several years of prevalence data.
Unfortunately, without other good data, the prevalence of HIV in the general population in Africa was unknown until 2003.
Kenya, Zambia and many other countries have tested random samples in the general population.
We know the prevalence in Kenya in 2003, but we don't know anything about 1983 or 1993.
To do that, we rely on the fact that AIDS is a special kind of disease.
There aren't many diseases like that. Look at this. This is a graph of mortality by age in Botswana and Egypt.
As you can see, children and the elderly have similar mortality rates.
But in the middle ages of 20 to 45, the mortality rate in Botswana is much higher than in Egypt.
But there aren't many other deadly diseases, so we can assume that the mortality rate comes from HIV.
But if you died of AIDS this year, you got infected a few years ago, and you use that mortality rate to find the historical prevalence of HIV.
Here's a graph of prevalence in nine African countries in the late 1990s, one based on UNAIDS projections and one based on mortality.
According to UNAIDS, Zambia's HIV rate is 20 percent, but based on mortality, it's projected to be 5 percent.
Even with the knowledge that 25 million people are infected, maybe the UNAIDS numbers are just too high, maybe 10 million, maybe 15 million.
That's not to say AIDS isn't a problem, it's a big problem.
Like I said at the beginning, I wasn't going to talk about exports or anything like that.
So again, let's talk about exports and prices.
And economic activity, especially the relationship between export volumes and HIV prevalence.
But openness and interconnectedness also have their downsides from a disease perspective, so it's no surprise.
Laurie Garrett told me on Wednesday that I'm definitely going to get the bird flu, but I'm not concerned at all because I don't have anything to do with Asia.
In Africa, epidemiologists have long said that truck drivers and migrants are more likely to be infected than other people.
Areas with more economic activity, roads and urbanization have higher prevalence than others.
The more exports, the more AIDS, and the impact is pretty big.
The data show that if we doubled exports, we would quadruple new HIV infections.
This has significant implications for forecasts and policy
From a predictive standpoint, if we know about trade-altering events, like the African Growth and Opportunity Act, or other policies that support trade, we have an idea of ​​which regions are actually at risk of HIV infection.
In the same way, in developing policies to support exports, if we know the externalities that come with increasing exports, we can think of appropriate policies.
Poverty and AIDS go hand in hand, especially in Africa, where poverty is high and AIDS is prevalent, but alleviating poverty and helping exports and development, at least in the short term, does not necessarily reduce HIV prevalence.
It's been copied a lot in other places like Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa.
Because it's true that in the 1990s there was a downward trend in Uganda's prevalence, and it's true that they did an educational campaign.
At the same time, other things were happening in Uganda.
Coffee is Uganda's major export
If you look at this, the black line is the value of exports, the red line is the number of new HIV infections, and you can see that both are going up.
Combining the intuition from this figure with the data above, we can surmise that between 25% and 50% of the prevalence decline seen in Uganda would have happened without the education campaign.
What's great about being here is that the questions you have are very different from the ones I have.
I think it could be a lifeline that could save more lives than penicillin.
"I don't want to go to school today
that's great
Then they created a crime map.
In fact, after the New York Police Department implemented a system called CompStat, the homicide rate dropped by 60 percent.
Anecdotal evidence may exist
You can say to the headmaster, "Every Thursday at 3 o'clock there seems to be a problem.
what's going on at school? "
thank you
(applause)
For the tri-fold type Most of the time, everyone takes two or three.
(Applause) AUDIENCE: Shake well.
Fold
let me tell you a secret
This might be one of those terribly boring board games.
This is the 1980 Olympics
he is a photographer
It's an incredibly powerful experience.
My partner is Mexican - food is a basic need for all of us, but it turns out that for Mexicans it's more than that.
Games also change the way you see things, they change the way you see people in a topic, and they change you.
The National Mall is a symbol of American democracy.
It has been the setting for many historic moments in American history.
These museums are often passive. There's a passive relationship between the exhibiting museum and the audience as the recipient of the information.
When Richard Koshalek took over as director of the Hirshhorn Museum in 2009, he wanted to capitalize on the museum's most unique location in the United States: the seat of federal power.
Can art, in the ultimate sense, enter into a dialogue about national and global affairs?
Over 180 embassies in Washington D.C.
We have over 500 think tanks
There must be some way to capture this intellectual, international energy and harness it through museums.
Beyond contemporary art exhibitions, Hirshhorn is a public forum for discussion of art, culture, politics and policy.
After 40 years, how will this building expand in new progressive projects?
Hirshhorn is located in one of the mall's most monumental establishments.
Most of them are neoclassical, heavy and opaque, made of stone or concrete.
(Video) This is a big idea.
a huge airbag
The membrane part is translucent
this is the view from the inside
This is warp and weft
this is the point cloud
The first program is a program on cultural dialogue and diplomacy, organized in collaboration with the Council on Foreign Relations.
Form and content come together here
Art and politics fill the ambiguous space outside the walls of the museum, but in the central part of the museum, that air blends with the mall's air of democracy.
thank you
(applause)
The public dialogue in America on energy issues boils down to the following questions: What kind of death would you rather have next? A) an oil war B) climate change C) a nuclear catastrophe or D) all of these
Can we reinvent a new fire?
Fire is what makes us human, and fossil fuels have modernized us.
But we need to think of a new fire that is safe, strong, healthy and permanent.
Four-fifths of the world's energy comes from burning four cubic miles of pristine swamp sludge and rotting matter each year.
they have created our wealth
They have enriched the lives of billions of people.
That's why we need a new fire
Switching from old fire to new fire means changing two big stories: oil and electricity, both of which produce two-fifths of the fossil carbon in the atmosphere.
Because less than 1% of the electricity is produced from oil, and half of the electricity is produced from coal.
Three-fourths of electricity is used in buildings
Both of the rest are used to run the factories.
So efficient cars, buildings and factories consume less oil and less coal, both of which can be replaced by natural gas.
But the modern energy system is not only inefficient, it's also disintegrated, aging, polluting and dangerous.
By 2050, we can end our dependence on oil and coal. We can reduce our natural gas use by a third by increasing efficiency in use and switching to renewable energy.
Today's economy spends $2 billion every day on oil, plus $4 billion every day in hidden hidden costs and military spending, and the combined cost of oil is more than one-sixth of GDP.
And three-fifths of the fuel used for transportation is in cars.
So if you take away the extra weight and drag and use less energy in the wheels by one unit, you save seven units of energy in the tank, because you save six units that would otherwise be lost before being transferred to the wheels.
Unfortunately, in the last quarter century, automobile obesity, which is two tons of steel, has also become epidemic, gaining weight twice as fast as people.
But today, ultra-lightweight, ultra-strong materials, like carbon fiber composites, can snowball the weight of cars, simplifying and lowering the cost of manufacturing cars.
In just the first two years, five large European feebate programs have tripled the speed at which cars improve fuel economy.
The move to electric vehicles will be as big a shift as the move from typewriters to computers.
Of course, computers and electronics are now America's largest industry, while the typewriter industry is long gone.
America has the potential to lead this next automotive revolution.
Germany is the current leader
Last year, Volkswagen announced that by the next year it would build a carbon fiber plug-in hybrid that could do 230 miles per gallon.
Also, around the same time last year, BMW also announced that it was launching a carbon fiber electric car, and that the carbon fiber would be compensated for by requiring a smaller battery.
Seven years ago, much faster and cheaper American manufacturing technology was used to create this little carbon fiber test piece that doubles as a hat.
But manufacturing techniques like this can scale to the time and cost of automobiles while maintaining aerospace performance.
The same physics and business theories apply to big vehicles.
In the five years to 2010, Walmart redesigned its giant truck fleet distribution and operations, resulting in 60% oil savings.
But technical improvements in heavy-duty trucks alone can save up to two-thirds.
We could also use smart IT technology to make transportation more efficient and enable car sharing.
Cars that go 125 to 240 miles per gallon can run on any combination of hydrogen batteries, electricity, and next-generation biofuels.
Trucks could also run on natural gas.
Our team is using what we call "institutional acupuncture" to accelerate these petroleum savings.
In fact, three years ago, mainstream analysts were beginning to see oil demand peaking, not in supply, but in demand.
Even Deutsche Bank said global oil consumption will peak around 2016.
In other words, the time is approaching when oil will become uncompetitive even at low prices before it becomes overdemanded at high prices.
But electric cars don't have to strain the power grid.
Rather, smart cars exchanging electricity and information through smart buildings and smart grids add valuable flexibility and storage capacity to the grid, helping to integrate energy such as solar and wind power into the grid. increase
Over the next 40 years, buildings that account for three-quarters of their electricity consumption will triple or quadruple in energy efficiency, saving $1.4 trillion in net present value, with an internal rate of return of 33 percent, to put it simply, that savings. minutes are worth four times what you spend
In addition, the industry will grow faster, with energy efficiency doubling and an internal rate of return of 21 percent.
The key here is what we call integrative design, a disruptive innovation that dramatically reduces or eliminates the cost of energy conservation.
And integrative design drives energy savings in the industry.
The Dow has invested billions of dollars in efficiency gains, and it's already seen a return of $9 billion.
For example, today three-fifths of our electricity is used to power motors.
Half of those motors run pumps and fans.
For example, pumps are the main use of motors, to move liquids through pipes.
So what do these savings mean for motors that use three-fifths of our electricity?
Typically, our retrofit designs save 30% to 60% of energy and pay for that investment within a few years, while at the same time, designing new facilities further reduces capital costs, saving 40% to 90% or more. increase
Requiring less electricity will ease and accelerate the transition to new power sources, especially renewable energy.
China is driving these explosive growth and sharp cost reductions.
German solar workers now outnumber American steel workers.
Over the last four years, half of the new generation capacity added each year has been renewable, mostly in developing countries these days.
For example, in Germany in 2010, between 43% and 52% of electricity generation in four states was wind power.
45% in Portugal and 36% in Denmark were renewable.
But for the same cost, these four futures have very different risks in terms of national security, fossil fuels, water, finance, technology, climate change and health.
The future of energy is not a fixed destiny, it's a choice, and that choice can be changed.
In 1976, for example, governments and industry were arguing, "The amount of energy needed to raise GDP can never go down."
The power revolution and the oil revolution are both driven by the efficiencies of modern technology, but their integration makes for a truly big story -- the reinvention of fire -- a business backed by smart policies in mindful markets. Then, by 2050, America would be able to move away from oil and coal, saving $5 trillion in costs, growing the economy by 2.6 times, and enhancing national security. You can reduce your emissions by 82% to 86%.
We humans are inventing a new kind of fire, one that is not mined from the ground, but one that flows from above. It is abundant, not scarce. It is not local, it is everywhere. It's permanent, not temporary It's free, not expensive
Each of you shares a piece of this $5 trillion prize.
We're just starting to have a lot of discussions on ReinventingFire.com, and I hope you'll join us, with us, with you, and with everyone around us, to make the world a richer, fairer, cooler, safer place to live. Let's make a difference, and together we'll reinvent fire.
thank you
(applause)
Instead of expanding circles, hexagons expand
(Laughter) 400 aluminum cans
Tule is a type of reed that's native to California, and it smells really good when you're working with it.
The mechanism uses 9 motors and 3000 pulleys.
This is early rehearsal footage, but the finished production is on tour, and will be playing in L.A. in a few weeks.
Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring, Midday, Dusk, Darkness, Dawn
thank you very much
RM: There are certainly things that come from direct observation, like the two raindrops.
I like working with my hands
So I decided to wait. The next day it was a little better, the next day it was even better, and now I love it.
JC: New relationships emerge over time.
It always amazes me to think that 2.5 billion people in the world are connected to each other through the Internet, and that at any given moment, 30 percent of the world's population can be online to learn, create and share. —
A recent survey found that young people spend more than eight hours a day online.
The price we're being asked to pay for this connection is privacy.
Many people today assume that the Internet is a private place, but it's not.
With every mouse click, every screen touch, we're like Hansel and Gretel, wandering through the digital forest, dropping breadcrumbs of personal information wherever we go.
It's called behavioral tracking on the Internet today, and it's a big business.
And what you see in the background is Collusion, an experimental browser add-on that you can install in your Firefox browser to find out where your data is going and who is tracking it.
this is my profile
Like many people, I start my day by checking my email.
When my daughter and I sat down at the breakfast table, I asked, "Does your school emphasize music literacy?"
I go to work, I check my email, I log in to a few more social sites, I blog, I check the news, I share a few articles, I watch online videos. About, and at the end of the day, when you sit back and take a look at my profile,
Altogether, there are now 150 sites tracking my personal information, most of them without my consent.
Some of the top companies in this space have revenues as high as $39 billion.
Our voices matter and our actions matter even more
You can download it, install it in Firefox, and find out who's tracking you in your digital forest.
because the memory of the internet will last forever
we are being watched
Now is the time to watch the watchers
thank you
(applause)
(Laughter) Part of that is due to nicotine, but there's a lot more than that. Smoking in public places is banned in the UK, and I've never been able to enjoy a drinking party again.
that's really tiring
Sometimes you just want to stand in the corner and stare out the window
So the problem is, if you don't smoke and just stand alone and stare out the window, you'll be treated like an unsociable, friendless idiot.
(Laughter) If you're standing alone staring out the window smoking a cigarette, you're being treated as a philosopher.
What happens in reality is not a very good indicator of human happiness.
For example, why are pensioners so much happier than young unemployed people?
Both end up at exactly the same stage in life.
But while pensioners are very happy, the unemployed are reported to be terribly unhappy and depressed.
I think it's because the pensioners chose to be that way, while the young unemployed feel forced into it.
Britain's upper middle class has completely solved this problem by redefining unemployment.
If you're an upper-middle Englishman, you can call unemployment "a year off."
(Laughter) It's very embarrassing to have a son who is unemployed in Manchester.
There's an experiment that Daniel Pink mentions, where you put two dogs in each box and put an electric floor in the box.
Sometimes we use electric shocks on the floor to inflict pain on the dog.
The only difference is that one dog has a little button in the middle of the box.
the other dog has no such button
The second dog falls into a state of complete depression
Circumstances in life themselves have less of an impact on happiness than a sense of control over life.
The question is, all the debate in Western societies is about tax levels.
I'm probably in the wrong country when it comes to talking about willingness to pay taxes.
There's a good friend of mine, a professor named Nick Chater, who's a professor of decision science in London, and instead of spending his time staring at the hidden depths of humanity, he decided to explore the hidden shallows. I say we should spend more time
But we don't have a good model of the human psyche, or at least before Kahneman, we didn't have a good model of the human psyche, and it wasn't even on par with the models of engineering or neoclassical economics.
So when you're looking for a solution, there's too much emphasis on engineering solutions, Newtonian solutions, and less emphasis on psychological solutions.
Let's take the example of the Eurostar, where £6 million was spent to reduce travel time between Paris and London by 40 minutes.
(Laughter) Why haven't we had the opportunity to solve our problems psychologically?
I think it's because there's an imbalance, an asymmetry, between the way we deal with creative, emotionally driven, psychological ideas, and the way we deal with them in a rational, quantitative, tabular way.
Here's a great example of a psychological idea: The only thing that increased passenger satisfaction per pound on the London Underground was not adding more trains, not changing the frequency of service, putting dot-matrix billboards on platforms. Because the nature of waiting is determined not only by its numerical attributes, or length, but also by the degree of uncertainty experienced while waiting.
It's less discouraging and frustrating to look at a clock and wait seven minutes while counting down than to wait four minutes while biting your finger and saying "When the hell is the train coming?"
It has been proven that it reduces the accident rate
Why?
This is all that is necessary for human decision-making, and we must consider these three things.
So when you're trying to solve a problem, you should look at these three things evenly and look for a solution that hits the sweet spot in the middle.
Ayelet Fishbach has written a paper on this
Google is as successful psychologically as it is technically successful.
Instead of having them take 24 white pills, they prescribe 18 white pills and 6 blue pills, and they take the white pills first, then the blue pills.
Time is more important to some people than to others
If you're going to see your mother-in-law, you'll probably choose to stay on the left.
The fundamental mistake economists make is thinking that money is money.
I believe that understanding this has the potential to revolutionize tax policy.
It could also revolutionize public services
The interesting thing about the Austrian School is that it grew up with Freud.
I think they're right, too.
So if you're a shepherd or a stonecutter or a farmer, you're creating real value.
Now Von Mises pointed out that modern economists make exactly the same mistakes in advertising and marketing.
So the idea that one should be preferred over the other is fundamentally wrong.
Let's do a simple thought experiment. Let's say a restaurant serves Michelin-starred food, but it smells like sewage and is filled with human waste.
It's like trying to improve the food in a stinking restaurant.
What you have to do is, above all else, go around saying that 98% of first class mail arrives the next day.
That being said, I'm British and I like that way of doing things.
thank you
(applause)
Four years ago today, I started a fashion blog called Style Rookie.
In September 2011, I started Rookiemag.com, an online magazine for teenage girls.
Now, this is a scientific analysis of my brain. (Laughter) Right around the time I started watching these TV shows.
I got 3,000 emails for this.
Thank you very much. (Applause)
I am a Ugandan immigrant living in the United States, waiting for my asylum application to be approved.
In today's society, migrants don't have much freedom of movement.
But it also shows what is often missing in the global debate about refugees and migrants: the voices of the disenfranchised.
Citizens of many host countries are worried about the ever-increasing numbers of people coming to their countries, even those they initially welcomed.
Immigrants can share their views if they are willing to listen to politicians.
I fled from Uganda to the United States so that I could continue to be a voice for my fellow immigrants who are far worse off than I am.
My father didn't like me writing a book because I was at risk of deportation and unemployment.
As long as foreign investors continue to own Africa's gold mines, oil fields and plantations, and as long as these vital resources are exported to the West, the flow of immigration from Africa will continue.
Before tightening border controls and imposing new visa regulations, countries that have long accepted immigrants should have a more open discussion.
That's a realistic start so that we can finally reconcile the legacy of exploitation, slavery, colonialism and imperialism, so that together we can move forward to create a more equitable global economy in the 21st century. We can create a global economy that benefits everyone.
I consider myself a storyteller
But I don't tell stories in the usual way, even in the sense that I don't usually tell my stories.
Instead, I am very interested in creating tools that allow many people around the world to tell their stories.
I do this because people have a lot in common
If you look around the world, you see a lot of gaps, and I think we see a lot of gaps.
We define ourselves based on our gaps
There are language gaps, ethnic and racial gaps, age gaps, gender gaps, wealth and money gaps, education gaps, and religion gaps.
I think we like these gaps because they make us feel like we're defining some kind of small community.
But actually, despite our gaps, we have a lot in common.
I think one of the things we have in common is a strong desire to express ourselves.
(Laughter) This is nothing new either.
Since the beginning of human history, we have tried to redress this imbalance by making art, writing poetry, singing, writing editorials for newspapers, and gossiping with friends. nothing new
But what is new in the last few years is that so many traditional physical activities of self-expression have moved to the Internet.
And in the meantime, people have left footprints that tell stories of their moments of self-expression.
I created We Feel Fine a year ago as a project to explore this idea.
In addition, based on the person's location and time, we can know what the weather was like at the time the person wrote the sentence.
All this information is stored in a database that collects the emotions of about 20,000 people every day.
I'm going to show you a little bit of how I visualized that information. This is We Feel Fine.
The color of each particle is associated with a type of emotion, with positive emotions such as happiness being bright colors.
The diameter of each dot represents the length of the emotional sentence, so large dots contain long sentences and small dots contain short sentences.
And they're clustered around the bottom left side of the screen, around six words. These six words represent six activities in We Feel Fine. What you're looking at right now is Madness.
"I feel a little better"
"I feel so free, I feel so good"
This grid represents the emotions of the world in the last few hours.
"I feel like I've been in front of a computer all day."
Mobs offers a different statistical analysis of the world's sentiment in the last few hours.
We find that women are talking about their emotions slightly more than men in the last few hours.
There are gender, age, weather and location
It also has a search function, so if you're interested in a specific population,
"very lonely"
In this way, We Feel Fine uses what I call "passive observation."
So, in the end, you can garner honest, candid, and genuine responses that are often moving.
This technique is usually my favorite in my work because people don't know they're being interviewed.
10 themes radiate and orbit the time capsule
The time capsule has two modes
We then used a 35-watt laser to project the contents of the time capsule into space as a binary code.
You can see the orange line shooting out from the desert floor at a 45 degree angle, which is amazing, when I first saw this scene on my first night, I talked about the age, gender, and rich and poor gaps that I've talked about before. Because I really started to see gaps like
For example, marriage, childbirth, funeral, first car, first kiss. Depending on the culture, first camel or horse.
It was very moving, and this picture was taken on a cliff two miles away, when the contents of the capsule were being beamed out into space.
And then I started thinking about how humans have used the night sky to tell amazing stories.
As a kid growing up on a farm in Vermont, I used to look up at the dark sky and see the three constellations that are the Belt of Orion the Hunter.
Facing Orion's roaring bull
Perseus rescuing Andromeda
It got me thinking, especially now, if we could create new constellations, what would they look like? what are they?
It's called Universe and it reveals our modern mythology.
These aren't just little dots of light or pixels
When the cursor touches these stars, their shapes emerge.
Here you can see a little man or woman walking in front
These represent today's constellations
The data is based on a large number of news sources in news coverage around the world.
It's powered by an API from a great company in New York that I work with called Daylife.
President Ford, this is Gerald Ford's funeral.
You can actually click on anything in the Universe, and that object will be placed in the center of the universe, and everything else will enter its orbit.
Things related to Ford enter its orbit and begin to orbit around it.
Click here to see the iconic image of Betty Ford kissing her husband's coffin.
So let's see what Bill Clinton's universe actually looks like.
If you pull out his secrets, you'll find that a lot of them are related to presidential candidates: Hillary, the presidential campaign, Barack Obama.
This is an important story because there's a lot going on in this orbit, and when you open it, you get a different perspective on this story.
You can click on any of them to read the source article This is an article from Al Jazeera
You can also see superstars. These are the heroes and heroines of Bill Clinton's universe. There is Bill Clinton, Hillary Iraq, George Bush, Barack Obama, Scooter Libby.
Let's see what the universe looks like if we put in all the climate changes in 2006.
You can read some quotes here, if you're interested in climate change quotes.
2006 Superstars in Climate Change United States, United Kingdom and China Turns out these are the major countries that helped define this concept.
This will be posted online in the next few days, probably next Tuesday.
As you search for things that seem important in your world, you'll discover how the constellations form.
(applause)
I was walking down the street one day and I saw some kids playing baseball in front of my house between cars and fire hydrants.
But the combination of these phenomena gives us complex emotional responses that we don't fully understand.
Around 200 B.C., a man named Seikilos wrote this song for his departed wife, and he carved it on his tombstone, according to the Greek system.
Bach was good at improvising, but he had the brains of a chess king.
But each musician has a different balance between belief and reason, intuition and intelligence.
By the 1400s, music was designed to resemble the night sky in an attempt to imitate the mind of God.
But what is the difference between these two chords?
So in a system like this, there's a tremendous amount of potential for expressing subtle human emotions.
What happens when the music stops?
This is the intimate and private side of music to me.
Technology has democratized music and made it available to everyone.
I went to a nursing home to visit my cousin, and there was a feeble old man walking across the room with a walker.
Symphony.. I heard Isaac Stern's concerto."
Of course, the New World Symphony has spawned the YouTube Symphony and other online projects that are trying to connect with musicians and audiences around the world.
thank you
(applause)
i love food
I also love information.
I was born in Calcutta. My father and grandfather were journalists. They wrote English articles for magazines.
that was the family business
As a result, I grew up surrounded by books.
By the time I turned 18, I had a deep passion for books, but this was the only
I'm South Indian, I grew up in Bengal.
Everything was fine until I turned 26. Then I went to see a movie called "Short Circuit."
It's currently being remade and will be released next year.
I suddenly realized that for robots, information and food are one and the same.
Two of the most expensive tissues in the human body are nerve tissue and digestive tissue.
By this time I was completely hooked
So the problem is consumption.
(applause)
My interest started when I was seven years old, when my parents and I first went to Morocco, a country in the far corner of the Sahara Desert.
it was an amazing experience
(David Attenborough) From Alaska to British Columbia, thousands of bear families are waking up from hibernation.
There are many dangers in the mountains, but this family of bears, bears in the North Pacific region, lives on salmon.
I get goosebumps every time I see it
This was taken from a helicopter using a gyro-stabilized camera.
It's a great piece of equipment because it's like a tripod, a crane and a dolly all rolled into one.
But technology alone is not enough
For anyone involved in filmmaking, new technology is an amazing tool, but it's even more exciting when a new species of organism is discovered.
In 2005, a new bat species was discovered in Ecuador's cloud forests.
Necessity is the mother of evolution
(Music) This bat, about six centimeters long, has a tongue that's nearly nine centimeters long, compared to its body length - the longest of any mammal in the world.
People often ask me, "What is your favorite place on Earth?"
take a look
Astronomers from around the world have telescopes set up near here.
(applause)
Imagine you're standing at the front door of your own home
the light shines on the cookie monster
I can smell the oatmeal raisin cookies he's about to pop in his mouth.
It's called the National Memory Championship.
I asked him, "Ed, when did you realize you were a savant?"
Ed said, "I'm not a savant.
We've all been trained to do amazing memory feats, using ancient techniques invented in Greece 2,500 years ago, for Cicero to memorize speeches, for medieval scholars to memorize entire books. It's the same technique I used."
Do you know Britney Spears? "
"I want to teach Britney how to memorize the order of shuffled cards, and on American TV.
Over the next year, I spent a lot of time exercising my memory, researching memory, trying to understand how it worked, why it sometimes didn't work, and how much potential it had.
i met a lot of interesting people
A very tragic figure, but a clue to the extent to which our memories shape us.
We spent one afternoon at the public library in Salt Lake City memorizing phone books together.
I learned a lot of interesting things
Over the millennia, we've invented a variety of technologies, from writing to scrolls -- manuscripts, printing presses, photography, computers, and smartphones -- that externalize memory and outsource the fundamental human capacity of memory. is getting easier
The answer was "no"
He used a similar technique to memorize the exact sequence of 4,140 random binary digits in 30 minutes.
Known as the "Memory Palace"
He takes the victim's relatives by the hand and leads them through the rubble to their loved ones.
At this point, Simonides realized something that most of us probably intuitively know: we're not very good at remembering names and phone numbers and whole instructions from co-workers, but we're good at visual and spatial memory. is the
This knowledge goes back over 2,000 years to Latin texts on memory.
For example, let's say you're invited to the main stage at TED for a talk, and you try to speak from memory, the way Cicero would have used if he had been invited to TEDxRome 2,000 years ago.
The word topic sentence comes from the Greek word "topos" which means "place".
I went to a few more memory contests, and that inspired me to write a little longer about the subculture of competitive memory.
I ended up coming back to that competition that I covered a year ago, for what I thought was an experiment in participatory journalism.
(Applause) Yes, it's useful to be able to remember speeches and phone numbers and shopping lists, but it's not a big deal.
You don't have to build a memory palace or memorize sets of cards to think a little bit about how the mind works.
But there are no shortcuts
thank you
(applause)
In the 1980s, when I gave my first TED talk, I did some of the world's first virtual reality demonstrations on the TED stage.
At the time, we knew that the future was in jeopardy, and that the technology we needed and loved could lead us to our doom.
The ideal of digital culture at the time was, first and foremost, to recognize this potential for darkness and then to find ways to transcend it with beauty and creativity.
I always ended my TED Talks with a slightly terrifying line, "We have a challenge.
It was a beautiful vision, and I still believe in it, but what threatened that beautiful vision was the dark side it could fall into.
And such a society would be insane, unable to survive or solve its social problems."
So, (Applause) I think humanity made a very specific mistake early on, and by understanding the mistake we made, we can correct it.
and so on
In the beginning — it was cute, like the very early days of Google.
But according to something called "Moore's Law," computers are getting more powerful and cheaper.
An early behaviorist, Pavlov proved a famous principle.
In social networks, social rewards and punishments act as rewards and punishments.
But academic research on behaviorism has traditionally compared negative and positive stimuli.
So it's easier to lose trust than it is to build it.
It takes a long time to build love
So this is the dilemma we put ourselves into.
At the same time that companies like Google and Facebook were formulating their business visions based on free services, many in the cyber culture community believed that in the future television and movies would work in a similar way to Wikipedia.
But Netflix, Amazon, HBO, etc. said, "Subscribe and we'll give you great shows."
what would it be like?
I dream it and believe it's possible
And I believe that companies like Google and Facebook would be more successful in that kind of world.
I don't think Silicon Valley should be punished.
You've fallen into the same trap as your users, you can't run a big company that way.
thank you
(applause)
But it's also interesting where did the 404 come from?
It's actually a family of errors, a collection of relationship-based errors, and when you start looking at them, it looks like a sex therapist's or a relationship counselor's checklist.
(Laughter) That's right.
It's a global experience
(Video) Man: Joey!
Because we finally have a page that gives you a taste of what it feels like to actually encounter a 404.
(Laughter) (Applause) And this turned into a contest.
Inspiration Dailypath added inspiration to their 404 page
This is an error page, but what if this page was also an opportunity?
thank you
(applause)
Maybe my wife smells better, or maybe I just smell better.
During my PhD, I studied which chemicals on our skin that malaria-carrying African mosquitoes use to sniff us out in the dark.
So we tried a number of experiments
That's because about half the world's population is at risk of contracting deadly epidemics like malaria simply through mosquito bites.
The image on the left shows the part of the body that was bitten by a malaria mosquito in the Netherlands.
I tried to attract malaria mosquitoes from Africa with a piece of Limburger cheese, which smells a lot worse than a foot.
(Applause) This is the example cheese.
I'm here to show you how dogs can help fight malaria.
That is to kill them while they are larvae in water.
I realized that just like we have a unique smell, so do mosquito larvae.
So we collected the scents of the larvae, attached them to a piece of cloth, and did an interesting experiment.
Let me show you how it works.
Inside this box are hundreds of hungry female mosquitoes.
The first title I came up with for this talk was "Beethoven is the old Bill Gates."
There are specialists and professionals, and they mostly play very expensive instruments, like organs, complex instruments. If you want to hear music in the 18th century, it's live.
The piano was a new technology that began in the 18th century and has since become cheap and mass-produced.
For music it's a little more complicated
It took a little more time to come up with a cheap way to distribute printed sheet music.
You had to go to Germany to hear Mozart and Bach.
Beethoven was an entrepreneur, just like Bill Gates.
He was an entrepreneur who said, "I don't really have to go to London.
Print it out and sell it in bulk, I'll be famous everywhere and everybody will play my tunes."
This gave rise to a new class of musicians, composers and performers, a division of labor.
He has no way of expanding his business.
Around the turn of the century, it was an interesting time for music distribution.A hundred years later, we had records, gramophones, player pianos.
You could buy Rachmaninoff's sheet music, but if you wanted to hear Rachmaninoff, you had to actually go to a concert hall.
You can buy a Rachmaninov record, or you can buy a player piano, or you can buy a roll of paper that fits in some other recording medium.
Then came radio
All of a sudden, the competition has gone global, and the whole thing repeats itself, just like it did a hundred years later with the iPod, the Internet and digital files with GarageBand.
(Laughter) It's a kind of hardware.
Both Beethoven and Bill Gates are software designers.
When Beethoven started composing, he used a five-octave instrument like the image above.
In 1803, a French piano maker -- think how clever this is -- if you were a piano maker, who would you want to use your piano?
(Laughter) In 1803, Erard delivered Beethoven a new piano.
What do you do?
What happens when you start playing a new Beethoven piano piece?
The funny thing here is that Beethoven was actually smarter than Bill Gates.
By the time Beethoven got his new Erard piano, he was writing his third piano concerto, and he had a concert, using all the keys for the extra.
He plays a concerto on that piano.It's wonderful.
Beethoven was a very astute entrepreneur.
What impact have these changes had on music technology?
In the 20th century, it became a record, which is also something you can take home.
The second is the division of labor.
It also changes expectations for quality
Once you've heard Count Basie or Benny Goodman, you may not feel so comfortable playing a local band anymore.
The market is now global
Now you can do the same with headphones.
Each time is a new and personalized experience.
We can now personalize the experience.
The number of titles sold in music stores is increasing.
But there are fewer options, too, because sometimes you don't know what you want in the global pyramid.
I wonder if Chopin would have been comforted by hearing this. "Actually, 20% of the people who bought a counterfeit Chopin are likely to buy the real Chopin as well."
And these disruptive change models are the same as we see in other businesses.
it changes the nature of the product
So schools have to think about what they're selling.
But face-to-face interactions won't go away.
(applause)
I'm going to talk about optimism, or more precisely, optimism bias.
It's a kind of cognitive illusion that we've been studying in our lab for the last few years, and 80 percent of people have this bias.
For example, we underestimate the odds of getting cancer, or the odds of being in a car accident.
I mean, we're more optimistic than realistic, but we don't realize this.
Let's take marriage for example.
In the West, the divorce rate is about 40%.
But when we ask newlyweds what their chances of getting divorced are, they estimate it's 0%.
Even divorce lawyers, who should know the truth, greatly underestimate the odds that they'll end up divorced.
In the words of Samuel Johnson, "remarriage is the triumph of hope over experience."
(Laughter) You're more likely to have children if you're married.
This is my two year old nephew Guy
(Laughter) And I'm not alone.
This is an important point. We are optimistic about ourselves, we are optimistic about our children, we are optimistic about our families, but we are not optimistic about the person sitting next to us, other citizens, other countries. I'm rather pessimistic about the future.
I'm going to list some abilities and characteristics, and I'd like you all to think about how well each ability compares to the population as a whole.
How attractive are you?
How honest are you?
This optimism bias is widely documented in many different countries, both in Western and non-Western cultures, in both men and women, from children to the elderly.
Some people say the secret to happiness is to have low expectations.
It sounds like a pretty good theory, but it turns out to be wrong for three reasons.
Psychologists Margaret Marshall and John Brown compared students with high expectations to those with low expectations.
“I got an A because I am a genius, and I will continue to get A’s.”
However, if you kiss after 3 days, you can experience the anticipation of being teased for 3 days and the thrill of waiting.
Because when I asked people what their favorite day of the week was, and predictably, Saturday was the most popular, followed by Friday, then Sunday.
You love Friday because it's the anticipation of the upcoming weekend and the things you're planning to do.
Optimists are people who expect more kisses and more walks in the park.
In fact, without the optimism bias, all of us would be somewhat depressed.
They're more realistic than healthy humans.
But people who are severely depressed have a pessimism bias.
Optimism changes subjective reality
But it changes even objective reality.
it works as a self-fulfilling prophecy
Controlled experiments show that optimism is not only associated with success, it leads to success.
Optimism leads to success in academics, sports and politics.
And the most surprising benefit of optimism is health.
In conclusion, optimism has many benefits.
We asked subjects to come into the lab and try to find out what was going on.
For example, the average chance of getting cancer is 30%.
One of them is a region called the left inferior frontal gyrus.
A subject said, "My chance of getting cancer is 50%," and we said, "Good news.
On the other side of the brain, the right inferior frontal gyrus was responding to bad news.
Could we change the optimism bias by interfering with these brain regions?
This is my collaborator Ryota Kanai.
After that everything will be back to normal, I assure you
(Laughter) Let's see what happens.
First, let me show you the degree of bias that is observed on average.
But of course there are pitfalls, and it would be foolish to ignore them.
For example, take a look at this email from a firefighter in California.
Unrealistic optimism leads to high-risk behaviors, behaviors that lead to financial ruin, flawed planning, and so on.
For example, the British government recognizes that people tend to underestimate the cost and duration of projects due to an optimism bias.
So we adjusted the budget for the 2012 Olympics to account for the optimism bias.
What we really want to do is protect ourselves from the dangers of optimism, but we also want to remain optimistic and reap the many benefits of optimism.
We aren't born knowing about our own biases.
The good news is that understanding the optimism bias doesn't break the illusion.
Just like optical illusions, understanding it doesn't make the illusion go away.
Because to make any progress, you have to be able to imagine a different reality, and you have to believe that that reality is possible.
But if you're an extremely optimistic penguin, you'll be in big trouble when you blindly jump off in hopes of a good outcome and hit the ground.
If you're an optimistic penguin and you think you can really fly, but you've got a parachute on your back just in case things don't go as planned, you can fly like a hawk, even if you're just a penguin.
thank you
(applause)
We all know that mathematics is a very powerful language.
It brings a lot of insight in physics, as well as in biology and economics, but not so much when it comes to humanities and history.
My colleague Erez and I reasoned that two kings separated by centuries speak very different languages.
This is a powerful force by history.
The vocabulary and grammar used by the King of England, Alfred the Great, was quite different from that of the king of hip-hop, Jay-Z.
In English, we add "ed" to the verb to indicate the past.
But there are also irregular verbs
Steven Pinker and I thought about the scale of warfare in the last two centuries.
For example, sending 10,000 soldiers into battle feels like a lot.
About 130 million books have been written from time immemorial to the present.
Over the next decade, the sciences and humanities departments will come closer together to answer deep questions about humanity.
We will be able to identify and explain new trends in history, and perhaps even predict the future.
thank you
(applause)
Imagine for a moment that your eyelashes grow inwards instead of outwards, so that each time you blink, they rub against the surface of your eyeball, damaging your cornea and slowly and painfully leading to blindness.
The boy in this image, Pamelo from Zambia, has trachoma.
If nothing is done, he will go blind.
Trachoma is a strange disease.
It's a bacterial infection that can be transmitted from person to person or by flies.
Women are particularly affected, because they have more contact with children.
So in places like Ethiopia, I often see girls with these tweezers hanging around their necks and plucking their eyelashes with them.
This is a very old disease.
One of them is crying, and as you can see, there's tweezers right next to it.
So I sent this picture to the British Museum, and they confirmed it was a trachoma.
Thousands of years ago, the ancient Nubians painted trachoma on the walls of their tombs.
Tragically, the disease is still prevalent in the region today.
From my experience in the NGO field, I can tell you that this is not always the case.
“S” stands for “Surgery”
We teach nurses how to do this, and we use local anesthetics.
"A" is for "antibiotics"
It's donated by the pharmaceutical company Pfizer, which also pays for shipping the drug to domestic ports.
And every volunteer has a pole like this.
This is called a "dose pole"
"F" is for "face washing"
In fact, President Carter said that when he was young, trachoma was a serious problem in Georgia.
The famous Moorfields Eye Hospital in England was originally a trachoma hospital.
We teach these kids the importance of washing their face.
Finally, "E" stands for "environment." We help local people build outdoor toilets, and we teach them to keep animals out of their habitats to curb the spread of flies.
It took us three years, but we went to 29 countries and had local health workers go from one block to the next, and they examined the eyelids of more than 2.5 million people.
You will ask, "Will this strategy really work?"
Yellow is the country that has the money and resources to eradicate trachoma.
We believe we can eradicate trachoma in 12 African countries, in the Americas, and in all the countries of the Pacific Ocean.
By doing so, we can take advantage of more than $2 billion worth of donated drugs.
(Applause) Now, this map shows the projected change from this project. See how many countries will turn green.
As you can see, progress is also being made in Ethiopia and Nigeria.
yes there are still red countries
They're mostly conflict countries, like Yemen, South Sudan, where it's hard to work.
Well, we have a team, we have a strategy map.
Wouldn't it be great if we could do that?
One by one, they go blind."
I met Twaiba in Tanzania last year.
She's had trachoma for as long as she can remember.
No exaggeration, it completely changed her life.
She said, "I got my life back."
thank you
(applause)
We have a big problem called global warming.
we launch a rocket
put a satellite on the rocket
The satellite collects data on pollution that is exacerbating global warming.
We'll pass that data on to people who can implement simple solutions to change the course of global warming in our lifetimes.
I'm Fred, and I've been an environmentalist since I was a kid, ever since I saw fish and frogs in my neighborhood pond die from chemical spills.
Then a professor inspired me to think about environmentalism in a different light.
It's about how we can come up with the best solutions to meet people's aspirations for prosperity, for example, to be safe, to be healthy, to thrive in the world.
There's something about climate change that we didn't know just a decade ago.
We focused so much on carbon dioxide that we missed another important gas.
Methane pollution is responsible for a quarter of the current global warming.
The direct impact is far greater than that of carbon dioxide.
The main culprit of methane pollution is the oil and gas industry.
But methane is invisible, so it's not immediately obvious.
Let's take a look at a natural gas storage facility outside of Los Angeles.
Can you see the methane?
We used a far-infrared camera to film from the same position, revealing the worst methane spill in US history.
In fact, natural gas is replacing coal, which emits far more carbon dioxide.
And it reaches the skies and contributes to the disaster that we are witnessing right now.
We also used drones, planes, helicopters, Google Street View cars.
Major companies replaced valves and tightened loose pipes.
Colorado was the first state in the country to regulate methane pollution, California followed suit, and the public joined in.
It's launching a compact satellite called Methane SAT that will do what no one has done before: accurately measure methane pollution from oil and gas facilities around the world.
We've seen that many of the companies that we've been given data for reduce pollution.
Citizens have the power to act, and governments tighten regulation.
And because all of our data is free and open to the public, it's transparent, so anyone can see where and how much progress we've made.
And our goal is to reduce methane pollution by 45 percent by 2025.
(Applause) In the short term, it's the equivalent of shutting down 1,300 coal-fired power plants.
one-third of the world's coal-fired power plants
It's really amazing that a single satellite can help stop global warming.
This is our chance to make a difference in our lifetime, and we can act now.
Can you see it?
Can you see the best science and data and technology being used in this satellite?
Can you see the new era of innovation that is accelerating progress?
We set an ambitious goal of three years to launch. When the satellite is ready, let's throw a launch party.
Imagine blue skies, lots of people, television cameras, children staring up at the sky to see what will change their future.
thank you
(applause)
Today I want to talk to you about confidence in your creativity.
I was trying to make a horse out of the clay my teacher had under the sink.
I wonder how often this happens
My big breakthrough came when I met psychologist Albert Bandura.
I don't know if you know Bandura, but Wikipedia says he's the fourth most important psychologist in history: Freud, Skinner, someone and Bandura. (Laughter)
I went to see him because he's been doing research for years on phobias, which I'm very interested in.
It was a lot of fun and interesting
Bandura calls this self-efficacy, the feeling that you can change the world around you and that you can achieve what you set out to do.
That's what I see all the time at d.school
At that time he was taking classes at the d.school in Stanford.
(Laughter) So many times I've heard Doug talk about this personal transformation and the revolutionary design that came out of it, and this little girl story always brings him to tears.
I know a little bit about hospitals.
A few years ago I felt a lump on the side of my neck.
So there were a lot of projects I could work on.
By the way, I survived.
(Laughter) (Applause) When people regain this confidence, which we see all the time at d.school and IDEO, they start working on what's really important in their lives.
thank you
(applause)
There are about 10,000 species of ants
For the past 20 years, I've been studying seed-eating ant populations in southeastern Arizona.
These ants are called harvester ants because they eat seeds.
This is a grown colony's nest and nest entrance
And as soon as the first ant population develops, it goes through larvae, pupae, and then into adult ants.
This is a five-year-old colony, and I've put a pencil in the nest entrance size comparison.
The nest suffers a lot of damage and needs extra ants to clean up.
When there's plenty of food available, more ants will be deployed to collect the food, as is often the case at picnics.
Similar to the Hopi cave dwellings found in the area.
When dug up, the nests are as deep as the width of the colony, with larger, older nests up to a meter deep.
Larvae consume most of the food
And what most ants have in common is that ants you see outside don't eat much.
It's funny, at any given time, about half of the ants in the colony look like they're doing nothing.
This is because ants work in the nest when they are young.
They have eyes that can distinguish between light and dark, and they rely mostly on their sense of smell.
The second result that surprised many was that ants switched roles.
This process changes with the age of the colony
The calm-looking ants in the older colonies aren't necessarily older than the ants in the newer colonies.
Instead, something about the organization must change as the colony ages.
the pattern itself is the message
The inside of the nest was photographed using a fiber optic microscope.
This is also seen in ants just outside the nest like this.
The ants waiting just inside the entrance of the nest make contact with the incoming ants and decide whether to leave.
First, each ant's experience is not very predictable.
Because ants go out to work, and the rate at which they come back depends on what's going on with them.
but it works fine
thank you
(applause)
This is a sketch of the brain from a thousand years ago
In the diagram representing the visual system
If you take the brain out of the skull, cut it into slices, and look at it under a powerful microscope, you can't see anything.
But at the end of the 19th century, things changed.
Chemical stains for brain cells were developed, allowing us to see the wiring of the brain.
Ramon y Cajal, the neuroanatomist who is celebrated as the father of modern neuroscience, used Golgi staining to obtain data like this, which helped us to understand nerve cells and neurons.
If you compare the brain to a computer, this is the transistor.
Cajal quickly realized that neurons don't function on their own, they connect with other matter to form something like circuits in a computer.
Let's go back to the brain, which was taken from a genetically engineered mouse called "Brainbow."
Neuroscientists sometimes have to identify the molecular components of neurons rather than whole cells.
Researchers use this to recognize specific molecules in the brain, recognizing specific substructures of cells and identifying them individually.
For example, here's an antibody staining of the serotonin transmitter in the brain of a mouse.
These antibody stains help us understand this question.
thank you
(applause)
Twelve years ago, I was writing my name on the street to say, "I exist."
And then I took pictures of people and put them up on the street to say, "They exist."
On the outskirts of Paris, on the Israeli and Palestinian walls -- on the roofs of Kenya -- in the shanty towns of Rio -- just paper and glue -- it's easy.
Last year, I asked a question: Can art change the world?
But - there are many competitors this year to change the world. The Arab Spring is on the rise - the Eurozone is collapsing... What else?
Anyway, there have been many changes.
So last year, at TED wish, I announced that I would change the concept.
This is Inside Out
I want to talk to you today about these people.
Two weeks after my speech, hundreds of portraits were created in Tunisia.
Pakistan Karachi ―
I take this opportunity today to thank her.
Juárez - that must sound familiar. It's one of the most dangerous borders in the world.
Monica took thousands of portraits with a group of photographers, covering the border.
20% of the posters we handle are from schools.
This time we went by truck This is the photobooth truck
It's the largest ongoing participatory art project in the world.
So let's go back to the question we started with: Can art change the world?
Can art change lives?
thank you
(applause)
But 2010 wasn't a special year. On average, 31.5 million people are displaced by natural disasters each year.
When people hear statistics and data like this, they think of Haiti or other exotic countries or poor neighborhoods, but it actually happens here in the United States every year.
In the last year alone, 99 disasters have been reported to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), including wildfires in Joplin, Missouri, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and central Texas, just recently.
And that creates a huge disparity in housing. It's really frustrating, but researchers say that after a major disaster, it takes a year and a half to recover to some degree, and then we start to see real signs of recovery. But a little-known fact is that it takes an average of 45 to 60 days or more for the infamous FEMA trailer to show up in a disaster area.
The doors are interchangeable, so that when the weather changes, you can replace them with rigid panels with windows, or you can replace them with connection modules to connect multiple units together, creating a large, subdivided living space, the same made of the same parts. The unit can actually become a living room, or it can be used as a bedroom, a bathroom, an office, a warehouse, etc.
Thank you. (Applause)
I recently went to Beloit, Wisconsin.
I went there to honor Roy Chapman Andrews, the great adventurer of the 20th century.
While at the American Museum of Natural History, Andrews led various expeditions in uncharted regions such as the Gobi Desert.
It is said that he later became a model for Indiana Jones.
When I was in Beloit, I gave a public lecture to junior high school students.
Let me just say that if there's anything more daunting than speaking at TED, it's keeping 1000 12-year-olds engaged for 45 minutes.
At the end of the lecture, they asked me a lot of questions, but one of them stuck in my mind.
A girl stood up and asked me this question. "Where should we explore?"
I think most of us realize that the Golden Age of Earth Exploration is over, and that the next generation will have to go to space or the deep ocean to make discoveries worth exploring.
This event reminded me of one of my favorite explorers in the history of biology.
I called it a virus -- Latin for "poison."
And, of course, there have been a great many practical applications related to this area -- the eradication of smallpox and the birth of vaccines for cervical cancer, many of which are known to be caused by the human papillomavirus. Etc.
So we had cars, but we didn't know about the organisms that make up most of the genetic information on Earth.
We now have wonderful equipment to investigate the unknown world. -- Large-scale sequencing, for example, looks at the surface of a particular species, and goes beyond looking at individual genomes to look at the overall metagenome, the thriving community of microbes that lives in, on, and around us. You can observe and record all these genetic information.
These techniques can be applied from soil to skin and everything in between.
The first thing you see is a tremendous amount of genetic information.
It may allow us to identify the cause of cancers that afflict us, identify unknown sources of infection, or develop new tools in molecular biology.
I have good news. Together with colleagues at Stanford University, Caltech, University of California, and San Francisco, we set out to study the existence of a new life form, biological dark matter.
A hundred and several decades ago, humans did not know about viruses, the organisms that make up most of the genetic information on Earth.
Pursue dark matter in the areas you choose to explore.
The unknown is all around us, waiting to be discovered.
thank you very much.
(applause)
i want to talk about religion
What I'm going to talk about is the effect of religion on the number of babies per woman.
It's important because there's a certain limit to the number of people that can live on the planet, and there's a certain limit to the number of people that can live on the planet.
When I was born, there were less than 1 billion children in the world, and in 2000, it was closer to 2 billion.
Do you think it will go down to 1 billion?
If you go to Wikipedia, the first thing that comes up is this map.
So we created our own Gapminder map, and it's this.
Size is population. China and India are big.
this is 1960
This is the number of babies per woman, like two, four, six -- more or less.
Japan is an exception
It's census data.
There is no big difference between these two religions
but there is a difference in income
But here we have countries like Guatemala, Papua New Guinea, Yemen, Afghanistan.
but it's the other way around
Thirty years from now, Afghanistan's population will grow from 30 million to 60 million.
Now let's compare Senegal, a Muslim country, to Ghana, a Christian country.
The average number of children in the world today is 2.4, the same as in Colombia. The average number of children in the world today is 2.4, the same as in Colombia.
This is where we need family planning and child survival.
There are a lot of countries here with less than two children.
2 billion children in the world
2 billion young people between the ages of 15 and 30
You will grow old, and you will have two billion children.
The rest will grow old and have 2 billion children.
thank you
(applause)
Please join us in a minute of silence
I needed the widest shoes in the world
Notre Dame, Sydney Harbor Bridge, World Trade Center.
But it's too late
(Applause) (Music) (Applause) Thank you very much.
It wasn't applause of joy, it was applause of encouragement.
Even if you can see mountains, don't forget that mountains can be moved
(Applause) Thank you, thank you.
thank you
(applause)
Let's call it "Island Networks"
but something unexpected happened
But a few weeks later, all of a sudden, he was sent to prison and given a medical examination, and a full body check in front of the people in the same cell.
He was released, but a day or two later, he was taken to the airport and deported.
What did this man do to get this kind of treatment?
What was his crime?
he had HIV
The Kingdom is one of about 50 countries in the world that restrict the entry or stay of people living with HIV.
But applying these laws to people living with HIV violates the international human rights conventions that these countries have ratified.
Why do we, living in this age of science, still adhere to the laws and policies that come from the age of superstition?
You know better than anyone that HIV brings out the best and the worst of human nature.
And the law reflects this attitude.
I'm not just talking about the laws in the books, but the laws that are enforced in the streets and the laws that are decided in the courts.
And I'm not just talking about the laws that concern people living with HIV, but people who are at risk of being infected -- drug users, people who work in the sex industry, people who have sex with men, people who are transgender. It's about people, immigrants, prisoners, etc.
And that includes women and children, who are particularly vulnerable in many parts of the world.
These laws provide a compassionate reception for people living with HIV.
These laws ensure that people living with HIV and those at risk are protected from violence and discrimination and have access to prevention and treatment.
Unfortunately, these good laws are countered by so many bad laws -- laws based on moral judgments and fears -- misinformed laws that specifically punish people living with HIV and those who are at risk. is a law
These laws are diametrically opposed to science, based on prejudice and ignorance, based on the distortion of tradition and the selective interpretation of religion.
"You're a class B criminal, a lifelong sex offender.
you are a very bad person
You did something really bad."
Some countries have good laws, laws that can stop the wave of the HIV epidemic.
(Video) Hilma: I found out when I went to the hospital for an antenatal check-up.
A nurse told me that all pregnant women should be tested for HIV that day.
The nurse said, 'If you know you're HIV positive, why are you pregnant?
I just signed
But they're the lucky ones, because they're still alive.
According to this statistic, 1.8 million people died from AIDS-related illnesses in 2010.
But when we look at the statistics a little more broadly, we can see some hope.
Globally, the number of new HIV infections is declining.
Only about half of those who need treatment actually receive it
In some parts of the world, like here in the Middle East and North Africa, new infections are rising and deaths are rising.
And money. Globally, the funding needed to respond to HIV is declining.
And to this end, the Global Commission on HIV and the Law, of which I am a member, was established by a United Nations agency to help people living with HIV and those at risk of infection. It looks at how the legal environment affects people affected by HIV and offers advice on how to make the law an ally, not an enemy, in the global HIV response.
Let me give you one example of how the legal environment can bring about positive change.
People who inject drugs are one of the groups mentioned.
They are at high risk of contracting HIV through contaminated syringes and other risky practices.
In fact, 10% of new HIV infections are people who inject drugs.
drug use and possession is illegal in almost every country
However, there is ample evidence that people who are incarcerated are at increased risk of HIV and other infections.
We know how to reduce the risk of HIV and other infections in people who inject drugs.
It's called "harm reduction," and there are many ways to do it, including providing clean needles and syringes, opioid replacement therapy, and evidence-based treatments to reduce drug addiction.
To reduce HIV transmission, we provide information, education, condoms, HIV testing, counseling, and treatment for those who do become infected.
Australia and Switzerland are two countries that introduced harm reduction very early in the HIV epidemic, and in those countries HIV prevalence among drug users is quite low.
The United States and Malaysia started harm reduction a little later, so they have slightly higher HIV prevalence.
However, Thailand and Russia have strict laws that reject harm reduction and punish drug use.
The World Commission has studied the evidence and listened to the experiences of 700 people in 140 countries.
It's fueling an epidemic of criminalizing people living with HIV and those at risk of infection.
Countries must first scrutinize the laws that concern people with HIV and vulnerable groups.
Following that, governments must repeal laws that punish or discriminate against people living with HIV or at risk of contracting it.
Reversing laws is not easy, especially when it involves sensitive issues like drugs and sex.
We can also train judges so that they can find flexibility in the law so that they can make judgments without prejudice and with tolerance.
We can improve prison facilities so that HIV prevention and harm reduction are available to prisoners.
Because civil society is important in raising awareness of the legal rights of vulnerable groups.
But awareness requires action
So we must ensure that people living with and at risk of HIV have access to legal services and equal rights to go to court.
Equally important is dialogue with communities so that we can change the interpretation of religious and customary laws that are too often used to justify punishment or fan the mark.
For many of us here, HIV is not an abstract threat.
Law, on the other hand, can seem like a distant and elusive entity, reserved for specialists, but it's not.
Because for those of us in democratic countries -- or countries that aspire to democracy -- the law begins with us.
Laws that treat people living with HIV and those at risk of infection with dignity start with us treating them as equals.
If we are to stop the spread of HIV in our lifetimes, it is this change that we must unleash.
thank you
(applause)
It is difficult to imagine or measure
Four years ago, at the Brookings Institution, I worked with a few people and came to a conclusion.
(Laughter) Tomorrow is a new day.
The important thing to remember is that this simulation is a good one.
you can feel your body
You can say, "I want to go to this place," and you can move this mass of molecules through the air at will.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) This is fun.
(applause)
I know it sounds strange, but robots inspire us to be better people.
I grew up in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, home of Bethlehem Steel.
My father was an engineer, and when I was a kid, he taught me how things work.
This is the go-kart we made together
That's me behind the wheel, along with my sister and my best friend at the time.
I was thrilled because there was this bully at school, Kevin, who was bullying me because he was the only Jew in the class.
I couldn't wait to start this project, to introduce Kevin to my robot.
So we needed an industrial robot like this one that could lift heavy things.
My father continued to do this kind of work by hand.
And years later he was diagnosed with cancer.
He didn't realize it and got leukemia.
died at age 45
In 1993, I was a young USC professor setting up my own robotics lab, the year the World Wide Web was born.
After an afternoon playing around with the World Wide Web, I realized that this new universal interface could be used by anyone in the world to operate the robots in our lab.
And then I put a camera in the robot's hand, and I wrote some scripts and software so that people from all over the world could come and click on the screen to move the robot around and visit the garden.
This was an engineering project, and we published several papers on the design of the system, but at the same time, we thought of this project as a work of art.
I'm glad that it worked online 24 hours a day for almost nine years.
This robot has been operated by more people than any other robot in history.
One day, I got an unexpected phone call from a student who asked a simple but essential question.
The more I thought about it, the more I couldn't explain to him how to tell the difference.
When I got to Berkeley, I visited Hubert Dreyfus, the world-famous philosopher, and I discussed with him this question, which is one of the oldest and most fundamental problems in philosophy.
It's a question of epistemology, a question of how to know why something is true.
We asked eminent artists, engineers and philosophers to write reviews of this research, and the result is this book from MIT Press.
So I started thinking, what if the robot could leave the garden and go to other interesting places?
The idea was to take her to some remote and interesting place and use the internet to let people experience what she was going through.
We had the opportunity to bring tele actors to the Webby Awards in San Francisco.
That year's host was Sam Donaldson
He liked the concept. The tele-actor walked up to the stage and walked straight up to him and kissed him on the lips. (Laughter)
My father was undergoing chemotherapy, but there was another treatment called brachytherapy, in which small radioactive seeds are implanted into the body to treat cancerous tumors.
Needles can damage organs and cause trauma and side effects.
So my students and I thought, what if we could modify this system so that the needles were implanted at different angles?
Now, working with doctors at USCF and a group of engineers at Johns Hopkins, we're developing a robot with many specially designed joints that can insert a needle at any angle.
And the last project also has to do with medical robots.
This is inspired by a system called the da Vinci surgical robot.
As time goes on, surgeon fatigue builds up.
We asked the surgeon to do a specific task, and the robot
First, we apply a technique used in speech recognition called dynamic time warping.
And then we apply a Kalman filter, a technique that comes out of control theory, that statistically analyzes all the noise and extracts the trajectories we want behind it.
And then we run that operation on the robot, see the results, and then we tune the robot's control using a technique called iterative learning.
This is the expected trajectory, and this is the result of the robot performing the task at the same manipulation speed as the human.
In this project, too, practice and learning, I learned a lesson from doing the same thing over and over again. If you want to do something well, practice is the only way to do it.
These are the four lessons I've learned over the years from robots.
she is eight years old
Now I'm teaching her how things work, and we're doing projects together.
I'm curious what lessons she'll take from it.
Robots are the most human of machines.
Because I have a hunch that innovations and nice-to-have devices will inspire us to become better people.
British coal production peaked in 1918 and has been steadily declining ever since.
During this time, the United Kingdom began using North Sea oil and gas, and North Sea oil and gas production also peaked in 2000 and has since declined.
Given this limited supply of readily available fossil fuels in our country, it's understandable to ask, "What's next?"
What will life be like after fossil fuels?
Ask a question, write down some numbers, and you'll come up with an answer.
It may not be accurate, but it's enough to say "Hmm."
This is the average of new cars sold in Europe.
The length of the road doesn't matter, because the longer the road, the more biofuel can be produced.
The answer is yes, but it depends on which country you are in.
It's just like having 125 light bulbs on all the time, 125 kilowatt-hours per person per day, which is the energy consumption of the UK.
It is estimated that 90% of these energies today come from fossil fuels, with only the remaining 10% derived from other green energy sources, such as nuclear and renewable energy.
The horizontal axis shows population density, we have 250 people per square kilometer.
Let's add the European countries in blue, and you'll see there's a lot of diversity.
Now let's add the Asian countries in red, the Middle East and North African countries in green, Sub-Saharan Africa in blue, South America in black, Central America in purple, North America, Australia and New Zealand in yellow.
At the top left are countries like Canada and Australia, with huge territories, high energy consumption of 200 to 300 light bulbs, and very low population densities.
On the top right is Bahrain, which has roughly the same energy consumption as Canada, more than 300 light bulbs, but about 300 times more densely populated, at 1,000 people per square kilometer.
On the bottom right is Bangladesh, which has the same population density as Bahrain but consumes 100 times less energy.
Added small blue tails to Sudan, Libya, China, India and Bangladesh
In this quirky upper right corner, in addition to Great Britain, we have Germany, Japan, South Korea, the Netherlands, and some quirky countries, and many other countries are heading to join us in this upper right area.
We are an example of what the future energy consumption of other countries will look like.
This is the line of equal energy consumption per unit area, measured in watts per square meter.
For example, this middle line shows energy consumption of 0.1 watts per square meter, in purple, Saudi Arabia, Norway, Mexico, and Bangladesh 15 years ago.
And half the world's population already lives in countries above this line.
Renewable energy can be measured in the same units, and other energies can be measured in the same units.
Renewable energy is one of the ideas we have for getting rid of 90% of our dependence on fossil fuels.
we consume 1.25 watts of energy per square meter
What this means is that even if we took all of Britain to grow energy-saving crops, we wouldn't be able to meet today's energy consumption.
Wind power produces a little more energy, 2.5 watts per square meter.
In order to cover all our energy consumption with wind power, we would literally need to dedicate half of the UK to wind farms.
Solar power is next
If you put the solar panels on your roof, you get 20 watts of energy per square meter in the UK.
I'm not saying it's a bad idea, but you also need to understand the numbers.
I'm not against renewable energy, I love it.
There are other forms of energy that don't use fossil fuels.
That's 1 gigawatt per square kilometer, or 1,000 watts per square meter.
Clearly, other metrics matter, too, and nuclear power has a lot of problems.
Countries such as Australia, Russia, Libya and Kazakhstan are our dear friends in the production of renewable energy.
The third option is nuclear power.
This is my house with a Ferrari parked in front
I tried it and it worked. Some people call this a lifestyle change.
You can also use heat more efficiently by using heat pumps, and with a little use of high-grade energy like electricity, you can bring heat from your garden into your home.
this is the graph i made
I was writing a book on sustainable energy, and a friend asked me, "How much energy do you use at home?"
So I decided to read the electricity meter every week.
We need to stop yelling and start talking
(applause)
I teach history at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School.
On February 14th, 2018, my school had the worst mass shooting in American history.
People want to know what we saw and how we felt.
I had the kids line up and put up signs to follow them down the hallway, just like a fire drill.
Fortunately, we're already moving in the opposite direction.
i called my mother
I called my husband
I was alone in my thoughts and worried about my colleagues and students.
At Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, 17 precious lives were lost on that horrible day.
Then the students asked us adults a difficult question: "How can we stop this senseless violence?"
But it's not the first time I've been humbled by a student's question.
I've taught in public schools for 33 years, so I know that before you can teach what you know, you have to admit what you don't know.
First, listen carefully to the person asking the question.
Third, do your homework
Fourth, humbly pass on your knowledge
My students always ask me very thoughtful questions.
So when students ask, "How can we stop this senseless violence?"
I listened and admitted, "I don't know."
As I always do when I don't know the answer to a question, I started doing my homework.
As a history teacher, I knew I should start with the Second Amendment and the National Rifle Association.
This means that the federal government cannot infringe on citizens' right to join an organized militia.
The Second Amendment to the Constitution was passed 226 years ago.
Nearly every significant event in American history has influenced how we make, discuss, regulate and feel about guns.
In fact, for the first time, the Supreme Court has recognized that the Second Amendment protects the right of individuals, regardless of militia organization, to keep and use firearms for traditionally legitimate purposes, such as self-defense "at home." was in 2008
This change over time is striking, because it means that interpretations of the Second Amendment and cultural attitudes to guns have changed over time.
(Applause) This is a very complex and dynamic history lesson, but I don't think I'll share it with you today, because I don't have time.
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an average of 96 people have died from guns every day in the United States over the past five years.If I don't find answers to my students' questions sooner, it could be one of us next.
The best way, in my opinion, to answer the question, "How can we stop this senseless violence?" is a multiple-choice question.
Between 1998 and 2000, 30 counties and cities sued firearms manufacturers to make their products safer and better track the products sold.
In response to this and many other lawsuits, the National Rifle Association lobbied for passage of the Protected Legal Commerce in Arms Act (PLCAA).
The PLCAA was passed in 2005 with bipartisan support, and it commits the safe design of guns to manufacturers, the responsible sale of guns to distributors, and the responsible use of guns to owners.
Let's look at another option: Option B. If we take responsibility for and regulate the estimated 300 million guns in America, we can end this problem.
Voting is the best way to take responsibility for gun violence.
Getting lawmakers to make common sense reforms about guns would be the most effective way to get 300 million guns under control.
Gun owners themselves can take the initiative.
If you own a gun, I want you to ask yourself: Do I have extra guns that I don't need?
Will it fall into the wrong hands?
A variety of social issues affect why people buy and use guns.
Let's make it easier, not harder, for people to get mental health care.
What else is sexism, racism, poverty also influences gun ownership and gun deaths.
Between 2010 and 2014, an average of 50 women every month died in their own homes from domestic violence with fatal gunshot wounds.
Let's empower women and children to learn how to resolve conflicts and emotional problems with words, not weapons.
Nearly 1,000 people were fatally injured by police officers on duty last year, according to the Washington Post.
Talk to Black Lives Matter and the police union.
it's time to answer the question
maybe that's the answer
Or maybe "all of the above" is too easy, and this is not an easy problem.
It requires deep analytical thinking on the part of all of us.
I don't know, I'm not a gun control expert or anything.
i teach humanities
To be human is to learn, and to belong to civilization is to share your knowledge.
That kind of sincere, courageous, heartfelt involvement is what I ask of my students, what I expect of myself as a teacher, and what I'm asking of you now.
humbly share your knowledge
thank you
(Applause) Thank you very much.
(applause)
Everything we know about the mathematician Archimedes is based on just three books, called the A, B, and C manuscripts.
Of these, manuscript A was lost by an Italian humanist in 1564.
because this book is actually a prayer book
He used parchment to make his prayer book
Codex C of Archimedes was one of the seven.
Using only a magnifying glass, he transcribed as many sentences as he could.
why did he buy this book?
(Laughter) Another problem was that we had to get rid of the wax, because the book was used by the Greek Orthodox Church during their services, and they used candle wax, and they used candle wax. because it was
Here are images of two different manuscripts of Archimedes
And the image on the right is an ultraviolet image
The prayer book appears dark in both images, and it appears dark in the composite.
Archimedes' text appears dark on one side and bright on the other.
This is a before and after image comparison. You can't read it on a screen like this.
Zoom in, zoom in, zoom in, zoom in, zoom in, now you can read it.
(Applause) By processing the same two images in a different way, we can eliminate the prayer book text.
and the electron is gone
So I brought the literature to the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory in California, and it's a particle accelerator.
Electrons orbit in one direction, positrons orbit in the opposite direction.
When the two meet in the middle, they create particles even smaller than an atom, like charm quarks and tau leptons.
This is the strongest light source in the solar system
This phenomenon is called synchrotron radiation, and it's commonly used to look at substances such as proteins.
The important point here is that this problem is the earliest work on combinatorics in mathematics.
Combinatorics is a wonderful and interesting branch of mathematics.
Hypereides was a 4th-century BC Athenian orator.
Athens and Thebes then went to war with Philip, King of Macedon.
Here's the speech he gave during his trial, and it was a very good speech, and he said, "The best thing is to win."
"But if you can't win, fight for a noble cause and your name will go down in history.
think of the spartans
The only Spartan battle that everyone remembers is the battle of Thermopylae, where the Spartans were beaten badly, but they fought for the freedom of Greece."
Aristotle's Category Theory is one of the foundational texts of Western Philosophy Aristotle's Category Theory is one of the foundational texts of Western Philosophy
We found there a commentary in the 3rd century AD, probably written by Galen and Porphyria.
(Applause) Why did the owner of this manuscript do this?
that's what he did
If we can make that happen, it's an attractive and beautiful future.
The Walters Gallery is a small museum, but it's full of great manuscripts, and the data is amazing.
(Applause) Let's think about this a little more.
they go to see the mona lisa
why do they go to see the mona lisa
(applause)
In 1994, Murray and Hernstein published a book called "Bell Curve," a highly controversial book that argued that, on average, people of different races were smarter and more likely to succeed.
Murray and Hernstein also suggest that a lack of critical intelligence is responsible for significantly more violent crime in poor African-American communities.
In 2012, author, journalist, and political commentator John Derbyshire wrote an article that he described as a "non-black" version of the story many black parents feel compelled to teach their children: "Advice for staying safe." "is
But in 2016, I invited John Derbyshire and Charles Murray to speak at my school, fully aware that I was giving the stage and the attention to ideas I despised and rejected. that was
When I was 10 years old, my mother was diagnosed with schizophrenia, a mental disorder characterized by mood swings and paranoid delusions.
But over the years, I've come to understand the important lessons my mother taught me about life.
One day I found the words "Affirmative Action (AA)" in a book.
What my mother tried to make me realize was that we shouldn't just dismiss opinions that we don't agree with or don't like, even though there's always something to learn from someone else's perspective. even if it was difficult
In fourth grade, my mother decided that I should be sent to a private school to get the best possible education.
As a black student in a predominantly white private school, I've encountered attitudes and behaviors based on racial prejudice.
Despite the racial prejudice and stigma I often felt, what I learned at an elite private school was incredibly valuable.
Encouraged by my teachers, I explored my curiosity, tried new things, and deepened my understanding of the subjects that most appealed to me.
And the next step was going to college
I was thrilled to take my intellectual appetite and interest in the world of ideas to the next level.
I was eager to engage in heated debates with my classmates, professors, and external speakers to listen and learn to better understand myself and others.
I was fortunate enough to meet students and professors who shared similar interests, but on the other hand, my desire to tackle thorny problems was sometimes met with resistance.
Of course, no one likes being offended, and I don't enjoy hearing from problematic speakers that "feminism has become a war against men," or that "blacks have lower IQs than whites."
I also understand this point that some people have gone through traumatic experiences in their lives.
I wish I could have told everyone that it's worth putting up with the discomfort, it's worth listening to, and that it only makes us stronger, not weaker.
As I thought about my own experiences with learning that was unpleasant, and reflected on those experiences, I realized that it would be very difficult to change the values ​​of the intellectual community that I belonged to.
What I've found is that while it's hard to change the values ​​of a community, there's a lot to be gained from interacting with individuals.
I knew it was going to be a difficult conversation.
The way he tried to understand this issue, the way he tried to tackle inequality, was also different from mine.
My belief is that progress in the face of adversity requires a genuine commitment to a deeper understanding of human nature.
thank you
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she is an actress in her 60s
A few days before Christmas, she was at the post office.
It was before Christmas, so it was crowded as usual, and she was very focused on filling out some forms.
But I don't understand why
(laughs) It's okay.
This is not because men are inherently ethical, but because for many men this is a huge blind spot.
Add in the history of racism, and it's a big, separate issue, and things get exponentially more complicated.
We've been taught to think that women are overreacting, that they're too sensitive, that they're irrational.
It's up to men to change their bad behavior.
And women, I urge you to recognize your anger.
thank you
(Thank you for applause
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How did you become an engineer and president of SpaceX?
But the reason I went into engineering wasn't because of that book, but because I admired a female engineer who was speaking at a Society of Women Engineers event my mother took me to.
CA: Sixteen years ago, you became SpaceX's seventh employee, and over the next few years you signed a multibillion-dollar contract with NASA, even though SpaceX had failed its first three launches. is
GW: To sell rockets, it's all about relationships, building relationships with your customers.
Safety is fundamental to the design of systems that fly people, and we've been working on it for years, and we've been doing this technology for almost a decade.
We also plan to test later this year if there is a problem with the rocket in flight.
GWYE: Yeah, the Dragon spacecraft's launch escape system is unique.
We didn't have to design to incorporate "legacy" elements, which might not be the most reliable or expensive, and we could design the system based solely on physics.
What's it like to work alongside Elon Musk?
What exactly is the conversion ratio between Elonian time and real time?
CA: It seems to me that you are playing an important intermediary role.
In response, you say, "Okay, Elon," and you seem to make it happen in a way that's acceptable to both him and his employees.
(Laughter) (Chris) Looking ahead, SpaceX is rumored to be working on a big plan to bring low-cost, high-capacity Internet connectivity to every corner of the planet through a network of literally thousands of low-orbit satellites. about it
It would greatly increase the total number of satellites in orbit.
CA: Despite the impressive success of the Falcon Heavy Rocket, you haven't focused on that in your plans for the future.
GW: There's something we've learned over the years that we've been developing launch systems.
CA: So BFR is what we need to send humans to Mars?
GW: Yeah, the BFR can carry satellites that we have in various orbits right now.
This is a very nice rocket, and the Statue of Liberty fits in that hangar, so you can imagine the size of the Falcon Heavy Rocket.
We developed the Merlin engine for the Falcon 1.
We could have ditched it and built a new engine for the Falcon 9.
Well, it would have had a different name -- nine Merlin engines -- Falcon 9 -- but instead of spending billions of dollars developing a completely new engine, they decided to use the same nine engines.
Basically, what we're trying to do is fly the BFR, like an airplane, for travel around the globe, flying out of New York or Vancouver and flying halfway around the globe.
I'm on the BFR, maybe 30 minutes, 40 minutes, the longest is— yeah, that's cool.
let's talk a little business
Everyone thinks rockets are expensive, and they're generally right, but how can they compete with airline tickets?
(Laughter) Another use for the BFR in development is to go a little further than Shanghai.
CA: When do you think SpaceX will bring the first humans to Mars?
CA: Within 10 years in real time.
(Laughter) But seriously, why?
I think we're doing the most important job we can do, which is to find another place where humanity can continue to live and thrive.
(Applause) It's fundamental risk reduction for humanity.
Since 2001, I've interviewed thousands of people -- men and women of all ages, educated and illiterate.
Finally, I'll broaden my focus to the region as a whole, discussing the ever-popular views of religion and politics from the perspective of Arab society and their impact on women, along with some surprising findings.
If despairing Tunisian fruit vendors sparked a series of revolutions, it was the gap between what Arabs actually experienced and what they expected that fueled them.
I mean, look at this trend in Egypt.
But underneath the surface was a completely different reality.
Unemployment rose as the country prospered, satisfaction with housing and education plummeted.
But it wasn't just the economic anger.
Contrary to the clash of civilizations theory, the Arabs did not despise the freedom of the West, they craved it.
Back in 2001, we asked ordinary Arabs and Muslims around the world what they admired most about the West.
Liberty and justice were the most common answers
In a 2005 survey, more than 90% of respondents in Egypt, Indonesia and Iran said that if they were to write a new constitution for their theoretical new nation, they would guarantee freedom of speech as a fundamental right, especially in Egypt. was
If Egypt succeeds in building a society under the law, it will set an example.
On the other hand, if the core issues that sparked the revolution go unresolved, the consequences could be devastating, not only for Egypt, but for the entire region.
The military's Supreme Council has cracked down on civil society and protests, and the country's economic situation continues to deteriorate.
But judging Egypt on these factors alone misses the true meaning of revolution.
A few weeks ago, I had a meeting with a group of newly elected members of the Egyptian and Turisian parliaments.
A member of Congress once said, "People used to gather in cafes to watch football." Soccer, as we call it in America, "Now we gather and watch Congress."
It's this hope, this optimism that endured the tumultuous year of transition that followed.
One of the reasons for this optimism is that, contrary to what most people think, many Egyptians agree that many things have changed.
Before the revolution, Egypt was notorious for having less than 10 percent voter turnout, but in the latest elections it exceeded 70 percent, both men and women.
But what this view misses is the tectonic transformation that's happening all over Egypt, far from the cameras in Tahrir Square.
Many were doctors, dissidents, artists and organizers.
What this tells us is that the context in which women view the role of religion in society is shaped by the culture and context of each country, rather than a singular belief that religion is bad for women.
Where we see the biggest differences between men and women in the country is the issue of women's rights.
How men view women's rights will affect the region's future.
Because we found a correlation between the degree to which men support women's employment and the percentage of women who are actually employed professionally in the country.
So the question is, what motivates men about women's rights?
What about men's views on religion and law?
Are men's opinions about the role of religion in politics relevant to women's rights?
the answer is no
What drives men to support women's employment is men's own employment, men's education levels, and high scores on the United Nations Human Development Index.
What this means is that the transformative empowerment of women in the Middle East requires human development, not secularization.
thank you
(applause)
Today I'm going to talk about moral persuasion. What is moral and what is immoral when we use technology and design to change people's behavior?
My values ​​may be very different from yours, which means that the moral and immoral judgments I make based on my values ​​may not necessarily match yours.
What I can do, and what I want to do with you, is that you think for yourself about the series of questions I asked you at the beginning, and peel it off like an onion, one by one, and find out what moral and immoral persuasion you believe in. to get to the heart of what is
Let me give you another example of a side effect.
It's a compliment. There's a website where kids get little badges for doing what their parents want them to do, like tying their own shoelaces.
It's what the philosopher Michel Foucault calls "the technology of the self."
It demands that we seek to be efficient, to self-regulate, to constantly self-manage, because that's the only way a liberal society works.
Speaking of values, when I was arguing with others online about moral persuasion, I noticed that there was often a strange bias.
If you look at the gateway to ethics in Western culture, you'll see a completely different idea of ​​ethics.
Ethics was about how to live a good life.
He expressed this with the word "arete," which in ancient Greek translates to "virtue."
It really means "excellence"
It's about living to the fullest of your human potential.
And this idea is well articulated by Paul Richard Buchanan in his recent paper, "Products provide a vivid discussion of how we live."
Even one seemingly harmless chair, like this one designed by Arne Jacobsen, is a persuasive technique, because once again it conveys the idea of ​​a good life. "In an affluent life, products like this chair are produced sustainably or unsustainably, and the people who use them are like the person who made that chair.
In the words of Michel Foucault
Let me give you the example of Buster Benson.
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(music) (applause) (music) (applause) (music) (applause) (music) (applause)
I work at the SETI Institute
The Owens Valley Radio Observatory, deep in the Sierra Nevada, in 1968, where I was collecting data for my doctoral dissertation.
In 1960, a young astronomer named Frank Drake, in West Virginia, aimed this antenna at several nearby stars in an attempt to intercept messages from E.T.
That's what we're using now to find E.T., and electronics are much, much better than they used to be.
A lazy academic has calculated that today's new experiment is about 100 trillion times better than the 1960 one.
But what the general public doesn't realize is that experiments keep getting better and, as a result, tend to get faster.
It's like looking for a needle in a haystack.
We know the size of the haystack, it's the galaxy.
A million star systems. Isn't that fun?
But now we know, according to recent results, stars almost always have planets, and more than one of them.
Even pessimistically, one in a thousand means that there are at least a billion Earth siblings in our galaxy.
Around 9:30 in the morning, I was exhausted from an all-nighter, and I was resting my head on my desk when the phone rang. It was the New York Times.
we are not a miracle
The third is kind of vague, but I think it's interesting and important, and it's that if we get signals from more advanced societies, if we get signals from more advanced societies, that's our potential. suggests that we are not destined to perish by self-destruction.
In fact, I read books about explorers all the time. Exploration is very interesting. Arctic expeditions by Magellan, Amundsen, Shackleton, Franklin Scott, etc. are very cool.
Most ants follow the ants in front of them in a line, but a few, about 1%, are so-called pioneers and roam through the line.
Even though these ants are mostly dead, they are essential to the survival of the ants in the colony, which means exploration is important.
I also think that exploration is important because it allows us to address what is so critically lacking in our society: our lack of education and understanding of science.
In the 18th century, you could go to a library and read a book for a few hours and become an expert in any field of science, if only you could find a library.
In the 19th century, if you had a laboratory in your basement, you could make a scientific breakthrough in your own home, right? Because there were things out there that could be the subject of scientific research.
The answer would be something like, "Well, I don't know what the Higgs boson is, and I don't know if it's important."
But we're pouring billions of Swiss francs into this problem.
SETI on the other hand is very simple
It's not just us adults, it's children too.
I remember this guy coming to my high school, middle school, when I was in sixth grade.
It's kind of similar, but a few years ago, I gave a talk at a school in Palo Alto, and there were probably a dozen kids, maybe 11 years old, who came to listen to me.
There were 11-year-olds sitting in a semicircle, staring at me with big eyes, and they started by writing 22 zeros on a whiteboard in the back and saying, "This is the number of stars in the universe we can see. But this number is so big that it doesn't even have a name."
What they wanted was my email address so they could ask more questions -- (Laughter) I'm lucky to have this job, because we live in special times.
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This is a cell phone camera shot of me looking at the painting.
He was so good that when he was in prison, the warden and everyone wanted him to paint a masterpiece for their walls.
So if a criminal is in a hurry to copy someone's card, they can just put a piece of paper on the card and rub it with a pencil -- that kind of speed trick.
Why?
Because you know your name, right?
(Laughter) If you drop a card in the street and a criminal picks it up, they can read it.
(Laughter) I love this photo.
I don't know why, but there's something in my inbox about cheerleaders.
The teacher cannot log in from school because the school blocks facebook.
I didn't actually attend the demonstration, I had a meeting at the bank on the day of the G20 demonstration, and I got an email from the bank telling me not to wear a suit so as not to provoke the demonstrators.
But this is not real security
If you don't know that I am a trader at this bank, this message is meaningless.
My suggestion here is, like James, a resurgence of interest in R&D.
In this situation, of course, we turn to Doctor Who.
This is Doctor Who and Psychic Paper.
This is a Japanese ATM, and your fingerprint information is stored inside your phone.
Must be a utility that can be used anywhere
6.6 billion mobile phones are in use
My favorite statistic is that only 4 billion people use toothbrushes.
Anyone can use this infrastructure, no permissions or licenses or anything like that, anyone can code it.
This technology already exists
thank you
Like many good stories, this one begins a long time ago, when there was basically nothing.
And inside the galaxy, there's a giant cloud of dust.
What you are seeing is the birth of a star.
When enough stars are born, it becomes a galaxy.
(Laughter) If you look closely at this galaxy, you'll see relatively normal stars that aren't particularly interesting.
What happens next is that a certain amount of dust that doesn't become a star becomes a planet.
this is 4 billion years ago
Shortly thereafter, the remaining material forms a primordial soup, the source of life.
(Laughter) You may be wondering, is this a little too arrogant?
Second theory Can we upgrade?
Svante Pääbo has the answer
The genetic difference between humans and Neanderthals is 0.004%.
(Laughter) But if you look at this, what's interesting is how small the mutation is and where it occurs.
The differences between humans and Neanderthals are sperm and testes, smell and skin.
About 10,000 years ago, in the Black Sea, a mutation in one gene gave rise to blue eyes.
In the 1920s, I thought there was a big difference between people.
he was Darwin's cousin
And since the 1940s, we've been saying that there's no difference between humans, we're all the same.
If that's true, it raises some very complex questions about the London Olympics.
You have three options: do you want the Olympics to be a showcase for mutants?
Unless, of course, there is a ski lift.
This is a big deal, because you can make human stem cells from human skin cells, not just mouse cells.
In October, they took stem cells from skin cells and made liver cells.
You can also upload other people's memories
Let's look at the rate of autism per 1,000 people
There are people who are extraordinarily smart, people who can remember everything they see, people with synesthesia, people with schizophrenia.
i don't have a good answer
While it's unclear whether this affects how an infant's brain works, evidence is emerging that obesity and diet have some effect on genetic mutations.
In any case, if changes are occurring in this order of magnitude, either the measurement is wrong, or something is happening fast enough to trigger evolution in real time.
Such a big change could make your grandchildren and great-grandchildren a very different species than you.
thank you
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I'm not a clinician, I'm a comparative biologist who studies anatomy.
This has been proven to be true both in recent studies of gender differences in the brain and in studies of penis function and anatomy.
(Laughter) Well, today I'm going to show you an example from my penis research to show you how information from one organ system can inform a different area.
But one day I thought, what about a mammalian penis?
Of course it also has to work
We call this a hydrostatic skeleton.
A hydrostatic skeleton requires two elements.
If you look at a cross-section of the penis, you can really see the characteristics of the hydrostatic skeleton.
The center is an erectile, spongy tissue, filled with a fluid called blood, and lined with a wall rich in a tough structural protein called collagen.
this really surprised me
Why was everyone so surprised?
What this tells us is that the wall tissue isn't just covering the vascular tissue.
This observation can be applied to humans in a medical way, but I think it's relevant to basically anything else, like prosthetics or soft robotics, where changes in shape and stiffness are important.
So to sum it up, 20 years ago, if I said, "I'm a little interested in anatomy," in college, my advisor would tell me, "Anatomy is a dead science."
thank you
(applause)
Yes, we learn it in math classes, but we see it all over the culture: The X Prize, The X Files, Project X, TEDx...
About six years ago, I was learning Arabic, and about six years ago, I was learning Arabic, and I found it to be a very logical language.
In the 11th and 12th centuries, Arabic texts containing this mathematical knowledge finally reached Spain, among Europe, and Spain among Europe.
It's the letter "sheen," which stands for the SH sound in English, or [sh].
This word appears frequently in early mathematics, for example, in this 10th-century method of solving roots.
On the other hand, the problem faced by medieval Spanish scholars in translating was that they couldn't translate the letter "sheen" or the word "shayun" into Spanish. Because Spanish doesn't have a 'sh' sound Because Spanish doesn't have a 'sh' sound
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I'm a medical illustrator, and I seem to have a slightly different point of view.
When we look at the formula E=mc², when we look at the cosmological constant, when we look at the ideals of humankind and the inevitability of the evolution of life in terms of numbers that represent the universe, they are very difficult to understand.
It's like boiling chicken until it loses its flavor, just like the old recipe for chicken soup.
I don't want my students to do that.
And then I got a phone call a few years ago from Robert Lu, a professor in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology at Harvard University, asking if my team would be interested in changing medical and scientific education at Harvard.
Each of us has about 100,000 of these, and they're still moving around in our 100 trillion cells.
(applause)
I'm going to show you a stop-motion animation that I made that shows bacteria accumulating minerals over the course of an hour.
This is where the bacteria are metabolizing, and in this metabolism, the bacteria create an electrical charge.
These metals accumulate as minerals on the surface of the bacteria.
The technology to remove salt from water, especially seawater, by reverse osmosis is essential in countries where clean drinking water is not available.
It takes energy to make clean water.
I'm currently working in Singapore, which is at the forefront of desalination technology.
This is where my collaboration with bacteria comes into play.
So this is the beginning of a new industry born in a test tube, a mining industry in harmony with nature.
This is known as the Theme Building, and the origin of the name is extremely unclear.
When it was discovered, its sleek, old-fashioned, futuristic design took the world by storm, dubbed it Googie, and was confused with the erroneous term Jet Age.
(Applause) (Accompaniment) Here's the table.
And on top of that is Juicy Salif
Unlike theme buildings, it's not alien technology.
thank you
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For them, autism was life-devastating.
They prefer to look at people rather than things, especially people's eyes, because eyes are windows into other people's experiences, so they look at the person looking at them.
This mutually reinforcing dance is crucial to the birth of the social mind, the mind upon which the brain depends.
And very soon they begin to learn the meaning of things, because when you look at something, when you point at something, you don't just give directions.
This little girl is 1 year and 3 months old and has autism.
Remember, we learn a lot through shared experiences.
Autism is the most strongly genetically determined of all developmental disorders.
it's a brain disorder
Some people are severely intellectually disabled, some are gifted.
When I started working in this field, it was thought that autism was rare -- four out of 10,000 people.
It's calculated that there are millions of people with autism.
Genes associated with autism are
what is important and what is not
If we could measure the signs that are highly conserved by evolution and that are developmentally very early in the first weeks of life, we could push the detection of autism to the first few months of life, which is what we're working on now.
We want to prevent the sometimes devastating things that happen to people with autism, like severe intellectual disability, language impairment, severe isolation.
Some people have amazing artistic talent.
I'm an idealist, like most journalists.
I love discovering good stories, especially stories that aren't told.
And this reveals the sad and terrifying story of a poor girl and her family.
she was raped many times by many men
Perhaps the addition of Mr. Goode made the story more complete.
The Global Media Surveillance Project found that female reporters were more likely to challenge stereotypes than male reporters.
November 2010 Wired Magazine
How many people knew the founders of Facebook and Google before they were published in magazines?
On the cover of November 15, 2010
The good news is that a recent global survey found that 73 percent of management positions in the media industry are still men.
But an even more complex problem is our unconscious biases and blind spots.
The author speaks to a former NPR ombudsman who reported on the treatment of women in NPR's reporting, and unconscious bias is hidden in everyday life.
I don't know if one of the editors was a woman, but having a woman makes a big difference.
The Dallas Morning News won a Pulitzer Prize in 1994 for a series that featured women from all over the world, and one of the female reporters told me that if it hadn't been for women in the foreign news department, I'm sure it wouldn't have won. Because there were female reporters and editors, especially when it came to reporting on female genital mutilation, she said, if you were a man, you wouldn't be able to enter.
This is an important point, because a lot of our international policy deals with countries like Afghanistan, where women are mistreated.
The case of Lara Logan - it's important to keep talking about this issue.
She was a CBS News correspondent who was brutally assaulted in Egypt's Tahrir Square shortly after this photo was taken.
No one said that about Anderson Cooper and his crew who were attacked for reporting the same story.
One way to increase female leadership is to have female mentors guide them.
But this isn't just about super journalists or just my organization.
You have a stake in building a strong, vibrant media.
Narrator: One view of an event, one impression.
If you look at it from another perspective, it looks quite different.
My father was involved in designing the control panel for the IBM 360 computer.
Thirty-six years ago, exactly this week, I was in a ill-designed car, hit a ill-designed guardrail, and fell straight down a 60-meter embankment off a ill-designed Pennsylvania road, killing two people in the car.
This thing that you're looking at has completely changed my life, really changed it completely.
The difference is "intent"
Yes, I am no longer a victim.
It sounds so simple, but in our society and culture, we have a big problem with intention.
A technique for extracting sperm from spinal cord injury patients was actually developed by a veterinarian.
What is Plato doing here?
All of a sudden, human existence needed intention.
reality itself needs a designer
We cannot imitate the past
I'll tell you about one of my favorite design memories in the 1990s, in the city of Kinshasa in Zaire, where I was working for ABC News, covering the downfall of Zaire's brutal dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, who plundered and destroyed the country. was
Thirty-six years ago at this exact time, a 19-year-old boy woke up from a coma when he tried to ask a question to a nurse, who had already prepared an answer.
I asked, "Nurse, is today the 28th or 29th?"
During my freshman year of college, I applied for an internship at the Greater Boston Legal Services Housing Department.
On the first day, when I showed up to serve tea and help with photocopying, I was paired with a lawyer who had a strong sense of justice and was very ambitious. Jeff Purcell put me on the front lines from day one. made me work on the front lines
Over the next nine months, I had the opportunity to talk to people from low-income families in Boston, who came to me for housing problems, and they always had health problems.
Near the end of my first year of college, I read an article about Dr. Barry Zuckerman's work as head of pediatrics at Boston Medical Center.
The first thing he hired was to hire a legal counsel to represent his patients.
So I contacted Barry, and with his permission, in October of 1995, I walked into the waiting room of the Boston Medical Center Pediatric Clinic.
I could feel the fatigue of the mothers who took two, three, and even four buses to see their children at the doctor.
For the next six months, I would run up to doctors in the hallway and ask the naive but basic question, "If you had unlimited resources, what would you give your patients first?"
"Every day a patient comes into the clinic, and my child has an ear infection, and I prescribe antibiotics.
I don't even ask about these issues, because I can't do anything about it.
That clinic still has two social workers for every 24,000 pediatric patients, which is still better than other clinics.
Patients bring their prescriptions to a desk in the clinic's waiting room, and well-trained college students who advocate for our work interact with these families and refer them to a number of existing community resources.
18 months ago I received an email that changed my life.
In 1965, Dr. Geiger built one of the nation's first two community health centers in a destitute section of the Mississippi Delta.
Many of his patients were showing symptoms of malnutrition, so he prescribed food.
When the Office of Economic Opportunity in Washington, D.C., which funded Dr. Geiger's clinic, learned about this, they were outraged.
(Laughter) So when I got this email from Dr. Geiger, I knew I should be proud to be a part of this history.
But actually I was devastated
For decades we've had very simple tools to keep patients, especially low-income patients, healthy, so why haven't we taken advantage of them?
When I think about this, I think health care is like any other system.
We decided to use prescriptions for that purpose.
A few miles from here, at the National Children's Medical Center, when a patient comes in for a consultation, they ask a few questions.
“Are you going to run out of food at the end of the month?
And volunteers connect patients with healthy diets and exercise programs that are accessible in their communities.
Electronic health records have gone from simply being a repository of diagnostic information to becoming a health promotion tool -- a fundamental shift.
In the private sector, when you squeeze that kind of value-add out of fixed-cost investments, when you squeeze that kind of value-add out of fixed-cost investments, it's called a billion-dollar company.
But in the medical world, it's called obesity reduction or diabetes reduction.
It's called medicine, and it's a system where doctors can prescribe solutions to improve health, not just manage disease.
Every day in this country, 3 million patients visit the waiting rooms of about 150,000 clinics.
It's a harsh northeastern winter, your child has asthma, and the heating in the room has been turned off, and you're in the emergency room waiting room, because the cold triggered the child's asthma.
What if some of the next generation of healthcare workers were this country's 1 million college students?
This is not a short-term workforce to connect patients with basic resources, but a pipeline to the next generation of healthcare leadership. people I talked to about health needs
And they leave here with the conviction, the ability, the ability to realize the most basic ideals of our health care.
Mia Lozada is the Chief Resident of Internal Medicine at UCSF Medical Center, and during her three years of undergraduate studies she volunteered for Health Leeds and worked in the Boston Medical Center clinic waiting room.
When I write a prescription, can my family read it?
Do you have transportation to the pharmacy?
None of these solutions -- prescriptions, electronic medical records, waiting rooms, thousands of college student volunteers -- are perfect.
I said to him, "Jeff, I have an idea to mobilize college students to address the underlying health needs of patients."
But he said, "Rebecca, if you have a vision, you have an obligation to make that vision a reality.
You must pursue that vision."
But the truth is, I've spent most of my waking hours almost every day since then chasing that vision.
I think we all have a vision of healthcare in this country.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
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It seems that people of all ages and cultures create their identities in some form of narrative.
Whether it's cave paintings or the Internet, humans have told history and truth in the form of parables and fables.
Cinema is arguably the most influential art form of the 20th century.
So in 2006, we started FILMCLUB, a group that hosts film screenings and discussion sessions in schools every week.
In the first nine months, we ran 25 clubs across the UK, where kids aged five to 18 watched a movie for 90 minutes.
There's a movie that changed my life: Vittorio De Sica's 1951 film Miracle in Milan.
Still, my father loved De Sica's vision emotionally and artistically, so he decided to celebrate half a century of his life with his three teenage children and 30 friends. My father said, "To pass the baton of anxiety and hope to the next generation."
In the final scene of "The Miracle of Milan," the slum dwellers levitate on flying broomsticks.
Around the time "Smith" became a FILMCLUB staple, there was a week-long all-night filibuster in the House of Lords.
Two years after I went into hiding, my grandfather came to London.
A 12-year-old kid saw "The Wizard of Oz" and said, "Everybody has to see this movie, because if you don't, you might not know you have a heart."
If you want different values, you have to tell different stories. Your personal story is an essential part of your individual identity. Your collective story is an essential part of your cultural identity. I can't think
thank you
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Eventually, I started studying Egyptology, but I realized that the naked eye wasn't enough.
So how do you find a buried city in this vast land?
What we did was use NASA terrain data to map out subtle changes in the land.
And under a five-meter thick layer of mud, we found a dense layer of pottery.
They may not look like much, but when you think of gemstones that were common in the Middle Kingdom, these are the stones.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
It was a good movie, right? I saw Matthew Broderick on the screen, and I thought, "Yeah! It's Ferris Buehler. Let's watch this!"
This is the line that the main character, Arnold, says to his mother, during an argument about his personality and his life.
After that, I started living my life. I came out and accepted myself. I was really happy. I was a happy gay, because gay means happy.
Some politicians have even said, "The gay lifestyle is a serious threat," arguing it's a bigger threat to society than terrorism.
i drink coffee
this is the gay lifestyle
(Applause) When I started dating my partner, Steve, he told me about penguins.
And he said, "I want to spend the rest of my life with you."
I wear it whenever I'm doing something that makes me nervous, like this TEDx talk.
I also wear it when I'm separated from him for a long time
Sometimes I wear it for no reason
How many people are in love? Are you in love with someone?
you might be gay
(Applause) You should tell your partner, because if he's in love, he might be gay.
You might be gay too! I have a friend who is single and gay.
(Laughter) I've paid my dues on time. (Laughter) I've traveled all the way to participate in the gay pride flag parade, and I've never seen a copy of the gay agenda.
But something wonderful happened. I was shopping as usual when I stumbled upon a bootleg version of Gay Agenda.
Gay Agenda (music) This is the Gay Agenda!
The U.S. Constitution is the gay agenda.
I was shocked when I saw it, wait, is this the gay agenda?
But this is it, the gay agenda.
Pay particular attention to this short amendment: "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall limit the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States of America."
Let me brag a little bit.I'm married and have a 15-year-old son.
There was a time in American history when black people were denied equal rights.
There was a time when women didn't have equal rights and couldn't vote.
Before the Americans with Disabilities Act, employers could fire people with disabilities.
look to the right
thank you
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
I loved it, so I started skating in 1977, when I was about 10. Once I started, I got the hang of it.
As she exaggerated earlier, that's why I'm called the godfather of modern street skating.
Freestyle itself was developing flatland tricks like this, but new styles of skateboarding were evolving and skaters were taking the Ollie I showed you earlier on the street.
Can you see it sliding on the backside?
There is a trick called primo slide
(Laughter) So it was crazy like this.
How many of you have had surgery? But (laughs) you're helpless anyway, aren't you?
Freestyle oriented manual down wheelie down
For me, the creative process, the street skating itself, works like this
What they do is very similar to our creative process.
It was either the red one or the blue one
(applause)
This is the cover of New York magazine
I named it Giacometti Code, and it's exclusive to TED.
(Laughter) He shot himself in the head in 1996, which coincidentally happened to be Judi Dench's birthday on December 9th.
He died at the age of 64, suffering from his own bullet wounds until the next afternoon, the same age at which Alberto Giacometti died.
Where was Wislawa Szymborska?
Exactly 100 years after Alfred Nobel died
Coincidence? no it's creepy
(Laughter) Coincidence is much simpler.
In fact, there may be people in this room who don't want to see this video.
Ladies and gentlemen, you can buy Bill Clinton's "My Life" here at TED's bookstore.
If you have a paperback handy, turn to page 474. "The draft of my inaugural address is getting better, but I'm still not satisfied.
What happened to William Jefferson Clinton?
If he were here -- (Laughter) As he concludes his autobiography, that's the day that Bill Clinton's life journey began, the first Democratic president in decades to be elected for two terms in a row.
After that, Will moved from one relative's house to another, and by the time he was nine years old, he was living on his own.
Eventually Will became a member of a gang and committed a number of serious crimes, the most serious of which was a horrific and tragic murder.
But before I do that, I'd like to give you a quick overview of the process leading to the death penalty, and then I'd like to share with you two lessons I've learned over the last 20 years, which I've learned as a lawyer working on more than 100 cases involving the death penalty.
Chapter 3 is the more complex legal process, the federal habeas corpus process.
On the other hand, while we carry out roughly the same number of executions each year, the number of people sentenced to death each year is dropping relatively rapidly.
Death penalty support in Texas is at an all-time low, and anti-death penalty opponents are very happy.
It's in the lower half of 60 percent.
this is the first thing i learned
Eighty percent of death row inmates have a history of being involved in the juvenile justice system.
This was the second lesson I learned
How can we do that?
Two weeks ago, my son Lincoln was working on a big, nasty math problem.
The death penalty story has four chapters, but what happens before this story begins?
How can we intervene in a murderer's life before the murder happens?
And what we're talking about today is also "rocket science."
Both Will, our client, and 80 percent of death row inmates had five chapters in their lives before the four-chapter story leading up to the death penalty.
During each of the five chapters -- when his mother was pregnant with him, when he was a toddler, when he was in elementary school, when he was in middle school and when he was in juvenile justice, there was so much that society could do during those five years.
Some states do this, but not mine.
A handful of states are doing this, but not in Texas.
There are two professors at Yale University and the University of Maryland in the Northeast, who have established a school attached to a juvenile prison.
What do all these things have in common
Even if we disagree that it should be done out of moral imperative, it makes sense economically.
I'll tell you about the last conversation I had with Will.
"I've always wondered, do you really remember that?"
"I don't remember anything about when I was five years old.
thank you
(applause)
If you've seen the movie "Moneyball" or read the book by Michael Lewis, you're familiar with the story of Billy Beane.
It's a health condition, which means you need treatment. Then strike two, when you're pregnant.
Pregnancy requires high-tech medicine, or you might run into trouble somewhere.
And Strike 3 is menopause
Or, even worse, a doctor who didn't test something when it was later diagnosed -- can be sued.
we are all responsible
He's right, but he didn't say pre-obesity or pre-diabetes or anything like, "Start taking this statin to lower your cholesterol."
Billy Beane learned the same thing.
As a magician, I'm interested in staging that incorporates elements of illusion.
I think one of the best is the Tanagra Theater, which was very popular in the early 20th century.
let the story begin
A baby was born as lightning lit up the night sky
let me show you
Tesla's brain was extraordinary
Maybe it was a kind of synesthesia.
This is the magic of science."
(Cheers) Tesla has over 700 patents, radio, wireless telegraph, remote control, robotics.
But the pinnacle of invention was turning a childhood dream into a reality, bringing light to the city with the ferocious power of Niagara Falls.
It's the World Telegraph Center. Imagine news, messages, sounds and images - wirelessly sent all over the world in an instant."
It's a great idea, but -- it was a huge project, and it cost a lot of money.
Tesla died on January 7, 1943
His legacy is still around us today.
Tesla lit the world, but that's just the beginning.
(applause)
Good evening
it's really hot
what about Seoul? All the games were played in the late afternoon because of the broadcast rights, and I was told that they were comfortable because the games were after the sun had set.
Because thermal comfort is influenced by factors other than temperature. The sun can be direct or diffuse light, and wind can be strong winds, gentle breezes, and the radiant temperature of our surroundings. There is also the presence of humidity, which affects
We humans produce heat thanks to our metabolism We humans produce heat thanks to our metabolism
And that's not all. We need to adopt active systems.
My grandfather passed away a long time ago when I was very young, but my admiration for Mae West has been passed down to his descendants in the form of misspellings.
I make art, and those works will definitely last longer than I do, so I think about what I want to leave behind through those paintings.
In fact, sometimes forgetting is very important to being an idealist.
We carry a lot of baggage from our parents, from society, from the people around us, fears, anxieties, the 200 Year Plan lists when all the problems of childhood will expire.
Here's a picture of my mother, who recently created a Facebook account.
(Laughter) And she smiled generously and punished her, saying, "Tomorrow I'm going to teach you Indian history, so come over and I'll give you grades."
i was so inspired
I made my own version of Indian history.
It's my version of Indian history.
I used to think that education was the most important part of leaving a meaningful legacy.
education is great
I would argue that creativity is the most important tool.
thank you
the world needs you so much
There are differences between disciplines, such as astrophysics, molecular genetics, immunology, microbiology, and the emerging field of the human body as a symbiote, public health, and environmental science.
Traditional academic disciplines will continue to grow, and as a result will inevitably merge to create new disciplines.
The quest for knowledge is in our genes
Our political leaders should have at least some degree of scientific knowledge, which is what is most lacking today - no applause.
Some of them were Evolutionary Biology students I was teaching, and some were Evolutionary Biology students I was teaching.
I swallowed my pride and studied calculus
Science says the exact opposite: "March away from the sound of the guns."
Wilson's Principle #3: March away from the sound of artillery.
Every problem is an opportunity in making scientific discoveries Every problem is an opportunity in making scientific discoveries The more difficult the problem, the more important the answer. increase in importance
Scientists, including mathematicians, can take one of two paths: One can identify a problem based on early discoveries. one identifies the problem based on the initial findings, and pursues the solution.
Or the bigger question: What is the role of dark matter in the expansion of the universe?
(Applause) Thank you.
thank you
In fact, the technology I use is basically the same technology used in this 14th-century classroom.
We announced the class on July 29th, and two weeks later, 50,000 people had registered for the class.
that was exactly what we were aiming for
We learned from the example of Khan Academy that a short 10-minute video is more effective than an hour-long lecture recorded on a small screen.
we succeeded
Rather, the students succeeded.
Motivation and determination are even more important.
The class spanned 10 weeks, and half of the 160,000 students watched at least one video each week. Half of the 160,000 students watched at least one video each week. spent hours handing in all their homework over 20,000 people spent 50 to 100 hours handing in all their homework
(applause)
When I was in elementary school, my next-door neighbor gave me a book for my birthday.
This is nothing new per se, and I'm sure many of you have seen something similar in Google Earth, but we often say within the development team that we're doing the opposite of what Google Earth is doing.
This is the Mars Science Laboratory, which was just launched to Mars last week.
I'm showing you this because there's this weird perception going around that there are no more space shuttles going into space, or that NASA is dead.
In fact, robotic exploration is at the heart of NASA's activity, and there are many NASA probes in the air.
Let's double-click on Uranus, and you'll see Uranus tilted and spinning on its side, and its satellites around it.
You can see that it is tilted 89 degrees.
To make things even more interesting, let's fast forward and have Voyager 1 fly close to and pass Titan, a dim moon of Saturn.
Today's date, let's go back to the present and show you where Voyager 1 is.
Thank you. (Applause)
In the last 20 years, India has become the world's center for offshoring of software development and back office services, and it's only in the last 20 years that this giant industry has blossomed in India, with the expansion of offshoring of software development and back office services. White-collar jobs have flowed into India from developed countries one after another.
But Western elites say this fear is misguided.
Having become a global center for software development and back-office services, can India become a center of innovation in the same way?
I was told that if you want to see true creativity, go to Silicon Valley and look at Google and Microsoft Intel.
What I found interesting is that I was introduced to the head of what is called an innovation lab or an R&D center, and again, most of them are Indians. But you didn't get your education in India, did you?"
If you take a broader view of innovation, you can see enough innovation in India, but it turns out that Indian innovation is not what we expected. It's invisible innovation.
This invisible innovation from India can be categorized into four groups in particular.
Now, historically, multinational R&D centers have always been located at their headquarters or in their home country, so when you think about it, it's pretty amazing that there are now 750 multinational R&D centers in India. It's what you should do
He looked at companies that had R&D centers in the United States and India, and he compared patents filed at the centers in the United States with similar patents filed by subsidiaries in India, India and the United States. By comparing the patents filed by the same company that has an R&D center in India, we can compare the quality of the patents coming out of the Indian center and the US center.
India's second invisible innovation is outsourcing innovation to Indian companies. Today, many companies outsource most of their product development functions for their global products to Indian companies, from which they sell their products to markets around the world. doing
The pharmaceutical industry, for example, has a lot of different compounds being developed, but most of the work is going to India.
Of course, when you get on the Boeing 787, you don't realize that this is invisible innovation from India.
The third kind of invisible innovation is what we call process innovation, which is the infusion of knowledge by Indian companies.
And the last invisible innovation is what we call management innovation.
Now, what we've learned from our research is that if end-user products and services are the tip of the innovation iceberg, India is a sizable part of the iceberg that lies beneath the surface.
You can't be a professor without student experience.
India's growing population is the youngest of any country in the world.
In 2003, the total number of employees was 300,000 to 330,000, of which 135,000 were in the United States and 9,000 in India.
In 2009, we had 400,000 employees, down to 105,000 in the US, and up to 100,000 in India.
IBM has 433,000 employees worldwide, just under 100,000 in the United States and 150,000 in India.
Is IBM an American company? Or is it an Indian company? (Laughter) Thank you all for your attention. (Applause)
Alison Hunt: My three minutes haven't started yet, have I?
5 weeks ago I had a total hip replacement
But first, I want you to know two things about me
I'm Canadian and the youngest of 7 siblings
Canada has a great healthcare system.
The doctor referred me to an orthopedic surgeon - also free -
It's a hip replacement. I'll wait about 18 months."
another 18 months
I've waited 10 months already, now I have to wait another 18 months
Oh yeah.
we don't think like that
"Are you from Canada?" "You too!"
There was a sign in the window of a small hospital gift shop that said, "Volunteers Wanted."
The average age of volunteers working in hospital gift shops is 75, so volunteers were desperately needed.
I was at the gift shop every Friday morning
there are two reasons
This time, I quickly discovered that the farthest point from the center of the Earth is not the summit of Mount Everest, but the summit of Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador.
As the Earth rotates around the Sun, it bulges a little bit in the middle, like some Earthlings --
Chimborazo! ! "
Chimborazo!
There are still many uncontacted tribes on Earth.
Between 20 and 25 percent of all life on earth, including plants, are beetles.
The next link is the chemical language of pheromones.
The "phenethylamine" contained in chocolate seems to be an aphrodisiac.
So if you've been eating chocolate all the time, you might want to experiment.
I like sympathy, and I like magic
A link to "cave painting" leads to the oldest art of humankind.
Common themes around the world are large wild animals and human handprints, usually on the left hand.
The scientific name Pan troglodytes means "cave-dweller".
Between these two events, Ham went into space.
Gagarin's house was also occupied by a Nazi officer, and the family lived in a mud hut.
In honor of the 50th anniversary of the International Space Station, which is still flying around there, we matched its orbit with Gagarin's orbit, to the exact date and time, and filmed it on the internet for over 100 minutes. You'll see footage of the flight, full of tremendous fascination and loneliness, from the perspective of someone who's seen this spectacle for the first time.
So if you shrink the Earth to the size of a billiard ball, the mountains, the caves, the rainforests, the astronauts, the uncontacted tribes, the chimpanzees, the voodoo dolls, the fireflies, the chocolates, the marine creatures that have sex in the deep sea, you put it all together and make the Earth the size of a billiard ball. And when you shrink it down to a point, it becomes a sphere as smooth as a billiard ball, just with a little bump in the middle.
Chimborazo! ! "
(applause)
A few weeks ago, a friend gave his eight-year-old son a toy car like the one you see here.
In fact, I think there's another revolution underway, and it's driven by open source hardware and the Maker movement. The printer my friend uses to print his toys is actually open source.
It's also part of a larger community, with thousands of people around the world building printers like this, and there's a lot of innovation happening because it's open source.
You don't need anyone's permission to build something amazing
It's the result of an open source project
Because you need something that actually interacts with people.
How do you make something that even children can use?
I've had 11-year-olds show me what they've built with Arduino, and it's frightening to see what kids can do with the right tools.
It's like doing sketches on paper with electronic components.
When I was learning programming, I learned by looking at other people's code and schematics in magazines.
Looking at other people's work is a good way to learn.
And the software is GPL, and it's also open source.
The Arduino itself is made up of many open source elements, each of which would be too difficult for a 12-year-old to use, but you can mash them together on the Arduino and put them together to build something very quickly, which is a great user experience. I strive to be able to give
The company that made it is called Adafruit, and it's run by Limore Freed, better known as ladyada, and she's one of the heroes of the open source hardware and maker movement.
There's a thriving turbocharged DIY community of people who believe in the power of open source, collaboration, online collaboration, collaboration in different domains.
Or this website, Instructables, where people teach each other all sorts of things.
let's see some projects
this is a quadcopter
small model helicopter
It's a toy, so to speak.
Only a few years ago, it was military technology, but now it's open source, readily available, and available online.
Arduino is also used in serious sites like the Large Hadron Collider.
Or you can use it to make assistive devices.
This glove can understand sign language, convert it to speech, and display it on a display.It's also made from a variety of parts that you can find on any Arduino-compatible parts store.
This is a project from the New York University ITP, because this boy was so severely disabled that he couldn't play on a PS3, so they built this device so that he could enjoy baseball with his limited motor skills. Baseball. I made it so that you can enjoy
he has 280k followers
When the disaster happened in Fukushima, many people in Japan realized that government information was neither open nor trustworthy, so they built 100 Geiger counters, Arduinos, and network cards and sent them all over Japan. The collected data is publicly available on this website, Cosm, where you can see real-time, reliable, unbiased data from the field.
This machine was born out of the DIY bio movement, and it performs certain steps necessary for DNA processing, and it's also all open source.
So when it came to building an educational robot, I said to them, "You design it, and you know what it takes to build a great robot that kids will be excited about."
Joey is standing on top of a giant maze, and when you tilt the tablet, the maze tilts.
We worked with a design studio in Milan called Habits to create this mirror, and it's completely open source.
Doubles as an iPod speaker
The hardware, software, design, manufacturing, everything in this project is open source, and you can build your own.
There are thousands of ideas, and it would take seven hours to introduce them all.
It's a satellite that's going into space. It's not something you'd expect to do open source, but it's got an Arduino hooked up to a bunch of sensors, so if you know how to use the Arduino, you can upload your own experiments to this satellite and run it.
Imagine if your high school had a satellite at your disposal for a week to do an experiment in space.
Like I said, there are just too many examples, so let's stop here, and I want to thank the Arduino community for producing so many amazing projects every day.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause) And thanks to the community.
Why is this happening?
A technological revolution is opening up the world
The Internet is becoming a gigantic global computer, and every time you connect and upload a video or search Google or remix something, you're programming this gigantic global computer that we share.
Now a new generation is also opening up the world
I called them the net generation
i am a digital immigrant
had to learn the language
think about wall street
And with all this push from technology and new generations of young people, plus this push from new generations of technology and young people, plus the demands of the new global economic environment, the world is opening up.
Now, I think we're at a turning point in human history, and I think it's finally time to rebuild many institutions from the industrial age along new principles. think it's time
The first is collaboration.
His name is Rob McEwen
"I used to be a banker and now I'm a gold miner."
he had a different perspective on talent
The winner was a computer graphics company that created a three-dimensional model of the mine that could show where the gold was in the ground.
Second, openness means transparency.
If you don't have integrity in your organization's skeleton and DNA, you can't build trust without integrity in your organization's skeleton and DNA. Trust is an essential ingredient in this new networked world.
The third meaning of openness and its principle is sharing.
This is also different from transparency
Transparency is about communicating information
There are various famous stories about this
IBM contributed 400 million dollars worth of software to the Linux movement and got billions in return.
The conventional wisdom is, "Our intellectual property is ours, and anyone who tries to infringe on it will use their lawyers to sue them."
I'll give you an example
The fourth meaning and principle of openness is to empower.
an open world brings freedom
Social media didn't create the revolution. It was created by a younger generation of people who wanted jobs and hope and didn't want to be controlled.
During the Tunisian Revolution, regime snipers killed unarmed students on the streets.
So the students used their mobile devices to take pictures, survey their locations, and send them to friendly forces to eliminate the snipers.
It was a military tool for young people to protect unarmed people from murderers.
It's a tool for self-defense
In the meantime, young people are being killed in Syria, and until three months ago, if you were injured on the street, an ambulance would take you to the hospital, and if you had a broken leg, for example, you would be sent home with a bullet in your head. was
We are now in an era of great change.
Up until two years ago, every revolution in human history had a leader, and when the old regime collapsed, that leader and the organization held power.
If you go back a few hundred years, all over the world, it was a very closed society.
It was an agrarian society, a system of production and politics called feudalism, and knowledge was monopolized by the church and the nobility.
there was no concept of progress
But then Johannes Gutenberg came up with some amazing inventions that gradually opened up society.
Martin Luther called the printing press "God's greatest gift."
The printing press made it possible to access recorded knowledge
The Internet has made it possible to access not only information and knowledge, but also the intelligence of others on a global scale.
For me, it's not the information age, it's the networked intelligence age.
There is leadership here, but there is no fixed leader.
Is this some kind of quirky analogy? Or is there something we can learn from this?
this is a huge collaboration
There is real interdependence, and each bird somehow understands that the interests of the group are its interests. I understand
Can we go beyond just sharing information and knowledge?
Can we start sharing our intelligence?
Is it possible to create a sort of collective intelligence that goes beyond an individual or a group or a team, a kind of global consciousness that goes beyond an individual or a group or a team? Is it possible to create something like consciousness on a global scale?
(applause)
I've spent hundreds of days in mental hospitals.
I quote from my own writing, "I opened the apartment door.
I said, 'Hello,' and went back to the couch, and sat there in silence for a while.
"Thank you for coming Steve.
A crumbling world, words, voices
(Applause) Thank you.
Let's start with the definition of schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain
For example, when I'm mentally ill, I experience delusions in my mind that I've murdered hundreds of thousands of people.
Imagine having a nightmare while awake
A person like this probably has some form of schizophrenia.
It was seven weeks into the first semester of my freshman year at Yale Law School.
"This is the real me," I said, waving over my head.
And then late Friday night, on the roof of Yale Law School, I started singing out loud.
I don't believe in joints, but they hold the body together.'" An example of a meaningless association, "In the end, I went back to my dorm, but I was restless.
I sat on my bed, rocking and moaning in fear and loneliness."
A voice I had never heard before came out of my mouth, a mixture of moaning and screaming, an inhuman voice of terror.
(Laughter) The next year, I ended up spending five months in a mental institution.
In the United States, one to three people are said to die each week from physical restraints.
In fact, until very recently, it's true that some people thought that physical restraints made people with mental illness feel safe.
I ended up coming to Los Angeles to teach at the University of Southern California School of Law.
I thought that if I could just get by without medication, I could prove that I wasn't really mentally ill, but that I was doing something horribly wrong.
Dr. Kaplan would describe me as, "I was writhing in pain," and I refused to take medication in the midst of such an acute, progressive state of mental illness.
Once upon a time, I crouched on his office couch and started muttering.
I could no longer deny reality, I could no longer change it.
They are people with schizophrenia. They could be your spouse, your children, your neighbors, your friends, your coworkers. They could be your neighbors, your friends, your coworkers.
It's that we need to invest more resources in research and treatment of mental illness.
America's prisons and detention centers are full of people with severe mental illness, and many of them end up incarcerated without proper treatment.
We with mental illness want the same thing that everyone else wants: to work and to love, as Freud called it.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Thank you for your kind attention. (Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
The phenomenon that you saw for a fraction of a second is called quantum levitation and quantum locking.
In superconductivity, matter is in a quantum state, and this phenomenon only occurs below a certain critical temperature.
But with some recent technological advances, I'm now able to show you all about quantum levitation and quantum locking.
Superconductors are defined by two properties
Sounds complicated, doesn't it?
So what is electrical resistance?
Electricity is the flow of electrons in matter.
As these electrons flow, they collide with atoms, and lose some energy in these collisions.
But in a superconductor, there are no collisions, so there's no loss of energy.
But we don't have that here, because this is a quantum effect.
Not only that, because superconductors don't like magnetic fields.
Why? Because it's a quantum phenomenon, because that's what happens in quantum physics.
And these behave just like quantum particles.
That's why we call these phenomena quantum levitation and quantum locking.
So what happens when you put a superconductor in a magnetic field?
If you put it on top of a regular magnet, it stays in the air like this.
(Applause) This isn't just levitation, it's not repulsion.
This is quantum locking, actually locking the superconductor in three dimensions.
It wouldn't surprise me to hear that a superconductor can rotate freely about its axis against this ring-shaped magnet with a uniform magnetic field.
This is quantum locking, and you can levitate above this magnet.
Amazingly, the superconductors you see here are very thin, only half a micron thick.
This very thin layer can levitate more than 70,000 times its own weight.
(Applause) This is quantum locking, not levitation.
So while we're spinning around for a while, let me tell you a little bit more about superconductors.
So -- (Laughter) -- we've found that we can send tremendous amounts of current inside superconductors like this, and we can use them to generate powerful magnetic fields for things like MRIs and quantum accelerators. can
And with superconductors, we can store energy without losing it.
Imagine being able to back up the power of a single power plant with a single superconductor transmission line.
What is the future of quantum levitation and quantum locking?
Let me give you an example for this simple question.
This two-millimeter superconductor layer can hold 1,000 kilograms, so the palm of your hand can hold a small car.
amazing thank you
(applause)
I study the future of crime and terrorism, and frankly, I'm terrified.
I've worked as a town cop, as an undercover agent, as a counter-terrorist strategist, and in more than 70 countries around the world.
Technology, in the hands of the TED community, is a wonderful tool for positive social change, but in the hands of suicide bombers, the future looks very different.
When I started working as a young police officer, I began to see how criminals could use technology.
Twenty years later, criminals are still using cell phones, but they're building their own cell phone networks, like this one, which has been deployed by drug cartels in all 31 states in Mexico.
Think about the infrastructure you need for that.
And think about it, why can't I get a cell phone signal in San Francisco? (laughs) Is there such a thing? (Laughter) I'm not convinced. (Applause) We always underestimate what criminals and terrorists can do.
Technology is making our society more open, and for the most part that's great, but it also comes with unintended consequences.
The terrorists were armed with AK-47s, bombs and grenades.
They threw hand grenades at people eating in cafes and innocent people on their way home on the train.
guns and bombs are not new
What was different was the way terrorists used modern communications technology to locate and kill their targets.
They also monitored the internet and social media, monitored the progress of the attacks, and the casualties.
During the 60-minute siege, the terrorists went from room to room looking for someone to kill.
I kicked down the door of a hotel suite on the top floor and found a man hiding in his bed.
He was India's second-richest businessman, and after confirming this information, the command room relayed orders to the terrorists in Mumbai.
("Kill it") We care about Facebook's privacy settings, but the truth is that our openness can be used to attack us.
That's the world we live in now
In the end, 300 people were seriously injured, and 172 men and women, including children, died that day.
Many of you may remember the recent PlayStation hack.
There are other types of technology that criminals can exploit.
Many of you may remember this cute video from last time at TED, but not all quadcopter swarms are nice and cute.
Little robots are cute when they're playing music.
It wasn't the terrorists who first put guns on robots, we all know who started it, criminals.
Every new technology has been exploited by criminals.
I know that guns are heavily regulated here in the UK.
There will be even more new technologies in the future, like the Internet of Things.
We're connecting more and more of the things in our lives to the Internet, and the "Internet of Things" will soon be hacked too.
All tangible objects in the world are being transformed into information, and that has important security consequences, because more connected devices also become more vulnerable.
Criminals know that
That's the future that awaits us
This is a problem because the human body itself is becoming infused with information technology.
As you can see, we're becoming cyborgs.
Thousands of cochlear implants, insulin pumps, pacemakers, and defibrillators are implanted in people's bodies every year.
There are 60,000 pacemakers in the United States that are connected to the Internet.
These days, it's getting down to the cellular level.
All the technologies I've talked about so far have been based on 0's and 1's in silicon, but there is another kind of operating system, the original operating system, DNA.
For hackers, DNA is just another operating system waiting to be hacked.
There are people who are already hacking the software of life, many of them for the cause of helping people, but there are others who are not.
Synthetic biology can do some really cool things.
It's going to be interesting to see how yeast will be used in the future.
We may be able to make some really interesting bread and beer in the next century.
The cost of sequencing the human genome is plummeting.
It took 30 years from the advent of the personal computer to the emergence of today's cybercrime, but biology has progressed so quickly that anyone who knows criminals and terrorists can't help but expect biocrime to appear before too long.
The flip side of personalized cancer treatment is a personalized bioweapon, which means it can target every single person in this picture.
I don't have the answers to all the questions, but I do know some things.
So how do you prepare for a threat like an attack on a president or a prime minister?
There are already examples of this working well
The tools to change the world are in everyone's hands
This is a technology that I have often deployed as a police officer.
We've seen paradigm shifts in crime and terrorism.
Thank you very much. (Applause) (Applause)
father has alzheimer's disease
My father was my hero and my mentor in life, and for the past 10 years, I've watched him fade away.
My father isn't the only one. There are 35 million people with dementia in the world, and that number is expected to double to 70 million by 2030.
Watching television is confusing and often even frightening.
i want to be happy for as long as possible
What many people don't know is that Alzheimer's disease has not only cognitive symptoms, but also physical symptoms: loss of balance, muscle tremors, and less movement.
And finally, the third point, I'm trying to be a better person.
I don't want to get Alzheimer's
thank you
(applause)
What do these three things have in common in the ocean? Crude oil Plastic Radioactivity
What these three problems have in common is that they are man-made problems that are controlled by the forces of nature.
And I went to the Gulf of Mexico to meet fishermen and hear stories of the harsh conditions in which they work.
What I was working on at MIT was a very interesting technology, but it's a very long-term project, and it's going to be very expensive and patentable.
So I quit my dream job and moved to New Orleans to study how oil spills happen.
The simple idea is to use ancient sailing techniques to tack and capture crude oil that is being swept away by the wind.
The shape of the hull changes, so the front and main sails are positioned differently in the wind.
What we're doing is accelerating the advancement of sailing technology.
Fish move their bodies like this, but our boat uses the wind to propel itself, and the hull controls its trajectory.
But what we really want is for innovation to happen continuously. Inventors, engineers, manufacturers, all working at the same time.
It's about having everyone working at the same time, as we do now, and that can only happen if everyone decides to share information, and that's what open hardware is all about.
What is open hardware?
I started this project all by myself in my garage in New Orleans, but I wanted to get it out there and share it, and I started raising money on the platform Kickstarter, and in about a month, I raised $30,000.
Together we learned, we designed, we built, we prototyped, and the most important thing is to try prototypes on the water as often as possible, fail fast, and learn from them.
Here's a South Korean Protey member.On the right is a multi-mast design proposed by the Mexican team.
This idea inspired Gabriella Levine from New York, who decided to build a prototype and shared the process on the invention-sharing site Instructables.
They also published it on Instructables, got 10,000 views in less than a week, and made a lot of new friends.
What binds us together is the world's common understanding of the word "business," and a shared sense of what it really should be.
What we try to do and believe is that this is the way the world should be, without the environment there is nothing.
You lie in a flexible torpedo and sail at high speed, using your hands to control the sails while your feet control the shape of the hull.
Our hope is to use open hardware technology to better understand and protect our oceans.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
(Laughter) Usman, the official explanation is that you learned to play the guitar by watching Jimmy Page play on YouTube.
He's such a good musician and he's so cool.
(Applause) (Laughter) (Playing) (Applause)
I'm a gamer so I like setting goals
So for today's talk, I have a mission: to extend the lifespan of everyone in this room by seven and a half minutes.
Literally, if you listen to this talk, you'll live seven and a half minutes longer.
I'll explain it later, so just pay attention to the last number, which is 7.68245837 minutes.
For example, in my first TEDTalk, I suggested that the planet should spend 21 billion hours a week playing games.
21 billion hours is a lot of time.
It's a true story, and just a few weeks ago, when this taxi driver saw that my friend and I were in town for a gaming conference, he turned around and said, "I hate games. You're wasting your life.
I want games to be a force that makes the world a better place.
At the end of our lives, will we regret the time we spent playing games?
It may surprise you, but there's actually scientific research into this question.
Number 2: I wish I had kept in touch with my friends
Number 3: I wish I had made myself happier
Number 5: I wish I had lived true to my dreams instead of meeting other people's expectations.
A lot of it. A recent study from the School of Home Economics at Brigham Young University found that parents who spent more time playing video games with their children had stronger bonds with their children in real life.
“I wish I had kept in touch with my friends.”
Hundreds of millions of people keep in touch with friends and family on a daily basis through social games like Farmville and Words with Friends.
A recent study from the University of Michigan found that these games can be very powerful tools for maintaining relationships.
“I wish I could have made myself happier.”
I can't help but think of a groundbreaking clinical trial recently conducted at the University of East Carolina that showed online games were more effective than drugs in reducing anxiety and depression in patients.
This picture of a gamer and his alter ego, taken by Robbie Cooper, illustrates that very well.
A five-year study from Stanford University found that playing games with an idealized avatar changed the way we think and act in real life, making us more brave, ambitious, and goal-focused.
"I wish I lived true to my dreams instead of meeting other people's expectations"
But recently, I spent three months in bed wanting to die.
Two years ago, I hit my head hard and got a concussion.
The concussion didn't go away, and after 30 days I had constant headaches, nausea, dizziness, forgetfulness, and a foggy mind.
So no reading, no writing, no games, no work, no email, no running, no alcohol, no coffee.
It happened to 1 in 3 people, and it happened to me too.
My brain started saying, Jane, you want to die, right?
why a game?
After more than a decade of researching the psychology of games, I've found that there's academic research, but when we play games, we become more creative, more determined, more optimistic, and more likely to ask for help from others. it becomes easier
I wanted to use the characteristics of this gamer to solve real-world problems, so I created a recovery role-playing game called "Concussion Hunter Jane."
It lasted for over a year and was the hardest time of my life.
I wrote a blog and uploaded a video explaining how to play.
that's what happened to us
The game was promoting what scientists call "post-traumatic growth," a term you don't hear very often.
We often hear about "post-traumatic stress syndrome."
“I am closer to my friends and family”
“I am now able to focus on my goals and dreams.”
But how does it work?
There are four types of resilience that contribute to post-traumatic growth, and there are scientifically-backed things you can do every day to increase it, and it doesn't require trauma.
The best way to increase your physical resilience is to not sit still.
Every second of your time that you're not sitting still is actively making your heart, lungs and brain healthier.
Bonus points for physical resilience. Well done.
Scientific research shows that willpower is like a muscle.
If you're outside, look in the window
If you experience three positive emotions for every one negative emotion in the space of an hour, a day, or a week, you'll dramatically improve your health and problem-solving skills.
This is called the three-to-one positive emotion ratio.
Ladies and gentlemen, this is +1 social resilience, empowered by your friends, your neighbors, your family, your community.
A good way to build social resilience is gratitude
touch is better
Here's another tip: Shaking someone's hand for six seconds dramatically increases blood levels of oxytocin, the trust hormone.
(Laughter) You've completed four quests, so let's see if I can complete a mission that gives me seven and a half minutes of bonus life.
People who routinely improve their physical, mental, emotional, and social resilience are known to live 10 years longer than those who do not. increase
If you stick to a 3 to 1 positive emotion ratio, don't sit for more than an hour straight, keep in touch with someone you care about every day, and challenge yourself with small goals that boost your willpower, you'll live 10 years longer than those who don't, and I'll show you first. A formula is derived for
In the United States and the United Kingdom, life expectancy is 78.1 years, but more than 1,000 peer-reviewed scientific papers show that we can increase this by 10 years by increasing four resilience capabilities.
thank you
(applause)
That night, I was rushed to the emergency room and diagnosed with classic type 1 diabetic ketoacidosis.
There was a time when people thought that diabetes was an autoimmune disease, that your body was fighting itself. When your immune system was exposed to a pathogen, it went into combat mode, killing even the cells that make insulin.
I've been thinking this way for a long time, and in fact, medicine and people have paid a lot of attention to the fact that microbes do bad things.
(Laughter) Unfortunately, but not surprisingly, most of the microbes sold at the National Academy are pathogens.
Under a microscope, you can see that there are ten times more microbial cells than human cells.
Microbial mass is greater than our brain mass.
I just heard about DNA sequencing.
I've found that the best way to look at and understand microbes is to look at their DNA.
I've been doing this for 20 years, taking samples from different places, including the human body, and using DNA sequencing to read the sequence of the DNA and learn about the microbes in a particular place.
Surprisingly, when we use this technology, humans, for example, aren't just covered in microbes.
We believe that one of the triggers for type 1 diabetes is not fighting the pathogen, but a failure to communicate with the microbes that live inside and outside of us.
My first experience with studying microbes in the human body was triggered by my own talk at Georgetown University on this corner.
At the time, a family friend who happened to be the dean of the Georgetown University School of Medicine, who was in the talk, came up to me after the talk and said, "I'm doing ileal transplant research in medical school.
And they wanted to look at microbes after transplant.
So I started working with them, Michael Zaslov, Thomas Fischbein, and I looked at the microbes that colonized the new ileum after transplantation.
They did this because it was a common practice in the medical world, even though it was clearly not a good idea.
Fortunately, halfway through this project, transplant surgeons and others decided to forget about the common practice, and we needed to switch.
And they've actually switched to leaving some of the microbial community in the ileum, which in theory might help ileal transplant recipients.
In the last few years, methods using DNA technology have become widely used to study the microbes that live inside and outside of people.
There's something called the Human Microbiome Project in the United States, MetaHIT in Europe, and many others.
In addition, various studies show that the microbes that live inside and outside of us help develop our immune system, help fight off pathogens, help our metabolism, and probably by determining our metabolic rate. It determines our odors and also shapes our behavior in many ways.
There's one area that's very interesting, and I'm sure many of you have taken the microbes that I threw to you earlier, and it's what I call germophobia.
Killing pathogens when you're sick is a good thing, but what you have to understand is that when you put chemicals and antibiotics into your body, you're also killing the microbes that live inside and outside of us.
Overuse of antibiotics, especially in children, also risks many problems, such as obesity and autoimmune diseases, that may result from disruption of the microbial community.
I'm sure you've all heard about probiotics.
Probiotics can be used to try and restore the microbes that live in our bodies.
There's an ongoing project at the University of California, Davis, using probiotics to treat or prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants.
Probiotics may help prevent the dreaded necrotizing enterocolitis progression in premature infants.
But probiotics are a very simple solution.
Now that we have thousands of species, how do we restore our microbial community?
Animals do this. They eat poop. Coprophagia.
And many veterinarians, especially old-school veterinarians, do what's called "poop tea." It's not booty, it's pooty. It treats colic and other ailments in animals like horses and cows. to make a tea out of the dung of individual healthy animals and feed it to sick animals.
Fecal Transplants from Healthy Transplants Transplantation of microbes from feces cured some people of systemic infections caused by C. diff.
We should see it as a functioning organ, part of us.
Now we can compare the microbial communities and their genes for differences.
My family even went to an international endocrinology conference in Quebec.
(Laughter) The reason I'm telling you this is that in the medical community, like my dad, sometimes you can't see what's in front of you.
What we need now is to start thinking about microbial communities in the context of the entire spectrum of human medicine.
I don't know if it affects all parts of us, but it might.
What we need is a complete field guide to the microbes that live inside and outside of humans, and to understand how they affect us.
thank you
(applause)
My passions are music, technology and making things My passion is music, technology and making things
Now let's change the frequency of the sound and see how the flame changes.
Thank you. (Applause) I've also brought the Flame Table
(Laughter) While the pressure on the table is increasing, I want to point out that sound doesn't travel in a straight line, it travels in all directions. A Rubens tube cuts sound waves into a line, whereas a flame table does. You could say it slices sound waves into a plane, and it's so detailed and complex that it's perfect for watching Jeff Farina play guitar.
The two songs are certainly similar, but I'm mostly interested in the idea that one day you might buy a song for its looks.
I'm a big fan of Stephen Hawking, and I thought I'd take eight hours of his Cambridge lectures and create a tribute to them.
This is Stephen Hawking's Universe
I created an interactive version, where I used the temporal positions of the lectures to place the stars in three-dimensional space, and I used my own software and a Kinect to help me step into the lectures.
People watch TED Talks online, but let's see one with the sound off and the closed captions turned on.
Thank you. (Applause)
(Laughter) My lab at Stanford University is also working on self-driving cars, but it's a little bit different -- we're developing robotic racing cars, cars that can push themselves to the limits of physics. It is a car that can demonstrate performance up to
there's another reason
One of the cars that we have developed in our lab -- and we've developed quite a few -- is the world's first autonomous drift car.
(Laughter) This P1 is an electric car that the students built. It's a rear-wheel drive car with steer-by-wire on the front wheels, and it drifts around corners.
With Volkswagen Oracle, we co-developed the Shelley, an autonomous vehicle that can reach speeds of 240 kilometers per hour on the Bonneville Salt Flats, withstand the sun, wind and rain at Thunderhill Raceway Park, and 153 on Colorado's Pike Peak Hill Climb. We drove 12.4 miles of corners with no one driving 153 corners of 12.4 miles with no one driving
This is Dr. Reine Harbot putting electrodes on John Morton's head This is Dr. Reine Harbot putting electrodes on John Morton's head
For example, a resting brain emits a lot of alpha waves.
By measuring this, we can compare the strength of theta and alpha waves.
A corkscrew is followed by a chicane - a high-speed right-hand corner is a three-storey descent.
Luckily, Stanford University has a Revs program, so I took John there to drive a 1960 Porsche Carrera Abarth.
This gave us ideas and inspiration for our autonomous vehicle research.
What is the ideal balance between humans and machines?
When you think about it, think about the amazing capabilities of the human body and mind.
thank you
(applause)
That morning, President Bill Clinton ordered a special switch to be turned on, a switch on the orbiting satellite that governs the GPS.
In no time, the errors of all civilian GPS receivers on the planet shrunk from the size of a football field to the size of a small room.
Paper maps have become obsolete
But you and I and other inventors see the potential in the next leap in accuracy.
Imagine, for example, an AR (augmented reality) app, where the virtual world overlaps the real world with millimeter accuracy.
Remember the movie "The Da Vinci Code"?
Imagine a world full of GPS dots
(Laughter) If you've ever switched to Gmail, just remember that what used to be organizing and organizing your email is now a simple search.
A few months ago, I got a phone call at work.
The woman on the other end of the phone, her name is Carol, was panicking.
"I see, what about the FBI?"
It's an open-source GPS jammer developed by MIT graduate student Limore Freed, who Limore calls it "a device that reclaims your space."
it's drowned out by the bubble
Imagine, for example, that you're the captain of a cruise ship, and you're trying to get through a thick fog, and a passenger behind you turns on a "wave bubble."
All of a sudden, the GPS goes dead, and you're in a fog, and all you can do is use data from your radar system, if you know how to use it.
Our modern society has a special relationship with GPS.
In fact, there is something more powerful and destructive than the wave bubble, which sacrifices public GPS reliability to protect individual privacy: the GPS spoofer.
The GPS spoofer concept is simple
But if you send a fake GPS signal, and if you can pinpoint those two peaks, your tracking point will become indistinguishable and will be hijacked by a stronger fake signal, so the real peak is no longer useful.
Game over at this point
A fake signal now has complete control over this GPS receiver.
Is this really possible?
Can anyone really control the timing and positioning of a GPS receiver like this with a spoofer?
Because it's wide open, it's vulnerable to attacks like spoofers.
But until very recently, no one worried about GPS spoofers.
It was considered too complex or too expensive for hackers to build.
At first, spoofers were just a bunch of cables and computers, but they ended up condensed into a little box.
I felt like Dr. Frankenstein. The spoofer finally came to life and gave us a glimpse of its terrifying potential, and that was when I tried it against my iPhone later that night.
You could call it betrayal. The little blue dot that was in my house started running northward, leaving me behind and I wasn't moving.
Let's say you're being tracked
You can fool your tracker by pretending you're at work when you're really on vacation.
In a few years, I'm sure you'll be happy to have a GPS dot in your hands.
Can you resist the temptation to switch on GPS spoofers and wave bubbles to protect your privacy?
thank you (applause)
i love collecting
Ever since I was a kid, I've had a huge collection of things, from hot sauces from all over the world to jars of insects that I've caught.
The reason I love interactive video sculpture is that you can actually interact with it, people can touch it, they can even be part of it. I hope one day I can put all of you in my jar. Thank you. (Applause)
Maybe it's because I took an unconventional route to this kind of research, because my background was in chemistry and bacterial genetics.
How many cells do you think there are in his whole body?
Look at each beautiful feather in this embryo
this is a beautiful human breast
You take these cells, you put them in a petri dish, and after three days, they look like this.
There's this beautiful yellow drop of milk on the left, but nothing on the right.
Cells behave differently in different environments.
I hypothesized that this extracellular matrix, called the ECM, was sending signals to the cells about what to do.
When you inject this into a mouse, none of the ones on the right form tumors.
This is a new way of looking at cancer, a hopeful one.
I always tell students and graduates not to be arrogant, because arrogance kills curiosity.
She was an expert in imaging in addition to physics, so she did this amazing thing.
This is a 3D view of a single human breast cell.
Fortunately or unfortunately, chemistry won.
Here are just the last two lines from Yeats' poem
This is Merce Cunningham. When I was young, I had the chance to dance with him. This is him dancing. When he's dancing, he's both dancer and dancer.
It's like "form and function"
Coral on the right
If you take the mammary gland out and spread it out in a petri dish and remove the fat, it looks like this.
(applause)
First of all, I would like to thank Emeka from TED Global for organizing this conference.
This conference will be one of the most important at the start of the 21st century.
Hats off to all the TED Fellows, June Arunga, James Sikhwati, Andrew, and all the other TED Fellows.
We call them the 'cheetah generation'
This is the cheetah generation, and Africa's salvation is in the hands of these cheetahs.
(Laughter) The hippo generation is the ruling elite.
a lot of africans are very angry they are angry about the situation in africa
But because Africa's mineral resources aren't being used to lift people out of poverty,
a lot of africans are very angry
There is also a lasting tragedy, which is that many people, many governments, many organizations want to help the people of Africa.
Aid to Africa is noble
do you know? 40% of Africa's wealth is not invested inside Africa
That's far more than the $5 trillion that Tony Blair tried to raise to aid Africa.
In the 1960s, Africa was not only self-sufficient, it even exported food.
(Laughter) I'm on an internet debate forum, the Africa Internet Debate Forum, and I said, "There have been 204 heads of state in Africa since 1960."
Everyone Naturally Mentioned Nelson Mandela
Others were Kwame Nkrumanierele, Kenyatta, some called Idi Amin.
(Applause) This leadership is a far cry from the traditional leaders that Africa has known for centuries.
Another misconception when trying to help Africa is that sometimes we have what we call a government in Africa, a government that cares about its people and cares about its people. It's about thinking that you're thinking of profit and that you're representing the people.
There's an apt quote, once the head of Lesotho said, "Lesotho has two problems: the rats and the government."
In fact, we call our government a vampire state.
Vampires, they suck the economic vitality of the people.
Government is Africa's problem
A vampire state is a government -- (applause) -- a government that has been taken over by an army of bandits and crooks who use state power to enrich themselves, their comrades, their tribes, and eliminate everyone else.
The richest people in Africa are heads of state and ministers, and in most cases the bandit chief becomes the head of state.
It's not wealth creation, it's wealth redistribution.
And the third basic problem, we have to recognize is that if we want to help people in Africa, we have to know where they are.
The African economy can be divided into three sectors
In many African countries, the modern sector is in a state of loss.
This is at the root of many of Africa's problems, with struggles for political power spilling over into the informal and traditional sectors, and killing innocent people.
The modern sector, of course, has a lot of development aid and money flowing into it.
One of Africa's traditional sectors is agriculture, which is one of the reasons why Africa is not self-sufficient, so it needs to import food.
Now, Africa's development cannot be done without the informal sector and the traditional sector.
Traditionally, Africans hate government, they hate oppression.
Ashanti tradition requires the consent of the council of elders before any decision is made by the chief.
If not, the people will abandon the chief and go somewhere else to build a new settlement.
In the traditional African economic system, the means of production are privately owned.
As you know, in the West, the basic economic and social unit is the individual.
In a nutshell, what traditional Africa had was a free market system.
Africa had markets before the colonialists came to the continent.
Timbuktu is a huge market town.
Even in West Africa, market activity has always been centered around women.
The socialism they practiced was a special kind of Swiss bank socialism, where heads of state and ministers could deposit in Switzerland the treasures they had stolen from Africa.
This is not the system that Africa has practiced for centuries.
The bigger the boat, the more fish you can catch.
This will have external effects on the local economy, as economists say.
80% of people in Africa still rely on traditional medicine.
The modern medical sector has completely collapsed
We need to mobilize Africans in the diaspora, not only in the traditional sector, but also in the agricultural sector, to attract investment and to drive change from within.
We were able to mobilize diaspora Ghanaians to drive change in Ghana and bring about democracy.
thank you
(applause)
Now, with 2015 just around the corner, it's time to assess our progress towards our goals.
What does the world want to do together?
But there's still a lot of unfinished business
7.6 million children still die each year from preventable or treatable diseases, and 178 million children are severely malnourished, leading to lifelong physical and cognitive impairment and severe stunting. suffering
Should these be included in the new goals?
An important part of this is the unprecedented collaboration of social media, startups, telecom companies, reality TV and game companies, all rolled up in a kind of "we are the world."
Based on past campaign performance, if you collect data, connect with the crowd, and get world leaders to commit to it, they'll agree and commit to most of the crowdsourced proposals.
For example, in the case of Open Data Kenya, we use geocoding and crowdsourcing to track the progress and outcomes of projects.
Another example, Ushahidi, which means "witness" in Swahili, also uses geocoding and crowdsourcing to help narrow response targets even in complex emergencies.
Long-term data trends suggest that this century will be a tougher place to live, with population growth, consumption patterns diversifying, and competition for limited natural resources.
Look at the state of world politics these days.
Remember the Rio Earth Summit and the G20 in Mexico just last week.
It's true that the development of China and India and the reduction of poverty there has played a part, but recently poverty rates in Africa have also been declining.
I wish the 250,000 people who actually marched outside this building would know about these results.
(applause)
In 2003, I started a project with computer scientist Adam Montandon, and in 2003 I started a project with computer scientist Adam Montandon, and with the help of Peter Kesche from Slovenia and Matthias Lizana from Barcelona, ​​I've got this electronic eye. made
This is a color sensor. It recognizes color frequencies (frequency sounds). These frequencies are sent to a chip in the back of my head, and I hear colors through bone conduction through my bones.
I found my favorite color I started having colored dreams
When I started having colored dreams, I felt that this software and my brain became one. In my dreams, it was my brain, not the software, that was creating the electronic sounds, and that's when I became a cyborg. I felt like
This is my passport from 2004.
It's full of various melodies (laughs).
(Chords) Nicole Kidman sounds great. (Laughter) Sometimes people who are completely unrelated sound similar.
their eyes sound similar
It's very colorful, with a lot of yellow in it, because it's a mix of frequencies.
Most people will change their minds, if you tell them that the one on the left is Hitler, and the one on the right is Martin Luther King.
In doing so, I learned to perceive 360 ​​colors, similar to human vision.
There are more colors all around us that humans just can't see, but the electronic eye can.
So two years ago, I founded the Cyborg Foundation, an organization that helps people become cyborgs and promotes sensory augmentation through technology.
I think this century will bring about such a big change.
I'm going to talk a little bit about open source security, because we need to know a lot about security in this century, because we need to know a lot about security in this century.
Let's start by looking back at the 20th century and how security worked back then.
This is the French battlefield of Verdun, just north of NATO headquarters in Belgium.
1916 Verdun for 300 days - 700,000 killed - about 2,000 per day.
Fast forward to World War II, and look at security in the 20th century, the Battle of Stalingrad, where 2 million people died in 300 days.
Even into the Cold War, we keep trying to build walls.
This is a famous bridge in Europe
Located in Bosnia and Herzegovina
This bridge over the Drina River has become the subject of a novel by Ivo Andrić, who tells the story of the large-scale building of walls in the Balkans, or in one of Europe's most conflict-prone regions.
What I want to emphasize is that open source security is about connecting nations, ministries, public and private sectors, and connecting through strategic communication, primarily through social networks.
What's wrong with this photo
Piracy is a big threat right now, and this is the example of the Indian Ocean.
Piracy activity is also active in the Straits of Malacca.
These two young men in the picture
They were involved in credit card fraud that cost more than $10 billion.
It's part of cybercrime that costs the global economy $2 trillion each year.
Unfortunately, it's a semi-submersible craft used by drug cartels.
We caught this submarine in this low-tech boat -- (Laughter) -- and it was carrying six tons of cocaine.
This is a poppy field in Afghanistan
80-90% of the world's poppy, opium and heroin is made in Afghanistan
Of course there is terrorism
On the other hand, my argument is that open source security is about using the idea of ​​strategic communication on the Internet to bring together states, ministries, private and public institutions.
This is Afghanistan, they are Afghan soldiers.
You might say, "That's funny because I read somewhere that in Afghanistan, the majority of young people in their 20s and 30s are illiterate."
The answer is that we teach them how to read, through NATO's liberal arts courses, private sector collaborations, and government development agencies.
So far, we've taught well over 200,000 Afghan security forces members rudimentary reading and writing skills.
In Afghanistan, when you learn to read and write, it's common to put a pen in your pocket.
So at the graduation ceremony, they take the pen and put it in their pocket with great pride.
Sister ship is Mercy
Other organizations also send volunteers
they are baseball players
Can you spot the two US Army soldiers in here?
Another facet of this collaboration can be seen in disaster relief.
This is a U.S. Air Force helicopter that joined the rescue just after the 2004 tsunami that killed 250,000 people.
Large-scale disasters, such as this 2004 tsunami that killed 250,000 people and the Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan that killed 85,000 people in 2005 The Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan that killed 85,000 people in 2005 The Haiti earthquake that killed nearly 300,000 people, and more recently, the massive earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan's homeland and nuclear industry -- these scenes saw government agencies -- public and private sectors working together with security forces. A cooperative relationship to respond to natural disasters
This is the idea of ​​open source security
Some time ago, when I gave a talk about this in London, I said, "I'm on Facebook. Please be my friend."
There was some laughter from the audience.
This is a picture of a British soldier
Thank you. (Applause) Thank you very much. (Applause)
was stage IIB
Should I have a mastectomy? Or is it a lumpectomy?
Because it's stage IIB, should it be left to aggressive treatment?
Conversely, depending on the situation, wouldn't it be better for us to sit in the passenger seat and let someone else take over the driver's seat?
For example, a trusted financial expert or a trusted doctor.
And I'll have you solve some puzzles, and I'll show you some examples of puzzles later.
Of course, this is a very extreme example, because in the real world, when you're sitting in the passenger seat, there's usually someone you trust, an expert in the driver's seat, and that's a pretty extreme scenario.
Now, take 30 minutes to solve 15 puzzles.
So when you come across INCA, when the feedback is immediate, negative, specific, and you feel responsible, then -- it's much better to let someone else take the wheel and sit in the passenger seat.
We gave the doctor the driver's seat and let him make all the decisions.
thank you
(applause)
Across the United States, organizations are becoming increasingly aware that sexual violence and sexual harassment are all too common occurrences, often without any accountability.
Soldiers called on Congress to reform the military, and workers, from Hollywood stars to cleaners, clamored for sexual harassment in the workplace.
As it stands, the U.S. Constitution denies fundamental protections to victims of sexual assault, partner violence, and stalking.
Specifically, the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits state governments from abusing citizens, but we don't require state governments to intervene when private citizens are abusing citizens.
A woman who fears she might be attacked by an intruder is not entitled to state government protection if she calls the police from home.
The resulting constitutional flaw immediately contradicts international law, which mandates as a human right for states to intervene to protect their citizens against private sexual violence.
Instead of requiring intervention, the U.S. Constitution has given us discretionary powers, which have allowed states to engage in systemic discrimination and deny relief to countless victims.
Rather, they are "witnesses" and their bodies are "evidence".
Prosecutors do not represent the interests of victims.
Despite this flaw in the Constitution, some victims of sexual violence have found protections like Title IX in the Civil Rights Act.
It prohibits all forms of sex discrimination, including sexual violence and sexual harassment, in federally subsidized educational programs.
While originally targeting gender discrimination in admissions, Title IX has grown over time to encourage educational institutions to intervene and address sexual violence when teachers, students, university visitors, and others are sexually assaulted and harassed. came to ask for
Through college-level proceedings, Title IX even gave victims fair rights during college proceedings, which allowed victims to represent their interests during the proceedings without relying on an educational institution (employing a lawyer). means
Civil rights protects some victims, but we must try to protect all victims.
It's time to reach out to the Constitution and force the Equal Rights Amendment, instead of fighting it in colleges, armies, and workplaces trying to reform it piece by piece.
The Equal Rights Amendment, first proposed in 1923, guarantees equality of men and women before the law, similar to Title IX in colleges and universities, as a law prohibiting sex discrimination. It will be possible to order interventions and actions against sexual violence.
I came to say "It's time"
It's time that accountability becomes the norm after sexual violence occurs.
It's time to pass the Equal Rights Amendment, which may turn our justice system into a system of justice and finally turn the "Me Too" movement into "no more."
thank you
(applause)
It used to be science fiction, but now it's possible.
What's really cool about this technology is that it allows smartphones to see and understand, just as the human brain sees and understands.
I have a wireless router here
(Music) (Dinosaur roar) (Applause) Now that we've had fun, let's move on to the emotional side, because this technology effectively allows you to see the world as someone else sees it. You'll be able to connect very specific moments to real things in this world.
(Laughter) It's not magic.
This application is completely free
(applause)
He's also in business selling recharge coupons like this for prepaid cell phones.
It's an ecosystem of cheap parts and consumables that's literally produced and distributed all over the world to support this industry, and you can even buy repurposed parts.
We call it the "silicon cottage industry"
So the first thing we did was this multimedia system, called Lunchbox.
So what we found was this little cell phone with a projector that was about 60 dollars.
A device called "Medi-Meter"
The most important questions were: How do we empower her?
So we turned this device into a medical device.
(Beep) Bruno, you can go home now.
(Applause) So let me just briefly tell you how this works, because it's more interesting that way.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
It was designed long before people thought about computers.
The first computers were designed in the 1830s-40s, not the 1930s-40s.
It was designed, partly prototyped, and part remains here in South Kensington.
This machine was built by this man, Charles Babbage.
I envy those days, because you can go to a soirée and see a demo of a mechanical computer. (Laughter) Babbage himself was born in the late 18th century and was a very famous mathematician.
He used to occupy the same post as Newton at Cambridge University, now held by Stephen Hawking.
I'm going to explain the architecture of this machine, that's the architecture, and I'm going to explain how this machine is a "computer."
On a decimal machine everything is done in decimal
Of course it's big
Here's a picture of one of the CPU prototypes in the Science Museum.
The CPU could do four basic arithmetic operations: addition, multiplication, subtraction, and division. Just doing this on a metal machine would be a big deal, but not only that, but this machine could do things that computers can do and calculators can't. It means to refer to the internal memory and make a decision.
There are many, not just one
The reason he used punch cards was that Jacquard in France was making a punch-card-controlled loom that could weave stunning patterns, and Babbage took advantage of this technology at the time. Gears, steam, machines. Ironically, the same year that Babbage was born, Michael Faraday was born. He revolutionized technology like generators and transformers.
It's a purely mechanical printer.
And then comes this woman, Ada Lovelace.
This woman was the daughter of the maddening Lord Byron, and her mother worried that she might inherit Lord Byron's madness, and wondered, "I know what to do, math.
We owe her a lot, and it's because of her that we know all this about the machine that Babbage was trying to build.
Some call her the first ever programmer.
The program is written in a particular style
It's not historically accurate to say that she was the first programmer, but she does something even more amazing.
Babbage was obsessed with mathematics.
We were building a machine to do math, and Lovelace said, "This machine can do more than just math." Everyone in this room has a computer, they have a cell phone.
Whether it's video, text, music, audio, it's all numbers and they're processed by mathematical functions, and Lovelace said, "Just because you're using mathematical functions and symbols, you can't use real-world music like music. There's no reason why you can't express something else."
I call this "Lovelace Leap"
People say she's a programmer, and she certainly did programming, but what's important is that she foresaw that the future was going to be much more than that.
100 years from now there will be this man, Alan Turing, and in 1936 he'll reinvent the computer.
Babbage's machine was purely mechanical.
Turing's was purely theoretical.
They both start from a mathematical point of view, but Turing said something very important.
He laid the mathematical foundations of computer science, and he said, "It doesn't matter how you build a computer."
Church-Turing thesis and
Entered with a punch card, it was 10,000 times slower than the original ZX81.
The project has many elements.
The third is to do a computer simulation of that machine, and finally, build it in a science museum.
Babbage himself wrote that as soon as there was an analytical engine, it would set the course for the future of science.
give me five years
Thank you very much. (Applause)
hello this is my cell phone
Mobile phones have the power to change your life, and they give you personal freedom.
If you have a mobile phone, you can post a tweet and start a protest movement in Egypt.
If you have a mobile phone, you can record a song, upload it to SoundCloud, and become famous.
Today I'm going to talk to you about me, my cell phone, and how it changed my life.
Here is 35,830 lines of information
who calls who? who emails who?
People all over Europe stood up and said, "I don't want this."
In today's digital age, we want self-determination, and we don't want cell phone companies or internet companies to store any information about us.
They're lawyers, they're journalists, they're priests, they're all saying, "We don't want this."
And as you can see here, many people took to the streets of Berlin and shouted, "Freedom, not fear."
The Stasi is the East German secret police
every time i use my phone?
But Deutsche Telekom objected and said they couldn't give you this information.
In the end, I made a settlement with them.
Right around that time, the German Constitutional Court ruled that implementing this EU directive was unconstitutional.
When I first saw it, I was like, "Okay, it's a very large file. No problem."
But after a while, I realized that this was my life.
This is six months of my life on file
This is a visualization of six months of my life.
You can zoom in and out, rewind and fast forward.
This information makes all of this possible.
In addition, I have friends who call me, and they call each other.
This is the blueprint for countries like China and Iran
This information will be retained in Europe for a minimum of 6 months and a maximum of 2 years.
The Stasi could have identified the participants in this protest, and if the leaders behind the protest had been known in advance, the protest would never have happened.
The Berlin Wall would not have fallen
Today, government agencies and companies want to store as much information about us as possible, both online and offline.
But self-determination and living in the digital age are not mutually exclusive.
When you get home, tell your friends that privacy is a 21st-century asset, not obsolete.
If you don't believe me, ask your cell phone company what information they store about you.
Now, whenever you use your mobile phone, I want you to remember that you have to fight for self-determination in the digital age.
thank you
(applause)
As an architect, I often ask myself, what is the origin of the shapes we design?
It is said that nature is the greatest architect
We can use the same process to create a three-dimensional structure from this shape, but instead of folding it by hand, we take it into a computer and encode it as an algorithm.
Let's apply this process to architecture
how? on what scale?
It's been used historically to represent ideals of beauty and technology.
After a lot of experimentation, these cylinders evolved like this.
The closer you get, the more new features you discover.
Here comes a new role for architects.
We need new ways to explore all the possibilities.
The actual model, on the other hand, is made up of 2,700 one-millimeter layers, weighing 700 kilograms, and is made from a single sheet that's big enough to cover the entire venue.
Machines are faster and cheaper, and in terms of technological development, there are promising developments going forward.
This is a photo from the Gwangju Biennale exhibition.
I've shown you a simple process inspired by nature, but there are countless others.
Thank you. (Applause)
62% of the population is under the age of 24
On that premise, what we've been talking about here is aid versus the private sector, aid versus trade, and so on.
(Applause) Africa's resources and people built the nations we have today!
One day in 1969 things got really bad.
When my sister got severe malaria
She was 3 and I was 15.
Then my sister got up
Will we repeat our mistakes?
So 10 years from now, you'll be repeating the same thing.
Second, the private sector is reluctant to take risks on the continent.
Thank you. (Applause)
Dr. Edgerton's photograph of a bullet going through an apple, captured in a millionth of a second, surprised and aroused curiosity.
And now, 50 years later, we're shooting a million times faster, and we can see the world at not one million, not one billion, but one trillion frames per second.
I'd like to introduce you to a new imaging technology called femto photography, a new imaging technology that's extremely fast and can capture slow-motion images of even the light that's traveling through it.
We can also use this technology to create cameras that can see beyond invisible corners, cameras that can see inside the body without using X-rays, and that will change the meaning of the word camera in a big way.
This blob of photons, or bullet, travels at the speed of light, which is a million times faster than a normal bullet.
If you take a bullet called a blob of photons and fire it into a bottle, how will the photons shatter?
what does slow motion light look like
A pulse, a bullet, enters the bottle, and as the photon mass begins to traverse, it also begins to scatter internally.
You can see the ripples running down the surface of the table, the tomatoes, and the wall behind.
It's like throwing a stone into the water of a pond
Because the light bounces around inside the tomato and comes out in a few trillionths of a second.
We can do some very interesting things with the raw data.
Some heroes become invisible
(music) The camera we used is a very fast femto camera, so it has a unique ability.
The time resolution is so good that we can see the world at the speed of light.
So we know the distance to the door, the distance to the hidden object, so we know the distance to the door, the distance to the hidden object, but we don't know which point corresponds to which distance.
(music) (music) (applause) We still have work to do before we take this technology out of the lab, but eventually we'll have cars that avoid colliding with objects around corners.
Of course, with cells and blood, this is a very difficult question, but what I want scientists to start thinking about is that femto photography, a new imaging technique, could be the answer to the next generation of medical imaging.
Just like Dr. Edgerton, a scientist, created the art of ultra-high-speed photography from science.
In fact, it was recorded at near the speed of light, which produced a strange effect that Einstein would have loved to see.
Whether it's looking around the corner photography, next-generation medical imaging, or developing new visualization techniques, we've open-sourced our inventions and put all the data and details on the web for makers, creators, and researchers. I'd like to hear from you: Let's stop obsessing over how many megapixels a camera has. (Laughter) Let's focus on a new dimension when it comes to imaging.
(applause)
The first one hardly needs an explanation, it's "Girl with a Pearl Earring" by Johannes Vermeer, a 17th-century Dutch painter.
In fact, we don't really know who modeled any of Vermeer's works, and we don't know much about Vermeer himself.
How did Vermeer know her?
Now she's in the house
Among them are a yellow coat with white fur trim, a yellow and black bodice, and other clothing worn by the women in his other paintings.
A light coming from the left illuminates his face, and that's right in the center of the painting. And when I'm looking at this painting, I say, "Look at me, look at me, look at me."
He never called me by that nickname again
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
I'm a digital creator, and my work is focused on the Internet.
And then, as the transphobic "Toilet Act" got media attention across America, I hosted and produced an interview series called "Toilet Sit-ins with Trans People," literally. is
(Laughter) And then -- go ahead, applause is welcome.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Laughter) For my work — thank you.
(Laughter) Hi mom
(Laughter) For those of you who don't know, "beta" is internet slang for "unmanly man."
(Laughter) "Snowflake" is sensitive and a distaste for people who think they're special. I'm a millennial and I'm an only child.
Short for "cuckold man," it's a term for a man who is cheating on his wife.
But I'm a hardcore gay man, so I'm afraid if I had a wife, I'd encourage her to cheat on me.
(laughs) Thank you.
thank you marcos
I want to say here that Donovan is not wrong.
thank you donovan
right?
It made me feel a little better to be able to see the photos they were tagged in, the posts, the stuff they shared, and to see that there was a human on the other side of the screen.
The first person I spoke to was Josh.
I didn't want to
(Audio Dylan) Josh You said you were- you're about to graduate from high school, right?
I want you to know that I was bullied in high school too.
So, did our conversations give us more insight into each other's humanity than our profile pictures and posts did?
(Matthew) It was tough.
CA: So I collected a lot of these conversations and put together a podcast called "Conversations with People Who Hate Me."
Every time I call, I always ask my guests to tell me about themselves.
For example, even if I sympathize with someone who believes that being gay is a sin, it doesn't mean that I'm going to suddenly drop everything, pack my bags, and get a one-way ticket to hell.
Some politely declined, some read my messages but ignored them, others auto-blocked my invitations. One guy agreed, but five minutes after we started talking on the phone, he unilaterally hung up.
Thank you very much
(Applause) (Cheers) (Applause)
This man has a bee beard. (Laughter) His face is full of bees.
This picture is what we call green roofs or urban farms.
First, let's talk briefly about how pollination works.
The tar paper on the roof bounces heat back into the atmosphere, so it certainly contributes to climate change.
In 100 years, if we have green roofs, if we can garden and grow crops in cities, we can reduce the cost of transportation, we can eat safely, we can learn more, and we can create new jobs locally.
We need bees to protect our cities and life in them.
This has been a big problem for many years, but in the 1980s, the varroa mites came and brought with them various viruses, bacteria, and fungal diseases.
Bees love the city. (Laughter) And they make more honey in the city.
City honey is delicious
Let's take a look back at the history of bee health, going all the way back to 950 AD, and we can see that there was a mass die-off of bees in Ireland.
Many linden trees grow along the railroad tracks
Maybe cities have less pesticides than rural areas.
We're tracking the spread of varroa mite on this world map.
The childhood of today's children is a little different.
they don't experience it
My research is focused on "how to make bees healthy."
I'm researching ways to make bees healthier -- vaccines, yogurt, bacteria -- a variety of treatments that you can give orally to the bees -- the process is so simple that even a seven-year-old can do it.
You can also hide the hive inside your house.
There are three hives on the roof of the Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel. It's beautiful. I used painted wood to match the furnishings of the hotel rooms. It is wonderful
Bees fly to the outfield of Fenway Park
The photo shows honey from Brooklyn.
It was picked up as a mystery by the New York Times. The honey was bright red, so a state chemical investigative team investigated, and they discovered that the red color was from a maraschino cherry factory just down the road. (Laughter) So you can make your own honey by planting flowers that can coexist with honey.
Paris is a great example of urban beekeeping
What can we do to protect and help bees and think about sustainable cities of the future?
I want you to understand the importance of bees
You can have your own hive
Thank you. (Applause)
Over the past few days, I've heard talks about China.
I also told my friends about China and the Internet in China.
To give you an example, China is one of the BRIC countries.
BRIC is Brazil Russia India China
This emerging economy is making a significant contribution to the global economic recovery.
So China is a SICK and BRIC country.
If you like "Game of Thrones," you know how important giant walls were in ancient kingdoms.
There's a very simple metaphor that describes the last 15 years: it's a cat-and-mouse battle, and cats are Chinese censorship, government censorship, and we Chinese Internet users are mice.
China has 500 million internet users
Google for you Baidu for us
(Laughter) This kind of thing I call smart censorship.
For example Mubarak shut down the internet
He prevented netizens from criticizing
Meanwhile, Tunisian President Ben Ali didn't follow the second rule either.
China has 300 million microbloggers
By 300 million microbloggers, even if their tweets are censored
English is about 20 words, so it's just one sentence with a short link.
(Laughter) In Chinese, there are really 140 characters, so you can make a paragraph or a story.
For example, this is Shakespeare's Hamlet
Exactly the same content One tweet in Chinese is equivalent to 3.5 tweets in English
Chinese people are always cheating, right?
Because of this, the Chinese treat microblogging as a full-fledged medium that isn't just a headline.
"Weibo" in Chinese means "microblogging"
Innovations and imitations like Weibo and microblogging came to China in 2009 and quickly established themselves as a major media platform.
Yet social media in China is changing the way Chinese people think and live.
But the more people go to Beijing, the greater the risk of revolution. But the more people go to Beijing, the greater the risk of revolution.
Now we use Weibo, it's called a Weibo petition.
One of them is Yao Chen, China's most popular microblogger. One such person is Yao Chen, China's most popular microblogger. He has 21 million followers.
It's like a national TV station
Weibo, social media, even under censorship, offers a real opportunity for 300 million Chinese people to chat and talk together every day.
On the other hand, the censor's cat isn't sleeping either.
crackdown is very serious
the server is in beijing
it has never happened before
And Bo Xilai's case was also big news. He's the prince.
Chairman Mao, made famous by Mao Zedong, who mobilized hundreds of millions of Chinese people to launch the Cultural Revolution and destroyed all local governments.
But China's political system didn't change, and the central Chinese government used its centralized system of servers to strengthen its power against local governments and other powers.
Not only in China, but even in the United States, there are cats that are very small, cute, but bad.
my conclusion is very simple
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
What I showed him was this actual documentary footage of his mission on Apollo 15, which he was on.
Let's look at a scene for a moment, using a trick that Sergei Eisenstein came up with. If you move the camera along with something that's in motion, then something at rest will appear to move. Objects appear to be stationary. In this scene, the train is not moving at all. What is moving is the floor.
(music) This is Hugo. (music) I figured if I could move the camera with him, I could feel what this boy feels. He's the master of his world. It's like a hidden labyrinth inside the station, and only he can come and go.It's important to shoot in one shot so that you can tell that this is something that happens to him every day.This movie is shot in 3D. So we had to use a huge camera hanging from a big crane, so we had to recreate the kind of Steadicam footage, and we're going to create a scene that evokes a similar feeling to that one in "Goodfellas." I'm going to create a scene that evokes a similar feeling to that one in "Goodfellas."
It's a piece called "Aphasia," which choreographs hand movements to sounds, and it brings out yet another choreographer, the final role.
Here's the sheet music for the piece, which allows me, the performer, to make various hand gestures at specific times, synchronized with an audio tape that consists entirely of vocal samples.
Thank you very much. (Applause) (Applause)
Creativity is absolutely essential to me, and I believe it's something that can be taught.
For the first time in my life, I felt like I could express my inner voice, and that's what drove me to become a choreographer.
I feel like I have something to say and something I want to share with others.
So for me, choreography is a thought process with the body, and at the same time thinking with the head - it's a collaborative process.
They're using the information they've received to start forming phrases.
grab this arm
Yes, all the way down to the floor, can you go down there?
can it rotate?
Imagine a circle in front of you, you know?
Throw it into the audience again
Every day, we see articles about shootings, inequality, pollution, dictatorships, wars, and nuclear proliferation.
That's partly why 2016 was called "the worst year ever."
But is this a sensible way of looking at the human situation in the 21st century?
There were 12 wars last year, 60 dictatorships, 10% of the population living in extreme poverty, more than 10,000 nuclear warheads.
Thirty years ago, there were 23 wars, 85 authoritarian states, 37 percent of the population living in extreme poverty, and over 60,000 nuclear warheads.
Yes, last year was a terrible year, with 238 people killed in terrorism in Western Europe, but 1988 was even worse, with 440 victims.
Was 1988 a particularly bad year?
To do so would invite ridicule, because intellectuals hate progress.
(Laughter) (Applause) Intellectuals who call themselves progressives really hate progress.
(Laughter) And it's not that they don't like progress.
But Dr. Pangloss was a pessimist.
This is a testable hypothesis.
For most of human history, life expectancy was about 30 years old.
250 years ago, even in the richest countries, one in three children did not reach their fifth birthday, before the risk of death dropped by a factor of 100.
200 years ago, 90% of the world's population lived in extreme poverty.
For most of human history, powers and empires were almost always at war with each other, and peace was fleeting between wars.
The last great power war was between the United States and China 65 years ago.
Globally, more than 90% of people under the age of 25 today can read and write.
In the 19th century, Westerners worked more than 60 hours a week.
Thanks to the ubiquitous availability of water and electricity in the developed world, along with washing machines, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, dishwashers, stoves and microwave ovens, the time spent on housework has gone from 60 hours a week to less than 15 hours a week.
Are we happier because of improved health, wealth, security, knowledge, leisure?
the answer is yes
Happiness has increased in 86% of countries in the last few decades.
I hope I've convinced you that progress has nothing to do with belief or optimism, it's a fact of human history, and it's one of the greatest facts in human history.
Part of the answer lies in cognitive psychology.
The world will eventually come to an end. Even if climate change doesn't wipe out humanity, a runaway artificial intelligence will. The natural response is, "If we're going to die tomorrow anyway, let's eat, drink and have fun now." Thing
If there is such a thing as progress, what causes it?
Is progress inevitable? of course not
Progress doesn't always make everything better for everyone everywhere.
The unsolved problems facing the world today are enormous in scale, and they include risks like climate change and nuclear war, but they should not be seen as a coming end, but as a problem to be solved, and a positive problem. We need to find solutions, such as decarbonizing aggressively to combat climate change, or phasing out nuclear weapons to avoid nuclear war.
Finally, let's consider whether the Enlightenment is against human nature.
Familiarity with the statistics of human progress, which began with violence and now spans all dimensions of well-being, has strengthened my conviction that human nature is the culprit when it comes to understanding suffering and misfortune. But human nature, guided by the norms and institutions of the Enlightenment, is also the key to solving problems.
Some intellectuals have expressed their anger at my book, Enlightenment Now. First, why is it that intellectuals hate progress? Second, how stupid is it that there was progress?
Saving billions of lives, eradicating disease, feeding the hungry, educating children?
Our circle of sympathies is widened by history, journalism, and the art of storytelling.
Our feeble rational capacities have also been enhanced by rational norms and institutions, by intellectual curiosity and open debate, by skepticism of authority and dogma, by testing ideas against reality and by the burden of proof.
We live longer, suffer less, learn better, become wiser, and enjoy more small joys and rich experiences.
This heroic story is more than just a legend
thank you
(applause)
Canadian government scientist Dr. Max Bothwell has been studying certain types of algae growing on rocks since 1992.
Also known by scientists as Didymosphenia geminata, this algae has covered riverbeds around the world for decades.
The problem with this algae is that it threatens the survival of salmon and trout and the ecosystems of the rivers in which they thrive.
The problem was that Dr. Bothwell wasn't allowed to be interviewed, because the government at the time prohibited him from speaking to reporters.
Who on earth would smother information about climate change?
yes you can laugh
I saw it myself when I was a university professor.
But it's not just information about climate change that's being blocked.
And many other scientific problems are masked by "alternative facts," fake news, and other means of suppression.
The reason is that science is humanity's best endeavor for discovering the truth about our world and about human existence itself.
As new facts are discovered, they add to humanity's collective knowledge.
Scientists need the freedom to pursue research, even on unconventional and controversial subjects.
Scientists need the freedom to challenge existing views, the freedom to publish even uncomfortable or inconvenient facts, and in doing so they push the boundaries, because that's what science is supposed to do.
And one more thing, scientists need the freedom to fail, because we can learn from failed hypotheses.
In the early 1900s, Claire and Vera were roommates in southern Ontario.
The next morning, Claire calls Vera and tells her that she's leaving for breakfast.
Vera was dead
We hear stories like this all the time about the Spanish Flu, where death comes with the speed of lightning.
When I was a university professor in my mid-twenties, I first heard this shocking fact, and my scientific side wanted to know why and why.
My curiosity led me to icy lands, and an expedition to find out what caused the Spanish Flu of 1918 began.
I wanted to try an existing drug against one of the deadliest diseases in history.
So I led a team -- a research group of 17 men from Canada, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States -- on an expedition to Svalbard in the Arctic Ocean.
We unearthed six bodies buried in permafrost after they died from the Spanish flu, in hopes that the frozen ground would preserve the bodies and the virus.
In fact, we didn't find the virus. Instead, we developed a new technique to safely exhume corpses that might have been infected with the virus.
We've also developed a technique to safely remove tissue that may contain the virus.
We were also able to develop new safety procedures to protect our researchers and the neighboring community.
In the world of science, sometimes attempts fail, inconclusive conclusions don't come, and sometimes theories don't apply.
In the world of science, research is about building on the research and knowledge of others and looking beyond that. "Standing on the shoulders of giants," as Newton put it. is that
What's important is that scientists are free to choose what they want to explore, choose what they're passionate about, and be free to publish their results.
Earlier, I mentioned that in Canada, since 2015, we've seen an improvement in respect for science.
What do we have to share from our lessons?
Why do politicians distort scientific facts to benefit political parties?
(Applause) I wanted to use this new position to convey the importance of science.
That mission quickly became a battle for scientific freedom.
I thought I could be a voice for those who are being silenced.
But I soon realized that all the scientists were nervous, and they were wary of even talking to me.
A friend of mine, a government scientist -- let's call him Mr. McPherson -- was concerned about the impact of policies on his research and the deterioration of science in Canada.
He wanted me to call his wife's phone so that my phone wouldn't be detected.
So I took what I could at the time.
Then came the 2015 elections, and our party won.
(Applause) He appointed me Minister of Science.
I will never forget that day in December 2015, when I stood in Congress and declared, "The battle against science is over."
What we want is for government scientists to interact with the media and the public.
After all, Canada is seen by the international community as a beacon of science.
We want to send a message: don't tamper with something as fundamental and valuable to humanity as science.
So when you see science being interfered with, repressed, and attacked from the outside, on behalf of Dr. Bothwell, Claire, Vera, McPherson, and many others, speak up.
Speak up when you see scientists being silenced.
we should hold leaders accountable
That's what we can do by exercising our right to vote, by posting opinion columns in newspapers, by starting conversations through social media. Our united voice can ensure scientific freedom.
After all, science is for everyone, and it will bring a better, brighter, more courageous future to humanity.
thank you
(applause)
good morning
Ladies and gentlemen, I'm sure you're going to hear a lot of stories today, but when you listen to other people's stories, you learn more and understand more about the world and about other people.
So I'm going to talk about the three stories I've documented as a photographer, how they've influenced me, and how I've become a part of the stories I document in my own life.
So 10 years ago, I embarked on a journey around the world with the goal of photographing people in their own circumstances, documenting their stories and taking them home with me, so that people could understand them.
This didn't happen overnight
When I was a fashion and music photographer, I was constantly tormented by the feeling that something was missing, that I wasn't making the most of my skills.
As a caregiver, I started taking care of a young man named Nick.
Nick has autism, and it's severe.
this is nick
When I started, I realized that I could use a photograph to tell someone's story.
I'm happy to say that eight years later -- in fact, I was talking to Nick last night -- he feels a lot better now, and he doesn't hurt himself anymore.
Another event that inspired me was in Odessa, Ukraine.
I became part of the story
And I came to realize that my body was, in many ways, a living proof of what war does to people.
Everyone here has the power to use something to make a difference in the world.
We could all sit in front of the TV and say, "I don't know what to do," and forget about it.
That's all I wanted to talk to you about today.
But by sharing our experiences and spreading our stories, we can encourage each other to get through our own painful experiences.
I hope that in some way, the stories I've been able to tell you today have helped you get through something.
thank you
(applause)
One morning when I was in the third grade, my mother sent me to school with a traditional Ghanaian dish called fufu.
(Laughter) Fufu is a white ball of starch made from cassava that is served with a dark orange, bland soup, and this soup contains chicken, beef, or both.
A delicious and flavorful dish, my mother thought it would warm me on a cold day.
(Laughter) "What's that?" one asked.
I replied, "Fufu."
(Laughter) They said, "Wow, what's a fufu that smells weird?"
Their reaction made me lose my appetite
And this was the first time I realized the difference between what was unique to my family and what was normal to others, what was Ghanaian and what was African and what was American.
I am a first generation American
In fact, my father, Gabriel, came to America about 50 years ago.
I consider myself American, African, Ghanaian.
And millions of people around the world juggle these different divisions.
May be Jamaican Canadian Korean American or Nigerian British
But the differences in our stories and experiences, which come from being born and raised in a different country than our parents were born and raised in, can be misinterpreted by the narrow-minded.
I grew up in New York, the most immigrant place in America.
But throughout my childhood, there were moments that defined my understanding of the different worlds I belonged to.
When I was in fifth grade, a student asked me if my family was a refugee.
I didn't know the meaning of that word
He explained to me what his parents had told him that refugees were Africans who came to America to escape death, starvation and disease.
(Laughter) These questions became more complicated as I got older.
In middle school, I went to school with a large group of black American students for the first time, and many of them wondered why I spoke differently than they did, why my parents were different from their parents. i didn't understand
"Are you still black?" asked one student.
i thought i was black
He explained that when he was in Ghana, it was all black, so he didn't even think about it.
These misconceptions and complex cultural issues aren't just questions from children.
Adults don't even know who immigrants are
Looking at the current trends, if I were to ask you what race of immigrants is the fastest growing in America right now, who do you think they are?
A lot of people think they're Asian, but they're actually immigrants from Africa.
Did you know that 3 out of 8 countries with travel bans on the policy front are in Africa?
When asked which gender and ethnicity combination is least likely to be promoted to senior management about diversity and inclusion in the workplace, who would you say?
This time the answer is not African.
Asian women are the least likely to be promoted
Part of my job as a digital storyteller is to take these stories and issues and make them discoverable with technology.
Actors Issa Rae and Idris Elba are also Enody.
Colin Powell, former Attorney General Eric Holder, and former US President Barack Obama, are all children of African immigrants or Caribbean immigrants.
but how much do you know about us
We are deeply involved in the lives and cultures of the peoples of North America and Europe, and you may be surprised at how important we are to your history and your future.
So engage us in the conversation, find out who immigrants really are, and treat us apart from their characterizations, limited media outlets, and how they look.
thank you
(applause)
Such an explanation is really disappointing, because as the author of the book "The Politics of Chimpanzees," I am partly responsible for the term "alpha male," which was written by Newt Gingridge, a new member of Congress. recommended to
I don't know what it did, but the book was recommended anyway, and the term "alpha male" became widely known.
It's used in a superficial sense and doesn't convey what a true alpha male is.
It goes all the way back to the 1940s, '50s studies of wolves, and the definition is very simple.
The highest ranking male is the alpha male.
The highest female is the alpha female
Every primate group has one alpha male and one alpha female, no more, always one.
First of all, body language
Here we have two male chimpanzees, the same size, but one is walking upright, with bristling fur, holding a large stone in its hand, and this is the alpha male.
(Laughter) That's what humans do all the time.
They start to have a lot of influence, and in fact some older males have more influence than alpha males.
You can imagine how much power this older male has, because he built the status of the current alpha male.
On the right is the single strongest male.
Forming coalitions makes chimpanzee society more complex than we might think.
Even the smallest male can become an alpha male if he has good company, keeps his mates happy, or has the support of a female.
First, let me show you how chimpanzees show unity.
You can see the big canine teeth
So how do you become an alpha male?
Male chimpanzees -- we biologists, of course, have an explanation -- sex leads to reproduction, and successful breeding leads to evolution.
It's a very stressful position, and we have the data to prove it.
Now here's where it gets really interesting, and it takes a big departure from the typical "alpha male" picture.
An alpha male has two duties.
This male is stopping a fight between two females.
I've done a tremendous amount of research on empathy, and I don't have time to talk about it in detail, but empathy is now being studied in a wide variety of animals, including rats, dogs, elephants, and primates. it's a hot field
This is an alpha female named Mama at the Arnhem Zoo where I worked, and she's all over the internet right now, and her video of her death last year at the age of 59 has about 100 million views so far.
A big, strong, intimidating and insulting person is not necessarily an alpha male.
Alpha males vary, and chimpanzees sometimes have bossy alpha males, but most alpha males have leadership abilities and are well-integrated in society, loved and respected in the same way that Amos was. After all, the actual alpha male may be different from what you imagine.
(applause)
CA: So you got a picture. Where is this?
CA: Okay you're 19 now, right?
WK: Yes, I'm 19 now.
CA: Five years ago you had an idea, what was it?
WK: I wanted to build a windmill
CA: Windmills?
WK: Yes
WK: Yes
WK: Actually, the drawings in the book had 4, no, 3 blades, but my windmill has 4 blades.
WK: Yes
WK: Yes
CA: So what did you make the windmill out of?
WK: Yes, this is the windmill
WK: 12 watts
WK: Four light bulbs and two radios.
CA: wow
CA: So (applause) next slide, who is this?
WK: Yes
WK: Yes
CA: How big?
WK: Yes
CA: So you're here to tell the people at TED if there's anyone out there who can help make this dream a reality?
CA: Wow William, it's such an honor to have you at the TED conference.
thank you very much for coming
WK: Thank you
(applause)
i'm not a farmer
Again, I'm a teacher, not a farmer
This kid was the first student of mine and the first in my family to open a bank account.
This immigrant student was the first in his family to use an ATM.
And then the celebrities started
Exactly one year ago I was invited to the New York Academy of Medicine
As the greenest class in New York City
But most importantly, the children learned to get and give.
The rest are scheduled to graduate this June.
Let's talk mint Where's my mint?
I grow seven kinds of mint in my classroom
Let's make America great again with everyone here in New York
Even big kids love strawberries and bananas
and above all love them
(applause)
Unfortunately, most people in the world aren't that lucky.
In some places, like South Africa, education isn't easy to come by.
The education system was built for the white minority during the apartheid era.
She was a mother who wanted to give her son a better chance in life.
Over the past few years, there has been a lot of talk about rising healthcare costs.
And even for those who manage to get higher education, opportunities aren't always open.
Just over half of recent American college graduates have jobs that actually require that level of education.
"Big breakthroughs happen when what's suddenly possible meets what's desperately needed," he wrote.
When we saw the response, Andrew and I knew we should try to scale it up and try to bring the highest quality education to as many people as possible.
So we founded Coursera with the goal of making the best classes, taught by the best professors at the best universities, available to everyone in the world, for free.
Jenny, a single mother of two, wants to hone her skills and go back to college to get her master's degree.
Ryan recently contacted me and I'm so happy to hear that this story has a happy ending.
Baby Shannon, the one on the left, is much better now, and Ryan got a job based on the classes he took at Coursera.
The spikes in the graph show that procrastination is a global phenomenon.
(Laughter) At the end of the class, students receive a certificate of completion.
For example, one student may benefit from preparatory materials that provide background knowledge that other students already know.
What's even more surprising is that self-scoring results, when you let students rate themselves -- and you need to be properly motivated to avoid giving yourself a perfect score -- show a higher correlation with the teacher's grade.
So this is an effective strategy that can be used for grading at scale, and it's also a useful learning method for students, because they can learn from the grading experience.
(Laughter) As you can tell from the students, the scale of this online community means that student interaction is much broader and deeper than in a physical classroom.
On the other hand, there are virtual study groups, some organized by language and culture, and there are universal multicultural study groups, like the one on the bottom left, who want to interact with people from other cultures.
The data collected here is unique.
The study of human learning can now be data-driven rather than hypothesis-driven, the same change that revolutionized biology.
We can use these data to answer fundamental questions: What are good learning strategies that are effective and what are not?
This is an example from Andrew's machine learning class.
Personalization may be the biggest potential here, because it could solve a 30-year-old problem.
In 1984, education researcher Benjamin Bloom posed what he called the two-sigma problem, which he found by observing three different groups.
Mastery-based learning is easy to implement on computers, and computers don't mind repeating the same video five times.
The goal here is how far can we push towards the green curve?
Mark Twain certainly thought so
(Laughter) I would like to disagree with Mark Twain.
How can we do that?
There's a lot of research out there, including this one, that shows that using active learning and interacting with students in the classroom improves outcomes across all metrics: attendance, engagement, and learning as measured by standardized tests.
As you can see, the achievement score almost doubled in this experiment.
First, it will establish education as a basic human right, the right of every motivated and capable person in the world to acquire the skills they need to create a better life for themselves, their families and their communities.
It's a shame that so many people stop learning when they graduate from high school or college.
thank you very much
(applause)
March 11, 2011 I was at home watching the tragedy that happened in Japan that the world witnessed.
A small fishing town of about 50,000 people in Iwate Prefecture A small fishing town of about 50,000 people in Iwate Prefecture, one of the first towns to be hit by the tsunami.
As you can imagine, the town was devastated.
About a week after I joined, I was helping out at an evacuation center in town.
The woman who brought in these photos was lucky with the photos.
The day I handed her the photo happened to be my second son's 14th birthday.
During my six months in Japan, 1,100 volunteers joined All Hands, most of whom helped clean over 135,000 photographs, many of which -- (applause) -- Many of the photos have been returned to their owners, an important achievement.
I was particularly moved by one photo of women of all ages, from grandmothers to little girls, surrounded by babies. because it hangs on
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
She's also rare because she continued to work after marriage, had children, and continued to work in medicine even after she got divorced and became a single mother.
And because she was interested in a new science, the emerging field of epidemiology, the study of patterns in disease.
Most diseases were associated with poverty, but in the case of cancer in children, most of the terminally ill children came from wealthy families.
And when her carbon-printed questionnaires started coming back, one thing, just one thing, emerged with the kind of statistical clarity that scientists can only dream of.
And this went against the doctors' self-image that they were helping patients, not hurting them.
A child died a week and nothing changed.
So how did she know she was right?
She had a 'great model of thinking'
Alice was extroverted and social, George was a recluse.
Alice was warm and empathetic to her patients.
Alice and George were good at conflict
In other words, humans have to resist the neurobiological desire to prefer people who are more like themselves, which means finding people with different backgrounds and disciplines, different thought patterns and experiences, and finding ways to relate to them. means
it takes a lot of patience and energy
But the big problems we face, the catastrophes we experience, are caused not by individuals, but by organizations that are perhaps larger than nations, or that can affect hundreds of thousands of lives. it seems to me
So how do organizations think?
And that means that people like us, who have run organizations and searched for the best people, can't get the most out of them.
Yes, it also takes skill and practice.
Recently, I was working with an executive named Joe, who worked for a medical device company.
Yet he continued to worry, to the point that he was so worried that he had no choice but to quit the job he loved.
Finally, Joe and I found a way to raise his concerns.
What happened there was something that always happens in situations like this.
So how can we make these conversations easier and more frequent?
I think it's a great system, but I think it's too few and too old to target only PhD candidates.
Openness is not the end
it's the beginning
(applause)
Now, dancing is one of the most human activities.
Yet, 6.3 million people around the world suffer from the disease, which suffers from incurable weakness, tremors, stiffness, and other symptoms of the disease, so what we need is an objective way to diagnose the disease before it's too late.
But unfortunately, Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders have no biomarkers, and they're not easily detected by blood tests, and currently the best method is a 20-minute test by a neurologist.
What if patients could do this test at home?
Today, we're launching the Parkinson's Voice Initiative as a first step to that. Today, we're launching the Parkinson's Voice Initiative as a first step.
In 2004, Brian Burton, or Danger Mouse, created The Gray Album from The Beatles' White Album and Jay-Z's Black Album.
To remix, you take an existing song, you take it apart, you transform it, you put it back together, and you get a new song -- and that song is made of old songs.
Let's go back to 1964 with some Dylan songs.
Finally, another folk classic, "Who's Going To Buy You Ribbons"
This and "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right"
(Laughter) (Applause) Guthrie did exactly that, and you know the result.
Guthrie used it to create "This Land Is Your Land"
Dylan, like other folk singers, copied, morphed, spliced ​​together songs with new lyrics.
It's called multi-touch -- it's a way of interacting with the screen with your fingers.
Could a young and inexperienced Apple survive a legal assault from the giant and experienced Xerox?
"Good artists copy, great artists steal"
It represents the lawsuits that have occurred in the last four years of the smartphone age.
He created "Blind Willie McTell," named after a blues singer, and the song tours a very dark past, a time when musicians like Willie McTell simply understood what they were doing.
Thank you. (Applause) Thank you.
Two years ago, as an artist, I was invited to participate in an exhibition celebrating 100 years of Islamic art in Europe.
As an artist, as a woman, as an Arab - and as a human being in the modern world in 2010, the word I wanted to say was "no" when I say no -
In Arabic, we say, "Absolutely no, a thousand times no."
So I decided to look for a thousand types of No.
Now, in January 2011, the Egyptian Revolution began, and everyday life came to a halt for 18 days. On February 12, convinced of the revolution's success, we innocently celebrated in the streets of Cairo.
Nine months later, I was spraying messages in Tahrir Square, and it was this image I saw on my news feed.
So I took the letter No from a tombstone in the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo and added the words, "No to military rule."
"No stripping." The blue bra is a reminder of national shame. We stood in silence as the veiled woman was stripped and beaten. The footprints read, "Peace. Long live the revolution." Because we, the people, will never retaliate with violence.
By the way, speaking of walls, let me tell you about a wall in the city of Cairo.
But after the violence, another artist painted blood and demonstrators being run over by tanks -- demonstrators -- and a message that said, "Tomorrow, I'll wear a new face. The face of every martyr. I exist. ”
Another artist painted a monstrous looking army commander eating a girl in a pool of blood in front of a tank.
There are many other examples, like corn in front of the police station, old people's homes where they planted what the old people could grow and harvest.
This is an investment in sharing and kindness
There was a piece of land donated by the local horticultural center.
It's just a volunteer experiment
It's a movement for everyone
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
Welcome to Africa, everyone! Rather, it might be "Welcome home"
Look at fossils that are millions of years old, and this proves that human life, as we already know, started right here.
For the next four days, we will be on a truly wonderful journey.
What's the worst story you've ever heard about Africa?
famine
Corruption
genocide
AIDS
slavery
We worked with some great CEOs on African issues and restructuring African companies with the goal of making them the best companies in Africa and globally.
she said: "Euvin, I'd like to write about a case, a public sector leader who gives lessons to the corporate world."
When Nelson Mandela came to power and became South Africa's first democratically elected president, he faced a situation in which the country might have fallen into chaos.
This case became "Nelson Mandela: Leadership Transformation" and became the basis for research on a chapter in Rosabeth's new book, which is called "Confidence."
"The Confidence" became a New York Times bestseller and topped Business Week's hardcover bestseller list.
This is why I tell this story. Later, when I was interviewed by SABC Africa's Pan-African Broadcast, I was asked, "What was the lesson you learned or what was the most fun?" It was a great privilege to be involved in such a project. is the
Now let me tell you my personal story, a story about a turning point or a transformation.
About myself. In 1994, I packed a few things into my backpack and set off on a yearlong trip, halfway through college.
300 BC
So Africa has long been the place to go for answers
The first thing I saw was North America at night. I feel warm. it's light
Then I saw Africa. It's literally a total 'dark continent'
Africa is dark and there are only a few dots in the north, south and other regions, but it also shines with the light of the hearts of the millions who live there. people's hearts
entrepreneurs, dynamic people, hopeful people
Geographer George Kimble said, "The only dark side of Africa is our ignorance of it."
Africa is the second largest continent. next to the Asian continent
It also has the second largest population, 900 million people.
There are more than 1,000 languages ​​in Africa, or some say 2,000, more than 2,000 languages ​​and dialects.
As an investment banker, I put myself in the flow of information and see the changes happening in the capital markets.
Let's start with the high level, macro factors
Egypt. 16% to about 8.4%
The first myth to erase is that Africa is not a country.
You can make money or lose money when it comes to Africa
As Emeka introduced me, I was recently elected president of the South African Chamber of Commerce in the United States.
Also, the big news in South Africa these days is Bain Capital and KKR, private equity giants.
The headline in South Africa was "They have landed." It's an omen
Here is the famous BRIC report produced by Goldman Sachs
It's an investment opportunity. Think about it, please
Are there any banks, investors here who are seriously considering going to Nigeria?
It's just a harbinger of what's to come
Looking at the oil industry, Africa supplies 18% of America's oil supply. Middle East is 16%
It's not about oil, it's not about commodities
For Africa to become truly sustainable, it must move away from commodities and into other industries.
Textiles, petrochemicals, etc., in Alexandria, near the Mediterranean Sea.
Managed by a management company in Singapore
Now let's look at agriculture. See also the forest
Uganda. New Forest Company replants and develops forests. Why is this important?
let's go back to nigeria
But what the heck is going on? Only 10% of the country is banked
Nigeria has the largest population in Africa
Over 135 million people. Think about it, please
There are only 700 ATMs in the country. THERE IS AN INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
Now let's look at the continent as a whole
For example, you look at a road and say, "Angola has a problem because 90 percent of its roads are unpaved."
Transporting goods is even more expensive. Prices will go up Inflation will be affected
Nigeria. 70% of the roads are unpaved. Zambia. 80%
In general, 50% of roads are unpaved
What are the signs that things are changing from the ground up?
Let's look at the numbers for 2006. Kenya. 60% or more. Nigeria. 40% or more
But the main question we ask when making an investment decision is, "What are the alternative investments?"
In Africa today, we are competing for capital on a global scale.
What Africa provides is a diversity of activities and a yield pickup opportunity for investors, which is to be aware of what is happening.
Now, when you look at Africa with others, and you think about countries in Africa with others, it's important to make comparisons.
Also, let's look at the example of Nigeria. Double B minus in the Ukrainian and Turkish leagues. We immediately compared
A key factor in investment decisions is for global capital holders
Other figures are for South Africa. Triple B plus. Botswana. A plus
24 hour african news channel
In 1899, Joseph Conrad published Heart of Darkness, a tale of the horrifying horrors of the Congo River.
If you look closely, you can see a bright ray of light on the Congo River. Indeed, the Congo River emits its own light. From the depths of darkness, now hydropower is shining.
(applause)
The air is heavy with heat and dust, and it's hard to even breathe.
I can hear people talking, but the only thing that fills the shaft is the nasty sound of men coughing and the sound of rough tools cutting stone.
For 28 years, I have documented indigenous cultures in more than 70 countries on six continents, and in 2009 I was honored to have a solo exhibition at the Vancouver Peace Summit.
Among the many wonderful people I met there were the supporters of Free the Slave, an NGO dedicated to the eradication of modern slavery.
And so I began my journey into modern slavery.
A conservative estimate is that more than 27 million people are enslaved in the world today.
That's double the number of people deported from Africa during the transatlantic slave trade.
150 years ago, a slave sent to a farm cost three years the annual salary of an American laborer.
But today, a debt of as little as $18 can enslave a family for generations.
Surprisingly, slavery generates more than $13 billion a year in profits worldwide.
Today's slavery is driven by commerce. The commodities produced by enslaved people have value, but the people who make them are disposable.
Slavery is illegal everywhere in the world, but slaves are everywhere.
Because of monotony and exhaustion, they silently repeat this task for 16 to 17 hours a day.
It was so hot and dusty that my camera got too hot to touch and stopped working.
He made it very clear that expressing emotions in a place like this would be very dangerous, not only for me, but for them as well.
In the Himalayas, I've seen children carry stones on their backs for miles up mountainous terrain to trucks waiting on the road at the foot of the mountain.
Some people are forced to work 16 or 17 hours a day for no pay, and some of them don't even know they're slaves because they've been in the same situation since they were born.
Once these villagers claimed their freedom, the slave owners burned down their homes.
In Kathmandu, I was escorted by women who had previously been sexual slaves.
It's more like a restaurant
It's a hotbed of forced prostitution, known in the industry as a cabin restaurant.
According to a recent New York Times report, between 100,000 and 300,000 American children are trafficked into sex slavery each year.
It's all around us. We just don't see it.
I saw whole families in Indian villages being enslaved in the silk trade.
this is a family photo
The black hand is the father, and the blue and red hands are the sons.
They stir the dye in large barrels, submerging the silk in the liquid up to their elbows, but the dye is toxic.
"We have no freedom," they said
Over 4,000 children are said to be enslaved in Lake Volta, the world's largest man-made lake.
Children are taken away from their families and sold to disappear, and forced to work long hours on boats like this, and they can't swim.
This child is eight years old
many drown
Kofi was rescued from a fishing village
I met him at Free the Slave's Slave Victims Rehabilitation Facility.
He's bathing in a well, and he's got a big bucket of water running down his head, and the great thing is, as we're talking to you, Kofi is with his family, and even better, he's a source of livelihood for his family, and his children. was provided with tools to protect the safety of
Kofi is a symbol of possibility
He pulled us out of the car at the end of the road, and he told the driver to leave.
Mercury is used in the extraction process
These miners are slaves working in mines in another part of Ghana.
I remember their exhausted, red-eyed eyes, and many of them remained underground for 72 hours.
When I worked in the field, I brought a lot of candles with me, and with the help of an interpreter, I wanted to share them with the people I photographed, and shine a light on their stories and their plight. I thought, here's a picture I took when they and I were safe.
thank you very much
(applause)
In the half-century of working to help prevent war, I've always wondered: How can we counter extreme violence without resorting to force?
I ran upstairs and packed my suitcase.
My mother came up and said, "What the hell are you doing?"
I said "I'm going to Budapest"
i started crying
What I wanted to understand was how violence and oppression works.
They realized that force against force didn't work.
she told the students to sit down
So what you can do is get up, make a cup of tea, and sit with your fear as if your child is next to you.
fear is a child
then make a plan
(Laughter) So I did this.
(Applause) That's fear. What about anger?
Where there is injustice, there is always anger.
Anger is like gasoline: if you scatter it and someone strikes a match, it's a big fire.
I learned this when I worked on nuclear weapons policy. I learned this when I worked on nuclear weapons policy.
To have a dialogue for change, you need to manage your anger.
they are human just like us
They're doing what they think is best, too.
That's the third point, anger.
But this century has changed
It's like mushrooms growing through concrete.
They risk their lives every day to continue this work.
So we have to change the way the military is trained.
Have you ever wondered why so many dictatorships have fallen in the last 30 years?
I don't just believe in non-violence.
thank you
(applause)
And then it got thicker and thicker, and now it's 886 pages.
We currently have 374 types of mental disorders listed.
(Laughter) I also have parent-child issues, and I think this is my parents' fault.
no i'm kidding
I think it's pretty rare to have both malingering and generalized anxiety disorder, because malingering makes you anxious.
"Who's Tony?"
When I asked Brian what Tony did,
It's like a giant Hampton Inn
(Laughter) Brian said, "It's Tony."
He was wearing a pinstripe suit, not a sweatshirt.
According to Tony, it's harder to make someone think they're sane than it is to make them think they're insane.
That's impossible."
Listening to Tony made me think, Am I sitting like a journalist?
He continues, "Next to me is the Strangler of Stockwell, and on the other side is the Rapist of the Tulip Fields.
But we examined him and diagnosed him as a psychopath."
he was a psychopath
so i did
Let me give you a statistic: 1 in 100 normal people is a psychopath.
15 of you are psychopaths
That percentage is 4% for CEOs and corporate executives, so I wouldn't be surprised if there were 30-40 psychopaths in this room.
At its most ruthless state, capitalism is the embodiment of psychopathy.
It's like a psychopathy that befalls us all.
It's like Narnia
In childhood bipolar disorder, children as young as four years old are diagnosed with bipolar disorder because children have tantrums and score higher on the bipolar diagnosis table.
Tony called me when I got back to London.
everybody's a bit of a psychopath
"I'm going to Belgium," he said.
(Laughter) That was two years ago, and my book ended here.
nothing bad happened
thank you
(applause)
A strong EF3 tornado raged and destroyed my roof, so I stopped going to grad school and decided to stay in Massachusetts.
This experience changed our lives, and now we want to change this experience itself.
I'm doing a PhD at MIT, which just so happens to be studying atmospheric science.
There were two sweaty men with chainsaws standing in the middle of the church, and no one had any idea what the damage was and where to send them.
In an election campaign, there is initially no interest, no ability to act.
there is a gap here
We've seen similar changes in Texas and Alabama.
(applause)
Let's listen to why hearing is important for Alaska Natives.
Open-water fishing, caribou hunting, berry picking, and other core activities of Alaska's indigenous peoples make hearing loss difficult.
Hearing loss isn't unique to remote areas of Alaska.
it's global
The Global Burden of Disease Project estimates that 1.1 billion people worldwide have hearing loss.
Of these, 80% live in low- and middle-income countries, many of whom have no access to hearing care.
The impact on people's lives is tremendous
Anuk is a three-year-old boy I treated in Alaska.
He started having ear infections when he was just four months old.
The World Health Organization estimates that half of the world's hearing loss is preventable.
And that's what we did in collaboration with the tribal health agency, the Norton Sound Health Corporation.
Hearing loss assessment has traditionally required an examination by an audiologist in a soundproof room with a lot of equipment.
In one state, 75 percent of communities don't have roads to get to hospitals, requiring expensive flights.
To overcome these barriers, Alaska has developed a state-of-the-art telemedicine system, connecting medical facilities in more than 250 villages to a network of specialists to triage all health events.
Telemedicine has saved over $18 million in travel costs in this single region over the past 15 years
Our team started a randomized trial to see how effective this intervention was in 15 communities along the Bering Sea coast.
Our goal is to prevent infantile deafness across Alaska.
the impact is global
Mobile telemedicine can revolutionize access to healthcare.
In Malawi, just two otologists and 11 audiologists care for 17 million people.
This technology will empower teachers and community health workers to bring access to healthcare to children in places like Malawi.
If we scale it up on a global scale, we will be able to make a difference in children's lives that were previously out of reach in hearing medicine, just by using the power of mobile phones.
It's time to change the course of preventable hearing loss.
thank you
(applause)
Today I'm going to talk about what democracy can learn from the world of open source programming, but before I do that, just a little bit.
This is Martha Payne, nine years old, and she lives in Argyll and Bute, Scotland.
Thanks for reading Goodbye
When the telegraph appeared, it was clear that the news industry would be internationalized with it.
World peace. (Laughter) What about the phone?
That's what happens with the expansion of the media space.
So scientific journals were born as a way of synchronizing discussions in the natural scientist community.
The scientific revolution did not come about with the printing press,
It was brought to us by scientists, but it couldn't have been done without the tool of the printing press.
Programming is a three-way relationship between the programmer, the source code, and the computer that runs it, but computers are very rigid in how they interpret instructions, and it's extremely difficult to write a sequence of instructions in such a way that the computer knows how to execute them. This is true even when writing alone.
With multiple writers, it's easy for two people working on the same file to overwrite each other or send conflicting instructions, bogging the computer, and the more programmers involved, the bigger the problem.
Managing large software projects is, to a first approximation, a question of how to stem this social chaos.
It's feudalism, one owner, many workers.
the company owns the software
It's Linus Torvalds
It's become an incredibly complex process.
And after 15 years of looking at Linux and seeing how the community works, I thought, "I know how to build a version control system for free people."
He named it Git Git is a distributed version control system
There are two big differences from traditional version control systems.
If you were to draw a diagram of your Git workflow, it would look something like this.
Here's a screenshot from GitHub, a Git hosting service. When a programmer uses Git to make a change, like creating a file, modifying an existing file, or merging two files together, Git generates a kind of signature.
All Git systems generate this number in the same way, and it's an unmistakable signature directly tied to a particular change.
The effect of this is that programmers in Edinburgh and programmers in Entebbe can take the same piece of software at the same time.
This is cooperation without coordination
it's a big change
There are two reasons why I think these techniques are applicable to democracies in general and to law in particular.
When something on the Internet claims that it's good for democracy, the usual reaction is something like this.
This is a graph of US tax law, showing the dependencies that individual laws have on how the law works as a whole.
And also the law, which has a lot of opinions and needs to converge on a single, authoritative version. You can go to GitHub and look around, and there are millions of projects, most of them source code, but you're looking at the fringes. And when I turn to it, there are people who are experimenting with political derivations like this.
Here's an evocative screenshot
No democracy in the world offers this function to its citizens, whether it's about bills or about budgets, even though it's done with our consent and with our money.
Open source programmers are creating a way to collaborate at scale, at scale and at low cost, which fits perfectly with the ideals of democracy. I would like to say that the tools are there and innovation is inevitable, but they aren't.
Part of the reason is just a lack of information.
The bigger issue, of course, is power.
People who do participation experiments don't have legislative power, and people who have legislative power don't do participation experiments.
they're experimenting with openness
T.S. Eliot said, "The most important thing that can happen in culture is to have a new form of prose."
New forms of argument have been invented in our lifetimes, actually in the last decade.
Thank you for listening. (Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
I would like to ask about the recent and growing expectation that transparency and openness will restore trust in democracy.
(Laughter) You believe in complexity, but you don't believe in ambiguity.
As you can see, I'm Bulgarian
(Laughter) The Economist recently published an article about the latest research on happiness, titled "The Happy, the Unhappy, and the Bulgarian."
It's an election day in a country, unfortunately it's raining, it could be my country, it could be your country.
And this time, even more people, 83 percent of the people, voted blank.
No one doubts that in some ways democracy is the best form of government.
For the last 30 years, political scientists have noticed a gradual decline in voter turnout, and that it's the people who are least interested in voting who get the most benefits if they do.
Because right now, because of the economic crisis, trust in politics, trust in democratic institutions is completely lost.
Only 18% of Italians and 15% of Greeks see voting as meaningful.
The first was the Socio-Cultural Revolution of the 1968 and '70s, which put the individual at the center of politics.
Then came the market revolution of the '80s.
First, the socio-cultural revolution of the 1960s and '70s, which destroyed the notion of collective purpose.
And the market revolution of the 1980s, which brought massive inequality to society.
The more democratic society became, the more equal society became.
When the Soviet Union still existed, those with power and wealth needed the masses because they were afraid of them.
That's why it's getting harder and harder to understand people who are different from us.
People here talk about the digital world and the potential for cooperation, but what has the digital world done for American politics?
This is also the result of the Internet revolution.
In the past, revolutions were given ideological names.
Facebook Revolution, Twitter Revolution, etc.
Now, as we try to change things, as we try to think about what democracy can do, we need to keep this ambiguity in mind.
Today, the demand for transparency, the link between citizens in action and technology, and a legislative body that guarantees greater transparency, people believe will restore trust in politics.
It's made up of checks and balances
Instead of Big Brother watching us, we'll be Big Brother watching the political class.
Is this what a free society looks like?
I had the chance to meet the Prime Minister and asked him why he made that decision.
These are the words of Goethe, who was neither Bulgarian nor politician, hundreds of years ago: "Where there is bright light, there is dark shadow."
thank you very much
(applause)
I'm going to talk about how to build and rebuild trust, because I believe that trust is the foundation of everything we do, and the more we trust each other, the more humankind will make unprecedented progress. can do
But what if trust is broken?
If I had given this talk six months ago, I would have been wearing an Uber T-shirt.
But when I got to Uber, I made a really big mistake.
Until every employee wears an Uber T-shirt, I vowed to wear an Uber T-shirt every day.
(Laughter) 250 days of wearing an Uber T-shirt.
The elements of trust are very well understood.
We're all too busy with so many things to do that it's easy to push aside the time and place that empathy requires.
Now, if the quality of your logic is compromised, I can't help you.
Fortunately, this is an easy fix.
(Applause) I got goosebumps just now.
So in many ways the prescription for this is clear.
I'm a very strong opinionated woman, I speak with strong convictions and in a direct way.
I have an amazing wife and I have crazy ambitions with her.
I prefer men's clothing and comfortable shoes
here's my advice
So let's get back to Uber. What happened to Uber?
Uber meetings often involved texting each other...
(Laughter) I had never seen anything like this before.
(Laughter) And for all of that, it didn't create a safe, empathetic environment.
And then people looked up, looked at the people in front of them, listened to them, put themselves in their shoes, and started collaborating in ways they never had before.
But if this -- that is, if we can find a way to celebrate different opinions and bring out the best in people -- that's the world I want my sons to grow up in.
thank you
(applause)
My favorite word in the Oxford English Dictionary is "snollygoster" because it sounds good.
The point is that language is at the core of politics, and politicians remember the need to try to control language.
For example, it wasn't until 1771 that the British Parliament allowed the press to report the actual words exchanged in the Houses of Parliament.
Only a few years later the expression "as bold as brass" was used for the first time.
The problem they faced at the time was what to call their leader, George Washington.
This has been debated in Congress for many years.
The reason the deliberations stalled and everyone got bored was because the House of Representatives was against the Senate.
That's why the Senate opposed
Instead, we agreed to use the title of "President" for the time being.
In the end the Senate won
But how many countries have presidents now?
In the end, the Senate won, and the House lost.
We try to shape and control reality with words, but in reality, reality changes words far more than words change reality.
thank you
In the world of product design, cute babies are like concept cars.
So why does this year's new car look almost identical to last year's model?
(Laughter) What was the problem between the design studio and the factory?
Here's the problem: Every year, around four million babies, mostly in the developing world, die before they're one year old, some even before they're even a month old.
Newborn intensive care unit in Kathmandu, Nepal.
The problem is, without a technician or spare parts, these donations quickly become junk.
Keeping a baby warm for a week isn't rocket science.
We've done months of user research overseas, and we've looked at it from a designer's perspective, with human-centered design in mind, to understand what people want.
We made dozens of prototypes before we got here.
Unlike concept cars, we wanted to combine something beautiful with something that actually works.
The bad news is that the only baby actually inside a NeoNurture incubator was this one during a Time magazine photoshoot.
A Bangladeshi hospital manager is outside the facility.
So does this multinational medical device manufacturer.
I've found that one aspect of designing for results is thinking about design for manufacturing and distribution.
We started by finding a manufacturer, MTTS, an organization in Vietnam that makes neonatal care products for Southeast Asia.
Two-thirds of newborns worldwide develop jaundice
One way to treat jaundice is called an "exchange transfusion."
As you can imagine, it's expensive and a little risky.
In this neonatal intensive care unit, mothers come in and spend time with their babies.
From a phototherapy point of view, it's not ideal behavior.
We have to think like existentialists. It's not the painting that you might have painted that counts, but the painting that you actually painted.
It's hard to believe, and it doesn't seem like a good idea, but there are hospitals out there that would rather have nothing than have cheap, shabby-looking equipment.
From the very beginning, we started talking to manufacturers.
The goal was to create a state-of-the-art product that our partner MTTS could actually manufacture.
This is the "design for manufacturing" problem.
(Laughter) You'll think it's funny.
When I was in the Peace Corps, I had a lot of dead pixels on my laptop.
Here's what Firefly did: Electronics get hot, and most products need vents or fans to keep them cool.
You have to care about how people actually use the device.
We have to think that there are no dumb users, there are only dumb products.
We have to ask ourselves tough questions
But I've learned that if you really want to make a difference in the world, you have to design the results.
thank you
(applause)
I was having lunch with him a few minutes ago, and then a Nigerian reporter came over -- only people who've seen the James Bond movies know this joke -- a Nigerian reporter came over. I said, "Well, nice to meet you again, Mr. Bond."
it's really amazing
I was watching Jane [Goodall] yesterday and it was so amazing. I saw all those amazing chimpanzee slides and I thought, "Hey, if chimpanzees could talk, what would they say?"
And it's become increasingly clear to me that we're talking about Africa in news stories, not the story of Africa.
It's important to make this distinction, because if you rely solely on information from the news, 40 percent of Americans -- either unable to pay health insurance or have totally inadequate health insurance -- and their president is in the millions. Continuing senseless wars in the face of rising civil protests and even opposition from his own Congress.
Speaking of war -- my girlfriend has a funny T-shirt that says, "Dropping bombs for peace is like having sex to protect a virgin."
Isn't it amazing
The truth is Americans -- everything we know about America, the way Americans know what they are Americans is not from the news.
He says, "When the Sumerian tablets were first translated, they were thought to be business records.
this is important
The first Igbo Bible was translated from English in the 1800s by Bishop Crowther, who was a Yoruba.
Igbo is a tonal language, so for example, the words "igwe" and "igwe" are spelled the same, but one means "sky" or "heaven" and the other means "bicycle" or "iron."
So "God is in heaven and surrounded by angels" was translated as [Igbo translation]
For whatever reason, Cameroon chose the Igbo version to translate the Bible into the Cameroonian dialect.
This is good because language complicates things.
We often think that language is a mirror that reflects the world we live in, but it's not.
Nigeria became independent in 1960
The first time the possibility of independence was discussed was in 1922, shortly after the Abba women's market riot.
1967 Dr. Njoku-Obi invents the cholera vaccine in the midst of the Biafra-Nigeria civil war
You know, the important thing is to remember that, otherwise 10 years from now we'll be here and telling the same story.
Let's Talk Nigerian Jokes
Tom, Dick and Harry were working on a construction site
When Tom opened the lunch box, there was rice in it, and he yelled, "For 20 years, my wife has packed rice in the lunch box.
But Harry's wife was confused and said, "But Harry has been packing his own lunch for the last 20 years."
(Laughter) This seems like a harmless joke. When I was told this when I was a kid, I was told that among the Igbo, the Yoruba, and the Hausa, Harry is the Hausa.
My father was educated at Cork University in Cork in the 50's
Now that I think about it, it makes sense, because if you guys knew my dad, you'd probably want to poison him.
(Laughter) I was born in 1966, when the Biafra-Nigeria civil war started, and the war ended three years later.
I went to school, but the federal government didn't want us to learn the history of war, because they thought it would create a new generation of rebels.
Pakistani Muslim Teaches Jewish Holocaust History to Young Igbo Kid
And the first novel I wrote when I was 16 was about neo-Nazis taking over Nigeria and building the Nazi 4th Reich.
(Laughter) Well, aside from that, I grew up in a very privileged environment, and not just me -- hundreds of Nigerians grew up with books and libraries.
In fact, as I told you last night, how all of Harold Robbins' erotic novels have done more to sex-educate rutting boys in Africa than any sex-education program ever existed.
We're wasting the most valuable resource on this continent, the precious resource of our imagination.
Fraser kneels, hands tied behind his back, crying
As Idris stops and moves again, Fraser says, "Please.
It's not Fraser's terrified look that stops Idris and us, but Fraser's eyes.
This kind of African narrative in the West is proliferating.
I don't care anymore
I'm more interested in the stories we tell about ourselves.As a writer, I think African writers have always been stewards of humanity on the continent.
I'm trying to move beyond political rhetoric to touch on ethical issues.
As a young middle-class Nigerian activist, I joined my contemporaries in a campaign to stop the government.
I saw them put in jail and tear gassed.
I justified it and said, "This is the price of the revolution.
I was telling Raschel of Google Earth about how I challenged American students, and I said, "You guys don't know anything about Africa, you idiots."
And I looked at Google Earth and learned about Africa.
If we admit that we're trying to get closer to the truth of our communities, we can have more nuanced, more interesting conversations.
"here" Jimmy says
(Laughter) He also said that all our troubles are caused by our belief in an essential, pure identity: religion, ethnicity, history, ideology.
Gazelle I killed you for your smooth skin For your skin that easily beats against a board and dries like a butcher's white paper
Get up and walk away like a panther."
thank you
(applause)
I'm going to tell you why I became a sculptor. You might think that a sculptor deals with metaphysical things, objects and bodies. So the title of this talk is "Creating Space."
Space exists whether inside us or without us.
We are in a space, a dark space within the subjective, collective body.
Sculpture in this space, which is a little paradoxical, is about making a proposition out of a material, but in my opinion, in this space, sculpture can connect us.
Now imagine you're in the middle of America.
I was young and had just graduated from art school.
It was a wonderful place, because I felt like I was the first person to come here.
I picked up a fist-sized stone and threw it as far as I could, about 22 meters.
(Laughter) But this is proof that the living body existed on top of another object, the rock, which is subject to the action of time, such as sedimentation and erosion.
It's a work called "Learning to See"
I call it "Learning to See" because it's about objects that act introspectively, or objects that represent the dark vision and connection of the body, which I see as a space of possibilities.
another way? Can we talk about the body as a center of energy with the particles around the nucleus?
Is there another way
And is art an attempt to imagine what lies beyond the horizon?
You can see this one at the mouth of the Mersey - near Liverpool.
This is a work called "Room for the Great Australian Desert"
There is a hole in the anus and penis position
But in reality, this space is filled with people and disembodied voices, and others emerging from the surrounding environment only appear when they are very close to your physical space.
If art has a purpose, it is to make people aware of that fact.”
thank you very much
(applause)
Hello
It took 14 hours and 227 Googly Eyes to make this outfit.
I call it a "toothpaste helmet".
(Laughter) (Sound of a robotic arm squeaking) (Laughter) (Applause) This toothpaste helmet, recommended by 0 out of 10 dentists, didn't change the world of dental hygiene, but it did in my life. I decided to completely change the
When I made the toothpaste helmet three years ago, I set up a camera in my living room and captured a seven-second video of it in action.
This is an email I wrote to my brother at the time.
I don't want everyone to think I'm stupid
(Laughter) Puberty is one of them.
But more than that, I was interested in building robots and taught myself about hardware.
Building hardware is extremely difficult, especially if you're self-taught.
And that was my biggest fear at the time.
I didn't realize it at the time, but building stupid things was actually a smart move, and for the first time in my life, I didn't have to worry about my anxiety while learning about hardware.
As an inventor, I'm interested in people's troubles.
Before I came here, I sat down and thought about what problems I could face during the talk.
There's an expression of joy and humility here that's often overlooked in engineering, and for me it's a way to learn about hardware without fear getting in the way.
And that's the beauty of making useless things, and that's acknowledging that we don't always know what the best answer is.
A toothpaste helmet may not be the answer, but it at least poses a question.
thank you
(applause)
Sydney, I've wanted to come to Sydney since I was born.
Audiences walk from house to house in the area to watch the performance. Residents acted as performers, coming out of their homes and performing autobiographical dances on the lawns and on the street. (laughter) It's a collaboration with the UK-based performance group Lone Twin.
This Indian-Australian girl comes out of her house and starts dancing on the lawn in front of her house. Wondering what all this noise and commotion was about, the father, looking out the window, immediately began dancing with his daughter.
The Sydney Festival that produced Mint: Live represents a new type of 21st century arts festival.
The contemporary arts festival was born out of the rubble of World War II.
In 1947 the Edinburgh Festival was born, Avignon was born and many other festivals were launched.
In the new festival, the audience will play an essential role in shaping the work.
'Lift' has always been a pioneer in the use of venues.
They understand that theater and performance can be done anywhere.
'Back to Back' is an Australian group for people with intellectual disabilities. I saw an amazing show during rush hour at the Staten Island dock in New York.
In a matter of days, a gigantic city was transformed into a community dominated by endless possibilities.
The Guardian article said, "If art is about transformation, then there is no other transformation experience quite like this.
The Sultan's Elephant represents something more than just the artistic occupation of the city and the people's reclaimed roads. "
Festivals promote diversity, bring back the conversations of the townspeople, boost creativity, provide opportunities for resident pride, and promote mental well-being.
thank you very much. (applause)
So for the past few years, I've been trying to see if I could use simple tools like labels, stencils, and chalk to share more with my neighbors in public spaces.
Is there a way for us all to share our memories of abandoned buildings so that we can better understand the landscape around us?
I live in New Orleans and I love this city
Every time someone sneezes, I suspect they're having a parade in New Orleans. (Laughter)
In 2009 I lost someone dear to me
Then I started thinking a lot about death
It allowed passers-by to pick up a piece of chalk and reflect on their lives and share their personal aspirations in public.
"Before I die, I want to sing in front of millions of people."
"I want to plant a tree before I die"
"Before I die, I want to be someone's cavalry."
"Before I die, I want to be my true self."
Together with my colleagues at the Civic Center, we put together this toolkit, and now these walls are being built all over the world in Kazakhstan, South Africa, Australia, Argentina and others.
The most precious things we have are our time and our relationships with other people.
Death is something that we tend to avoid talking about, let alone even thinking about, but I've found that preparing for death is incredibly empowering.
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
(applause)
Every summer when I was a kid, I traveled from my home in Canada to Mumbai, India, to be with my grandparents.
Canadian summers are mild, even when the temperature rises. Temperatures are around 22 degrees Celsius, or 72 degrees Fahrenheit, which is a typical summer temperature, and it's not too hot.
But Mumbai is hot and humid, 30 degrees Celsius, 90 degrees Fahrenheit.
To make matters worse, my grandparents didn't have air conditioning.
But that situation is changing rapidly.
Cooling systems use as much as 17 percent of the world's total electricity use.
That number includes the air conditioners I desperately needed during the summer vacation, the supermarket refrigeration systems that keep food safe and cold, and the industrial-scale systems that power data centers.
But the worrying thing about climate change is that as the planet warms, we need more and more cooling systems, and those systems themselves are huge sources of greenhouse gases.
So we might end up in a vicious cycle: cooling systems alone could become the biggest source of greenhouse gases in the second half of the 21st century.
In the worst case, by 2100, we may need more than 10 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity each year for cooling.
Even a 10 to 20 percent improvement in overall cooling system efficiency could have a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions, now and in the future.
I am a scientist who studies light and heat.
In particular, I'm investigating whether new materials can alter the flow of nature's fundamental elements in ways that were previously thought impossible.
Understanding the value of cooling from my summer vacation experience, I started working on this problem because of an intellectual challenge I encountered six years ago.
How did ancient people make ice in desert climates?
There are dozens of such buildings all over Iran, and similar buildings have been identified in other Middle Eastern countries, all the way to China.
Even if the temperature isn't below freezing, say, 5 degrees Celsius or 41 degrees Fahrenheit, water freezes.
The ice that was produced was collected early in the morning and stored in the building you see to the right, all summer long.
Maybe you've seen something similar, and you've noticed that on a clear night, the temperature is well above freezing, but there's frost.
but wait
Why does water freeze when the temperature is above freezing?
Consider putting the pie on the window sill to cool.
known as the concept of thermal radiation
At this very moment, we're all radiating heat into the environment in the form of infrared radiation.
The atmosphere and its molecules absorb some of the heat and release it again.
This is the greenhouse effect that causes climate change.
the atmosphere does not absorb all the heat
Certain wavelengths, specifically wavelengths between 8 and 13 microns, are known as the transmission window of the atmosphere.
To the colder parts of the upper atmosphere, to the farther reaches of space, where temperatures can be minus 270 degrees Celsius or minus 454 degrees Fahrenheit.
This effect is known as nocturnal cooling or radiative cooling.
I was very surprised by the apparent simplicity of this cooling method.
why?
My colleagues and I spend a lot of time thinking about how to make materials at very small scales, so that we can use light to do new and valuable things with those materials, at scales smaller than the wavelength of light.
To do that, we designed a multilayer optical material, and here's a microscopy image of it.
Second, it prevents heating by the sun.
I left this device for a while, and after a few minutes, I approached it, and within seconds, I knew it was working.
What I'm showing you is the data from the first experiment, where the temperature of this material remained more than five degrees Celsius or more than nine degrees Fahrenheit below the air temperature, even though it was in direct sunlight.
That leads us to the next big question
How can this idea save energy?
We believe that the most direct way to save energy with this technology is to increase the efficiency of modern air conditioning and refrigeration systems.
These panels look like solar water heaters, but they do the exact opposite, they cool the water without using energy, with a special material that we make.
This panel can be paired with a part of most cooling systems called a condenser to improve the basic efficiency of the system.
In a year or two, we're very excited to begin commercial-scale pilots for both air-conditioning and refrigeration systems.
In the future, installing panels like this could make building cooling systems more efficient, reducing energy consumption by two-thirds.
Ultimately, we might be able to build cooling systems that don't require electricity at all.
As a first step towards that, my colleagues at Stanford and I demonstrated that we could use technology to maintain temperatures at least 42 degrees Celsius below ambient.
thank you
(Applause) Imagine putting something below freezing on a hot summer day.
I'm excited about all that we can do for cooling, and I think there's more we can do, and as scientists, I'm drawn to the very significant opportunities that this research presents.
We can harness the cold darkness of space to make every energy-related process on Earth more efficient.
In 2015, we demonstrated that by deliberately placing microstructures on the surface of a solar panel, we could use the cooling effect to keep the solar cells cool without using energy.
The temperature difference, at least in theory, can be used to power a heat engine, generating electricity.
So, could we create a night-time generator that would produce a practical amount of electricity while the solar cells weren't working?
Can you create light out of darkness?
Central to this power is our ability to manage the thermal radiation that surrounds us.
We are surrounded by infrared rays, and if we can manipulate them to our liking, we can fundamentally change the flow of heat and energy that permeates us every day.
This force, along with the cold darkness of space, gives us a glimpse of a future in which we, as a civilization, can intelligently manage our thermal energy consumption on a very large scale.
Next time you're out and about, you'll be amazed at how important the sun is to life on Earth, but don't forget that you can benefit from other parts of the sky as well.
thank you
(applause)
Ever since I was little, I've always been fascinated— (Laughter) Oh
(Laughter) If you can imagine that
This led me from an early age into the fields of mathematics and chemistry.
So, inspired by Marie Curie and the local science museum, I started asking questions about science and doing my own research in bedrooms and garages.
I started reading papers, and then I started attending science contests and science fairs, doing whatever I could to get the knowledge I needed.
While studying anatomy for a contest, I came across the subject of chronic wounds.
One of the data that caught my eye was that there are more chronic wounds in the United States than breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia combined.
"What is a chronic wound?"
(Laughter) "Why haven't we heard about the '5K Walk to Help Patients With Chronic Wounds' or even chronic wounds themselves?"
(Laughter) Now that we've sorted these basic problems out -- and by the way, let me tell you one thing -- a chronic wound is basically when someone sustains a normal injury, and the wound doesn't heal properly. It happens when you have a chronic disease, usually diabetes.
In 2010 alone, $50 billion was spent worldwide just to treat chronic wounds.
Additionally, it's estimated that about 2% of the population may develop chronic wounds.
Furthermore, I wanted to be able to mass-produce it so that it could be made by anyone, anywhere.
So what is this?
I was testing sensors, and like all scientists, I ran into problems with my early sensors.
I started using the money I'd won from previous science fairs and other prizes to build sensors and test them more rigorously.
Here I used a bluetooth chip, as you can see in the app screenshot on the right.
This way, anyone can monitor the progress of wound healing, and wirelessly transmit that information to doctors, patients, and anyone who needs it.
[Future Experimental Directions and Improvements] In conclusion, my design was a success—but science never ends.
But what I learned was more important than the actual product I designed was the attitude I gained along the way.
thank you
(applause)
Have you ever seen how a baby learns to crawl?
Yes, this may be a bit of a flippant remark that hides a fundamental shift in thinking, but this shift in thinking is what humanity needs to thrive together in this century.
A term coined in the 1930s, it soon became a top policy priority, and even today, the governments of the richest countries believe that growth can solve their economic problems.
"Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto"
What Rostow describes is that any economy goes through five stages of growth. The first stage is the "traditional society," where a country's output is constrained by technology, institutions, and ideas. In , banking and the mechanization of work began, and the idea that growth went beyond necessity to the prestige of a nation and the need to improve the lives of future generations began to emerge. Then the idea of ​​compound interest is built into it, and growth becomes the norm. When you enter Stage 4, "Mature," you can create any industry, regardless of your natural resource base. And finally, Stage 5, "High Consumption. In 'The Age', people can buy whatever consumer goods they want, like a bicycle or a sewing machine, because this is 1960.
There seems to be an airplane metaphor hidden in this story, but it's an airplane like no other, because it's never allowed to land.
What to do when increasing real income loses its appeal? "
Global GDP is 10 times larger than it was in 1950, and it has brought prosperity to billions of people, but the global economy is so deeply polarized that most of its revenue is 1% of the world's population. It is gathered in the wealthy people who are less than
But the time has come to choose with a higher and much greater ambition, because the challenges facing humanity in the 21st century are clear: everyone, as far as the bounty of this one wonderful, living planet allows. The challenge is to meet the needs of the human race, and to allow humanity and other creatures to thrive.
So can we also find dynamic balance in the 21st century?
This kind of regenerative design is popping up all over the place.
Over 100 cities around the world – including Quito, Oslo Harare and Hobart – generate more than 70% of their electricity from solar, wind and tidal power
London, Glasgow, Amsterdam and others are pioneering circular urban design, seeking ways to treat waste in urban areas and turn it into resources.
And in Tigre, Ethiopia, and Queensland, Australia, farmers and forest dwellers have turned once-wasteland back to life again.
In this century, we can design technology and institutions to distribute wealth, knowledge and power to people.
200 years of corporate intellectual property will be replaced with a bottom-up, open source peer-to-peer knowledge commons
Regenerative and distributive design like this presents a tremendous opportunity for the 21st century economy.
Yes, we need to dematerialize the economy, but it's just not possible to separate this reliance on endless growth from resource use and bring us back to the limits of our planet.
Yes, in nature, growth is the source of wonderful, healthy life.
The economies of these countries are growing at 7% a year.
thank you
(applause)
I'm going to talk to you about the people who make the things we use every day. I'm going to talk to you about the people who make the things we use every day. From shoes to handbags to computers to cell phones.
Think of a girl from a rural village sewing our running shoes for less than $1 an hour, or a young Chinese man working long hours in an iPad factory jumping off the roof.
In fact, China makes products that can be sold in markets all over the world, including its own market. Low costs, an abundant and high-quality labor force, and a flexible production system that responds quickly to market demands make this possible. I am
Chinese workers aren't forced to work in factories to satisfy our iPod obsession.
Chen Yi: "When I got home on New Year's Day, everyone said that I had changed. They asked me what I did to change so much.
In hindsight, what she meant was "QC," or quality control.
Karl Marx criticized this as the tragedy of capitalism, the alienation of workers from their own production.
How long are you going to stay in this factory?
How much can you save?
I heard Ming's younger sister telling her parents, "This bag costs $320 in America."
When I zipped open my pocket, there was a card inside, and the card said in English, "American Classic.
12 handbags made by 6 skilled leather craftsmen are perfectly balanced and timeless.
Later, she married a fellow migrant worker, moved to his village, gave birth to two girls, and used the money she saved to buy a used American car and an apartment for her parents.
Across China, there are 150 million workers like her, one-third of whom are women, who have left their villages to work in cities, in factories, hotels, restaurants, construction sites.
In total, it's the largest population migration in history. This is also globalization. The strings of the chain start in the rural areas of China, and continue to the iPhones in our pockets, to the Nikes at our feet, to the Coach bags on our wrists, in huge numbers. of migrant workers Work and marriage have changed the way they live and think
When I first arrived in Dongguan, I was worried that listening to the workers for a long time would make me feel depressed.
Thank you very much. (Applause)
In this community, this is business synergy.
This is also a global business.
This is a shopping mall
Oshodi Market in Lagos
It used to be called the informal economy, the underground economy, the black market.
The French word "débrouillardise" means "self-reliant," and in the former French colonies, it stands for "System D," the self-reliant economy, the do-it-yourself economy.
This is the pickle economy
It's worth $1.5 trillion each year, which is a staggering amount.
That's three times the gross domestic product of Switzerland
1.8 billion people worldwide work in the unregulated informal economy.
It's a huge number, but what does it mean?
Over the next 15 years, projections show that most of the economic growth will come from emerging economies, and this economy will easily overtake the United States to become the world's largest.
This is not limited to Africa
One in seven Africans is Nigerian, so it's a mobile market that everyone wants to be a part of. When MTN decided to enter, the mobile services they were trying to sell were similar to those in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe. You get a monthly plan, you get a call, you pay the overage, you get caught up in the bills, but the plan fails.
Umbrella shops dotting the streets, all unlicensed and unlicensed, but MTN makes most of its profits, maybe 90 percent, through System D, the informal economy.
So where are the phones coming from?
Versace without vowels
Guucci (Laughter) (Applause) All over the world, products are being sold in this way. For example, in São Paulo, Brazil, on Via Vincicinco de Março, you can find counterfeit designer glasses,
This sneaker maker told me that if there's a pirated copy of Puma or Adidas, and if their sneakers aren't pirated, they think there's something wrong with their product -- (Laughter) -- so it's important to track pirates. The customer is not the manufacturer's customer. A real customer should want the real thing.
Second, according to the Austrian anarchist philosopher Paul Feyerabend, facts are relative: what is established as a right of self-reliance to Nigerian merchants is unofficial and intolerable to others. So we should know that definitions and facts of things differ from person to person.
Thank you very much — (Applause) (Applause)
"Five hospitals in Aleppo hit by bombs"
One of the hospitals that was attacked was a children's hospital run by the Independent Doctors Association (IDA), led by my Syrian colleagues.
i was devastated
I and my fellow humanitarians have shed blood, sweat and tears to rebuild hospitals again and again so that patients can live, not die.
Humans survive even in a crisis because of the wonderful efforts of those who are in the middle of the crisis.
People survive because the local doctors, nurses and aid workers, who come from the very communities that have been affected, are working at great risk in places where others can't or don't want to go.
The data show that Syrian organizations provide 75 percent of humanitarian aid in Syria.
And the same thing is happening in crisis zones around the world.
This means that those who have the knowledge and skills to respond to situations on the front lines do not have the tools, equipment, personnel and resources necessary to save lives.
Organizations like IDA don't have the money to rebuild hospitals.
When I received this text, I was on a sabbatical taking a break from clinical work to start CanDo, a startup that addresses the imbalance in the health care supply, where local first responders bring health care to war-hit communities. allow to provide
It was a global crowdfunding campaign that would help the IDA build a brand new children's hospital, and if we succeeded in raising the money, we would transport the medical equipment all the way from London all the way to the Syrian border.
Thousands of people around the world came together to do the first thing in the world: the first crowdfunded hospital.
Deeply moved by the goodwill of the people, IDA named the hospital "Hope Hospital."
(Applause) We can save lives in the most volatile places on earth.
The existing system needs change, and it starts with all of us sharing a new humanitarian vision: a vision of global citizens with their skills, their expertise and their assets, working together with those who operate locally. We're all humanitarians, and it's about using vital resources efficiently and effectively by putting them in the hands of those who need them most.
Local humanitarians have the courage to persevere, dust off the wreckage, and tirelessly risk their own lives to save lives.
thank you
Why are hospitals bombed?
According to Physicians for Human Rights, nearly 500 attacks on hospitals have killed more than 800 medical workers, more than 90% of them at the hands of the Syrian government. It's being used as a weapon in an effort to destroy it.
What does it mean to you that 5,000 people around the world donated $350,000 to build Hope Hospital?
I think those who donated renewed their faith in humanity, like a tangible return, knowing that there are people like the IDA and the doctors who work there who represent the best of humanity. it was something
(applause)
I have been diagnosed with stage 4 lung cancer.
I don't have young children
(Laughter) (Applause) And the best part is that I've accomplished something that I'm proud of.
I didn't know this until someone tweeted it a year ago.
(Laughter) But something happened that made me realize that maybe reality isn't real.
I needed private yoga lessons, so I ended up signing a development contract with Disney.
(Laughter) That's when I realized
So I started studying quantum physics and chaos theory to find real reality. I just finished making a movie. After I finished filming the movie, I broke my leg and it didn't heal, so a year later I had to have surgery again, which took a year and two years in a wheelchair.
I should have just been aware of my precarious relationship with the zeitgeist—
I'm not a scientist, but I have this uncanny ability to understand everything about science, except the actual science -- (Laughter) because that's math.
(Laughter) Particle-wave duality, the idea that one thing can appear in two other forms.
The theory that a photon can appear as a particle or as a wave is consistent with my deepest intuition: people are good and bad, ideas are good and bad.
(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
doesn't make sense
If you read about quantum physics like I did -- well, you just read an email from someone who read about quantum physics -- (Laughter) we live in the clockwork universe that Newton argued. you must understand that you are not
We live in a universe made of banana peels, and it's impossible to know everything, to control everything, to predict everything.
nature is like a self-driving car
The source is Hannah Arendt, the German philosopher who wrote "The Human Condition."
“Work is something that comes out of your head, invents it, creates it, and leaves a mark on the world.
Labor, on the other hand, is associated with the body
So to me, the idea that denies the human biorhythm, the cyclical rhythm of the universe, doesn't create a comfortable environment for women and those involved in labor, in other words, for the descendants of enslaved people and manual labourers. people who encourage
First of all, I appreciate life very much, but I don't want to be immortal.
(Laughter) I actually have proof.
Because I'm now looking at death from the perspective of German biologists, and Andreas Weber looks at death as part of the gift economy.
it actually happens
Hahahaha I win!
Even quantum physicists aren't sure what happens when waves become particles.
thank you for making my life real
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you.
The first was in 1997, when Garry Kasparov lost to a computer called Deep Blue.
For many, this was the beginning of a new era, one in which machines would rule over humans.
Now, 20 years later, the way we interact with computers has improved so much that we've entered an era typified by the iPad, and it wasn't HAL.
Even a supercomputer lost to a human champion paired with an underpowered laptop.
Licklider was a giant of computer science who contributed greatly to the development of computational technology and the Internet.
Protein folding is as deep as chess: there are more folding combinations than there are atoms in the universe.
A 9/11 memorial was built at the site of the Twin Towers.
Another example is big data
Most approaches to big data focus on "how do we store, retrieve and process data?"
When PayPal started business, their biggest problem wasn't "How do I transfer money online?"
And the last question revealed a surprising truth
Analyzing the data was difficult because the originals were in Arabic, and papers had to be scanned and translated.
In January 2010, a devastating 7.0-magnitude earthquake hit Haiti, the third deadliest on record, leaving 1 million people homeless, 10% of the population.
January and February are the dry months in Haiti, and many shelters were filled with water.
Thank you. (Applause)
That's because Rajiv has a mental illness.
Disparities in the quality of care available are one reason why people suffering from mental illness live shorter lives than those who are not mentally ill.
And in the developing world of the world, the gap is even wider.
Of course, mental illness can lead to death more directly, most notably suicide.
We're not just concerned with the impact of health conditions on lifespan, but also the quality of life they live.
Now, to analyze the overall impact of health conditions on both lifespan and quality of life, we need to use a metric called DALY, which stands for Disability-Adjusted Life Years.
For example, various mental illnesses are leading causes of disability worldwide.
For example, depression is the third leading cause of disability in children, alongside diarrhea and pneumonia.
Mental illness collectively accounts for about 15 percent of the global disease burden.
And one of the key challenges I faced was the acute shortage of mental health professionals, such as psychiatrists and psychologists, especially in developing countries.
The team I worked for was extremely talented, caring, and most importantly, highly trained mental health professionals.
After my training, I worked first in Zimbabwe and then in India, but I was faced with a whole new reality.
That reality was a world where mental health professionals were almost non-existent.
Zimbabwe had only about a dozen psychiatrists, most of whom lived and worked in the city of Harare, which meant that the remaining two or so would have to meet the mental health needs of nine million people living in rural areas. did not
To put it simply, let's say India has the same proportion of psychiatrists as the UK, and simple math says there are about 150,000 psychiatrists in India.
I quickly realized that I could not follow the model of health care that I had been taught, relying on highly specialized and expensive psychiatric professionals, mental health care in countries like India and Zimbabwe. can't provide
So I had to think outside the box and come up with a different model of care.
That's when I stumbled upon these books, and in these books, I stumbled upon the idea of ​​task shifting in global health care.
I'm happy to say that over the last decade there have been a number of mental health task-shifting experiments in developing countries around the world. It's about depression, which is the most common
In rural Uganda, Paul Bolton and his colleagues demonstrated that villagers could provide interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed patients, and in a randomized controlled trial, 90 percent of those who received this intervention. About 40 percent recovered in the control village compared to the recovery of symptoms.
Similarly, in a randomized controlled trial in rural Pakistan, Atif Raman and colleagues found that maternal health nurses working in the Pakistani health system administered cognitive-behavioral therapy to depressed mothers. We found that the rate of recovery increased significantly, with approximately 75 percent of the mothers recovering, compared to approximately 45 percent in the control village.
SUNDAR means "attractive" in Hindi
If ordinary people can more effectively care for the health of their communities, they can also protect their own health. To me, task shifting is the height of the democratization of medical knowledge, the height of the democratization of medical knowledge. It's the ultimate in strength
Over 30 years ago, the nations of the world gathered at Alma-Ata to make this symbolic declaration.
Implementing the slogan "Health for All" requires everyone to be involved in the process, and in mental health, especially mental health patients and their caregivers.
The White House was an open house when it was built in the early 19th century.
Neighbors were coming and going, and during President Adams, a local dentist came.
he wanted to shake hands with the president
The president dismissed the secretary of state from the meeting and asked the dentist to pull his tooth out.
Later, in the 1850s, President Pierce is known to have said, and perhaps the only thing he is known to do, is that a neighbor walked by and said, "I'd like to see your pretty house." "Of course, please come in.
It's not my house, it's the people's house."
we were using Windows 2000
What did we do to create an open government policy? So, of course, we asked public sector officials how to open up government.
Today we have so many technologies that allow us to express ourselves, almost too many.
The same goes for our social systems, our governmental systems. At least flow serves as a metaphor for what's wrong, what's broken, and what's urgent and what we're all feeling today. redesigning the flow of our system
Of course, it's easy to complain about partisan politics and rigid bureaucracies, and it's fun to complain about the government -- it's an endless pastime, especially during elections. The world is complex, and soon there will be over 10 billion people, many of whom lack the resources to survive.
Facebook has 3,000 employees managing 900 million users.
But we can learn something from social media
Why is Twitter so successful? because we opened the platform
There's a precedent for this: Henry II invented the jury system in the 12th century.
It's a powerful, practical, easy-to-understand model of transferring power from government to citizens.
Right now, we have the opportunity and the urgency to create many new ways to interconnect networks and regimes, many new kinds of jurors: citizen jurors, things like Carrotmob hackathons, where we're coordinating administrative processes. I'm starting to build a model
I'm not entirely sure what this will look like at this point, but I'm starting to see evolution emerging all around us, and I'm even beginning to call it a revolution of governance, not an evolution.
Some of it is high tech, some of it is very low tech. MKSS is doing a project in Rajasthan, India, where they collect government spending data, paint it on the walls of 100,000 villages, and invite villagers to ask who is responsible for paying the state bills. and who's dead, where there's no bridge, and so on, and so on.
After the post-election riots in Kenya in 2008, we built a crisis map site and community that could be crowdsourced to better deliver life-saving services to people under the rubble after the earthquakes in Haiti and more recently in Italy. is aimed at
And the Red Cross trains volunteers, authenticates them on Twitter, and often replaces rather than supplements the established government apparatus.
In February, he said at the White House, "I want to fund an award that builds scalable applications that help not only the homeless, but those who deliver services."
Finalists will be announced between February 2012 and June 2012
Can you imagine doing anything in four months in the bureaucratic world of yesteryear?
And let me be very clear that this open government revolution is not about privatizing government. It's not the rules and legislation that bring about a litigious society like
Texas regulates 515 occupations, from water well drilling to florist work.
In Dallas, you can carry a gun inside a church, but you can't do flower arrangements without a permit, and you'll end up in jail.
So what is Texas doing? It's using an online policy wiki to not only get rid of pesky regulations that stifle entrepreneurship, but to use policy transparency with new iPhone applications to innovate more from these regulations. It's trying to achieve both protection of consumers and the masses, and economic development, like replacing the
It's not just the development benefits we've been talking about, but the economic benefits and job creation from this open innovation.
Sberbank, Russia's largest and oldest bank, largely owned by the Russian government, has started crowdsourcing to connect employees and citizens to drive innovation.
Last year they saved a billion dollars, 30 billion rubles in an open renovation, and they're radically pushing the expansion of crowdsourcing, not just in banking, but in the public sector.
There are many examples of innovators using open government data, not only building apps, but also working with governments, building companies, hiring people.
In San Ramon, California, there's an iPhone app that proves CPR eligibility, and if someone has a heart attack, the app will notify you so you can rush to them and give them CPR.
Patients who receive bystander CPR are more than twice as likely to survive.
Let me be clear here, perhaps controversially, that open government does not mean transparent government.
In Russia, with wikis, in Lithuania as well, citizens write the laws. As we begin to look at the key functions of government -- spending, legislation, and policy making -- we are making steady progress toward an open government revolution.
Making data open is one of them, but the important thing is creating more, curating more, creating more opportunities for participation.
That's why we start with the youngest people.
We should teach young people that we are not in a passive, read-only society, but in a writable one. By changing communities and changing institutions, we can move toward open government innovation, toward open government action, toward open government revolution.
we really don't have the words to describe it yet
Thank you. (Applause)
For hundreds of years, thousands of years, the home has been the center of life.
In the next 15 years, 300 to 400 million people will move to cities in China alone.
Cities account for 90% of population growth, 80% of CO2 growth, 75% of energy use, and more and more people are willing to move to cities.
More than half of the world's population lives in cities and the proportion will increase
Cities are places of celebration and personal expression
you too? (Laughter) Cities are where most of the wealth is born, especially in the developing world, where women can thrive.
That's why cities are growing so fast.
(Laughter) It's a place for people.
Cities come with their downsides: congestion, pollution, disease.
The 20 arrondissements of Paris are these little villages.
In Pittsburgh, for example, there's almost nothing within a five-minute walk.
Media Lab is developing a car for this small city, a car specifically for shared use in the city.
Boston Mayor Menino says one of Boston's biggest problems is the lack of housing for young people.
This will require twice as much parking.
Parking will end at $10,000 per car.
We've put sensors in furniture and all furnishings to see where people are and what they're doing.
This is the data captured by the sensors embedded in the furniture.
These wireless sensors are more effective
This can also be combined with LED lighting
workplace should be shared
We also need a shared space for interaction and collaboration.
Ultimately, I think all of these things will come together to create new mobility, new housing, new models of work and housing, and a high-tech marketplace.
Like many of you here, I try to contribute to the African Renaissance.
The problem of African transformation is really a question of leadership.
My point is that how we educate our leaders is critical to the progress of this continent.
I would like to tell a few stories to explain my thoughts.
An American friend of mine volunteered as a nurse in Ghana this year. In three months, she reached a conclusion that I have been reaching for over a decade about leadership in Africa.
Twice she experienced a power outage in the hospital in the middle of an operation.
There was no flashlight, no lamp, no candle, it was pitch black.
The second time was during surgery under local anesthesia.
The anesthesia wears off gradually and the patient feels pain.
The hospital could have bought a flashlight.
And the same thing happened twice.
Another time, she was horrified to see a patient die because the nurses had deliberately withheld oxygen.
Three months later, just before she left for America, nurses in Accra went on strike.
Start again from the beginning.
they are elite. is our leader.
Their decisions and actions matter.
When I talk about leaders, I'm not just talking about political leaders.
I've heard a lot about this.
I'm talking about the elite.
Lawyers, judges, police, doctors, engineers, civil servants, they are leaders.
And you have to train them right.
Now, my first bitter and unforgettable experience in leadership in Ghana happened when I was 16 years old.
One day, I was going to the airport to pick up my father, and I was walking up a grassy slope from the parking lot to the terminal building when I was stopped by two soldiers with AK-47 rifles.
I was sixteen. I was very worried about what my classmates would think if they saw me running uphill.
I was especially worried about what the girls would think of me.
I may be a little reckless, but I was 16 years old.
I was lucky then.
A Ghana Airlines pilot found himself in the same situation.
What lessons can you take from this experience?
I also learned about courage.
It was important not to see the gun.
Thinking about girls is sometimes helpful.
(Laughter) Two years later, I got a scholarship and left Ghana to attend Swarthmore College.
I got good grades in my economics class because I was considered to have a good understanding of basic economics.
But I learned something deeper than that, that the leaders, the people who run Ghana's economy, are making shockingly bad decisions. That's why our economy was on the verge of collapse.
And that lesson again. how important leadership is.
But I didn't really understand what was happening to me at Swarthmore.
Became part of a team. Thinking and learning together, this team's job was to design and deliver new software that creates value in the world.
And I realized what had happened to me at Swarthmore. What had happened to me was my ability to face complex problems and design solutions.
During my time at Microsoft, the company's annual revenue exceeded the GDP of the Republic of Ghana.
I have already told you one of the reasons why this is happening.
But there are also external factors: free markets, the rule of law, infrastructure.
These are provided by institutions and run by people called leaders.
Someone trained them to do the work they do.
A funny thing happened while I was at Microsoft
I became a parent.
I realized that the state of the African continent was important to my children and their children.
The state of the world, yes, the state of the world, depends on what is happening in Africa. As far as my child is concerned
And when I was in what I call a pre-midlife crisis, Africa was a mess.
Rwanda was in the midst of a genocidal war
I could no longer feel content living in Seattle, raising my kids in an upper-middle-class neighborhood.
Three things came up over and over again in every issue. Corruption, weak institutions and the people who run them: the leaders.
But I asked, "Where do leaders come from?
Why does Ghana produce leaders who are unethical and incapable of solving problems? "
But Ghana has not paid enough attention to this.
In fact, it is so throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
I'm trying to bring to Africa what I experienced at Swarthmore
I wish every African country had a liberal arts university.
What we do at Ashesi University is to train a new generation of ethical, entrepreneurial leaders.
We train leaders of exceptional character who are capable of facing complex problems head-on, asking the right questions and coming up with solutions.
If we educate them, if we let them discuss real issues that face our entire society, if we give them the skills to engage with the real world, I believe magic happens.
It's great to be involved in empowering someone like this.
i am now thinking
Can we create a perfect society?
But the debate they're having right now about what a good society should look like, what a great society should look like, is really good.
These young future leaders are beginning to understand the problem of true leadership, the privilege of true leadership, which ultimately comes down to service to humanity.
For the first time in Ghana's history, a woman was elected president of a university's student body.
she won 75% of the vote
A company called West Africa seems to appreciate what is happening to our students.
Africa's current and future leaders have an incredible opportunity to lead the continent into a major renaissance.
incredible opportunity.
There aren't many opportunities like this in the world.
We are reaching the moment when a great society can be born in one generation.
(applause)
That murder happened about 21 years ago on January 18, 1991, in a small bedroom town in Lynnwood, California, just a few miles from Los Angeles.
He was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment and imprisoned in Folsom Prison.
It's a "reconstructed memory" so to speak.
This happens all the time in every aspect of life
But this incident happened at 7:00 pm in the northern hemisphere in mid-January.
He didn't have a real gun, but a black one that resembled the gun that was documented.
At this point I was a little worried
This judge is someone you definitely don't want to play poker with.
In addition, the roof of the car casts a shadow to make the inside of the car even darker, making the inside of the car even darker.
What I want to raise here is that we advocate for the need to bring more science into the courts through policies and procedures, and a big step toward that, I'm sorry to say, is that law schools are bringing science, technology, engineering, and mathematics together. It should be given more weight as a compulsory course, because that's where everyone learns and becomes a judge.
The way we choose judges in this country
we all need to be careful
All our memories are reconstructed memories
Thank you for your attention. (Applause)
For several years now, we've been exploring the possibility of developing biofuels at a scale that's competitive with fossil fuels, without taking away the water, fertilizers, and land needed to grow food.
So what are microalgae? A microscale, a very small, single-celled organism, compared to a human hair, it looks like this.
Named OMEGA, taking the initials of "membrane container for marine algae cultivation"
I've already mentioned that these algae give off oxygen, but they also produce useful things like biofuels, fertilizers, food, and byproducts unique to algae.
And to study the impact of this structure on the marine environment, we set up a field study in Monterey Bay, the Moss Landing Marine Laboratory, to see how this structure would affect marine life.
Now, the most important feature that we developed was the photobioreactor (PBR).
Let me show you how the system works
But this is like putting a plastic bag over your head.
We can easily harvest the algae by removing the algae that accumulates at the bottom of the column and then floating the algae to the surface and skimming it with a net.
We also wanted to study the impact of this system on the marine environment, and as I said, we set up a field research station, the Moss Landing Marine Laboratory.
First, the biological study of this system looked not only at how the algae grow, but also what eats and kills the algae.
What about operating costs
And what about the overall economic structure?
You could also think of producing high-value foods like oysters, which could eventually become a competitive fuel source if these were the driving force of the system and scaled up over time.
The problem is what to do with the large amount of plastic that we need in our marine environment.
That's less than 1% of the surface area of ​​the entire bay This is less than 1% of the surface area of ​​the entire bay
Of course San Francisco Bay is possible.
So biofuel production is integrated with alternative energy, and it's integrated with aquaculture.
I was on a quest for innovative ways to produce sustainable biofuels, and along the way, I realized that sustainability requires integration, not innovation.
Can the project continue within NASA? Or do you need an ambitious green energy fund or something to keep going?
Embryonic stem cells are truly amazing cells.
Soon we will be able to use stem cells to replace damaged or diseased cells.
I believe that stem cell research will make diseases like Alzheimer's and diabetes, like polio, preventable by the time our children grow up.
So this field is a great hope for humanity, but it's politically and financially under siege, as you look back more than 35 years and look back at the in vitro fertilization process that led to Louise's healthy birth.
So in 2005, we created the New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, a small organization that could advance and support this research.
It wasn't long before I realized that not only medical research, but drug and treatment development, as you might imagine, is dominated by big institutions, and in new fields, big institutions struggle to get out of their way, and sometimes ask the right questions. And that's further widening the huge gap between academic research and the pharmaceutical and biotech companies tasked with delivering medicines and treatments. We need to solve the problem with two things: new technology and new research models.
In 1998, human embryonic stem cells were first discovered, and just nine years later, a group of Japanese scientists were able to reprogram the extracted skin cells with a very potent virus, and the result was this. are induced pluripotent stem cells, commonly known as iPS cells, a type of embryonic stem cell.
This was a huge breakthrough, because even though these cells aren't still standard human embryonic stem cells, they're useful for modeling disease and, in principle, for drug discovery.
A few months later, in 2008, one of our scientists developed that study, and he took a skin biopsy, this time from a patient with a motor neuron disease called ALS.
This is a terrible business model
you have to look at the big picture
We need to move away from the traditional one-size-fits-all model
You can't buy shoes with that, much less because our bodies are many times more complex than just our feet.
Even if we can do that, there's another big hurdle, and we have to start with mapping the human genome, because we're all different.
It's like having an app without a smartphone
It also has great parallelism, and it's expected to change the drug discovery process. What I think is going to happen eventually is rescreening drugs on arrays like this, all the drugs that exist today, the drugs of the future. And treatments are likely to have been scrutinized beforehand for side effects, in all the cells involved, brain cells, heart muscle cells, liver cells.
At some point in our lives, we all become patients, either ourselves or someone we love, which is why stem cell research is so important to all of us.
Thank you. (Applause)
Fifteen years ago, people thought that the brain undergoes most of its development just a few years after birth.
Now, adolescence is supposed to be the period that begins with the biological, hormonal and physical changes that occur during puberty and ends when you become socially stable and independent.
This is a model of the human brain, and this part of the front is the prefrontal cortex.
It's also involved in social interactions, understanding others, and self-awareness.
The arrow points to the peak of gray matter volume in the prefrontal cortex. Boys reach this peak about two years later than girls. On average, boys hit puberty about two years later than girls. And gray matter volume in the prefrontal cortex decreases significantly during adolescence.
This is a very important process, and to some extent it's also influenced by the environment in which the organism lives: synapses that are being used become stronger, and synapses that aren't used to live in that environment are eliminated.
(Laughter) Michael Owen, who missed a goal, is lying on the ground, holding his head. In this picture, social and emotional responses are automatic and instinctive. The moment Owen misses the goal, everyone does the same thing with their arms and faces, the same gesture, the same expression. They're the only ones in yellow. (Laughter) They should be on the other side of the stadium. Another aspect of the human brain, which this picture shows so well, is that we have a very good ability to read the emotions and psychology of the people around us by looking at their behavior, their actions, their gestures, their facial expressions.
That's what my lab is interested in.
Imagine that, as a participant in this experiment, you walked into the lab and were shown a task like this on your computer.
You're moving the white truck instead of the blue truck.
Some people ask, "Is adolescence a relatively new phenomenon?
Probably not. People in the past described adolescence in the same way that we do today.
In a well-known quote, Shakespeare, in The Winter's Tale, wrote about adolescence, "How wonderful it would be if the ages between 10 and 23 were gone, or if you slept all the time, my daughter. There's nothing to do but to get pregnant, to harass the old, to steal, and to fight." (Laughter) Almost 400 years ago, Shakespeare described adolescence in the same way that we do today. I'm trying to better understand their behavior.
They are more likely to take risks than children or adults, especially when they have friends around them, which is an important urge in adolescence to stand up from their parents and impress their friends.
The limbic system is deep in the brain, and it's the part of the brain that processes emotions and rewards. It's this part of the brain that makes us feel rewarded when we do something interesting, even if it's risky.
For example, all four of my grandparents dropped out of school in early adolescence and had no other choice.
But this is the period of life when the brain is most adaptable, adaptable.
It reflects changes in the brain that provide the best opportunities for learning and social development. Thank you. (Applause)
It's time to start designing for your ears
The various "sounds" that surround us affect us without us realizing it.
Space has both noise and acoustic properties.
most rooms are not very good
Noise levels have doubled since 1972, affecting not only patients but also hospital workers.
education
("Do architects have ears?") (Laughter) That's kind of mean. Some of my best friends are architects. (Laughter) They have ears.
If you compare education to watering a garden, unfortunately most of the water evaporates before it reaches the flowers, and this is especially true for deaf children, for example.
(Buzz) A German study found that the average noise level in a classroom is 65 decibels.
Heart rate increases with noise
A few weeks ago, I moderated a conference in London called "Sound Education," attended by leading acousticians, government officials, teachers and others.
Through this conference, we developed a free app that the kids use when they come home and study in a noisy kitchen.
It's time to start designing for your ears
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Thank you (Applause)
I went to the local bakery and got some stale bread.
Great food that is still edible is being wasted on a large scale.
America's food supply is four times more than we need.
Whenever I hear that the world will have nine billion people by 2050, and that we need to increase food production to feed everyone, this graph comes to mind.
Yesterday I went to a supermarket near my house, which is where I often go, so I can find out what they're throwing away.
As a result, at best, it's either dog food or it's incinerated.
it's a sheep organ
This is an experiment I did with lettuce
Does anyone keep lettuce in the refrigerator?
As I said earlier, some food waste is inevitable, so what do we do about it?
But in Europe, such practices have been banned since the 2001 foot-and-mouth epidemic.
Europe now imports millions of tons of soybeans from South America, and South American farmers are fueling global warming, deforestation, and biodiversity loss to feed European livestock.
Stop wasting food. Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
We get up in the morning, get dressed, put on our shoes and go out.
As soon as I heard that, I was suddenly transported out of the subway car into one night, where I was being transported in an ambulance that night, from the sidewalk where I was stabbed, to the treatment room at St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan, and what happened. So first came the gangs from Brooklyn.
I ran down the street and collapsed, and the paramedics intubated me on the sidewalk and alerted the infirmary.
(Laughter) The nurse laughed hysterically, and I moved my head to look at them all, and I was reminded of my college days, when we were collecting money for flood victims in Bangladesh, and the anesthesiologist. He was putting an anesthetic mask on me, and I thought, 'He looks Bangladeshi. But then the doctors operated through the night. During the operation, they needed about 40 packs of blood transfusions. He told me that what he had done was remove my appendix, and I was grateful that he had watched me through to the end. (Laughter) In the morning, I regained consciousness.
It's like you're complaining that I gave you a new car and there's no parking space.
You're alive, that's what matters
Thank you. (Applause) I'm so lucky to be here. Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
Today I'm going to talk to you about a difficult problem that's close to me, and it's a topic that's more relevant to you than you might think.
I was forced to leave my hometown, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where I was a student activist.
I hope my children can also meet families in the Congo.
It stores energy in your cell phone, your PlayStation, and your laptop.
It would be nice if the story ended here
Over 5 million people have died in the Congo since 1996.
Countless people, young and old, men and women, have been raped, tortured and forced into slavery.
One of the more well-known illegal trade routes is the route across the border with Rwanda, where Congolese tantalum is marketed as Rwandan.
Similar to the Arab Spring, during the recent Congolese elections, voters were able to send messages from their local polling stations to headquarters in the capital, Kinshasa.
Mobile phones have become an important tool for people around the world to achieve political freedom.
It's truly revolutionized the way people communicate around the world.
The mobile phone is a tool that brings freedom, but at the same time it creates oppression.
Now is the time to question technology.
I'm speaking directly to the TED community right now, including people around the world watching this video on their computers and mobile phones, and of course people in the Congo.
The United States recently passed legislation to crack down on bribery and corruption in the Congo.
In February, Nokia announced a new policy on ore sourcing from the Congo, and Apple has also filed a petition demanding that it manufacture iPhones in a conflict-free manner.
When I first came to England 21 years ago, I was homesick.
It's time to demand fair trade on mobile phones
(applause)
There's never been a better time to be a molecular biologist. (Laughter) It's getting easier and cheaper to read and write DNA.
It has the potential to replace fossil fuels, revolutionize medicine, and impact every aspect of our daily lives.
The underlying idea is that if we open the door to science and allow different groups to participate, it encourages innovation.
So three years ago, I co-founded Genspace with a friend who had the same ambition.
"Am I a biohazard?" (Laughter) It was very depressing.
Biohackers work alone
We work in groups, in big cities (Laughter) in small villages.
We also do genetic engineering of bacteria.
we grow things
Now we comply with state and local regulations.
We dispose of our waste properly, we follow safety procedures, we don't handle pathogens.
Sometimes people ask me, "What about accidents?"
It's a study at Harvard University, and at the end of that study, my whole genome sequence, my medical information, my personal information, will be taken and made available online for everyone to see.
There were a number of risks that were explained to me during informed consent.
You may be wondering, "What can I do in a biolab?"
It wasn't that long ago that people were asking themselves, "What can I do with a computer?"
We are only seeing the tip of the DNA iceberg
A biohacker by profession, a journalist in Germany, tried to find out whose dog was always leaving gifts on the street.
(Laughter) (Applause) Yes, you guessed it. He played tennis balls with all the dogs in the neighborhood, analyzed their saliva, identified the culprit dog, and presented the evidence to his owner.
It's actually a Japanese beetle
We can also fly balloons into the stratosphere to gather microbes and see what's living there.
We can also make biosensors out of yeast to detect contaminants in water.
We can also build things like biofuel cells.
We can do projects that combine art and science, some of which are quite grand, and look at social and environmental issues from a unique perspective.
Some people ask me why I get involved in all this.
A space like this all over the world would change the perception of who has the right to do biotechnology.
We are drawn to body language, and we are particularly interested in other people's body language.
We pay attention to this kind of awkward interaction, (Laughter), a smile, a disdainful look, or an awkward wink, or a handshake.
A lucky cop shakes hands with the President of the United States.
So body language, which we social scientists call "nonverbal behavior," is also a form of verbal communication.
Social scientists have spent a lot of time studying the effects of body language and how it influences people's judgment.
I'm a social psychologist who studies prejudice and teaches at a competitive business school, so I became interested in human power dynamics.
What nonverbal expressions of power and control look like
Again, humans and animals do the same.
There are two things to notice about this.
It seems to be related to gender
Our question is, does how we think and feel about ourselves depend so much on nonverbal behavior?
So the second question is, we know that the mind changes the body, but does the body also change the mind?
There are many differences between powerful and powerless people.
Physiologically, we also see differences in two important hormones: testosterone, the dominance hormone, and cortisol, the stress hormone.
In a herd of primates, powerful bosses have high testosterone and low cortisol, but strong, effective leaders also have high testosterone and low cortisol.
So there's evidence that just as the body can shape the mind, at least on a superficial level, role changes can shape the mind.
If you touch your neck, you're trying to protect yourself.
Then, at different times, we ask them, "How powerful do you feel?" We give them the opportunity to gamble, and then they take saliva samples again.
That's it, that's the experiment.
We've all experienced that feeling, right?
So the next question is, can a few minutes of power poses really change your life in a meaningful way?
I was in a terrible car accident when I was 19.
I first arrived at Cote d'Ivoire Abidjan Airport on a sweaty morning
I quit Wall Street, got my hair done like Margaret Mead, got rid of everything I had, and arrived with only the essentials: a book of poetry, clothes, a guitar, and I knew that if we were going to save the world, we'd start on the continent of Africa.
I was too young, never married, never had children, had no knowledge of Africa, and my French was terrible.
It was a very difficult time in my life, and at the same time, I learned the importance of listening with humility.
Failure can also be a big motivator, and then I moved to Kenya, worked in Uganda, met a group of Rwandan women, and in 1986 helped them set up Kigali's first microfinance.
I started looking into things and heard about a bakery run by 20 prostitutes.
I also learned that the bakery wasn't a business, but a classic charity run by someone with good intentions, who put in $600 a month to get these women to make crafts, baked goods, and more for a day. I'll give them 50 cents, but they're still poor.
And they started listening to the market and coming back with ideas like cassava, banana chips and sorghum bread, and they quickly became part of the Kigali market, earning three to four times the national average. became
And so, one week, two weeks, three weeks went by, and at the end I said, "Well, what about blue?"
"I love blue. Let's make it blue."
The walls are blue, the windows are blue, the sidewalk in front is also blue
So I spent two and a half years in Kigali, and it was an amazing experience.
First, dignity is more important to the human spirit than wealth.
But we must also remember that we are people who want to see each other and want to hear each other.
Second, traditional charity and aid will not solve the problem of poverty.
At the micro level, the alignment of investment and philanthropy has an important role to play.
Meanwhile, at the macro level, several speakers suggested that even health should be privatized.
But I have a father with heart disease, and I know that my family can't afford it, and with the help of a close friend, I know that everyone should have affordable access to health. I believe
These lessons made me decide six years ago to start the Acumen Fund.
By investing about $20 million in 20 companies, we created 20,000 jobs and provided tens of millions of services to people who were previously out of reach.
I'll tell you two stories from Africa.
Together, we're talking about investing in entrepreneurs who are committed to service and know the market.
It was founded in Kenya about seven years ago by talented entrepreneur Patrick Henfrey and three colleagues.
As some of you may have visited, these farmers are helping Kickstart and TechnoServ to become more self-sufficient.
Acumen has been working with ABE for the past year and a half to see new business and expansion plans, provide operational support, develop investment terms and help raise capital.
This is Samuel, he's a farmer.
Actually lived in the slums of Kibera when his father told him about Artemisia.
It has transitioned from socialism to capitalism in Tanzania and continues to thrive.It employed 1,000 people when I first visited.
Joint venture with Sumitomo
Anuj and Acumen discussed the challenge to the private sector, and aid agencies hypothesize that countries like Tanzania have 80 percent of the population living on less than two dollars a day.
We said, 'There are other options.
She grew up on a farm in Austria, was poor, and had little education.
She came to the United States, met her grandfather, a cement hauler, and had nine children, three of whom died in infancy.
But it was because of the opportunities in the marketplace, living in a safe society, with access to health and education, so that her children and grandchildren could live purposefully and pursue their dreams.
If you look at my brothers, sisters and cousins, there are many of them: teachers, musicians, hedge fund managers, designers.
My hope is that when I meet these women and farmers who work hard every day, and when I think of everyone on the continent, they feel the opportunity and the potential and the conviction that their children live with a great purpose. to use the service
it shouldn't be that hard
Investing in entrepreneurs who are committed to service and success
thank you
(applause)
He surrounded himself with young, obscure scholars - Martin Buber, Shmuel Agnon, Franz Kafka - and he paid them a monthly salary so that they could devote themselves to writing.
His department store was confiscated and he spent the rest of his life in a tireless pursuit of art and culture.
The power of self-study
I remember my father saying, "If everyone in the neighborhood buys a TV, we're going to buy an FM radio." (Laughter) This is me, holding my first abacus. (Laughter) One of the things I've learned at home is that educators don't necessarily have to teach.
Twelve years ago, Noam and I were already professors of computer science, and we were both frustrated by the same phenomenon.
First we have to decide where to start, so Noam and I decided to choose the simplest element as the basis for our cathedral, and it's called NAND.
This is the team that helped make this happen.
NAND2Tetris became the world's first MOOC (Massive Open Online Course), although seven years ago we had no idea that such a thing would be called a MOOC.
A lot of people who are drawn to these courses have a hacker mentality.
They're curious about how things work, and they like working in groups, like this hacker club in Washington, D.C., where they use our materials to offer community courses.
Because the materials are open source and widely available, some people use them in very strange and unexpected ways.
So many people have gone on the NAND2Tetris pilgrimage, so to speak, where they've had life-changing experiences.
For example, Dan Rounds is from East Lansing, Michigan, studying music and math.
As Churchill put it, "Courage is the ability to keep losing without losing your passion." (Laughter) And, according to Joyce, "Mistakes are the gateway to discovery."
When we're dealing with a concept like area, we also provide a variety of tools to help children experiment and learn.
This little exercise can give you a basic idea of ​​the concept of area.
(Applause) This transformation doesn't change the area of ​​the figure, so a six-year-old playing with this app will discover for himself a clever algorithm to calculate the area of ​​a parallelogram.
This transformation doubles the area of ​​the original, so we know that the area of ​​the triangle is half the area of ​​this rectangle.
In addition to learning useful knowledge about geometry, children will be exposed to sophisticated scientific methods such as reduction, a technique for transforming complex problems into simpler or more generalized problems that can be applied to all kinds of problems. It's something that's at the core of science, or maybe we'll find properties that are invariant to transformations.
Ultimately, we'll create an adaptive ecosystem to match different learners with different apps to match evolving learning styles.
I don't know how many people know the word "mensch".
The most important thing is to be mensch." Thank you very much. (Applause) (Applause)
When I was in third grade, my father came to see me. He's a man who doesn't usually leave his job, and he's typical of working-class immigrants. "John is good at math and art," he said.
It's called the Human-Powered Computer Experiment.
When I turn on this computer, my assistants plug a giant cardboard floppy into the computer.
I'm going to talk to you today about four things.
Let's start with technology. Technology is a wonderful thing.
Then came the browser, and the browser was great, but it was primitive, and the network was slow.
Maybe we're stuck in a loop. For the last decade or so, I've been thinking about the possibilities of computing -- the role of design in how we understand things, technology -- how we can understand design. I have been interested in
I've always been fascinated by the relationship between design and technology, so let me show you some of my older work that I don't show these days, so you can see what I've been doing.
This is a square that responds to sound
At that time, I was wondering why computers don't respond to sound.
So I made it as an experiment.
I spent a lot of time in this area of ​​interactive graphics, but then I quit, and my students at MIT started to do better things than I did, so I put my mouse down.
It's a tribute to the good old typewriter, which my mother, who was a secretary to a lawyer, used to type all the time.
Typing is stressful, but hitting on this keyboard balances it out.
RISD has this wonderful facility called the Edna Lawrence Institute for Nature Research, which has 80,000 specimens -- animals, skeletons, minerals, plants.
In Rhode Island, when an animal is hit by a car, we get a call and someone goes to pick it up and stuff it.
It's not about "old" dust or "new" clouds, it's about what's good.
Art is asking questions, but leadership often asks questions.
I believe that today's leaders are expected to lead differently than in the past.
At the end of this experience, I understood why I did this.
As leaders, what we're doing is connecting the improbable and hoping that something will happen. In that room, I found a lot of connections across London, leadership that connects people. is a big challenge today
One of the things I'm doing is researching systems that connect technology and leadership from an art and design perspective.
This perspective will only spread as more leaders step into the realm of art and design, because through art and design, we can find new ways of thinking and new systems. But I'm happy to introduce you to everyone.
I'm going to join you today in thinking about why the answer to this question will be so important in the future, in an era where reputation is your most valuable asset.
I had the chance to meet him recently, and over a cup of tea, he told me how his guests, who come from all over the world, have enriched his life.
As you know, Airbnb is a peer-to-peer service that connects people who want to rent out space with people who are looking for a place to stay, and it has users in 192 countries around the world.
If you don't want a regular hotel, there's even a castle nearby where you can stay for $5,000 a night.
It's a great example of how technology has created a market where there was no market before.
Just four years ago, letting strangers stay in your home seemed like a crazy idea.
and this is 2012
This is "collaborative consumption," and it's used by people like Sebastian to become micro-entrepreneurs.
It's about building trust between strangers through the power of technology.
Welcome to the wonderful world of collaborative consumption, where you can democratically trade what you have for what you want.
Four years ago, Chris lost his job as an art buyer to find a new job in the recession.
Now, this is TaskRabbit, and here's how it got started: In this story, there's a cute little dog named Kobe.
They realized they had run out of dog food.
Six months later, Leah quit her job and TaskRabbit was born.
This is how we use our online relationships to get things done in the real world.
But I love the number one errand that gets posted more than 100 times a day, a job that many of us consider labor intensive, and that's right, building IKEA furniture. (Laughter) (Applause) That's great, and it might be funny, but Chris makes $5,000 a month doing these chores.
70% of this new workforce was previously long-term unemployed or underemployed.
Think about it, over the last 20 years, we've progressed to trusting people online to give us information, to enter credit card information, and now we're in the third wave of trust. In other words, trust can connect strangers together, and people-powered markets can be developed.
Virtual trust will change the way we build trust in person.
How do you build the kind of trust online that is built face-to-face?
You can see that over 200 people rated him with an average of 4.99 or higher out of 5.
Consider 5 million nights booked through Airbnb in the last six months.
There are 30 million car trips on Carpooling.com.
It's a bit like when I moved from New York to Sydney.
Sebastian may be popular with overnight guests, but that doesn't mean he can assemble IKEA furniture.
It's only a matter of time before search like Facebook and Google will give us a complete picture of someone's behavior over time and under different circumstances.
In fact, services like Connect.Me and Legit TrustCloud are beginning to figure out how to aggregate, monitor and use online reputation.
I believe that reputation will be a more powerful currency of the 21st century than credit reports.
Let me give you one example from the recruiting industry: reputation data can make your resume obsolete.
Four years ago, tech bloggers and entrepreneurs Spolski and Atwood decided to start Stack Overflow.
Stack Overflow was basically a place where experienced programmers could ask other talented programmers very technical, technical questions, like pixel or chrome extensions.
Thousands of programmers now find better jobs this way, and Stack Overflow and its reputation dashboard are a valuable window into what they're doing and how they're being evaluated by other peers. is
But it's the bigger concept behind Stack Overflow that's really exciting.
it's very interesting
Stack Overflow created a level playing field that allowed the truly talented to climb to the top.
He turns 50 this year, and he firmly believes that the acclaimed tapestry he's built at Airbnb will lead him to do something interesting for the rest of his life.
In the 21st century, new networks of trust will be established, and the valuation capital they create will change the way we think about wealth, market power, and individual identity in ways we can't even imagine.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
And then one of the professors said, "Your work gives me joy."
I wanted to be a designer because I wanted to solve real problems.
I was also intrigued by the fact that joy is a vague feeling, and how does it come from the objects on the table next to me?
I asked the teachers, "How do things make us feel joy?
How can tangible things create intangible joy? "
That was the beginning of my journey, a 10-year journey that I had no idea it would take at the time, to unravel the relationship between the physical world and the strange, maddening feeling of joy.
Even scientists don't always agree, sometimes equating "joy" and "happiness" and "positivity".
But when psychologists say "joy," they mean an intense, temporary, positive emotional experience that makes us smile, laugh, and jump.
It's interesting, because our culture is passionate about the pursuit of happiness, but in the process, joy is overlooked.
That got me thinking, where does joy come from?
(Laughter) After doing this for a few months, I realized that some things kept coming up again and again.
In the politically divided world we live in, the differences between people can sometimes feel so great and insurmountable.
I had these pictures on my studio wall, and every day I would come over and try to make sense of them.
These patterns show that joy begins with feeling, which is why I've come to call them the Aesthetics of Joy.
Once I discovered this, I began to find small moments of joy wherever I went, like vintage yellow cars and clever pieces of street art.
It's like I put on rose-tinted glasses, and when I knew what to look for, I started seeing them everywhere.
And especially where the most vulnerable are located: nursing homes, hospitals, homeless shelters, public housing.
And we ended up with works by the artist Shusaku Arakawa and the poet Madeline Gins, who thought that such an environment would literally kill us.
This is in line with research conducted in four countries, which shows that people who work in colorful offices are more alert, confident and friendly than those who work in drab places.
Color represents life and energy in a very primal way.
The same goes for abundance.
Humans have evolved in a world where scarcity means danger and abundance means survival.
A single confetto (candy) -- and by the way, confetti is singular -- (Laughter), even if it's not so pleasing when it's just one, when you collect a lot of it, it's the most delightful thing on earth.
Architect Emmanuel Moureaux uses this idea often in his work.
Pictured is a nursing home she designed, using different colored balls to create a sense of abundance.
It turns out that neuroscientists are working on this as well.
You can see an example of this in action in the new building at Sandy Hook Elementary School.
After the mass shooting here in 2012, the architecture firm Svigals + Partners knew they wanted to build a building that was safe, but they also wanted it to be a happy place, so they filled it with curves.
Each moment of joy may be small, but over time it adds up to something greater than the sum of its parts.
Maybe what we should do instead of chasing happiness is to recognize the value of joy and find ways to make it happen more often.
Deep in our hearts, there is an urge to find joy in the world around us.
It's rooted directly in a deep survival instinct.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
There is a superpower in our brain, and it has to do with dopamine.
I would like to give an example
She's three months old, wears diapers, and can't do calculus.
Try covering one of her eyes, and I think you'll see curiosity in one eye and a little surprise in the other.
One is experimental economics and the other is behavioral economics.
We have another hub in London, and the rest are in the works. We would like to one day open up the data to the world, but there are complications with that.
But the truth is, we humans are social creatures even when we're alone. Our brains aren't -- developed in a world of isolation -- solitary beings. In fact, our brains -- depend on others. It depends on - it's in other people - that you express yourself. Until you interact with another person - whether it's an ally, an enemy, or someone you don't quite understand - you don't know who you are. is
Thank you. (Applause)
The red line on the graph is the employment-to-population ratio, or in other words, the percentage of working-age people in the United States who are employed.
But this is not just a recession story
In the last couple of years, we've begun to see digital tools with skills and capabilities we never had before, and they've become deeply embedded in the work we do. I would like to mention
Today, you can use instant automatic translation services in multiple languages ​​for free, on smartphones and many other devices.
A lot of people will look at this and say, "But this is a very specific and specific task, and most knowledge workers are actually generalists.
One of the most impressive knowledge workers of recent times is a man named Ken Jennings.
Sitting to the right is Ken, who just lost to IBM's supercomputer Watson, programmed for Jeopardy, by three times the score.
When I got this glimpse of what technology could do for the average knowledge worker, I started to wonder if there was anything particularly special about this concept of the generalist, especially in connecting Watson to Siri. Especially if we have technology that understands what is being said and can answer it with voice.
Siri is far from perfect right now, and there are some funny mistakes, but as technology like Siri and Watson progress according to Moore's Law, and I think it will, in six years, it's not going to double or quadruple, it's going to be 16 times. You should remember that you should be better
But things are improving rapidly, and DARPA, the investment arm of the Department of Defense, is trying to accelerate this process.
In the short term, we can drive employment by encouraging entrepreneurship and investing in infrastructure, because robots are still not good at repairing bridges today.
But in the not-too-distant future, most of us here will, in our lifetime, move into an economy that is very productive but doesn't require a lot of labor.
Dealing with that transition will be the greatest challenge facing our society.
Voltaire's quote perfectly illustrates this reason: "Work has saved us from three great evils: boredom, delinquency and poverty."
But even with all these challenges, I'm personally still very positive about digital, and the digital technologies we're developing now will eventually lead us to a utopian future instead of a gloomy future. I have great confidence that
I'm going to share with you some of the answers I've received to this question.
Now, when we plot the data like this, we quickly come to a strange conclusion.
Let me give you some examples
The economy doesn't run on energy
It's something we've witnessed time and time again in a technology-driven world.
Innovation work will become more open, more inclusive, more transparent, more merit-oriented, and it will continue regardless of what MIT and Harvard think. I couldn't be happier about this development.
Economist Robert Jensen did a wonderful study not so long ago in the Indian fishing village of Kerala, where he looked in detail at what happened when people got cell phones.
Just a month ago, in March 2012, in Nature, a study that attempted to replicate 53 basic studies of potential therapeutic targets for cancer, and only six of those 53 replicated.
Early in development, we did a very small trial with 100 patients.
50 people were given lorcainide, 10 died.
But the problem of missing negative results is still pervasive, and it's at the heart of evidence-based medicine.
This is a drug called reboxetine, an antidepressant I've prescribed.
Being a nerdy doctor, I read all the papers I could read about this drug, and one paper showed that reboxetine was better than a placebo, and three other papers found reboxetine to be as effective as other antidepressants. Other drugs didn't work for my patients, so I figured if reboxetine was comparable, I should try it.
There are three published trials comparing reboxetine to other antidepressants -- they're equally effective, but look at three times as many patients and find reboxetine to be worse than other antidepressants. We studied three times as many patients and found reboxetine to be inferior to other antidepressants, but none of these treatments or trials were published.
After all, the phenomenon of publication bias has been extensively studied.
Only 3 negative trials have been published All but one positive trial has been published
In fact, there have been more than 100 studies on publication bias, and another systematic review was published in 2010 that covered all the research on publication bias.
Publication bias affects all areas of medicine
This is cancer at the root of evidence-based medicine.
But that policy wasn't followed, according to a 2008 study that found that half of the trials published in ICMJE member-edited journals were improperly registered, and a quarter were never registered at all. I understand
And finally, the FDA passed an amendment law, a few years ago, that requires anyone conducting a clinical trial to submit the results of that trial within a year.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
Especially since I got my iPhone in 2007 or so, I'm not just sitting in front of a screen all day, but I'm also standing up in front of it and looking at the little screen I carry in my pocket.
Is the Internet a place you can actually visit?
But actually, there is the real world of the Internet, so for two years, I've been visiting various Internet places, including large data centers that use as much electricity as the cities they're built in, and places like this. It's the 60 Hudson Street building in New York City.
60 Hudson's building is special because it's one of the five most important network hubs, and those networks are undersea cables that run across the ocean floor, connecting Europe and America, connecting us all.
It stretches across the ocean, more than 10,000 kilometers long, and while the materials science and computational techniques are incredibly complex, the basic physics of the cable is surprisingly simple: light enters from one side of the ocean. It comes in and it comes out the other way, through a building called a "landing station" that's hidden away in a coastal area that isn't normally visible. First of all, it's incredibly fast. The basic unit is 10 Gbps per wavelength. I'm sure you can stream 10,000 videos a thousand times faster than your internet connection. You can send 50, 60, 70 different wavelengths, or colors, of light, and there are probably eight optical fibers in one cable, four in each direction.
This is in Halifax, but the cable runs from here to Ireland.
This situation is changing. Three years ago, when I started researching this, there was only one cable along the west coast of Africa, marked by the thin black line on Steve Song's map.
This is my friend Simon Cooper, who until recently worked at Tata Communications, the telecommunications arm of the Indian conglomerate Tata.
I've never actually met him in person, and I've always thought he was in the internet, maybe because we always talked through telepresence systems. (Laughter) He's British, and the submarine cable industry is overwhelmingly British. There are a lot of them. They all look 42 years old (laughs).
Because they all started at the same time as the boom 20 years ago.
Tata started its telecommunications business when it bought two cables, one across the Atlantic and the other across the Pacific, and they continued to add more cables until they formed a belt around the world, ladies and gentlemen. sending data from east to west
But what struck me was Simon's extraordinary geographic imagination.
Simon was working on laying a new cable, the West Africa Cable System, or WACS, that would run from Lisbon down the West Coast of Africa to Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon.
After a while, a bulldozer begins to lift the cable from the cable-laying ship, and the cable is floated on a buoy and brought into position.
Some are local workers, some are British engineers who give instructions behind the scenes. And more importantly, they're all in the same place. These cables still lead to old port towns like Lisbon, Mombasa, Mumbai, Singapore, New York.
It takes three or four days to do the work on the beach, and when it's done, we'll cover the manholes, cover them with sand, and we'll all forget about it.
We talk a lot about the cloud, but it seems to me that every time you put something in the cloud, you're abdicating responsibility.
We should know where the internet comes from and what physically connects us.
Thank you (Applause) (Applause) Thank you (Applause)
(Music) (Applause) Thank you. (Applause) It's an honor to be here.
At this point, Gabby was being treated by a speech therapist and struggled to say simple words, but was gradually overwhelmed until she began to sob and was seen sobbing without words in the therapist's arms. was being
After a while, the therapist tried a different method and began to sing a song. Gabby also began to sing with tears on her face. Gabby sang to the descending scale, "Let it shine, let it shine, let it shine."
Dr. Schlag realized that patients who had suffered a stroke and were aphasic and unable to form even three- or four-word sentences could still sing the lyrics to songs like "Happy Birthday," or their favorite Eagles or Rolling Singers. Stones songs, etc.
And after 70 hours of immersive singing lessons, he discovered that music reconnected the patient's cranial nerves, creating an alternative language center in the right hemisphere to complement the damaged left hemisphere.
I had just finished my undergraduate studies at Harvard University, working as an assistant in Dr. Dennis Selcoe's lab, researching Parkinson's disease. I was fascinated by neuroscience and wanted to be a surgeon.
A year later, I met a musician from Juilliard who helped me a lot in shaping the way I think and be as a musician.
Nathaniel's story led the way in thinking about homelessness and mental health issues across the country, and it was published and filmed as "Soloist on the Street." I became friends with him and became his violin teacher. I promised to give lessons wherever I had
These words are especially poignant because Schumann himself suffered from schizophrenia and died in a mental hospital.
What I learned from Nathaniel inspired me to start a group called "Street Symphony" in Skid Row to bring music to the darkness, to the homeless on the streets and in the shelters of Skid Row. I perform for veterans with PTSD, prisoners, and people who have been labeled as criminally insane.
At a concert at Patton State Hospital in San Bernardino, a woman walked up to us with tears running down her face, cramps, trembling, and a beautiful smile and said, classical music and violin. I never heard it and thought I wouldn't like it But your music was like hearing the sunshine No one ever came to us But hearing today's music for the first time in six years The trembling stopped without medicine
When we listen to Wagner's operas, Brahms' symphonies, or Beethoven's chamber music, we cannot help but be reminded that our shared emotional experiences share a common humanity, a deeply connected common consciousness, a sense of empathy. No, according to neuropsychiatrist Ian McGilchrist, these emotions are hardwired into the human right hemisphere.
For people with mental illness who live in the most inhuman situations of being homeless or incarcerated, music, and the beauty of music, is that regardless of our surroundings, we can still experience beauty, and people still can. It gives us an opportunity to remind ourselves that we haven't forgotten about ourselves.
Keats also gave up medicine and entered the world of poetry, but he died at the age of 25, a year older than I am now.
That is all there is to know on earth, all there is to know.”
(music) (applause)
welcome john lloyd
there's more than you think
We can see stars and planets, but we can't see what separates them, or what holds them together.
In fact, if you look really close, if you look at the basic structure of matter, there's nothing there.
"Gravity" is something we cannot see, but we also cannot understand.
It's the weakest and least understood of the four fundamental forces, and we don't know what it is or why it's there.
Isn't it amazing?
In Sufi, the Middle Eastern religion that is said to be the source of all religions, all Sufi practitioners are said to be able to use telepathy, but their main telepathic activity is to send strong signals to those of us who do not have telepathy. that's why
interesting
I discovered a very useful new word, "ignostic."
[God] I refuse to be drawn into the debate about the existence of God until someone properly defines the term.
Another thing we can't see is the human genome.
And this is getting weirder, because 20 years ago, when people started sequencing the genome, it was estimated that humans have 100,000 genes.
This is very interesting, because "rice" has 38,000 genes.
Potatoes have 48 chromosomes, two more than humans, the same number as gorillas.
"Time" nobody can see the time
There's a big trend in modern physics, and it's that time doesn't really exist, because it's so inconvenient to represent it as a number.
Of course you can't see the "future", and you can't see the "past" except in your own memories.
The interesting thing about the past is that I can't see it. My son asked me one day, "Do you remember what I was like when I was two?"
This is good news for psychoanalysts, or they'll lose their jobs.
Skin sloughs off, hair grows, nails and other things, all cells must be replaced at some point.
taste buds every 10 days
spine takes years
It is said to be the most successful word invented by a named individual.
In the darkness of a vacuum, even if someone lights a light in front of you, you can't see it.
It gets a little technical, although some physicists might disagree.
When Heinrich Hertz discovered radio waves in 1887, he called them "radio waves" because they were radial.
Thomas Edison said, "We don't know a million percent less than a millionth of anything."
One is a mathematician and engineer, the other is a poet.
The first was Ludwig Wittgenstein, who said, "I don't know why we're here, but I'm pretty sure it's not to enjoy ourselves."
(Laughter) (Applause) (Circus music) [Souvenir photo for sale] [Let's continue our journey into the unknown] (Circus music)
Around the time I was thinking about working in the art world, I took a course in London, and I had an angry Italian teacher, Mr. Pietro, who was a drunkard -- he smoked a lot and had a foul mouth.
He was very passionate about teaching. I remember one of my early classes with a teacher, projecting an image on the wall and asking what he thought.The teacher projected a painting.
Tapestries were ubiquitous from the Middle Ages to the mid-18th century, and it's easy to see why.
And then I became curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, because it was one of the few places where I could have a large-scale exhibition on this subject that I was so passionate about.
But in reality, over the weeks and months that followed, tens of thousands of people turned up to see the venue.
The exhibition was designed as an experience, because the tapestries are difficult to photograph.
From here, you can go in any direction and meet any culture.
Thank you very much. (Applause) (Applause)
The students wanted to talk to the government, but the police responded with bullets.
I think I was about 11 years old at the time, and I had a lot of questions, and that was the beginning of my political education.
I used to run away from home on the 9th or 10th of June, thinking the police would come.
And my grandmother said one day, "No, don't run away.
This is your place, so stay here."
When the police surrounded the house on June 10th, my grandmother turned off all the lights in the house and opened the kitchen door.
The answer is?
Size and scale are not the same anymore
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
We tell stories to understand the world we live in
It's remixing and sharing that has shaped the web as we know it today, and with simple tools to create online content, we can now all carry that story.
But video has been left behind. Ever since it appeared as a little box on the web, it's remained that way, disconnected from the data and content around it.
In fact, the only thing that's changed in video on the web in the last decade is the size of the box and the quality of the footage.
It's an online tool that allows anyone to incorporate live content pulled directly from the web into their videos.
Video made with Popcorn works like the web, it's dynamic, it's full of links, and it's fully remixable.
Totally free and works in any browser
Production in Popcorn starts with a video, and I made a short 20-second clip from the Newscaster template, which I use in my workshops.
welcome to newscast
You can have popups with links and custom icons, pull content from web services like Flickr, and paste articles and blog summaries with links to full text.
This is the timeline. If you've ever edited a video, it's familiar. What's on the timeline is not the video clips, but the web events that are captured in the video.
I have two pop-ups that show other information, and finally the article summary with a link to the original article.
Let's go to Google Maps and show you how to edit.
It's not just an image, it's live, so you can click, zoom, and even go to Street View if you want.
Let's try something else. I'd like something a little more relevant to today's event.
Everything you've seen is made up of the basic building blocks of the web: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
That means it's fully remixable. No special software. All you need is a web browser.
Imagine that every video on the web could be fully remixable, linked to its source and interactive, just like the web itself.
I think Popcorn can change the way we tell stories on the web and the way we understand the world we live in.
Thank you. (Applause)
[This talk contains mature material. Watch at your own discretion.] As a sex educator, my specialty is bringing science to the conversation.
Once, after a conference, I was in the hotel lobby, and I was just about to leave, and a colleague chased me.
A friend of mine said -- (Laughter) Is it possible to become addicted to a vibrator? "
At another academic conference at a tropical resort, a couple approached us at the breakfast buffet.
"Emily, I'm sorry to suddenly ask you something. It's about premature ejaculation."
Because the science I'm going to talk to you about today has changed the way I think about everything, from how the neurotransmitters in the brain that govern emotions to the dynamics of how we interact with people.
Calling it the "reward center" is like calling the face the "nose."
It's actually made up of three intertwined but distinct systems.
The third system is learning.
Remember Pavlov?
Pavlov "associated" the bell with food.
Research over the last 30 years has shown that genital blood flow increases in response to sex-associated stimuli that are not associated with subjective experiences of pleasure or desire. even as
In fact, there's a 10% to 50% chance that there's a predictable connection between genital responses and subjective experience.
Just looking at genital blood flow doesn't necessarily predict how a person would feel about the stimulation associated with sex.
Talk to your healthcare provider if you are experiencing unwanted pain
(Laughter) The man came back and she said, "I'm bored."
Is direct pressure on the clitoris associated with sex?
All he had to do was listen to her.
But if we eliminate this myth, can't we see how explicit consent is?
There's a publication from the U.S. Judicial Education Program, "Judges Talk: What I Wish I'd Knew Before I Tried Sexual Assault Cases Of Adult Victims."
What if you were in the jury box and got the information that the victim had an orgasm?
Just to make sure, orgasm is a physiological response, an involuntary release of tension that occurs in response to a sexually-associated stimulus.
You don't have to say "clitoris" in front of a thousand strangers.
experienced by about half of transgender people
Tell a judge, a lawyer, a police officer, or someone you know who might serve on a jury in a sexual assault case.
If you eat moldy fruit and you salivate, no one will say, "You just don't want to admit that you like it."
(Applause) This myth is very deeply entwined with the very dark forces of our culture.
(Thank you for applause
(Applause) (Helen Walters) Emily over here.
Thank you very much
thank you
I think we tend to be afraid of being too different when it comes to sexual matters.
When people ask, "Is this normal?" they are actually asking, "Do I belong?"
There's no script, there's no mold to fit into, and as long as there's consent and no unwanted pain, it's totally fine to do whatever you want.
(applause)
(Cello starts playing) You found me You found me Beneath a pile of broken memories You found me with your undying love
(applause)
It's a "virtual map" that exists only in your head.
What you drew is more like a schematic
It's a visual composition of lines and dots and letters designed in the language of the brain.
Now, let's talk about public transport. Public transport in Dublin is a bit of a sensitive topic. (Laughter)
Each route is drawn with independent lines
Cyclone Nargis killed 138,000 people in Myanmar in 2008.
In New Orleans, elderly and female-headed households are the most vulnerable.
This is the Russian flag at the bottom of the ocean, claiming its claim to the minerals that lie beneath the disappearing Arctic ice.
My electricity bill this March was only $48.
And all over the world, weather satellites and warning systems are saving lives in flood-prone areas like Bangladesh.
But as important as technology and infrastructure are, perhaps the human element is also very important.
Many of the people who died in Katrina were people without transportation, but there are actually people who refused to evacuate as the storm approached because the transportation and shelters they could have used wouldn't accept their pets.
Imagine leaving your pet behind during an evacuation or rescue
Farmers are suffering from droughts all over the world, from Asia to Africa to Australia to Oklahoma, while heat waves caused by climate change killed thousands in Western Europe in 2003 and Russia in 2010.
Oxfam and Swiss Re, along with the Rockefeller Foundation, are helping farmers like this to store water in ways like terraces, but they're also providing insurance in case drought hits.
This "stability" leads to farmers' "confidence" in investment.
It's a very virtuous cycle, and it should be applicable across the developing world.
Half of Vietnam's rice is produced here.
Many airports around the world are located along the coast.
It makes sense, because there's a lot of land where planes can land and take off without worrying about noise or skyscrapers.
Another British example is the Thames Seawall, which protects London from storm surges.
New York is very vulnerable to storms, and as you can see from this sign, it's very vulnerable to rising sea levels, storm surges, and as you can see, the subway could be submerged.
But when you look down on the ground, this raised ventilation grate looks like a functional and attractive solution. Indeed, in New York and San Francisco and London, designers are trying to blend nature and the built environment while keeping climate change in mind. I'm thinking of countermeasures to measure
because there are no experts
We are reaching uncharted territory, our knowledge and systems are based on past work.
Stationarity is the idea of ​​anticipating and planning for the future based on the past, and this principle governs much of engineering and the design of critical infrastructure, urban water systems, building codes, water rights and other legal precedents. is there
Because we're operating outside the range of CO2 concentrations that the Earth has experienced for thousands of years.
One in four suffers from some form of mental illness, so one, two, three... you.
It's you, yeah (laughter) You have those weird teeth, you know you next to him
I think I inherited it from my mother, who used to crawl around the house on all fours.
Before I begin, I want to thank the makers of lamotrigine, sertraline, and reboxetine. Without this chemical, I wouldn't be able to stand up straight.
And all the girls start running, except for my daughter, who stood at the starting line and waved her hand, if she didn't know she should run.
I'd like to talk a little bit about the brain, and if you're watching TED, you might like it, so give me a minute.
You see (laughter) this baby has a lot of horsepower.
we have the occipital lobe to see the world
We have temporal lobes to hear the world.
Each neuron has 10,000 to 100,000 different connections, or "dendrites" or whatever you want to call them, and every time you learn something or experience something, this bush grows, this information bush.
Thank you (Applause) (Applause) Thank you
I have some bad news, some good news, and some tasks.
The bad news is that we all get sick.
We've been sick as long as we've been human
This guy, Carlos Finlay, in the late 1800s, made a rather unusual hypothesis for his time.
I thought it was transmitted by mosquitoes.
The subjects signed a document called informed consent.
Informed consent is an idea society should be proud of, right? Informed consent is an idea society should be proud of, right? And that's the key difference between this experiment and the Nazi forced medical experiment in Nuremberg, the idea that consent to participate in research depends on an understanding of the research itself.
The methods of obtaining informed consent were largely established after World War II, around the time that picture was taken.
my sister is a cancer survivor
People you don't know come and look at you and poke you. I tell cancer survivors that the tools that are supposed to protect patients are actually blocking the use of data. Only 3-4 percent of cancer patients participate in clinical research. In some cases, especially when only three or four percent of cancer patients participate in clinical research, you don't get a response like, "I appreciate privacy."
A lot of people call it digital exhaust.
It's an interpretation, and as you can see, my risk is 32% for prostate cancer, 22% for psoriasis, and 14% for Alzheimer's disease.
As you can see, my cholesterol levels are high.
There's a lot of talk about the commons everywhere. Commons are nothing more than public goods, born out of private goods.
That's what the commons is all about, what we think is important together, what we create together.
The data commons is unique because it's built out of your own data, and while there are many people who love and are obsessed with privacy as a way of managing their data, at least some of them are willing to share. Some people prefer it as a form of digital commons, and what's remarkable about the digital commons is that if the size of the data is big enough, even if the participation rate isn't high, it's going to be a lot of beautiful data.
So there aren't many programmers writing free software, but the Apache web server does exist.
Not many people read and edit Wikipedia, but it works. So, as long as there are people who choose to manage it in a shared way and share it, they can create a commons and get information.
So given the choice and the opportunity, people want to share.
The reason I'm so obsessed with this, besides the obvious aspect of having a family, is that I've spent a lot of time with mathematicians, and they're drawn to places where there's a lot of data, because you can use the data and the noise. because we can decipher the signal from
If you reach back and grab the dust -- look at the body, know the genome -- somehow get the records from the medical system -- go through the online informed consent process -- to the commons. Because the contribution of information is an informed and voluntary decision -- you can upload your information and get it out to the mathematicians doing this kind of big data research -- the goal is 10 in the first year. 10,000 people, 1,000,000 people in five years, and that's going to have a statistically meaningful cohort, from which you can take the traditional clinical study sample size and compare it against the whole. As a result, we can also derive subtle correlations between our unique differences and the kinds of health that we need to move forward as a society.
And I've also spent a lot of time on other commons.
they are strengths in the system
Closed systems and corporations make a lot of money on the open web. The open web also exists because corporations see a benefit in the openness of their systems. it depends on what you're looking for
So that's the commons design principle that we're trying to bring to health data.
I don't want to be a patient when the system is broken, when the health care is broken.
We're not talking about health care policy, we're talking about a scientific approach to health care.
But that's the challenge I want you to do, and maybe you'll share, maybe you won't.
being naked and alone is scary
(applause)
In the modern globalized world we live in
So 3 2 1 (explosion) Great (laughter) The woman in seat 15J was a suicide bomber.
A father and a son were sitting in that seat.
But it is inevitable that we will make the same mistakes of the past.
it's human nature
An Irish terrorist summed this up very nicely, saying, "The British government needs to be lucky all the time, while terrorists get lucky once and they succeed."
From our point of view, it's a battle between the brands of terrorism and democracy.
Many thinkers and writers have pondered this question, "What if society needs a crisis for change?
What if society needs terrorism for change, for a better society? "
thank you
(Audience: What are you reading?
The trouble with questions is that they create uncertainty.
Uncertainty is evolutionarily bad, and if you're wondering if your opponent is a predator, it's too late.
right? (Laughter) Even seasickness is the result of uncertainty.
Your brain can't handle this uncertainty of information, and you get sick.
Asking "why?" is the most dangerous thing to do, because it leads to uncertainty.
It allows us to address even the most difficult questions, and the best questions are those that create the greatest uncertainty.
So how has evolution dealt with uncertainty?
Play is the only human activity in which uncertainty is celebrated. Uncertainty is what makes play fun.
Science is not defined by the methods section of a paper
But I wondered if there were any similarities with other animals. If humans and bees think in the same way, that would be amazing, because they look so different.
So I wondered if humans and bees solve complex problems in the same way.
You can read the details of the study, so I won't go into detail, but the next step is observation. Some of my students are observing, and they're recording where the bees have gone.
"I'm sorry, but in some respects this paper does not meet our basic quality standards." (Laughter) So we decided to have it reviewed, and we sent it to Dale Purves of the National Academy of Sciences, who is a leading neuroscientist, and he said, "This is the most original thing I've ever read. It is a scientific paper that deserves to be widely published.”
And it was peer-reviewed by five peer reviewers and published. (Applause) (Applause) It took four months to experiment, but it took two years to publish. Amy and her classmates are now the youngest scientists in the world to have a paper published.
It was published two days before Christmas, but it was downloaded 30,000 times on its first day.
Named Editor's Choice by Science, a top scientific journal
Curiosity, interest, innocence, enthusiasm are probably the most important things in doing science.
People over here, please shout (shout) Where did the sound come from? (Laughter and applause) Thank you. (Applause) The point is, that's what science does for us.
That's what science gives us: it gives us the opportunity to step into uncertainty through the process of play.
This project was really exciting because it brought a process of discovery into our lives, and it showed us that anyone can discover something new, and that small questions can lead to big discoveries.
But it was surprisingly easy for me to change my mind about science. Once I started playing games and thinking about puzzles, I realized that science was not a boring subject and anyone could discover something new.
In 1975, in Florence, I met Professor Carlo Pedretti, my art history teacher and world-famous researcher on Leonardo da Vinci.
I also learned that between 1560 and 1574 it was Vasari who was commissioned by the Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo I, to restore the Hall for 500, and he preserved at least two masterpieces. The method was to build a brick wall in front of the work and leave a little space.
Then, unfortunately, in 2004, the project was discontinued for various political reasons.
I decided to go back to my alma mater, the University of California, San Diego, and proposed the establishment of an engineering research center for cultural heritage.
On the other hand, the discovery that captured my imagination and moved me was the amazingly vivid drawing beneath the brown layers of "The Adoration of the Magi." This is a self-made XYZ scanner with an infrared camera attached to this masterpiece. Just looking through the brown layer of the , reveals the underlying painting.
This was a revelation, and it became clear to me that the brown coating that we see today was not Leonardo's hand, and that's why technology has made it possible to see drawings that have been unseen for five centuries. It was
Now let's go find that elephant
Our vision is to rediscover the spirit of the Renaissance and create a new discipline, one in which engineering for cultural heritage symbolizes the fusion of art and science.
As long as we live a life of curiosity and passion, we have Leonardo in us. Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
I am very happy and honored to be surrounded by innovative and intelligent people.
(laughter) But there's a saying in my hometown, "If a bud leaves the tree without saying a word, it's a young bud."
It is the G8 Summit (the Summit of Major Countries).
Unfortunately, I personally don't trust the Marshall Plan.
First, the benefits of the Marshall Plan are exaggerated.
How the Western media portrays Africa and its impact.
By highlighting feelings of helplessness and despair, the media is only telling the 'truth' of Africa, which is nothing but the truth.
Because despair, civil war and hunger are certainly part of the situation in Africa, but they are not the only facts.
There are 53 countries in Africa.
The depiction has the effect of appealing to sympathy.
As a result, the West's view of Africa's economic dilemma is misframed.
Of course, it is important to recognize that Africa has fundamental weaknesses.
We must change the way we think about the challenges facing Africa from desperate challenges, such as eradicating poverty, to challenges of hope.
Medicine for the poor, food for the hungry, and international peacekeepers for those facing civil war.
Now, in talking about creating wealth in Africa, our second challenge is who are the agents of creating wealth in any society? is.
It supports private investment in Africa, both domestically and internationally.
Support research institutions too, because knowledge is so important in creating wealth.
But what is the international aid community doing in Africa today?
Does anyone know of a country that has developed thanks to a kind and generous country?
Africa has many opportunities,
In the Cotonou Treaty, formerly known as the Lomé Agreement, European countries gave Africa the opportunity to export goods duty-free to the European Union.
My home country, Uganda, can export up to 50,000 tons of sugar to Europe.
So far, we have not exported even one kilo.
Secondly, under the beef protocol within the treaty, African countries producing beef have quotas to export beef duty-free to the European Union market.
No country in Africa, not even Botswana, the most successful, has ever met its quota.
So I would argue that the root cause of Africa's inability to develop beneficial relationships with the rest of the world is the inadequacy of institutions and policy structures.
Because every government in the world needs money to survive.
In order to maintain law and order, we have to pay the military and the police.
Why should the public support the government?
In fact, no government in the world, with the exception of Idi Amin, can stay in power by force alone.
Many countries in (unknown) require legitimacy.
To gain legitimacy, governments often have to build primary education, basic health, roads, hospitals, clinics, and so on.
Discuss with them what systems and policies are needed to expand the business, and try to collect more taxes from them.
of Uganda. . . (Applause) Rather than talking to entrepreneurs in Uganda, businessmen in Ghana, entrepreneurial leaders in South Africa, our government finds it more productive to talk to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. is.
Sometimes aid has built a hospital or saved a hungry village.
Aid increases the resources available to governments, so working for governments is the most profitable job opportunity for those looking for work in Africa.
By increasing a nation's political attractiveness, especially in Africa's ethnically divided societies, aid heightens tensions between ethnic groups, because no ethnic group has a share of foreign aid. Because it struggles to become a nation in order to do so.
Ladies and gentlemen, the reason most entrepreneurs in Africa are unable to find trade or private sector job opportunities is because institutions, policies, etc., are hostile to business.
I would also like to say that over the past 50 years, Africa has received an ever-increasing amount of aid from the international community, not just technical and financial assistance, but in many forms.
Between 1960 and 2003, the African continent received $600 billion in aid, yet it is said that there is still a great deal of poverty in Africa.
Where has that aid gone?
Let me use the example of my home country, Uganda, to illustrate the mechanics of the incentives given by aid.
The 2006-2007 budget expected revenues of 2.5 trillion shillings.
And foreign aid was expected at 1.9 trillion.
Uganda Recurrent Spending – What is Recurrent?
Why does the Ugandan government's budget account for 110 percent of its revenue?
380 billion for the military.
Only 18 billion is spent on agriculture, where 18 percent of the people facing poverty work.
43 billion is spent on trade and industry.
Each local government is organized like a national government -- there are bureaucrats, a cabinet, a parliament, and much more.
We need Wembley Stadium to hold parliament.
A recent Ugandan government survey found that there are 3,000 four-wheel drive vehicles at the Ministry of Health headquarters.
There are 961 counties in Uganda, each with a medical office, but none of them have an ambulance.
In other words, the four-wheel drive vehicles at the headquarters are used to drive ministers, parliamentary secretaries, bureaucrats, and bureaucrats involved in international aid projects, and the poor die without an ambulance or medicine.
Laughter Thank you very much.
companies are losing control
What happens on Wall Street doesn't stay on Wall Street.
What happened in Las Vegas would end up on YouTube. (Laughter) Reputation is fickle, loyalty is fickle.
In the same survey, only 4% of employees thought so.
Companies are losing control over their customers and employees
They often say, "Your brand is what other people say about you when you're not in the room."
When Microsoft launched Kinect, a motion control device for the Xbox, it quickly caught the attention of hackers.
At first, Microsoft tried to prevent hacks, but then realized it was better to actively support the community and changed course.
In an even more radical move against mass consumption, we put up "Don't buy this jacket" ads during the Christmas season.
The Semco Group in Brazil is known for letting its employees decide their work schedules and even their salaries.
The age-old business wisdom tells us that trust is built by predictable behavior, but if everything is consistent and standardized, how can we create meaningful experiences?
Travel service Nextpedition
Travelers aren't told where they're going until the last minute. Information is provided on the fly. Similarly, Dutch airline KLM has launched a surprise gift campaign where travelers are handed small, seemingly random gifts during their trips. increase
Is there a way to keep employees from feeling like they're pressed for time?
Openness is the most important thing for the company's true self to emerge, but extreme openness is not the answer. Everything is as open as nothing.
"A smile is a half-open, half-closed door," wrote author Jennifer Egan.
Thank you. (Applause)
Five years ago, I felt like I was Alice in "Alice in Wonderland."
Pennsylvania State University asked me to teach a communication class to engineering students.
But as I talked to them, I experienced what Alice felt when she fell down the rabbit hole and saw the door to the New World.
I believe that the key to unlocking that door is great communication.
To change the world, we need to communicate with scientists and engineers.
And when you talk about science, be careful with jargon.
Not only are these slides boring, but they put a lot of strain on the language areas of the brain and overwhelm the viewer.
I want to talk to you today about how globalized we are, how we're not globalized, and why it's important to get the facts right when making those assessments.
I would also like to add that this is not a new perspective.
So I realized that the best way to get people to really think that the world might not be flat, or that it might be far from flat, is to show them the data.
I'm not going to show you all the data here today, but I'll show you some key points.
One metric that looks at the flow of people over the long term is what percentage of the world's population is first-generation immigrants.
What percentage is accounted for as foreign direct investment?
If you look at the official statistics, it's roughly a little over 30%.
But there's a big problem with the official statistics. For example, if a Japanese parts manufacturer exports a part to China, puts it into an iPod, and then ships the iPod to the United States, it's calculated that the part was exported multiple times.
Third, this is not just for the audience of the Harvard Business Review.
I know some of you are still skeptical about this claim, so I'd like to spend a little more time thinking about why we're so prone to globalony.
I couldn't help but scratch my head, because after reading through his hundreds of pages, I couldn't find a single diagram, graph, table, bibliography, or footnote.
The second reason is peer pressure.
I get asked this question a lot, so I thought it would be a good idea to do some research on Facebook as well.
The answer is somewhere between 10 and 15 percent, which is not a negligible number.
If you ask me, globalony can be very bad for your health.
That's why I've spent most of my book, World 3.0, showing you the repeated market failures and people's fears that globalization will make things worse.
Consider the current debate about immigration in France.
If you ask French people what percentage of their population is immigrants, they'll say roughly 24%, and that's what they imagine.
Once upon a time, the world was a big, big, dysfunctional family.
One day, a man came into town and brought a bunch of boxes with secret documents that he had stolen from his parents' room and said,
But what ended up being a long legal battle, after five years of fighting Parliament, one day I was confronted by the three highest-ranking judges in the High Court of England, and I forced Parliament to release information. I was waiting for the verdict on whether or not to
So the world is democratizing information, and I've been in this industry for quite some time.
Naturally, the church reluctantly tried to stifle the movement, but what the church didn't count on was the power of technology.The printing press suddenly made it possible to spread these ideas cheaply, quickly, and far. And people would come together in coffee houses to brainstorm ideas and create revolutions.
The printing press became the Internet, the coffee house became the social network.
It's a system for organizing and exercising power, which is politics, and we're going back to political institutions, which are top-down hierarchies.
It's open source, so it can be used in any country, and it can be used in any country that has a Freedom of Information Act in any form.
This is Birgitta Jonstatyer, Member of Parliament for Iceland.
It's called the Icelandic Modern Media Initiative, and it's recently been funded and has begun to roll out on a global scale, with the best laws in the world, including freedom of expression, whistleblower protection, defamation protection, and source protection. Incorporation, an effort to make Iceland a safe publishing haven.
This is also completely based on leaks, 251,000 leaked US diplomatic cables, and I was involved in the investigation, because the leaked information was sent through WikiLeaks users who resent the US government. because I got a job from The Guardian
It reminded me of a scene in "The Wizard of Oz"
But what intrigued me the most was the level of corruption that is prevalent in various countries around the world, especially among those in positions of power and civil servants who embezzle the country's money for their own personal gain. Thanks to the system of official secrecy
Julian Assange did just that.
Humility is necessary because we all make mistakes.
So what is the solution? I think it's about embodying the right to information under the law.
The rights that we common people have today are incredibly weak.
Fairy tales can have happy endings, but sometimes they don't.
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
And this is not just a British problem
It's a problem everywhere in the developing world, even in middle-income countries, and in Jamaica -- let's say, the members of parliament in Jamaica, they're usually these people: Rhodes scholars, honors graduates from top American universities, but the capital of Jamaica. At the heart of the city lies a very harrowing scene, the kind you see in middle-income countries around the world, a terrible scene of crumbling, half-ruined buildings.
But 10 years ago, expectations for democracy seemed so high that former US President George W. Bush said in his State of the Union address in 2003 that democracy was the only force that could defeat the evil in the world. I called on them to say that a democratic government respects its people, respects its neighbors, and that freedom brings peace.
Democracy and elections coexist with corrupt governments and unstable and dangerous countries in Pakistan and many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Democracy is important because it reflects concepts of fairness and liberty, recognizes the dignity of the individual, and guarantees the right of every individual to form a government through equitable voting rights.
Democracy is not just a structure
Sometimes politicians should be able to say that they can't or shouldn't deliver what voters want, what they promise to voters.
For politicians to be honest, the cooperation of the public is essential, and the media must act as a link between politicians and the public to keep politicians honest.
So, if democracy is to be rebuilt, to be a vibrant democracy again, citizens need to trust politicians, and at the same time politicians need to trust citizens.
Thank you. (Applause)
Pip from Great Expectations was adopted, Superman was fostered, Cinderella was fostered, Lizpet from The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was fostered and was in an institution, Batman was an orphan and Lyra Belacqua from Lyra's Adventures. Also, Jane Eyre was a foster child. James, Matilda, and Moses from Roald Dahl's The Giant Peach! (laughs) Moses too! (Laughter) The boys from Michael Morpurgo's Friend or Foe, and Alem from Benjamin Zephaniah's Refugee Boy, and Luke Skywalker, Luke Skywalker! (Laughter) Oliver Twist, Cassia from Hong Ying's "The Concubine of Shanghai" and Celie from Alice Walker's "The Color Purple."
A social worker's number one goal is to get a woman to sign the adoption papers at the most vulnerable time in her life.
For white people, it was the "summer of love."
It was the "Summer of Hate" for blacks.
My name is Norman." (laughs) Norman! (laughs) Norman!
And I became Norman Mark Greenwood
I sat across the table and my foster mother asked, "You don't love us, do you?" I was 11 years old.
But I never said goodbye to my mother, my father, my sister, my brother, my aunt, my uncle, my cousin, my grandparents, nobody.
You couldn't see it from the road, because the facility was surrounded by beech trees.
By the way, years later, a social worker told me that I shouldn't have been put there.
They - I was placed in a dormitory with confirmed Nazi sympathizers.
The staff were all ex-cops -- really interesting -- or ex-probation officers.
The man who ran it was a former army officer.
'Cause that's what families do
I want to let you all know that I found my family as an adult, and like everyone else, I have a completely dysfunctional family.
Thank you. It's an honor. (Applause) (Applause)
In the 17th century, a woman named Julia Tofana had a very successful perfume business.
Well, it ended abruptly when she was executed, but (Laughter) the crime was the murder of 600 men, and it wasn't a very good perfume.
Darwin was probably one of the first scientists to systematically investigate human emotions, pointing to the universal nature and persistence of the aversive response.
This is an anecdote from his trip to South America.
(Richard Dawkins) We were developed by courtship and sexuality, which belong to deeply ingrained emotions and reactions that are difficult to remove overnight.
But the hallmark of disgust is not just that it's a strong universal response, it's also that it works through connections.
A recent example is an attempt to persuade homosexuals to be immoral.
They are "like dogs eating their own vomit and sows rolling in their own excrement."
When we started investigating the role of disgust in moral judgments, one of the things that interested me was whether this kind of persuasion would work harder for disgust-prone people.
While disgust, like other basic emotions, is a common human phenomenon, it seems that each individual is different in their susceptibility to disgust.
So this means that we can predict not just self-reported political beliefs, but actual voting behavior, and we can also look at the world in this sample, where we asked the same question in 121 countries. As you can see, we've divided these 121 countries into 10 geographically distinct groups.
What they found was that people who were politically conservative were more physiologically aroused when they were shown disturbing images like the one I just showed them.
So in this study, physiological arousal is predictive of attitudes toward same-sex marriage.
But even with all this data linking disgust susceptibility to political beliefs, the question remains: what causal relationship exists? Does disgust really influence political and moral beliefs?
In another study, we had swine flu going around and reminded participants to wash their hands to prevent the spread.
Some of the participants were asked to complete a questionnaire next to a poster urging them to wash their hands.
We also asked them if various actions were right or wrong, and again, we found that simply reminding them to wash their hands made them more morally conservative.
In the case of disgust, what's a little more surprising is the scope of this emotion's influence. Disgust is a very useful emotion in terms of changing the way you see the world around you when you're at risk of contamination.
Thank you. (Applause)
Some of you may remember that cars in those days often overheated.
Before there was air conditioning, buildings had thick walls.
In the 1930s, with the invention of flat glass and rolled steel, and mass production techniques, we had floor-to-ceiling windows and unobstructed views, in exchange for air conditioning to cool our sun-warmed rooms. became dependent on
Now, let's look at it biologically. Actually, I majored in biology before I got into architecture. The human skin is an amazing organ that naturally regulates body temperature.
We're also looking to develop building materials for the market, and this is a classic double-glazed window. More and more, we're trying to incorporate a thermobimetal system, where when sunlight hits the outer glass and heats up the inner cavity, the bimetal inside starts to bend, and it blocks out the sun only in certain parts of the building, where it's necessary. If there is, the whole is fine
I grew up in Bihar, India's poorest state, and I remember when I was six years old, I came home from school one day and there was a cart full of the most delicious treats on my doorstep.
My father was in charge of building roads in Bihar, and he was tough on corruption, even when he was harassed and intimidated.
I experienced it firsthand when I visited rural villages to study poverty.
Then I joined the World Bank, an organization that fought poverty by sending aid from rich countries to poor countries.
Bihar embodies the difficulty of development, a state of abject poverty rife with corruption.
Globally, there are 1.3 billion people living on less than $1.25 a day, and my work in Uganda was a classic approach to this problem of poverty, which has been in place since 1944. Five hundred world war winners, founding fathers and only one founding mother converged in New Hampshire, USA, to establish the Bretton Woods system, which included the World Bank.
Three elements were key to this traditional approach to development: First, the transfer of resources from the richer countries of the North to the poorer countries of the South with a prescription for reform.
And third, engagement in developing countries was limited to a small elite of officials, with very little dialogue with the very people who should benefit from development assistance.
Open knowledge, open aid, open decision-making, and together with them, these three factors are changing, changing development aid, and giving me great hope for the problems I've seen in Uganda and Bihar.
The key to the first change is open knowledge.
As you know, today's developing countries do not simply receive the solutions given to them by the United States or Europe or the World Bank.
They want to know how China's 500 million people were lifted out of poverty 30 years ago, how poverty policies (Oportunidades) in Mexico improved the education and nutrition of millions of children. of
So the World Bank has geomapped 30,000 projects in 143 countries, giving donors a common platform to track all aid projects.
From the Arab Spring to India's Anna Hazalea movement, we're using mobile phones and social media to pursue not just political accountability, but development accountability.
So does the government provide services to its citizens?
For example, several governments in Africa and Eastern Europe have opened their budgets to the public.
So as a solution, governments are using new tools to make budgets more visible and easier for the public to understand.
Tools like this make shelves full of cryptic papers visible and understandable to everyone, and what's even more amazing is that this disclosure has given today's citizens the opportunity to provide feedback and engage with government.
In the Philippines, parents and students can give real-time feedback on their website through Checkmyschool.org and SMS (Short Message Service) to see if the school has teachers and textbooks. Bihar problem
In another example, the government has been quick to respond. The Philippine Ministry of Education acted swiftly in response to a report on this site that said 800 students were in a dangerous situation where school repairs had been disrupted by corruption.
The amazing thing is that this innovation is now spreading from the South to the South, from the Philippines to Indonesia, Kenya, Moldova and beyond.
Even poor communities in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, can advocate for their aspirations with these tools.
Even Bihar today is undergoing a transformation, becoming more open, under a passionate leadership, to make the government transparent, understandable and responsive to the poor.
But in many parts of the world, governments aren't interested in sharing information or helping poverty, so it's a real challenge for those who want to change the system.
These stories bring new hope and new possibilities to the problems I saw in Uganda and the problems my father faced in Bihar.
He fought to the end, with a growing passion not only for government officials who should be honest in the fight against corruption and poverty, but also for citizens who should come together and join in making their voices heard.
These were like bookends on either side of his life, a journey in between, a mirror of the changing development environment.
Now, inspired by this change, I'm thrilled that the World Bank has made a big departure from my work in Uganda 20 years ago in two new directions that we had in mind.
If it happens, the voices of all poor people will be heard in Bihar, in Uganda and around the world.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
A truck driver once told me, "There was a new center in the world, and it was Mary Anne."
Chaucer said "Love is blind"
In an attempt to understand love, I decided to read poetry from all over the world, and I want to read a short Chinese poem from the eighth century, because it's a good example of a man falling in love with a woman.
It's like being madly in love with someone and walking into a parking lot together, and our car looks different and special than any other car out there.
One Polynesian said, "I feel like jumping into the sky!"
We also observed activity in many parts of the brain, most notably
The second of the three brain systems is romantic love, the feeling of excitement and initial attachment to another person.
The third brain system is attachment, the calmness and security we feel toward our long-term partners.
With these preambles, I would like to proceed with the discussion of two profound social trends.
Everywhere in the world, in 129 out of 130 countries, women are entering the labor market, albeit very slowly in some places, and also, albeit slowly, in terms of economic power, health, education. is closing the gap between
Women are returning to the labor market
So women lost their ancient jobs as collectors, but they're coming back into the labor market through the industrial and post-industrial eras.
Why do some people like to think men and women are the same?
Even in countries like India and Japan, where women's social advancement is not as rapid, women are making their way into the world of journalism.
Solzhenitsyn said, "To have a great writer is to have another government."
54% of American writers today are women
We know about the brain pathways involved in imagination and long-term planning-
Women's brains are better connected, and when they think, they tend to collect more data, organize it into more complex patterns, and see more options and outcomes.
But the entry of women into the labor market has had a huge impact on sex, relationships and family life.
anyway
Also, we are reverting to the ancient form of equal marriage.
Marriage could possibly become more stable because of two major global trends.
The first was the entry of women into the job market, but the second was the aging population.
Already in America, we're being told that middle age should be considered up to 85.
And in my book, I looked at divorce rates in 58 societies.
The divorce rate in America is now stable, and it's actually on the decline.
It's just that the three systems in the brain -- lust, love, and attachment -- don't always work well together.
Orgasm activates dopamine
However, the three brain systems of lust and love and attachment aren't always connected.
More than 100 million people in the United States are prescribed antidepressants each year.
I know a girl who has been on serotonin-enhancing SSRIs and other antidepressants that act on serotonin since she was 13.
By increasing blood levels of serotonin, it suppresses the dopamine pathway.
Dopamine is involved in love
they are connected in the brain
About a year ago, I received a request from match.com, a dating site service, to design a new dating site.
That will be my next book in my current project.
Timing is important, proximity is also important
And people fall in love with people who fit their "love map," which is a list of traits they unconsciously build up from childhood.
The audience (laughs) (Applause) It's the magic of love!
don't tell me i'm normal
Now let me introduce you to my brothers
Remi, 22, is tall and very handsome.
From a young age, when he sings, he challenges me to lyrics that even I can't remember, and I'm reminded of how ignorant we are of our minds, and how wonderful the unknown is.
Samuel, 16, is tall and handsome.
he has an impeccable memory
He forgets that he stole my chocolate bar, but the year that all the songs on my iPod were released, and the conversation he had with me when he was four years old. He remembers peeing on my arm and Lady Gaga's birthday
most people don't agree
Now, for those unfamiliar with autism, it's a complex brain disorder that can affect social communication, learning and even motor skills.
And every 20 minutes around the world, one more person is diagnosed with autism, one of the fastest-growing developmental disorders in the world, with no known cause or cure.
I don't remember the moment I was confronted with autism, but I can't remember a day without it.
When I was three years old, my brother was born, and I was so excited that a new life would join my life.
Remi reigned in his own world with his own rules. He found joy in the little things, like the cars lined up around the room, the staring into the washing machine, and eating something that wasn't sweet or spicy. Etc
As he grew older, he changed more, and the differences became even more pronounced.
But on the other side of anger, conflict and hyperactivity, there was something very unique: a boy with a pure and innocent disposition who looked at the world without prejudice, a man who had never lied.
Being normal overlooks the beauty of being different. Just because we're different doesn't mean any of us are wrong.
Autistic or whatever, the difference we have is a gift! We all have it inside us, and let's be honest, the quest for normality is the ultimate sacrifice that kills possibilities.
So please don't tell me I'm normal
Thank you. (Applause)
About a million children in Europe and Central Asia live in large residential institutions -- orphanages.
But what 60 years of research has shown is that taking children away from their families and putting them in big institutions hurts their health and development, especially in the early days of life.
Every time a baby learns something new, like focusing its eyes, mimicking a movement or facial expression, picking something up, speaking a word, sitting down, it creates new synaptic connections in the brain.
Parents convey their joy to their children, and children respond with smiles and desires to do more and learn more.
I was commissioned to assist the director of a large facility to keep children from being separated from their families.
It was a model orphanage in Ceausescu with 550 babies, so we were told things were much better than others.
Since my first visit to the Ceausescu facility, I've seen hundreds of facilities in 18 countries, including the Czech Republic and Sudan.
Children without disabilities are sent to different institutions at the age of 3, and then to the next institution at the age of 7. They are segregated by age and gender, so even brothers and sisters are separated. Things
In Moldova, institutionalized women are 10 times more likely to be trafficked than non-institutionalized women, and a study in Russia found that two years after leaving institutions, 20% had committed a crime and 14% were involved in prostitution. 10% will commit suicide
Why are there so many orphans in Europe, where there have been no wars or disasters in recent years?
Every child has the right to have a family, they need a family, and children are incredibly resilient.
If you get them out of the institution early on and give them a loving home, they can reverse their developmental delays and lead normal, happy lives.
But today, there are 10,000 fewer than 10,000, and family support services are being provided across the country.
Many countries have action plans for change
If someone is trying to support an orphanage, we should persuade them to support family support services instead.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
In the summer of 2016, I made a smart move by quitting my comfortable job at a hedge fund to write a play about the murder of my family.
(sighs) I told my friends and family that this was art, but really it was a search for a spiritual vision.
I was trying to put an end to my relationship with someone I barely knew, the kid who killed his mother and brother.
He was my friend's younger brother and he lived next door.
My mother actually waved at him from the van and said, "He's going through a tough time and I just want to tell him I'm watching over him."
He broke into our house a few days before Christmas, looking for something he could redeem for cash.
When he saw my brother Jim sleeping on the couch, he panicked, shot him, and fled the scene.
he realized he had forgotten his coat
He's now serving a life sentence in a Southwestern Virginia prison.
He became a non-human being to me.
I googled his prisoner identification number.
Conditions were so bad that in 2012, the entire prison went on hunger strike.
I remember seeing the bodies of my mother and Jim for the first time at the funeral at home, and backing away at the small, supernova-like wreckage of the bullet that hit the back of Jim's head.
But imagining him being beaten and crying in a hungry, dark cell, it felt just as painful.
I realized that it was because we were still connected.
The chains of trauma that dragged me down when he committed the murder were still there, I resisted the pull and dragged him through the mud For the past seven years, whether I was conscious of it or not.
After painstakingly trying every solution -- literally every possible solution -- I realized that the only way to get rid of this guy was to forgive him.
(Laughter) Because I actually thought I had already forgiven him.
So if saying you forgive someone isn't the same thing as actually forgiving someone, why is this guy holding on to me and dragging me around and doing stupid things like quitting my job and writing a play script? did you let me
(Laughter) And there's this guy named Dr. Wayne who said, "To forgive, you have to let it run like water."
(Laughter) "I'm trying to forgive him for killing my family, but no one can tell me how."
why do you forgive why should you do that?
That's when I realized that a lot of people are forgiving for the wrong reasons.
Victims like me are quick to forgive, because it's the right thing to do.
But there are only three reasons victims automatically forgive if they try to be honest with themselves.
If forgiveness is good, good people should forgive immediately.
Second, victims are under pressure from everyone around them to forgive.
The third is the idea that forgiveness is a shortcut to healing.
We think that if we skip the story all the way to the end, we can bypass all the maddening, fragile, messy, random healings.
I want to be a good person, I love to please others, I am fragile and angry, I hate messy and random healing.
If your motives are selfish, even a good thing like healing will collapse into itself like a dying star.
When I say "I forgive you" what I really mean is "I know what you've done
Forgiveness is the only way to true freedom
But to be free, you have to be very specific about what you're willing to forgive, because you can't forgive something that didn't happen to you.
In Judaism, families cannot forgive murderers because they weren't killed.
This is why justice often feels so cold to victims.
And the role of the criminal justice system is to determine what we owe society.
Many people avoid forgiveness like the plague because they don't want to see their scars.
Anger is important. It burns the wound, becomes a healing flame, leaves scars and heals.
But once you know what happened to you, it's time for good old-fashioned justice.
apology? explanation?
A front row seat to a torture chamber?
So forgiveness is not the right option in many situations.
I went to graduate school, married an amazing man, and started a job that I truly love.
That's when I was ready to forgive.
(sigh) Sometimes I even miss him.
(Laughter) I mean the monsters I created, not him.
My story was always about those three.
And when it was over, I found myself standing alone in the spotlight center stage with endless possibilities.
True forgiveness requires abandoning all expectations
thank you
(applause)
As a cyber-magician, I combine illusion and science to help you experience the world of future technology.
Winter is like magic Winter is the season of change - when it gets cold the rain turns to snow and then disappears
"The moon is a powerful magical symbol."
Make a wish (Blowing sound) "Don't tell anyone your wishes"
"I'm not a strategist, I'm not an expert, I'm just a storyteller," I thought.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
I'm going to talk a little bit about seeing the world from a completely unique perspective, and I'm going to talk a little bit about the micro world.
Hair is the smallest thing visible to the naked eye
The first time I saw a living cell under a microscope, I was totally fascinated by what it looked like, and I was astonished.
The world of this size is called the nano world, but the micro world that we see contains the nano world inside. The nano world is the world of molecules and atoms.
But let me tell you about the bigger world, the micro world.
The close-up is actually a normal picture of a water hyacinth, and if your eyes are really good, this is what it looks like with the naked eye.
I got interested in sand about 10 years ago when I saw sand on Maui, and this is the actual sand on Maui.
sand is 1/10th of a millimeter in size
Each grain of sand is about 1/10 mm
For example, look at this picture of sand on Maui.
This is from Lahaina, and by walking along the coast, you're actually walking through millions of years of biological and geological history.
Most of the world's sand looks like this
So every grain of sand is unique, every beach is different.
Every grain is different There is no same grain of sand in the world
NASA sent me some lunar sand to photograph, from various Apollo landing sites 40 years ago.
I felt like it somehow resembled the moon. Interesting.
This whole thing is a very small grain of sand.
It's called Ring Agglutinate.
This is moon sand, and the entire crystal structure is still there.
This grain of sand is probably 3.5 to 4 billion years old. It hasn't been eroded like the sand on Earth. erosion due to radiation from the sun
William Blake put it so well, "I see the world in a grain of sand, I see heaven in a wildflower, hold infinity in the palm of your hand, eternity in a moment."
thank you (applause)
The first thing I can say about this mammal is that it's essential for the proper functioning of our ecosystem.
One-fifth of all mammals are bats, and they have very unique properties.
As far as we know, bats have been on Earth for about 64 million years.
flying is inherently difficult
Vertebrate flight has evolved only three times: once in bats, once in birds and once in pterodactylus.
Bats have learned and evolved how to solve this.
But what's unique about bats is that they can use sound to perceive their environment, they're doing echolocation.
Echolocation, in this context, refers to the sound emitted from the throat through the mouth and nose. These sound waves bounce off surrounding objects and return to the bat. convert to image
We perceive our surroundings through our eyes, and when researchers discovered that bats use sound to fly, navigate, and move at night, we didn't believe it.
When I see this bat, I get a strange impression.
The famous philosopher Thomas Nagel once said, "To really experience alien life on Earth, just lock yourself in a room in total darkness with bats that emit ultrasonic waves and fly around."
If you look at the facial features of this horseshoe bat, you'll notice that it has a number of features for producing and perceiving sounds.
Again, when you look at this bat, you realize how important sound is to the survival of this bat.
Even among bats, there are big differences in sensory abilities.
The Chinese word for "bat" sounds like "happiness," and the Chinese believe that bats bring wealth, health, longevity, virtue, and tranquility.
As I said earlier, bats are essential to the proper functioning of our ecosystems, but why?
Bats, which live in the tropics, are important for the pollination of many plants.
They also eat fruit and spread those seeds. Bats are the pollinators of the plants that make tequila, and they're a multi-million dollar industry in Mexico. you need a bat to
In the United States, a tiny colony of black-necked bats is estimated to eat more than one million insects a year, and bats are now threatened in the United States by a disease called white-nose syndrome.
Without bats, it would cost the United States alone $22 billion a year, and that's how bats provide wealth.
Again, this is the first benefit: bats are important to our ecosystem.
What about the second? What about health?
Every cell in the body contains a genome
With recent advances in molecular technology, it is now possible to sequence one's own genome in an amazingly short time and at a low cost.
Mutations and individual differences that disrupt protein function are naturally selected over time.
Evolution acts like a sieve, filtering out bad individual differences.
In our case, if all the animals we're looking at have a yellow-type genome at that site, it probably means that purple is bad.
For example, the genomic region I was looking at was one that seems to be important for vision.
In my lab, I've been using bats to look at bi-sensory diseases.
340 million people are visually impaired, and 45 million of them are blind. Blindness is a big problem, and a lot of blindness stems from genetic diseases, so we want to understand what mutations in genes cause these diseases. thinking about
We're also looking at deafness, where 1 in 1,000 newborns are deaf, and by the age of 80, that number rises to 1 in 2.
In the lab, we've looked at bats, they're unique sensory specialists, and we've looked at the genes that cause blindness and deafness, and we've been looking at the genes that cause blindness and deafness, and now we can predict which parts can cause disease. increase
Bats are also important to our health and help us understand how the genome works.
This is where we are now, but what about the future?
What about longevity?
Why are we interested in aging in the first place?
This is a picture of the Fountain of Youth, painted in the 1500s. Aging is regarded as one of the most familiar yet poorly understood aspects of biology, and since the dawn of civilization, humans have struggled to avoid aging. was
By 2050, in Europe alone, there will be 70% more people aged 65 and over, and 170% more people aged 80 and over.
How is the secret of eternal youth hidden in the bat genome? Can anyone imagine how long bats can live?
Small mammals usually grow fast and die young.
There are 19 mammal species that live longer than predicted based on their length, 18 of which are bats.
Now in my lab, I'm going to go out and catch some of the longest-lived bats, and I'm going to combine cutting-edge bat field biology with cutting-edge molecular technology to learn more about what bats are doing to stop aging. trying to understand
Aging is a big problem for humans, but I believe that by studying bats, we can uncover the molecular mechanisms that enable mammals to achieve incredible longevity. will be
The reality is that if you look at it properly, bats offer many benefits: they help keep ecosystems in balance, they help us understand how our genomes work, and they may hold the secret to eternal youth. I have
When you walk out of this room tonight and look up at the night sky, I hope you all smile when you see these beautiful flying mammals. Thank you. (Applause)
Ladies and gentlemen, and most importantly, the mustache brothers. (Laughter) In the next 17 minutes, I'm going to tell you the story of my Movember adventure and how it inspired a new kind of charity. We are creating a new way for prostate cancer researchers around the world to work together. We are creating a new way for prostate cancer researchers around the world to work together. I hope I can give you a chance
"Why isn't the mustache making a comeback?" (Laughter) I continued to drink beer, and at the end of the day, I was determined to try to make the mustache come back. (Laughter) "Mo" is Australian slang for mustache. So we renamed "November" to "Movember," and we created some basic rules that still stand today.
I started researching and found that prostate cancer in men rivals breast cancer in women in terms of deaths and cases.
Every morning when I wake up, I tell myself, "My life is all about mustaches." (Laughter) I'm the owner of a mustache farm, so to speak. (Laughter) November is the season. (Laughter) (Applause) In 2005, the campaign gained momentum, and after a huge success in Australia, it spread to New Zealand, and 2006 was a pivotal year.
Again, we persevered, and finally, the beer company Foster's came to the party and became our first sponsor, which allowed me to quit my job and do a side business of consulting.
At this point, we were $600,000 in debt, and if Movember hadn't been successful in 2006, we, the four founders, would have gone bankrupt, and we'd be homeless and living on the streets. Just the mustache. (Laughter) But if that's the worst thing that could happen, I guess it's no big deal.
And in early 2007, something very interesting happened.
(Applause) Movember is now the world's largest fund for prostate cancer research and advocacy.
Now, I live in Los Angeles, home of the Prostate Cancer Foundation of America, and because it's a celebrity-centric city, the media always asks me, "Who's your celebrity ambassador?"
I answer, "We were fortunate to have 450,000 celebrity ambassadors last year."
Now, I'd like to share with you one of the Movember stories that moved you the most, at the end of last year's campaign here in Toronto.
I said, "I see, interesting."
In the back of the taxi, we were so touched that I didn't reveal my identity because I thought it was unnecessary, but I shook his hand and said, "Thank you so much."
In that moment, I realized there was more to Movember than just a mustache joke.
He said to me, "Thank you for starting Movember."
I looked at him and thought -- "He doesn't seem to have the root strength to grow a mustache." (Laughter) "What's your Movember story?"
"I won the ugliest mustache award," he replied. (Laughter) "So I told my family about Movember, and after dinner, I had my first one-on-one conversation with my father about men's health at the age of 26. I talked to my father about prostate cancer and my grandfather. had prostate cancer, and I was able to tell my dad that he was twice as likely to get the same cancer on average. I didn't receive it."
After making that a top priority, they recruited 300 researchers from around the world to study the same problem, 300 researchers from around the world.
And finally, what I learned from my Movember adventure is that if you have a really creative idea, passion, tenacity, perseverance, four men and four mustaches, you can influence dozens of people, and dozens of them. It's about being able to inspire an entire city, and that city is my hometown of Melbourne.
That city in turn inspires a state, which in turn inspires a country, and eventually develops into a world-class campaign that's changing the face of men's health today.
Thank you. (Applause)
Well, people want a lot out of life, but I think what they want most is happiness.
Aristotle called the goal of happiness, to which all things end, the "supreme good."
According to this view, the reason we want a big house or a nice car or a good job is not the value inherent in these things.
We live longer, we have access to technology that was science fiction a few years ago, we have access to technology.
The happiness paradox is that while our quality of life seems to have improved dramatically, we're not happier.
In fact, research on happiness has advanced rapidly in the last few years. Demographics have improved, and a lot of research has been done on the relationship between income, education, gender, marital status, and so on.
I don't think there's an answer to this question, but I think it's possible that happiness has a lot to do with what we experience in the moment.
Maybe we have to focus and immerse ourselves in the moment-to-moment experience to be truly happy.
I think we can all agree, but let's take advantage of the fact that time moves forward, and the cause must come before the effect.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
Two years ago, after four years in the U.S. Marine Corps and deployments in both Iraq and Afghanistan, I was three days after the Port-au-Prince earthquake with a team of medical professionals and veterans in the hardest-hit area. I was doing rescue work.
We went where no one wanted to go, we went where no one could go, and after three weeks, we realized that veterans are very good disaster responders.
The first is that there is an inadequate disaster response.
It's slow, outdated, not using the right technology, not using the right people.
We can leverage veterans to improve disaster response.
But earlier this year, one of the original members caused the organization to change its focus.
We served together in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Earlier this year, in March, Clay took his own life.
It was a real tragedy, but the tragedy caused us to refocus on what we were doing.
Clay didn't die because of what happened in Afghanistan or Iraq, he killed himself because he lost himself when he came home.
But after Clay, we shifted our focus, and suddenly we had a mindset evolution where we started to think of ourselves as a veterans support organization using disaster response.
Because we believe that we can give veterans purpose, a place to belong, and restore self-esteem to veterans.
Tornadoes in Tuscaloosa and Joplin, and then Hurricane Irene, gave me the opportunity to reflect on that.
Now imagine for a moment an 18-year-old boy graduating from high school in Kansas City, Missouri.
he joins the army the army gives him a gun
he is sent to iraq
He's got a purpose, but when he comes back home to Kansas City, maybe he'll go to college and get a job, but he doesn't have that same sense of purpose.
Every day he looks into the same eyes of the people around him.
he joins the army and is given a gun
he is sent to iraq
So they send him to the tornado-hit Joplin, and someone walks up to him again, shakes his hand, and thanks them for what they've done, and it restores their self-respect.
Thank you. (Applause)
Music: DJ Shadow
And what we've realized through the development of devices and the discovery of materials that allow us to do this is that basically anything we can do with paper, anything we can do with paper and a pencil, we can do with electronics.
Thank you. (Applause)
what about this word
A dictionary is not carved out of granite or a block of rock, but out of many tiny pieces.
One of the perks of being a lexicographer is being able to go to TED and say something really fun, like "lexicographical."
But I don't want to be a traffic cop
Besides, it's not easy to decide which words are good and which are bad.
Why do you blame the Queen?
Design hasn't changed
What about online dictionaries?
Online dictionaries should be different
By the way, I have a favorite word
In fact, online dictionaries inherit almost all of the problems with paper dictionaries, except for searchability.
Serendipity is when what you're looking for is so hard that you find something else.
There was a woman cooking ham for the family dinner.
But when I see a word that's not in the dictionary, I think, "That's a bad word." Why? Maybe it's the dictionary that's bad
Why are you blaming the ham for being too big for the frying pan?
No, paper dictionaries will live on.
So paper dictionaries will still exist, but they won't be the primary dictionary.
Think of it this way: artificial constraints lead to arbitrary distinctions and distorted worldviews.
They think, "If words are tools to express our thoughts, how can a screwdriver be better than a hammer?
So you ask, "How do you know if a word is real?"
Anyone who has read children's books knows that love makes things real.
If you like a word, use it and it will be real
Being in the dictionary or not is an artificial distinction
Small parts of the mobile move when you touch them, so when you pick a word and use it in a new context or implication or make it into a verb, the mobile moves.
You can ask for help!
The Library of Congress has 17 million books, half of which are in English.
Even if only one in ten books had a word that wasn't in the dictionary, that would be more than two unabridged dictionaries.
I've talked about a lot of words and numbers, but here's a visual explanation.
If you think of the dictionary as a map of the English language, the bright areas are what we know and the dark areas are the dark areas.
If this is a map that covers every word in American English, we don't know much.
If this is a dictionary and a map of American English, you can vaguely imagine where Florida is, but not California!
California is missing from American English
We don't know much, we don't even know that California is missing
Again, lexicography is not rocket science.
For example, eBird allows amateur birdwatchers to upload bird sightings.
He found so many that a comet was named after him.
But he found 140 comets without a telescope.
If you can find comets without a telescope, you can also find words, don't you think?
The internet is a great place to collect words, and there are a lot of collectors.
And words and enthusiasm are also required for lexicography Isn't that amazing?
There are still many sites out there that are really useful for collecting words, but the problem is that some of them aren't scientific enough.
What newspaper or book was it in?
Words are like archaeological artifacts
You can put all the meanings
Dictionaries used to look like this
It wasn't what people really needed.
Aesthetic judgments should be left to the writers and speakers.
There are about 10,000 species of birds in the world
Vultures are one of the most threatened species
Even in Disney -- (Laughter) -- they're portrayed as goofy, stupid characters.
So why are vultures important? First, environmental protection, they clean up.
A recent study found that in the absence of vultures, carcasses take three to four times longer to decompose naturally, which has a significant impact on the spread of disease.
Vultures are also historically significant.
Nekhbet was the goddess of protection and fertility, and along with the cobra was a symbol of the unity of Upper and Lower Egypt.
In Hindu mythology, it was Jatayu, the vulture god, who risked his life to protect the goddess Sita from the ten-headed demon king Ravana.
What is the vulture problem?
There are eight species of vultures in Kenya, six of which are critically endangered.
In South Asian countries like India and Pakistan, four species of vultures are listed as endangered and expected to become extinct within 10 to 15 years due to livestock being fed painkillers like diclofenac. because they have eaten
Kenya will have Africa's largest wind farm with 353 turbines on Lake Turkana.
I'm not against wind power, but there's an issue we need to work with the government on: turbines can cut vultures in two.
In West Africa, vulture carcasses are brutally traded on the fetish market for witchcraft and other reasons.
We work with the local community
Thank you. (Applause)
I went home, did a little research, and found a shocking statistic.
Today, more than 2.5 billion people around the world lack access to water and sanitation.
Many diseases thrive in this environment, and the most devastating disease is trachoma.
Trachoma is an eye infection caused by bacteria in the eye, and multiple infections can lead to permanent blindness.
Eight million people are permanently blinded by this disease every year. And the scary thing is that there's nothing to prevent trachoma other than washing your face. There's no medicine, there's no vaccine.
Lies are pervasive in our daily lives, and in fact, many studies have shown that we all lie once or twice a day.
In the mid-'90s, I worked as a customs officer in Canada.
Since 1995, 1996, the way we communicate has completely changed: email, text, Skype, Facebook.
It sounds like a weird book title, but these are all new types of lies.
I'll give you an example that happened recently, just last week.
There is a best-selling author in the UK named R.J. Ellory
As you may have guessed, Nicodemus Jones is R.J. Ellory himself.
In North America, it's called "astroturfing," and it's now widespread, and there's a lot of concern about that.
what about facebook?
Remember Pinocchio's nose
There are pathological liars, but they're a minority. People lie for a reason.
Linguists believe that humans began speaking between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago, a long time ago.
In the near future everything we do, not just what we write, will be recorded.
As a social scientist, this is great.
First of all, lying online is very dangerous, right?
This is over 400 years old
I just took this out of the kiln last week, and the kiln itself takes a few days to cool down, but Raku ware is very fast. Turn off the fire, put in the tongs, and grab the work.In Japan, this red hot state is immediately soaked in green tea.You can imagine what the steam smells like.
Filmmaker Mira Nair told me about her experience growing up in a small Indian town called Bhubaneswar, and this is the temple in that town.
Sculptor Richard Serra told me about his early life as a self-described painter and living in Florence after graduate school.
He went to Madrid around that time and went to the Prado Museum to see this painting by the Spanish painter Diego Velázquez.
Standing on the left, holding a paintbrush in one hand and a palette in the other.
Serra: When I stood in front of the painting, I realized that Velázquez was looking at me and said, "Oh, am I the subject of the painting?"
That tension is reflected in the work of photographer Joel Meyerovitz, who began his career as a street photographer who captured moments in the city, but he's also known for his beautiful landscapes, the landscapes and lights of Tuscany and Cape Cod.
Meyrowitz: Like other passers-by, I was standing at the chain link fence on Chambers and Greenwich streets, all I could see was smoke and a little bit of rubble, and I held up my camera and peered in. I was wondering if there was anything I could see, and a police officer, a female police officer, tapped me on the shoulder and said, "No photography!"
These pictures remind me of the smell of smoke that permeated my clothes the night I went home to my family.
Creativity is essential for everyone, whether you're a scientist, a teacher, a parent, an entrepreneur.
And finally, I'd like to show you one more Japanese tea bowl, from the Freer Gallery of Art in Washington.
My wife replied, "It's none of your business."
She replied, I know about sanitary pads, but if me and all my sisters start using them, we're going to have to cut the cost of milk for our family.
I went to the local store and tried to buy her some sanitary napkins.
I need female volunteers, how can I find them in India?
So I made sanitary pads and gave them to Shanti, who is my wife's name.
close your eyes"
But the problem is, one company makes good napkins made of cotton.
this is my invention
That's why I offered this machine only to rural women in rural India, and the truth is that only two percent of women in India use sanitary napkins. Corn husks, wood chips, sanitary napkins, no one uses them.
It's still the same in the 21st century, so I decided to make this machine available only to poor women across India.
(Applause) Please play video one.
She quickly replied, "I know napkins, but I'm going to have to cut my family's milk bill if I use them."
So I decided to sell this new machine only to women's self-help groups.
(applause)
Hello everyone
Yes, I wrote in my book that humans would one day become digital, but I never thought that it would happen so quickly, and it would happen to me.
Anyway, I'm here as a digital avatar. So folks, let's get started.
(Laughter) It's a little hard to answer, because we've forgotten what fascism is.
Or you're confusing fascism with nationalism.
So let's take a moment to clarify what fascism really is and how it differs from nationalism.
For example, I don't know the eight million people who have the same Israeli citizenship.
But nationalism allows us to care about each other and work together effectively.
this is very good
Some people, like John Lennon, imagine that a world without nationalism would be a peaceful paradise.
Rather, without nationalism, we would be much more likely to live in tribal chaos.
If you look at countries like Sweden, Switzerland, and Japan, which are currently the most prosperous and peaceful countries in the world, you can see that they have a strong sense of nationalism.
Conversely, countries with less sense of nationalism, like Congo and Somalia and Afghanistan, are prone to violence and poverty.
So what is fascism and how is it different from nationalism?
Of course, in general, people have multiple identities and loyalties to different groups.
life is complicated
There's only one yardstick: if the film serves the interests of the country, it's a good film, and if it goes against the interests of the country, it's a bad film.
Similarly, how do fascists decide what to teach in schools?
The horrors of World War II and the Holocaust are reminders of the terrible consequences of such thinking.
But when we try to convey the evils of fascism, our narrative is ineffective. We just portray it as a terrifying monster, and we fail to explain what makes fascism so appealing.
When I watch those movies, I just can't understand who would want to follow a hideous villain like Voldemort.
The real-world problem with the concept of "evil" is that it doesn't necessarily look ugly.
That's why Satan's temptations are hard to overcome, just as fascism's charm is hard to overcome.
Fascism makes people think they belong to the most beautiful and most precious thing in the world: the nation.
And people think, "I was told that fascism is ugly.
But I see something very beautiful in the mirror, so I'm not a fascist, am I? "
wrong
This is the problem of fascism
When you look in the mirror with fascist eyes, you look much more beautiful than you really are.
In the 1930s, when Germans looked into the mirror with fascist eyes, Germany would have looked more beautiful than anything else in the world.
Now, if Russians looked in the mirror with fascist eyes, Russia would look more beautiful than anything else in the world.
If an Israeli looked in the mirror with fascist eyes, Israel would look more beautiful than anything else in the world.
This does not mean that the events of the 1930s are repeating themselves.
Fascism and dictatorships may return, but they will come back in a different form, more in line with the new technological realities of the 21st century.
Land was the most important asset in the ancient world.
And dictatorship meant that all land ownership belonged to one ruler or a few oligarchs.
In modern times, machines became more important than land.
So dictatorship meant a plethora of machines in the hands of governments and a handful of elites.
Data is now replacing land and machines as our most important asset.
And dictatorship now means that too much data is concentrated in governments and a handful of elites.
The biggest danger facing liberal democracy is that the information revolution will make dictatorships more efficient than democracies.
In the 20th century, democracy and capitalism beat fascism and communism because democracy was better at processing data and making decisions.
But it defies nature to say that centralized data processing is always less efficient than distributed data processing.
With the rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning, it may become possible to efficiently process vast amounts of information in one place and make all decisions in one place, so centralized data processing is more distributed. more efficient than data processing
Dictators may not provide me with adequate health care, but they can make me love them and hate my opponents.
It will be difficult for a democracy to survive such changes, because ultimately democracy is driven not by human rationality but by emotion.
And if someone can effectively manipulate people's emotions, democracy becomes a puppet show of emotional manipulation.
How can we prevent the return of fascism and the rise of new dictatorships?
The first question we face is, "Who controls the data?"
If you're an engineer, think about ways to prevent data from getting into the hands of a few people.
And make sure that distributed data processing is at least as efficient as centralized data processing.
But now, in exactly the same way, the enemies of democracy are using it to sell fear, hatred, and vanity.
That's why it's the responsibility of all of us to recognize our weaknesses and prevent them from being weaponized in the hands of the enemies of democracy.
As I've already explained, fascism takes advantage of our vanity.
It makes us look more beautiful than we really are.
If someone puts a mirror in front of you that covers up all your flaws and makes you look more beautiful and more important than you really are, break it.
thank you
I think it's easier to imagine than the people rising up and overthrowing the government that controls everything.
In theory, you can rise up against corporations, just as you can, in theory, rise up against dictators.
CA: In "Homo Deus," you say that in this century humans will become like gods through advances in artificial intelligence or genetic engineering.
Has your view of that possibility been influenced by the view that the political system is changing and collapsing?
So these crises play a role similar to what the two world wars did in the 20th century.
The two world wars significantly accelerated the progress of new and dangerous technologies.
The same thing could happen in the 21st century.
Turn the clock forward 30 years
Especially when you're looking at liberal democracy, you might think the current situation isn't good, but in retrospect, 1938 and 1968 were even worse.
But no one knows. As a historian, I can tell you that you should never underestimate human stupidity.
Have a nice night over there in Tel Aviv
(applause)
Living with a physical disability is hard anywhere in the world, but in countries like the United States, we have facilities and tools that make life easier.
You can use the elevator in the building
But in developing countries the situation is completely different.
At home or in your indoor workplace, you need to be small and maneuverable indoors.
The great thing about this system is that it's mechanically really simple, and you can build it with technology that's been around for hundreds of years.
When you want to use the LFC indoors, you can use it as a normal wheelchair by removing the lever and fitting it into the frame of the car body.The dimensions are also designed so that it can be used just like a normal wheelchair.It is wide enough to pass through a standard size door. We're building it. It's at a height that fits under a table. It's small and easy to move around in the toilet.
(applause)
From 1971 to 1977 -- I'm not as young as I look -- (Laughter) -- I was doing technical assistance work in Zambia, Kenya, Côte d'Ivoire, Algeria, Somalia.
I used to work for an NGO in Italy, and every project I launched in Africa failed.
The first project, as I wrote in my first book, Ripples on the Zambezi, was for us Italians to teach the people of Zambia the art of food production.
We entered southern Zambia with Italian seeds, a magnificent gorge that descended to the Zambezi River, and taught the locals how to grow Italian tomatoes, zucchini...
Everything grew beautifully in Africa.
'Cause at least I gave the hippos food.
Over the last 50 years, Western countries have contributed two trillion dollars to the African continent.
I'm not going to talk about the damage this money has done right now.
Both are described by words that contain the Latin word "pater," "father."
This is why white people are called "bwana" and "bosses" in Africa.
We have supported 40,000 businesses
A few years ago, Peter Drucker, one of the greatest management consultants of all time, died at the age of 96.
He was a professor of philosophy before he got into business He was a professor of philosophy before he got into business Drucker said, "Planning is incompatible with the entrepreneurial society and the entrepreneurial economy."
If the population is 10,000, the number of clients is 200.
We have to think about how we can sustainably provide food, health care, education, transportation and communication for the seven billion people on earth.
In 1860, experts were convened to discuss the future of New York.
what happened after that? Forty years later, in 1900, there were 1,001 automobile manufacturing companies in America, 1,001.
For example, in Dearborn, Michigan, there was Henry Ford.
we activate the community
Thank you very much. (Applause)
I'm a brain scientist, and as a brain scientist, I'm particularly interested in how the brain actually learns, and the potential for it to work smarter, better, faster.
It's from this perspective that I want to talk about games. When most people think of video games, they think of children.
I'm not saying that playing video games every day is good for your health.
What we're doing in the lab is quantitatively measuring how video games affect the brain.
Let's say you're driving in the fog, and your ability to see the car in front of you affects your chances of being in an accident.
So playing action games doesn't cause attention problems.
Some kids look sad because they forgot their coats
Was it yellow at first, was it blue?
yellow or blue?
The second is the frontal lobe, the part that maintains attention, and the third is the anterior cingulate cortex, which controls attention and resolves conflicts.
Brain imaging studies show that people who play action games are more efficient in all three of these networks.
why? That's because your attention is focused on the phone, and if the car in front of you brakes, you won't be able to react quickly enough, making you more likely to get into an accident.
With this result in mind, let's think about another group of technology users, highly respected people in society who do multimedia tasking.
What is Multimedia Tasking? Most of us and our children are searching the web, listening to music, and chatting with friends on Facebook at the same time.
Different video games have different effects on the brain.
The effects of video games on the brain are very similar to the effects of wine on health.
That's what rehabilitation and education are for.
Who wants to eat chocolate-covered broccoli? (smile)
My name is Robbie Mizoni, I'm 13 years old, playing fiddle.
And on guitar is my 14-year-old brother, Tommy.
(Applause) We call ourselves the Sleepy Man Banjo Boys.
Narrator: Eventually these animals will live in herds on the beach.
It will be a few years before they learn how to live on their own and walk on their own.
This is a wave, you can see it flowing from left to right
(Applause.) Thank you.
There are 11 numbers and we call them sacred numbers
In fact, this is the invention of the new wheel.
In fact, it's better than a normal wheel, because when you try a bike on the beach, you realize it's really hard.
Imagine this animal walking towards the ocean
thank you
(applause)
Cities in the United States mean a vast area of ​​roads spread out and very little public transportation.
But all these attempts have one thing in common.
Planning a complex social system is very difficult, and I'm going to tell you an interesting story.
Back in 1989, when the Berlin Wall came down, a city planner in London got a call from a colleague in Moscow who asked, "Hi, I'm Vladimir. Do you know who's in charge of London's bread supply?"
A city planner in London said, "Who's in charge of London, what do you mean? Nobody's in charge."
"But I'm sure someone must be in charge.
It's a very complicated system, so someone must be managing it."
This is an example of a complex social system with the ability to self-organize, and it's a very interesting insight.
When you're trying to solve a really complex social problem, what generally works is to create incentives.
So let's think about how we can use this insight to reduce road congestion.
This is a map of my hometown, Stockholm.
Stockholm is a medium-sized city of about two million people, but Stockholm has water all over the city, so there are a lot of bridges, narrow bridges, old bridges, and they cause a lot of traffic jams.
These red dots are the most congested parts of the bridge that lead to downtown.
One or two euros doesn't seem like a lot compared to the cost of parking and maintenance, so you'd think drivers wouldn't react to that tiny amount.
Now, you might think that 20 percent is a big difference, but there's still an 80 percent problem left.
January 3rd, 2006 Congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm. The first picture here is a picture of a typical street in Stockholm on January 2nd.
But if you look at the timeline for 2007, there's an interesting gap.
I mean, it was really fun to experiment with in the first place, and I actually got to do it twice.
Either way it was fun
This is the last day of the congestion charge, July 31st, the same road, but in the summer. Summer in Stockholm is wonderful, it's the brightest time of the year, and when we abolished the congestion charge, it was like this from day one.
They all came back on the first day
The 20% of drivers who disappeared must have had some sort of dissatisfaction.
Who changed their minds and why?
You just have to nudge them in the right direction.
Thank you for your attention. (Applause)
As a cross-country skier for the Australian team, aiming for the Winter Olympics, I was training with my teammates on the bike.
We could see the majestic Blue Mountains west of Sydney on our way.It was a clear autumn sky.The sun was shining, the scent of eucalyptus, and dreams were overflowing.
Where am I? What happened?
I had life-threatening injuries all over my body.
i was at a crossroads
The next problem was walking, because I was paralyzed from the waist down.
I woke up in the intensive care unit, and there was a doctor who was thrilled with the success of the surgery, and my big toe moved just a little bit, and I thought, 'Yeah, I'm going to the Olympics!'
I asked myself, if I can't do that, who am I?
But before I left the hospital, the head nurse came up to me and said, "Janine, be prepared. Something's going to happen when you get home."
In the spinal cord ward, that's normal. Wheelchairs are normal, too.
I wanted my original life back, my original body back.
Maria was in a car accident and was told on her 16th birthday that she was a total quadriplegic, unable to move from the neck down, damaged her vocal cords, and could not speak.
She always seemed happy, and when she could speak it was difficult to understand, but she never complained.
So I stopped asking myself, "Why me?"
I began to think that rock bottom might be the best place to start.
I was an athlete, my body was a machine
I felt a sense of freedom in the midst of the uncertainty, when I had no idea what to do.
Sitting at home in a wheelchair with a cast on, I could see the planes flying overhead.
They took me to the tarmac, and there was a red, white, and blue plane, beautiful, I was lifted up to the wing
As I speeded up the runway and the wheels left the tarmac and took off into the air, I felt the greatest freedom.
As we entered the training area, Andrew said, "Can you see that mountain over there?"
Looking up, he was pointing at the Blue Mountains where this journey began.
In that moment, I knew I was going to be a pilot.
After I got home, I wrote a plan in my training journal.
I achieved small goals and progressed until I finally got my private pilot's license.
Then I got my commercial pilot's license.
And I found myself back at the training school where I first flew, teaching students how to fly.
Thank you. (Applause)
I am a designer and an educator.
But just how efficient is multitasking?
thank you
(applause)
I'm going to talk about the power of words, the word "jihad."
For most Muslims who practice Islam, jihad means an inner struggle of faith.
So when you think about it, "jihad" is a very powerful word, and it even has a certain mystical tone to it.
That's why, for hundreds of years, Muslims everywhere have named their children "Jihad" -- daughters and sons alike -- just as Christian parents name their daughters "Grace," like me. Hindu parents name their daughters Bhakti, a Sanskrit word that means worship of God.
But there is always a minority of Muslims who believe that jihad means not only an internal struggle, but also an external one, a struggle against the forces that threaten their faith and believers.
So thousands of young Muslim men flooded into Afghanistan in the 1980s to fight the Soviet Union's occupation of the Islamic State, as they understood them to be fighting jihad and practicing jihad. They called themselves 'Mujahideen', a word that has the same root as 'Jihad'.
Now forgotten, but back then the Mujahideen were celebrated here in America.
But a small minority of them -- a minority within a minority -- created a new and dangerous conception of jihad, a new and dangerous conception of jihad. Bin Laden leads them, he refined the concept even further.
We assumed that because this lunatic and his lunatic followers called their activities "jihad," that's what they meant by "jihad."
Not just us, but Muslims as well, and his definition of jihad was gradually accepted.
Last year, I met an old imam in a tiny mosque in Tunis, the capital of Tunisia.
Fifteen years ago, he named his granddaughter "Jihad," with the original meaning, and he hoped the name would lead her into a religious life.
I was worried that if I called her by that name, especially when she was out in public, she would look like a supporter of what bin Laden meant by "jihad."
“Why do you keep mentioning jihad in Friday sermons?”
"Do you hate Americans?"
There are all sorts of violent jihads in the world right now.
Somalia, Mali, Nigeria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, there are organizations that claim to carry on the legacy of Ozama bin Laden.
But if you look carefully, you'll realize that they're not fighting international jihad.
Most of the time it's a question of power struggles within a country or a narrower region.
They sometimes cross borders, for example, from Iraq to Syria, or from Mali to Algeria, or from Somalia to Kenya, but they do not engage in international jihad against distant enemies.
Last year they occupied parts of southern Yemen and ruled them the way the Taliban did.
If local jihad is ignored, it will redevelop into international jihad.
Who ended international jihad?
Who Ended Bin Ladenism? Let's think about bin Laden himself first.
It was, in fact, the beginning of his end.
He killed 3,000 innocent people, instilling fear and hatred in Muslim countries, which prevented his concept of jihad from becoming mainstream.
Who Killed Bin Ladenism? Abu Musab Zarqawi
Al-Qaeda's claim to protect Islam from Western crusaders has drowned in the blood of Iraqi Muslims.
Who killed bin Laden? Seal team 6
Who Killed Bin Ladenism? Al Jazeera, Al Jazeera and several Arab satellite stations, because they beat the national television, which was hiding information from the public, because they beat the national television, which was hiding information from the public.
Not all of these are effective in local jihad.
New technologies in satellite broadcasting and the Internet are empowering young Muslims.
I live in New York City right now, and a poster was put up in a New York subway station this week, claiming that jihad is violent.
Bin Laden is dead, his cause has been defeated.
His definition of "jihad" can now be erased.
BJ was one of the prisoners with big plans for the future.
If you want cigarettes in prison, it's three to five dollars a cigarette.
Look, I lied to the federal government and lost a year of my life.
The best thing we can do is find ways to nurture entrepreneurship and untapped potential within prisons, otherwise they won't learn useful new skills, and they'll be back in prison sooner rather than later.
School is about to end, summer is just around the corner
He was coughing and crying and he was vomiting blood on the ground.
The next day I went to school in brand new Air Jordans I was looking good
I still remember this feeling of hunger and thirst, "How can I get people who hate poetry to love me?
I am an extension of my work, so if they love me, they will love my work, and if they love my work, they will love poetry. will finish the work of
In 1996, I found the answer in the master of the spoken word, Reg E. Gaines, author of the famous poem "Don't Take My Air Jordans."
So I could have quit, I should have quit
Because I thought poetry was just self-expression.
I didn't know you needed creative control.
The biggest lesson came years later, when I ran into a talent agent in Beverly Hills who stared at me and told me that I looked like I had no experience in the industry at all.
Method acting is just a mixture of personalities, like pretending a lie is real, like when Kenny in high school said he wanted to be a cop.
Thank you. (Applause)
I'd like to show you a video of the models I work with.
It is hoped that one day these tissues will become replacement parts for the human body.
You start by synthesizing the drug, then you go through lab testing, then you go through animal testing, you go through clinical trials, which you might call human testing, and then the drug finally hits the market.
It costs a lot of money and time, and even when drugs hit the market, they sometimes cause unexpected side effects and harm people.
One of the key technologies here is called induced pluripotent stem cells.
You can model your own heart or your brain on a chip.
It's going to be like doing clinical trials on a chip.
Here's another example of using patient-specific stem cells, made from a patient with retinitis pigmentosa.
Cardiac drugs can be metabolized in the liver and by-products can be stored in fat.
Here's an example from the Karen Berg lab, using inkjet technology to print breast cancer cells to study cancer progression and treatment.
At Tufts University, they're mixing models like this with regenerated bone to see how cancer spreads from one part of the body to another, and this kind of multi-tissue chip is the kind of study that does this. will be responsible for the next generation of
Essentially, we're dramatically speeding up the feedback between the process of synthesizing a molecule and studying its effects in the human body.
The process by which we do this is essentially transforming biotechnology and pharmacy into information technology to make the discovery and evaluation of new drugs faster, cheaper and more efficient.
Thank you. (Applause)
In 2002, a group of therapeutic activists met to discuss early aircraft development.
As is common in industry, patents on airplanes were a strong defense against themselves and sued their competitors.
This just wasn't very good for the development of the aviation industry, at a time when the US government was interested in increasing the production of military aircraft.
In 2002, Kenyan social scientist Nelson Otwama was diagnosed with HIV and needed treatment.
AIDS had already become a chronic disease.
Not so with Nelson. They weren't rich enough. His 3-year-old son was also found to be HIV-positive a year later, and it was the same for him.
The cost of ARVs (antiretroviral drugs) needed to treat HIV was $12,000 per patient per year.
A number of Western pharmaceutical companies had patents on these drugs, and they were not necessarily willing to make the patents available.
There were countries around the world, such as India, that did not recognize pharmaceutical companies' patents. So Indian pharmaceutical companies started producing cheaper versions of the so-called generic drugs, antiretroviral drugs, and made the drugs available in their developing homeland. And in less than a year, the price dropped from $10,000 per patient per year to $350. And now that same triple cocktail is $60 per patient per year. Of course, this result had a huge impact.
Currently, 8 million people are being treated with antiretroviral drugs.
Well, things have changed since then.
First, the rules have changed.
All countries must now recognize pharmaceutical company patents for at least 20 years.
This is the result of WTO (World Trade Organization) intellectual property regulations.
Second, the efforts of companies holding patents have also changed.
So if we don't act, if we don't do something today, we will soon face the problem of a 'treatment time bomb'.
The number of patented drugs is not the only issue.
So certainly if patent pools could be set up like they were done to boost military aircraft production, they should be able to do the same for the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
In 2010, UNITAID (International Medical Purchasing Facility) established a patent pool against HIV.
Here's how it works: Patent holders, developers who develop new drugs, obtain patents for those developments, but have made the patents available in the "pharmaceutical patent pool." And the "pharmaceutical patent pool" grants permission to make the patent available to anyone who needs it.
For example, non-profit drug development agencies are also available.
Producers pay royalties to patent holders from their sales, and those payments are rewards for sharing intellectual property.
There is one important difference from an airplane patent pool.
Pharmaceutical patent pools rely on the willingness of pharmaceutical companies to license their patents for use by others.
His son will be 14 soon.
In August of this year, the U.S. Drug Administration will approve a four-in-one AIDS treatment.
The company that owns this patent, Gilead, has licensed its intellectual property to a pharmaceutical patent pool.
This had never happened before.
This has never been seen before.
Nelson's expectations are very high, and quite rightly so. He and his son will soon also have access to the next generation of antiretroviral drugs. The next and the next medicine will be available for the rest of your life. As a result, Nelson and many others in Kenya, and many others outside Kenya, will be able to continue to live healthy and active lives.
Now we rely on the willingness of pharmaceutical companies to make this happen. We are moving from conflict to cooperation, companies that understand this need, not just for the world, but for themselves. We believe in change. And through the pharmaceutical patent pool they made the change.
thank you. (applause)
There are 800 species of dung beetles in South Africa, 2,000 in Africa, and 6,000 in the world.
africa is hot
So we did a classic experiment, moving the sun.
Take a large polarizing filter, put a dung beetle under it, and place the filter at right angles to the direction of the polarization pattern in the sky.
The dung beetle comes out from under the filter and turns to the right, back under the sky in its original pattern of orientation, turning its body back in its original direction.
That's all about dancing. But after years of observing dung beetles in the heat of Africa, I noticed another behavior associated with dancing.
As they climb onto the ball, they occasionally wipe their faces.
The ball leaves a shadow of heat, and the dung beetle climbs onto the ball, wiping its face and constantly cooling down, presumably trying to avoid the hot sand.
They're different species in the same genus, but they have exactly the same foraging behavior.
here's a cunning experimenter
I love coming to Doha because it's really international.
I called an Indian taxi driver to my hotel, and I told him I was going to the Sheraton, and he said, "No problem."
(Laughter) (Applause) Who would have thought that? wow
"In the name of Allah I will kill you Huhahaha"
Have you ever heard of a Muslim family walking down the aisle of an American plane a while ago and asking, "Where is the safest seat?"
(Laughter) "(imitation of Arabic) - Rainbow!"
thank you have a nice night
we held hands and stared at the door
I was waiting for my brother and my mother to come back from the hospital.
Because that day was my grandmother's surgery for cancer.
I was only 12 years old, and when the shock subsided, my mother's words were ringing in my ears.
Six years ago, we moved from South Korea to Argentina without speaking any Spanish or knowing how to make a living.
As soon as we arrived, we became immigrants who had lost everything, and we had to work really hard to rebuild our lives.
I was born in South Korea, the land of kimchi, and grew up in Argentina, where I ate a lot of steak, so now I'm probably 80 percent cow, and I was educated in America, where I got hooked on peanut butter.
I remember the first day in middle school, my Spanish literature teacher walked into my room.
But by then, I was already fluent in Spanish, and I thought to myself, I could be either Korean or Argentinian, but I couldn't be both.
It felt like a zero-sum game, and I felt that in order to gain a new identity, I had to give up my old identity.
When I was 18, I decided to go to South Korea, hoping to finally find a place to call home.
But then they asked me, "Why do you speak Korean with a Spanish accent?"
So I'm too Korean to be Argentinian and too Argentinian to be Korean.
But how many Japanese-looking Koreans do you think speak Korean with a Spanish accent, or more specifically with an Argentinian accent?
I was easy to stand out, and in a fast-changing world where my skills can become obsolete overnight, that's an advantage.
Instead, I found that I was often the only common denominator between groups that were often at war with each other.
(Laughter) I changed majors so many times that my advisor joked that I should get a degree in "random studies."
(Laughter) I tell my kids this story.
We were the first generation in our family to go to college, so this was a big deal for immigrant families.
I think you can imagine what this conversation would turn out to be.
(laughs) Hi mom
Today, I have three-year-old and five-month-old sons who are born with three nationalities and four languages.
I should tell you that my husband is from Denmark, so I decided to marry a Danish man so that I wouldn't have to deal with culture shock in my life.
And I want them to use their unique mix of values, languages, cultures, and abilities to create a world where identities connect people rather than alienate those who are different.
And most importantly, I want them to find great joy in their journey into uncharted territory, because I did too.
Now about my grandmother, her last wish was also her last lesson to me.
thank you
(applause)
Images like the Auschwitz concentration camp burned into our consciousness throughout the 20th century, giving us new interpretations of who we are, the paths we took, the times we live in.
In a time of conflict in Darfur and Iraq, statements like this sound illusory or even unjust, but I'm going to explain that this is the correct understanding. The decline in violence is a fractal phenomenon, and it's been going on for thousands of years, hundreds of years. It's observable on a scale of years, decades, and even years, and the beginning of the Age of Reason in the 16th century seems to have been a tipping point, not uniformly, but across the globe.
There are four or five such passages in the Bible.
So let's zoom in by an order of magnitude and look at it on the scale of the century.
so i wrote a letter
30 seconds after that, the first tweet was tweeted, "temblor," an earthquake.
58 photos per second on Instagram -
The Egyptian Revolution of 2011 proved that it was both useful and difficult.
How can I create such a list from scratch?
This bridge seems to span east and west.
Truth is emotional, fluid, and above all human.
Thank you. (Applause)
In 1924, he disappeared into the clouds near the summit of Mount Everest.
He may have been the first man to climb Mount Everest, more than 30 years before Edmund Hillary.
we don't live to earn or eat
The plan was to walk from the north coast of Russia to the North Pole and then continue on to the north coast of Canada.
(Laughter) It took us five hours from our small observatory on the north coast of Siberia to our final starting point, the edge of the pack ice, on the Arctic shore, when fearless Felix Baumgartner went skydiving in a balloon. If you've seen it rise, you know what my anxiety was like as I boarded a helicopter heading north and thought of my impending doom.
The crossing journey took 10 weeks, 72 days.
I didn't see anyone for 10 weeks after that.
We hauled 180 kilos of food, fuel and consumables -- about 400 pounds -- for 10 weeks, the average temperature was -35 degrees Celsius, sometimes as low as -50 degrees Celsius.
But what I've learned from my 12 years of carrying heavy loads in the cold is what real inspiration and growth comes from leaving the comforts of a normal life and stepping into the unknown, where growth comes only through hard work and effort.
thank you
(applause)
12 years ago I founded Zipcar
Zipcar is a service where you buy a vehicle, put it in the center of a big city, and let people use it by the hour or by the day instead of owning a car.
Ten years later, I moved to Paris with my husband and youngest child two years ago to take this idea even further, and last year I launched Buzzcar.
Buzzcar is a business that allows you to rent out your car to friends and neighbors.
It's like saying a yard sale is the same as eBay, or a craft fair is the same as Etsy.
It's a great thing, because that's the equivalent of 2,500 TGV train cars, and we're doing it without having to lay tracks or buy cars.
and my favorite Etsy
This is incredible speed and scale
Consider the difference between Google Video and YouTube
We launched on June 1st last year, and it was a very exciting moment.
Many drivers have become members, which is great.
And then the bookings started coming in. Owners get texts and emails saying, "Hey, Joe wants to rent your car for the weekend.
I will tell you two wonderful stories.
A driver once told me that he had rented a car to drive around the coast of France, and the owner of the car said, "Look, these are cliffs, this is all beach, and this is my favorite beach. And we have the best seafood restaurant here."
Together we can do great things. (Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
I'm a neuroscientist who studies decision making.
Today I'm going to share with you the secret to good decision making: a cheese sandwich.
That's right, scientists say a cheese sandwich is the solution to all those tough decisions.
First, to manipulate serotonin levels in subjects, they were given a terrible-tasting, lemon-flavoured drink, which had the effect of removing an essential building block for serotonin synthesis in the brain.
The main component is the amino acid tryptophan.
We just gave the subjects a terrible-tasting drink that manipulated their tryptophan levels.
But it turns out that tryptophan is also found in cheese and chocolate.
Now, let me just say one thing: over the last few decades, neuroscience has made tremendous progress, and it's been making amazing discoveries about the brain.
But the promise of neuroscience has raised hopes and led to some wildly unsubstantiated claims.
The first unsubstantiated claim is that brain scans can be used to read people's thoughts and emotions.
Here's an article from a research report that the research team published in an op-ed in the New York Times.
The headline was "You really love your iPhone"
It quickly became the most emailed article on the site.
We used a brain scanner to show 16 people a video of their iPhone ringing.
Yes, it's associated with positive emotions like love and compassion, but it's also involved in other processes, such as memory, language, attention, anger, disgust, and even pain.
By the same logic, we can also conclude, "You hate your iPhone."
Now speaking of love and the brain, according to a researcher known by some as "Doctor Love," scientists have discovered the glue that holds society together. Scientists hold society together. He says he's found the glue, the source of love and prosperity.
We're talking about a hormone called oxytocin.
Dr. Love's claim is based on research that increases a person's oxytocin levels enhances feelings of trust, empathy and cooperation.
He calls oxytocin the "moral molecule."
In some cases, oxytocin can reduce our willingness to cooperate.
Based on these studies, I would like to call oxytocin an "immoral molecule" and call it "Doctor Strange Love."
SPECT is a brain scanning technique that uses radioactive tracers to track blood flow in the brain.
Clinics say these scans can help forestall Alzheimer's disease, weight problems, addictions, marital problems, weight problems, addictions, marital problems, from depression to ADHD. It is useful in treating various mental illnesses.
Some of these clinics are making tens of millions of dollars a year.
But there's one problem
As a neuroscientist, I'm extraordinarily excited about the potential of neuroscience to treat mental illness, and it could make us better and smarter.
but we haven't gotten there yet
Maybe one day it will be possible, but until then we have to be very careful not to rob real science of resources and attention because of exaggerated claims, which is a much longer battle.
Thank you. (Applause)
This story began when I was in New York to give a talk, and my wife took a picture of me holding my daughter for her first birthday on the corner of 57th Street and Fifth Avenue.
It has become truly sacred to us.
This was taken a few weeks after 9/11, and I was trying to explain what happened that day in a way that even a five-year-old could understand.
These photos are much more than documenting a moment or a particular trip.
Now my daughter sees college in this city, and she's determined to go to college in New York.
It made me realize that the most important things we create are memories.
Thank you. (Applause)
It's me and my daughter holding the Israeli flag.
A few days ago, I was sitting in line at a grocery store, and the owner and one of the customers were talking, and the owner was explaining to the customer that 10,000 missiles were going to land in Israel.
So I went to sleep, and that was all for me.
because in israel you don't talk to people from iran
So I went around to my neighbors, my friends, and my students, and told them that if they gave me a picture, I'd make a poster for them.
And tell the Iranians that we in Israel love you."
While we receive Israeli posters and photos, we also receive many comments and messages from Iran.
Since then, the Iranians have started responding with their own posters.
It's a two-way story where Israelis and Iranians send the same message to each other.
"What about Lebanon?" "Lebanon too."
We've changed the way people view the Middle East.
The "Israel loves Iran" page now has 80,831 likes! Two million people visited, shared and liked the page last week. and commented on the photo
We're just making images, but we're showing you a new reality, because that's how we see the world.
Look at this "Iran loves Israel" page
I was in Munich a few weeks ago.
The girl I met on Facebook was born and raised in Iran, lives in Germany, has never been to Israel, and is afraid of Israelis, because that's the reality for her, after months of talking to Israelis online. She decided to come to Israel, and when she got on the plane and arrived at Ben Gurion Airport, she said, "Well, it's not a big deal."
So... (Applause) You're probably wondering, who is this guy?
Sometimes war is unavoidable, but if you try, you may be able to avoid it.
Maybe this image will help us change something.
don't cry
(applause)
As we grow older, we begin to see fear as a sign of weakness -- something childish that should be discarded, like baby teeth or roller skates...
Maybe that's why we think of fear as dangerous.
Why don't you think of fear as a wonderful exercise of the imagination, as profound and insightful as a "story"?
In young children, the relationship between fear and imagination is very clear, because fear is so vivid.
I remember being scared when I saw the chandelier on the dining table sway every time a small earthquake occurred. Sometimes I couldn't sleep because I was worried that a big earthquake might hit while I was sleeping.
We learn that there are no monsters under our beds and that earthquakes don't always destroy houses.
Get eaten by cannibals, get caught in a storm, or starve to death before reaching land...
In fear, the characters are ourselves.
Fear also has an element of suspense.
In other words, we think about the future through fear.
When I was writing my first novel, The Age of Miracles, I spent months wondering what would happen if the rotation of the Earth suddenly slowed down.
Fearing cannibals, they gave up on the nearest island and chose the farther, far more difficult route to South America.
When the last survivors were rescued by two passing ships, less than half survived, and some survived by eating cannibalism.
Melville used this story as the subject of Moby Dick, and later wrote, "The poor crew of the Essex would have spared themselves the trouble if they had gone straight from where they were shipwrecked -- to Tahiti. Wax
The novelist Nabokov said, "The best readers are those who have two different temperaments, the artistic and the scientific."
When read correctly, fear can give us something as precious as literature: a little bit of wisdom and insight -- and something very elusive -- the truth.
Thank you. (Applause)
The dotted light blue line is what would happen if Congress did nothing. The dotted light blue line is what would happen if Congress did nothing. The dotted light blue line is what would happen if Congress did nothing. So around 2027, America's debt will be on par with Greece, and as you can see, around 2027, America's debt will be on par with Greece, and it's about 130% of GDP. If we don't do something, which means if Congress doesn't do anything in the next 20 years, the day will come when America will be abandoned by investors around the world, and they'll say, "We don't trust America anymore. I won't lend you more money unless you raise the interest rate."
Democrats say, "It's no big deal.
This will not create a fair and just society.
So basically Republicans who make over $250,000 a year don't want taxes on them.
Two-thirds of Democrats are in favor of increasing taxes on investment income, while only one-third of Republicans are in favor. do not agree
About a third of Americans are Democrats
Filmmaker Georges Méliès was originally a magician.
In the 16th century, the Neapolitan scholar della Porta learned how to manipulate the natural world through observation and research.
Manipulating the world and the way we perceive it is the essence of visual effects.
"Georges Méliès is the man who realized that cinema has the power to capture dreams."
The Académie Française has two main tasks: the first is to compile the official French dictionary.
Now they're working on the ninth edition, which started in 1930, and they've just made it to the letter "P."
It also enacts correct usage, arguing that "courriel" should be used as the proper term for what the French call "email."
We see this in the constant emergence of slang and jargon, in historical changes in language, in the diversity of dialects, in the formation of new languages.
In other words, language is a window into human nature, not something that makes or shapes human nature.
In the book I'm writing, I'm using language to clarify some aspects of human nature, such as the cognitive mechanisms that shape the conceptual system of the world and the relationships that govern human interaction.
The verb is the chassis of the sentence, so to speak.
Intransitive verbs such as "dine" cannot take a direct object
"Sam dined" is correct but "Sam dined the pizza" is incorrect
Transitive verbs must have an object "Sam devoured the pizza" is fine but not "Sam devoured"
There are dozens of verbs of this kind that determine the form of sentences.
For example, in English dative construction
Also the dative preposition "Give a muffin to a mouse"
There are many examples like "Promise anything to her", "Promise her anything" etc.
But unfortunately there are peculiar exceptions
You can say "Biff drove the car to Chicago" but you can't say "Biff drove the car to Chicago"
You can say "Sal gave Jason a headache", but "Sal gave a headache to Jason" goes a little crazy
The syntax of "Give the X to the Y" is consistent with the idea of ​​"Cause X to go to Y" and "Give the Y the X". "Give X" matches the thought "Cause Y to have X"
In either case, the thing that is interpreted as being affected is expressed in the direct object, the verb followed by the noun.
If it's an event that moves the muffin somewhere -- when you're doing something to the muffin -- you say "Give the muffin to the mouse."
First, there's a level of fine-grained conceptual structure that's automatically and subconsciously processed when we make sentences and pronounce sentences, and that govern our use of language.
This is what we call the language of thought, or "Mentalese."
For example, this dative construction is used not only as a metaphor for moving objects, but also as a metaphor for moving thoughts: "She told a story to me" or "told me." For example a story" "Max taught Spanish to the students" or "taught the students Spanish"
For example, the verb "go" can be used with the prepositions "to" and "from" in a sentence in a literal spatial sense.
"The messenger went from Paris to Istanbul"
But you can also say "Biff went from sick to well"
In "The meeting went from three to four," I think of time as being stretched on a single line.
Similarly, when using force, it is not just physical force such as "Rose forced the door to open" but "Rose forced Sadie to go". It can also express interpersonal power, such as "I was forced to go to the hospital."
Or "Rose forced herself to go." It's as if there are two entities in Rose's head playing tug of war.
Here are some examples: "terminate pregnancy" vs "kill the fetus" "cell mass" vs "unborn child" "invade Iraq" vs "liberate Iraq" "redistribute wealth" and "confiscation of income"
Now, I've said that I'm going to talk about the two windows of human nature, about the cognitive mechanisms that help us conceptualize the world, and then, from a language perspective, I'd like to talk about how the forms of relationships are reflected in language.
I'm sure many of you have seen the movie "Fargo."
So the question is, why are bribes, polite requests, temptations and threats so often circumvented?
As a social interaction, language must satisfy two conditions.
A polite request is the simplest example
We can see this by trying to imagine what it would be like if language could only be used literally.
So let me sum it up: language is a holistic creation that reflects the human nature of how we conceptualize the world and how we interact with each other.
thank you very much
(applause)
we live in an incredibly busy world
The pace is often frantic, the mind is always busy, and there's always something going on.
When I was about 11, I took my first meditation class.
At the same time, I was watching kung fu movies, and I was secretly trying to learn how to fly.
It was a very stressful time.
I think we all deal with stress in our own way.
I quit college, went to the Himalayas, became a monk, and started studying meditation.
The present moment is so underrated
47%
If the mind continues to wander in this way, it is also a direct cause of unhappiness.
this is what meditation is
This is what meditation is for, because a lot of people think that meditation is about stopping your thoughts, or letting go of your emotions, or controlling your mind, but it's really not.
So what do you do every 30 seconds?
No matter what, meditation allows us to take a step back and see things from a new perspective, and take a step back and see things from a new perspective, giving us the opportunity to see things that aren't necessarily what we appear to be.
You don't have to burn incense, you don't have to sit on the floor
All it takes is 10 minutes a day to step back and understand the present moment, and you can experience a wonderful sense of focus, calmness and clarity in your life.
I'd like to start with the most dangerous animal in the world.
If you were to ask about dangerous animals today, most people would think of lions, tigers and sharks.
However, the most dangerous animals are mosquitoes.
Mosquitoes have killed more humans than any other species in human history.
And mosquitoes kill more people than war and disease.
But dengue fever now infects between 50 and 100 million people each year, according to the WTO, which means it's infecting as many people as the population of the United Kingdom.
In the last 50 years, the incidence of dengue fever has increased 30 times.
So for those of you who don't know what dengue is, let me tell you a little bit about it.
Imagine being bitten by a mosquito that carries the virus.
The strange thing is that once you've been bitten by one of these mosquitoes and you've contracted the disease, your body develops antibodies that prevent you from getting sick if you're bitten by another mosquito carrying the same virus.
So the next time you get dengue, if it's a different strain, you're more likely to get sick, and you're likely to have much worse symptoms, and then you'll end up with a more serious illness, hemorrhagic fever or shock syndrome. more likely to become
So why is it spreading so rapidly?
It's Aedes aegypti
This mosquito, as the name suggests, came from North Africa and has spread all over the world.
A single mosquito only travels about 200 yards in its lifetime and doesn't fly very far.
What they're good at is hitchhiking and carrying eggs.
They lay their eggs in clean water, such as pools, puddles, basins, flower pots, etc. If you have clean water, they will lay their eggs. is transported to
I don't remember very well, but yesterday or the day before yesterday, according to Reuters, there was the first case of dengue fever in Madeira, with about 52 confirmed cases and about 400 suspected cases.
it was two days ago
What this tells us is that wherever this mosquito goes, the dengue fever will follow.
But in an urban environment, this is very difficult.
Let's start again from scratch Design a product from scratch And decide what you need
What is clear is that we need something that can effectively reduce mosquito populations.
must be safe
Maybe in 20 to 30 years there will be better products.
By the way, there are two biological features of mosquitoes that help them. One is that males don't bite.
The second feature is that males are very good at finding females.
If you release a male mosquito and there is a female around, the male will find the female.
A single female lays about 100 eggs at a time, up to about 500 in her lifetime.
Now, if this male carries a gene that causes his offspring to die, the offspring won't survive, and 500 mosquitoes won't be flying around.
This technology was developed at the University of Oxford several years ago.
It's not that expensive. Because a container the size of a coffee cup, a coffee cup, can hold about three million eggs.
And we're doing some experiments for Brazil, and the Brazilian government itself built a mosquito factory, much bigger than ours, and we're going to use it to scale up in Brazil.
Suppose you're here, we're sending mosquito eggs.
Both can significantly reduce pesticide use as a side effect.
Thank you very much. (Applause)
If you're watching the news, you know there are a number of giant asteroids heading toward America, and all of them are expected to hit us in the next 50 years.
We're not talking about actual asteroids made of rock and metal.
According to Hansen, sea level rise of 5 meters is expected.
Hansen ended by saying, "Imagine a giant asteroid about to hit the Earth.
Of course, the left wants to take action, while the right denies even having a problem.
Now, it's not as scary as an asteroid, but let's take a look at the graph provided by Mr. Levin.
This graph shows the national debt of the United States as a percentage of GDP, and thus, going all the way back to the founding of the nation, we borrowed heavily for the American Revolutionary War.
Our debt levels are approaching World War II levels, and the baby boomers haven't retired yet, and this is what happens when they retire.
Now, did you notice that these two graphs are exactly the same? It's not about the x-axis or the y-axis or what the data is telling you, it's about the same ethical and political implications.
think of it like this
It's extremely rare to see large-scale cooperation on this planet.
There's only one species on this planet that can do that regardless of bloodline - that's us.
This is the revival of ancient Babylon, and this is Tenochtitlan.
So in ancient civilizations, temples and gods played a big role.
This is a photo of the Kaaba in Mecca with the Muslims circling.
because it distorts reality.
But it's a gross distortion of reality
And what we do know is that in the decades after the Civil War, Congress was predictably, abnormally and impossibly polarized.
It was truly a golden age of bipartisanship, when political parties worked together to solve the country's great problems.
Did you notice that in two of the three debates, Mr. Obama wore a blue tie and Mr. Romney wore a red tie?
Look at this data, it's a national election survey in the United States.
The blue line is the warmth that Democrats feel about their party, and they're pretty positive about themselves.
But when you look at the cross-party ratings, even though they're lower than the data above, it actually surprised me when I first saw this data.
It's not that bad of a number when you think back to the days of Carter and Reagan. Giving other parties 43 or 45 points isn't terrible.
It's plummeting here something happened
But there's a lot that can be done, and there's still a lot of reform that needs to be undertaken to make things better, because much of the dysfunction we see in Congress today can be traced back to Congress itself in the 1990s. has created further division and dysfunction in
The details of this change have been written in many books.
So the third part of our reform agenda is to bring about changes in social relations within Congress.
But in the early 1990s, the House of Representatives first changed the legislative calendar so that basically everything would end in the middle of the week.
Running Congress without human interaction is like trying to run a car without gas.
Now here's another asteroid.
Others are clinging to pieces of driftwood.
Today, most Hispanic and black children are born to single mothers.
In 10 or 20 years, most American children will be born into fatherless families.
Rather, I want to criticize the men who refuse to take responsibility for their children and the economic system that makes it difficult for them to earn enough money to support their children.
The New York Times finally took notice of this "asteroid" in a front-page story last July, showing how declining marriage rates are leading to inequality.
As I said earlier, these two graphs show the same phenomenon.
If you're worried about income inequality, you might want to talk to an evangelical Christian evangelist who promotes marriage.
All in all, there are at least four asteroids about to hit us.
please raise your hand
Welcome to the "Asteroids" Club, you are the first members, a club of Americans willing to admit that the other side may be right.
So we start by looking for common threats, and then common threats create common perceptions.
For example, the number of inmates in the United States, the prison population, has quadrupled since 1980.
This is a social disaster. Liberals are worried about this problem.
The Southern Poverty Law Center frequently fights the criminal industrial complex to prevent a system that sends young, poor people to prison.
Sometimes they work with the Southern Poverty Law Center to campaign against the construction of new prisons and work day and night to fix the criminal justice system to be more efficient and humane.
Let's start by getting Congress to reform itself, before it's too late for our country.
Thank you. (Applause)
I'm happy to be here today to talk about my journey in life and my wheelchair and the freedom it brings.
I started using a wheelchair 16 years ago when an advanced disease changed the way I connected with the outside world.
When I started using a wheelchair, I gained tremendous freedom.
But while I had a newfound joy and freedom, the reaction of the people around me completely changed.
The wheelchair became an object to paint and play with.
For me, a wheelchair is a vehicle for change.
In fact, I call my underwater wheelchair a "portal" because it's exactly what takes me to a new me, to a dimension, to a new level of consciousness.
(applause)
Hi, my name is Jarrett Klosowska, and I write children's picture books.
But then came a kid who was obsessed with Transformers and Snoopy and the Ninja Turtles, and I was obsessed with the characters in the books, and I considered them my friends.
I went to Gates Lane Elementary School in Worcester, Massachusetts, and I had great teachers, especially Alissi in the first grade.
When he came next to my desk, he suddenly stopped, tapped the desk with his fingers, and said, "Hey, you're a good cat." (Laughter) Then he left again.
I loved to write, and when I got home from school, I would bundle up the papers, staple them together, and fill the blank pages with words and pictures.
After that, from sixth grade through high school, I went to art museum classes once, twice, sometimes three times a week, surrounded by friends who loved to draw, and spent time with friends who shared my passion.
I drew funny caricatures of my teachers (Laughter) and passed them around in class.
During my freshman year of high school in English class, my friend John, who was sitting next to me, accidentally laughed out loud.
(Laughter) And then a video camera.
I brought along a book called How to Draw Marvel Comics, and it showed how to draw superheroes, how to draw women, how to draw muscles, how to draw X-Man and Spider-Man. there was a way
Then I volunteered for a week at Camp Sunshine and met some amazing kids, one of the kids with leukemia named Eric, who changed my life.
I set up a studio and tried to get it published.
And then I got an email from the editor of Random House, with a title in the title, "What a lovely piece of work!" and an exclamation mark.
"Dear Jarrett, I received your postcard.
"Punk Farm" "Baghead" "Purple Elephant Ollie"
My grandparents have passed away, but I've established a scholarship at the Worcester Art Museum in memory of them, a fund for children in need who can't afford a class.
Thank you. (Applause)
When I met Celine a little over a year ago, she hadn't received antiretroviral therapy for a year and a half, and she was very sick.
She stopped going to the hospital as soon as the clinical trial ended because she didn't have the money to pay the bus fare and she didn't have the strength to walk 35 kilometers.
It might even have been published in a prestigious scientific journal.
It may provide useful information to clinicians around the world about how to improve the clinical management of HIV patients.
On the contrary, clinical trials are extremely valuable and much needed to tackle serious diseases occurring in developing countries.
But there is a real risk of human exploitation because of the funding gap between developed and developing countries, especially if the research is funded by external sources.
I'm sure you're wondering why the developing world, and especially sub-Saharan Africa, is such an attractive region for HIV clinical trials.
Sub-Saharan Africa fits most of this criteria, with 22 million people living with HIV in the region, which is said to account for about 70% of the 30 million people living with HIV worldwide.
Because of the high prevalence of HIV infection, researchers conduct clinical trials that are scientifically acceptable but ethically questionable in many ways.
I think the local community needs to be more actively involved in establishing standards for recruiting subjects as well as the benefits of participating in clinical trials.
My second point is that I want you to think about the standards of care that are offered to subjects in every clinical trial.
Should the control group for comparison in clinical trials receive the world's most effective treatment currently available?
However, it is often very difficult to provide the world's best treatments today in developing countries.
My third point is to ask you to think about the ethical review of clinical research.
Local governments need to develop effective mechanisms for reviewing the ethical issues of clinical research that is allowed in individual developing countries, by establishing independent ethics review committees independent of governments and research sponsors. We need to deal with that
The final point I want you to think about here tonight is what happens to the subjects once the clinical trial is over.
Researchers must make every effort to make their subjects more accessible to the treatments that have been shown to be beneficial during the trial, even once the trial is over.
And once the clinical trial is over, we should consider the possibility of introducing effective treatments and continuing to provide them to the wider community.
If for some reason the researchers say it can't be done, I think we have to ethically justify why we have to do clinical trials in the first place.
I was able to get her into a free HIV treatment program closer to her home, and I was able to find a group to support her in her fight against HIV.
In her case, it ends on a positive note, but there are thousands of people in similar cases who, however, are much less fortunate than she is.
She probably doesn't know this, but meeting Celine completely changed the way she looked at HIV clinical trials in the developing world, and made her even more determined to be part of the effort to change the way trials are done today. is the
I believe that each and every one of you listening to me tonight can be part of a movement that will change that.
If you work for a funding agency or a pharmaceutical company, please encourage the agency or company to invest in ethical research.
If you're from a developing country like I am, please urge your government to more thoroughly review the clinical trials it sanctions in your country.
thank you
The girls decided to make this an annual event.
they hug
I'll never forget a little girl who looked into her father's eyes and said through the camera, "Dad, what do you see when you look at me?"
(Applause) So making sure these girls can connect with their fathers is especially important to me, especially when they're separated by barbed wire fences and iron doors.
(applause)
Hi, my name is Cameron Russell, and I've been modeling for the last few years.
Images are powerful, but they're also superficial.
I'm standing on this stage because I'm a model
The first question is how did you become a model?
The next question that people often ask me is, "Can I be a model when I grow up?"
In reviewing what I'm going to talk about today, I discovered that 53 percent of 13-year-old girls in America dislike their bodies, and by the time they're 17, that number has risen to 78 percent.
We say, "It's great to be able to travel the world and work with talented, passionate, creative people."
The reason I'm insecure is because I have to worry about how I look every day.
Before I became a dermatologist, like many other British dermatologists, I started out as a physician.
What I feel in Australia is that Australians are very competitive.
and they were right
Australians have one-third the rate of heart disease that we do, they are less likely to die of a heart attack or heart attack, and they are generally healthier than us.
This is after taking into account risk factors such as smoking, social class, and diet.
Vitamin D is necessary. Children are required to take vitamin D.
My grandmother grew up in Glasgow, and cod liver oil started being used in the 1920s, 1930s, when rickets was a big problem.
My grandmother made me drink cod liver oil when I was a child.
The more vitamin D you have in your blood, the lower your rates of heart disease and cancer.
There's a lot of evidence that vitamin D is good for you.
But taking vitamin D supplements doesn't change the high incidence of heart disease.
High vitamin D is simply a sign of sun exposure, and I suspect that, as I'm going to talk about, sun exposure can help prevent heart disease.
With that said, I came back from Australia and moved to Aberdeen knowing the risks to my health.
(Laughter) And then I started training as a dermatologist in Aberdeen.
I also became interested in research, and I was particularly interested in a substance called nitric oxide.
Here are three people, Furtigott, Ignaro and Murad, who won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1998.
they were the first to discover that nitric oxide is a new chemical messenger
Nitric oxide has the effect of dilating blood vessels, which means that it has the effect of lowering blood pressure.
So I started doing some research and found the surprising fact that the skin produces nitric oxide.
So, like many researchers, I went to the United States and spent a few years in Pittsburgh, and this is Pittsburgh.
We wondered if nitric oxide might be involved in cell death, that it might be involved in cell survival and resistance to a variety of things.
So I started working with cells that I grew in culture, and then I started working with knockout mice, which don't make the gene.
Now, I'm an experimental dermatologist, so I decided to expose experimental animals to the sun.
We gathered a bunch of volunteers and exposed them to ultraviolet light.
We used UVA radiation that does not produce vitamin D.
I believe this is the effect of UV light hitting the skin.
We are still collecting data
The other thing I want to point out is that there was no change in vitamin D levels.
This is the mechanism by which blood pressure is lowered, and the coronary arteries also dilate to pump blood away from the heart.
The amount of light in winter and summer is the same
If you're right on the equator, you've got these two red and purple lines, and the amount of nitric oxide released is the area under those lines, right here.
Ventura is in Southern California
I think there's actually a more important message, and that's that sunlight has benefits as well as risks.
Yes, sunlight is a risk factor for skin cancer, but the death rate from heart disease is 100 times higher than that from skin cancer.
(applause)
Have your arms neatly at your sides, your eyes wide open, look straight ahead, and ask the question out loud for everyone to hear.
(Laughter) This young man's name -- his last name is Cruz -- and he loved it so much he put it on his Facebook page and he became famous.
How to keep a group of six- and seven-year-olds quiet
Do you understand? "
Anyway, this is my game, but of course it came from my experience in the military.
No. It starts when a child is held by their mother for the first time, looks into her face and says, "This is what a mother is.
It's pretty predictable
I wasn't a good student
"But he's doing well in ROTC.
So when I graduated, I was sent to the Army, and to my surprise, many years later, I was one of the most proud alumni of New York City! (Laughter) That's why I tell young people that life isn't where you start, it's how you live it that determines your future. It is to keep believing in yourself, believing in society and the country, believing that you can improve yourself, and living while constantly learning.
that is the key to success
This is why high school dropout rates are as high as 25 percent, and among minorities, the rate is as high as 50 percent, children from low-income households, because they're not given a good start.
Children need networks, they need to belong to a tribe, to a family, to some kind of community.
People who are now called the minority will become the majority.
But now I'm all alone
thank you
(applause)
So let's look at it from a different perspective
Let's see what evolution has brought us
As you can see, these robots are not yet ready to take over the job, but they're gradually learning how to move forward and become autonomous.
Now, using these two examples, we've actually seen a machine that learned how to walk in simulation and a machine that actually learned how to walk.
I would like to show you another approach, this robot has four legs.
It also has two tilt sensors to check the tilt.
(applause)
I love watching my favorite movies with my child. When my daughter was four years old, she saw "The Wizard of Oz."
Just as there is a big difference between these two movies, there is a crucial difference between modern movies and The Wizard of Oz.
First, "The Wizard of Oz" uses very little violence.
But if this movie were made in modern times, the wizard would say to Dorothy, "You are the savior of Oz.
Cartoonist Alison Bechdel chronicled a conversation she had with a friend in the mid-'80s, in which she rated a movie she had seen.
I saw "Argo" last week, it's a high quality movie.
Last year, the New York Times published a study conducted by the government.
1 in 5 American women report being sexually assaulted
I asked my daughter who her favorite Star Wars character was, and what do you think she said?
obi wan
Obi-Wan Kenobi and Glinda
what do these two have in common
thank you
This is how war starts
The siege lasted three and a half years, and there was no water, no power, no electricity, no heat, no food inside the siege, which happened in 20th-century Europe.
And above all, I learned about love
Martha Gellhorn, whom I admire, said, "You can only love one war, and the rest is a sense of responsibility."
It was a solemn gathering of journalists, humanitarian aid workers and brave citizens of Sarajevo who had worked in the field during the war.
And then war and chaos begin
In 1994, I left Sarajevo briefly to cover the Rwandan genocide.
We learn a lot from war, and I'm talking about Rwanda because it's like South Africa -- it's healing after 20 years.
People ask me why I keep covering wars, and this is the reason.
I'm actually going back to Syria next week, and what I'm seeing is some incredibly brave people. We take democracy for granted, but there are people fighting for it.
I gave birth to a baby boy in 2004. My son is a miracle to me. After seeing so much death and destruction -- chaos and darkness -- a ray of hope was born.
I named him Luca, which means "bearer of light" because he brought light to my life.
Why aren't you at home with Luca? "
I'm not Kofi Annan and even he can't stop the war
I'm not a humanitarian doctor, I don't know how many times I've felt helpless because I couldn't save people dying in front of me.
My job is to give voice to the voiceless.
Syria, Bosnia, who cares?
thank you
(applause)
Have any of you had surgery?
did you want it?
This is gallbladder surgery
You've heard this before, haven't you? "He's a born surgeon."
But surgeons are not born
The foundation is very important, so we started a training program in 1990 with doctors from SAGES, the largest surgical society in the United States, to ensure that all surgeons who perform minimally invasive surgery have a solid foundation of knowledge and skills to operate in the field. is something that allows
Last year, in collaboration with our partner, the American College of Surgeons, we issued a statement that all minimally invasive surgeons should be certified in FLS (basic laparoscopic surgery).
SAGES performs surgeries around the world and trains surgeons.
I think we can develop a tool for that.
This is Alan, teaching English-speaking African surgeons the basic skills to perform minimally invasive surgery.
For them, it's not a surgical knowledge test, it's an English test.
Cambridge hospital where I work
because you need a lexicon
Let me show you what we're doing
Oscar, well done, see you next week.
thank you
(applause)
We're all artists since we were born
Some children learn to lie when they get a little older
But don't worry
it's a wonderful moment
Let's take a look at this sentence: "One morning, as Gregor Samsa awoke from a disturbing dream, he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic poisonous bug."
This is the opening sentence of Kafka's "The Metamorphosis."
A child who begins to lie has taken the first step toward becoming a storyteller.
children practice art
I went to Jeju Island a few days ago.
When I ask students to write about their happiest times, they often write about their experiences with art when they were young.
There's a famous quote by the French writer Michel Tournier.
“Work is against humanity. The fact that work makes you tired is proof of that.”
But kids do art for fun, it's play
I explained, "A picture of a crow resting in a tree on a dark night."
Isn't this like wallpaper
In any case, 20th-century contemporary art is doing something weird and filling in the blanks with explanations and interpretations, just like I did.
This is Picasso's work
it's our tragedy
There, the talent for writing shows its dark side.
that's right
However, I have one condition: write like crazy!
Art is the ultimate goal
In my ideal future, everyone has multiple identities, at least one of which is an artist.
When I asked the driver, "What is this?"
He said it was his profile I asked him "What are you doing?" He said "I'm an actor"
King Lear
A golfer by day, a writer by night
Do you have any advice for Korean dancers?”
what should we do now?
thank you
(applause)
I'm not a psychiatrist, I'm not a social worker, I'm not a domestic violence expert.
Then I moved to New York for a job as a reporter and editor for Seventeen magazine.
The man I loved most on earth pointed a gun at me and threatened to kill me more times than I can remember.
it might be your story
I don't look like your typical domestic violence ex-victim.
I have a degree in English from Harvard University and an MBA in Marketing from Wharton Business School.
I have been married to my second husband for almost 20 years and have three children.
I was 22 at the time, and American women between the ages of 16 and 24 are three times more likely to be victims of violence than any other age group. In America, more than 500 women in this age group have been victims of violence. Every year people lose their lives to romantic boyfriends and husbands.
When we started dating, he loved everything about me, how smart I was, how I was from Harvard, how I helped teenage girls, how hard I worked.
He wanted to know everything about me, my family, my childhood, my hopes and dreams.
Little did I know that I was in a dangerous love affair. I plunged headfirst into a carefully planned physical, financial and mental trap.
Seven o'clock in the morning I was still wearing my nightgown
One in three American women is a victim of domestic violence or being stalked, and according to CDC statistics, 15 million children are abused each year -- 15 million.
The final pattern of domestic violence is to kill the other person.
More than 70 percent of domestic violence homicides occur after the victim has ended the relationship, after the victim has run away, because the perpetrator has nothing left to lose.
I finally realized that the man I love so dearly might kill me.
so i broke my silence
I told everyone, the police, my neighbors, my friends, my family, even complete strangers, and it's because of them that I'm here today.
But since the publication of Crazy Love, I have heard many stories of men and women who have managed to escape, who have learned valuable life lessons through their experiences, and who have started happy, happy new lives. The people who made it work, the wives and the mothers, all of them, like me, lead lives that are completely free of violence.
I remarried to a very kind man and had three children.
This is my way of helping other victims. My final request to you.
Recognize and mediate early signs of violence End violence and show victims a safe exit
thank you
(applause)
This is my first year as a high school science teacher, and I'm really excited.
The main characters are bacteria and viruses
Real bacteria and viruses are so small that they can only be seen under a microscope, and we all know bacteria and viruses because they both cause disease.
What many people don't know is that viruses can make bacteria sick."
Once upon a time there was a happy little bacteria
DNA is like a blueprint that tells an organism what to produce.
It's like going to a car factory and replacing the blueprints for a car with the blueprints for a killer robot.
Bacteria aren't the only way viruses can infect.
Now you know how viruses attack cells.
There are two ways, the lytic way on the left, and the way the virus enters the cell and takes the initiative.
For example, you said that viruses have DNA.
Instead, they have something called RNA.
Just because kids think all viruses have DNA doesn't ruin their chances of being successful in science.
There is a growing amount of information online that explains science in an easily understandable way.
I spend most of my spare time making science videos and putting them on YouTube.
When I explain chemical equilibrium, I compare it to the awkward high school dance.When I teach fuel cells, I talk about boys and girls at summer camp.
Skip the annoying details that no one cares about and get to the point
how do i start?
I think I'll probably be able to work tomorrow, but I'm not sure, I don't know the time."
These people find it very difficult to find work despite the great need to work.
For example, let's say you run a cafe.
As another way of looking at local flexible people, I'd like to introduce you to a market research company that trained about 25 people how to do street interviews.
Imagine this young woman, at the bottom of the economic pyramid, with no hope of getting a job. What kind of economic activity could she do?
These are also good sites, but I believe they can go further.
The market has changed a lot in the last 20 years, but only at the top of the economy.
Wall Street traders take it for granted that they buy and sell financial assets in a market system that identifies the most profitable opportunities in real time and trades within a specified range at a fraction of a second.
At the bottom of the economy, what have we gained in the last 20 years in terms of markets?
So why is there such an inequality between the sophisticated markets at the top of the economy, which have siphoned off more activity and resources from the main economies and become more sophisticated traders, and the rest?
Suppose tomorrow morning the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, or the President of the United States, or the leader of some developed country wakes up and says, "Because the current climate is unlikely to create the jobs we need.
not necessarily
This law defines what a national lottery looks like.
Let's call this the National e-market, or NEM for short.
like a regulated public utility
Operators have specific obligations attached to such benefits, but the key, of course, is the obligation to pay everything, including those involving the public sector.
Investors can also use this data
Never underestimate the true transformative power of modern markets
thank you
(applause)
My mother replied, "I'm proud to have a son who created software that allows children to send Mother's Day cards to their mothers."
My mother was happy, which made me happy, but there was another reason why I was happy.
It's the same with new technology.
By creating interactive Mother's Day cards, the children were demonstrating their mastery of this new technology.
This may not surprise you all that much, because young people feel that they can use technology to do a lot of things.
It's scenes like this and scenes like this that are common, and there's no question that young people are comfortable browsing the web, chatting, emailing, playing games.
Young people have a lot of experience with new technologies, they're used to manipulating them, but not so much when it comes to creating and expressing themselves with new technologies.
To do that, they themselves need to be able to write computer programs.
Over the past few years, a number of new organizations and websites have sprung up to help young people learn to code.
There are sites like Codecademy, events like CoderDojo, girls sites like Girls Who Code and Black Girls Code.
Earlier this year, as the new year began, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg said that his New Year's resolution for 2012 was to learn to code.
Once the program is complete, you can share the project with other people by pressing the button labeled "Share" so that everyone can use and participate in the project.
There are so many ways people can express themselves here, and they can bring their ideas to life and share them with the world.
We will continue to explore new ways to bring together and connect the physical and virtual worlds.
Here is an example
using webcam
It's kind of like Microsoft's Kinect, where you manipulate the world with gestures.
You can also use the microphone here in the same way that you used the camera to bring information into Scratch.
Here is an example project using a microphone
Learning to read and write opens up the possibility of learning many other things.
When you can read, you learn by reading.
Some of the things you learn are obvious
An after-school learning center that we helped launch, teaching low-income young people how to use new technologies to express themselves creatively.
And every time the big fish eats the small fish, it gets a score, and the score goes up by one.
He got excited and grabbed my hand and said, "Thank you, thank you."
When you learn ideas like this in Scratch, you learn in a meaningful and motivating way. You understand why you need to learn variables. Children understand more and better.
Now he had a reason to learn variables.
By kids like Victor creating projects like this, they're learning important concepts like variables, but that's just the beginning.
When Victor was working on this project and scripting it, he was also learning the design process, how to start with a vague idea and turn it into a full-fledged, working project, as you can see.
He was learning a lot of the core concepts of design, how to test new ideas, how to break down complex ideas into simpler pieces, how to collaborate with other people, as you'd expect. How to find and fix bugs when things don't work, how to persevere and move forward with direction when things go wrong.
Will Victor be a programmer or a computer scientist when he grows up?
I think it's more likely that he won't, but whatever he ends up doing, he can use the design skills he learns here.
I think very few people become professional writers.
So she made a project for my birthday and sent me a Scratch birthday card.
Thank you. (Applause)
"Have you ever been divorced?"
But sometimes the question "What do you do?"
can be dangerous
I grew up in downtown Manhattan in the 1980s, just two blocks from the center of punk music.
So when I was six years old, I decided to be a boy.
So I went home, shaved my head, and the next day at school, I said, "I'm a boy."
I didn't want people to know I was a girl and it worked
this is me at 11
It didn't feel like I was in the wrong body, it felt like I was acting carefully.
For me, photography isn't just about showing a picture, it's about exposing the viewer to something new, to places they've never been, and most of all, to people they've been unaware of and afraid of.
(music) Self-evident Truth is an American LGBTQ photo documentary.
(music) "We hold the following facts to be self-evident: All men are born equal."
In 29 states, more than half of this country, you can legally be fired for your sexual orientation.
85,000 people across the country watched the video, and we got a lot of emails from them asking them to come to our town and show us their faces.
And more people wanted to see their faces than I expected.
That video was shot in the spring of 2011, and to date, I've already visited 20 cities and photographed 2,000 people.
Visibility is what really matters
Familiarity is the gateway to empathy
Of course, along the way, I met people who divorced their children because they weren't heterosexual, but I also met people who left the conservative Southern Baptists because their daughter was a lesbian.
Empathy is the backbone of the self-evident truth.
After overcoming the shock, most people chose 70-95% or 3-20%.
Seeing them makes it hard to deny their humanity.
But it's too late
thank you
(applause)
I have never forgotten the words of my grandmother, who died in exile, "Son, resist Gaddafi and fight.
Young Libyans, men and women, stood at the forefront, clamoring for the overthrow of the dictatorship, with slogans of freedom, dignity and social justice.
Forty years of Gaddafi's dictatorship have devastated infrastructure, destroyed Libya's culture and morals.
After 33 years in exile, I returned to Libya, and with an extraordinary passion, I began to conduct workshops, such as capacity building and leadership training.
Together with these wonderful women, we launched the Libyan Women's Association for Peace. To encourage women's equal participation in democracy-building and peace operations.
Women won 17.5 percent of parliamentary seats, the first time in 52 years of elections.
And then another morning, we got news about the murder of the American ambassador and the attack on the consulate.
Every day, we wake up under the rule of militias who refuse to stop abusing prisoners -- and who disregard the rule of law.
Rather, I'm here to confess to you that we, as a nation, chose the wrong option.
Maybe it wasn't just women that were missing, but feminine values: compassion, compassion and inclusion.
This is the real "Zipper"
According to the Quran, "salaam" (peace) refers to the merciful god Raheem.
And the Abrahamic word raheem has the same root as the Arabic word rahem (womb), a word that symbolizes feminine motherhood, including charity, uttered by men and women, both sexes and by all tribes and all peoples. is
May we all be granted the grace of mercy
(Thank you for applause
(applause)
welcome to doha
Most of you here have had three meals today, and will continue to do so after this event.
There was no water, no energy, no oil, no cars.
Most of the inhabitants lived in coastal fishing villages or were nomads migrating in search of water.
Oil was discovered in 1939
My mother's accent is very different from my father's, about 300,000 people, all from the same country.
This is the skyline of Doha, as you all know it.
1.7 million people
Over the last five years, the economy has averaged about 15 percent annual growth.
Water consumption increased to 430 liters
And that's that we're continuing to grow, averaging 15 percent each year for five years without water.
We're building not just a city, but a city full of dreams for people who want to be scientists or doctors.
Annual precipitation for Brazil is 1,782 mm
For those of you who don't know, this is the situation in Qatar.
We import 90% of our food, and less than 1% of our land is cultivated.
Is there a sustainable solution?
So what kind of energy do we need?
We use this renewable energy to supply the water we need.
This water will go to the farmers, who will be able to water their crops and provide food to society.
thank you
(applause)
(applause)
i am an artist
Basically, I just record one second of my life every day for the rest of my life. Chronologically, every second of my life is stitched together into a video until I can't record any more.
When I started doing this, I quickly realized that if I didn't do something interesting, I would forget to record the video.
I think this project has a lot of potential, and I would like to suggest that you record a little bit of each day, so that you don't forget that you lived that day.
thank you
(applause)
I still draw and love art
I was the mayor of Tirana, the capital, for 11 years.
They said, "The colors you specified don't meet European standards."
(Applause) It's time to change that.
The restoration of public spaces has reawakened a sense of belonging to the city that people had lost.
We've demolished over 5,000 illegal buildings across the city, the tallest being eight stories high.
Over the last 20 years, international organizations have invested heavily in Albania, but not all of it has been put to good use.
Politics has become like a cynical team game of politicians, the people are pushed to the side, like spectators in the stands, the passion for politics is slowly cooling down, making people ignorant and breeding despair.
Barack Obama won because (applause) he was able to mobilize the public through social networks.
We have to consider how people think, how they see the world, how they use their time and energy, how they use their time and energy.
Those who say all politicians are the same Is Obama the same as Bush? Is Hollande the same as Sarkozy?
For those who say nothing will change, stop and think about the world 10, 20, 50, 100 years ago.
I gave you a very small example of how the mere use of color can make a difference.
(applause)
We took a lot of samples from this road and tested them in the lab.
thank you
(applause)
My father listened to the BBC news on his little gray radio.
And he had a rare big smile on his face, because he was usually depressed by gloomy news.
I will never forget that morning
I was six years old when the Taliban took control of Afghanistan and banned girls from going to school.
For the next five years, I dressed as a boy and accompanied my sister, who was already banned from going out alone, to a secret school.
I was lucky enough to grow up in a family that values ​​education and loves their daughters.
That's how my mother was educated and became a teacher.
And my father, here, he was the first in the family to get an education at the time.
Your money may be stolen, or war may force you to leave your hometown.
I grew up in a country ravaged by decades of war.
But today, I stand before you all proudly as a graduate of Middlebury College.
(Applause) When I returned to Afghanistan, my grandfather was one of the first to congratulate me, the man who bravely educated his own daughters and was disowned by his family for it.
(Applause) My family believes in me.
That's why I am a global ambassador for 10 x 10, a global movement to advance women's education.
But today, there are over three million girls in school in Afghanistan.
(Applause) Afghanistan is very different than here in the United States.
To me, Afghanistan is a country of hope and endless possibilities, and every day, day after day, the students of SOLA remind me of that.
Like me, they have big dreams.
thank you
(applause)
But by the '70s, other countries were catching up.
So by using PISA to directly measure knowledge and skills, so by using PISA to directly measure knowledge and skills, we want to change this situation.
Our most recent test, in 2009, looked at 74 school systems around the world, which covers 87 percent of the world's economies.
Below the OECD average is red ―
With PISA, we wanted to measure the degree of equity, that is, whether people from different social backgrounds have equal opportunities.
The red dot is the amount spent per student relative to the country's wealth.
One of the ways we spend money is on teachers' salaries, and South Korea invests a lot in getting the best people into the teaching profession.
The way money is spent is very different in the two countries, and how the money is spent is far more important than how much money is invested in education.
Let's go back to the year 2000
It was the year before the iPod was invented.
very disappointing result
And that begs the question: What can we learn from countries that fall into the green region of the chart -- countries that have achieved both fairness and performance and achieved outstanding results?
How do the media treat schools and teachers?
Another important thing is the belief that all children can succeed.
There are countries where students are segregated from an early age.
The goal used to be standardization and compliance.
And these countries are aligned across all areas of public policy.
As the example of PISA shows, the power of data is greater than the power of government to control subsidies for education.
If we can tell every child, every teacher, every school principal, every parent what improvements are possible -- if we can show them that there are no limits to educational reform, then we have laid the groundwork for better policies and better lives.
thank you
(applause)
"I agree with the idea that crude, simplistic, and overconfident economics contributed to the crisis."
You've probably heard people who are skeptical of capitalism make these criticisms.
The first words were the then President of the European Central Bank - Jean-Claude Trichet
Are they saying that we don't understand the economic system that drives modern society?
"We spend billions of dollars trying to find the origins of the universe, and yet we don't yet know the conditions for social stability, economic functioning -- or even peace."
So an interesting solution is the science of complexity.
It was this contradiction that got me interested in complex systems.
Complex systems are made up of many interconnected and interacting parts, such as birds, swarms of fish, ant colonies -- ecosystems, brains, financial markets.
Complex systems are very difficult to translate into mathematical equations, and general physics approaches don't work.
What do we know about complex systems?
What appears to be complex behavior is actually the result of a few simple rules of interaction.
What's even more interesting is that most complex systems have this amazing property of emergence.
Whether it's a cell, a termite, or a bird, all you have to do is focus on the rules of interaction.
The nodes in the network are the elements of the system and the links are the interactions of the elements.
What equations are to physics are networks in the study of complex systems.
This method has been successful for a variety of complex systems in physics and biology -- in computer science and social science -- but what about economics?
where is the economic network
This node represents people and companies -- governments, foundations, etc.
We also give this company a value based on operating revenue.
So who controls the world?
First, we used a database of 13 million ownership relationships since 2007.
If there is ownership, shareholders have voting rights ―
This is the normal conception of control
Suppose you have water running through a pipe, and the pipes are of different diameters.
Long-term, well-funded research programs are emerging to try to understand the networked world in terms of its complexity.
That's why I'm hoping that the complexity perspective will give us a common ground.
But this is also my personal ideology.
thank you
(applause)
Why does good sex often fade? It can happen to even the most loving couples.
Why does good intimacy not mean good sex? This is contrary to popular belief.
How does it feel when you love someone?
In my travels around the world, I've noticed that wherever romanticism is prevalent, there seems to be a crisis of desire.
So what keeps this desire going, and why is it so hard?
Marriage used to be an economic institution, where getting a lifelong partner gave you continuity and companionship in having children and social status.
That's where the mystery of eroticism lies.
If there is a verb for "desire", I think it is "want".
desire needs space
Over the past few years, I have visited more than 20 countries with Mating in Captivity in hand. When do you feel strongly attracted to your partner? I asked
the second group is more interesting
I mean, when I see my partner shining and full of confidence
What is novelty? What part of yourself can you bring out?
Which part of you do you connect with?
What do you want to express there?
By the way, animals have sex too.
So when I thought about eroticism, I started thinking about the poetic part of sex.
And when you look at it as intelligence, it's something you cultivate.
What seems so puzzling about the contradiction between love and desire is that the elements that are supposed to nurture love, such as reciprocity, interdependence, protection, care, and responsibility to others, are sometimes the ingredients that suppress desire.
The need for connection, the need for distance, the need for safety, the need for adventure, the need for unity and independence. Suppose you have a little child sitting on your lap. All of us at some point have to go out into the world to discover and explore new things.
If we translate this into adult language,
Sexual foreplay begins when the previous orgasm ends
(applause)
The advances in astronomy, cosmology and biology over the past decade have been astonishing, in terms of understanding the universe and how it works, more than most of you can imagine.
Science writers and editors -- or rather science writers and editors -- would often sit down with a beer after a day's work and talk about some incredible views of how the universe works. start
And that led me to have discussions with other people and scientists, sometimes on other topics, and one neuroscientist said, sometimes on other topics, and one neuroscientist said, "I think there are a lot of solutions to the problems you've raised," and I'm reminded of Michael's talk yesterday and his mother's words, "If there are no problems, there are no solutions."
And then we started looking for solutions to the various possibilities of the end of the world and, surprisingly, we found them.
I saw footage from President Bush's press conference a few weeks ago.
PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH: We will do whatever it takes to keep our security and our freedom, and we have to pay the price.
We live in an amazing age of modern medicine.
We are all in much better health than we were 20 years ago.
The World Health Organization estimates that one in five people on the planet is currently clinically depressed.
And according to the agency, depression is the most prevalent epidemic humankind has ever experienced.
The problem with aging today is that people over the age of 65 are the most likely to commit suicide.
It's usually a combination of talk therapy and drugs.
Let's go on, number nine, don't laugh, aliens are invading earth
We found three in 1995, and now we're at 80, and we're discovering about two or three per month.
A few years later, NASA launches four or five telescopes toward Jupiter, and they begin searching for Earth-like planets in dust-free areas that cannot be found with current technology.
Looking back at history, the late physicist Gerard O'Neill said, "Advanced Western civilizations have a devastating effect on any primitive civilization they come in contact with, no matter what attempts are made to protect them."
If aliens come, humans are a primitive civilization.
How much effort and money would it take to actually plan to negotiate with advanced species?
If we wish for the permanence of mankind, we must colonize the Milky Way.
Number 8: Ecosystem Collapse
Last July, 19 oceanographers published an unusual article in Science magazine.
Many other ecosystems on earth are in real danger.
We are living in an era of mass extinction that is 10,000 times larger than the fossil record.
25% of Hawaii's endemic species has been lost in the last 20 years.
California is expected to lose 25% of its species over the next 40 years.
And when that ecosystem collapses, we can also lose more important ecosystems, such as our atmosphere. So what are the possible solutions to this?
Now ecosystem modeling is being done.
We don't understand the ecosystem very well, and by the time we realize we're in danger, it's almost too late.
The National Science Foundation -- let me tell you, in this country, a lot of the money spent on science comes from the federal government.
Second, we need to start creating and moving around huge biodiversity reserves on the planet.
(Applause) Number Seven: The Particle Accelerator Accident
Do you remember Ted Kaczynski (The Unabomber)?
There's still talk about building a giant accelerator.
To talk about particle physics and what should be done, we need the opinion of particle physicists, but we need outside thinking and oversight of the effects of experiments.
There is a magnetic field around the Earth, and it is constantly bombarded by high-energy particles like protons.
And in my opinion, we haven't spent enough time looking at natural laboratories and figuring out what's safe to do on Earth in the first place.
Corn is said to have originated in Mexico
We treat biotechnology as carefully as we treat nuclear power plants.
It's been 780,000 years since that happened.
So it should have happened 480,000 years ago.
Scientists now believe that the magnetic field is probably decreasing by about 5 percent.
So we may be in the middle of that phenomenon.
One problem with trying to calculate whether the planet is healthy is that we haven't had accurate weather data for 60 years, and we have far less data about things like the ozone layer.
so there's a pretty simple solution
It's not difficult. It's just three oxygen atoms.
you don't need that much there
We need to learn how to repair and replenish the earth's ozone layer.
(Applause) Number 4: Giant Solar Flare
Solar flares are giant magnetic explosions on the Sun that bombard the Earth with high-velocity subatomic particles.
So far, the atmosphere and the magnetic field have protected us just fine.
Occasionally affected by solar flares, causing disruptions to communications and electricity.
But what's disturbing is that in recent years, astronomers have been studying stars like our Sun, finding stars that are close to our Sun's age and 20 times brighter.
1% doesn't sound like much, but it's going to cause a massive ice age.
1993 I wrote this story for Life magazine.
The problem is that it will take at least 300 years for Mars to terrestrialize.
In 1918, a flu epidemic in the United States killed 20 million people.
The population at that time was about 100 million
The bubonic plague in medieval Europe killed one in four Europeans.
It's ridiculous how antibiotics are given. (Applause) Cows, lambs, chicken chicks are given antibiotics every day.
There could be a real outbreak of disease in the United States, but we are not prepared to deal with it.
There are believed to be about 10 million dead stars in the Milky Way galaxy alone.
But galaxies can be thrown out of orbit in extremely violent environments.
And finally number one: as you know, probably the most dangerous to life, a large asteroid coming towards Earth.
In 1908, a mere 60-meter comet exploded in Siberia, clearing 100 miles of forest.
Nothing to worry about, right?
An asteroid as small as 800 meters triggers a firestorm, followed by flying debris that leads to severe global cooling, something like Carl Sagan's "Nuclear Winter."
where is it? It's called the Kuiper belt -- and some people don't think Pluto isn't a planet -- and Pluto is in the Kuiper belt.
A little further out is the Oort Cloud.
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey announced last fall -- it's creating the first three-dimensional map of the universe -- that between Mars and Jupiter there are probably 700,000 asteroids that are about 800 meters or more in size. When I'm there
Their research shows that the chance of dying from an asteroid or comet impact is 1 in 20,000.
NASA spends three million dollars a year -- it's like pocket money -- on asteroid research.
We don't really have the technology to predict the trajectory of a comet or when the named comet will arrive.
You'll find that many comets are named after amateur astronomers you've never heard of, because only they are looking for them.
We need a dedicated observatory to explore comets
Solution number two: We need to find a way to explode the asteroid or change its orbit. Well, a year ago, we did something amazing.
And then, of course, we did a secret NASA mission, and we had extra batteries, gas, everything, and we landed at the last minute.
It's just a matter of discovering them, going there and doing something about them.
The thing to remember is 9/11
Science now has the power to predict many futures.
knowledge is power
The worst thing we can do is not worry about the asteroid threat (Laughter), a mistake that literally costs us our future.
thank you
In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, there's one thing that's sparking interest again, and it's one of the oldest questions in economics, at least - predating Adam Smith.
Let's start with the member countries of the OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
If you look at the left side of this graph, many OECD countries are saving more than a quarter of their GDP each year, and some are saving more than a third.
Now, could language be involved in these differences in savings rates?
I grew up in the American Midwest
For example, when speaking English, there are grammatical differences. For the past, "It rained yesterday." For the present, "It is raining now." For the future, "It will rain tomorrow."
As a behavioral economist, I came up with an interesting hypothesis.
Here's a hint. Let's go back to the OECD graph.
Looking at the "Survey on Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe"
(Laughter) I'll also add USAID's Demographic and Health Surveys of developing countries in Africa, for example, the HIV prevalence of rural households in Nigeria.
And then we broke it down by religion, and there are 72 religious categories in the world, so that's pretty granular.
Let's take smoking for example.
Smoking is, in a sense, negative savings.
Saving is "present pain" in exchange for "future pleasure" Smoking is the opposite.
thank you
(applause)
I tell my students that neuroscientists are like astronomers, because we're dealing with systems that are as many cells as there are galaxies in the universe.
this is the brain
This is exactly what we did 10 years ago
Now, while Aurora is playing a game like this, while we're trying 1,000 times a day, and getting a 97 percent success rate and 350 milliliters of orange juice, we're recording the brainstorms she creates with a robotic arm. I sent it to the Aurora Borealis and trained it to replicate the movement of the aurora.
I wanted to use this brain-machine interface to allow Aurora to play games without using her body, just by thinking.
Thirty days after the first video I showed you, the robotic arm is now completely under the control of Aurora's brain, and the robotic arm is now completely under the control of Aurora's brain, moving its cursor toward its target.
What's more, Aurora knows she can play games with her robotic arm, so she can still use her arm to do whatever she wants.
Now we're training animals to control avatars and explore objects in virtual worlds.
These objects look the same, but when the avatar crosses their surface, electrical signals corresponding to the texture of the object are sent directly to the monkey's brain, telling them what the avatar is touching.
In just four weeks, the brain learned this new sense and acquired new sensory pathways -- a new sense of sorts.
And the feedback that comes from the avatar goes directly to the brain without going through the skin.
This animal uses an avatar to touch the target
Signals controlling the monkey's movements were sent to Japan to make the robot walk, and footage of the robot was sent to the monkey at Duke University, where he could see the robot walking in front of him.
This monkey moved a robot six times bigger than itself on the other side of the world.
It's one of the experiments that robots can walk on their own.
But as a scientist, I can tell you that I grew up in southern Brazil in the mid-1960s, and at the time, I heard the crazy idea of ​​going to the moon.
thank you
(applause)
In the Maasai boys were raised to be warriors.
girls are raised to be mothers
The day starts at 5am, milking the cows, cleaning the house, preparing meals for my brothers, going out to fetch water and collecting firewood.
I went to school, not because other Maasai women went to school.
My mother works hard in the fields to grow the grain we eat.
But when my father came home, he would sell his livestock and sell his stuff in the house to pay for a drink with his friends in a bar.
When I was in school I had a dream
i wanted to be a teacher
My dream of becoming a teacher will not come true
everyone was in a circle
There were my sister and other girls, but I was the first to go. When I approached the woman, she looked at me and sat down.
I spread my legs and another woman came up with a knife.
I was lucky because my mother did what most mothers don't do.
I was determined to become a teacher, to make a difference in my family.
something happened when i was in high school
I met a young man from my village who was studying at the University of Oregon.
He was wearing a white shirt and jeans, with a camera, and he was wearing sneakers, all white sneakers.
He asked, "Um, what do you mean you want to go?
Isn't there a husband here waiting for you? "
this man helped me
Also, when I was in high school, my father got sick.
And then I got word that I had been accepted from Randolph-Macon Women's College in Virginia, to which I had applied, but I couldn't attend without the village's help, because I needed money to buy a plane ticket.
So I visited him early in the morning as soon as the sun rose
I also learned that my mother had property rights.
I wanted to do something
i thought i had to do something
When a girl gets pregnant before marriage, the mother is blamed and punished.
Let me introduce you to a girl who goes to this school.
She's Sharon and five years later.
A new beginning is happening just like a new dawn is happening in our school
you want to make a difference
Then we will live in a wonderful and peaceful world. Thank you.
(applause)
Corruption is defined as the abuse of one's position for personal gain, but sometimes the benefits extend to friends, family and even supporters.
Today, I'm going to focus on corruption in public institutions, where private companies also intervene.
The second myth is a big big misconception, but we need to debunk these misconceptions and get a real picture of corruption, and the second big myth is, "If corruption is a problem, it's a small problem." It's a myth.It's only 10-15%.Corruption has been around forever.It's useless to create laws to regulate it.There's nothing you can do about it.
Yes, there is a lot of irony in history.
The two examples I just talked about were corruption in the construction industry.
And in May of this year, we filed a Freedom of Information request with the Ministry of Finance.
This is a law passed in 1999.
A journalist named Heather Brooke, who covers the fight against government corruption, introduced me to a site called Alaveteli.org.
It's a big problem, it's economic crime.
I grew up watching Star Trek. I love Star Trek so much.
The evolution of insect flight is perhaps one of the most important events in the history of life.
(Laughter) Now, David, Hidehiko, and Ketaki, I mentioned earlier, had a really interesting talk about the similarities between fruit flies and humans. Maybe this is what fruit flies like to do -- (Laughter) But today, I'm not going to talk about the similarities between humans and fruit flies, but the differences between the two, and the advantages of fruit flies.
A fly senses a predator
This is an interesting move that shows how fast the fly brain processes information.
Now for flight -- what does it take to fly?
how does this compare to a fly
It turns out that insects flap their wings very cleverly, and their high angle of attack creates a tornado-like flow at the tip of their wings, called the leading edge vortex, and this vortex allows the insect wing to generate sufficient buoyancy.
What about the engine?
The nervous system controls all of this.
Let's take a look at the controller
They have advanced eyes, the fastest vision system on earth
They have sensors on their wings.
Wings are covered with sensors, and among those sensors, there is also a sensor that detects shape deformation.
They even have a sense of taste with their wings
But all the information from the sensors has to be processed in the brain, yes, the fly has a brain, too, a brain with 100,000 nerve cells.
Some attendees at this conference seem to say that fruit flies have simpler brain functions that make them well suited for neuroscience research.
When we say "brain," we think in terms of our own brains.
Let's think about this for a minute, let's start with this comparison -- (laughter) You have to compare the size of your brain to what that brain can do.
Let's assume that some frontier in neuroscience can figure out how the brain works.
From an engineering point of view you might think of it as multiplexing.
I grew up in Baltimore, so I'm super good at chewing crabs.
Crab chewing behavior is really interesting
Imagine one neuromodulator with one neuronal network.
For many years, in my lab, and in labs around the world, we've used little flight simulators to study fly behavior.
There's a fly A big infrared image of a fly in a flight simulator, this is one of the fly's favorite games.
This was a preliminary work previously done by Gaby Mamon when he was a postdoc here, but now he has completed it at Rockefeller University. It's not just a flight simulator, it's able to insert electrodes into the fly's brain and record electrical currents in genetically specified neurons.
Here is one of those experiments.
This is a picture of the octopamine system
Octopamine is a neuromodulator. It appears to play an important role in behavior such as flight.
This is one of many neuromodulators, yes, fly brain.
But non-spiking neurons are more complex, because they have a complex web of input synapses and output synapses, and there's no single action potential that drives all the outputs -- they all come out at the same time. It's because it's made.
(applause)
here's the bad news
David is a software engineer and Eleanor takes care of four children aged 10-15 David is a software engineer and Eleanor takes care of four children aged 10-15
One has Asperger's and the other has ADHD.
When David brought this system into his home, especially through family meetings, there was more communication, less stress, and everyone was happier as part of the family. And
When my wife and I introduced these kinds of family meetings and other methods into the lives of our then five-year-old twin daughters, the biggest change happened for the first time in their lives.
Under Sutherland's method, companies don't do large projects that take two years.
It was the best Thanksgiving ever.
So I asked David, "Why is it working?"
The key to Agile is self-managing teams The key to Agile is self-managing teams It turns out that it's as effective for kids as it is for software development.
The word "agile" entered the dictionary in 2001, the year Jeff Sutherland and his designers met in Utah to write the Manifesto for Agile Software Development.
Parents can learn a lot from this
A celebrity chef in New Orleans once said, "Oh, no problem, I'll shift my family time.
In fact, the latest research proves what he said was true.
If you sit in a well-cushioned chair, you become more open.”
The point is that there are so many new ideas out there.
Be flexible, be open-minded and embrace the best ideas
"15 minutes of overreaction is the limit.
Then the other person said, "Over reaction! Over reaction!"
(Laughter) (Applause) And this is also backed up by research.
Children who set goals, make weekly schedules, and self-assess grow their frontal cortex and gain control over their lives.
it's a pajama party
We had a great conversation. What's important to us?
Children who score high on this "do you know?" test have strong self-esteem and believe they can control their lives.
Not all happy families are alike."
How can Tolstoy be right after all this time?
I believe the answer is "yes"
If we can find that stick, all mankind will be happy.
Just take small steps, accumulate small wins, and keep chasing the green stick.
The secret to a happy family? -I'll try
(applause)
(mechanical sound) (music) (applause)
What will the future of learning look like?
Under the name of "bureaucratic administrative machine"
The Victorians were a great group of engineers.
At that time, there were a lot of parents who were rich enough to buy computers, and they said, "My son must be gifted because he can do amazing things with computers."
I replied, "I don't know."
(laughs) "Why did you put it here?"
The one on the right is an 8 year old
The one on the left is his student, who is 6 years old.
Children in a village in southern India had such bad English pronunciation that they had to improve their pronunciation to get good jobs.
I made a ridiculous hypothesis that
(Laughter) (Applause) So I put it to the test.
It took 100 million years for monkeys to stand upright in nature and become Homo sapiens.
"Encouragement" seems to be the key
because it was necessary
"Shhh"
(children talking) This is England.
The net charge on an ion is equal to the number of protons in the ion minus the number of electrons."
If I were to tell a nine-year-old, I would say, "If a meteorite were to fall, how would you know if it would hit the Earth?"
one last thing
(Laughter) (Applause) That's good advice.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause) Thank you very much. (Applause)
Almost every university has a course in organic chemistry, which is a daunting introduction to the subject, and the amount of content in it can be disconcerting to students, but if you want to be a doctor, dentist, or veterinarian, you have to learn it. not get
It's not good for science, it's not good for society, I don't think it's desirable.
I'm here today because I think it's important to have a basic understanding of organic chemistry, and I want to prove that it's accessible to everyone.
(Laughter) Here's an expensive EpiPen.
Inside is a drug called epinephrine.
Epinephrine restarts the heartbeat and can even stop life-threatening allergic reactions.
Epinephrine has made the difference between life and death for many people.
chemical structure of epinephrine
This is what organic chemistry looks like
It looks like lines and letters
We call it a compound, or molecule. It's made up of 26 atoms connected by atomic bonds.
Are there 400 billion stars in this galaxy?
It's made up of four different atoms: hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Our world is made up of tiny spheres called atoms.
These four atoms stand out in particular. They are the main building blocks of life, the same ones found in epinephrine: hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.
There's a set of rules when these atoms combine to form molecules.
Hydrogen has one bond, oxygen has two, nitrogen has three and carbon has four.
Start with Epinephrine
Bonds between atoms are made of electrons
Atoms use their electrons as arms to connect with their neighbors.
Two electrons on each bond, like a handshake, and like a handshake, it doesn't last forever.
When atoms change partners to create new molecules, we call it a chemical reaction.
Epinephrine's backbone is made up mostly of carbon atoms, which is normal.
So you could say that organic chemistry is the study of carbon molecules.
As we assemble the smallest molecules according to the rules, we emphasize our rules, but the familiar names are water, ammonia, methane, H2O, NH3 and CH4.
The words hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen -- we use the same words when these three molecules have two atoms each.
So oxygen is called O2.
Now that's carbon dioxide, CO2.
That's why we call them hydrocarbons, which is really creative.
(Laughter) Like your engine or your barbecue, when these hit an oxygen molecule, they release energy and rebuild, and all the carbon atoms settle in the center of the CO2 molecule, taking in two oxygens, and hydrogen is the building block of water. and all follow the rules
We don't actually write these carbons.
The corners between the bonds are the carbons, and we're also hiding all the hydrogens that are bonded to the carbons.
It takes a little practice, but anyone can do it. Today, it's epinephrine.
It's the same thing called adrenaline.
Made by your adrenal glands
(Laughter) Epinephrine can be extracted from the adrenal glands of sheep and other livestock, but that's not what it's made of.
We're making epinephrine in factories by connecting small molecules that are made primarily from petroleum.
You can scratch a car, but you can't scratch an atom.
The molecule of epinephrine has
Before life appeared on Earth, every molecule was small and simple: carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, just simple things.
Life has given rise to biosynthetic factories powered by sunlight. Within these factories, small molecules collide with each other to become larger molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and many other magnificent creations.
Nature was the original organic chemist, filling the atmosphere with the oxygen we breathe, this high-energy oxygen.
nature is made of chemicals
As you know, "natural" is not "safe."
Many of the chemicals in nature are toxic, some are delicious, and some are both.
Molecules in nature are everywhere, and so is this decomposed black compound that we call petroleum.
Knowing this chemistry might help some people come to grips with reality, but these molecules aren't just fossil fuels.
They're also the cheapest raw materials for chemical synthesis.
I've done a lot myself, and it's amazing to me that it's even possible.
What we do is sort of throw boxes of Lego in the washing machine and put them together, but it works.
We make copies of natural molecules, like epinephrine, or we make them from scratch, like these two.
this is vancomycin
Vancomycin was found in muddy water in the Borneo jungle in 1953.
It's too complicated for us, but we do it because we can get it from nature, because it's one of the most powerful antibiotics.
New molecules are being published every day.
(Laughter) It cures life-threatening infections and things like that.
Don't forget the role of this blacksmith, it would be very different without the blacksmith.
(Laughter) This science is much bigger than medicine.
It's oils, solvents, fragrances, fabrics and plastics, even the cushions you're sitting on, but they're all manufactured, they're mostly carbon, so they're all organic chemistry.
He's an undergraduate student majoring in chemistry, and he's good at computer graphics.
(Laughter) All the moving molecules you saw today were created by Weston.
thank you
(applause)
You introduced me as the former governor of Michigan, you introduced me as the former governor of Michigan, but I'm actually a scientist.
The first problem isn't just in Michigan, it's in every state, and it's the question of how to create good jobs in America in a global economy.
I was elected governor in 2002, and in 2003, my first year in office, I got a call from a staff member saying, "We're in trouble."
He said, looked at his daughters, put his hand to his chest, and said, "Governor, who in the world will ever hire you?"
Forty-eight governors took part in convincing the state legislature to raise the bar for high school education, requiring all high school students to complete a college preparatory curriculum.
Actually, when I went to inspect China, there was a sham presentation for our party, and I was standing in the back of the hall watching some kind of demonstration, and next to me was the Chinese government. This person asked me, "When will we have an energy policy in the United States?"
Take Iowa or Ohio, for example, which is a very important state politically, and the governors of those states might say they're going to be leaders in wind turbine manufacturing and wind power. it may be said that
And that's how we encourage innovation in each state, in the lab of democracy.
Thank you. (Applause)
I have 18 minutes to tell you what happened in the last six million years.
I'm not saying this because I'm African, but because the first evidence of an upright-walking human ancestor and stone tools were found in Africa.
We are all Africans welcome to your home
It belongs to the species Australopithecus afarensis.
you don't have to remember
Also known as the Lucy species, my research team discovered it in December 2000 in a place called Dikika.
located in northeastern Ethiopia
Analysis of modern humans and chimpanzees shows that they diverged about seven million years ago, and the two species share more than 98% of the same genetic material.
So we, paleontologists, look for hard evidence, like fossils, to try to fill in the gaps, and then we try to trace the stages of development.
Finding solid evidence is a very complicated task.
I made my way with the help of locals and with shovels and pickaxes.
You can find elephants, rhinos, monkeys, pigs, etc.
You may wonder how such a large mammal could live in such a desert?
I said, "No, it's an elephant."
Let's go to a different place."
Here's a close-up of the fossil, after five years of cleaning, prepping, sorting, and taking all the bones out of the sandstone I showed you in the previous slide.
it took 5 years
In the middle is the Ethiopian Minister of Tourism, who was visited while I was working at the Ethiopian National Museum.
And if you compare the skulls of a chimpanzee of the same age and a small George Bush, the human forehead is vertical.
how?
This child died at the age of three, 3.3 million years ago.
What do we know about our ancestors?
I want to know what they looked like, how they behaved, how they walked around, how they lived and how they grew up.
This is also a characteristic of humans, called childhood. Human children depend on their families and parents for a long period of time. Human children depend on their families and parents for a long period of time.
It's the hyoid bone. It's here.
When this bone was analyzed, it clearly resembled a chimpanzee. When this bone was analyzed, it clearly resembled a chimpanzee.
Of course, we're extracting vast amounts of scientific information to explore what makes us human, and there have been many human ancestors in the last six million years, and they're said to number more than 10, but they're modern homosexuals. They didn't have the technology or the advanced knowledge that sapiens have.
If ancient species traveled through time to meet us today, we would be proud of the legacy they pioneered, for they are the progenitors of the most successful species in the universe.
The problem now is that we, Homo sapiens, are in a position to decide the fate of the planet and much more.
So the question is, are we up to the challenge?
Can we do better than our primitive, small-brained ancestors?
Africa's chronic problems are among the most urgent of our challenges.
However, I think we have two choices.
The key is to promote a positive Africa for Africa.
thank you
(applause)
With me on the piano and the genius drummer
This is Auckland's Library
Our music is somewhere between punk and cabaret
I struggled to leave the label to start my next band, The Grand Theft Orchestra, and I turned to crowdfunding.
about 25,000 people
At the Kickstarter backing party in Berlin
People are stuck with the wrong question: "How do we get people to pay for music?"
thank you
(applause)
A perfect storm is caused by population growth approaching 10 billion people, land desertification and, of course, climate change.
But the carbon dioxide released by fossil fuels, coal and oil, is not the only cause of climate change.
Desertification is thought to be caused by livestock - cows, sheep and goats, etc. - eating up the vegetation and releasing methane gas from the exposed soil.
We used to believe the world was flat
This is a picture of a typical seasonal grassland.
Now let's take a look at our land nearby on the same day, the same amount of rainfall.
Look at the changes brought about by livestock mimicking nature again.
(Applause) In the 1970s, I started helping families in the Karoo desert, and they're trying to green this desert on the right side. Thankfully, my grandchildren have found hope for the future in this land.
The vast grasslands of Patagonia are turning into deserts, as you can see.
If that continues, even if we eliminate fossil fuels, we won't be able to stop climate change.
thank you
how do i start
(applause)
The kraken was a terrifying monster that was said to swallow people, ships and whales, and was so huge that it was sometimes mistaken for an island.
The other two are Dr. Tsunemi Kubodera and Dr. Steve O'Shea.
In 2010, a TED event called Mission Blue was held on board the Lindblad Explorer in the Galapagos Islands to fulfill Sylvia Earle's TED wish.
I talked about a new way of exploring the ocean, one that focuses on attracting animals instead of frightening them away.
Mike Degley was also invited, and he spoke with great passion about his love of the ocean, and I also discussed applying my approach to the giant squid hunting he's been doing for years.
It was Mike who invited me to the Squid Summit, the gathering of squid experts on the Discovery Channel, during Shark Week that summer. I suggested gathering them together and quietly observing them, emphasizing the importance of exploring with quiet, unobtrusive equipment.
Still, I felt like I saw more animals with Tiburon than I did with Ventana. Same field of view, but different propulsion systems.
The reason electronic jellyfish are so useful as lures isn't because the giant squid preys on jellyfish, but these jellyfish only emit light when they're about to be eaten by predators, and to attract the attention of even larger predators. Because if the first predator is attacked, this may provide an opportunity to escape.
It's a cry for help, a last-ditch effort, and a common form of self-defense in the deep sea.
But the money we've put into ocean exploration is a tiny fraction of what we've put into space exploration.
We need organizations like NASA for ocean exploration, because we need to understand and protect the life systems on this planet.
We need -- thank you. (Applause) Exploration is the engine of innovation.
Innovation drives economic growth
(applause)
i live in south central
And this is "South Los Angeles." (Laughter) Liquor stores, fast food restaurants, vacant lots.
Like 26.5 million other Americans, I live in a food desert called South Central Los Angeles, home to drive-thru and drive-by shooting.
For example, in my area, the obesity rate is five times higher than in other areas, like Beverly Hills, which is only 15 kilometers away.
How would you feel if you had no access to healthy food at all, and every time you step outside, you see the negative impact that our food system is having on your community?
Wheelchairs are bought and sold like used cars Wheelchairs are bought and sold like used cars
And I was sick of driving 45 minutes round trip to buy apples that weren't soaked in pesticides.
So what I did was plant a "food forest" in front of my house.
It's the size of 20 Central Parks.
There is enough space to plant 725 million tomato seedlings.
i am an artist
Gardening is my graffiti art I grow my art
Like a graffiti artist beautifies a wall, I beautify a lawn or a green space on a road.
And what happened?
To change a community, we have to change the composition of the soil.
You can also get strawberries
Kids who grew kale started eating kale
But if we don't change the soil, that's never going to happen.
But don't get me wrong
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
When I was a child, I hid my heart under my bed Because my mother said, "If you're not careful, someone will break you someday."
It's hard when you don't know who you are
we were kids
not so much now
When I was eight years old, I wanted to be a marine biologist.
But I kept dreaming
I was going to be the Garbage Man
When I was 19, I wrote, "I'll love myself, even if it's easier not to."
Standing up for yourself doesn't necessarily mean resorting to violence.
(Laughter) (Applause) This is me
When I was a kid, I thought pork chops and karate chops were the same
I thought they were both pork chops
I still hate pork chops
She was eight years old and was called ugly on the first day of third grade.
Even now, with a wonderful husband, she still doesn't think she's beautiful because of the birthmark on nearly half of her face.
As if depression could be cured with what's in the first aid kit
You put a cast on your broken heart You wrote yourself "They're wrong"
Otherwise why are we still here?
(applause)
i have triplets
Well I also happen to be gay
Being a gay parent of triplets is, for me, the most socially innovative and socially entrepreneurial thing.
But before we do that, the question is, do we believe that the nonprofit sector is doing a great deal to change the world?
But it always leaves behind 10%, or more, of the less fortunate and less fortunate.
I'm on the board of a developmental disability facility, and what they want is laughter, compassion, and even love.
That's where the nonprofit sector and philanthropy come in.
If we want a world for all, where no one is left behind, as Buckminster Fuller said, we need to seriously talk about the nonprofit sector.
Why is breast cancer charity so far from finding a cure for breast cancer, and homeless charity so far from ending homelessness in major cities?
The median for a Stanford MBA graduate was 38 years old with $40 million including bonuses.
Some people say, "People who get an MBA are greedy."
The second area of ​​discrimination is advertising and marketing.
This is an important fact, because in the last 40 years, the nonprofit sector has failed to wrest any share from the for-profit companies.
The third area of ​​discrimination is how much risk you're willing to take in pursuing new ideas to make money.
That's why nonprofits are reluctant to boldly and boldly embark on large-scale fundraising, fearing failure and reputational damage.
The Puritans are said to have come to America for religious reasons, but also to make money.
They were religious people, but they were also ardent capitalists, denounced for their tendency to pursue profits more radically than other colonists.
Puritans were Calvinists at the same time, so they were literally led to hate themselves.
Charity was their answer
Let me give you two examples.
Now, if you were a philanthropist with an interest in breast cancer, what would you do? For example, would you find the most innovative researcher in the world and give them $350,000 to spend on research, or would you give her fundraiser $350,000 to increase research funding to $194 million? right?
If you can have that kind of generosity, if you can have that kind of generosity in your thinking, then the nonprofit sector can do a great job of changing the world for those who desperately need it to change.
(Applause) Thank you (Applause)
If anyone in your family or friends is struggling with some form of mental illness, please raise your hand.
These drugs have so many side effects, and using these drugs to treat complex mental disorders is like opening a can of oil and pouring it all over an engine for an oil change.
But we don't know much about the underlying circuitry in mental illness, because the hypothesis that chemical imbalances are the causative holds overwhelming ground.
It's not that chemicals aren't important in mental illness.
Rather, they're released at specific locations and act on specific synapses to alter the flow of information in the brain.
If we really want to understand the biological basis of mental illness, we need to identify where in the brain those chemicals work.
Otherwise, we'll continue to oil the entire engine of our mind and continue to suffer its effects.
Once you can do that, you can activate specific neurons, or you can destroy or inhibit their activity.
If we inhibit a particular type of neuron and find that a behavior is blocked, we can conclude that that neuron is essential for that behavior.
On the other hand, if we activate a group of neurons to cause a behavior, we conclude that the group of neurons is necessary and sufficient for that behavior.
By doing tests like this, we can draw causal relationships between the activity of specific neurons in specific circuits and specific behaviors, and it's not impossible to experiment with this in the human body right away. is very difficult
In his 1872 treatise on emotional expression in humans and animals, Charles Darwin wrote that insects have emotions and can express them through behavior.
I was hired by Seymour to attend Caltech in the late 1980s.
To me, he was a Jedi and a rabbi, and Seymour taught me to love fruit flies and to enjoy science.
First, we believe that flies have an emotional state, but how do we know if that's true?
We humans, as I'll tell you later today, read emotions from facial expressions.
But when it comes to fruit flies, it's a little more difficult.
(Laughter) It's like you've landed on Mars, and you're looking out the window of the spaceship, and you're looking at these little green people that surround the spaceship, and you're like, "Whether or not they have feelings -- how can I find out?" it's like thinking
One of the ways we can do this is to look for common traits and characteristics of emotion-like states, such as arousal, and see if we can identify behaviors in flies that might represent these states.
As we all know, once an emotion is triggered, it lasts long after the cause is gone.
We built a device we called the Puff-O-Mat, and we're going to blow air through this plastic tube on the lab bench, and it'll take the air to the fruit flies and blow them away.
So, to quantify this behavior, we used motion-tracking software developed by our collaborator Pietro Perona, who's in the electrical engineering department here at Caltech.
So I wanted to find out what controlled the duration of this state.
This is one of the great things about fruit flies.
Yes, flies have dopamine, just like humans, and they interact with the brain and synapses through the same dopamine receptor molecules, just like you and I do.
Dopamine has many important functions in the brain, including attention, alertness, and reward. Disorders of the dopamine system have been implicated in many psychiatric disorders, including substance abuse, Parkinson's disease, and ADHD.
It's a little counterintuitive in genetics.
If removing the dopamine receptors takes longer to calm the flies, we speculate that the normal role of the receptors and dopamine is to calm the flies faster.
It's a bit reminiscent of ADHD, but it's related to disorders of the human dopamine system.
So how far does this analogy hold?
As many of you know, people with ADHD also have learning disabilities.
Could this be the same for flies with mutations in dopamine receptors?
As Seymour published in the 1970s, flies are as capable of learning as songbirds.
If you do this to flies that have mutations in their dopamine receptors, they won't learn, they'll get a learning score of zero.
So this type of fly has two disorders, what we geneticists call phenotypes, the hyperactivity disorder and the learning disability seen in ADHD.
So what, if any, relationship is there between these two phenotypes?
In ADHD, hyperactivity disorder is often thought to cause learning disabilities.
But it's equally possible that learning disabilities lead to hyperactivity disorder.
And one final possibility is that learning disabilities and hyperactivity disorders are completely uncorrelated, and are caused by common ADHD mechanisms.
We take flies with abnormal dopamine receptors and put a copy of the normal dopamine receptor gene back into the fly's brain to genetically reconstruct or repair the dopamine receptors.
If you put a normal copy of the dopamine receptor back into this oval structure called the central complex, the flies would lose their hyperactivity disorder, but they would still have learning deficits.
On the other hand, putting the receptors back in another tissue called the mushroom body restores the ability to learn and the flies learn better, but the hyperactivity doesn't go away.
What this tells us is that the fly's brain is not bathed in dopamine like soup.
I don't know if the same is true for ADHD in humans, but these results give me something to think about that possibility.
Now, with these results, we can say with even greater certainty that the brain is not a bag of chemicals -- it's wrong to try to cure complex mental illnesses by blindly changing the taste of soup.
We have to use our ingenuity and scientific knowledge to design a new era of treatments, and it's important to be able to target specific neurons and specific brain regions that are affected by specific mental disorders.
I realized this in 1914, when the last passenger pigeon named Martha died at the Cincinnati Zoo.
This species was once the most numerous bird in the world, and lived in North America for six million years.
Aldo Leopold called it a biological storm, a blizzard of feathers.
Aurochs resembled bison
This animal was also depicted in the Lascaux Cave paintings.
On the island of Tasmania in southern Australia, there lived a magnificent marsupial thylacine called the Tasmanian tiger.
The passenger pigeon genome has 1.3 billion base pairs
In this case, it's a synthetic cross between genomes of extinct and closely related living species.
During his research, George points out that the synthetic biology technology he's working on is accelerating four times faster than Moore's Law.
This is a picture of him at the Smithsonian Institution last year, and he's looking at Martha, the last passenger pigeon.
The third result of the Boston meeting was the realization that although there are scientists all over the world who are working to restore extinction, they have never met together.
So another meeting was set up, and 35 scientists came together, they were conservation biologists and molecular biologists, and they discussed areas of collaboration.
Aurochs are the ancestors of all domestic cattle, so the genome is inherited, just scattered.
The final bucardo was a female named Celia, who was still alive at the time, and was captured temporarily, and tiny cells were taken from her ear, and then frozen in liquid nitrogen and released back into the wild for a few months. Died under a fallen tree
They extracted the DNA from the ear, implanted the cloned egg into the goat, and after the gestation period passed, a live Bucardo baby was born.
(Applause) But it was short-lived.
Then there's Mike McGrew, a scientist at the Rosslyn Institute in Scotland who's trying to do miracles for birds.
Conservationists include Stanley Temple, famously known as the founder of conservation biology, and Kate Jones of the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), who is involved in the Red List.
The Red List is very important to protect endangered and endangered species.
California condors were down to 22 in 1987
The next successful example is the mountain gorilla in Central Africa.
Do you want to revive extinct species?
(Applause) Tinker Bell will fly.
We are going to analyze the genomes of the passenger pigeon and the banded pigeon.
And if the cost goes down, we can do the same thing for the Carolina parakeet, the Aurochs, the New England steppe grouse, the billy woodpecker, the eskimo, the curlew, the Caribbean monk seal, the mammoth.
In effect, humans have dug a huge hole in nature over the last 10,000 years.
Now we have the ability, and perhaps the duty, to repair some of that damage.
thank you
Let's go 3,000 years before Christ, when I think the journey to justice and the march to fix inequality and poverty began.
3,000 years ago, when civilization was built along the Nile, Jewish shepherds who were enslaved, probably dressed in the scent of sheep dung, proclaimed to Pharaoh seated on his high throne, "Your Majesty, you and we It's equal."
In modern times, same country, same pyramid, different people, different books spreading the idea of ​​equality.
People gather in Tahrir Square
Become an Evidence-Based Activist "Factivist"
Since the beginning of the new millennium in 2000, 8 million people with AIDS have access to antiretroviral drugs.
Eight sub-Saharan African countries have seen a 75% drop in malaria mortality.
7,256 children are saved every day.
7,000 children a day, so are these two.
Michael and Benedicta, they're alive thanks to Dr. Patricia Asamoah and the Global Fund, which we all consciously or unwittingly support financially.
Global Fund distributes antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV from passing from mother to child
This wonderful news didn't just happen by itself.
Some might think that these advances are only happening in Asia, Latin America, or model countries like Brazil. We all love the Brazilian model, but let's look at sub-Saharan Africa
Join the One campaign with leaders like telecoms entrepreneur Mo Ibrahim Join the One campaign with leaders like telecoms entrepreneur Mo Ibrahim
But there are vaccines for this
By 2030, robots will not only be serving Guinness beer, they will be drinking it.
I'm here today to infect you with this noble, data-driven virus, the virus called Factivism.
Rather, it could save the lives of countless people.
Can we be the great generation that Mandela wanted?
-factivists have feelings too-
We will win because we have a dream - we will gladly stand up for it."
thank you
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
-- Chris Anderson: I've always been fascinated and amazed by all the things that Netflix has to offer.
you are full of surprises
(Reed Hastings) Cable networks have always started by playing other people's content and then evolved into producing their own content.
As you said, back in 2011, my content partner at Netflix, Ted Sarandos, had high hopes for House of Cards.
At the time, it was a $100 million investment that was so attractive that even HBO wanted it.
it's not enough
There are so many great shows on other networks.
Like Blockbuster once said, "We're going to make a Blockbuster video," and six years later, it grew to be as big as Disney.
CA: The Netflix culture is unusual in that it makes bold -- I wouldn't call it reckless -- decisions that are bold and deliberate.
Netflix employees are said to have the highest salaries compared to other companies in the industry.
And of course the market changed, in this case from C++ to Java.
I'll pay you a million dollars
So you paid a million dollars for something that was 10 percent better than your own.
"Mudbound" is an Oscar nominee -- it's a great, pretty heavy movie.
I mean, we have candy, but we also have lots of broccoli.
But don't algorithms tend to lead people away from vegetables and toward candy? if you're not careful
I'm a missionary kid, so I don't even think about it.
No— (Laughter) But it's possible, right?
CA: John Doerr talked about measuring things that matter.
Do subscribers renew their subscriptions if they spend more time watching Netflix?
You can watch traditional TV shows, video games, YouTube or Netflix.
So think of it as multiple measures of success.
CA: You were on the board of directors at Facebook on the topic of controversial algorithms, and I remember you mentoring Mark Zuckerberg.
Any new technology -- when television first became popular in America in the 1960s, it was called "a vast wasteland." Television was thought to corrupt everyone's minds.
And then I went into business, then I became a philanthropist, and I think I was drawn to education and wanted to make a difference in that field.
And I realized that educators want to partner with other great educators to create a lot of unique environments for their children.
We need more diverse systems than we have today, and we need more educator-centered organizations.
The difficulty is that in America right now, most schools are run by local school boards.
In the United States, we have a form of public education called public charter schools, which are run by non-profit organizations.
And that's what I focus on, and I think that if we have schools run by nonprofits, we should be able to focus more on our mission and better support our educators.
I am a board member of one of the largest, the KIPP Charter School.
But they should be educator-centered, they should be curiosity-inducing.
But these innovative nonprofit schools are stepping up and letting kids try new things.
CA: There is sometimes criticism that charter schools, intentionally or otherwise, deprive public institutions of funding.
But poor families usually don't have that option.
May I ask how much you have invested in education in the last few years?
CA: Reed, you're an amazing person, and you've changed the lives of all of us and our children.
Thank you for coming to TED
(applause)
I have a friend in Portugal whose grandfather used a bicycle and a washing machine to build a car for his family.
There was a time when people understood how things worked and could build and fix things, and even if they didn't, they made informed decisions about what to buy.
These do-it-yourself (DIY) practices were largely lost in the late 20th century.
But today, with the DIY community and the open source model, we're making our knowledge of how things work and what they're made of more accessible, and I feel the need to take this to the next level. Focusing on the parts that make up the product
But now we have some amazing futuristic composite materials -- transformable plastics, conductive paints, color-shifting paints, and fabrics that glow.
let me show you some examples
Conductive inks can be used to create electrical circuits without traditional printed circuit boards or wires.
Conductive inks have traditionally been used by artists, but they've been developed in recent years and will soon be used in laser printers and pens.
Possible uses for this material include interior design and multi-touch systems.
And thermochromic dyes change color with temperature.
These are just a few of what we know as smart materials.
In the next few years it will be used in many of the objects and technologies that we use every day.
We don't have sci-fi flying cars yet, but we can have walls that change color depending on the temperature and windows that turn opaque with the push of a keyboard switch that can be rolled up.
It's hard to get smart materials in small quantities.
About three years ago, Kirsty Boyle and I started a project called "Open Materials."
So the things we use, the clothes we wear, the houses we live in have a huge impact on our behavior, our health and our quality of life.
So I think if we're going to live in a world made of smart materials, we need to know and understand it.
The challenge is that materials science is complex and the instruments are expensive.
It happened when two scientists at the University of Illinois published a paper about how to easily make conductive inks.
Jordan's innovation is that he recreated experiments performed in well-equipped university labs in his Chicago garage, using cheap materials and homemade tools.
Of Hannah's many wonderful experiments, this one is my favorite.
"Paper speaker." What you're seeing here is a piece of paper with copper tape attached to it, connected to an MP3 player, and I've put a magnet close to it.
(Music: Happy Together) Inspired by the work of Marcelo Coelho at MIT, Hannah created paper speakers out of a variety of materials, including copper tape, conductive cloth, and ink.
Paper-based electronics is one of the most promising fields in materials science, because it allows us to build cheap, flexible electronics.
So this Hannah's craftsmanship -- and her sharing of her work -- has opened the door to new possibilities that are both fascinating and innovative.
We approach problems from new angles, discovering alternatives and better ways along the way.
I feel a little like Ted Nelson now, when he said in the early 1970s, "You guys have to understand computers now."
thank you
(applause)
Even though we didn't all know each other, we all somehow trusted each other, and this basic sense of trust permeated the entire network, and it really made me feel like we could rely on each other.
It was a very interesting event that this kind of communist principle was developed by the Ministry of Defense during the Cold War, but as the success of the Internet shows, it worked very well.
The real problem is that there are a lot of bad guys on the Internet, and to address this problem, we've created various walled communities -- secure subnets, VPNs, etc. -- which are not like the Internet itself, but secure subnets and VPNs. So it's not the Internet itself, but it's based on the same technology as the Internet, which is that we're trying to build something secure with a foundation built on trust.
As a result, it's vulnerable to certain kinds of mistakes and certain types of deliberate attacks, and even simple mistakes can be catastrophic.
For example, YouTube recently became inaccessible in the Asian region for some time because Pakistan made a mistake in blocking access to YouTube from domestic networks.
China Telecom inadvertently claimed that it was a mistake. It's very possible, but it's also very possible to make a malicious mistake. It shows how vulnerable the system is to mistakes.
Imagine how vulnerable you are to deliberate attacks
In this day and age, if someone really wanted to attack America or Western civilization, they wouldn't use tanks.
Similar software could destroy an oil refinery, or a pharmaceutical factory, or a semiconductor factory.
The way the Internet works is that routers exchange information about how they can get their messages across, and the processor in question, because of a card failure, decided that the message could be delivered in negative time.
But many of these systems are now using the Internet.
No one knows what the Internet is like today, because it's different than it was even an hour ago.
The truth at this point is that we don't know what the consequences of an effective denial-of-service attack will be on the Internet, but what we can say is that the impact will be uglier this year, next year, and the year after that.
It doesn't have to be a billion-dollar government project.
Many people have been quietly advocating for a separate system for years, but it's hard to get attention to Plan B while Plan A is ostensibly working well.
it's not a hard problem
In fact, of the many problems you'll hear at this conference, I think it's one of the easiest to solve.
thank you
(applause)
When I was little, I believed my country was the best on earth.
I grew up singing the song "We have nothing to envy"
i felt so proud
In school, we spent a lot of time learning about Kim Il-sung's exploits, but we had little opportunity to learn about the rest of the world, and were simply told that the United States, South Korea, and Japan were our enemies.
I witnessed my first public execution when I was seven years old.
One day in 1995, my mother brought home a letter from a colleague's sister.
I was really shocked
Shortly after that, I passed by a train station and saw a painful sight that I still can't forget
It was a dead woman, a emaciated child in her arms, helplessly looking into her mother's face.
A severe famine hit North Korea in the mid-90s
Here's a satellite image of North Korea at night, so you can see how it compares to its neighbors.
This river is the Amnok River, which forms the border between North Korea and China.
As you can see, there are several points where the river is narrow, where North Koreans secretly try to cross the border.
but many die
I thought I would only be away from my family for a short while.
Then one day, the thing I feared the most happened: I was caught by the Chinese police and taken to a police station for questioning.
my heart was about to explode
The girls in this photo were very lucky
Once detained, they were eventually released, thanks to international pressure.
Each year, thousands of North Koreans are detained and deported to China, where they can be tortured, imprisoned, and even publicly executed.
Even if you learn a new language and get a job, life can turn everything upside down in an instant.
So after 10 years of hiding my identity, I decided to take the risk and go to South Korea.
English is so important in South Korea that I decided to learn a third language.
We are the same Korean people, but inside we are completely different because of 67 years of division.
Adjusting to life in South Korea was difficult, but I made a plan: I started studying for college entrance exams.
It took a while for me to get used to my new life, but I received a shocking phone call.
North Korean authorities tracked down the money I sent to my family, and my family was about to be taken away from home to a secluded place as a warning.
North Koreans have to make an endlessly long journey to reach freedom.
It's almost impossible to cross the border with South Korea.
My family doesn't speak Chinese, so they needed my help.In China, we traveled more than 3,000 kilometers and eventually entered Southeast Asia.
I thought I was going to be arrested because my family couldn't speak Chinese.
And yet, once we crossed the border, my family was arrested and detained for illegally crossing the border.
I did everything I could for my family's freedom, but I was so close to being detained, just a stone's throw from the Korean embassy.
I made many trips back and forth between immigration and police stations trying to get my family released.
At that time, a man called out to me, "What's wrong?"
When I explained the situation in my broken English and a dictionary, the man immediately went to the ATM and paid all the bail money for my family and two other North Koreans.
I thanked him from the bottom of my heart and asked, "Why are you helping me?"
We are helping the people of North Korea.”
After a long journey, our family was able to reunite in Korea.
In North Korea, many families are separated, and even if they do end up in a new country, they have little or no money to start life.
We can act as a bridge between the people inside North Korea and the outside world.
(applause)
Elon, what crazy dream inspired you to build an all-electric car and venture into the automotive industry?
I was wondering, what are the issues that will most affect the future of the world and the future of mankind?
America gets most of its electricity from burning fossil fuels.
One is that even if we were to use the same fuel to generate electricity in a power plant and charge an electric vehicle, things would be better off.
For example, natural gas, which is the most common hydrocarbon fuel, is about 60 percent efficient when burned in modern General Electric natural gas turbines.
If you use the same fuel in a car with an internal combustion engine, it's about 20 percent efficient.
Another reason is that we're going to need sustainable means of generating electricity anyway.
In order to accelerate the arrival of the era of electric transportation, I believe that virtually all modes of transportation will be fully electrified, with one exception: rockets.
The question is, how do we accelerate the advent of electric transportation?
When it comes to cars, we need to come up with a very energy efficient car, and that starts with making the car very light. What you see here is the only one made in North America with an all-aluminum body and chassis.
And it has the lowest drag coefficient for a car of this size.
Well, at Tesla, we've always had a three-step process: the first stage is low volume, expensive cars, the second stage is medium volume and price vehicles, and the third stage is high volume, low cost vehicles.
The first was a $100,000 sports car roadster.
And the third generation car, which we'd like to develop in three to four years, would be around $30,000.
If it's a short commute, you can drive and then go home and charge it.
In fact, there are far more charging stations than you might think. Tesla has developed a technology called Supercharging, which is free forever to anyone who buys a Model S.
Later this year, you'll be able to travel across the continent from Los Angeles to New York on a Supercharger network that will charge your car five times faster than anything else.
The key is to get the ratio of drive time to stop time up to about 6 or 7.
As I've said before, we need to not only consume electricity sustainably, but also produce it, and I am convinced that solar power will become the primary method of generating electricity.
There's a giant fusion reactor in the sky called the sun, and we just need to use it a little bit for human civilization.
What many people don't realize is that the world already runs almost entirely on solar energy.
Entire ecosystems run on solar energy.
what are you doing
We're making big strides on this front, and that's why we're so confident we can beat natural gas.
Then you pay How long is the lease normally?
Google is one of our big partners here.
With this money, SolarCity buys solar panels, installs them on their roofs, and makes home and business owners pay monthly lease payments that are cheaper than their electricity bills.
You cut the cost of building rockets by 75 percent, depending on how you do the math.
But there's still big innovation to do, so tell us about it.
The Space Shuttle was an attempt to create a reusable rocket, but the main tank was thrown away each time, and the reusable parts needed nine months and 10,000 men to repair before the next flight.
As a result, the space shuttle costs a billion dollars to launch each time.
If rockets were truly reusable, the cost of spaceflight could be improved by a factor of 100.
All of the modes of transport we use are reusable: planes, trains, cars, motorcycles, and horses, with the exception of rockets.
This is a problem that needs to be solved in order to become a civilization that advances into space.
We've made a lot of progress in that regard recently, in what we call the Grasshopper Test Project, where we're testing the vertical landing part, and the final phase of this flight is particularly difficult.
I don't think I've ever seen anything like this before, a rocket takes off, and then -- this rocket is about the size of the 12th floor of a building.
(Rocket launch) It's hovering at a height of 40 meters, constantly adjusting its angle, pitch and yaw controlled by the main engine, and roll controlled by the cold thrusters.
You bet your fortune on it and you've done it many times
because what you did is truly amazing
We live our lives by reasoning by analogy, which is essentially imitating what other people are doing and changing it slightly.
But when you want to do something new, you have to use a physics approach.
Physics is about new, counterintuitive things like quantum mechanics.
So I think it's important to do that, and it's also important to pay attention to negative feedback, especially asking your friends for their opinion.
thank you
Congratulations, you're living longer than someone born in 1900, as you can see in this slide about American life expectancy.
this is the good news
About 4,000, which is amazing, because most of the molecular discoveries were made very recently.
only about 250
Wouldn't it be nice if it was that easy?
What are drugs? A drug is a small molecule made up of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and several other atoms in one shape, and that shape determines whether the drug actually works on its target.
If we're going to develop new treatments for things like autism, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer, we need to find the right shape in this mess that will ultimately be both beneficial and safe.
The molecular cause of cystic fibrosis was discovered in 1989 by my research group, in collaboration with another team in Toronto, by identifying mutations in specific genes on chromosome 7.
This is Danny Bezzett, 23 years later. It's the year Danny got married, and it's also the year that the FDA approved the first drug to treat cystic fibrosis defects based on molecular understanding.
this is the good news
The bad news is that this drug won't cure all cases of cystic fibrosis, and it doesn't work for Danny either, so we're still waiting for the next generation of drugs to save him.
It's called Hutchinson-Guilford Progeria Syndrome, and it's the most dramatic form of premature aging.
About 1 in 4 million children will get this disease, but what it boils down to is that when you have this disease, a mutation in a specific gene causes your cells to make toxic proteins, which makes them seven times faster than normal. Aging progresses in
Progeria cells, on the other hand, have lumps and bumps because of a toxic protein called progerin.
In experiments done with cells in culture, as you can see in this video, if you add a specific compound to a cell that has Progeria and see what happens, just 72 hours later, the cell is, as far as we know, normal. becomes like the cells of
(Applause) Francis Collins: So what would you like to say to the researchers in this room and other researchers listening to this?
Sam: Progeria research has come a long way in less than 15 years, and it shows that researchers had the drive to get this far, both for myself and for other children with Progeria. It means a lot. With that energy, anyone can be cured of any disease, and hopefully in the near future, Progeria will be completely cured, and the 4,000 diseases that Francis was talking about will be eradicated.
Please join us in thanking and welcoming Sam
Because it's such a rare disease, it's hard to ask a company to pay millions of dollars to create a drug for it.
It was developed as a cancer drug
There are quite a few success stories that show that this leads to great progress.
It was made against cancer, called AZT.
NIH establishes the National Center for Advanced Translational Sciences NIH establishes the National Center for Advanced Translational Sciences
It was only created last December, but it's a goal.
Wouldn't it be nice if we could test a drug to see if it's effective and safe without putting patients at risk? Because efficacy and safety cannot be guaranteed the first time you try it.
For example, how do you know if a drug is safe before you give it to humans? We usually do animal testing.
It's not completely reliable, and it's expensive and time-consuming.
Here's a picture of a lung made on a chip.
The same chip technology can be used when you want to see if a drug is causing problems for your kidneys, your heart, your muscle, your liver.
This is high-risk and sometimes high-cost research.
In return, the benefits, both in terms of health and economic growth, are immense and need to be supported.
Second, we need new partnerships between academia, government, private industry, and patient associations, the kind of relationships I've described that encourage reuse of new compounds.
We need the best and brightest people from all walks of life to join us in this effort, regardless of age group, because now is the time.
This is the 21st century biology we've been waiting for, and we have the chance to turn it into something that actually eliminates disease. That's my goal.
hopefully it will be your goal
If you don't believe me, ask Sam.
(applause)
In 1991, I had the most profoundly moving experience of my life.
We were on a choir tour in Northern California, and after a day on the bus, we were resting by a tranquil lake in the mountains.
Fast forward to three years ago
On YouTube, we published this "virtual choir" project, which has 185 singers from 12 countries.
And last spring, we launched "Virtual Choir 3," featuring nearly 4,000 singers from 73 countries singing a song I wrote called "Water Night."
Is it possible to do this in real time?
(Applause) Thank you very much.
Everything is covered in an invisible ecosystem of tiny organisms: bacteria, viruses, fungi.
Our bodies are home to trillions of microorganisms, and these organisms are part of our bodies.
The microbes in your gut affect your weight and mood.
Microbes on your skin boost your immune system.
If we can design the invisible ecosystems around us, they will have a positive impact on our health in unprecedented ways.
People often ask me, "Can we design microbial ecosystems?"
We took bacterial cells out of the dust and compared the genetic sequences within each cell.
So my team vacuumed a lot during the project.
If you look inside the restrooms, they're all similar ecosystems. If you look inside the lecture halls, they're all similar ecosystems.
I like to think of my bathroom as a rainforest.
And I said to Tim, "If you just look at the microbes, it's kind of like being in Costa Rica."
And I like to think of the office as a temperate grassland.
Microbes can also spread through people. Designers group rooms closer together to make it easier for people to interact, for example between the lab and the office, so ideas can be easily exchanged.
Given that microbes move through people, we can expect rooms that are close together to have very similar biomes.
A lot of buildings are managed this way, and probably your workplace too, so that companies can save money on their electricity bills.
What we found here was that the air was relatively stagnant until we opened the vents on Saturday.
He felt like he made a good design choice, because it would save energy, and it would eliminate the resident bacteria that live in buildings.
We might be able to design something with useful microbes, like the inside of an airplane or a phone.
Recently I discovered a new microbe
Wouldn't it be great if BLIS lived on your phone?
thank you
(applause)
I live here in Kenya, in the south of Nairobi National Park.
Behind the cow is my dad's cow, and behind the cow is Nairobi National Park.
This is one of the six lions killed in Nairobi.
I think this is why there are so few lions in Nairobi National Park.
The first idea is to use fire, and I thought lions were afraid of fire.
My second idea was to use a scarecrow.
It turns out that lions are scared of moving lights.
As you can see, the solar panel charges the battery, and the battery powers a small turn signal, which we call a transformer.
The flashing light bulbs trick the lions into thinking I'm walking around near the cow fence, even though I was sleeping in my bed.
(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
And that's how I set up the lights, and what you see in the background is the lion's light.
My idea is now spreading all over Kenya, and it's being used to ward off other predators like hyenas and leopards, and it's being used to keep elephants out of farmlands.
Because of this invention, I got a scholarship to go to one of the best schools in Kenya, Brookhouse International School, and I'm really happy about that.
A year ago, I was just a boy on the savanna grasslands tending my dad's cows, watching planes fly by, telling myself, "One day I'll be in one." was
My dream is to become an aircraft engineer and pilot.
In fact, I've been waiting for a call from TED for years.
In 2000 I was ready to talk about eBay...but the call never came
(Laughter) When I first moved from Silicon Valley to Hollywood, I was skeptical.
I also found that Hollywood and Silicon Valley have more in common than I thought.
Hollywood has sex symbols, so does the Valley
In Hollywood people gather in front of the power table, and in the Valley we gather at the power table.
So, we had a lot more in common than I thought.
What drives me is the vision of the future we all share.
One of them is the inequality of opportunity -- what Clinton called last night unequal, unfair and unsustainable -- from which arises all the evils that surround us: poverty, illiteracy, disease. is the
But I think perhaps the bigger gap is the "hope gap"
So chapter one begins right here, with all of us, because within each of us is the power to equalize the opportunity gap and bridge the hope gap.
So I was reading James Michener, James Clavell, Ayn Rand, etc.
And I thought, if I could write a story about how the world is small and interconnected, maybe people would care about the problems that surround us and try to change the world.
I didn't think that was the best way to make a living, so I decided to go financially independent first, and then write that kind of story as soon as possible.
One day my father came home and told me that he had cancer and that he looked pretty ill.
I started a few businesses and thought that was my ticket to financial freedom.
One of the businesses was a computer rental business, under the clever name of "Micro on the Move," where people would steal computers all the time.
(Laughter) So I knew I needed to learn more about business, so I went to Stanford Business School to learn.
I made friends with Pierre Omidyar while I was there, and he's here today. Pierre, I'm sorry - this is an old photo.
And soon after I graduated, Pierre came to me with the idea of ​​a system for people to buy and sell what they wanted online.
(Laughter) Shortly after that, in '96, Pierre and I left our full-time jobs to start eBay, and after that, you know.
The company went public two years later and is now one of the most recognized companies in the world.
Around that time, I met a remarkable man, John Gardner.
In the 1960s, he was the developer of the "Great Society" program under the Lyndon Johnson administration.
"Bet on good people doing good deeds"
Forward-thinking, innovative, non-profit people who use their business skills very effectively to solve social problems.
These are the people who are now called social entrepreneurs.
Take, for example, Mohamed Yunus, who founded the Grameen Bank, lifted more than 100 million people out of poverty, and won the Nobel Peace Prize.
Or Dr. Victoria Hale, who started the world's first non-profit pharmaceutical company, whose first product was a treatment for a visceral leishmaniasis called "black fever."
This is what it means to Invest, Connect and Celebrate
INVEST - If good people are doing good things, invest in them. Invest in them in their organizations and businesses.
Bringing them together at TED, at events like the World Congress of Social Entrepreneurship that my foundation organizes every year in Oxford, creates so many powerful connections.
And tell their stories and celebrate them, because not only do good people do good things, but their stories reduce the hope gap.
I thought about the movies that influenced me, like "Gandhi" and "Schindler's List."
So in 2003, I walked around Los Angeles talking about the idea of ​​a media company focused on social issues, and I got a lot of encouragement.
(Laughter) Undaunted, I started Participant Productions in 2004 with the vision of a global media company with an eye on the public interest.
Perhaps more importantly, tens of thousands of people participated in the support and action programs that we created around cinema.
But this movie, starring Charlize Theron, dealt with women's rights, women's welfare and domestic violence.
The film was released while Congress was considering revising the Violence Against Women Act.
After watching his slideshow, I knew it was more pressing.
So, shortly after, I met backstage with Al, and Lawrence Bender and Laurie David, who were there, and Davis Guggenheim, who was doing a documentary for Participant.
You know, there's another adage in Hollywood, "No one knows anything about anything."
We sent 50,000 DVDs to high school teachers across the country.
Al has been called the 'George Clooney of global warming'
We premiered "The Chicago 10" at the Sundance Film Festival
And then there's Jimmy Carter and his long-running Middle East peace documentary.
Finally, I would like to say that everyone has the chance to change the world in their own way.
All the people in this room have done it in their own business lives, their philanthropic endeavors, and so on.
And if we do that, we will close the opportunity gap, close the hope gap,
(Laughter) And finally, a well-known slideshow on the eBay listing that's outdated and in a museum -- contact Al Gore.
And we believe that by working together, we can achieve all of this.
it's a great honor thank you
(Applause) Oh, thank you.
So what is superhydrophobicity?
Superhydrophobicity is determined by measuring the contact angle of a water droplet on a solid surface.
A normal coating on the windshield is about 110 degrees.
But what we're looking at here is 160 degrees to 175 degrees, 150 degrees and above is called superhydrophobic.
So for this demo, I've prepared a pair of gloves, one of which has this nanotechnology coating. Can you guess which one? let me give you a hint
very small but very useful
There are many water-based materials, such as concrete, water-based paint, mud, and even refined oils.
you can see the difference
No water, no corrosion
Imagine how something like this could revolutionize your field.
(applause)
Originally, game theory is a branch of applied mathematics, mostly used in economics and political science, and a little bit in biology. It's about how you act and anticipates how others think you'll act.
Many situations apply: competition, cooperation, negotiation, as well as games like hide-and-seek and poker.
Let's start with this simple game
Each person chooses a number from 0 to 100, calculates the average, and whoever is closest to two-thirds of the average wins the prize.
A lot of people think, "I have no idea what other people will pick, so the average would be 50."
This is called cognitive hierarchy theory.
There's a completely different, much more popular and older theory, made famous by John Nash in "A Beautiful Mind," called equilibrium analysis.
Equilibrium is a mathematical state where everyone knows exactly what each other is doing.
Let's see if this is actually the case. This experiment has been done many times.
This is a beautiful dataset of 9,000 people who took part in contests held by three newspapers and magazines.
You don't necessarily choose 33 or 22 exactly.
So they're smart, but they're poor.
(Laughter) Where in the brain are these things happening?
The work of Coricelli and Nagel gives us a very sharp and interesting answer.
Now, if we take a step back and say, "What can we do with this information?"
From brain activity, we might be able to say, "This person seems to be good at poker," or "This person is naive." And if we know where this circuit is, we can study things like adolescent brain development. maybe
The method of negotiation is to point at a number on the number line from 0 to 6. The uninformed player negotiates how many dollars to get, and the informed player takes the rest.
As you can imagine, there are interesting differences.
Well, it's good for them because they get a lot of money.
Now, let me show you the results of the EEG recording.
Because we measured both brains at the same time, we can look at activity in similar or different brain regions in time synchronization, just like we're studying conversation by measuring two people talking to each other. It's kind of like expecting a common movement in the language area when you're actually listening or trying to communicate.
So in this case, if you look closely, most of the arrows are going from right to left.
You can see that it is different from before
This means that the brain is more closely synchronized in terms of simultaneous activity, and the arrows are also clearly flowing from left to right.
Charles Darwin and I and you left the chimpanzee lineage about five million years ago.
We share more genes than zebras and horses do.
So the difference in behavior between humans and chimpanzees could tell us a lot about brain evolution.
This is a great memory test, and it was done at the Primate Research Institute in Nagoya, Japan, where a lot of this kind of research is being done.
This goes way back, they're concerned with working memory.
They're pretty experienced and have done this thousands of times.
Game theorists look at this data like this.
As you can see, behavior rises in the direction of this change due to the Nash equilibrium.
Closer than any species we've seen.
What about humans? Are you smarter than a chimpanzee?
Here are two groups of humans, shown in green and blue.
In terms of being true to game theory, chimpanzees are better players than humans.
To a limited extent, humans use theory of mind to think strategically.
Preliminary results from bargaining experiments suggest that the brain's early warnings can be used to anticipate bad and costly disagreements, and that chimpanzees are better at games than humans, as judged by game theory.
thank you
(applause)
One is the general election.
And there's the example of Jerry Brown, and you don't necessarily have to win.
"Really?" you might ask
Really 0.05%?
Now, what can we say about American democracy?
Virginia Democratic Rep. Leslie Byrne was told by a colleague when she was a new member of Congress to "always stick to the 'green' side."
And when I say corruption, I don't mean lawmakers embezzling cash in brown paper bags.
The "corruption" I'm talking about here is perfectly legal.
this is corruption
Now, there's good and bad about this corruption.
The good thing is that this is bipartisan, equal opportunity corruption.
When Al Gore was vice president, his team tried to push for massive deregulation of the telecommunications industry.
Henry David Thoreau said, "There are a thousand who strike the branches of evil, but only one who strikes the root with an ax."
You look at solvable problems, like ridding the world of polio, taking pictures of the world's roads, building the world's first universal translator, building a fusion reactor in your garage.
But we can no longer ignore the problem of corruption.
If you think about the issues that our parents' generation grappled with in the 20th century, issues like racism and sexism, or homophobia that we're grappling with in this century, these are certainly difficult issues.
You don't wake up one morning and stop being racist.
How would I feel if a doctor came to me and said, "Your son has a terminal brain tumor and there's nothing you can do about it.
Losing the Republic means losing something that everyone in this room has loved and cherished, so do whatever you can to prove the critics wrong.
Do you have that love?
we lost that republic
thank you very much
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
I'm a 26-year-old Asian-British woman who works in media and lives in South West London.
Previously lived at two addresses in Sussex and two in North East London.
The family did most of their shopping online at Ocado, donated to charity, and subscribed to the Financial Times.
I'm interested in movies and ventures, and I've taken five vacations in the last 12 months, mostly to visit friends abroad.
I don't own a TV, I don't watch live TV, but I do use on-demand services like Netflix and Now TV.
I do cook, but I mostly eat out or take home.
I especially like Thai and Mexican food.
On weeknights, I often have dinner with friends from college.
I often go to the pub after work on Fridays.
I am thinking of living abroad someday.
I prefer working in a team rather than working alone
I am rarely swayed by the opinions of others.
I started looking into what these companies knew in 2014, when I got curious about the dark world of data brokers, collecting and sorting through the details of individuals in multibillion-dollar industries. It's an industry that sells. This information is based on online and offline behavior.
I decided to write an article about this in a magazine called Wired.
I already knew that my records were being collected on a daily basis, things like Google Maps searches, Facebook credit card transactions, and so on.
In other words, you are the product.
Officially, we're protected by data protection laws.
Under British law, personal information must be stripped of personally identifiable information such as names and national insurance numbers.
About a decade ago, Latanya Sweeney, a Harvard privacy professor, proved that 87 percent of Americans can be identified by just three pieces of information: zip code, date of birth and gender.
Professor Sweeney proved this in a rather daring way, when the former governor of Cambridge, Massachusetts, William Weld, allowed the commercial use of the medical records of 135,000 state employees and their families. It also included a record of
For 20 dollars, Professor Sweeney bought voter records for Cambridge, Massachusetts, which included names, zip codes, dates of birth, and gender for everyone in the area, and then checked them against medical records.
three of them were men
(Laughter) Every day, we hear more and more stories of companies invading our personal lives.
Last November, in the US presidential election, a little-known British company, Cambridge Analytica, was asked to use data analytics to help Donald Trump win the election.
This company used cookies to track people across the web, keeping track of their website visits, search terms, and video views.
Researchers call it a "propaganda machine"
It's not just big companies that are peering into people's lives, it's also free apps and small startups.
I discovered that every time I tracked my workouts on my phone with an app called Endomondo, my location, gender, and other information was being shared with third-party advertising companies.
A medical diagnosis app called WebMD is sharing even more sensitive information with third parties about the symptoms, treatments and medications that users view on the app.
Fitbit provides data to Yahoo
Pregnancy tracking apps sold information obtained within the app -- such as a user's menstrual cycle and ovulation cycle -- to advertising companies like InMobi.
As long as the phone is on, location can be tracked. And it's not just silly apps like Google Maps, but a lot of completely unrelated ones like Uber, Twitter, photo apps, Snapchat, TripAdvisor, and so on.
In 2015, it was discovered that Samsung was using the voice recognition system attached to its televisions to record the voices of people in their homes.
In some cases, services like Google and Facebook, trusted and used by billions of people around the world, have been criticized for crossing the line.
A few weeks ago, my husband and I were in the car after work talking about where we should have dinner.
I suggested a restaurant on the way home, and I opened Google Maps to see where it was.
With so many stories of people being shown ads based on their actions and conversations in real life, not online, I can't help but wonder if Facebook and Google are eavesdropping on their personal devices.
(Laughter) Even if they don't know my name, they know me better than my neighbors.
Eyeota also purchases information from third parties, such as a credit rating agency called Experian, which has amassed a huge database that divides people into 15 different demographics and 66 lifestyles based on zip code.
(Laughter) This information will be sold to the highest bidder.
But much of this data is held by advertising companies and used commercially.
In fact, eMarketer expects the online advertising industry, which is largely made up of targeted advertising and data tracking, to hit an all-time high of $77 billion this year.
Of course, this led to higher insurance premiums.
As the amount of data collected grows exponentially, it becomes much easier to identify an individual.
Fitbit, for example, measures your heart rate and how you walk, and you can use that information to determine your height, your weight, and even your gender.
The more companies know about you -- your address, your number of children, your medical history, your purchase history -- the less anonymity makes sense.
Plus, you lose your right to free choice, because companies are making choices for you without your knowledge.
I immediately sent a letter to my local government asking them to keep my voter records private.
I created an email address with a pseudonym and misrepresented my age and gender when registering.
I turned off targeted advertising and demanded that Facebook send me all of my information on file, including the ones I had deleted myself, and I spent hours poring over it.
For example, I've stopped subscribing to services that claim to be "free," like a VIP card for a local beauty salon or a discount coupon for a grocery store.
Then it won't be worth the expense for businesses and government nonprofits to scavenge, store, and randomly sell personal information carelessly, but as the data economy matures, power will shift from corporations back to the hands of individuals. Until then, I've lost more than anonymity.
I have surrendered my right to self-determination and free choice.
All I have left is my name
thank you
(applause)
I'm a curator at the Natural History Museum in Rotterdam.
In 1995, a new wing was built next to the museum.
On June 5th, 1995, I heard a loud crash against a window, and that changed my life and ended the life of a duck.
both are male
I'm a biologist and an ornithologist.
I thought, "Something's wrong"
One is dead and the other is alive so it's necrophilia.
I looked closely, but both are male
So homosexual necrophilia
So -- (Laughter) I got a camera, a notebook, a chair, and started observing behavior.
After 75 minutes -- (Laughter) -- I was satisfied, I was hungry, and I wanted to go home.
This is a very rare picture of a duck's phallus, and it was indeed a male.
It's rare because out of 10,000 bird species, only 300 have penises.
Six years later, friends and colleagues urged me to publish "The First Case of Homosexual Necrophilia in a Mallard."
A man named Mark Abrahams called me and said, "Your duck paper won an Ig Nobel Prize."
The Ig Nobel Prize is -- (Laughter) (Applause) The Ig Nobel Prize is for research that first makes you laugh and then makes you think -- and it aims to get more people interested in science.
(Laughter) This is what I call "One Minute of Glory" -- my acceptance speech -- and this is the duck.
(Laughter) This is a moose.
This is a frog trying to mate with a goldfish.
Australian cane toad
A case of necrophilia
Missionary posture is very rare in the animal kingdom.
Pigeons observed in Rotterdam
It's a turkey in Wisconsin. It was observed on the grounds of Ethan Allen Juvenile Detention Center.
Why does this happen in nature? this is my question
Finally, I would like to invite you all to Dead Duck Day.
June 5 every year -
Five minutes before 6:00 p.m., we're going to meet at the Natural History Museum in Rotterdam -- take that duck out of the museum and think about new ways to keep birds from colliding with windows.
In the United States alone, 1 billion birds have died crashing into glass buildings.
thank you
(Applause) Oh, sorry.
(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
Today I'm going to show you an electric vehicle that's lighter than a bicycle, you can take it anywhere, and you can charge it in 15 minutes using a standard outlet.
When people think of electric vehicles, they think of cars, motorcycles, bicycles, and other everyday vehicles.
But if you change your perspective, you can come up with more interesting and new concepts.
It's very manoeuvrable, and you can easily accelerate, brake, and even reverse if you want, with a handheld remote control.
Next time you're considering a vehicle, I hope you'll think of something new like we did.
thank you
(applause)
I'm a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Pennsylvania, and my hobby is photography.
I love taking pictures like this in my travels around the world because it helps me remember the beautiful -- interesting things I've seen.
The sense of touch is actually very interesting
The first is the tactile sensation -- the feeling of an object touching your skin.
It's the position the body is in, how it's moving, what forces it's subjected to, and so on.
I'm interested in whether we can better harness the human sense of touch to improve technology.
Now let me show you three examples, all from my lab at the University of Pennsylvania.
The way we solve this is to create a hand held tool with a variety of sensors inside.
One of her jobs is teaching dental students how to spot cavities in their patients.
I feel it because if the tooth is hard, it's healthy, but if it's soft and sticky, it's a sign that the enamel is starting to decay.
These decisions are difficult for new dental students, because they haven't yet touched teeth.
Maybe you're thinking, "I need a filling for this tooth."
But actually, if you look closely at the sense of touch, the surface of this tooth is hard and healthy, so this patient doesn't need a filling.
The last example I want to talk about is also about human movement.
This system was developed for rehabilitation of stroke patients, but I think it has many applications, such as dance training, training in any sport.
Now, you know a little bit about haptics, but you'll hear more about it in the future.
I gave you three examples.
(applause)
That's why we give bankers bonuses in so many different ways.
It seems that there are many other things that motivate us in our work and in doing all kinds of things.
I personally started thinking about this when a student visited me.
He was a student of mine a few years ago, and he came to campus one day.
And he told me this story that he'd been working on a PowerPoint presentation for over two weeks.
First, we did an experiment where we gave subjects a set of Lego and asked them to build it.
And they said yes, and they started building Lego.
And then there's the prison movie, where the guards abuse the prisoners, and they have the prisoners dig holes, and when they're done, they're forced to fill in the holes and dig them up again.
What do you see when you compare these two conditions?
Now, we also did another version of this experiment.
In this version of the experiment, instead of putting people in a situation, I asked them to describe the situation, as I do it, and then predict the outcome. I was asked to predict the result
What happened?
So people understand that meaning is important, but they don't understand how important it is.
If you think about it, some people love Lego and some people don't.
There was a very good correlation between the love of Lego and the number of Legos made There was a very good correlation between the love of Lego and the number of Legos made
Shortly after this experiment, I went to talk to a large software company in Seattle.
A week before I left, the president of this software company told this group of 200 engineers to cancel the project.
So I had to speak in front of 200 people who were the most depressed people I've ever seen.
So when I told them about this Lego experiment -- they said that they felt like they were going through that same experience.
and everyone raised their hands
The next experiment is a little different
The only thing I'd like to point out here is that under the "shredder situation," you could have cheated.
here's the good news and the bad news
There is a store called IKEA in America.
IKEA sells decent furniture that takes a lot of time to assemble.
When we started producing cake mixes in the '40s, we put this powder in a box and told the housewives to add water and stir it. Just mix it up and put it in the oven – voila! the cake is ready
We asked the subjects to make origami.
Or "I love this origami and I'm sure others will too."
Which of these is correct?
If I ask, "How much would you sell your child for?"
By the way, for those of you who think IKEA's instructions are bad, think about the instructions that come with your child, because they're extremely difficult.
(Laughter) Anyway, these are my kids, and they're wonderful, of course.
If you think about Adam Smith and Karl Marx, Adam Smith had an important notion of efficiency.
He took the pin factory as an example.
And certainly this is a great example and reason for the industrial revolution and efficiency.
Karl Marx, on the other hand, said that the idea of ​​"alienated labor" is very important for thinking about the significance of what we do.
Adam Smith was more correct than Karl Marx in this application to the Industrial Revolution.
But the reality is that we've changed and we're living in a knowledge economy, but the reality is that we've changed and we're living in a knowledge economy.
Ask yourself, what will happen in the knowledge economy?
Is efficiency more important than meaning?
thank you
(applause)
This is where I've been building prototypes for six hours straight.
This is what the DIY and maker movements look like in real life.
but there is another world
Today there's a new revolution taking place at the micro and nano level.
They even developed a piece of software called cadnano that allows you to design three-dimensional shapes, like nanorobots or drug delivery systems, and use DNA to self-assemble those functional structures.
But when you look at it on a human scale, there are a lot of problems that nanotechnology hasn't solved.
Except for expensive pumps and valves, water pipes have a fixed flow rate, so they have a fixed capacity.
So what I'm proposing is to bring these two worlds together, to combine nanoscale programmable, adaptive materials with the environment around them.
you need a few simple ingredients
In a one-dimensional system -- in a project called self-folding proteins,
Now we're extending that to a two-dimensional system, where we're making flat sheets self-folding to create three-dimensional structures.
I made 500 such glass beakers.
It provided an intuitive model for understanding how molecular self-assembly occurs at the human scale.
this is the polio virus
If you shake it strongly, it will fall apart.
And it's been shown that it can be done on a much larger scale.
We were trying to see if furniture-scale objects could self-assemble.
Today we're unveiling a new project for the first time, a joint project with Stratasys called 4D printing.
The idea behind 4D printing is to give 3D prints that are made of multiple materials -- the ability to work with multiple materials -- new capabilities, and that ability is the ability to transform, where the parts stand. It becomes capable of transforming directly from one form to another on its own.
It's like robotics without wires and motors.
We also worked with Autodesk to develop software called Project Cyborg.
This allows us to simulate the self-assembly behavior and optimize which parts fold when.
I'm a biased person
space is a good example
What if water pipes could undulate like a peristalsis so that they could change volume and flow rate, could be stretchable, could move the water itself, and undulate like a peristalsis?
This is not an expensive pump or valve
thank you
(applause)
In the mid-'80s Jeopardy! has resumed. I ran home from school every day to watch the show.
Of course I said yes, and there are several reasons.
I've taken classes about artificial intelligence.
Watson is huge
Terabytes of memory in thousands of processors Trillions of bytes of memory
There's a Watson logo in the center of the stage.
It was like an '80s Detroit factory worker looking at a robot doing assembly work.
I'm not an economist
The part of the brain that's supposed to do that sort of thing seems to be getting smaller and stupider.
The more I think about it, the more I realize, "No, it's still important."
in reality it happens all the time
(Laughter) Samuel Parr, an 18th-century theologian who knew Dr. Johnson, once said, "It's always better to know than not."
It's a question of leadership, who will lead the future.
They're mostly normal people, curious about the world and everything around them, and hungry for knowledge on all sorts of topics.
thank you very much
What we really want to build is a robot that everyone can use, whether they're 8 years old or 80 years old.
Actually, this is a really hard problem, because the robot has to be small, portable -- not just affordable, but something that people actually want to take home and keep with their kids. don't
By harnessing the power of the iPhone's processor, we were able to build a Wi-Fi-enabled, computer-vision-enabled robot for $150, which is about one percent the price of a conventional robot like this.
Romo wakes up and goes into creature mode
In many ways, Romo is like a pet with a mind of its own.
If you want to explore the world - oh Romo looks bored. If you want to explore the world with Romo - you can connect to Romo from any iOS device.
On top of that, Romo is an extension of me, so I can express emotions with Romo's facial expressions.
thank you scott
What's even cooler is that you don't have to be in the same geographic location to operate the robot.
You can log in from your browser, kind of like Skype on wheels.
You mentioned telepresence earlier, and this is a cool example of that.
Imagine an 8-year-old girl with an iPhone asking her mom to buy her a robot.
Grandma can log into the robot and play hide-and-seek with her granddaughter, even for 15 minutes every night. Otherwise, she might only see her granddaughter once or twice a year.
thank you scott
(Applause) I've shown you two cool things Romo can do right now.
Finally, I'd like to talk about what we're working on for the future.
Built on Google's open framework called Blockly
You can simulate the behavior in your browser. Romo is doing it on the left.
So these Wi-Fi-enabled robots can learn from each other.
So if you have a robot in your home, I think that robot should be the embodiment of your imagination.
The future of personal robots is already happening, and it depends on small, agile robots like Romo and the imagination of people like you.
thank you
(applause)
It was near midnight rather than early in the morning
I passed on my idea, and he's one of the bravest people in the world, and so was Colonel Blair, and eventually he let me try this idea.
I started with the Pequot War with the Massachusetts Bay Indians in 1607.
This day has come life will change
He (applause) served in the Marine Corps, and he talks about a small incident.
We were one of the lucky ones, because we had a Sony camera and Vista software.
Right? and we started talking
Probably 20 dead, at least 20-30 Iraqis injured
I remember giving three injections, bandaging the wounded.
i want to thank god for saving my lucky ass
It's a new way of making documentaries.
Usually the first question is a practical question like "What kind of camera did you use?"
There's a scene in the movie where an Iraqi woman dies.
As he looked at me, he smiled back, and his eyes were filled with tears.
And he said, "I've killed a child."
I often hear people say, people I know who made this movie, and they tell me, "I'm against war, but I support soldiers."
do you really care?
thank you
I looked up and asked, "Who is that person?"
But suddenly I saw dogs and fire hoses, and I got really scared.
What they see and hear about the Boy and Girl Crusades in Birmingham on TV is like we see Lincoln in 1863 in the movies: it's history.
That's why it's significant that the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, where I now serve as president, was founded in 1963, the same year I was in prison with Dr. King.
We combined our ideas to create the Meyerhoff Scholarship.
The significance of this program is that we learned a lot from it.
(Applause) What most people don't realize is that underperforming in science and engineering isn't limited to minorities.
Being smart simply means being ready to learn
Meanwhile, the rabbi's Jewish mother said, "Izzy, did you ask a good question today?"
High expectations go hand-in-hand with curiosity, getting young people curious.
Because of the high expectations, we found students who we could help out with, not just to make it through science and engineering classes, but to develop them into great talent.
Became the first black person to graduate from UMBC and earn an M.D./Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania.
She and her academic advisor hold a patent for using Viagra to treat diabetes.
Building a community of students is very important.
So our students regularly work in the lab.
This is "academic innovation"
In fact, since 2000, the number of women majoring in computer science has dropped by 79 percent.
What I'm trying to say is that what makes a difference is building student communities and telling students in general, including young women and minorities, that you can do it.
I was 12 years old in prison in Birmingham, and I kept thinking about what my future might hold.
I never dreamed that a little black kid from Birmingham would become the president of a university that welcomes students from 150 countries who love to learn, who want to be the best and who have the drive to one day change the world.
In the words of Aristotle, "Excellence is never an accident.
It is the result of high purpose, sincere effort, and wise execution.
"It is choice, not chance, that determines one's destiny."
The choices you make, not chance, determine your destiny, your dreams, your values.
(applause)
Twenty-four years ago, when I was a sophomore in college, I had a fainting spell, alcohol had nothing to do with it.
I was sitting in the waiting room for an ultrasound, and all six doctors walked in, and I thought, "Oh, this must be bad news."
The problem with this model is that it's not sustainable on a global scale.
We need to develop what we call a personal health system.
What will the Personal Health System look like – what new technologies and roles will it involve?
This is Libby. It's actually an ultrasound of Libby.
(Laughter) We use a device made by a company called Mobisante.
A portable ultrasound machine
Can you see Libby?
You look busy How are you?
TB: yes let's do it
TB: Many people who have had a kidney transplant have a small amount of fluid around the kidney.
I'm going to have my six-monthly biopsy in the next few weeks, and I'm going to ask you to do this in your doctor's office, because I can't do it myself.
TB: Good choice. ED: Thank you Dr. Batook.
Today, I want to talk to you about the three pillars of personal health: anywhere care, networked care, and customized care.
I personally learned as a child that hospitals can be very dangerous places.
Software is getting smarter now, right?
So if you have a networked device like this that can care anywhere, of course you're going to need a team of people interacting with each other, and that leads to the second pillar, the network of care.
Modern uncoordinated care is expensive, and deadly at worst.
In fact, 80 percent of medical errors stem from miscommunication and coordination issues between medical teams.
I've had a terrifying experience myself, when I was in graduate school -- when I was undergoing kidney treatment -- and all of a sudden, I was told, "You seem to have heart problems."
Problems like this happen to millions of people every year.
I should have been happy to feel better and go back to my primary care doctor, but I actually cried because I felt so connected to this team.
The photo also shows me and my wife Ashley.
This is the only way the model works
My team is based in China, and we're working on a self-care model project called Elderly Friendly Cities.
The second example is -- early on, I became a human guinea pig and was lucky enough to have my whole genome sequenced.
This kind of personalized care, encompassing people's goals and genetics, is going to be the most transformative change in health care in our lifetime.
The three pillars of personal health: anywhere care, networked care, and customized care. It's starting to take place little by little, but we, as caregivers and patients, need to step up and take on new roles. will end in complete failure
My friend Verna said, wake up and take care of your health.
I was hospitalized for only one night
The surgery was done laparoscopically -- it left me with five small scars in my abdomen -- I took four weeks off work -- and then I went back to my normal life -- nothing changed.
ED: I don't think I'll ever have another chance to speak to you in front of such a large audience.
"Thank you" sounds corny, but thank you so much for saving my life.
I hope you can make personal health for yourself and for everyone. Thank you.
(applause)
The British Association for the Advancement of Science's third conference is being held at the University of Cambridge.
Coleridge thought that a true philosopher like himself would sit in an armchair and think about the universe.
A young Cambridge scholar named William Whewell stood up and appeased the audience.
"If the term 'philosopher' is too broad and lofty—why not coin the word 'scientist' after the term 'artist'?" The word "scientist" was used, and this was the first time the word "scientist" was used publicly, just 179 years ago.
Why didn't the word "scientist" exist until 1833?
Before this conference, talented amateurs were studying the natural world.
A major source of this revolution was four men I met at Cambridge University in 1812: C. Babbage, J. Herschel, R. Jones, and W. Huell.
As you probably know, Charles Babbage invented the first mechanical calculator, the prototype of the modern computer.
John Herschel documented the stars of the Southern Hemisphere and used his spare time to help develop photography.
Richard Jones became a great economist and later influenced Marx.
In the winter of 1812-13, in Cambridge, these four men met for a "philosophical breakfast".
They felt that science had stagnated since the 17th-century scientific revolution—they had since the 17th-century scientific revolution.
"The Evidence-Based Inductive Method" Some 200 years ago, Francis Bacon, and then Newton, proposed the inductive method of science.
And then there's the issue of the argument initiated by some influential Oxford scholars: "If deductive methods work in economics -- they should apply in the natural sciences."
Herschel's book was an important turning point for Darwin, as he later said, "I can't think of anything else in my life that has had such an impact on me.
"Science for the Common Good" Once upon a time, scientific knowledge was supposed to be used for kings and queens -- or for personal gain.
For example, the captain needed to know the tides to safely dock the ship.
"The New Society of Science" Founded in Bacon's time, the Royal Society was the premier scientific society, not only in England, but in the world.
The new group required members to be active researchers and to publish their findings.
Sometimes there were prizes, like the prize given to John Harrison for solving the "Longitude Problem" in the 18th century. did
The philosophical breakfast meeting was the catalyst that gave birth to the modern scientist.
"What percentage of the earth's surface is covered with water?"
thank you
(applause)
When I think about that toilet, it wasn't particularly fancy, and it wasn't as comfortable as the World Toilet Organization (WTO) toilets.
Approximately 2.5 billion people worldwide do not have proper toilets
About 40% of people in the world don't have a decent toilet.
And here is another diarrhea picture
Not only she, but about 4,000 children died that day from diarrhea, and this happens every day.
Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death among children in the world. When you think of diseases that you've been concerned about, like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and measles, diarrhea kills more children than all these diseases combined.
This is a very deadly weapon of mass destruction.
You know cholera, but you don't know diarrhea.
Readers of the British Medical Journal recognized the flush toilet as the greatest medical breakthrough of the last 200 years, picking it over the pill, anesthesia and surgery.
It's a great waste disposal device.
I think the real faecal waste is people wasting a resource that's great for development, because toilets and poop are good for people.
25% of girls in India drop out of school because of inadequate sanitation
You can cook dinner with poop
It's not just poor societies that poop saves people.
she has suffered for years
You might think, "The solution is simple: give everyone a toilet."
It's been in use for decades, and the soap companies used it in the early 20th century.
(Laughter) For those of you who think this is just propaganda, she's Priyanka, 23.
We met in India last October, and she grew up in a conservative environment.
Growing up in a poor rural town in India, she got engaged at 14 and married into her husband's house at about 21.
Three days later she did the unthinkable
This is called social contagion, and it's a really powerful and exciting phenomenon.
Children were dying of diarrhea and cholera.
thank you
(applause)
Let's start with leukemia. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer.
Today, 25, 30 years later, the death rate is down 85 percent.
Heart disease used to be the biggest killer, especially for men in their 40s.
In the last few months, AIDS has come to be called a chronic disease, because just 10 years ago, it was said that a 20-year-old with HIV could live no longer than weeks, months, years. But now people think they can live for decades, probably in their 60s and 70s, and they probably died from complications.
Unfortunately it's not all good news
Many of you may not realize how prevalent it is.
There are 38,000 suicides in America each year.
It's the third leading cause of death among young people aged 15 to 25.
There are probably three reasons
But what's most likely to cause such high morbidity and even higher mortality is that they start early in life.
It's probably the hardest part, and in a way it's also my confession.
These scans were taken by Judy Rappaport and her team at the National Institute of Mental Health, where they studied children with early-onset schizophrenia. So there are areas that have been depleted, which indicate a lack of gray matter, and we continued to study them for five years and compare them to age-matched controls, and as you can see, particularly in areas like the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the superior temporal gyrus. of gray matter is significantly reduced
But if you look closely, they've crossed another threshold.
Technology now allows us to spot changes in the brain much earlier, before symptoms appear.
The good news in medicine is early detection and early treatment.
"We always overestimate the change that will happen in the next two years and underestimate the change that will happen in the next 10 years." -Bill Gates
(applause)
A year ago I rented a car in Jerusalem To meet someone I've never met but who changed my life
I was 19 then
After graduating from college, I returned to Jerusalem for a year.
Abed's account of the crash was written the morning after he was driving in the right lane of the highway on the way to Jerusalem.
I used a cane, braced my ankles, carried a backpack, and walked six continents.
I started playing softball every week, I threw it overhand in Central Park, and in my hometown of New York, as a journalist and writer, I typed countless words with one finger.
who was i
Chopin's seven beautiful mazurkas were playing on the radio, and I parked my car next to a gas station and listened to Chopin to calm myself down.
he listened to me
As I sat down and thought about what to say, a woman in a black robe and shawl approached me.
He was dressed in black and white, with slippers over his socks, loose sweatpants, a mottled sweater, and a striped ski cap pulled down over his eyes.
I asked Abed, "You had some problem driving before the accident, right?"
That's when I realized Abed never apologized.
Abed and I sat down and had coffee
Giving the Jewish custom of bowing, he said that I may live to be 120 years old.
(Applause) Thank you very much, everyone.
(applause)
It has a long history, about 7,000 years old.
Neurosurgery existed in Mesoamerica, and there were neurosurgeons who were treating patients.
One percent of the skulls found in some of the sites have holes in them, suggesting that neuropsychiatric disorders were fairly common 7,000 years ago.
The brain is assigned to areas such as those that control movement, vision, memory, appetite, etc.
If you have malfunctions in the circuits that control your mood, you have things like depression, and if you have malfunctions in the circuits that control memory and cognition, you have things like Alzheimer's disease.
It's about the deep brain stimulation device.
About 100,000 patients around the world are currently receiving deep brain stimulation. Let me show you a case where deep brain stimulation was used to treat movement disorders, mood disorders, and dementia disorders.
You can see the electrodes going through the skull into the brain, so they can be placed anywhere in the brain.
I've often said that no neuron can hide from a neurosurgeon, because it can reach anywhere in the brain reliably and safely.
The first example I'm going to show you is a patient with Parkinson's disease. This woman has Parkinson's disease, and she has electrodes implanted in her brain. turn on the electrodes
Dystonia is a disease that affects children
In 1997, I was referred to see this boy who had a genetic dystonia, although he had no other problems.
The family has eight children
Five of them had dystonia.
This is him now, back in Israel, three months after surgery.
(Applause) Building on this success, this surgery is now being performed around the world, and hundreds of children have been helped by this type of surgery.
This boy is now in college and living a normal life.
(Applause) So we thought that this technology could be used not only to control motor circuits, but also other circuits, and then to control mood circuits.
When you make someone sad, like when I remind you of the last parent or friend you saw before you died, this area of ​​your brain lights up.
It's the sad center of the brain.
We were able to suppress area 25 and restore the frontal lobes of the brain to more normal levels, and we're seeing very significant results in people with severe depression.
Deep brain stimulation can be used to treat the motor system in cases of Parkinson's disease and dystonia.
So could we use deep brain stimulation to make us smarter?
But in Alzheimer's disease, we found a significant problem with how the brain consumes glucose.
The brain is a little voracious when it comes to glucose consumption.
Twenty percent of the body's total glucose consumption is used by the brain, and going from a normal state to a state of mild cognitive impairment is a precursor to Alzheimer's disease, and eventually Alzheimer's disease, where certain areas of the brain stop consuming glucose.
A person with Alzheimer's disease is like a part of the brain where the lights go out. Will the lights go out forever, or can they come back on?
Can areas of the brain make glucose available again?
Place the DBS electrodes, wait a month to a year, and the areas in red are the areas with increased glucose consumption.
(Applause) What I want to share with you today is that there are neural circuits in the brain that malfunction across a wide range of conditions, whether it's Parkinson's disease, depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease.
Electrodes will be placed in many brain diseases.
thank you
They say that texting will cause a significant decline in literacy in general -- and writing in particular -- among young people, not just in America, but around the world.
Language has been around for probably 150,000 years, or at least 80,000 years ago, first appearing as spoken language.
Ordinary people listened to it while standing for two hours.
To understand it, we have to watch how new structures emerge in this new language.
We usually think that "lol" means "to laugh out loud."
But if you're a frequent text messager or conscious of the context behind the change, "lol" no longer really means laughing.
Julie: "lol thanks gmail is slow" it's not funny
Julie: I sent you an email.
We linguists call this a pragmatic particle.
In young people's text messages, slashes are used quite differently.
Jake: "Haha Slash I'm watching a video of a Suns player shooting with one eye."
It's not as sophisticated as the language of the Wall Street Journal.
Evidence is accumulating that being bilingual has a positive impact on cognition.
If I could go to the future, let's say 2033, the first thing I would ask is if David Simon made a sequel to "The Wire."
thank you very much
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
A horse pulls a cart at a speed of 1% of the speed of sound, and a rutted dirt road will get you stuck in the mud every time it rains.
This is Boeing 707
In fact, there are four headwinds in the American economy, and we're facing them head-on.
My thesis is this: Given this headwind, even with the same level of innovation as the last 150 years, growth would be cut in half.
If innovation isn't as strong as it used to be, and if we can't invent the great and the great, the growth rate will be even lower than half of what it used to be.
We see very little growth in the first four centuries, just 0.2 percent.
This part is what I predicted six years ago, that growth would slow down to 1.3 percent.
You can see that in 1891, on the far left, it was about $5,000.
At 2% growth, living standards will quadruple in 70 years.
The next headwind is education
Higher education has $1 trillion in student loan debt, and on top of that, college completion rates in the United States are 15 percentage points lower than those in Canada.
Fourth, there is inequality.
Over the last 15 years, before the crisis, the bottom 99 percent of the income distribution grew at half a percentage point slower than the average we've been talking about.
Will we grow at 0.8%?
For that to happen, our innovations need to be as important as those that have happened in the last 150 years.
In 1875, if you wanted to read at night, you needed a kerosene or gas lamp.
By 1929, electric lights were ubiquitous.
And in addition to this, during the same period, more and more manual tools were being replaced by power tools or electromechanical devices, all accomplished by electricity.
Electricity was also very powerful in liberating women.
In the late 19th century, women spent two days a week doing laundry.
Women still needed to shop every day, but that was no longer necessary, because electricity brought us electric refrigerators.
Because in the second half of the 19th century, the main source of heat in most homes was the large fireplace in the kitchen, used for cooking and heating.
By 1929, but certainly by 1950, central heating was everywhere.
What about the internal combustion engine, invented in 1879?
Horses ate a quarter of America's agricultural land.
This is the percentage of agricultural land in the United States needed to feed horses.
There's an interesting ratio: in the United States, in 1900, the ratio of car ownership per household went from zero to 90 percent in 30 years, in just 30 years.
Before the turn of the century, women also had other problems.
All the water for cooking, cleaning and bathing had to be fetched from the outdoors in pails and buckets over and over again.
This is a historical fact from 1885, when the average North Carolina housewife walked 238 kilometers and carried 35 tons of water a year.
Underground sewer pipes were also laid, and as a result, water-borne diseases such as cholera, one of the greatest plagues of the late 19th century, began to disappear.
Tech optimists may be surprised by the fact that, for the first half of the 20th century alone, the rate of increase in life expectancy rose three times faster than in the second half of the 19th century.
We've gone from 1% to 90% of the speed of sound.
Electrification, central heating, private cars, they all went from 0% to 100%.
The urban environment has made people more productive than agricultural land.
this is an early computer
The first mobile phones and personal computers were invented in the 1970s.
Bill Gates brought DOS in the 1980s, ATMs replaced bank tellers, barcode scanners reduced sales jobs.
Fast forward to the '90s, and there was the dot-com revolution, and there was only a brief rise in productivity.
(applause)
But I liked the idea, so I wrote a book called The Laws of Simplicity.
I was in Milan last week for the publication of the Italian edition.
It is a book about questions in simplicity.
is that a good one? Or is it bad? Is complexity better? I do not understand.
After finishing The Laws of Simplicity, as you can imagine, I got tired of thinking about simplicity.
(Laughter) If you open the magazine, Visa's tagline is, "Business chooses simplicity."
When developing a photo, Kodak says, "Keep it simple."
So, I don't usually watch TV, but when I turned on the TV, this guy -- Paris Hilton,
She was on the show "Simple Life".
When I opened the TV guide, it seems that this "simple life" is very popular on the E! channel.
And when driving, such signs are very important.
A very simple sign that says "Road" and "Road approaching".
(Laughter) I thought the complexity was suddenly attacking me. And I thought, "Simplicity is still important."
If the sky is 41 percent gray, wouldn't it be the perfect sky?
But in reality the sky looks like this. A beautiful, complex sky.
I am sure some of you have heard of this place.
It was designed by I.M. Pei, one of the famous contemporary architects.
Modernism means white box. Here is a perfect white box.
(Laughter) I'm sure some of you are entrepreneurs.
In academia, you get a lot of titles.
At this year's TED, I am very happy to announce that I have a new title in addition to my previous one.
(Laughter) This is my baby Reina. thank you.
Most people don't like tofu, probably because they've never eaten good tofu, but tofu is very delicious. It's a very simple food.
Making tofu takes a lot of effort.
So often seven days a week. Family business means child labor.
We were that model. So I really liked going to school.
School is great, and maybe going to school helped bring me to this media lab.
(laughs) Thank you.
The Media Lab is a very interesting place and a very important place for me. Because I was a computer science undergraduate at the time, and later in life I was involved in design.
There was a man named Muriel Cooper.
It was the best advice I have ever had in my life. That's why I went to art school because of her.
All in all, Muriel Cooper is an amazing person.
Some of you may know Paul Rand. Greatest graphic designer, sorry there,
The greatest graphic designer, Paul Rand, is the person who designed the IBM logo and the Westinghouse logo.
He basically said, "I designed everything."
And Ikko Tanaka, Paul Rand from Japan, was a very important mentor in my life. He designed many of the well-known symbols in Japan such as ISSEY MIYAKE and MUJI.
Kareem Abdul Jabbar was talking about mentors the other day, but when you have mentors in your life, the problem is they die.
I am very grateful to my mentors. I'm sure you are all the same.
The T stands for "technology", not "human".
So all this time I've been googling this word "human" to see how many hits I get.
When comparing complexity and simplicity, simplicity is catching up in a way as well.
Somehow, I think humans and simplicity are related to each other.
I wrote a program to create complex graphics like this.
I made this series of calendars for Shiseido.
This is a flower-themed calendar I made in 1997, and this is the fireworks calendar. Launch the numbers into the sky. Japanese people seem to believe that when they see fireworks, they somehow feel cooler.
It's a very extreme culture.
She now has an exhibition like this at MoMA, where you can see some of my early work through a MoMA wall-mounted display.
If you live in New York, please go see it.
"No, I make eye meat," I answer.
A computer program is basically a tree, and one problem arises when creating art with a computer program.
So to get away from that tree, I started using my old computer.
I brought these to Tokyo in 2001 to create computer objects.
(Laughter) Shortly after this, 9/11 happened and I was very depressed.
If you dry it quickly, you can make elephants, cows, etc., but my wife didn't like it because it got moldy, so I stopped doing it.
When I was a kid, I used to listen to that song that everyone is familiar with. "Ah, how beautiful the open sky, the amber rippling ears of grain." So I created this amber wave image.
It's like a Midwestern cornfield made out of French fries.
Also, as a kid, I was the fattest kid in my class, and I loved Cheetos. Oh my favorite Cheetos, they look delicious.
So I wanted to play with Cheetos somehow.
Cheetos Paint is a very easy way to paint with Cheetos.
(Laughs) I realized that Cheetos is a very expressive material,
I started thinking, "What can I make out of these Cheetos?"
People ask me how I made the antenna part,
That's my hair, like sometimes there's hair in food.
My hair is clean so it's fine.
I'm a tenured professor, so basically I don't have to work anymore.
It's a very strange business model. I can go to work every day and spend all day staring at five stapled sheets of paper with a cafe latte in my hand.
(Laughter) When I was on Cape Cod, I wrote the word "simplicity." Then, in a mystical form of M-Night Shyamalan, I discovered the word "M-I-T", the letters you know.
I wrote this book, The Law of Simplicity.
This is a very short and simple book. There are 10 laws and 3 keys.
Then enjoy your sushi later with the laws of simplicity.
If you have children, you know that if your children were to choose between a large cookie and a small cookie, which cookie would they choose? It's a big cookie.
But if you were to ask your child to fold two piles of laundry, would he choose the small pile or the large pile?
If you want more, it's because you want to enjoy it.
Because if you want less, it's about work.
So, ultimately, simplicity is about living life with more fun and less pain.
I love life and I am happy to be alive. i like to see things
I can't help but love to see the world. The world is an amazing place.
Attending TED allows us to see many things at once.
I can't help but enjoy seeing everything in the world.
He is an expert on aging. This horizontal axis shows how old you are: 12, 24, 74, 96, and so on. And this is some medical data. Brain capacity increases until the age of 60, after which it gradually declines. It's kind of depressing in a way.
I have a lot of cocky MIT freshmen, and they say, 'Oh, your bodies are really getting stronger and stronger, but by the time you're in your late 20s and mid-30s, your cells start dying. I'll tell you.
As you get older, you may want to have children.
I am very happy to be here. Thanks for joining us, Chris.
growth is not dead
(Applause) Let's start from 120 years ago, when American factories switched to electricity, and the Second Industrial Revolution was about to ignite.
Electricity is an example of general purpose technology, as is the steam engine that preceded it.
But technology alone is not enough
As I'm going to show you, productivity is doing well, but it's becoming decoupled from employment, and the typical worker's income is stagnant.
Let's take a look at the data
You might say, "History doesn't repeat itself, but it rhymes."
Now, productivity is at an all-time high, and despite the Great Recession, productivity growth in the 2000s outpaced that of the 1990s, when the boom times were more productive than the '70s and '80s.
grew faster than it did during the Second Industrial Revolution
But these numbers rather underestimate progress, because the new machine age will focus more on knowledge creation than on material production.
Statistics show that the music industry is half the size it was 10 years ago, but I'm listening to more good music than ever before.
Now let's look to the future
Some very smart people have argued that growth is over, but in order to understand growth in the future, we have to make predictions about the drivers of growth.
I'm optimistic because the new machine age will be characterized by digital exponential combinations.
In the age of big data, we can measure the world in ways never before possible.
Second, the characteristics of the Machine Age are exponential.
A child's PlayStation today is more powerful than a military supercomputer in 1996.
Here's an example of one of my students developing an app in just a few weeks that quickly gained 1.3 million users.
Combined, we're seeing an astounding wave of innovation: robots working in factories, robots that can run faster than cheetahs, and robots that can leap over tall buildings.
(Laughter) And the most important invention is machine learning.
In the beginning, Watson was a total wreck, but he progressed faster than anyone, and shortly after Dave Ferrucci showed this graph to my class at MIT, Watson said, 'Jeopardy! defeated the world champion of
Damn (Laughter) But Watson's growing up fast.
Isn't it ironic that some people argue that innovation is stagnating at a time when the most important inventions in human history are appearing - building intelligent machines?
Like the first two industrial revolutions, it will take at least a hundred years for the full impact of the new machine age to become apparent, but the end result is staggering.
Productivity is at an all-time high, but fewer people have jobs.
Technology is ahead of us, and more and more people are being left behind.
It's a microcosm of what's happening right now, not just in software and services, but in media and music, in finance and manufacturing and retail and trade, in all industries.
Humans are competing against machines, and many people are losing the race.
The new machine era began 15 years ago when world chess champion Garry Kasparov took on the supercomputer Deep Blue.
Since the day the machine won, now even a chess program that runs on a mobile phone can beat a chess master.
thank you
(applause)
Interpreter: By becoming invisible, I seek to examine and question the contradictions and countervailing relationships between our civilization and its development.
LB: This is my first work, made in November 2005.
People who lost their jobs as China transitioned from a planned economy to a market economy.
Between 1998 and 2000, 21.37 million people lost their jobs in China 21.37 million people lost their jobs in China
On the wall behind us is the Cultural Revolution slogan: "The Communist Party of China, the power that leads our cause."
This spring, while I was having a solo exhibition in Paris, I had the opportunity to shoot at France3's news studio, and I chose the news photo of the day.
This is a collaboration between me and the French artist JR
Interpreter: This is a collaboration between me and the French artist JR
(Applause) LB: I tried to blend in with JR's eyes, but JR only uses models with big eyes.
This is an aircraft carrier moored in the Hudson River.
It's Kenny Scharf's graffiti art.
(Laughter) Venice, Italy.
This is the ancient city of Pompeii
Interpreter: This is the ancient city of Pompeii
For example, why do you make yourself invisible?
Interpreter: This is the outfit I wore during the supermarket shoot.
I believe that the most important element in art is the attitude of the artist.
Thank you very much. (Applause)
I'm actually in front of you and we're all here together.
But this speech has been recorded and videotaped for people around the world to watch on their computers, mobile devices and televisions.
How much does the video weigh?
I research and write, produce and host, edit and upload, and manage my social media on my own, but I'm not alone, because Vsauce has over 2 million subscribers, and my videos are over 20 million people each month. is being watched by
(Applause) It's very exciting.
Well, so far, 7.6 million people have watched a five-minute video about what color mirrors are.
Now, spoiler alert: mirrors aren't transparent, and they're not silver, as they say.
This can be demonstrated by placing two mirrors facing each other and reflecting them infinitely at each other.
But to store it in one place, you need energy, and thanks to Albert Einstein, we know there's a relationship between energy and mass.
Now think about it, you're watching a YouTube video in 720p, which is a very nice resolution.
Using typical bitrates, it turns out that one minute of YouTube video needs to use about 10 million electrons in your computer.
If you apply this formula to the electrons it takes to watch that video and the energy to hold it together, then one minute of YouTube video adds roughly 10 to the minus 19th power of grams to your computer's mass.
So you can't measure it, but you can calculate it.
And this is great because when I was a kid, my school had two shelves of science books.
Now YouTube is experiencing an explosion of this kind of content.
It's also a great way for brands and businesses to gain trust.
So while calculating the weight of a video is a bit of an odd question, I'm excited to see what questions I'll come up with and answer next.
(applause)
My relationship with the internet reminds me of a run-of-the-mill horror movie setting.
In 2006, when I started at Google, Facebook was two years old and Twitter didn't exist yet.
And I was in awe of the internet and its potential, that it would bring us closer together, make us smarter, and make us more free.
But as we got involved in the fascinating business of creating search engines, video-sharing sites, and social networks, criminals, dictators, and terrorists found ways to abuse those same platforms against us.
Google, on the other hand, helped me and a few colleagues to create an organization called Jigsaw, whose mission is to protect people from threats like violent extremism, censorship, persecution, born in Iran, violence. It's a threat I personally feel very strongly about, having left the country after a violent revolution.
The first is terrorism
I met with dozens of former extremist members to understand the process of radicalization.
One of them, a British schoolgirl, was taken off the plane at London Heathrow on her way to Syria to join ISIS.
We create brochures, radio programs and videos in English and Arabic, but also in German, Russian, French, Turkish, Kurdish, Hebrew and Chinese.
I've even seen a sign language video made by ISIS.
So we went to Iraq to meet the heroism and justice promised by ISIS, to meet the young men who took up arms as fighters but deserted after seeing the brutality of ISIS's rule.
I was sitting in a simple makeshift prison in northern Iraq with a 23-year-old who had been trained as a suicide bomber before ISIS escaped.
He said, "I arrived in Syria full of hope, but immediately afterward, they took away the two most important things to me: my passport and my mobile phone."
And then I wondered, what would have happened if there had been something that made him change his mind on the day he left home?
he answered yes
Radicalization is not a simple yes or no choice.
Some of the locals even uploaded pictures of what life was like under ISIS' rule with their cell phones.
Some clerics preach a peaceful interpretation of Islam.
After an eight-week pilot study in English and Arabic, we were able to reach more than 300,000 people who expressed interest in, or sympathy with, extremist Islamist groups.
And because violent extremism is not confined to one language, religion, or ideology, redirect methods are now being rolled out all over the world to protect people from being approached by followers of violent ideologies online. The goal is to give people, whether they are extremists, white supremacists, or other violent extremists, a chance to choose a different path by listening to those who are on the other side of the path they are taking.
After all, bad guys are often just good at exploiting the internet, not because they're tech savvy, but because they know what makes people tick.
Now let me give you a second example: online harassment.
Imagine you're a woman, you're married, you have children.
But it also encourages the spread of misinformation and contributes to polarization.
This question has led to partnerships with Google's anti-abuse technology team and newspapers like Wikipedia and the New York Times.
(Laughter) Because you're all human, you can see that there's a clear difference between words that sound almost the same.
Thanks to Perspective, the New York Times, for example, has made more conversations online.
But thanks to machine learning, it went up to 30%.
What if we could use machine learning to give instant feedback about how the commenter might be perceived by the other person while they were typing, like facial expressions in a face-to-face conversation?
Machine learning isn't perfect, it still makes a lot of mistakes.
But if we can develop technology that understands the emotional impact of words, we can cultivate empathy.
What that means is that conversations can take place between people with different political views, different worldviews, and different values.
Those who use technology to exploit and harm others are fed by human fears and vulnerabilities.
If you want to build technology that can overcome the challenges that humans face, you have to put your heart and soul into understanding the problem and creating a solution that's as human as the problem.
let us make it happen
(applause)
In 1982, I had an accident while climbing and had both legs amputated due to tissue damage from frostbite.
These are my legs, and inside are 24 sensors, 6 microprocessors, actuators that act as muscles and tendons.
But this advanced bionic technology allows me to skip, dance and run.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) I'm a bionic man, but I'm not a cyborg yet.
When I think about moving my legs, nerve signals travel through my central nervous system and move the muscles in my remaining legs.
An artificial electrode picks up that signal, and a tiny computer inside the bionic leg translates the neural pulses into intended movement patterns.
But the computer can't pass information to my nervous system.
If I could be a cyborg, able to feel my legs through a tiny computer that feeds information into my nervous system, my relationship with artificial limbs would be radically changed.
Now I can't feel my legs, so my legs are separate instruments, disconnected from my mind and body.
If I was a cyborg and I could feel my legs, I would be able to feel these legs as part of me.
In the process of designing, the designers envision a future where technology no longer compromises with lifeless tools, separate from the human mind and body, a future where technology is carefully integrated into our natural ways, living and not. It's a world where the boundaries between people and non-natural things and non-natural things become infinitely ambiguous.
In that future, mankind will acquire new bodies.
What is proprioception?
The opposite happens when you extend your ankle.
As these muscles stretch and contract, sensory receptors in the muscles and tendons send information through nerves to the brain.
Current limb amputations cut off this dynamic muscle engagement, resulting in a loss of proprioception.
As a result, standard prostheses cannot provide feedback to the nervous system about where the prosthesis is in space.
As a result, the patient cannot visually sense the position and movement of the joints in the prosthesis.
AMI is a method of connecting nerves in the remaining part of the body to an external bionic prosthesis.
This is how muscle/tendon proprioception works, and it's the basic way we humans perceive and perceive the position, movement, and applied force of our limbs.
When amputating a limb, the surgeon connects opposing muscles of the remaining limb to create an AMI.
We can also create multiple AMIs to control and sense multiple prosthetic joints.
Artificial electrodes are then implanted into each AMI muscle, and a tiny computer inside the bionic limb analyzes the signals and controls powerful motors in the limb.
When the bionic limb moves, the AMI muscles move back and forth, sending signals through nerves to the brain, giving the wearer a natural sense of the position and movement of the prosthesis.
Can this tissue design principle actually be applied to the human body?
A few years ago, my friend of 34 years, Jim Ewing, called me for help.
After this accident, he still hoped to return to climbing, but would that be possible?
The answer was Team Cyborg, a group of surgeons, scientists and engineers at MIT to rebuild Jim's body to its former strength as a climber.
A member of the team, Dr. Matthew Carty, amputated Jim's badly damaged leg in an AMI procedure at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston.
When Jim tries to move his phantom limb, the connected muscles move in pairs, sending proprioceptive signals through the nerves to his brain, so Jim can feel the position and movement of his ankle and beyond as a natural sensation, even when he's blindfolded. can be
This is Jim in a post-surgery lab at MIT.
We connected Jim's AMI muscles to the bionic prosthesis via electrodes, and Jim quickly learned how to move the bionic prosthesis' ankle joint in all four directions.
We were happy with the results, but then Jim got up and something really amazing happened.
For example, one day in the lab, he accidentally stepped on some insulating tape.
What do you do when something sticks to your shoes?
He said, "The robot has become part of me."
(Applause) Neurological integration was achieved by bidirectionally connecting Jim's nervous system to the artificial limb.
He just feels like he's got his legs back and his body back.
Actually, I'm hesitant to become a cyborg.
I was a terrible student before my leg was amputated.
Then I had both legs amputated, and suddenly I was a professor at MIT.
In the 21st century, designers will extend the nervous system into a robust exoskeleton that allows us to feel and move with our minds.
Muscles within the body could be reconfigured to control powerful motors and sense the movement of the exoskeleton, enhancing a person's strength, jumping ability, running ability, and more.
I believe humans will become superheroes in the 21st century.
Humans may extend their bodies into non-human structures such as wings, and be able to control and feel the movement of their wings through nerves.
In the words of Leonardo da Vinci, "Once you've tasted flight, even when you walk on the ground, your eyes will always look up at the sky, because you'll always want to return to the sky you've been to."
Jim Ewing crashed and was badly injured, but his eyes were on the sky he always wanted to return to.
At MIT, "Team Cyborg" built a prosthetic limb for the vertical world specifically for Jim, a prosthetic limb with full brain-powered position and motion sensors.
With the power of this technology, Jim returned to the Cayman Islands where the accident had happened, turned into a cyborg, and started climbing into the sky again.
(Sound of crashing waves) (Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Ladies and gentlemen, Jim Ewing is the first cyborg climber.
(applause)
What happens when technology gets to know us better than we know ourselves?
Computers today can detect even the faintest facial expressions and tell if a smile is real or not.
that's just the beginning
This may sound scary, but it's not necessarily a bad thing.
I've been studying the brain circuits that create each of us' unique perceptual realities.
Now we're putting it all together and combining it with the latest technology to create technology that makes us feel better, connect better, make us better people.
The spider's reaction to the outside world allows us to see what's going on inside.
But we humans are different.
(Two overlapping voices) (One voice) Intelligence technology relies on personal data
When the brain has to work hard, the autonomic nervous system dilates the pupil.
Machine learning has been shown to be able to predict whether a person is likely to develop psychosis by applying statistical changes in language.
Dementia and diabetes change the characteristics of the voice.
Language changes associated with Alzheimer's disease can appear 10 years or more before the disease is diagnosed.
(Laughter) Right now, we're measuring the carbon dioxide you exhale.
Music and sound effects can completely alter the emotional response of the same scene.
poker face is the end
If we recognize the power of empathy through technology, we have the potential to bridge the emotional and cognitive divides with technology.
Imagine a high school counselor realizing that a seemingly cheerful student is deeply troubled and reaching out to make a significant change.
Today's artists can know how we feel.
When we talk to someone, when we look at someone, or when we don't look at someone, there is data exchanged, from which people learn what they know and make decisions about themselves and others.
I don't want a world where our inner lives are exposed and our personal data and privacy are handed over to people and organizations we don't want.
Technology enables us to have richer experiences
Technology can be used for good or bad.
The benefits empathic technology brings to our lives are worth addressing the issues that make us uneasy.
thank you
(applause)
Let's face it, driving is dangerous.
We avoid thinking about it, but the fact is that religious icons and good luck charms adorn the dashboards of cars around the world, and yet we refuse to accept this as the truth.
Car crashes are the leading cause of death among 16- to 19-year-olds in the United States, and 75% of those crashes aren't drug or alcohol related.
I can't say for sure, but I remember my first accident.
When I was younger, I was driving down the highway and saw the brake lights of the car in front of me flashing.
i slam the brakes
What's more important?
But now the technology exists to improve the situation.
In the future, by exchanging data with each other, it will be possible to not only see three cars in front of you, but also three cars behind, to your left and right at the same time, and see what's going on inside your car. until
We will also be able to predict the future through computations using algorithms and predictive models.
how to predict the future It's certainly very difficult, but—
Actually no. It's not impossible when it comes to cars.
A car is a three-dimensional object, and at some point in time it has a fixed position and a fixed speed.
We can make reasonable predictions about the car's behavior.
Using computer vision, we can also figure out things like the location of cars around us and the direction they're heading.
Same for other cars
So what happens when two cars share that data? What if cars could talk to each other?
And apart from that, we installed a short-range radio to allow communication between the robots.
When the robots get close to each other, they can accurately track each other's position and avoid collisions.
It depends on two things: the ability of the car and the ability of the driver.
Now, with three cameras, we can detect whether the driver is facing forward, facing sideways or down, making a phone call, or having a cup of coffee.
We can predict accidents, and by calculating the safe route for everyone, we can predict who and which car will be in the best position to clear the road.
By willingly sharing data, we can do what's best for everyone.
let the car gossip
thank you
(applause)
Something is dead."
Louisiana has two species of condor, the turkey vulture and the black vulture.
But it's not that simple
Upon sensing death, the turkey vulture swoops down and quickly feeds on carrion.
Why?
Let's get back to the importance of that kidnapping case.
The feather was next to a bloody pine cone
Indeed, the feathers by the pine cone belonged to a turkey vulture.
I gave this information to detectives, who thought the victim was immobilized by a blunt force injury to the head.
The detective also sent me this photo
As a forensic scientist, you need to see the big picture.
If you zoom in, you can see the turkey vulture's characteristic white feathers.
The kidnapping case is a death penalty case.
defendant was found guilty
thank you
(applause)
I noticed something interesting about society and culture.
you don't even have to press click
Again, you don't have to click on the search results.
Finally, sometimes when you're giving a presentation, for some reason your audience is looking at your slides, not at the person speaking! (smile)
(applause)
People today spend 9.3 hours a day sitting, more than the average sleep time of 7.7 hours.
Diseases like breast cancer and colon cancer are directly related to lack of physical activity, in fact, 10 percent of people have both breast and colon cancer.
6% have heart disease, 7% have type 2 diabetes, my father also died of diabetes.
So instead of going to a coffee meeting or meeting in a conference room with bright fluorescent lights, I'm suggesting that you go to a 30- to 40-kilometer walking meeting a week.
it changed my life
I've done hundreds of walking meetings and learned a few things.
You'll be amazed at how fresh air can bring you fresh thoughts, and in doing so, you'll bring a whole new set of ideas to your life.
thank you
(applause)
I have a big announcement today, so I'm very excited.
I've been trying to solve some of the big problems -- counterterrorism, nuclear terrorism, health, cancer diagnosis and treatment -- but when I started thinking about these problems, I realized that the biggest problem we're facing right now. Problems -- where each of these problems ends up is energy, electricity, the flow of electrons.
this is probably not what you're expecting
First, let me tell you a little bit about how nuclear fission works.
A nuclear power plant has a large pressurized vessel of water and fuel rods consisting of tiny uranium dioxide fuel pellets coated with zirconium, and the nuclear fission reaction is controlled and maintained at an appropriate level by the nuclear fission reaction. The water is heated, the water turns into steam, and the steam spins a turbine, producing electricity.
For the past 100 years, we've been producing electricity this way -- steam turbines. Nuclear power is a big step forward in how we heat water, but it's still the same: you heat water, you turn it into steam, and it turns a turbine.
So I thought, is this the best way to do it?
It's a small modular reactor
It's not as big as the reactor shown in the diagram over there.
But 50 to 100 megawatts
These modular reactors can basically be built on an assembly line, transported anywhere in the world, installed and generating electricity.
But I'm not too worried about fuel.
It's a molten salt reactor, which has a core and a heat exchanger that transfers heat from the hot, or radioactive, salt to the cold, or non-radioactive, salt.
What makes this design really interesting is the heat exchanger, which does the heat transfer to the gas.
And this reactor doesn't use water, it uses supercritical gases like CO2 and helium to turn a turbine, and it's called the Brayton cycle.
In the thermodynamic cycle that makes electricity, the thermal efficiency is almost 50%, 45% to 50% efficiency.
The problem with these conventional nuclear power plants is that they have zirconium-coated fuel rods with uranium dioxide fuel pellets inside.
Uranium dioxide is a ceramic, and what's inside the ceramic is hard to release.
And then you get what's called a xenon pit, and some of the fission products are neutron-loving.
New reactors can run for 30 years without refueling, which I think is really cool, because it's a sealed system.
Conventional nuclear reactors, such as pressurized water reactors and boiling water reactors, use very hot water under high pressure, so in the event of an accident, if the stainless steel pressure vessel were to break, the coolant would flow out of the core.
As I said earlier, the fuel is the ceramic in the zirconium fuel rods, and when the accident happened in this reactor, in Fukushima and -- before that, at Three Mile Island, it took us a long time to figure it out -- the zirconium in the fuel rods. The cladding produces hydrogen when exposed to high pressure water or steam in an oxidizing environment, which can explode, releasing the products of fission.
carbon free electricity
It's an amazing technology, because it's not just about stopping climate change, it's about innovation.
It's also a way to provide electricity to developing countries, because it's factory-made and cheap.
When I was a kid, I was obsessed with space
This is a rocket designer's dream
If you use solar panels and fuel cells in your rocket design, you can put out a few watts, a few kilowatts, and that's a lot of power.
But we're talking 100 megawatts here.
i'm really excited
I think, looking at the technology, it's about the same or cheaper than natural gas, and it won't need refueling for 30 years, and that's going to be a huge advantage for the developing world.
But I think there's something very poetic about using atomic energy to fly to other stars, because the stars in space are giant fusion reactors.
(applause)
It was, of course, an imperfect and flawed democracy, but the same century also saw the birth of the idea that power should emanate from the consent of those governed, that power should flow from the bottom up, not the other way around.
Legend has it that a man named Thespis invented the method of dialogue around the same time.
What we do know is that the Festival of Dionysus brought together all the citizens of Athens, next to the Acropolis, where they listened to music, watched dances, and listened to stories told as part of the Festival of Dionysus.
But instead of me talking to you, which Thespis devised, what would happen if I turned 90 degrees to the left and talked to another person on stage?
The other side has an opinion too, see, that's the drama, the conflict — the other side disagrees with me.
Two points of view conflict
That's the idea of ​​democracy, and the conflict between different perspectives leads to truth.
I don't ask you to sit back and listen,
And the idea that truth emerges from the clash of ideas and the emotional force of empathy is a necessary tool for democratic citizenship.
what else happens?
It's in the DNA of the art forms I work with.
The idea of ​​free Shakespeare in the park is really simple: the best stage in the country, the best art that comes out of this country, should be available to all citizens and shared with all citizens, and that's why it's still happening today. Every night of the summer, 2,000 people line up in New York's Central Park to see one of the best shows we can give away for free.
So in 1967, Joe opened the Public Theater in downtown Astor Place, and his first production was the world premiere of "Hair."
(Laughter) (Applause) The public theater has gone on to do great things over the years -- For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf, A Chorus Line, etc. -- and one of the most extraordinary examples is Larry. Kramer's 'Normal Heart' tells the angry cry of the AIDS crisis
By the time Joe made this piece in 1985, he knew more about AIDS in Frank Rich's review of the piece, published in The New York Times, than what the New York Times has published in the past four years. there were also many
Larry changed the conventional wisdom about AIDS by writing this play, and Joe transformed it again by producing it.
(Applause) In 2005, when I replaced Joe at the Public Theatre, I realized that our problems were the victims of our success, even though "Shakespeare in the Park" was born to reach out to the public. Regardless, it was the hardest ticket to get in New York City.
Under the wonderful guidance of Leah Debessonne, we started the Public Works program, which now puts on a huge Shakespeare musical show every summer, among Tony Award-winning actors and musicians, sitters and domestic workers retired. Military personnel and newly imprisoned prisoners, amateurs and professionals, play together on the same stage.
This isn't just a great social program, it's the best art we can make.
Some New Yorkers booed him when he got there.
I saw that boycott and thought something was wrong with it.
We're going to tour rural Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin with this play.
That's what theater is supposed to do, and that's what we're supposed to do with our best efforts.
thank you
(applause)
My father and mother were educators, and my maternal grandparents were educators, and for the last 40 years, I've done the same.
G. W. Carver said that learning is about understanding relationships.
I told her, "Children don't learn from people they don't like."
it was really hard
i have power i am strong
Teaching and learning must be accompanied by joy
but it's not impossible
We can because we are educators.
thank you
(applause)
I was born in Brazil in 1944, when Brazil was not yet a market economy.
I was born on a farm, more than 50 percent of my farm was still rainforest.
I lived among wonderful birds and animals - I swam with caimans (crocodiles) in small rivers.
Brazil was beginning to urbanize and industrialize. I was interested in politics, so I became a little more radical.
I got a master's degree in economics
Also, the most important thing in my life happened during this time.
I met an amazing woman, my lifelong best friend, who helped me with everything I did, my wife, Lelia Wanik Salgado.
I then worked at an investment bank
I became a photographer, I threw everything away and started taking pictures, and this was important to me.
i did more than that
But when I was taking this picture, I was going through a very difficult time in my life, mostly in Rwanda.
I went to my friend's doctor in Paris and told him I was really sick.
After a long examination, he said, "Sebastian, you're not sick. Your prostate is perfect."
so i decided to stop
I was really pissed off with photography and everything in the world, so I decided to go back to where I was born.
It coincided with the time when my parents were getting old.
Let's build Paradise again."
became a national park
We founded an organization called the Instituto Terra and started a large environmental project to raise money.
So far, we've raised a lot of money in Spain, Italy and Brazil.
so we have to protect the forest
We've been trying to show the planet from a new perspective.Here are some photos of the project.
(Applause) Thank you very much.
Trees are also important in water systems.
If it rains where there are no trees, the rainwater will flow into rivers in minutes, washing away the soil, destroying water sources -- destroying rivers and not retaining water.
But if there are trees, the roots hold the water
The most important thing is to understand that we need water for everything we do.
As I said earlier, when my parents gave me the farm that was my paradise --
But as you can see in the pictures, we were starting to build an education center at this time, which became one of the largest environmental centers in Brazil.
(Applause) As I said at the beginning, we had to plant 2.5 million trees of about 200 species to restore the ecosystem.
Thanks to these trees, we're sequestering about 100,000 tons of carbon dioxide.
thank you very much
(applause)
Companies like Face.com have 18 billion faces online.
The Greeks wondered what would happen if humans, gods and immortality mixed for too long.
So Lesson 1: Sisyphus
Lesson 3: Atalanta
So how did Hippomenes defeat her?
A final lesson from Latin America: the great poet Jorge Luis Borges.
That's the reality of electronic tattoos that threatens us today. That's the reality of digital tattoos that threatens us today.
thank you
(applause)
i teach chemistry
More than just explosions, chemistry is everywhere.
Some people are nodding their heads
I recently gave this to my students and asked them to try and explain why this happens.
But what was even more compelling was that Maddie's curiosity took her to new levels.
I look at the beaker and there's a candle inside
It's questions and curiosities like Maddie's that are the magnets that draw us to our teachers.
But if we put this technology ahead of our students' inquisitive minds, we risk robbing ourselves of one of our greatest tools as teachers: questioning.
For example, moving a boring lecture from the classroom to the screen of a mobile device might save instruction time, but if you focus on the student's experience, it's just the same impersonal chatter dressed up in nice clothes.
21st century jargon, industry jargon, and gibberish aside, the truth is, I've been teaching for 13 years, and it wasn't until I was in a life-or-death situation that I got out of 10 years of pseudo-education, and the questions my students asked me. I realized that this was the beginning of real learning, not a set curriculum that gave you bits and pieces of random information.
In May 2010, when I was 35, with a 2-year-old child and my wife's second child, they discovered a large aneurysm in my thoracic aorta.
I had open heart surgery, and this is the actual email I received from my doctor.
Rule #1 "Curiosity First"
We are teachers and we know learning is ugly
students are worth it
these are my daughters
Then on the left is Riley
You can teach this kid anything, because he's so curious about everything.
But if we, educators, stop being just disseminators of information and start embracing new paradigms and cultivating curiosity and inquiry, then we can give our students a little more meaning in school and let their imaginations shine.
thank you
(applause)
absolutely possible
Who created such a business model? right?
because they didn't care
Technology has changed, and so has the world.
Why do we still teach in exactly the same way that we did when telephones had dials and people were crippled by polio?
I always wonder who makes those rules?
(Laughter) When we had our first child, neither my wife nor I knew the science of brain development.
Wealthy people know, intellectuals know
So their children have an advantage
The poor people have no idea, and we're not going to help them at all.
So the exam we're doing -- we're doing it in New York next week -- is in April.
Do you know when the results will come out?
maybe july or june
(Laughter) And when you get back from vacation,
I need that data in September.
right? 'Cause that's not how the world goes around
(Applause) What is the high school dropout rate in the Harlem Children's Zone?
(applause)
At the age of 27, I quit my very demanding job in management consulting for a much more demanding job as a teacher.
What struck me was that IQ isn't the only difference between a good student and a bad student.
After several years of teaching, I've come to the conclusion that education needs a better understanding of students and learning from a motivational, psychological perspective.
So I quit teaching and went to graduate school to become a psychologist.
I started to study children and adults in a variety of hyper-challenging environments, and in every study, the question was, who was successful and why?
Our research team went to West Point Military Academy.
I was trying to predict which cadets would stay in army training and who would drop out.
It wasn't good looks, it wasn't physical health, it wasn't IQ.
A few years ago, I started researching grit in a public school in Chicago.
For me, the most shocking thing about grit is how little we know about developing grit, and how little we know about science.
In fact, data shows that grit isn't usually associated with talent, and even inversely correlates with it.
The best thing I've heard about cultivating grit in kids is something called "growth thinking."
Dr. Dweck has shown that when children learn about brain function and how their brains change and grow in response to challenges, they are more likely to be more patient when they fail, because they believe failure is not a permanent condition.
thank you
(applause)
My father was a powerful gang member and he ran the neighborhood.
For example, I remember one day my father was shaking violently and foaming out of his mouth, and he was overdosed and he was lying in the bathroom.
I ended up going to a school with a mixed mix of students.
I enrolled at Pepperdine University, and after graduating, I returned to my middle school to become a special education assistant.
So I said to my teachers, "I want to be a teacher."
So we decided to set up a new school.
Our community should have had a new way of doing things.
State-level achievement test scores have gone up over 80 points since our school became independent.
Because it's time for kids like me to become the norm, not the exception.
thank you
(applause)
Today, I want to take a slightly different perspective and talk about why investing in early childhood education makes sense as a public investment.
This is actually very important, because what we need to do to increase investment in early childhood education is to get state governments interested.
So we have to appeal to legislators in our states, and make them understand that we have to promote economic development in our states.
Early childhood education has the potential to create more and better jobs, which in turn drives higher per capita incomes in the state.
And I spoke to officials from the Economic Development Board and a number of legislators about these issues.
My argument is, essentially, that early childhood education programs can do exactly the same thing, and create a lot more and better jobs, but in a different way.
Now let's turn to the numbers on this.
For example, a huge body of research on what actually drives growth in urban areas shows that it's not about low taxes, low costs, low wages, it's the skill level in the area, and the measure of skill is the university in the area. graduation rate
If you look at urban areas like Boston, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Silicon Valley, just because these cities are low cost doesn't mean they're doing well economically.
It's also interesting to add that even if your personal education level remains constant, statistically, the education level of everyone else in the city area will affect your wages.
In fact, the effect is so high that when a person completes a degree, the ripple effect that it has on the wages of other people in urban areas is actually greater than its direct effect.
A degree increases a person's lifetime earnings by more than $700,000.
It's actually far more than the immediate benefits for those who choose to get an education.
Suppose I'm the most skilled person in the world, but if everyone else in my company doesn't have the skills, employers will find it difficult to introduce new manufacturing technologies.
So it's clear that the productivity of a Silicon Valley firm has a lot to do with the skill of not only the people working in that firm, but the skills of other firms in the metropolitan area.
Data shows that more than 60 percent of Americans spend most of their careers in their state of birth.
That ratio doesn't vary that much from state to state.
Well, one obvious barrier is cost.
$30 billion is a lot of money
On the other hand, given that the United States has a population of over 300 million people, we're talking about a hundred dollars per person.
So this is an investment that pays off in a tangible way to a wide range of income segments in the state's population, and that yields a number of tangible benefits.
I'm an economist, but this is ultimately not an economic question, but a moral question. Can we make the political choice to pay more taxes and sacrifice the present for a better future?
And that's what every citizen and voter needs to ask themselves.
That's the concept of investment.
I think the research evidence for the benefits of early childhood education to the local economy is pretty strong.
But as citizens and as voters, our moral and political choices are still up to us.
Thank you. (Applause)
Growing up in Taiwan as the daughter of a calligrapher, my most treasured memory is that my mother taught me the shape, origin and beauty of Chinese characters.
Since then, I've become fascinated by this wonderful language.
For the last few years, I've been thinking about breaking down this wall so that everyone can understand and appreciate the beauty of this sophisticated language.
Are you ready?
Open your mouth as wide as possible and make a square.
This is a person who is out for a walk
this is a tree
this is the mountain
moon
These eight letters are called radicals
For us the sun is the source of prosperity
The sun rises above the horizon, it's sunrise
This person is sneaking out the door and trying to run and hide.
a woman on the left
When two women meet, an argument begins.
(Laughter) When three women are together, be careful, it's adultery.
It is well known that Japan is the land of the rising sun.
Together with the mouth that indicates the place to escape, it becomes an exit
(applause)
This place is a training ground
I hear that the education system is failing, but I believe that education serves its purpose, to train and keep us on track, to enable us to pursue the American Dream that so many of us have given up on.
(applause)
thank you
In some areas, as many as 60% of children drop out of high school.
But the dropout problem is just the tip of the iceberg.
America spends more money on education than other countries.
Class sizes are also smaller than many countries.
Hundreds of actions are taken each year to improve education.
So many children -- (Applause) By some estimates, nearly 10 percent of children in America today are diagnosed with a variety of conditions that fall under the category of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
If you can ignite a child's curiosity, they will learn on their own without much help.
Children are natural learners
Curiosity is the driving force for achievement
teaching is a creative job
Good teachers do that, but they also guide, inspire, elicit, and get involved.
Where there is no learning, there is no education
The problem, I think, is that education has become more about testing than teaching and learning.
(Applause) If I were to be tested at a hospital, I'd like to see a standardized test.
That's why human culture is so interesting and diverse.
You know that dogs can get depressed too.
(Laughter) When I asked, "Would you like to go for a walk?"
"Oh I'm fine
that's the problem with the test
We take a broad approach to education, with a focus on the humanities, physical education, and the arts.
Why are you dropping out?
No, Finland has a population of about 5 million people.
Many states in America have smaller populations than that.
Successful places recognize that it's the students who learn, and that the system should involve them and respond to their curiosity, their individuality, their creativity.
It's an investment. Every successful country knows it, whether it's Australia, Canada, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Shanghai, they all know it.
The bottom line is that education is not a mechanical system
What's interesting is that it's called "alternative education."
Not far from my home is a place called Death Valley.
That's why it's called Death Valley.
The winter of 2004, it rained in Death Valley.
And then in the spring of 2005 something happened.
Beneath the surface, there's a seed of possibility waiting for the right conditions, and in an organic system, if the conditions are right, life is inevitable. It's happening all the time.
The role of leadership in education -- which is true at the national, state, school, and all levels -- should not be administrative control.
And when a movement is strong enough, it's revolutionary in the best sense of the word.
that's what we need
thank you very much
(Applause) Thank you very much. (Applause)
everyone needs a coach
(Laughter) My bridge coach, Sharon Osberg, complains that she has more pictures of the back of her head than anyone else in the world.
We all need people to give us feedback
Many school districts are currently reforming how teachers are evaluated, but they are giving very little feedback to help teachers actually improve.
Unfortunately, there's no world ranking for how teacher feedback works.
So I looked at countries where students are doing well academically, because I wanted to know what they were doing to improve their teachers.
How many countries outperform the United States in reading have formal programs to help teachers improve?
America ranks 15th in reading, 23rd in science, and 31st in math.
Let's take a look at Shanghai, China, which has the best academic results.
It ranks first in reading, mathematics and science, and the key to Shanghai's impressive success lies in its ability to help teachers continually improve.
Some teachers teach much more effectively than others
We need a system that helps all teachers become as good as the best teachers.
So we're asking the right questions.
I'm an English teacher at Johnston High School in Johnston, Iowa.
Have a nice weekend everyone
Diagnosing teachers where they can improve is only half the story.
If we find that we need to improve the way we teach fractions, we should make it possible to watch videos of how the best teachers in the world teach fractions.
A large investment is required to build this system.
That's a lot of money, but another way of looking at it is that it's less than 2 percent of what's being spent on teachers' salaries each year.
But this system will bring even greater benefits to our country.
I'm excited about this opportunity to give all teachers the support they want and deserve.
thank you
(applause)
Architects design for the present, recognizing the past, and design for a future that is inherently unknown.
The green agenda is probably the most important topic and challenge today.
So I would like to share some of our experience over the last 40 years -- we are celebrating our 40th anniversary -- and explore and touch on some of the insights we have about the nature of sustainability.
So I ask myself, and I look back, "When did the first germination of an awareness of this planet and its fragility occur?"
I believe it was July 20, 1969, the first time humans looked back at planet Earth.
And in a way, it was Buckminster Fuller who coined the phrase.
And I had the privilege of meeting many Soviet cosmonauts in Space City and elsewhere in Russia before the communist regime collapsed.
And in retrospect, it's funny, they were the first environmentalists.
They were inspired by the problems of the Aral Sea and filled with a sort of pioneering passion.
Buckminster Fuller was a sort of green guru -- another word that didn't exist then.
I chose this one because it's from 1973 and it's a master plan for an island in the Canary Islands.
The people there were very design-minded and were influenced by the work of Dieter Rams and the work he created for Braun.
So, as I'm about to show you, if you can achieve the impossible equivalent of a perpetual motion machine, you can design, say, a carbon-free house, and that's-
unfortunately that's not the answer
For example, if, like that Bucky-infused phrase, let's take a step back and look at planet Earth, and if we look at a typical industrialized society -- the breakdown of energy consumption is 44 percent for buildings and 34 percent for transportation. % the rest will be industrial
So the question of sustainability cannot be separated from the nature of the city in which it is built.
For example, let's take a modern city and compare it to what I call a North American city -- Detroit, which is a good example of a city that's very car-dependent.
Let's compare Detroit to a city in Northern Europe -- Munich is a good example, relying more on walking and biking, and only 1/10th the energy consumption despite only twice the density.
Copenhagen is certainly dense, but it's not nearly as dense as a truly dense city.
Now, in 2000, something pretty interesting happened.
For the first time, mega-cities of more than five million people have appeared in the developing world.
In other words, if you put 1,000 new cars on the road every day -- and this is what's happening, and the statistics show that it's the fastest growing car market in the world -- and you've carried 1.3 billion people. Billions of bicycles are disappearing
Its urbanization is proceeding at an extraordinary pace.
It took our society 200 years to change from rural to urban, but the same change is happening in 20 years.
And it's also interesting to note that over the last 60 years or so, life expectancy has doubled during a time period when urbanization has tripled.
How does it affect building design?
And above all, how does it relate to creating buildings that are more energy efficient, less polluting and more socially responsible?
The story, in terms of architecture, started in the late '60s, early '70s.
First of all, what you can see is that the roof of this building is like a very warm blanket, a kind of insulating garden, but also a celebration of public space.
In other words, this community has a garden in the air.
And symbolically, the interior colors are green and yellow.
In 2001 this building won an award
In the 1975 footage, there's a typewriter.
And when this picture was taken, it became a word processor.
We were lucky because we had the building future-proofed.
I used to write, "But we don't have the time, and we don't have any direct technical expertise."
And yet, this building was a very pioneering building for green architecture.
In terms of energy consumption, we can evaluate the performance of this building compared to a typical library.
I mean, yeah, what was life like before cell phones, which we now take for granted?
This is the interior of the Bank of Hong Kong in 1979, which opened in 1985 and reflected sunlight into the depths of the space -- into the center of the space.
For example, they put the model under an artificial sky.
The turning point for us was probably when we got our first computer.
We were just trying to redesign and reinvent the airport.
This is Terminal 4 at Heathrow Airport, a typical airport terminal: huge, heavy, sun-blocking roof, lots of noisy machinery, huge pipes.
There was once a woman named Valerie Larkin, in 1987, who had all of our information on one disc.
Now, each week, we record 84 million discs worth of information about our past, present and future projects.
So 94% reduction -- practically clean
And we can also assess the reduction in energy consumption.
The first image, which I think is really interesting, is that there's a circle, and public space surrounds it.
So I'd like to show you two images from a company research project.
It's a well-known story that the Dead Sea is actually dying.
So there was a plan to build a pipeline to save the Dead Sea, which would bring water from the Gulf of Aqaba to the Dead Sea via pipes that were partly above ground and partly buried, to restore the water's surface.
In other words, water is our lifeblood.
A huge infrastructure is also inseparable from communication.
250--Excuse me, 50,000 people working 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
And the challenge here is to make the building green, regardless of its size, in terms of a compact and human travel experience, and in a comfortable way, which means going back to where we started, it's a lifestyle thing.
thank you
(applause)
When I was in my 20s, I saw my first patient in psychological counseling.
At the time, I was a PhD student studying clinical psychology at UC Berkeley.
In that moment, I realized that 30 is not the same as 20 years ago.
There are now 50 million people in their 20s in America.
We're talking about 15% of the American population, but given that no one reaches adulthood without even being in their 20s, that's 100% of the population.
We know that 80% of life-defining events happen before the age of 35.
The first 10 years of your career exponentially affect how much money you'll make later.
More than half of Americans are married, dating or living with a future partner by age 30.
There is no time when personality changes as much as in your 20s, and women's fertility peaks at age 28, and after age 35, things become more difficult.
It's widely known that the first five years are a critical period in child development for language skills, attachment and brain development.
It comes when you realize that you want a child but can't have one, or that you can't give your child a sibling.
She looked at me hysterically and said, "If I get into a bad car accident, who's going to come?
Who's going to take care of you if you get cancer? "
What Emma needed wasn't a caring therapist.
Over the next few weeks and months, I told Emma three things every 20-something, male or female, should know.
I didn't know Emma's future career, and no one knows what her future job will be, but one thing is for sure: identity capital will attract more and more identity capital.
it's just procrastinating
Yes, half of people in their 20s are unemployed or underemployed.
Last but not least, Emma believed that "you can't choose your family, but you can choose your friends."
Choosing a family isn't about hanging out vaguely and killing time with someone who just happened to choose you, it's about consciously choosing who and what you want.
What happened to Emma?
This is an idea worth spreading to all the 20-somethings out there.
Don't be bound by what you didn't know or didn't do
You are deciding your life right now
thank you
(applause)
It's a phrase that's been heard by friends, family, schools and the media for decades.
This is the norm, the social norm.
the question is not if i know you
The question is what can I do with you
what i can learn with you
I've been reflecting on this, how social landscapes are changing, how new technologies bring new constraints and new opportunities to people.
The most important changes we're facing today are with the data itself and the digital relationships it brings, the relationships that will eventually become possible in the future.
The economy of the future depends on this.
Twentieth-century psychologists and sociologists were thinking about strangers, but they weren't thinking about relationships as dynamic as this, they were thinking about the actual impact of strangers.
Mark Granovetter, a sociologist at Stanford University, wrote in his famous 1973 paper, The Strength of Weak Ties, that weak ties (those with weaker ties) are closer to us when it comes to disseminating information in networks. proved to be more useful than strong people.
He makes this critique of strong ties, saying that in our lives, people who have very strong ties to us have a homogenizing effect.
Over the last few years, I've been working with my colleagues at Intel to explore how digital platforms are reshaping our everyday lives and what new habits emerge.
It's our clothes, our cars -- our bikes, our books, our music -- and we can now put them to use -- people we've never met.
Humans are always a combination of the two, and that combination is ever-changing.
What if technology could help me find the person I need right now?
we have to change the norm
We must change the norm so that new technologies are the foundation of new businesses.
thank you
(applause)
Sounds stupid, but I thought, I can change the way the world works, and these little things can change me.
So I started researching, who makes these decisions?
This is how reality is created.
I got started right away, at the time I was at the MIT Media Lab studying maker movements and makers and creativity.
A leaf tied to a stick with grass
He said, "I don't know, but I can show you."
His hand, his intuition, knows that sometimes our knowledge gets in the way of what's possible, especially when it comes to the world that humans have created and built.
I'm a good hippie dad, so I say, "Look, learn to love the moon.
What's amazing is what happens when you give someone a piano circuit.
There's a wire running through the middle, and that wire isn't just a wire if you put a piano circuit in the middle of a pencil with a thumbtack.
This electricity flows through your body as well.
This young woman created something called a hula looper, where she puts a circuit on her shirt while she spins the hula hoop.
In a museum in Taiwan, this 12-year-old girl built a "mushroom organ" out of mushrooms from Taiwan, electrical tape, and hot glue.
So we said, "We have to make a video."
I think it's cool, but we should be able to do it ourselves.
We can all join in and together we can change the way the world works
Move the mouse over the "shoot" button to create a photo booth for cats
So we used the funding platform Kickstarter, and hundreds of people bought it on the first day of launch.
This man collected dogs and made a "dog piano".
This father's letter states that his son has cerebral palsy and cannot use a normal keyboard.
We had a big discussion about the issue of accessibility, and we were very excited.
I like the carrots on that turntable
And I also added a little treat: when I opened the lid of the box, it said, "The world is a construction kit."
If you drop an M&M chocolate while riding an escalator, it may not be an escalator, but an M&M surfboard, so please don't pick it up right away.
I used to want to create a utopian society, something like a perfect world.
That's the world I really want to live in
thank you
(applause)
I'm not a geriatrician
I learned about today's topic from a qualitative study with a sample size of two.
that was their dream
I met Jim and Shirley when they were in their 80s.
I became friends with them over time, became their trustee and medical representative, and took on a more important role, managing the days leading up to the end of their lives.
Jim and Shirley suffered cancer, broken bones, infections and neurological problems in their final years.
This gave them peace of mind to move forward.
From this experience, I would like to share five things to practice.
Most people say, "I want to die at home."
But 80 percent of Americans die in hospitals or nursing homes.
This is not a plan either, it's illegal
(Laughter) Planning involves answering a few straightforward questions about the end you want.
What you need is someone who has the time to do this job well, who's close by who can coordinate well with people under the pressure of ever-changing situations.
Put it in a brightly colored envelope, and enclose a copy of your insurance card, a power of attorney, and a do-not-resuscitate order.
What I've learned from this experience is that if you take the time to plan for the end of your life, you're most likely to maintain your quality of life.
This is Shirley, a few days before she died, reading an article in the newspaper that day about the importance of wildlife conservation at the Modini Ranch.
thank you
(applause)
I'm happy to be at TED again.
Child: Whoa! Snake!
Man 7: It's the first exit after crossing the bridge.
(music) Man 10: It's beautiful~
(Applause) Sergey Brin: Excuse me, I got a message from a Nigerian prince.
Looking into your phone while you're out and about not only isolates you from society, but it also makes you wonder if that's the right way to use your body.
We've come a long way since then
Another unexpected surprise is the camera.
(applause)
Then, in the space of two minutes, three people pass by two-year-old Wang Yu.
A 2011 UNICEF report that 6.9 million children under the age of five die from preventable poverty-related diseases.
UNICEF says this is good news, because in 1990 the number was 12 million, and the number is steadily declining, which is good.
But it's still 6.9 million people, 19,000 people die every day.
What really matters is – can we reduce the number of children dying? It's about saving the 19,000 children who are dying every day.
Fortunately, this idea is starting to catch on with a lot of people, and as a result, there's a growing movement: effective altruism.
So, it makes sense that many of the important people who have effective altruistic views have backgrounds in philosophy, economics, mathematics.
It's on the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation website, and in the top right corner it says, "All life is of equal value."
By one estimate, the Gates Foundation has saved 5.8 million lives so far, and millions more from illnesses that would otherwise lead to severe illness.
But you don't have to be a millionaire
This is Toby Ord, a Research Fellow in Philosophy at the University of Oxford.
Toby spread this information by starting an organization called Giving What We Can to bring together people who want to share their income and ask them to donate 10 percent of their lifetime earnings to fight poverty worldwide. I say
Toby is married and has a mortgage.
He's a graduate student majoring in philosophy, and he started a website called 80,000 Hours, which is an estimate of the average person's lifetime working hours, and advises them on what the most meaningful and effective jobs are.
Now let's think about effectiveness.
Toby Ord was very concerned about this, and calculated that some charities are a hundred or a thousand times more effective than others, so it's important to choose an effective charity.
For the same money, you could give one blind American a guide dog, or you could save 400 to 2,000 people from blindness.
GiveWell does research on the impact of charities, not just judging how well they're operating, but it's evaluated hundreds of charities and currently recommends only three, the Against Malaria Foundation at the top.
So we're looking for ways to reduce the risk of extinction.
there are many possibilities
Charlie Bressler said he's not an altruist.
He thinks it's his own life that he's saving.
Holly Morgan confessed to battling depression until she got into effective altruism, and now she looks blissfully happy.
Gain meaning and fulfillment by being an effective altruist.
Here's a picture of him recovering after surgery.
The email begins like this: "Last Tuesday, I anonymously donated my right kidney to someone else.
About 100 people across the United States each year—
It's a little comforting to hear that, because I donate over $5,000 to the Against Malaria Foundation and other effective charities.
thank you
(applause)
I wanted to be an artist all my life, but I dropped out of art school and left art.
I was just about to leave school at the time, and I was so excited to finally have a job and new art supplies.
After I got out of school, got a job, and got paid, I went to art supply stores and bought art supplies like crazy.
These days, and I still do, I spend a lot of my evenings at Starbucks, and I knew they would give me extra cups, so I decided to give them 50.
I painted 30 different images, layered on top of each other, all of the things that have influenced my life.
Or what if you didn't paint with brushes, but only with karate chops? (Laughter) I dipped my hands in paint and attacked the canvas.
I lived in front of a webcam for six days.
The final version of Destruction tried to create something that didn't exist in the first place.
I put the candles on a table, lit them, then put them out, and I did this over and over again on a set of candles, and then I collected the videos I shot and put them together into a big image.
Seeing limitations as a source of creativity changed my life.
(Laughter) Recently, I've been working on translating some of the habits I've learned that encourage creativity so that others can copy them.
thank you
(applause)
The words "architect" and "designer" are used in the sense of professional professionals, who are paid workers, and these professionals are the ones who solve the really big architectural design challenges that we face. I believe they are the people who can help us with challenges like climate change, urbanization, and social inequality.
In 2008, after a few years of architecture studies, I was about to graduate, and I was about to go out and get a job, and then this happened.
First, don't listen to the career advice
Here's a disturbing fact: in fact, almost everything we call architecture today is actually a job of thinking about design for the world's top 1 percent of the richest people, and it's always been that way.
First, we need to question the idea that architecture is about building buildings.
In fact, trying to solve something with a building is the most expensive solution to any kind of problem.
Actually, architects are really, really good at this kind of witty, strategic thinking.
The second idea worth questioning is the 20th-century idea that mass architecture should be big: big buildings, lots of money.
And this raises a very interesting question: how do we plan cities and how do we finance development?
In some ways, it's clear that perhaps in the 21st century, cities can be developed by citizens.
And the third thing we need to remember is that, from a strictly economic standpoint alone, design is akin to sex and elderly care -- mostly done by amateurs.
It started with open source software
This is where 3D printers really get very interesting.
It's the same idea, but this time it's a CNC machine, which is like a big printer that cuts plywood.
We're heading towards a future where everywhere is a factory, and that means that more and more everyone is part of the design team.
A year and a half ago, we started a project called WikiHouse, which is an open source architecture method.
If you have two or three people working together as a team, you can build this.
You don't need a huge array of power tools or anything like that, and you can build a tiny house this size in a day.
With CNC machines, you can make new parts out of old parts, and you can use the parts you made to build your neighbor's house.
This means that we're beginning to see the buds of a completely open-source, citizen-guided urban development future.
But the principles of openness go down to the most mundane physical details.
Use what you already have and modify it to suit your needs.
We've shared all of WikiHouse under a Creative Commons license, and groups around the world are just beginning to download it, use it, analyze it, tinker with it, and that's great.
A group in Christchurch, New Zealand, sees it as a residential development after the earthquake. Thanks to the TED City Prize, we're working with an amazing group in the slums of Rio to create something like a factory for the community and a mini-college for the community. trying to make
How much will this change the rules?
I think technology is on our side
(applause)
i have a tough job
In any era, when you show a new technology, the teacher's first reaction is that there's no way you can replace the teacher with a machine.
I'm going to talk about an experiment that led to ideas about child self-organization and alternative education.
(Laughter) It was a warm day, and the hole in the wall had been set up in this old building, and this was the first kid to come in. It turns out he was 13 and had dropped out of school.
He quickly realized that when he put his finger on the touchpad, something moved on the screen, and later he told me that he had never seen a television that could do so many things.
By nightfall, 70 kids were browsing.
As soon as they found me, they said they needed a faster CPU and a better mouse.
(Laughter) I was really surprised.
Basic Windows functions such as browsing, drawing, chatting, emailing, playing games, teaching materials, downloading music, playing videos, etc.
Over 300 kids with six months of exposure to a single computer will be able to do all of this.
If you test them, all four will get the same score.
The third piece is about values. We tested more than 500 children across India, asking them 68 questions about their values.
Other examples include traffic jams, stock markets, social and disaster recovery, terrorism, and riots.
Remoteness impacts educational quality
Technology-enabled education should be introduced in remote areas first, then spread to other areas.
thank you
(applause)
(Music) (Applause) Thank you.
I may look successful and happy in front of you, but there was a time when I suffered from severe depression and was on the brink of despair.
The violin, which was my everything, became a heavy burden.
Many people tried to comfort and encourage me, but their words sounded like meaningless noise.
After years of suffering and trying to give it all up, I began to rediscover the true power of music.
(music) In the face of hardship, music was what brought my soul back to life.
(Music) (Applause) Thank you.
I don't just perform in prestigious venues like Carnegie Hall or the Kennedy Center, I also perform in hospitals, churches, prisons, and restricted leprosy sanatoriums, to name a few.
I feel like I'm enjoying my life as a happy musician and still getting recognition in ways I never could have imagined.
By changing your perspective, you not only change yourself, but you change the world.
All you have to do is play your life and share it with the world.
(music) (applause)
When I was a little girl, I looked through my father's microscope and saw insects trapped in amber.
I think that's because elephants and we have a lot in common.
And on the mainland, it survived to about 10,000 years ago, and surprisingly, on the small islands off Siberia and Alaska, it survived to about 3,000 years ago.
The DNA in the back of fossilized bones and teeth, once intact and tightly wrapped around histone proteins, is now being attacked by bacteria that lived symbiotically with mammoths during their lifetime.
But we've developed a clever way to identify and extract mammoth DNA from other DNA, and with advances in decoding equipment, we're using bioinformatic methods to rearrange small pieces of mammoth DNA into Asian and African elephants. Now we can superimpose on the structure of the chromosome.
The hominid genome is about 3 billion base pairs, but the elephant and mammoth genomes are an additional 2 billion base pairs, many of which are composed of small repetitive sequences of DNA, making it difficult to reconstruct the entire genome.
Armed with this information, we're able to answer an interesting question about the relationship between mammoths and living Asian and African elephants. Previously, the genome of the mammoth showed that it shared ancestry with the Asian elephant, which is more closely related to the Asian elephant.
This is not uncommon for proboscideans, as large male African elephants have been known to out-compete and mate with female forest elephants.
That's not true
thank you
(Applause) Ryan Phelan: Please don't leave just yet.
I firmly believe that design is the highest form of creative expression.
So today, I'm going to talk about the age of design, and even in the age of design, design means cool furniture, posters, sports cars, and this is what you see at MoMA.
“Sorry to MoMA, but video games are not art”
And here, "Are video games art? The answer is clearly no. Video games are not art. They're something else entirely: code."
So Picasso is oil paint, so it's not art.
So is Tetris, the original Soviet version.
I think the MetroCard vending machine is a masterpiece of interaction.
It was a PlayStation game, mainly for Japan.
It's one of the first video games where you can choose your own music.
I recently attended the EVE Online Fanfest in Reykjavik.
Of course, there are games that teach you more.
I thought, "Why?"
If there's a gun in the design department, it's taken as an instrument to kill.
it's interesting
Of course it's hard to get
And then one day I'll get the code. (Laughter) Aesthetics is a very important selection criteria for interaction design.
This "Core War" is an early game, and it's beautiful because it takes advantage of the limited processor power.
And time, video games, like any other interaction design, can be an amazing experience of time.
Time, space, beauty, and most importantly behavior.
The core issue in interaction design is behavior.
How we behave in interaction design affects the rest of our lives.
So video games are the purest aspect of interaction design, and they go a long way in explaining what interaction is.
i want to do the same thing with video games
Video games, fonts, things like that, in a way, they help broaden the awareness of what design means.
And by acquisition, I mean MoMA has made a deal with the airlines to keep the Boeing 747s flying.
thank you
(applause)
When you hear "sexual orientation," you think it means "homosexual" or "bisexual."
When you hear "gender," it's about women
There's a very basic sentence: "John beat Mary."
The sentence is "Mary was beaten by John."
Why is domestic violence still a serious problem worldwide?
Why do so many adult men sexually abuse children?
child sexual abuse
What's wrong with men?
What about boys and young people who have been traumatized by adult male violence?
There are many reasons why men should speak up
In sports, in the U.S. military, what my peers and I do in school is the "bystander approach" that we developed to prevent gender violence.
Can you stay silent in the face of abuse?
If you're heterosexual and you don't harass people of various sexual orientations, but you don't say anything to heterosexual people who do, isn't that silence, in a way, the same as agreeing and complicit?
We have to break this silence, and more men
Leadership training. I work in sports, too, but when professional baseball and soccer coaches make sexist, homophobic, racist remarks, they get debates on blogs and on the radio.
Men are constrained by peer culture and need to work to break through that pressure.
It's true, I know I've worked with tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands of men for decades.
We need more men with guts, courage, and morals to break the silence of accomplices and challenge their allies as allies, not enemies of women.
How many people checked their email today?
The woman in the picture with me is Harriet.
This is coal. It's the most used source of electricity on the planet. This coal has enough energy to keep this light bulb on for over a year.
Only 10% of it actually becomes light.
If you want to light this bulb for a year, you need this much coal.
The answer came 10 years ago in the summer of a behavioral science experiment in San Marcos, California, about 145 kilometers from here.
People who received this message saw a significant drop in energy consumption just by telling them about their neighbors' homes.
This insight inspired me and my friend Dan Yates to start a company called Opower.
We started with paper, then with mobile apps, then the web, then with remote thermostats, and for the last five years, we've been conducting the world's largest behavioral science experiment.
We've saved more than $250 million in electricity bills for ordinary homeowners and renters, but we're just getting started.
This year alone, we expect to save an additional two terawatt hours of electricity through partnerships with more than 80 facilities in six countries.
Energy geeks know how much, but for the rest of us, two terawatt-hours of energy is enough to power every home in St. Louis and Salt Lake City for over a year.
Two terawatt-hours is roughly half of what the US solar industry generated last year.
Twenty percent of the electricity we use in our homes is wasted, and by waste we don't mean using inefficient light bulbs, although you may.
Forty billion dollars a year is wasted on electricity that doesn't serve anyone, and it's also contributing to climate change.
Thankfully, some of the world's best material scientists are exploring these sustainable resources as alternatives to coal, which is wonderful and essential.
Regulations on electricity generation in many areas haven't changed much since the days of Thomas Edison.
This story isn't just about home power consumption.
look at the prius
And it's because Toyota invested in behavioral science, not just in material science, that it was so efficient.
This dashboard shows you in real time how much energy you're saving, and it's made the once-speed freaks drive like cautious grandmas.
Now back to Harriet's story
I met her during our first family trip
She came to say hello to my daughter and was delighted to find that her name was also Harriet.
My husband and I received a letter from the power company two weeks ago.
It says we use twice as much electricity as our neighbors."
thank you
(applause)
I was training to be a gymnast for two years in the 1970s in Hunan, China.
My parents told me to be an engineer like them.
After surviving the Cultural Revolution, they adamantly believed that the only way to be happy was a stable, well-paying job.
But my dream was to become a Chinese opera singer.
I was scared that all I could hope for for the rest of my life was second-rate happiness.
So I turned to books
Also, encounters with new cultures have started the habit of comparative reading.
I didn't know that China didn't have to be the center of the world.
It's standard practice in academia
There are even areas of study such as comparative religion and comparative literature.
[Kathryn Graham: My Life] [Snowball: The Life of Warren Buffett] I also compared the same story in different genres (laughs) [King James Bible] [The Lamb] from different cultures. We also compared similar stories, such as Joseph Campbell's wonderful book [The Power of Myth], for example, Christ and Buddha both overcame three temptations.
Christ's temptations are economic, political, spiritual
For example, through translation, I learned that "happiness (pleasure)" in Chinese literally means "rapid joy."
"Bride (new daughter)" in Chinese means "new mother" Oops
Its most important purpose is to help you realize where your dreams come from, where your passion comes from, and where your happiness comes from.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you (Applause) Thank you (Applause)
“Homosexuality is a misuse of the sexual function, even without any religious references.
And last year, the president of the United States announced his support for same-sex marriage.
When I was about six years old, I went to a shoe store with my mother and my brother.
My brother wanted a red balloon and I wanted a pink balloon.
(Laughter) (Applause) When I was little, my mother used to say, "The love a parent has for their child is like no other emotion.
About 20 years ago, I was asked by the editor of the New York Times Magazine to write an article about deaf culture.
Eventually I entered the deaf world
went to a deaf club
(Laughter) As I immersed myself deeper and deeper into the deaf world, I became convinced that deafness was a culture. I felt tough
It occurred to me that most deaf children are born to able-bodied parents.
Most homosexuals are born to straight parents.
Straight parents usually want to be able to live in what they think is "normal," but gays will eventually discover their identity.
A friend of mine is now facing the issue of identity for her dwarf daughter.
One is the vertical identity, which is passed down from parent to child.
It's self acceptance, family acceptance and societal acceptance.
but acceptance takes time
He underwent 30 major surgeries during his childhood.
He was the first in his family to go to college, lived on campus, and drove a car specially equipped for his particular body.
And here's another quote from another magazine from the '60s.
It's from The Atlantic magazine in 1968, The Voice of Liberal America, written by a leading bioethicist.
But we've forgotten how we viewed other people with differences in the past, how we viewed disabled people, how we've made people cruel creatures.
Among the families I interviewed were Tom and Karen Robards. These young and successful New Yorkers were very surprised when their first child was diagnosed with Down syndrome.
From that Atlantic article to today, life expectancy for people with Down syndrome has tripled.
Some people with Down's syndrome have become actors, they've become writers, they've managed to live as fully independent adults.
"Do you wish your child didn't have Down syndrome?
The father's answer was interesting: "I have regrets about my son David, because I'm making life difficult for him. I wanted to give him an easier life."
Today, most deaf babies in America can have cochlear implant surgery, which is implanted in the brain and connected to a receiver that allows them to hear and speak through electrical transmissions.
An investigational drug called BMN-111, which has already been tested in mice, is effective in blocking the action of the achondroplasia gene.
Achondroplasia is the most common cause of dwarfism, and when mice carrying the achondroplasia gene are given the drug, they grow to normal size.
I think social progress is nice, and I think it's meaningful and great, and I think medical progress is equally great.
Jim Sinclair, a well-known autism activist, once said, "When a parent says, 'I wish my child didn't have autism,' it's like, 'I wish this child had never been born. And instead, I wish I had a child who wasn't autistic.'" "Think about it, it sounds like we're crying out for our existence.
Among the families interviewed for this project were those of Dylan Klebold, one of the Columbine High School massacres.
It took me a long time to persuade them to tell me, but once they did, they started pouring out their stories, and they kept telling me endlessly. But I recorded over 20 hours of conversation.
We were all exhausted by Sunday night.
We sat in the kitchen, and Sue Klebold was preparing dinner.
I asked, "If Dylan were here now, would you be willing to ask him anything?"
Sue stared at the floor and thought for a moment.
When she looked up, she said, "I want to ask you to forgive me for not being able to understand what was going on inside of him as a mother."
If I hadn't gone to Ohio State and met Tom, that child wouldn't have been born and that tragedy wouldn't have happened.
But I've finally come to realize that I loved my children so much I can't imagine my life without them
"So I decided that if Dylan had never been born, it would have been better for the world, but not for me."
While working on this project, I decided to have a child myself.
I often thought of a mother who had a child with a disability, a child who was severely disabled and who died through caregiver neglect.
When the ashes were buried, the mother said, "I pray that you will forgive me for the sins taken from me twice, once the child I wanted and once the child I loved."
My husband has two biological children with a lesbian friend in Minneapolis.
I had a best friend from college who wanted a child after a divorce.
She and I have a daughter.She and my daughter live in Texas.
(Applause) So, in summary, there are five parents of four children in three states.
Some people think that something like my family should not be allowed to exist.
Just as we need species diversity to ensure the survival of our planet, we need love diversity and family diversity to strengthen our kindness ecosphere.
The day after my son was born, the pediatrician came into the room and said he had something to worry about.
They said he might have brain damage.
He also had such a large head that doctors thought it might be a sign of hydrocephalus.
Like all parents since the dawn of history, I wanted to protect my child from disease.
I also wanted to protect myself from illness.
(Laughter) And yet, I thought my mother was right.
thank you
My journey started 14 years ago
This kind of undercover reporting was called "immersion journalism" or "undercover journalism."
I'm an undercover journalist
Journalism is all about results
I've been working on this for over 14 years, and I can assure you that the results are very good.
On the day of the murder, I had the police on standby.On that fateful morning, they came to kill the child.
Fortunately, the Tanzanian government has already taken action, but the problem is that the Tanzanian government only acted because of the evidence.
When I say, "You stole," I'll show you proof that you stole.
I'll show you how you stole it, when you stole it, what you used it for, and why you stole it.
My style of journalism was born out of the society I'm in.
Sure, sometimes there are criticisms of this kind of undercover journalism.
(Video) Official: He took the money out of his pocket and put it on the table so we wouldn't be scared.
But my colleagues didn't know
So I collected the money, and after he left, I waited for him to come back with the goods.
As soon as he left, I told my colleagues that I was the leader of the group, and that I was going to arrest them when they came back.
My kind of journalism may not work on other continents -- in other countries -- but what I do know is that it works on the African continent where I am. When people talk about corruption, they say, "Where's the evidence?"
"Show me the evidence"
By the time it's over, our continent will have many more bad guys in prison.
thank you
CA: So someone sued you in court and you got caught and remanded in the process, and you did it on purpose.
CA: Fear -- and please let me know how you combat it. You're putting your life at risk all the time.
If you don't, you will lose your life.
Now let's go to the Bahamas to meet the dolphins I've been studying in the wild for 28 years.
Decades ago -- not years -- I set out to find a place where I could watch dolphins underwater to unlock the secrets of their communication system.
In most of the world's oceans, the water is so murky that it's difficult to see animals underwater, and we were able to spot a group of dolphins living in the clear waters of the shallow, sandy beaches of the Bahamas, just east of the Florida peninsula. will be
Young dolphins learn a lot as they grow up, learning social skills in their teenage years.At about nine years of age, female dolphins are sexually mature and fertile. Males reach maturity much later, around age 15. increase
Dolphin sonar (echolocation sound) This click is used when hunting and feeding.
(Laughter) Please keep it a secret.
(Dolphins howling) When they fight, they emit this burst pulse sound, and they also show head-to-head behavior.
This is what a typical dolphin fight looks like
Bottlenose dolphins also live in the Bahamas and interact with spotted dolphins.
But the burst pulse sound is a bit of a mystery.
Two are human words and one is dolphin speech.
This underwater keyboard from the Epcot Center in Orlando, Florida, is the most sophisticated interface designed for underwater interaction and communication between humans and dolphins.
In the Bahamas, we tried to develop a similar interface in a more natural environment.
They spontaneously mimicked our vocalizations, they mimicked our postures, they invited us to play games with the dolphins.
Dolphins are social mammals and they love to play, and one of their favorite pastimes is to hook on seaweed -- in this case, a kind of sargassum -- to swim with.
You can also point to a visible object and mimic the sound of a whistle.
A diver is holding a rope toy I am holding a keyboard on my left side I pressed the key that indicated the rope and made a sound This is the signal to ask the human for the rope
I'm diving with the rope, trying to get the attention of the dolphins, who are like little children.
(Whistle sound) This is the sound that calls for the rope
Hear a sound for the diver to claim the scarf
This is the moment when everything is possible
That led me to believe that we needed more sophisticated technology.
How wonderful it would be if we could truly understand the mind of another intelligent being living on this planet.
thank you
(applause)
He also said, "It's hard to predict, especially the future."
In the world we're creating, we'll see more and more things that feel like science fiction, and fewer and fewer jobs like the ones we have today.
A critical question that comes to mind is, why is this time different? really different
This time it's different because, even just in the last few years, machines have begun to acquire and demonstrate skills that were never possible before: understanding, speaking, listening, seeing, answering, writing, and yet machines are capable of other things. I keep learning new skills
This is what Eric Brynjolfsson and I call the "New Machine Age."
And keep in mind, this is absolutely great news.
This is the best economic news on earth in recent years.
This is the best economic news in recent times for two main reasons.
The first reason is that technological progress has allowed us to continue the amazing progress of recent years, in which total output has risen, while at the same time prices have fallen and sales volume and quality have really exploded. continuing
Some people look at this phenomenon and call it shallow materialism, but that's a totally wrong way of looking at it.
In such a society, it's just like the TED conference.
There's actually a lot of truth here.
In a world where objects can be created as easily as printing a document, the new possibilities are staggering.
Those who used to be artisans and hobbyists are now makers, and they're the ones who continue to innovate.
Artists can now do things that they could never have done before, even if they wanted to.
As we move toward the future we're creating, we must confront two thorny challenges.
If you look at the rate of return on capital over the past few decades -- you could say corporate earnings as a percentage of GDP -- you see that it's been going up, it's been at an all-time high.
In order to address the social challenges that will arise in the new machine age, I would like to share the life story of two typical American workers.
Let's say the first is a college-educated professional, a creative worker, a manager, an engineer, a doctor, a lawyer.
Let's call him "Ted"
Let's call him "Bill"
If you go back 50 years, Bill and Ted would have lived pretty much the same.
For example, in 1960, both of them equally had full-time jobs, working at least 40 hours a week.
But as the sociologist Charles Murray summarized in his book, as the economy began to automate -- 1960 was when computers began to be used in business -- we needed to keep injecting new technologies, automation, digital advances into the economy. And then, Bill and Ted's futures began to go in different directions.
So, I can't tell you a happy story about this social trend, and there are no signs that it will turn around.
They have amazingly busy and productive lives, and they get everything they can get out of it, but Bill lives a completely different life.
["Work saves us from the three great evils of boredom, vice and poverty" - Voltaire] How can we deal with these challenges?
But in the long term, if we're going to move to an economy that's more technology-oriented and less manual labor-oriented, and we're going to move, we should be thinking about more drastic interventions, like minimum incomes, for example. is
The first few years of my school life, I had a Montessori education, and what I learned from this education was that the world was interesting and what I needed to do was explore the world.
Technology is having a huge impact on education, motivating learners from the very young to the very old.
To give just one example, 5 million Americans have been unemployed for at least six months.
The realities of this new machine age and the changing economy are becoming more widely known.
If we want to accelerate this movement, why not have our best economists and policymakers take on Watson and play Jeopardy.
We could also give Congress a tour of autonomous vehicles.
thank you
(applause)
But ever since I was a kid, I really wanted to make a movie like this. When I was a kid, I read comic books and wondered what the future would hold.
When I was in my early twenties, I started writing graphic novels, which is different from your typical graphic novel.
One of them is Robert Lepage, a great stage director and actor.
I wanted you to join me in one of my crazy projects, and he let me use his image for a character called Eugène Spaak, an artist who studies cosmology: time, space, love, music, women. Seeking a relationship that exists between
Robert was the perfect fit for the role. Actually, it was Robert who gave me the first chance.
In fact, Robert was the first example of how constraints can improve creativity.
because he's the busiest person on earth
How do you get someone this busy to be in a movie?
First, we shoot Robert with six cameras.
Each camera captured 60 degrees of his head, so we were able to cover most of the angles we needed for post-production editing. We only captured his head.
I woke up one morning with a pretty good idea.
(Laughter) But who in the world would be interested in seven yet-to-be-made musical instruments inspired by the female body?
So I came up with Cirque du Soleil in Montreal, because I thought they would best understand the crazy, poetic things I wanted to put on screen.
So I met Guy Laliberté, the CEO of Cirque du Soleil, and I presented my crazy idea with these sketches and visual aids, and something really cool happened.
Guy was interested not because I asked for money, but because he brought me a good idea that could make everyone happy.
It was a wonderful collaboration to work with such a great artist that I admired so much.
So that's what happened with this movie and how it all happened. And then I found this amazing post-production company called Vision Global in Montreal, and they hired 60 full-time artists for my crazy movie. So I lent it to you for six months.
Then you can do crazy projects, and one day you might even go to Mars.
thank you
(applause)
July 5, 2014 Ukrainian forces enter the city of Slavyansk in eastern Ukraine.
The army gathered all the locals on Lenin Square.
Galina's husband was actually a pro-Russian extremist in Donbass.
This is just one example of many
It's been four years since Ukraine has been plagued by Russian propaganda and fake news, but Russia isn't the only one in the universe doing it.
Fake news is all over the world
we all know what fake news is
But the problem with fake news is that we don't always know what's false and what's true, but we make judgments based on the facts we get from the media and social media.
Such people can easily fall prey to populists in elections and even take up arms.
Fake news isn't just for journalism
It is also a threat to democracy and society.
Four years ago, soldiers of unknown affiliation invaded Crimea, and at the same time, the Russian media was furious about fake news about Ukraine.
So, as journalists, we set up a website to investigate fake news.
We named it StopFake
The idea is simple: take a piece of news and compare it to verifiable corroborating evidence, photos, videos and other strong evidence.
StopFake is now a hub of information, analyzing all aspects of propaganda.
So far, we've identified 18 stories based on fake news, such as that Ukraine is a fascist state, a failed state, a military state empowered by a coup.
Fake news is a powerful weapon in information warfare, but we have ways to fight it.
So how can you avoid being complicit in fake news?
the truth is boring sometimes
This is the second point. It's very simple.
take a look at other sites
This is the only way to stop the spread of this fake news.
Our society is built on trust: trust in institutions, trust in science, trust in leaders, trust in the press.
Fake news destroys trust, and it's up to us to restore trust.
And what are you going to do about it?
thank you
(applause)
If you talk to someone about sex today in America, you'll quickly realize that you're not just talking about sex.
Because in America, baseball is the analogy most often used when talking about sex, and in English, it's often the case that when you think you're talking about baseball, you're actually talking about sex.
Switch hitters are bisexual, gays and lesbians play for the other team.
so let's do this
everyone knows the rules
"Then let's go half and half."
You can't go to second base and say, "I'm here because I like it here."
What about pizza?
Difference is a good thing, because it gives us more options for a satisfying experience.
Finally, what results can we expect from baseball?
In baseball, you play to win —
There are always winners in baseball, which means there are always losers.
What about pizza?
Sometimes different times -- different people, different days -- different amounts.
(Laughter) What if we took this pizza model -- into sex education?
A lot of sex education today -- inspired by the baseball model -- is creating an education that's bound to create unhealthy sexuality among young people.
The pizza model is a way of looking at healthy, satisfying sexual activity -- and inclusive sex education.
(applause)
Arthur C. Clarke, the famous science fiction writer of the 1950s, said, "We overestimate technology in the short term and underestimate technology in the long term."
So in the short term, we overestimate the technology.
Librarians were worried they would lose their jobs
Also, in 1957, I think everyone underestimated the technology we have today, and the reality is that today, everyone can carry technology in their pocket.
By the way, during that time, librarians' wages rose faster than any other job in America, because librarians became computer partners.
Once upon a time, spreadsheets were used
The photo on the left is iRobot's packbot
In fact, robots are permeating our lives in many ways.
But when it comes to factory robots, I think people still fear them because they're dangerous to have around.
This Baxter thinks it's the first generation of robots that ordinary people can work with in an industrial environment.
What's interesting is that Baxter also has some basic common sense.
with eyes on the screen
Looking in the direction the robot is trying to move
Baxter is safe to interact with
What I find most interesting about Baxter is the user interface.
This is Mildred
Seeing an industrial robot for the first time, she programmed a few factory tasks in an hour.
When we first asked factory workers how they could work better with robots, we also asked them, "Do you want your children to work in factories?"
It's a tool that you can learn how to operate in a few minutes.
Now there are two great forces that are volitional but unavoidable.
climate change and demographics
It's gone down a bit over the last 40 years.
The next 40 years will change dramatically, even in China.
The percentage of people who are retiring is going up really fast because the baby boomers are retiring.
That's what's happening statistically right now.
I believe that we'll spend more time and more time with robots like Baxter in our daily lives, and -- well done, Baxter.
And in the next 40 years, we will rely on robots as part of our daily lives.
(applause)
A small fishing tribe with a settlement on the southeastern tip of Long Island near Southampton, New York.
When I was a little girl, my grandfather took me to sit in the sun on a hot summer day.
Three days later, I was driving and chasing a giant cloud, a "supercell," that can bring grapefruit-sized hail and devastating tornadoes, but only 2% of the time.
You feel the warm, moist air blowing on your back, and you smell the dirt, the wheat, the grass, the charged particles.
my hair was originally straight
(applause)
So-called quads have been around for a long time.
By controlling the speed of the four propellers, you can roll, pitch, yaw and accelerate in the direction of the propeller.
That's the magic that brings this machine to life.
We use a technique widely called "model-based design."
And then we use a kind of mathematics called control theory to analyze that model and build an algorithm for control.
In this case, it's easy to carry a glass of water,
Hexacopters and octocopters have six or eight propellers for redundancy, and quads are popular because they have a minimum of four motors and propellers.
Algorithms based on a new configuration allow us to give up control of yaw, but keep control of roll, pitch and acceleration.
A mathematical model can tell us exactly when and why that's possible.
When you see a diver tumbling into the water, or a vaulter twisting in mid-air as the ground approaches, you hold your breath.
How do you get a machine to do what athletes seem to do effortlessly?
(Applause) This quad has a racket on it, but the sweet spot is only about the size of an apple.
We're doing the next calculation every 20 milliseconds, or 50 times per second.
(Applause) In fact, this force is about five times the force that a bungee jumper would experience at the end of the rope.
What happens when you combine this machine's athleticism with a human?
What's in front of me is an off-the-shelf gesture sensor, mostly used in games.
Similar to the pointers we used earlier, this can also be used as an input system.
For example this quad is
We use a mathematical model that estimates the force exerted on the quad.
This quad behaves as if it's in a viscous liquid.
Let's use this new ability to move this quad with a camera into a position suitable for filming a demo.
I could physically interact with the quads and change the laws of physics.
What you'll see next is that the quad appears to be on Pluto at first.
(Laughter) (Laughter) (Applause) Phew!
There's a theory that in the animal world, play plays a role in developing skills and abilities.
We're similarly trying to use sports and athletic analogies to create new algorithms for machines and push the boundaries.
What impact will machine speed have on our lives?
Like all inventions and creations of the past, it could be used to improve people's lives, and it could be misused.
Let's make the right choices and get the best out of the machines of the future, just as sports bring out the best in us.
Instead, ultimately, I want to encourage you to think again about what I think is the progress of democracy on a global scale, and to take risks and participate.
Why is our democracy not working?
I used to sneak into the living room to get away from my homework and listen to my parents and their friends arguing.
One night, a military truck pulled up in front of my house.
A sergeant comes up with a machine gun and puts it to my head and says, "Tell me where my father is or I'm dead."
Negotiations are rough, tensions are high, no progress is being made, and when it's 10 minutes to 2:00, a Prime Minister says, 'We have to come to a conclusion in 10 minutes.'
But after all, it was Greece that caused the euro crisis, so some people blamed me for pulling the trigger.
Rather than being too big to fail, our democracy is trapped in a system too big to control.
Our democracies are weakened in a global economy filled with law and tax dodgers and those who violate environmental and labor standards.
It's no surprise that many political leaders, myself included, have lost public trust.
That's why I called for a referendum to give the Greek people a voice in determining the terms of the bailout.
And I said, "Before we can restore market confidence, we have to restore public trust and confidence."
We've weathered the storms in Greece and Europe, but the challenges continue.
If politics is the power to think and act on what we can do, then the 60 percent youth unemployment rate in Greece and elsewhere is a lack of imagination, if not a lack of empathy. is no doubt
so let's try another way
The root word for "idiot" is "idio" "oneself"
The place of political participation was called the Agora, and the Agora had two meanings: marketplace and place of political debate.
At that time, markets and politics were one, accessible, transparent, where the people were empowered.
Today, while markets are globalized, democratic institutions are not.
Politicians are bound by local politics, and citizens, even though they see great potential, are prey to power beyond their reach.
Could we design a European agora, not just for goods and services, but for citizens, a place where people work together, think together, learn from each other, exchange arts and cultures, where creative solutions emerge.
So here's one idea: to produce the first real European citizens, why not give immigrants European citizenship instead of Greek or German or Swedish citizenship?
Europe of the people by the people, Europe as a laboratory for deepening and broadening transnational democracy.
We must re-establish politics to regain the power to envision, re-imagine, and re-design a better world.
thank you
I'm a sci-fi thriller novelist, and when I say "killer robot," you probably think of something like this.
But I'm not here today to talk about fiction.
I'm not talking about the Predator or Reaper you know, these drones rely on humans to make targeting decisions.
I'm talking about a fully autonomous robotic weapon, where the decision to kill a human is made by the robot itself.
Both of these machines are capable of automatically identifying and shooting at human targets, and the one on the left has a range of over a kilometer.
And that choice is what I want to focus on today, because this murderous decision-making is moving from humans to software, which not only dehumanizes war, but also transforms the social landscape far from the battlefield. because there is a danger of changing
Because the way humans resolve conflicts shapes the social climate around us.
For example, in 1400 AD, this was the most advanced weapon system.
gunpowder cannon
Soon armor and castles became obsolete. It didn't matter who you brought to the battlefield, it mattered how many people you could bring to the battlefield.
Again, the ways in which we resolve conflicts shape the social landscape that surrounds us.
Autonomous robotic weapons are one such tool, but because it takes so few people to start a war, there is a risk of re-centralizing power in the hands of very few. It might turn you back for a minute
Seventy countries are developing their own remote-controlled combat drones, and as you can see, remote-controlled combat drones are a precursor to the creation of autonomous robotic weapons.
Because once remote-controlled drones are deployed, there are three big factors that push decision-making out of the hands of humans and into the weapons themselves.
For example, in 2004, the U.S. drone fleet captured a total of 71 hours of reconnaissance footage that needed analysis.
By 2011, that number had grown to 300,000 hours, and it's beyond human capacity to look at it all, and that number is still on the rise.
The U.S. Department of Defense's Gorgonsteer and Argus programs will put up to 65 independent camera eyes on each drone, far more than a human can see.
This means that soon drones will be telling humans where to look, not from the human side.
The second factor driving decision-making from humans to machines is the electromagnetic jamming, which cuts off the communication between the drone and the remote operator.
There was an example of this happening in 2011, when a US military RQ-170 Sentinel drone was disrupted by a GPS signal spoofing attack by the Iranian military, and any remotely controlled drone is vulnerable to this type of attack. So drones will have to take on a greater share of the decision-making process.
we are in the era of global economy
High-tech manufacturing takes place on most continents.
Accountability and transparency may be the underpinnings of representative government, but autonomous robotic weapons could undermine both.
You might think that citizens of high-tech countries have an edge in robot warfare, and that citizens of these countries are less vulnerable, especially against developing countries.
But I think the truth is quite the opposite.
Citizens of high-tech societies are at greater risk from robotic weapons, and the reason for this can be summed up in one word: data.
Data drives our high-tech society
Cell phone location information, metadata gleaned from phone conversations, social media, emails, SMS, financial transaction data, transportation and movement data, these are huge chunks of real-time data that describe people's activities and social interactions.
Lines represent social connections between individuals
This technology is usually used for demographic targeting and marketing of goods and services, but it's also a double-edged technology, because the targeting technology has other uses.
They are the hubs of social networks.
These are the organizers, the opinion makers, the leaders of the organization, and these people, too, can be automatically discovered by tracking their communication patterns.
But if an oppressive government is looking for political enemies, they'll be targets for elimination, killing leaders, disrupting social groups, and leaving groups of people without social connections. or lose organization
This is why we need an international treaty on robotic weapons, especially a global ban on the development and deployment of killer robots.
But robotic weapons are all just as dangerous, and they will almost certainly come into use and undermine democratic institutions.
This effectively bans the U.S. military's autonomous weapons for now, but that mandate needs to be made permanent.
An international legal framework for robotic weapons is a necessary one.
And we need it now, before catastrophic attacks or terrorist attacks trigger the world's nations to en masse adopt these weapons without considering their consequences. It is
Autonomous robotic weapons would concentrate too much power in the hands of a few, jeopardizing democracy itself.
But don't get me wrong, I think civilian unarmed unmanned drones have a lot of great uses, like environmental observation, search and rescue, and transportation.
If there is an international treaty on robotic weapons, how can we still enjoy the benefits of autonomous drones and autonomous vehicles, but still protect ourselves against illegal robotic weapons?
Citizen leaders should deploy detectors and drones to hunt for rogue drones, and instead of sending attack drones to shoot down rogue drones, they should let humans know they're there.
Note that this is more of an immune system than a weapon system.
In this way, autonomous vehicles and drones can be used by humans while maintaining an open civil society.
We need to ban the development and deployment of killer robots.
Autonomous robotic weapons would concentrate too much power in the hands of too few people, and would undermine democratic institutions.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
All over the world, people are fighting for their freedom and for their rights.
It's just a custom, an age-old practice, stipulated in strict religious fatwas and imposed on women.
So I drove it and posted it on YouTube.
At that time, outside the prison, the whole country was in an uproar. Some people were blaming me, some were supporters, and they were even signing petitions to submit a petition to the King for my release.
Road after road was filled with police cars, there were also religious police vehicles, and hundreds of brave Saudi women broke the law and drove their cars that day.
The study concluded that rape and adultery, illegitimate births, drug abuse and prostitution rates are higher in countries with more female drivers than in countries where women don't drive.
One was when I was in prison.
Last year I was asked to speak at the Freedom Forum in Oslo.
I am proud to be a Saudi woman and I love my country.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you, thank you.
(Applause) Thank you.
Saudi Arabia is just now taking a small step towards expanding women's rights.
That's 20 percent. (Applause) And this council, after four previous denials of women's petitions for driving licenses, finally got it last February.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
But the Great Recession of 2007 and 2008 caused a cataclysmic crash that shattered the illusion.
And the interpretation of the Great Recession was something like this: It was totally unexpected, it was like the wrath of God.
So in response to this, we opened the Financial Crisis Observatory.
The underlying mechanism of the Dragon King is a gradual instability, a process towards a bubble, and when the bubble reaches its extreme, it usually crashes.
This is analogous to slowly heating water, as the temperature of the test tube approaches the boiling point, the liquid becomes unstable and vaporizes.
(Laughter) There are many early warning signals that this theory predicts.
From the seventh month of pregnancy, the mother begins to experience temporary premonitory labor pains, a sign that instability is maturing, giving birth to a baby, the Dragon King is born.
Epileptic seizures also come in many different scales. When the brain is at its most critical, the Dragon King appears, and there is some degree of predictability that allows patients to cope with the disease.
We've applied this theory to many systems, including landslides, glacier collapses, predicting business success, rental videos, YouTube movies, and more.
It's rooted in the 30-year history of the bubble, a global bubble that started in 1980, burst in 1987, and there have been many other bubbles since.
The biggest one was the "new economy" IT bubble, which burst in 2000. Housing bubbles in many countries. Derivatives bubbles around the world. Stock market bubbles. Commodity market bubbles. Debt and credit bubbles.
The problem, especially through quantitative easing, is that the same thing has been repeated since 2008, the idea that we need a new money machine to get us out of the crisis, in the United States, in Europe, in Japan.
This is the stock market's reaction to the giant bubble, which has grown by 300 percent in just a few short years.
In September of 2007, I was asked to speak at a macro hedge fund management conference, and I made a prediction that at the end of 2007, the current bubble would shift the regime.
They told me, "Didier, the market may be overvalued, but there's something you forgot.
With the Beijing Olympics in August 2008, it's clear that the Chinese government will control the economy, and they will do whatever it takes to avoid problems, and they will control the stock market."
Three weeks after my talk, the market dropped 20 percent, followed by market volatility, economic turmoil, and a 70 percent loss at the end of the year.
The Chinese market crashed, but it bounced back.
The crisis happened and the market corrected.
Bubbles are everywhere
There is hope in the Dragon King theory
thank you
(applause)
I'll leave that to someone else.
But I do have an idea, an idea called "housing for health."
"Housing for Health" works with the poor
An Aboriginal man named Yami Lester ran a medical facility.
Yami assembled a team in Alice Springs.
that was our task
And so the goals were set, and they -- I can't tell you all of them -- are about putting people and people's health issues at the center, and connecting them to the little things in the physical environment that are necessary to stay healthy.
Now I'm going to ask you guys a very personal question.
Let's see if the shower in your house works.
you and your kids are fine
Why? because you're all too old
Before you leave your seat in anger, I say, in this case, "I'm too old," because most of the people in this room are over the age of five.
These marks represent the 7,800 homes we've seen across Australia, in the same proportions.
By the first night, several houses in the community are in better condition than they were when we arrived in the morning.
thank you (applause)
Why are there houses in such poor condition?
In fact, 75 percent of our Australian team -- now more than that -- are indigenous people from the communities in which we work.
Our work has always been focused on health, and that's the point.
We built washing facilities in schools so that children could wash their faces as many times as they wanted in a day.
We found a 40 percent reduction in hospital admissions for diseases caused by poor living conditions, a 40 percent reduction.
During the design phase of the first toilet, I was invited to the family for lunch and was shown into the hall of the house.
Then I learned that respiratory failure was the leading cause of illness and death in the region.
A team in Nepal, who's been working on it for a while now, said, "I'm not kidding, before we even try to do that, we've got to build three million more toilets.
But as I'm sitting here, over 100 toilets have been installed in this village, and a few more in the neighborhood.
Her lungs are better and will continue to improve, because she's no longer cooking in smoke.
In the mid-2000s, not far from here, Nelson Mandela said, like slavery and apartheid, "Poverty is not a natural phenomenon.
(applause)
(Video): Man: …a very dangerous question.
Because with our current knowledge, we have no idea what's going to happen.
First, it's estimated that the polar ice caps will melt if global temperatures rise by a few degrees.
Glass-bottom boat tourists will see submerged Miami skyscrapers through 150 feet of tropical waters.
When asked, "How do you know if your next action is right or wrong?" Mahatma Gandhi said, "Imagine the face of the poorest and weakest person you have ever met and what you are thinking. Think about whether your actions will help the person
For those of us in this room, it's not just about the poorest and most vulnerable, but about community, culture, and the world.
And the trends surrounding the fringes of our society, the poorest and most vulnerable, evoke pessimism.
Let's look at both, first the megatrends.
We've avoided Paul Ehrlich's "population bomb," so we won't reach the 20 billion people he predicted in the next decade, but we're eating 20 billion people.
We consume so much that when our grandchildren's generation raises the total population from 6.5 billion to 9.5 billion, this too will unfairly harm the poorest and most vulnerable.
Because of this they migrate to cities
Rural areas aren't producing as much food as they used to.
Last year in Africa, Africans ate 600 million wild animals, or 2 billion kilograms of wild animals.
What's more, accelerating globalization has produced many winners and even more losers, and the world today is considered the most diverse and unfair in its history.
What if the 1 billion people living on less than a dollar a day increased to 3 billion over the next 30 years?
So there are many reasons to be pessimistic.
Last year there were 85,000 riots in China, 230 a day - requiring police or military intervention.
The disasters we face are unprecedented in number and scale.
Where will it lead us as social activists and entrepreneurs?
Let's look at one case, the case of Bangladesh.
First of all, global warming won't stop even if carbon dioxide emissions stop today.
If global warming -- take a look at this blue line, the dotted line shows that even if greenhouse gas emissions stopped today, sea levels would continue to rise over the next decade.
here is bangladesh
We're looking at the five major rivers that feed Bangladesh.
As many as 100 million refugees are expected to migrate from Bangladesh, India and into China.
And if you look around the world, anywhere in the world at low altitudes or in settlements near water will face rising sea levels that will challenge our lives.
Sub-Saharan Africa and our San Francisco Bay Area
A look at the list of Nobel laureates should remind you.
and we eradicated smallpox
We may be able to witness the eradication of polio this year
Only 2,000 cases were reported worldwide last year.
Next year we may witness the eradication of the guinea worm - only 35,000 cases remain.
There's reason to be more optimistic. In the '60s -- I'm a '60s guy -- there was a movement.
We all knew we were a part of it, and we felt that a better world was just around the corner, that we were witnessing the birth of a world free of hatred and violence and prejudice.
There's another movement going on today, a movement to save the planet.
Five weeks ago, business activists came together to try to stop plans to build nine new coal-fired power plants at Texas Utilities, which would have been devastating to the environment.
Al Gore made presentations to the Senate and House of Representatives as an expert reviewer.
4,000 churches now participate in the environmental movement.
Europe's 20-20-20 plan is a great breakthrough, and one that I think will make everyone feel like hope is rising over the horizon.
And on April 14th, we have Step Up Day, a day when thousands of people -- mobilizing social activism in America to protest against bills -- to back laws to stop global warming.
And on July 7th, there will be Live Earth concerts all over the world, which I only learned about yesterday.
And this doesn't mean that everyone understands that global warming is going to hurt the weakest, the poorest people.
I lived in a monastery in the Himalayas and studied under a very bright teacher He kicked me out of the monastery and said, just like Yoda, your destiny is to work for the WHO and do your part to eradicate smallpox. This was at a time when there was still no organized response to smallpox.
And the fact that smallpox no longer exists should give you some optimism, because it was the worst epidemic in history.
In the 20th century -- that was just seven years ago -- 500 million people died of smallpox -- more than any war in history -- and more than any other epidemic in history.
In 1967, the year of the Summer of Love, two million people, including children, died of smallpox.
To defeat smallpox, we had to muster the largest United Nations army in history.
We visited every household in India looking for smallpox -- 120 million households -- once a month for two years.
At that time, they brought smallpox to 10 other countries, and the epidemic returned.
But in the end, we succeeded, and the last smallpox patient was this little girl, Rahina Bhanu, in Barisal, Bangladesh, when she coughed or exhaled, the last smallpox virus left her lungs. Falling to the ground, the sun killed the last virus, and the greatest fear of all time, the chain of epidemics, was broken.
Between doctors and health workers from 30 different countries, all ethnicities, religions and races joined forces and fought together, not against each other, but against a common enemy.
How can this not make you optimistic about your future?
thank you
(applause)
Human intellectual and technological innovations happened in Europe and other parts of the world, but Africa was sort of disconnected.
The arrival of ships changed that, followed by the Renaissance, followed by the Scientific and Industrial Revolutions.
And now it's the digital revolution
These revolutions have not arrived evenly across continents and countries.
This is a map of the submarine fiber optic cable that connects Africa and the world.
Amazingly, Africa transcends geography.
Connectivity has improved dramatically, but obstacles remain
The problem we faced in 2008 was the lack of information flow.
It was a very sad and difficult time.
So we got together and created a piece of software called Ushahidi.
Ushahidi means 'witness' or 'witness' in Swahili.
It seems that I have a German mother
We've set up an iHub in Nairobi. It's a real physical space, where we can collaborate. It's now part of Kenya's Integrated Technology Coordination System.
This year the Internet turns 20, Ushahidi turns 5.
I returned to Kenya in 2011
In Kenya, the situation is completely different, where despite economic growth and the digital revolution, a reliable supply of electricity has been a challenge.
This is the reality of Kenya, where we live, as well as other African countries.
How much does it cost to call Rwanda, Ghana, Nigeria?
And when traveling in Africa, different mobile providers have different settings.
A fellow Ushahidi joke, "If it works in Africa, it works all over the world."
I wondered if we could use cloud technology—
They tried to redesign the modem to match the realities and realities of developing countries.
Load balancing technology makes this possible.
So we raised some money on Kickstarter, and with the help of a lot of people out there and on the internet, BRCK kickstarted, and we're in an interesting stage of getting this to market.
The building blocks of the digital economy are connectivity and entrepreneurship.
thank you
(applause)
I was born and raised in North Korea
My family always suffered from poverty, but I was always loved and cared for first, because my sister was the only family and I was the only son.
But in 1994 there was a great famine.
My sister and I used to go looking for firewood. We would leave at five in the morning and return at midnight.
I roamed the streets looking for food, and I remember seeing a little kid on his mother's back eating potato chips and thinking of stealing them.
Hunger is humiliation Hunger is despair
On my ninth birthday, my parents couldn't bring me anything to eat.
In North Korea, over a million people starved to death at the time, and in 2003, when I was 13, my father did the same.
I saw my father wither away and die.
One day in the same year, my mother disappeared, and my sister told me that she would go to China to make money, save up, bring food, and come back soon.
Biggest mistake of my life
I haven't seen my mother or my sister since.
I started stealing food from black market stalls.
When I couldn't sleep because of the bitter cold or the bitterness of hunger, I thought, The next morning, my sister would come back and wake me up.
After three years of waiting for my sister to return, I decided to go to China to find my sister.
I've seen many people try to cross the Chinese border at night to avoid being spotted.
North Korean border guards often shoot people who cross the border without authorization.
I went to China on February 15, 2006.
But life was tougher than in North Korea, because I had no freedom.
That year, an activist helped me leave China for the United States as a refugee.
I went to America without knowing any English, but my social worker told me to go to high school.
My father tried very hard to get me to study, but it didn't work at all.
I was only 11 or 12 years old and I was deeply hurt.
I didn't even go to middle school
But one day, I came home and my adoptive mother was cooking chicken wings for dinner.
i was very happy
At that moment, I suddenly remembered my biological father
My adoptive father's loving little gestures reminded me of my biological father, who was so hungry that he would starve to death, but he was willing to share his food with me.
I felt like I was suffocating. We have plenty of food in America, but my father starved to death.
(Applause) Chicken wings changed my life.
you have to choose to have hope
But in America, I didn't know what to do, because I had so much freedom.
At that dinner, my adoptive father guided me, inspired me, and gave me purpose in America.
Have hope for yourself and help each other
But those same small acts of love can change someone's life.
thank you
(laughs) I'm really looking forward to meeting you Even if you can't find me, I'll find you I really want to see you someday
thank you
(applause)
Writing a biography is a strange thing
So what happened on that night in 610 AD when Muhammad received his first revelation from the Quran on a mountain just outside Mecca?
(Laughter) I plead guilty, because exploration is inevitably guilty of crossing boundaries, both physical and intellectual.
Muhammad did not descend from the mountain as if he were walking on air.
quite the opposite
The man ran down the mountain that night, trembling not with joy but with cruel, primal fear.
And the panicked sense of direction, the disconnection from all that was familiar, the realization of something beyond human comprehension and overwhelming, was nothing short of terrifying "awe."
But whether you are a rationalist or a mystic, whether you believe that the words Muhammad heard that night came from within him or from without, what is certain is that he experienced it, and in that experience. A force that shattered his ego and worldview transformed this otherwise humble man into a radical advocate for social and economic justice.
But where exactly is doubt imperfect?
The more I think about it, the more it makes sense that he doubted, because doubt is the essence of faith.
The doubly ironic thing is that their absolutism is actually the exact opposite of faith.
Moreover, we, a vastly outnumbered but silent mass, have given the public space to this extremist minority.
this is not faith
You must know that true faith has no easy answers.
If Muhammad had no faith and rejected the arrogance of narrow convictions, could he have changed the world so radically?
He would be appalled that half the population is being oppressed by gender.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
In the northwestern United States, right on the Canadian border, there's a small town called Libby, Montana, surrounded by pine forests, lakes, beautiful wildlife, and giant trees that reach to the sky.
I visited Libby, a small town surrounded by such an environment, and it was a lonely place, like an isolated island.
She told me that she was the only girl in school who chose mechanical drawing.
But a few years later, her mother passed away, and her death seemed even more bizarre, because her family had lived long enough to live forever.
In fact, Gayla's uncle is still alive and well, learning the waltz.
The town used to have a vermiculite mine.
They said, "If it was that dangerous, someone would have told me."
But Gayla didn't give up, and she finally managed to get federal agencies into town to get health checks for 15,000 residents, and it turned out that the death rate in the town was 80 times higher than the death rate in the United States as a whole. was to climb
If you go to Germany, you will be told, "This is the German disease."
But it's really a human problem.
About whistleblowers, they also say things like, "What they're doing is meaningless. Look at what happened to them.
On the other hand, when I talk to whistleblowers, there is always pride in their tone.
We all remember the photos of Abu Ghraib Prison, which shook the world and showed what the war in Iraq was like.
I also spoke with British doctor Steve Borsin, who spent five years trying to let people know about a dangerous surgeon who was killing babies.
Now we enjoy a lot of freedoms, hard-earned freedoms, like the freedom to publish what we write without fear of censorship -- freedoms that didn't exist when we were here in Hungary before, and the freedom to vote. - Especially for women, it has been a struggle to get it - the freedom of people of all races and cultures - the freedom to live as they wish...
But freedom doesn't exist unless you exercise it, and what whistleblowers like Gayla Bennefield are doing is exercising their own freedom.
I took my 12-year-old daughter with me to meet Gayla.
I said, "Gayla's not a movie star, not a celebrity, not an expert, and as she says herself - not a saint.
thank you
(applause)
I will never forget that day, the spring of 2006.
I still remember that rotting flesh smell when I opened the curtains and saw her I still remember that rotting flesh smell
Despite exercising three to four hours a day and taking care of my nutrition, I gained weight and developed metabolic syndrome.
Insulin resistance, as the name suggests, is when cells become resistant to insulin and are unable to exert its effects.
As you can see, I'm not obese anymore
Most researchers believe that obesity is the cause of insulin resistance.
What if it's a symptom of a deeper problem? We may just be looking at the tip of the iceberg
So when insulin is asked to burn more energy than the cell thinks is safe, most of the time the cell says, "No, I'd rather store it."
For the 75 million Americans who have insulin resistance, the body's correct response may be to store it as fat.
Rather, it's the opposite, a healthy response to trauma: mobilizing the immune system to the wound to pick up cellular debris.
is cause and effect
Maybe we should ask ourselves this question: Is insulin resistance likely to cause obesity and obesity-related diseases for many people? Could I get obesity or obesity-related diseases?
The first step is to accept that the conventional wisdom about obesity, diabetes and insulin resistance may be wrong.
Some people think it's too much refined grains and too much starch.
This skeptical team of brilliant researchers agrees on two things.
The first is how the food you put into your body affects your metabolism, your hormones and your enzymes through molecular mechanisms.
I wish I could talk to that woman again
(applause)
(Laughter) Now, let's take a look at this cartoon.
In general, this is a funny cartoon, but let's take a look at the results of an online survey.
"I don't want to see animals suffer - even in cartoons."
We tell these people that we print with anesthetic ink.
humor is a kind of entertainment
but this is worse
(Laughter) When you're dealing with humor in the setting of The New Yorker, you have to think about where you put the tiger.
"Now let's have the audience shout out a random number."
What is the humor in The New Yorker?
no it's about us
(Laughter) This is my most famous cartoon.
These seem to be very different forms of humor, but they're actually very similar.
he is polite and rude
This is how humor works
You could say I'm a humor analyst
E.B. White said that analyzing humor is like dissecting a frog.
Bob Mankoff "Oh no"
oh hmm too funny
Maybe I'll enjoy it alone
no no
(music) no no
(Laughter) It's an exaggeration of my work.
"T Cell Army: Could the Body's Immune Response Help Cure Cancer?"
Here's one way to look at it
It's kind of like an amusement park
I'm going to show you a cartoon that The New Yorker put out right after 9/11, and it's a very sensitive area for humor.
"I realized that if I didn't have my third martini, the terrorists won."
(Laughter) Humor needs a target.
Interestingly enough, The New Yorker's target is us.
Humor is a reflection of the self and makes us think about our own assumptions.
Check out Roz Chaist's cartoon A man is reading an obituary
"I became a vegetarian for my health and as a moral choice. Now I just want to annoy people."
"Did you sleep with her?"
(Laughs) "Lassie! Call someone!"
(Laughs) This is a "French Army Knife"
The dog is giving signs that it wants to go for a walk
This is possible. It's humor within the realm of reality.
Here the cowboy is saying to the cow, "I'd love to have 5,000 more like you."
People who enjoy nonsense generally like more abstract art, they're more liberal than conservative.
"It makes you stop and think."
(Laughter) When you look at The New Yorker cartoons, I want you to stop and think for a moment.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
I'm going to tell you about two projects I'm involved in.
One is the thylacine project
The second reason is that we killed them.
There's a terrible fungus that's going around the world, called chytrid, that's plaguing frogs all over the world, including the platypus --
This brings us to a very important ethical question, which I'm sure you've been asked many times every time this topic comes up.
But it wasn't just any frog
I'm not saying you want to raise your baby in your stomach, but I'm saying that it will be possible to control gastric secretion.
I called a friend, Mike Tyler, professor at the University of Adelaide.
He was the last one who had this frog, and he had a group in his lab.
I said, "Mike, could you-" This was 3, 40 years ago.
So he thought, and he went to the freezer, a freezer that was -20 degrees Celsius, and he turned everything inside out and found a jar at the bottom, and it contained this frog tissue.
Normally, when water freezes, it expands, as you know, and the same thing happens inside cells.
When you freeze tissue, the water expands, damaging or rupturing the cell walls.
It wasn't bad, the cell walls were intact.
Most of the eggs failed, but suddenly one egg began to divide.
Thank you. (Applause)
I'd like to talk about the second thylacine project.
But it's also a tragic history.
There were five species of thylacine in this ancient rainforest, ranging in size from very large to medium to as small as a Chihuahua.
Climate change impacted the world for a long period of time, and gradually the rainforests disappeared, the land began to dry up, and the thylacine species decreased to just one species five million years ago.
As you can see, dingoes are very similar in physical appearance to thylacines.
It's also possible that Aborigines kept dingoes as pets, so dingoes might have had an advantage in the struggle for survival.
What we do know is that the thylacine disappeared from mainland Australia soon after the dingo was introduced, and was Tasmania's only survivor after that.
This guy eats all our sheep."
In the early 1930s, 3,000 to 4,000 thylacines were killed, a catastrophe.
1990 I was at the Australian Museum
I looked at the skulls, trying to find relationships with other animals, and when I looked at this jar, it was a tiny female thylacine cub, about six months old.
But it was 1990, and I asked a geneticist friend, "If you look at this wolf pup and you have the DNA, can you take the DNA and use it in the future to bring back a thylacine?"
Geneticists laughed it off, but this was six years before Dolly was born.
Unfortunately, it also contained a lot of human DNA.
We hope that we can bring the DNA back to life so that it can be implanted in the eggs of other species, as we did with the Lazarus project.
Andrew Pask and his colleagues have shown that this is not a waste of time.
In other words, thylacine tissue is recognizable because it is composed of thylacine DNA.
Take a little bit of one animal, mix it up and put it in a different animal's cell.
the answer is no
Has Tasmania changed too much to no longer be possible?
I wanted to know if the environment had changed
The southern beech forest that surrounds his hut was just as it was when he was there in 1926.
It was typical thylacine habitat.
The animals that lived there were the same as when the thylacines were.
The question to ask is, if it wasn't illegal to keep thylacines as pets, would they have gone extinct?
thank you
(applause)
good morning
I was born here in Shanghai, in the midst of the Cultural Revolution.
My grandmother said she heard the gunshot with my first cry.
Communism!
Sooner or later, all of humanity, regardless of culture, language or nationality, will reach the final stage of political and social development.
And all peoples will unite in paradise on earth and live happily ever after.
We were taught this big story day after day.
This story was a bestseller
Then the world changed overnight
As for me, I became disillusioned with the failure of my creed and went to the United States to become a hippie in Berkeley.
One day electoral democracy will be elected all over the world and it will be the only political system that will make everyone rich with the free market.
George H.W. Bush: The New World Order...
According to Freedom House statistics, the number of democracies has gone from 45 in 1970 to 115 in 2010.
In just 30 years, China has gone from being the world's poorest agricultural country to the world's second-largest economy.
Eighty percent of the world's successful poverty alleviation during that period was done in China.
I grew up with these things: food stamps.
At one point, meat was rationed at a few hundred grams per person per month.
The middle class is expanding at a speed and scale unprecedented in human history.
As you know, China is a one-party state ruled by the Communist Party of China, and it doesn't hold elections.
China's one-party system has three characteristics: adaptability, elitism, and legitimacy.
Most political scientists say that a one-party system is inherently incapable of self-correction.
So the party's self-correction takes place in this dramatic way.
I often hear people say, "China's political reform has lagged far behind its economic revolution, so there is an urgent need for political reform."
But this criticism is a verbal trap hidden in political bias.
Without fundamental political reform, such a change would not be possible.
The second assumption is that a one-party state, where power is held in the hands of a few, is unruly and corrupt.
Corruption is certainly a big problem, but let's start with the big picture.
China's supreme leadership body, the Central Politburo, is composed of 25 members.
His career began as a rural administrator, and when he joined the Politburo, he oversaw a region with a total population of 150 million, with a regional GDP of $1.5 trillion.
Remember George W. Bush?
When the Chinese Communist Party came to power in 1949, China was stuck in a civil war, torn apart by armed aggression from other countries, and life expectancy at that time was 41.
85% of citizens are satisfied with the direction of the country
70% of people think they're in a better place than they were five years ago.
93% of China's Generation Y are positive about the country's future
Democracy has become an endless cycle of choosing and regretting.
Air pollution, food safety, population issues.
Politically, corruption is the worst problem.
So if elections are a panacea for corruption, why can't low-ranking countries get back on their feet?
Within the next 10 years, China will overtake the United States
become the world's largest economy
Economic transformation will accelerate, political reforms will continue, and the one-party system will remain.
On the contrary, I believe that democracy contributed to the development of the West and the creation of modern society.
Communism and democracy may both be great ideals, but the days of asserting their universality are over.
wrong and very irresponsible
Above all, it's boring
thank you
(Applause) Thank you, thank you very much.
is the Chinese government
Are you happy with your garbage collection?
But you mentioned other issues as well, such as big challenges, and there must be a lot of data that could lead you in the other direction -- tens of thousands of unrest, protests, environmental protests.
According to the Western definition of civil society, it must be separate from, or against, the political system, but this definition does not apply to Chinese culture.
There's an old joke that a cop was patrolling his territory in the middle of the night when he came across a man under a streetlight staring at the ground, walking back and forth, "What are you doing?" the cop asks. and
(Laughter) I hear the term "big data" a lot these days.
For example, we don't currently know how many people are suffering from disasters and conflicts.
Once you've collected the data, of course someone unlucky has to type it into the computer.
In fact, millions is a rough estimate, and we don't know the exact number of children who die each year.
To make matters worse, the data entry part that I did as a student can take up to six months.
Thinking about it now, 1995 was a long time ago.
Digital data collection is much more efficient than paper
Around this time, my business partner, Rose, who is here today with her husband, Matthew, was doing something similar with the American Red Cross.
There are millions and tens of millions of programs, millions of hospitals needing programs to deliver medicines and vaccines.
Schools also keep track of student attendance.
Of course, they're all cloud-based and require no training.
It's cloud-based and requires no training, no programming, no consultants.
There are also additional benefits
We were able to reduce a process that took two years to complete to five minutes.
As I explained earlier, for the first few years of this work, we traveled around the world the old-fashioned way, training about 1,000 people.
thank you
(applause)
In the next 18 minutes, I will take you on a journey.
It's a journey we've been on for many years, and it began about 50 years ago, when humans took their first steps off this planet.
The Saturn system is a rich system.
This is a beautiful picture of the Andromeda Nebula. Andromeda is the largest spiral galaxy and closest to our Milky Way galaxy.
So, metaphorically, our return to Saturn is part of humanity's epic journey, an epic journey of understanding how everything that surrounds us is connected and how we exist within it. is
They range in size from a few kilometers in diameter to those that span the length of the United States.
The atmosphere is mostly made up of molecular nitrogen, the same stuff you breathe in this room, except that it contains simple organics like methane and propane-ethane.
And as these molecules break down in Titan's upper atmosphere, the resulting material combines into haze particles.
This is what we expected, especially methane and ethane molecules, which are liquids at Titan's surface temperature.
It turns out that Titan's methane is the equivalent of water on Earth.
Imagine the surface of Titan
Here's a photo of Titan lit by the sun in the background, with the rings providing a beautiful backdrop.
Cassini is equipped with tools that can see through the atmosphere to the surface, and this camera is one of those tools.
Later it turned out that this was a crater, but there aren't many craters on Titan's surface, which means the surface is still young.
It wasn't until six months into orbit that we were able to make sense of this picture, and the events that took place there were thought to be the highlights of Cassini's exploration of Titan.
For the first time in human history, a human-made device has landed in the outer solar system.
(laughter)
(applause)
(applause)
A week and a half ago, we explored Titan's north pole and discovered a feature the size of the Caspian Sea.
You'll agree that Titan is remarkable. It's mysterious, it's quirky, it's somehow Earth-like. A world as fascinating, complex and diverse as this can only be found on Titan and Earth.
So let's move on to Enceladus. It's a tiny moon, about a tenth the size of Titan.
(laughter)
In other words, we may have stumbled upon the holy grail of modern planetary exploration, or this environment may be suitable for organisms.
So far, Earth is the only planet known to be full of life.
If you've spent the 1960s, or if you haven't, I'm sure you'll remember this famous photograph taken by the Apollo 8 astronauts in 1968.
A total solar eclipse seen from the other side of Saturn
Incredibly beautiful, the ring is illuminated by the sun's rays and reflects the refracted form of the sun, and the ring is made of emissions from Enceladus.
As if that wasn't enough, in this beautiful image we see our planet, cradled in the arms of Saturn's rings.
Seeing ourselves from afar is a thrill. To capture the image of a small blue ocean planet is to see it from another world's sky.
thank you
(applause)
This is an article I saw the other day
(Laughter) But if you stop and ask a lot of people, they'll admit to having a strange obsession with clouds.
I think we should do more of that
(Laughter) You might see people sunbathing topless.
Well, let's start with this one. It's a cirrus cloud, which means curly hair in Latin.
These clouds form in mountainous areas.
When a layer of air is made up of very cold droplets of water that begin to freeze at one point, a chain reaction spreads around them, causing the ice crystals to cascade down, giving the appearance of a jellyfish with hanging tentacles.
Even more unusual are the Kelvin-Helmholtz clouds.
Of course, they're rarer than cirrus clouds, but they're not that rare.
That intuitive connection to the atmosphere feels like an antidote to me.
When you close your eyes and imagine a cloud, you probably thought of a cloud like this.
It's meaningless, it's a meaningless activity, and that's why it's a very important activity.
thank you
(applause)
you don't have to worry anymore
So I thought, let's take this idea a little further. Couldn't we make the pixels in a tangible space, not just display them, but give them substance? so you can touch and feel
thank you
(applause)
(Laughter) We discovered bluegrass music a few years ago and fell in love with it, and I hope you will too.
The guitar is played by my brother Tommy, who is 15 years old.
I'm Robbie, 14, playing fiddle.
I'd like to start with a question: Does anyone know about the blue-green algae problem?
No one wants to drink polluted water, and no one wants to swim in a blue-green algae lake.
Instead, I'm going to talk about the phosphorus crisis that's at the root of this problem.
So why use chemical fertilizers?
What do plants need to grow?
These nutrients are essential elements Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Calcium
Phosphorus is an essential substance for life, and this is the most important point.
If you're an expert in this field, you know cell communication as phosphorus-based -- phosphorylation, dephosphorylation.
Cell membranes are also phosphorus-based, and these are called phospholipids.
ATP, the energy source for all living things, is also based on phosphorus.
Above all, phosphorus is an important DNA building block, and I'm sure you're familiar with this image.
As I explained earlier, plants extract phosphorus from the soil through water.
Please think from my point of view!
I searched for a restaurant and found "Shawnee's"
So what can we do? Reduce your emissions at home
Please encourage more people to watch the movie
make it more consistent
I'm going into a hell of a field.
But Windsor has coffee shops, Internet cafes, movie theaters, bookstores.
and now resides in Bertie County.
This is a photo from when I participated in the teacher training program.
I took it to the point of putting it into practice
It is different
And that's the point of my story.
In a sacred place for indigenous people
It went bankrupt.
For them, it is an overseas event.
In particular, sports product companies have quickly cleared human rights compliance issues.
Used for various purposes
You can find everything
it is excellent
not penetrated
I asked my daughter
It's putting the cart before the horse
full of difficult problems
Why
It's a question of finding the best choice
must be based on
What was really driving history
It sounds like something I've heard before that it was a woman.
actually using the word "beauty"
Children and lovers are roughly the same
it's totally cultural
some may say
Such a sight was good
That's what happened, and now that's the rule.
let's talk about the land here
I tried to change the surrounding environment as little as possible.
but that's not all
I had it done by an expert.
should be able
as a means
I enjoy playing soccer
A car traveling at 64 km/h on a stationary object
What do you think?
What is the force of impact?
sorry 72
what about your son? don't understand
But there are three things anyone can do
From this point of view, the appropriate proposal is
i said the same thing
this is just a barren word
There are many things that can move forward
Almost no people answered office
They both mean the same thing, but there are five stages of sleep. To get a deep and effective restful sleep, you need to go through the first stage.
it must be unreasonable
Does your workplace look like this?
I'll come to see you
Can everyone interrupt work at their convenience?
let's cancel
Let's pretend it didn't happen instead of postponing it
The button on the receiving material is
this is a bar
when used at the entrance
If one of the rows of window panes is cracked
That's the fate of cracked windows
very useful idea for me
Emphasis -
"That's not true. You're not feeling well."
"I'm looking for small ingredients."
I was waiting for the compliment, but they said, "You're not hiring me to scavenge, get back to work."
Structurally strong
"Ikeike dondon"
I'm expecting
you will be eaten
(applause)
I'm here to talk about the negative side
But the internet, books,
I am looking to improve
This is why they are called oddballs
My eldest son got 9, half of the 18.
I will immediately fight back
That's not all Abraham tells us
after necessary consideration
I was able to walk from the dough to the grave with no problem.
It's been an amazing journey.
These are the footprints of Abraham
it's the core
let's talk further
there are many kinds
How?
The bugs you choose will be deliciously cooked for you.
You're not just picking it without knowing it.
It's a waste
In the case of insects, 9 kg can be harvested.
we should eat bugs
Insects are a feast
Moreover, there are many kinds and cooking methods.
It's also a matter of getting used to it.
You may think that you can't get it even if you try to eat insects.
get it
very well cooked
Boom
it was good
The picture elicits verbal associations from him.
Is the same
Let's see.
I always thought it was natural.
It's better than just serving food. You can avoid things that the customer himself asks for uselessly and has surplus.
There are also some vermicompost soils.
Please look forward to.
Basically, the restaurant I mentioned earlier is something that will impress anyone who agrees with my ideas.
Spread out... read sheet music
play as written
Strong and weak...
It's like... you'll be out of a job in less than five years
I played it according to the score, so I'll try to interpret it next time.
Even music, which is not a deep insight, understands the basics from sheet music
I asked, "Who's the teacher?"
No matter what the circumstances, I've come to accept applications, even if I don't have an arm or a leg.
In any case, it is no longer a reason for admission refusal
Depending on the hole, this strength may be sufficient
(Venue "No")
You were aware of that, weren't you?
and using accessories
did not use other parts of the body
They didn't say, "Open your legs."
And when you say "stretch your back"... I'm sure you've thought about a lot of things, and you've been stiff and you couldn't play well.
everything you can use
It's "bare"
Still it was an honor to participate
explain why
If I don't tell you, I won't know
ok i'm going back
When I scolded my son
Our family at the time
Mother, sisters etc.
Popular with girls
I was asked to come
hurry up and go
Who says you're the first
I usually lie
It's embarrassing to be a man
i was lost
i got stuck
It is men who divide people
What can a man do to make his daughter feel safe?
This is the environment I grew up in
As for the second trip,
Everyone hates the job of a guard
As expected
A petite young woman in uniform asks
You will be more impressed if you take a look
what do you think
As you can see, the midsection is decreasing for both men and women.
high class consciousness
also serious
Hannah: so
I hate people who aren't even cute
was always accessible
This is how they grow
Assigned a simple video presentation
So I prepared a room just for this work.
I asked, "Where should I go?"
Human relationships are dull
totally formulaic
It also means that you are unconscious
If you really want to expand your relationships, to your liking
move everyone
i found out to touch
Whether it be the number of people or the diversity
waited for birth
let's stop
stop and forget
Please keep an eye on where I'm working
(Experimenter) Let's get started. (Becca) Here you go.
(Male) Please
Didn't you feel that at all?
I'll ask you one last time where you're going to put it.
read the answer and let me know
The application was then completed
I am motivated! please
This idea is especially useful for products that you don't use very often.
now what is this
We spent more time with Ligadema than mother Leopard spends with Ligadema.
It seemed that he opened up to us on that day.
It's this very day that gave this leopard its name.
Surprisingly, it became a work that continues to be supported
When I photograph animals, I don't just push the limits, but I live my life without interfering in their lives.
At night, I am in a hurry and often do not sleep.
This is a video you should definitely watch
It's a very long sentence, even the author Henry James.
There's nothing wrong with that, right?
The outlook for logistics is rather bleak.
First, negotiate
1st message : please negotiate a week or two before we
would be intriguing
I lose my mind
must be evaluated
in that place
it hasn't changed
Even if the means are different, the result is the same
I am a strong friend
what do you mean
There seems to be some sort of current
"What is the problem?" "Considering from your speech
he was confident
I want to do something about it
I wanted to organize these important things in a way that everyone could understand.
(Laughter) I can't get that room to grow out of my head.
Don't you have someone to play with? It is a situation to say
And he continued, "But--home problems,
"It's not a question of whether it's hard or not."
I wanted to know what kind of response you would get
I'm drowning in debt and I'm fat
Because "this is the cause of evil"-
right?
dialogue does not exist
I know I'm not perfect, so I'll tell you the truth, and I apologize.
please tell me
someone who wants to do the right thing
that's what you need
what happened to them?
stole $50
because he's a first offender
Examples include Judge Four and Miss Dewey.
there is no single person
I am always moved when I hear this
It is difficult to say that it has been clarified yet.
Next, we examined brain activity.
I will explain about this image.
These are contrast images of the brain
It's deactivated during a performance, and I'll explain it to you.
Nurse: There's nothing in your pocket, is there?
rap oh yeah it's rap
Freestyler: ♫ I'm like [...] ♫
It doesn't matter if you like this music or not
In terms of creativity, this is just amazing.
This video is a scanner pattern
(laughter)
most people don't know the answer
So why is it so easy to overlook?
So how do you know if it's high concentration?
Anything that falls into these two categories is considered high concentration.
(Laughter) It's funny, isn't it?
I spoke with Chris on the phone
I'd like to talk about "Awsome" and share the three elements of "Awsome" and finally offer some food for thought.
Calm down and relax. Forget about being afraid of airplanes. Get to know girls.
The Dalai Lama was like a mischievous child
Both were swayed by many scams
He left the patient and headed for California.
Let us show you a new commercial in your memory
does not consist of a single unit
so as you can imagine
It looks like they are digging a road
None of these home appliances were hit products.
tie press machine
I didn't need a "stop" button.
There's a lot of horrifying stories to be found if you look into it.
this is a terrible situation
we are at a primitive point
sears ad
Thank you very much.
I was thinking
There was also a change in the distance to the surroundings
I began to doubt, thus wiping away the shame of ignorance.
May I
this is a symptom of poisoning
Boys will come home from school and say
"About video game level up
Come to my house and blow out all the windows
tell your teacher this
Are there men there?
Do you have a mother who raised a boy student?
you should face the real them
compressed if possible
I don't think parents or schools will allow anything, so we want teachers to be more open.
that you are peeling off
i want to tell you
"New settlement found"
Furthermore, "today's lifestyle
"suitable"
What if you've reached your destination?
I am damaged.
I don't like it myself.
You are being sacrificed and your life is in danger.
What about shellfish?
But the world's "green movement"
It reflects what is going on.
You may be asked this question. "Why are you working so hard?"
there may be times when you want to see
That's where the artificial noise is coming from.
It's a very useful function.
calculating
I have verified this way
data you know
(Audience ``I want to hear'')
We haven't had a war in 500 years.
one died suddenly
"calm down please
China will continue to earn sweeping respect and go its own way.
I can't understand that
to take care of one's appearance
i.e. not fear
It is an irresistible means of exchanging medical information.
You can see if it helps.
Why?
need to recognize.
(anxiety is a good motive)
I'm crazy
(It's not okay to avoid femininity or failure)
(Why do I feel like I'm being pushed all the time?) And it keeps changing.
(Look, that antenna is cool)
do the girls think
Because my relatives are always by my side
I'm no more What do you say "
everyone came running
I told my daughters
All that was left was the hot dog.
It's done.
I think that creators are limited
That's all.
I am running the wrong way.
For what we are doing now,
There was a time when I was just an ordinary person.
I've been looking for ways to use it.
The best thing about this is that it's always up-to-date, e.g.
Isn't it wonderful?
It is what is required.
outdated stats
Only simple statistical methods have been used
It's all I can do to make a star
It was a relationship-oriented one.
Do what your mother says
Has anyone done this?
Some of them must be
Was that the story? will say
(Julian) I can't help it
(Julian) We
(Julian) Wait a minute, then those people-
you will understand
(Julian) What? What will happen?
(Julian) Why? (Howard) Dad's gonna beat them up
(Julian) I guess (laughter) (Howard) I'll definitely beat him (Julian) Really?
(Julian) And you have friends.
(Julian) Hmm
It was a challenge for the cranes.
It was an existence that could not be an opponent
But the cranes ate it. By the end of the race, at the 35km mark, the cranes were in the lead pack.
the crane did not
aimed at the goal
Instead of winning, the crane gets something more precious.
From that time until now, their way of life has changed very little.
So what does that have to do with, you know, we're talking about exceptions.
Mystery number one:
Big and weak, humans don't kill anything on their own.
we are slow
Squirrel hunting will become an Olympic sport.
Finished 8th Final Mystery: Bears Run This Long Distance
What is the driving force behind running
in the scorching sun for us
Best performance for hunting
All personnel act collectively
"I'm sick of him, I can't help
I should go alone."
There should be no personal feuds to hunt cooperatively.
You have to let go of your ego, in other words the Stone Age and
Am I a bit wrong? I lost this advantage inherited from the past
It's commercial
injuries that occur while running
The strange thing is that it's unique to the present.
It's a recent connection, Geronimo said.
"Ah, my Achilles tendon hurts. I'm weak. Let's rest this week."
"I need cross-training"
So what are the benefits Burning calories from the Häagen-Dazs you ate last night?
thank you for listening
(applause)
The same goes for the call of war
i can't dance
Ambitious people in chaos
(Laughter) I was looking for options, where they were coming from and where they were going.
"group truce"
some have never believed
like a mine
amortization cigarettes
That's why I thought I had to be strong
take one more step
Those who make a distinction will be kicked out.
Next is Deco-sensei's turn.
why again? ’ I wondered and called
decided to go
I will have everyone blow it together.
Blowing is called "Feast of Beauty"
Please blow like this
Let's begin
What exactly is compassion from different perspectives?
What constitutes synonyms and meanings?
please listen for now
appearing large
No difference seen at 6-8 months of age
I've learned that extreme dark forces can overwhelm us all in the same way.
there are a lot
I made it cool
I really understood
understand?
generate income
freedom to use the car
Cities can do more
Please join us in this process
What does this brooch mean?
Perfect for TEDWomen
most of the time when i wake up in the morning
After the Gulf War I
(laughter)
and i think this is funny
I started buying a lot of brooches
How big is your collection?
now it's in a traveling exhibition
Originally in the Smithsonian Museum
(laughter)
That's a good idea, back when you were the first female secretary of state.
What was interesting was
Thanks to you, I was able to do a lot of shopping.
Even so, I was still being asked questions like that.
we are both men and women
Interestingly, the question is
(laughter)
I wanted to impress them, and I lost confidence in what I said.
But suddenly I realized
Because I represent America
I think I'm good at socializing, and I think I have the ability to do that when I need it, but my youngest grandson last year.
(laughter)
you are now frequently
I think things are changing little by little
You must have thought it was a silly problem
After all, women's issues
We specialize in these cases
It was the first time I didn't have to prepare my own lunch.
to my assistant
Countries where women were ambassadors at the time
(laughter)
It's not that it's going to get better. If anyone thinks that way, they're forgetting high school.
(laughter)
For example, he was the Finnish Foreign Minister at the time.
I hope you can understand
about a problem I have at a meeting
And when we were discussing disarmament, suddenly she
So if a group of women
we really love each other
(applause)
What should I do about it?
For this reason, in all subjects
Don't worry, you don't need to get a Ph.D.
Some angry voices said, "Hey, give me the newspaper."
Everyone is Minna, you too
10 million bacteria in one handshake
You can't escape Mockingbird
But if you do this to me, I think I'm weird.
At first glance, the surgery seems to have gone well.
Because I want to change to something else
I got shot
The face transplant option is of great value.
I am not satisfied with the current situation.
Also, you can't get enough detailed information on a mobile phone.
That is correct
Let's move on to popular topics.
What would happen then?
Man, engineering, intelligence, and ability
It's the same as the Diet, there's not even a shred of intelligence
There's nothing wrong with that, right?
Enough! "
of course like this
no one can avoid
as no one"
If you read the waves, there is no one who will be on the right
If you think that you should protect yourself by yourself, you will be worried about the future.
cutting edge field
Let's fix it."
I shouldn't have reacted like this.
I don't need violence anymore
on facebook or twitter
If writing is found
intelligence agency
subject to arrest
on this
leave that
face the people you meet on the street
this is self-confidence
How to paste a portrait
no one can answer
that's fine
From that day on, I was accepted by Fabera.
from a distance by helicopter
Let me tell you, I don't have a guide anywhere I go.
India is
But yesterday, I got a call from the city saying, "It's being misidentified as an advertisement.
because it teaches you what to say
and was released
What about your income?
result in great inconvenience
It is deception by skillful behind-the-scenes operation
I pointed out that it was full of behind-the-scenes operations
I should have found a way
take a loan
There's a thorough numerical analysis inside and outside the company, and the amount of IQ involved is absolutely staggering.
this is not enough
It's no good to say things like "I can't support you."
Although this is so
wait a minute
No problem
i think i'm cool
They appreciated me regenerated more than me alive.
it's a group
Learning tasks are lined up on the side
(standing ovation)
Conservatives are gone
Ships as soon as an order is placed
I would also like to see more control options so that I can decide what gets deleted and what doesn't.
great success
son is early
Let me show you how
it's a red line
I shoot like this everywhere
not unidirectional
my son won't open his mouth
"I was only five years old
Please pay attention, this is a mess-
"Okay"
I end up in this state
That experience made me feel emotionally weird.
"Do something else!"
As soon as my baby was born, I started studying Chinese.
I just want you to go somewhere
not very good
decide what to engrave
It's called talking back
I'm childish
is the curvature of space
Einstein next week
anyway such
well of course then
It's very quiet.
I'm trembling
It's a sound you can't hear
We have life here on Earth
What is new technology
think more carefully
"What happened and what will happen in five minutes?"
The cause of this story and suspense is
There was a story that I could relate to in many ways.
I already know
I'm so cruel
It's funny, isn't it?
'Cause tomorrow you're gonna die
Well, I can't heal, but
There's nothing like writing a poem,' he says.
I'm trying to find out what's missing
In fact, water has no emotions at all.
I had to analyze the world's energy consumption.
This one
But here we don't use one of each.
a washing machine is desired
Who is doing that?
This may be the etymology of the phrase "hold the vital points".
to say the least
Amanda Boxtel: Thank you
The lyrics are various in Armenian, Russian,
(singing) (singing)
I turned on the light.
Now here,
It's versatile.
It required complex joint movements in the hyena's front legs.
that distinguishes
Then
Two puppeteers enter
I also made a box for packing the model.
stop
That's why I turned my back on you
everyone already admits
I am a very successful person
abruptly
I ran 220,000 km
wow
Are you serious?
It was a very relaxing scene.
there were a lot of applications
(applause)
Flour clay with lots of salt
so together
use this time
there is little grace
A graceful landing while twisting and rotating the body
I learned that relationships are the pillars that hold a unit together.
never feel like me
what are their benefits
this is the first component
It's more serious than you can imagine
I think
I didn't want anyone involved
Here is an overview
If you can help these companies, I should be fine
MS: What are the results?
the two live together very well
an extrovert? Exciting person?
What was the result? at this point?
They said
then what are you doing
After that, it was recognized everywhere.
All funds are self-funded
To explain
I can only see the other side of my hand vaguely
at all
airports are terrible
Leaving a job means losing
asked if i like my job
I'm at a loss for words
I didn't even know how to answer
would have been considered reckless
It's a course that I understand
Feeling pessimistic about the future
was circling in my heart
I'm good looking
Newspaper news
finally on the way
For example, last week's "Now" magazine
Here's an article about one-sided theater
understand?
It's not something that ends in a flash, it's something that lasts a lifetime
is to start
good behavior for children
change the electoral system
Gently push away the overflowing emotions and thoughts
let's grow
lots of gold
I didn't get paid, so it was a financial sacrifice.
(Laughter)
writing good stuff
I am a doctor who performed a liver transplant.
There may have been colleagues who worked with restraint, but no one was unaffected.
Then, "Learning what you can't see?
How on earth? is asked
My answer is "to self-populate"
In America people can barely survive
I don't even know why we are poor
Far from improving even if you revolt
It is to feel and think in another person's position or situation.
i wish you a good life
normal people everywhere
Now to ordinary Iraqi Muslims,
there are some
Because everybody wants Iraqi oil.
But it's Iraqi oil
someone owns the oil
How is that possible?
Why did they turn to oil?
benefit from oil
because the country is poor
The difference between the lives of people who have taken their resources and what's going on around you, and Americans don't talk about it.
All Iraqis, without exception, are in dire straits.
what do you do?
But sometimes I get caught, strangely enough
But I also do terrible things
He believes Christ is the only true God
But you know what holy war means
It's laughable nonsense
But you can't laugh it off because all the information
Because it fits perfectly, and I understand that this is the American way.
So not just Iraqis, but the whole Middle East
am a christian
None other than that."
Ordinary American Christians
All Christians look the same to you
the internet is everything
"Christian Soldier Training Center"
"What the hell is that?"
familiar to Americans
when Iraqis see them
as seen by Americans
This is how Americans see it
talking too much
most Iraqis are different
we are in america
look at the woman in this photo
It's a world ruled by China 100 years ago.
This time with American soldiers
May I? Please follow me next time is very difficult
I actually killed
Do you think so?
can make it, right
Become a rebel soldier next time
Is it difficult?
because it is the hardest to imagine
Because it's the most difficult person to "sympathize" with
Become able to empathize and understand any situation
He introduced me.
that's what i use now
Not the wrath of Mr. Jean Polo,
is in the repertoire
To elaborate,
Here the children themselves
i just make the game easier
I wanted my child to be so immersed in it
i hope it happens
Now let's take a look at the following paper: "The President of the Royal Society
Anxiety attacks me
It's the only seat where you can talk to the flight attendants
Silence envelops the cabin
My priority now is
I clearly noticed
It has increased considerably
new species come and go
not really safe
It also lacks an underlying sense of quantity.
inexperienced
not immutable
Replacing light bulbs
I have completely mastered how to use it
we are 80 years old
Delegate decision-making to others
This only works if you entrust it to someone you trust
we live in a world of science and technology
(applause)
I have hardened
it is a matter of course
so to speak, the user
I am a seeker
this is a natural shell
In the periodic table handed out to freshmen at MIT every year,
Let me give you an example
The only thing I know is the line
Expanding this
can be expanded to see
Completion of the connecting device
Only the number is quite necessary
It becomes a check valve
An experienced science teacher jumped at the textbook,
cannot be disassembled
I helped those victims
It's certainly rare
But we are completely restless
Various expressions are possible
Even these things are possible
How to make
Since you can generate as many as you need
It doesn't matter if you just admire
You might say, "Things naturally homogenize."
It wasn't just swelling
What if so?
If there are no pollinators, there will be no humans.
It will weaken.”
What happens then?
I become less conscious
There's a seal on the ice that fell into the sea
I was a little far
I'm saying "Woooooooooo"
curious and proactive
i hadn't seen it yet
This is what the leopard seal did first.
How does this actually work?
Moreover, it integrates with the organization
People who smile more than 20 times a day
I've been here for a year and a half
Enjoy from anywhere
click to enlarge
There are various kinds of metadata about paintings.
I want to see more
How is your writing?
Not as much as Feynman, but pretty selfish.
I feel like I've gotten smarter
was using
What would you say about the heart?
I beat it
Surprisingly, the two philosophers were excited
one day french
I tried
I asked around fellow physicists who I thought were brilliant.
Russian physics mathematician put up
People have tried it, one loop diagram can be calculated, no worries
I see a lot of static partons
stationary
How can Feynman be honored?
How should I praise you?
and got the same result
Shining now
Here are some examples of how these can be used successfully
What should I do?
when the bridge opens and closes
here is the shortened version
to capture information instead
Also, in terms of cost, a building the size of a soccer field
The video shows the head of the UK Trade and Investment Department.
okay don't do that
I know the reason why it glows
The same thing happens over and over again
This squid is a little thoughtful
thinking about what is different
you think
Please look
thx
but it's not over
It also included some great drawings
You can see that there was a gap between willingness and contribution
Showing individual works
was writing software
we decided to try
Let's play with control.
I was left with the aftereffects of paralysis.
I first started dosing
It started from a more personal starting point.
became my main theme
this is part of the actual work
Conveying politics with fables and inviting emotions
appealing
A man and a woman were together.
I am very critical. However, non-Muslims living in the same land and
I have become a role model.
sure thing
What can I do for Ali?
Fluke (fluke)?
So it means nothing to Ali.
it's horrible
what is our highest good
In spreading education and technology, we
Standing in line for just a moment
the rest of the time i'm away
I wonder?
this is for everyone
Clothes that you want to look cool should be able to look cool
Or do you want to stop collecting data?
people who don't collect
Some people have just thought of this
I pursued what is "right"
End Gokuro-sama
was able to announce
but in reality it was different
I thought my DNA was destroyed.
It was a hit, cells and blood vessels
Successful sample collection
got a good one
It decomposes quickly and was not found at all.
you won't be satisfied
establish the method
by using
I know it will fade away
I can feel my full presence now
A breath of fresh air into my life
Commonly called hermaphroditism
there are various states
aristocratic lineage
Now, how can we make the personality problem viable?
How am I supposed to avoid that scope?
Compare, if you're a radiologist
other fast growing
For example, I made the world of the movie "Micro-Desperate Zone" a reality.
Let's move on to the story of the sharp price drop.
maybe next year it will be $1000
(Laughter) It was just a ferry.
But plankton don't hold onto their roots.
Words corresponding to "business" and "plan"
So they performed the "burial dance"
executed
Recognized as the lowest in the EU
What would happen if this dynamic collapsed?
Billy
i will leave my baby with my grandmother
you all think
"Steve, what a stupid idea.
It's a bear playing
What is the most larval reproduction animal?
stark
Our profits are at the breaking point
"This much? This little bit?"
but the main purpose
I wanted children to feel freedom as something inside their bodies that no one can take away. Did
most people say it's a dark word
.
Zyprexa (an atypical antipsychotic) OK? yeah?
in a clean place
(Sergey) What?
With this you can easily grasp
Not much searching in this area
It shows how you send data
Start on the left
did not catch fire
do you understand?
(Sergei) Someone answered
Orchid is our engineer
This is how we create various services.
Here's what Orchid made
So - what is this slide?
Googlette launches the service with about 3 people
ok please try
Then the related word is "lowest guy"
Is this place?
Or is it about this?
It's like a bill of lading
because the letters have not been deciphered
The charm is the Indus script
just think about it
Who thinks it's right to left?
It looks like you packed the characters
as you can see
Please try it
Did you do it?
This made my blood boil
You may ask, "What happened to that?"
I heard you talk
Learn more about e-Patient Movement
right
As interleukins become more widely used, we may find more uses for them.
The data has been blocked.
I can't import my data
But that diagnosis is not the goal
Let's not talk about the lawsuits and fights, shall we?
has changed
but i don't get it
This is a diagram called a section model.
We have done all the details
You all watch dramas like CSI, right?
really big
It's a tricky flower
they give nothing to insects
this flower
Jump into this flower, crawl inside
The place to set the aim is clear at a glance
It's an impossible number.
There is absolutely no difference in appearance before and after the test.
I would like to know a little more about one thing
Helps restore hearing
that is, the first generation
What other features do you have?
The heartbeat continues even after a week
When you go back to England, you'll think you're a different person.
This is what it means
While we're talking like this
Introduce these movements
3 species is like nothing
This is the graph I made
Are you saying that's normal?
conducted a clinical trial
Cochrane silences everyone
But this was long overdue
Needless to say, the revolution
will it break up
encouraged me
our views and activities
even when working outside
Are there any inconvenient articles?
that's me
I just don't do it
it can't be helped
I'm riding the wave of the times
Yoshito
Where did this virus come from?
over here
then he
Or a look you admire? Ideal situation?
my background is not suitable
got the answer
On the other hand
No wonder it turned out like this
I let you do what you should
I know everything about that unprofessional behavior.
When asked, "How are you feeling?"
Is there anything wrong with that?
it means to wake up
I prepared something that allows you to see the inside
to fold the wings up and down
divide this into two
They treated us wonderfully.
It's boring and optimistic.
what should i do
We stand behind the disposal of Bosnian war criminals and the return of refugees.
thx. thx.
So you get into a difficult situation.
Even if you try, you will end up in trouble.
urbanization is the cause
Globally, urbanization passed 50 percent a few years ago.
nothing is immune
These are my colleagues who are doing research together.
i need to be able to make
What does this mean
is scalable
This in itself is not surprising
I repeat, do you understand
The results are the same whether you use sales or any other index.
Is it okay if I reveal my secret here?
I was told, "No, absolutely not."
But gradually it turns into a powerful step
You will benefit from participating
Belief, often resulting in tragedy
sorry
i was told i was just pushing
on this issue we
What is the reason for working
can't make up
Many people want to solve hunger
The phenomenon of famine is obsolete.
how about actually
Can I go to the store and pick from a shelf of nutrition bars to fill the gap?
Unable to perform required action
If you ask me if there's anything I can do to help
It is different
Soaring food prices in 2008
handed out cards
What's this
please say it's not allowed
It's not about everyone at the venue
(noisy) At a cocktail party like this
The next technique is Cancellig
That's not all. Sound governs space.
Why did you say that?
there are many reasons
This is how I stop listening to people.
Prefer short excerpts
Loss of this ability is not trivial, it's a serious problem.
please listen carefully
nice rhythm
how is the volume of this
use
The one on the screen is just an example of position and scale.
I'm not asking you to be like me
why don't you tell me it's funny
what happened
can be used
what would you need
"This must have some seed."
But when you look at it like this --
and utility --
you must be invisible
So it tells the background and causes of language acquisition and the uniqueness of language to humans.
because it's a chimpanzee
you can improve it
let's assume it is
I'm starting over. This time, I'm going to visit a man I can talk to.
As people diverge
3-4 km is an exaggeration."
Technology and gene flow
it will stagnate
Standardization should still be lurking in your daily life.
prayer went through
what are the signs of failure
Cortical toxicity is a problem
Cortical poisoning is a matter of kind
quantity is not the solution
I'm just warning you
life imprisonment
Only my brother can treat me as I am
You can't help but notice Who's sitting there waiting to see the judge?
what does it look like?
(Recorded) Man: Mostly African American like me
Schleibel: Yes, but many black men
that's what the experiment is about
as one of them
I categorically object to this
At that time I was far away from the local
I was moved by the fact that everyone voluntarily
I rushed there
the sea was clean
By the way, "Oiled birds will die anyway, so they should be euthanized."
Was Gauss' opinion correct?
Shall I teach you?
Launching is just a process
It was incredible to work
"London Olympics is about a ceasefire," he said.
If you go over there
Shutter town, how do I do this?
Maintaining good regional relations
do you know where?
This is "Moonlight"
what should we do? "said
"Is there something wrong?"
I certainly thought so
In the end, I decided to change groups and try again.
Because I close my eyes when I have an advantage
Well-meaningly distorted experimental methods
the result was exactly
the other is for the input of the previously installed part
that mercy is uplifting.
the rating would be low
It has been found that out of misfortune is born
Machines suffered the same fate as humans.
I wanted to raise my voice
And what other features would it have?
The answer, of course, is M.I.C.E.
I'm trying to survive
Let's put this story in perspective
Defining Life is a Conundrum
thx
This is a very good and easy way
You can feel the sun in your room
Failure to respect individual property rights
this is too tragic
It is said that everyone hit
thank you
Is it ironic that you were targeted?
No, I want you to refrain from it a little anyway
Admittedly not very organized yet
It was getting out of hand
and what impact
Discharged from the hospital
nobody is there
genome is fine
What if, at that time, you forced other candidates to come forward?
This kind of thing has increased It's all about pleasant programs
what is the first place
This means it was a big hit for us.
What kind of program was there?
In industry terms, pay attention to the batten
In the beginning there was no difference
and system
really captures the essence
Here are the 6 apps that created the 'great disparity'
Comparable
Compare that value to the actual observed value
because I thought
(Graph of "Ugar^n!") (Laughter) There's no need to explain.
Said I didn't need it
This is in Mumbasa, Kenya
has existed since time immemorial
Rather my best friend
It's not that I don't like cutting-edge technology
We also use these techniques
I even gave the data a name
i patient
It's a formidable opponent anyway.
I found it completely useless
It's the same thing again
the disease exists
10 schools this year
Students who didn't feel well at school
Then the Ghana of those days came back
Some people have been treated badly
they were singing
I realized "They are the subject"
In this way, by peaceful means, a democratic nation
I saw the possibility of building a country
What if it went well?
The paper is in the midst of a bizarre and philosophical project.
Coffee can cause and prevent cancer
you'll know when you start reading
Focus on intelligent SM activities
The basis for believing something is questioned whether something is good or bad for health.
(Laughter) He's the type of person you'd find anywhere, on television as a diet expert.
You should eat more green leafy vegetables
The Daily Telegraph headlines that a daily glass of red wine prevents breast cancer.
Looking for the original paper, it is indeed
(smile)
The performance and behavior of ordinary children
It has shown effectiveness and will do so again this time.”
This is a point to watch out for
Please answer even if you are not a medical trial professional
A comparison target for a new drug
What do you mean
To know if a treatment really works
Collect points like this
There's no small negative trial that should be down here on the left.
Really bad story
I can't find any flaws
Unfortunately, the results of many clinical trials
i found out i was lying down
it doesn't stop there
But drug companies don't publish data
The important thing was the fact that the percentage of progress was shown there.
and disgusting
Is that an exaggeration?
What do you think? May I?
(Laughter) But the fact that I was bullying
nobody knows
i used to call it
What so?
everyone hates people
the case is still unsolved
in Europe and other countries
Actually, this is not a living thing, but a crystal.
it is of course
Because computer viruses don't evolve on their own.
let me explain a little bit
I got a graph like this
But there will always be characteristics, whether the content is political or scientific.
Except for the 20 amino acids that make up proteins, no other amino acids appear at all.
So this is also a distinct feature
The result is something like this: nothing happens at first
Mutation rate is still too high
results in a featureless distribution
from this experiment
Please remember this for today. Life on other planets
this is what i wanted to say
What are the drawbacks?
Where do I start?
You have to make sure you have enough space to live
From 84 tsubo to 56 tsubo From 42 tsubo to 28 tsubo
Our products can be reused
trying to make up
the orchestra won't answer
they really create music
can you do it?
Otherwise there will be no tea
What is the relevance?
It's the Christine Regal Institute.
[Boy] Huh?
this is also bad
[Boy] I see.
This creature can test 5 hypotheses in 2 minutes.
Right
I have a request
It's actually a picture like this Is it okay?
The same result was obtained for half face and whole face
A design that excites
I have to do something
Notice the change?
is it good? yes
It is different
is different from
7% of national revenue
Billions of dollars in damage
"Look, I'm only using one rule.
"For the sake of one's own desires, everyone
this is the essence of lies
Until now, I've been tossed by lies
Because when you lie, you use the same mistakes and the same techniques.
I'm going to show you the scene of the lie. Can you spot the lie?
I'm leaking secrets with my fingertips
Now let's take a look at the scene of the lie
Passionately willing to find the truth
try to help
Edward: No, I'm the only one.
this is the look of contempt
All day long, I'm acting suspiciously
Lectures are good, so show them."
it's really like that now
nothing broken
I came back and asked, "What happened to all this electricity?"
"What happened to this electricity?"
listen to them
there will be something to do
Have you ever analyzed the stages of a conversation?
Many people only know me from the Palm and Handspring days.
These are some of the products I've made over the last 20 years.
The best themes, neurons, development, disease, vision, etc.
You may feel that brain research is progressing quite a bit, but
he doesn't say there is no theory
I don't know where to start thinking, that is
no theoretical framework
So to speak, it's the pre-paradigm era of Thomas Kuhn.
I was very disappointed, but
The same can be said for all mammals
(smile)
Yes, always. Now let's finally think about how to measure intelligence
And next to this framework is theorist
Unlike memory,
What does this bring?
I thought I could do calculators and traffic light control devices, but
I didn't expect mobile phones and the Internet to be able to do amazing things.
Similarly, brain science and memory, as I just talked about,
You must have seen an article dealing with tensions between the United States and China.
this never existed
Simple inconvenience of course
I have social problems
Missing hands means disability
There are two types of prosthetic hands
not only this muscle
There are various types like this
Even if you increase the function, there is no control method
How should I operate?
This is funny
Simultaneous contractions are not troublesome
what do you think
It's the arm attached with the equipment
Even if you don't work for some reason, train again
very smoothly
Close to the surface of the skin
For example, solving more skin surface problems to get a better signal.
Like putting less stuff on your skin to get sensory feedback.
Finally, I'd like to talk about the difficulties we experienced yesterday with prosthetic hands.
I couldn't handle all of them, including Dr. Simon.
Combined these elements into one metric
Includes all possible elements
For example, this "credit rate" is simply
I thought about it carefully
thx
No matter how you look at Norden
was a swiss engineer
that's exactly what
The factory was three square kilometers in size.
What do you think of the results?
treatment in Boston
consent was obtained
We also published the synthesis method
There were actually some twists and turns
"City of Modesty"
"City of bliss"
remove from display
If many people ask me
I'm glad there's a record, blond hair
Our warehouse is in Tampa, Florida.
"I understand"
You say that all the time."
The FBI looked embarrassed
"What you need is a destination, not endless questioning based on clues."
"Everyone at the FBI
There's nothing suspicious here."
That's how I'm contacting you."
keep contacting me like this
This is how we launched the site
As for the beginning
If the FBI wants to keep an eye on me, rather
What else would the FBI want to know?
Information like this
don't hide everything
In this way, a huge number of photographs
database was created
For example
I have to use a little deduction
I would say it's rather tough.
What if all information is public?
I have to organize
These individual activities are nothing more than performances.
why did you access
I'm used to it
I feel like it's part of my life
I'll do the rest over there
At least I know where you're gone
But it's silly, but it's verifiable.
Decide on a subject first
i think that's good
When I told the man, "That's amazing. He wants to thank you a lot."
This is credit fraud, a scam man's trick. I was a dupe.
When I looked it up, my lover and—
to research
Limited places to live
how do i find out
Luckily, the ocean sunfish won't notice if you tag it like this.
i feel like i was writing
I want to observe in Monterrey too
not what we observed
that's the action zone
allowed me to exceed
brave
How do you feel?
Here are some great words
no match
this has a strong meaning
Even for work colleagues
pull
Did you hear that? don't go
No shards of life to be found, nothing happens when it's done.
drop a few drops of this oil
Does not respond to BGM
The next work is "Invisible Man"
The next work is "Hikage"
colleague releases upside down human
vertical, standing, etc.
save and process
Hit
trace on screen
This is an image of the cutting being performed on the slide glass.
No information about its active site
You can also use this map to get information about active sites,
the difference is only slight
Let's call this the front line
This woman is the main character of the video
didn't realize it was being filmed
On the Line 6 subway train in New York City
This is the first stop on the line
a Danish man
The woman goes back to the book, by the way, the title is "Rape."
(smile)
They and the woman will make eye contact, so please watch
A total of seven unidentified men boarded in their underwear.
people participated (laughter)
One day I was walking down Union Square
But now I know why, my friend behind the display
I bet you could dance in public
That's where I got the idea
done without permission
get me to jump
I was asked to lie down on the floor.
so that's the video
this was in 2005
This is New York City's Best Buy
There were many people who tried to bring me
wearing a yellow or black shirt
Changed at 53rd Street
Watching football at the stadium
it's just fun to play
This is the meaning of Improv Everywhere
I don't think I have a chance.
Something like two ropes
Look at your growing body
The first difficulty is deploying the wings.
cross the strait
It's landing
there is only me
carrying
I can only imagine how dangerous it is
as it starts to rotate
(That's what I heard)
I don't know... (laughs) I might not like it, but... (laughs)
Do I look cute? it doesn't look like that
just joined to one of them
Please let me organize the story up to this point.
When you're free to mess around
so are you
Everest and K2 (Mountain)
Let's keep it together Let's think about it
here
there is no such destructive power
What are you going to do? You know the asteroid Apophis?
landing on a spinning asteroid
We are Aeon Drive
Dinosaurs became extinct in a meteorite
I didn't want to fold the normal way, so I decided to fold paper.
"Good and bad? What's the matter?
I want to understand the very concept of "delinquency"
What the hell is this?
What separates good from evil?
what is evil? I-
Developed the basic physical strength of philosophy
I learned a lot about metaphysical absurdity. (Laughter)
Now it's "drinkers forever"
So it's ok, it's okay to be wrong.
Shall I show you?
I could have done better on my own.
I was wondering
I asked
This is on a NASA satellite image
It's a superimposition of all the roads in the United States.
I'm surprised that it's been so popular
Mr. Brace, you really did a great job.
You shouldn't lower it, let me show you
It's the most precarious entity we know of.
search on the internet
He's one of the most endangered artists, and he's injured a lot, and because of the health care system, he's healing slowly.
don't you
Doctor: Then what?
Doctor: How are you going to dodge your little sister?
please listen
I'll try running it
let's listen
I no longer look back
If you want to do everything
I want to teach you
December 15, 2010
On the other hand, the new elements in the power of the modern people
And then the revolution happened
A spontaneous non-violent revolution
next story
We were watching it at a nearby cafe
The highlight of the event is not
We were just watching from a distant cafe
The police can't arrest us or find us.
Because I'm a person who thinks of myself too rigidly
Everyone wants to know about the future of the Arab world
After all, everyone is like that, isn't it?
Well, one of the inventors, it's called a CAPTCHA.
The purpose of this is that you are typing
Then I felt sorry
That's because the input for CAPTCHA is
i thought i couldn't use it
what do you mean
In other words
There are various book digitization projects
Google does it, the Internet Archive does it.
Amazon is now digitizing books on the Kindle.
To do that, first pick up an old book...
It's something like this...
Then the words in the image
I don't know the correct answer, so I don't know if the user's input is correct
The system was released three or four years ago.
For example, one time the word "Christian" came up.
There's nothing wrong with this per se
When combined with another randomly chosen word
first
what to do
this is how to play
The reason is that in the pre-internet era,
It's not public, so please keep it confidential
(smile)
To graduate student Severin Hacker
By the way, you didn't hear me wrong.
English is a big part
If you don't know English, you can't access that information.
But there are also many parts in other languages
The problem is that the precision is insufficient.
I need someone to translate the whole web
If you want to translate the remaining 80% into Spanish
So what we are trying to do is
As soon as I started thinking about translating the web, I ran into these two problems, and then I was able to solve both problems at the same time.
Turn translation into something that millions of people want to do
For example, only in America
And not only can you improve as well
I am combining
(applause)
I'm the only one talking here
Now, don't laugh, I'm serious.
Threads of small pituitary glands are used for nests
And it's the magnolia gland that has received the most research.
Includes both nesting and non-nesting species
There is a model in the experimental tank
No damage other than the treated area
What can we do in this field? and
I never thought I would play here
(music) When Chris hits the "fa" sound...
Next time I hit "mi"...
During the performance, Chris
Add the missing sound
Now I want to react to the cacophony
(music) Listen to Chris
let me tell you it's a very special experience
Yes
Good example of confusion
Let's go ichi nino san hai
Even if you can't see it, at least whatever your success is, it's a big deal Even if you can't see it, at least your success is a big deal
So work with the same tension
Worman: No, what is he?
(Laughter) Okay, let's talk about Caesar.
or something
This is to polish myself up and show
Gary: yeah that
Gary: Yeah same as now
All I want to say is "So what?"
What did I contribute?
Bilbao reminds me of this
Everything was a scenery that competed for beauty
can i have a minute?
It's hard.
Humans have changed.
I recovered
what should i do with this?
I don't know yet if I actually removed all of them.
It's a story that happens often
there is nothing peculiar
there is no peculiarity at all
Although
I will explain
These values ​​are completely off-the-books
Mother Nature does not make these claims
I have to change
A few friends and I agree that this growth is for society
Calculated environmental costs
We calculated the environmental costs to keep it under control."
Inflation due to oversupply
it doesn't work
Next is a trick to get closer to the real thing
But now I'm in this room
With no hair and wearing hospital clothes,
I was wearing tennis shoes that someone gave me.
This is the most important thing,” he said.
It was about figuring out what to do. i'm like a normal human
It was so hard.
So go around it and
Directly with a felt-tip pen
It was like a tailwind was blowing
But believe me — I have a little in common with Dr. Evil.
do you understand?
nice one?
(Theme from 2001: A Space Odyssey) (Applause) [Today's summary] [Increasing access to food that is good for people and the planet is] [the biggest challenge we face] [home gardens? It will be a key part of the solution] [will represent a cost-effective investment] [Everyone has a role to play in the activity and promotion of home gardening] [Let's get to work! ] (Applause and cheers) Thank you very much Thank you everyone
Anyway I have this structure
Finally, a good question: what is it good for?
What is the use of studying the structure of the brainstem, cerebral cortex, and consciousness? What is the use of studying the structure of the brainstem, cerebral cortex, and consciousness?
this is for blindness
people suffering from blindness
retinal conditions such as macular degeneration
This is roughly where
Let's also comment on the conventional method
please switch
Remove from the wall when using
"Let's start rehearsals now.
I thought it was over," and untied the rope. Then Odysseus became furious
I grabbed the first mate by the collar.
I was beaten mercilessly.
An example is this psychology that makes you want to approach Siren.
So why do we need a backwater formation?
I can't afford to hire a lawyer now.
Before, I didn't know about the backwater formation yet, but I personally made the backwater formation.
LOL The backwater formation can be used like this.
I think they felt anew that they don't want things to turn out like this in the future, and their determination to invest in the future has strengthened.
It's not a safe place here."
Nazimuddin said, "Please, I'm sorry.
You may have a boss here.
Suddenly two guerrilla legions
and too strict
Nazimuddin is Ittetsu
Productivity gains were real
Therefore
This policy
new patients benefit
It's true. It's a quick thing to learn.
He looks like Ted Kaczynski
and this is a picture of that time
I'm sorry
All laboratory values ​​were improving
That's why I gave up on health law
it's future-proof
and this future
I didn't expect this. I've been depressed for a long time.
oh my god
genetics also come into play
(Laughter) I'm not good at stairs either.
How should I spend my time from now on?
that's what i wanted to know
People think about those days, both the other person and themselves
He's an executive and he's the hero of his own life.
but often
What so?
all ministries are involved
I tried to involve others as much as possible.
Prove every time, "We're not right." Well, part of this work didn't work.
And another sent me a six-word theory: "Ebay and Amazon don't sell wholesomeness."
Summarize all the food talk
Start with 1,000 TED Talks
I paid 25 cents this time
"Rumble" leads to freedom and confidence, and "rumble" can also make use of various strengths.
Let's take a step back and say, "What's the point?"
A military victory is possible."
You can leave your seat at any time
This movement will continue
Why it's a paradox?
you thought
And when you're faced with a lot of difficult personal decisions and uncertainties about which breast reconstruction surgery to have.
The job was to give me routine and stability.
they ask to take time off and focus on healing
But still, when you ask me for a job or set a deadline,
I remember everyone's hesitant voices
returned to metaphase
The kinetochore is a system of signaling.
fine and precise movements
exactly as pictured
I am socially abandoned
where will they play?
where is the otaku oke? "
Do you understand?
the whole religion
It's easy to cut and throw away like that
It's interesting to think that you're coming
i think it's not salvation
need help
the human head is like a colander
How do you feel when you hear this?
i am totally against
It's a great organization
I don't know if he'll come (Botton: Absolutely)
need to reach the stage
So this is kind of—
bjorn sandeen
It's a certificate authority, no, it was a certificate authority, because it was hacked.
break into your internet connection
"Online Piracy Prevention Bill"
what a story
freedom of recording was granted
After the United States, we will do it in the world
It's just that the planogram is reduced
people often say
just listen
my attention is
how aggressive the customer is
I'm in trouble
That sonar sound was like
this was useless
that's the string
"It's likely to be cut anyway
maybe i can do something
Jeff unlocked customer obsessions about programming skills.
a little too much
Tired of—
there is no such thing
Third: Is it playable?
Why did so many people visit?
It is a kind called Kabuda Sakkenso
may differ significantly
becoming a reality
This delicacy is a masterpiece
We're getting to the point where 3D printers are inevitable.
Everything is made right in front of your eyes
but right now this
this is just completed
That's it
body size varies
It's different when it comes to swimming.
this is annoying
I was ready
I feel like I'm left in my own world
Is there an end to the universe?
and jerking
when it bites
"So what does Auntie need?
Transatlantic?
it doesn't
my goal is one
no but good news
It's getting better to 20% 5 minutes 7 rins—
was my job
Then the voice stopped
I also have this problem
I spend a lot of time getting stuck in different ways,
I am distracted by many tools
to know yourself
I think you can, and today I'm going to show you how.
Not made for demo
According to her, business has long been isolated from the international community.
Beginning with Narcissa
I am at a loss for words in amazement
First, the number of women entrepreneurs is more than exceptional, and their importance cannot be ignored.
It's so cute." I didn't know anyone who went to business school.
just reach out and receive
Scan product and add to cart
It's easy to see when you look around.
it's right in front of me
why why is there less violence
joined our clinical trial
My poor sister's little head being manipulated
I started crying and told my parents to stop playing
If you get below average on this curve
Positive psychology points out that
so everyone
A lot of the news is about murder, corruption, disease and natural disasters.
wake up
Two weeks later, I got a military scholarship and was admitted.
Suddenly the impossibility became a reality
When I got into Harvard, everyone else took it as an honor.
People are having fun.
Wednesday night is an "eating disorder"
Friday night, it's either 'dangerous sex' or 'happy'
to be healthy
First, every time you succeed, your brain does
But our brains work in the opposite order.
practically any work result
found to improve the positive state of the brain
If only I could be positive about the current situation
We've found a way to train for 21 days to do what you can do in just two and a half minutes.
We fall into trying to do multiple tasks at the same time
Every time I open my mail software, I feel admiration and gratitude for someone who supports me Every time I open my mail software, I feel admiration and gratitude for someone who supports me
jaan this is it
No change other than air intake
Can it be used on site?
It's nothing new to think of technological progress exponentially.
I don't understand anything
actually not
I say, "Computer."
"Please re-evaluate"
I can't even explain to you
For most people this is natural
Didn't fit perfectly
continue the conversation
It is a case of saying
show what is happening
They don't accept it, they want to stay in the status quo, so they meet resistance.
That's why you should go back and forth
Like a yacht—
It's as if the air has disappeared from the hall.
I think it's too small to read
I quote a lot
but, I
In political terms, this method is called a “lottery system.”
The question is, "Will it improve?"
What's going on?
there is a case
Is that true of humans too?
about art me
Western Europe itself and its works
Instead of just taking
why do i have to roll
ask for help
How did the new students receive it?
do it or be done
No problem, let's talk about dinosaurs.
collecting dinosaur fossils
was trying to dig
and i found out a few things
Animals of this species are basically
No crest yet this is interesting
This is the reason why everyone misunderstands
very important
(applause)
A lump with no gaps
What is the origin of this name? it's a dragon
on the head of this dinosaur
the same can be said
I can understand why, because I wanted a big dinosaur.
Every museum had a big display, so we collected a lot of fossils.
Baby fossils look a lot like sponges
When it becomes a subadult, it becomes more like a sponge
This is Edmontosaurus
(Laughter)
Does it overlap with other things you have?
And the next day, while queuing for admission procedures
everyone started laughing
Since that day four years ago
i'm not talking to you
you're making someone's life better
thought
picture?
how well
I'm taking an oath
So what are the conditions for a happy ending?
This result is normal
Well, here's how the karakuri works
I'm in trouble, but I didn't read after the headline.
Isn't it actually the exact opposite?
No one wants us to succeed more than they do.
(applause)
I thought
I couldn't think of anything else
and sue
Guys, how do you do
it can't be
that's the theme for today
please stop saying nice things
Search is fine
you must
there is no reason
I can't be motivated to do it!
Because I don't do it myself Never
It's dangerous to fantasize
If you were impressed by the lecture and would like to ask
I'm going to ask
Thank you.
What's wrong with you? "
this is the warning
Nonsense can be truncated
image changed
I was able
I'm getting motivated
Besides fast food restaurants
You can also see the location information of the gas station
Now you can find out where AEDs save lives that no one knew about!
I see?
Basking sharks grow up to 10 meters
We're lucky enough to have a lot of basking sharks in Ireland.
Probably 5-6 people each year
No one knows why, but I hope no one here is from Tory, Tory is a wonderful place.
But more than that, island-wide
I am worried
The basking shark environment presents an excellent opportunity to study basking sharks.
What we've been doing for the last few years, and one of the biggest changes last year was
let me show you what it was like
So we work with geneticists who know about genes.
was very important
8200 heads, that's all
If you look at these studies that I have shown you,
for genetic research
Just because there was a meeting on the Isle of Man.
but i kept sending emails
It became known as "Simon's shark slime."
A male with pinnipeds
as a field biologist
keep an eye out for sharks
Second, we didn't have to broadcast the message all over the country,
It was necessary to narrow down the destination geographically
now used
A huge amount of information can be viewed
Technology can send messages
You can easily build a two-story house of nearly 90 tsubo
It's like everyone knows what I know
Is that so?
It's just the hype
Furthermore, looking at the results
The story I use when I do comedy shows,
I can't think of a single reason to make a fuss
How boring I thought
I lost my inspiration
Where is the user and how do they hold the iPad?
then how do you use
In this case, something like this
Who is applicable?
What does that mean?
What does this imply?
１ ２ ３ ４
It was decided how the money would be used.
I know you regret it," replied the monk.
No one would want to ride in a boat like that
I'm watching, okay?
Hya~
This is the number of views per day
This will undoubtedly be a determining factor in future entertainment.
Look at this picture, the boy is standing next to Tara.
So was the administrative organization of the mining area.
What does that mean
captured alive
Ultimately, it will be about protecting what little is left.
you would think
How bad...
i now
curved 12-dimensional space
It perceives other ants in its vicinity, but does not explicitly communicate with them.
Still with other ants
i need to let it happen
Just come back and let me know how it goes."
I think we can make a big difference
I'm doing one thing after another
What do you think is inside?
soon
This is also true for introverts
If you say "Uh-huh", he hugs you again, and if you say "Uh-huh", he goes back
take me where no one is grandma
I wonder if this place is suitable
we are indifferent
I'm witnessing it going on in society
"different! Tell me, I grew up in 'terrorism'."
started talking fluently
I defended myself and it turned out to be simple
I came to understand naturally
It's not a world of rich and poor
I'm going to tell you the last thing about this incident.
I wrote an insane petition that all court proceedings were improper and illegal.
instinctively seek
Of course it's hard to attract attention
There is no more holistic approach
I was convinced from the beginning of this story about the spine.
everyone is always searching
I'm telling you to do it
I couldn't see it no matter how much I looked
as if suddenly activated
come here it's okay
I shovel the snow when it snows
Choose a fire hydrant It's a little app
It makes me want to participate.
This is just the beginning
This app gave me a completely different result
Did you see how the people who participated did it?
So I thought, "How else can I rearrange it?"
I felt nauseous
ignored the person being killed
a stranger
but where is the word
how can i find it
I won't live anymore."
not needed by anyone
Like steve jobs i'm not a genius
I'm sorry, but you can convince yourself.
"Oh, and..." "Enough!" She left the room.
Before the list of friends is even half finished
Here's the thing: there are so many options out there
How should I answer? "Listen, Dad had a dream, but...but..."
this is a serious story
I know who I am I don't have the courage to pursue my passion
Aren't we all connected?
"However" This word makes me expect something "However" But this word is on the other hand
However... "However"
there is more
Are you following me?
Why is there such a thing on the seabed?
That time is almost here
Have you found the good ones already, or are there more?
In fact, since the time of Aristotle, every educated person
and knowing the reaction time
We have a lot
was done manually
Thanks to the vivid and rich information representation, images can be
And it'll even reach Mars. (Laughter) On a dime...
Find these losses
Hear the cost of alien music piracy to the U.S. economy
I said, "But it's unacceptable
on youtube on youtube
trying to publish that
Have you ever deleted a message? "
You shouldn't even talk to your sister like that."
What happened? I made it."
The audience immediately applauded and said, "Well done!"
I say without waiting for an answer
It's a failure conference, no kidding. (Applause)
See why TED is great?
do you think you can
is myself
I said yes, my family would rather die fighting like a hero
I want to cherish
James lost his leg in a motorcycle accident.
Bikes are still central to James' personality and way of life.
look at the arm tattoo
I don't know where the body ends and the bike starts.The prosthetic limb is a hybrid of the body and the bike.
James liked it (laughs).
is to make
I am pleased with this request.
A prosthetic limb with lace contouring the leg
It changed master-servant
I like the way the sun shines through the lace in this photo, and I'm not trying to hide anything.
Don't you think it would be cool if you could change it?
i like it
I try to capture as much of the person's personality as possible.
This is George's leg. It's due to be finished next week.
So I decided to laser-tattoo my leather, and yes, partly because I wanted to show off what I could do.
It's also to help you become attached to things that become part of your body.
i think this is very valuable
For example, what if we remove the person himself?
It's personalizable, and it's perfect for building complex things.
What if we printed the whole leg?
That's the concept that preceded what we're doing now.
It won't break even if you wash it in the dishwasher lol
It's a low-budget, high-quality 3D-printed prosthetic limb.
We've proven the concept, so we should be able to do it eventually.
But this includes something very important.
he said "first time"
I never said that
rather be a curator
the product is evaluated
"It's been eight years since I touched this shape."
It was for this one word
Annual consumption in Japan
is that the point
It is certainly so
it would be nice
nuclear reactors are very safe
what about this
what is tracking
We have installed over 3,000 locations so far.
how to migrate
We have to find an alternative energy destination
I want it to be that good
If it wasn't that good, people wouldn't know about this crisis.
this is what the article is about
The hypothesis is that it is overlooked
Familiar in Hollywood Woo
No diagnosis, sent home
what about women
In that respect, MR is very grateful.
this is what it is
The growth of this graph
have succeeded in suppressing
I don't think it really costs that much.
certainly not worth it
the thin one is his hand
let's see how he is
"I have a patient with pneumonia.
This is not how it should be in our hospital
Here are the causes of death that are increasing significantly
The problem of a culture that hates death is deeply rooted.
the bigger one
I'm going to show you this
What kind of life do you have?
Because I didn't consider what the situation was,
(Chris: How would you answer that?)
Wrong connection is not possible
Access to technology and goods solves the problem
But I know.
i have a big conflict
days back to reality
Why
I thought
deceive yourself-
It's like a reliable reinforcement
not yet confirmed
No human intervention in this operation
(laughs)
For example, this story is full of great mysteries.
How would you describe this?
Ironically, this lettuce will probably be shipped to areas more suitable for growing lettuce.
The Soviet Union was in trouble with foreign currency shortages.
I agree…
we can't live without agriculture
Thanks to you, my wallet is empty, it's like an empty parking lot
Did you imitate the old feudal lord's way of treating slaves?
I won't die, but I will only give you my forehead because I can't stand on my own.
I can only do this
"I decaffeinated a very disgusting customer!"
you may be in this
I didn't cut it.
Do you understand?
it means a lot to me
This is the first message —
I do not have a clue
You can see that the two are doing the same thing.
cooperate and pull at the same time
This alone, more than any other animal
I can see that you are making great progress
(Laughter) I'm full, but I'm going to eat again.
This seems to have something to do with reciprocity
primates and other animals
I already know that I will repay you
This is reciprocity. We let elephants do the same.
I came
The purpose of this experiment is how many elephants
trying to cheat
Empathy has two channels
I think elephants and apes have this ability.
This is comfort, much like humans
So either token should be fine
It's not strange to choose indiscriminately
the task given to them
like this
the other is watching
give me another stone
I'll give it to you again, and then again, another cucumber
What stats do you have?
that's funny
how would you argue?
Do you think it's the worst, or do you support it?
did you have a harvest?
not easy to do
Four and a half hours of surgery and it's all over.
Interdisciplinary exchanges were also interesting.
I had to pass this NICE program.
Well it's impossible
That's the extent of the difficulty
(applause)
What is that method
a small randomized trial
there is data
(Laughter) Liposuction fluid
and in that part
That should be it
Doctors and drugs were limited in what they could do.
Also, in terms of medical care, I finally acquired all the knowledge as a doctor.
I thought, "What's going on here?"
But all surgeons are already specialized and well-trained.
Now let's look at the risk factors
All hospitals that have introduced
Better results than medication
It is different
I accepted the settlement negotiations.
It's happening
there was no countermeasure
disease toxicity test
sometimes i worry
this is the latest happening
But I, who studies ancient DNA,
I hope you all understand the value of tartar.
This is the question you can look for the answer to
what will happen
Results than before winning the lottery
Money doesn't just destroy lives and destroy friendships.
what they used
Well, since I'm a college student, many of the people who used it for me
Some gave money to homeless people
Starbucks was the most influential
On the one hand it was for me, on the other hand it was for others.
It didn't matter how much you actually spent.
I got similar results
Also in Uganda these days for myself and others
Then I found something surprising
"I invited my girlfriend to dinner.
But there were also big differences
Let's take a look at two women
In the case of a Canadian woman,
That is, with data
Right below that is Rwanda.
I gave him the money.
You don't believe anything I say about the dodgeball team, do you think?
(smile)
You will receive thank-you notes from the teacher and students.
Visit our website here and think again.
thank you
(applause)
can't see
1 set? 2 units?
So I became mayor
If you can't find it, just make one
I've shown this before in this TED.
Have a look at this
New Year's Eve
2 million people on Copacabana beach
I was here last night and I know everything
This is how it looks now
It's self-explanatory
Garbage truck in operation
no problem
ok osario thank you great report
Let's end the broadcast
that's the city
thank you
don't talk much
This is how we know the interrelationships
but i have a cell phone
you're shut up
I will definitely help you
i can't leave you alone
four times
Some automatically turn off
Thank you.
This one is cut from the beginning.
This is the type that is cut from the beginning
For those of you who think recycled paper is no good...
Shake well and fold
But the game itself has a lot to offer.
Facebook games like you play
I'm making it. This is a light seed game.
This is the moment America won Russia.
The whole neighborhood, too.
This photo is generic. It's a rain dancer.
who's gonna do that
It's strange because Zig himself is an Indian.
I was wondering what one of his favorites was
whether they should take pictures like this
were discussing
"I learned about the slave trade," he says. Finally, the time has come. Mayza's father is black.
"Can we play a game?"
picture? that's all? I thought
"Okay." (laughs) [While thinking, "Are you serious?"
she's coloring her little family
I grab this appropriately and put it on the boat
She's the daughter of a game designer, with a unique eye
"But we met in America, didn't we?"
"But what if we met? Can't we live together?"
"Maybe Papa wasn't there either?"
My daughter was overwhelmed and started crying
about the economic impact of illegal immigration.
And as you learn about Mexican culture -
Where should I spread it?
inside the national mall
What about the central space?
What words should I use?
That's why the bubbles aren't very bright.
Bubbles appear only twice a year
can stand up
I will soon enter the closing of the presentation.
still a turning point
it's taking a ridiculously long time
Your date of birth, where you live, your interests and preferences, your relationships, your financial history, and much more.
And he used the following analogy
Then let's ask passers-by
This makes a lot of sense, because the UK has a very good framework.
I can't say for sure
Both "clever and cute" are high hopes
Slightly different from other functions
Maybe it's because I grew up that way that I wanted more people to enjoy music.
While singing "la la la la la la la la la"
Let me give you an example of what it means to be haunted.
These are just examples of attempts
without knowledge
I don't care what I do, I wander around aimlessly
What's different is the balance between active organizations.
Her paper proposed that digestive tissue was sacrificed for nervous tissue.
It's almost time to talk
can't narrow it down to one
remember that picture
waving to you
let's go through the side to the living room
So we asked the participants
Should I try it first? "
it must be amazing
It is a mechanism to return as a response
But this is true regardless of the size of the site
present everywhere
You can see this
Why do you prefer your wife?
Why? they are like the CIA
I have a more advanced idea
That's right
One moment, please…
it's just a pill
Taking this internally
put your arm
it's ok i'm doing well
completely dead that's amazing
My position was reversed.
What can this tablet do?
it's time to collapse
imagine
it has a lot of keyboards
It sticks out
It's very different from what you know about him.
what do you think
The problem is…
so universal
But trachoma is different.
Trachoma can be resolved
i can't see
build something amazing
fear is overcome
Then there are other effects
there is no director
Many things are possible
that's the garbage ant's job
The Bible says, "Lazy man, go to Ali."
Before I knew it, I joined this alternate group
Finally it becomes an ant working outside
Scout ants become food ants
Not all role conversions are possible
this won't help
The principle is
by distinguishing it from the whole
Shameen is actually at the venue.
he is a decent person
see the change
What was the reason?
child does not die
investigated in the same manner as usual
the number of children does not increase
But why is the population growing to 10 billion if we can't have more children?
the story is simple
always wake up
To explain
say "show me the club"
It's a defective product. It's not adjusted at all.
what you need for the first step
take a step
"Why did you do it?"
"Is it possible?"
"Challenge record-breaking heights" No
I want to see?
It's not like that, is it?
On the day of the performance-
It's a big place so it's okay
Are you still a pro?
the crowd is in a commotion
Don't forget that, don't forget everyone
Well I see
[Spanish-like language] [French] You should see it once in a while because the people around you... do something here, so you can eat it.
Our relationship with the world is neither deep nor shallow.
let's do this
do this
Please notice which song
Do!
Odessa to me now
This is the answer This is the required acreage
Using biofuels may not be as easy as you think
what can you do
don't be emotional
This is nothing to see
apparently irreparable
and wanted everyone to see
Free to see the unreachable
I could not image well at any wavelength
So how do you shoot?
published on the web
why does my group do that
please listen a little more
Jeez"
It is different
completely different
It's not like that at all
Let your anger out in the open and hear the voice
(Chris) How?
make a launch—
You know, right?
Now the change starts on Wall Street
i want to be more fit
"How far" is within the allowable range? is that
This may seem like a low-level argument, but it's actually
Can not do that
That's what you call immeasurable, right? "said
very deadly now
The children had no choice but to hand it over
register at the reception
Jesus is not a geek
I will explain now
I count on you to tell me
Evidence has been found many times
We handicap them at the start according to their genetic differences.
What is the destination?
There seems to be a certain pattern in this
there was little fruit
was an organ
research becomes meaningless
It becomes impossible to provide new knowledge to biology.
but in reality the penis
But no such organization was found.
I was the same
So they followed the convention and made the rules. borrowed using
moving our hearts
please start
But it also creates a lot of bitterness.
I can't speak, but the worst thing is-
I was alone
Empathy has been around for hundreds of thousands of years
Even if you get up to five centimeters from my face, you don't notice me at all.
Something will happen. People will always react when their territory is violated.
Most of this cost
Things have changed and many things have become possible.
Not only do I have to face pain
It was recognized by being published in a magazine.
Don't let me know what you mean."
"For everyone," said my father
While moving in a wheelchair, looking away and trying to look a little grumpy
Papa isn't that great, is he? I was told
It's not like that
Personality comes out in the wheelchair
It might be a mutation It might be a mutation
hope you like it in the future
While calling
I'm sure you were happy I'm sure you understood
"It's tough. There's a lot of work to do."
We don't have enough people.”
thought
The children chose the films they watched, and the children soon learned to choose from a rich and varied selection of films.
"Always have the sun in your heart" shook the children's hearts
but i can't find it
There are so many it's scary!
No one has to worry about what the hell they want
Let's cut this short and let me show you the real thing.
Efforts are ignored
Excellent grades
Your own signature model boards and wheels
It sounds silly, but that's the way it is
Everyone watching said, "He's that famous..."
'Cause no one ever flipped
So a few days, actually a few weeks
Just asking for a bank trick, right? But there's another side to Willie, look, he's got some tricks
Now it's called a 360 degree flip
board overturned
Next - look at it (Laughter) They're a community.
How are you able to express yourself?
This is what I want to convey about our connection to the community and
Next This is a bit deeper, I was reading Feynman's biography while on tour.
I've only won once, and since then I've only been defending.
Look for hidden messages
Why?
It's a point I agree with, and I'd like to think about that.
I have dealt with all these problems
We also refer to asymptomatic health conditions.
it is continuing
i.e.
Previvor is not my coined word
Fame falls to the ground and becomes a hermit
What's it like inside?
Need an active system
In other words, to neighboring countries
my friend says it's a mess
how is it?
Anything goes
I see myself as a storyteller
Solving problems on your own is the best way to learn Solving problems on your own is the best way to learn
A lot of things are flying
Now let's go back to the solar system.
dated November 11, 1980
I came next to Voyager 1
I can explain more
manipulating time and place
And that means a lot of things.
don't do it
I don't know if it sticks
i don't live in a cave
Clicking on this link closed two rings.
These kids aren't afraid of special, invisible technology.
was spoken to
"Thank you. What is your occupation?"
and then spread in many directions
What about other Yale students?
nothing but fear
the future i see
using a blackberry
It matches the information we found in the command room.
And it's very accurate.
There is no way to escape if you are targeted by Alzheimer's disease
this seems very important
It's what keeps us connected
Impromptu or something? Anything?
I don't know yet
I'm a game designer, so I'm like, "What are you going to do with that time—
I know you want me to let you go.
those who reach the end of their lives
What does this mean?
Again, I've found that the science backs this up: some people are stronger and happier after a serious event.
Let's get started. It's the first quest.
(laughs)
Well done This is physical resilience +1
How do you like it?
wonderful people now
(Applause)
Do you have any idea?
Why are you doing this kind of research?
Please see the situation
Almost no mental workload Almost no mental workload
i couldn't find anything
I'm here
So I decided to make a self-portrait work.
This is a kind of self-stuffling time capsule work.
Everyone who became a part of this work
Why be a proper sheep?
I wonder why?
I don't think it's exactly the same
What the heck is going on?
Again, the environment is key here.
What did you do there?
As for how to proceed with research in the future,
First of all, you asked me what kind of change would happen?
When you stop dancing, both cease to exist.
Let's do our best
I'm only doing first aid that looks like an intellectual
Invested outside of Africa
Think about your receptacles of support
it's not working
but not so far
can i have a video please?
both were totally bankrupt
Your teeth must be itchy
Not fully established?
Sometimes it's the other way around.
this is the sound
can be seen
Here's an example of how open source security works
please remember
Anyone know? (Character rearrangement quiz)
You have to, so it's set to the right difficulty
I'll explain later, but it's meaningless if it's easy to solve.
Group A had a shorter average answer time
I'm worried about the options I didn't choose
So I wish I had chosen the other tea-
Lacks vitality and speeds up the recovery process
Seeking new perspectives
How is this possible?
What can this do?
What is the value of such a system?
However, these techniques and methodologies are useful for
Is this all right?
I feel like this all the time
If you've ever seen it, it's exactly this.
I have a drawing
Please list
A surprising shape? Attractive shape?
A shape that makes you happy to see?
can't draw with a pen
I want to solve
The problem here is
unable to proceed
how to discuss this
We've seen here before that we need to hire
from wrong arguments
is not
rather than get help
1967-70
Nigeria is at war
was a brigadier general
my father is in the army
not here
There is no sign of healing even if I nurse
The door of the church I'm treating
I was trying to pry
The doctor said it was a hair's breadth
my sister didn't move
how did you use it?
How to use the aid?
because it helped
just one
I will tell you briefly
Because I'm helping out in pieces
without future
too many supporters
Before becoming an entrepreneur and finding investments overseas
actually not
Do not do that
You can bring your produce to market
invest in africa
If you use that as a trigger, your aid will succeed.
don't be shy
it provides assistance
See how aid fosters cooperation
look
last point
You can also open a new job opening
I wonder why it's because the tomatoes are ripe
not thinking about it
The mystery continues to fascinate me
Now we have to enter the atelier
With 11 children, you can't imagine that kind of silence.
He invites her servant into the room and they are alone
Only George could be called that.
I finally got it right
I was told many things
Some people write straight
I just saw the background
(Dylan) Really?
Free thinking is fine
I choose not to speak
Why? The answer is simple
I didn't control the server
The index published by the embassy was 148.
So to speak, it's a showdown between a mud horse and a river crab.
To understand where and how similar it should be made.
This is the video I made for "Avolo 13"
Is this not working? "
did i listen too much
It is a sheet music with a total width of 22 meters.
Here's another application
What do you think?
Letters give us a challenge to act upon.
what can you do
Concentrate - begin
Such dancers meticulously craft their dances.
I decide what to do based on imaginary "things"
What do you mean?
Let's talk about "ishihanajiru"
Most science stories are
Nick's life there
this is the lyric
everyone does
Amos was loved, respected and cared for by all.
Observation in a cage shows that the male does not get along well with each of the other two.
this is one of the sacrifices
This is chimpanzee society
comforting behavior is by far the most common
and made
thx
Today, I want to tell everyone about this experiment and spread it even further.
and everyone is happy
it's a great school
Everyone is really happy!
what to do there
nice nice
I want you to work hard Just like these kids!
do you understand?
Help me make the city look like this
banish junk food
If you can do it!
Do your best even if you get covered in mud
when you find them
Everyone did the same, bringing it to the vaults all over town.
sometimes needed
there was also a copy
Just being published doesn't change things
High medical expenses also float.
such as tremor, weakness, and stiffness
you can do the test yourself
And what happens is that it allows us to run tests on a very large scale.
(Max Little): Improving
Compare with other songs
"It's the lyrics that matter"
not that song
I wouldn't say it's a new technology.
Have a look at this
it's the same thing
Is there a way to create an opportunity to change relationships?
We can revitalize the area by ourselves.
It doesn't mean you can't do it unless you're smart
this is the best education
yes it would be nice
There are two places, south and north
Here again, the sign of leading companies
I can't compare
How can we fight violence squarely?
what time do you get up
how can i be okay
How can I stop worrying? and
but it didn't help at all
I realized that I am a local resident.
There is also a false illness
arrive at destination
After all, it's not an easy hospital
So change your policy
I was just trying to diagnose him by looking at what was wrong with him.
I've been doing this for 20 years
There is "lack of regret" in the diagnosis table
i understand
Because I needed Pastor Bob for help.
"Did you get the number on TV?"
(smile)
Second, timing: disaster recovery is the opposite of campaigning.
Preparing for a disaster is very important for disaster recovery.
It's not complicated. Tools like this should exist and are needed.
I have something for you to see
What does it bring?
A common tool for programmers
The problem is that no one sees democracy as a viable option anymore.
that's the "president"
A great idea that resonates with me
overwhelm everyone
This baby slipped out of the incubator without even having time to warm up.
asked
looks rather goofy
we learned these lessons
runny nose
impoliteness
Cadon Cadon Cadon
It is like this
To go
Make sure to use this method!
why?
I am considering
I can't explain my actual role in the workshop.
no hidden parts
where do you sell
not "used"
Solmani
clone colon or
signboard of Lagos
Saying "Let's pay our taxes"
"Oh how cute I am"
I think that
Walking distance to the fields
It's hard
can aggregate
would be a good idea
if you want a dinner party
Entrepreneurs all agree
the light continues to illuminate the place
Some, I learned.
All but one got a job.
there is nothing wrong
How does it relate to Mr. Cariyo's case?
It's really boring and dazed
Some boy said about 4.5 meters Some boy said about 4.5 meters
I can't express my emotions at all without moving an eyebrow
No more tilting your head
the prosecution will not prosecute him again
I had no idea
so what are they doing now
How does sound affect your life? there are two
As well as newly designed classrooms
I miss half of the lesson content
big difference
About 300,000 yen
was an asylum seeker
Where is the production area?
What is the manufacturing purpose?
i think it's great
Just do the opposite: curl up, curl up
when you feel powerful
it would be different
This is a particularly weak pose
So let me do this for two minutes
What I found was risk tolerance — in this case gambling.
That's where everyone is interested.
“Is the content good?” “Do you have the qualities?”
The interview basically reveals who you really are
It's important to say what you think
I woke up in a head injury rehab ward.
There is a
I knew better than anyone what it was like
It's a stack
not sustainable in the long term
he writes
do you know?
i in the 90's
It's nothing new
teeth?
this is a professional expression
They're going to get really mad at me for showing you the pictures.
There's a demanding system involved, and that's what drives what we do.
Using our measuring instruments, we can find out
lastly-
Corporate investment has increased
How do you like it? And this is about the future working-age population.
can't do so many things
I'll be honest, it's not like that.
It doesn't matter if it fails
The story up to this point was 20-30 years ago.
It was an episode in basic science.
For example, check
it's actually different
the reviewer does not get the results
It wasn't registered properly.
(Laughter) But apparently my internet is
There is no such thing as the Internet
Newton believed that Christ was born on earth for this purpose.
No matter how smart you are, this is a mistake.
i am ignorant
what's so good I heard
And the second and last one, W.H. Auden, is my favorite poet (laughs).
I didn't care if I made a big mistake
The attendance figures tell me it can't be, just don't get me wrong.
Then this should look like a feast
what can you learn
It's time to study illusion
I think it will go well
here is the letter
I am turbulent
there is also a reason
It's SM
It's an idle play
I do not understand
doubt someone's sanity
So how do you know right away?
straight line and right angle
This map is geographically accurate.
Here it is
Here it is
I'll put the bus back in the suburbs where the bus doesn't come.
How should I live?
More importantly, not just to survive
you have to actually act
So do computer scientists.
So at least in America
I'll show you my base sequence.
Of course, it means "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth."
Terrorism doesn't always work
Thinking this way, we realize the great weakness of terrorism.
This is an unacceptable symptom.
government is not perfect
So what we have to do is "always be lucky."
They're confused and their recruitment to the group doesn't work.
Government is passive; innovation doesn't come from that.
Read aloud together at 123
What is it supposed to be?
born out of doubt
still no good
I think it is very useful to ask yourself
Now think again
I thought it was important for everyone to understand.
why is that
This is how the procedure was completed.
Because of the faith and naivety of their foster parents, they believed they would stay with them forever.
will tell you who you are
what the heck is this
If you don't like it, please don't watch it.
You can use it as much as you want
Ever since ancient times, people have been asking themselves the question, "What is love?"
I will recite a poem by a man named Yuan Chan.
"I can't put this mat away.
I'm trying to expand - people have intense energy.
Mood depends on others
I forgot to mention one important thing, but love is also an illusion
"Of course!" is the answer.
That part was active.
These are related to attachment
That's why it's all I can do to carry out the decided plan.
but you can avoid this
But how to forgive is not written at all! "
This teaching resonated strongly with me
this is the wound in my heart
Don't ask for anything special or try to get a response from them.
"Okay!" What can you do?
"Wow wow wow!" But today's customers are different from usual
Magic for TED
It seems that he pasted love letters all over the house.
I just happen to be here
But what is the surprise of this bat?
It seems like he's getting distracted quite often.
No matter what you're doing, you can get distracted.
it's not something you can hug
nothing has changed in the dictionary
But what happened?
I'm an otaku
does not change the dictionary itself
No click response
I'm sure it's something like this
I use "that dictionary" metaphorically.
there was a lot
lie
I thought it would be impossible to have such a cool and fun day
In fact, roughly an inch (about 2.5 cm) was reading mackerel.
very low why?
In a life where many people have language
Fake reviews by people who have never stayed
Now, why are you doing this experiment on me?
You guys seem to be good at spotting lies.
Opportunities are in everyday life
"You won't get permission."
It's a so-called household affair.
I have no one
I'm praying for you
I didn't do anything to make myself rich
That's the lure of fascism
But everything I did was no good
just saying that
not in this world
Don't overdo anything
Two good points
to show you how to test
This is Animalis Karens Bentosa
that's right! If you can't sense it, you'll just drown, right?
The slide has progressed, but-
The operation of the bread supply is automatic."
it works well naturally
actually it was different
I needed surgery
I don't think this should happen
Disability will remain for life
Remaining visceral disorder
everything"
(Laughter)
I who said "best"
When I'm thinking, "How am I supposed to remember all this?"
uses the same words as bin Laden
Fortunately, the tide can be stopped.
this is too harsh
I would appreciate it if you could help me with anything
you think life is more important
People like me become actors
It's nothing special.
So what does this patent action related to airplane development have to do with this meeting?
This is the hun. Today I want you to share my thoughts on the hun.
For them, the hun is quite a feast.
So what do they do with Hun?
Most of them come together in some form
what are you doing?
How can you move without bending?
about the same as our body temperature
I started dancing often.
It is not clear if they are using
It doesn't move at all for 2-3 minutes.
"Where's the Sheraton?"
Yes, the Middle East is running wild
He kisses me on the same cheek as the second time. because it should be
why? Is it troublesome to go to the cheeks?
I can't believe you supported the government."
People in the Middle East are thought not to laugh
It will be safer here
That way, the contents won't be revealed, so it's safe
maybe this will be my weapon
According to statistics from non-governmental organizations
(smile)
"I don't like killing people, but if it's about getting shot,
I declare a policy of violent retaliation.
Supports the theory of failed states and failed empires.
In the old days, when suffering and premature death were the norm, I felt no qualms about harming others.
Journalist Robert Wright
In other words, if you want people to listen to you enough to think and influence them,
Thank you very much. (Applause)
It was a great piece, written by Peter Singer.
That spread is technology and
maybe you know something
It's been with me for 12 years
To me who was only 26 years old
there is nothing fun
It's just clever use of extra space in the car.
Piers Company's service is not always easy.
The TopCoder concept lies in a very difficult and complex area
Returning to the differences in service quality,
Some are terrible, some are really great
What is the basis for this article?
I came to see "Bullshit Neuroscience"
Dig deeper into what's hidden
that is, usually
It just is the thing
hold up this heart
But what if you change your mind
There's also a completely different way of looking at this financial cliff.
But this has the problem of accumulating wealth in the wrong place.
but let's say
Let me give you a few examples of why.
Republicans are more aggressive than Democrats in increasing defense spending
this is a big mistake
Very few people are stubborn
The answer is highly polarized
"As long as there is a gold standard, it's okay, it won't be bad"
it will be worse
Everyone looks shocked (laughs).
Is it okay to feel like this
Dealing with one raises another
it takes practice to learn how to be conscious
I also need a framework
Then I clung to the idea
This mosquito is different. This mosquito attacks us.
I just want to get rid of this mosquito
I'm starting over again
Let's explain a small argument
They're always together in all their ups and downs
Do you know why I chose that color?
something inside me was released
grandparents don't care about details
I especially like this "About the Author" page.
I don't play sports, so art was my only pastime.
Please don't put it on because I'll sing
It's a curse, so it didn't work
Dancing happily together
Then you'd better not come."
It means being competitive
A lot of nitric oxide is released
start talking right away
It's really scary
He says his beard isn't straying.'
"That's right." "Yes, that's the correct answer."
If your butt is disgusting, I'll clean it for you.
It's going to be, "I'm going to quit raising my kids. I'm going to have other kids come over to my house." not only be
You were watching over me
A robot will appear soon and take over the job
It's been said for 40 years
Cooking, cleaning, shopping, building, but I can't find it anywhere.
it's not that kind of movie
i thought it was something
Conversely, there are very few books devoted to the impact on men.
What more do you need? (laughter)
Have you learned that?
You're in a terrible situation
I interview them because they are
If you would like to receive it, please keep your hands up.
it wasn't made
Once I got my license, I was able to perform the surgery myself.
It was the possibility that
There are problems even in familiar places
I want everyone to think about what we can do from now on.
Of course, you have to be able to understand what the other person is saying.
grand plan
But there is no such thing, I need to make this
Chapter 5: Surgical Technique Practice
Don't shake your hands
I want to be able to exchange information back and forth.
It is produced by repeating
It means it's useless and it's useless
how is the crow
So don't be afraid if this spell is cast on you.
1 in the dashboard
The classroom fell silent, and finally my favorite student looked me in the eye and said,
"This is crap"
"It's not that science is crap, it's that textbooks don't make sense
i was totally wrong
"Instead, it should be a professional expression."
Hire again at a reasonable salary
no legal issues
Dispatch from multiple sources
It doesn't cost much
"Good" means—
So to him in Scratch
I showed this to the kid in computer class.
this can't be helped
"We hold the following facts to be self-evident: All men are born equal."
Is it possible to measure sexual preference?
what's the problem
peace to you (greetings)
how did you do it
there is little water here
Or is it some other kind of energy?
this is essential
Let's take a look at what it means and how to make it into an app.
in the end
Even if a new strain of drug-resistant bacteria appears, search for it immediately.
"Charlie, please transfer."
People started saying things like this
But, of course, it's not all good news, and the problem is delamination.
If delamination progresses further
he enjoys fishing
Here is a sample that has been overheated
What do you think?
How do you make ends meet?
Maru is small
For example in Poland
it's a true story
What's the secret?
On the other hand, the strength of PISA is that it can introduce the efforts of other countries.
I will not allow the excuses of the status quo faction
But the words I just mentioned are the voices of people at the heart of finance.
In fact, research in this area is clearly underdeveloped.
In this study, we calculated the power of multinational corporations over value.
Additionally
What does this fact tell us?
This is a rough sketch
This is also a difficult question, isn't it?
I want to relieve tension I want a sense of intimacy
In desire, we want a bridge to different worlds.
It seems like the most attractive situation
Is it okay if I don't look classy? Can you be safe and bold?
What is that material? imagination, playfulness
Not enough? "
What started when I was little affects my sex life.
i know there is a way
I stopped once
Any solution?
trying to calculate it
In English, "uncle" is fine.
In conclusion, I have to accept the correlation.
Explain the verification process
it was actually
last year we
it's a real video
What kind of ethnic group are you?
I can't stand living with a stigma
and built a school
harm the world
It's a paltry measure, albeit for economic growth.
As a result, the law backfired.
What should be punished?
Things are a little more complicated, so what's the problem?
Others are other, we are ours
Let's return the story
The Treasury Department is different from the Central Bank
But some things aren't covered by the Freedom of Information Act.
I won't name you-
here is the equation
The same goes for the Joint Consultative Council
should be concerned with corruption
There are other similar ones, but we focus on this site.
Corruption is a big problem
I ran away quickly, you saved my life
But don't underestimate it! If you ask me, it's a complete misunderstanding
That's right, size and function are not always proportional
timing
Dawn
Now how do we fill this gap?
So what's next?
what is the priority value
Teach me how to use the browser
I have documented my findings in detail
came to be asked
Even if I leave the computer for a few months, it will still be 0 points anyway.
"Well, it's impossible."
what will the school of the future look like
Only this
without forcing
So I decided to try my hand at trigonometric functions.
if the child is interested
please support
how can i do that? "
The word organic chemistry gave everyone headaches.
May I?
Hooray
let me do the painting
Only this
THIS １２３４
I'm going to skip the House of Commons.
Which will you choose? I choose to participate in the competition.
OK, let's get started
Now
vocal cords
Infants are less likely to become fossils
very limited results
this is my job
from a passing car
can i take the bed
it's an exchange
I realized that it was the first time I was alone.
Love it or hate it
It's outrageous to rely on someone
Many people feel resistance
'Cause all I ask is to make myself defenseless
Can I trust you? Show me the proof."
This is the reason
it is clear
should i go ahead
Its total area is 67 square kilometers
If you think about it, what the heck are you complaining about?
The main thing here is how well you do it.
"Otaku" "Fat" "Pervert" "Okama"
it's a silly story
Avoiding the worst of the outdoors, never leaving the classroom even during break time
I'm adopted. My parents didn't want me to leave.
The typical ones are "Yo Baka" and "Yo Tomma".
It is true that I was hurt
But it's useless if you don't get invited
Isn't this a big problem for believers?
(Analisa) It's a (Rider) reform for a (Sage) real society.
Degree of strength is what the word means
Provocativeness is pleasant or unpleasant, attraction or avoidance
the cause is
There are other extinct species
valuable film remains
What shall we do
I'm trying to liven up the activity with a bright topic.
Extinction seemed a matter of time
question public opinion
What do you think about this?
O lowly people, such a thing cannot happen."
good standards are important
how much?
(Reed) No, not Disney.
The problem was that we were trying to create a system that was kind to bad employees.
(Lead) sometimes splash
(Reed) Exactly
(Lead) Of course
But it was a baseless worry
pouring heart and soul
(Chris) Why did you choose education and what exactly did you do?
(Chris) Tell me how it's going
now that's a no-brainer
No alternatives currently available
i think it's a good story
(Chris) What is your definition of "mainstay"?
No matter how you look at it, it's not worth it. What the hell are you doing right now? It looks like you've landed
What does it actually look like?
works very well
is the way to find
Shining bridges, etc.
It's a dream again
What is it?
Developing a cure
i need it now i need to solve it as soon as possible
It's a lifetime's worth of time
So I decided to arrange "Heavy Rain" so that it wouldn't be a problem if there were any discrepancies.
assembled this
this does not absorb
It's all different around here
otherwise pick a random number
You will be told the computer is the other party
For example, if the distribution is $4
They argued and couldn't come to an agreement, and ended up with less money.
Leicester, who has various backgrounds, thinks carefully about how to make Leicesterland better.
You are also expected to act in the public interest of Leicesterland.
Anything that can directly identify an individual
this is the picture from earlier
now turn
being run over by a car
It's called "situation of wasted labor"
This is not a very meaningful task.
What happened in the "situation of wasted labor" earlier?
I have it turned off for some people
I got the title of "Doctor of Trivia"
But I've had symptoms since I was a child.
I loved you before you started making money
computer level was approaching that
As soon as I arrived, I thought it would be a disadvantage to do it at his home.
To become a person who knows everything is something that was only possible in the old days, but it's impossible in modern times.
Are you looking for a job here or there?
rarely meet
It's a little
(Haction) Take care
Come on challenger
then please turn
turn it around
(Stefan) It's sports Tuesday.
So drive with the windows open
I can't open a window
Situation in the northern part of the blast site
There is a tremendous crack
I didn't even try to blink
The role of kicking me was also decided on a turn system
parents never sleep
And our school to answer a question
There are many students who go on to the theater world.
(Applause)
So what is the problem?
Of course, education from kindergarten to high school
It's one of our challenges. We have to improve.
Good or bad basic learning affects the next stage
Perfect attendance award from kindergarten to high school
A passion for learning
I don't usually learn to cooperate.
The teacher said, "That's great."
And now many students feel bored
We are renovating humanities classes
I want to participate in more classes
I'm a little worried
(World Trade Organization) It's not the WTO (Laughter).
Diarrhea direct flights and small stories...
In England, we call it Derry Bury, it's a colonial legacy.
cannot be stored in the body
Those with cancer or heart disease
Now the story is quite the opposite.
exactly to you
Unsuspecting Abed's truck crashing into
Shall I show you my dentures? also said
I saw Abed's photo on my driver's license
Not bad (laughs)
turn on the electrodes
find the problem neuron
Not currently available to healthy people
Highly flexible and straightforward like a telegram
that was the norm
I know that feeling
will feel
The same goes for dialect usage.
i want to know what happened
In the meantime, the executives have changed completely.
Although there are some irregularities, the graph as a whole is straight and follows a ruler.
“Recently, I have decided not to use HRB tax services.
The image has not been processed in any way
But these people are usually
i think it's very interesting
otherwise shrink
must have experience
From about 100km/h to 0km/h
A car is an object that obeys Newtonian mechanics, which is very convenient.
it's easy
It's the same with license plates It's the same with license plates
not at all
Do you wait for it to slowly permeate your brain?
Nothing is perfect, folks, Google makes your website
You can also convert units and currencies
It's nice to be accurate. As I said earlier, you don't need the delete key.
Immigration to another planet is no longer a dream
What happens then?
Reasons for dropping out and reasons for not studying
After class, check the manual
The teacher was in high spirits, so I kept silent.” (laughter and applause)
Let me show you the good side."
was originally important
“Teacher, is this a failure?”
The more difficult a child is, the more likely he or she will come to school without taking a break.
There is meaning in the existence of difficult children
In Greek mythology, Sisyphus repeats the penance of lifting a tumbling boulder to the top of a mountain as a sin for committing a mortal sin.
I get my wife back, but on my way out of the underworld, I was tempted to watch it, and I lost my wife forever.
Everyone who comes here is related, isn't it?
And no one is the same
But are you with me everywhere?
I will definitely use it." That's what I thought.
I wish I had a school
need to see?
Even though the year has already started
Sluggish schools in big city centers are easier to understand
Then it's like, 'Oh, it's a special accredited school.
Everyone give a big round of applause
It's the power to persevere
From now on, no matter what you do, it will be useless.”
All of these are provided at school.
not cheap at all
"people"
Day
Prosper in two days
Konkon, did someone come back?
In Europe, they say that everyone will leave.
how is it? (applause)
I'm not saying it's a lie
It's true, they asked me to lock the door when I left.
It's called "alternative education."
i'm asleep
I have no way of knowing what the difference is between him and me.
The current system is good for both teachers and students
What is the mechanism?
Everyone please submit your report.
to make it fully playable
what kind of airport?
How can we be environmentally friendly at this scale?
it is a complex foundation
Will utilize multiple reproducible techniques
It seems that I was thinking sweetly
to show the change
Why ignorant people are not the problem
they create identity
I'm not taking anything
seemed to tie
do you think
i deny
One of those lessons is to be surprisingly open.
wind blows pollen
even if you had
Attract pollen carriers
I came to the conclusion that it would make insects feel good.
I took pictures so as not to damage the flowers.
I won't go into details, but I did some experiments here and there.
Let's see the result
(Korean): Nice to meet you.
When I talk to my friends about this, where in the world can I get an animal like that?
why?
ranked top right
“Intelligent” and “Excellent” were evaluated. Well said “Intelligent” and “Excellent” were evaluated.
It's a misconception, designers want to be good designers.
On the other hand, for this "cat video movie festival"
By "annoying things" do you mean me
Thank you very much for your help
In "Katamari Damacy", rolling the lump
"Bibbon" was never sold in America.
It may sound strange, but I learned a lot from talking about my gaming experiences. I learned a lot from talking about my gaming experiences.
it will not progress
Exercise themes apply to DV and other issues.
"Why aren't you leaving?" "What were you wearing?"
"What a fool to drink with men in a hotel room."
you already understand
Or another man?
"It's a monster" is too sweet an idea
What is this phenomenon?
Basically it's better to sit quietly
In fact there is always-
By the way, my head really hurts-
Doesn't it count?
the same system
most of the men i know
stop seeing things in dichotomies
Reach out? what should I do-
"This is no good"
You're white and another white-
leadership training
A model of approach was born
Step inside and you'll know
Thank you for your attention. (Applause)
Did you check today?
So what if everyone switched to fans?
Any reason not to start?
But I couldn't stand it
I thought the same
Do you want a life free of Down syndrome? "
everything is in order
how are you doing?
Minimize interference with dolphin life
You can also chat loudly from a distance
Very good at carrying and picking up from fin to fin.
The dolphin in this video is an adult, and his name is Kalaw.
Children crave seaweed
Here is the recording of the experiment
focus on human behavior
we are in a period of tremendous change
[Technology is a gift of God, the greatest gift after life, and the mother of art, science and civilization." - Freeman Dyson
America has always had a middle class after the war.
why did you do that
you may be wondering
There were actually three people who made me happy.
I made a bet
here is the instrument
because you can follow your dreams
Is useless
is an order
Now look into Baxter's eyes
Now set the range from where to pick things up.
No need to interact with the screen
There are two factors, one is that gravity affects everything
What if it's missing?
What does that mean?
the young man next door
There was such a thing
How to reintegrate politics and economics?
Bruno: thank you
when i was trying to put him to sleep
Even if you ask me why, I just keep my mouth shut
I was really embarrassed
Let's talk a little more
I wanted to leave something that would serve as evidence
This is actually the case
it must be terrible
I also had a series of realizations
Let's read through their messages and stop the lip service
Before I knew it myself, if I noticed
became an activist
You already know the clue to the answer
〈To govern is to foresee〉
this is no good
It was compiling thousands of pages of research, and not long after that the illustrations were ready.
Why? Bathing is a way to prevent pathogenic bacteria
Funds will be gone in no time
Next, I wanted to do something about the bacteria themselves.
And finally I was able to break away from the disease
I have to clear these two challenges
there is no such attempt
is permeating
"Hallelujah!" "Bless God!"
I didn't come down screaming
Guira thought it was the result of hard work.
I made friends like this
We deliberately ignore everyone when the environment is right.
that some people ignore
But the choice I had to make wasn't whether I needed hospitalization.
Even though it's easy to prevent
In a nutshell, it's metabolic control.
in America
I run my career
That's why I need to give you a boost from time to time.
this man was useless
how to control
too much too bad
Impossible, no good at all
It's an impossible combination.
When I glanced at him, he said, "I can't find anything, please help me."
"Botu Collection" is definitely a manga of this category.
I took a break from publishing manga during the week of the terrorist attack.
It's not a humor act, it really was.
First, because both were the last species in their respective families.
I'm excited, I've passed the first barrier
Please take a good look I am this frog
But it has nothing to do with either
It's really a pinch
Eggs should be different species So what's better? What about the Tasmanian Devil?
no no
It teaches you everything
We are training integrated party cadres for different organizations.
I have been asked
You can check if it's true
let's do it
So the police got together and searched all over the area.
The man's answer was "no."
Now please share your wisdom
do you understand?
What happened after installing the software?
structurally severely deformed
not very popular
It became such a name
Tommy: I don't know why, but it could be that the instrument felt really heavy.
don't you
I chose this theme
why lynn?
Where is Rin
Some people eat well and some don't.