{ "queries": { "9d8a698f-f785-482a-b0d0-433c2817b708": "What are the key components that should be documented for each control as part of the ISMS project plan?", "40be813e-1db5-4f44-9777-ce80f37649b9": "What responsibilities are generally included in the initial implementation process of ICT and physical security, according to the document?", "f4e6bb13-8f72-45fd-829b-07675112d277": "How does the ISO 27001 standard recommend organizations prepare for external audits, and what is the significance of undergoing an internal audit before an external one?", "16156dbd-1556-4ce7-9da7-4eee21e99c28": "Discuss the importance of the mandatory documents required for ISO 27001, specifically focusing on the roles and responsibilities outlined in section 5.3 and the process for understanding the organization and its context in section 4.1.", "c7adcc0f-7342-4cf2-acea-7c2e34295fc0": "How can senior management support be crucial in the successful implementation and maintenance of an ISMS according to the ISO 27001:2022 requirements?", "6fb810de-6169-4bb3-8550-824e998e4cc9": "Why is it important to involve interested parties in the development and implementation of an ISMS, and how can this help ensure the transparency and trust in the process?", "688f1545-306c-4401-a1b4-d4784529eb12": "How does penetration testing complement the review of security controls in an ICT system, and what is its objective in the risk assessment process?", "d48d8bcd-4eff-41ab-8318-62f3396f4bb8": "Why is code review considered the most thorough but also the most expensive way of vulnerability assessment in an ICT system?", "504b5c5c-acc0-4829-9d9f-d9df094739dc": "What are the potential consequences of not achieving certification after failing an external audit?", "6fb63fdd-2067-450b-94cf-78fc325e9c4c": "How can an organization effectively respond to failing an audit, according to the recommendations provided in the context information?", "84792e31-040e-41ca-93f1-6b602dacf5eb": "How do information security threats vary in terms of origin and severity, according to the context information provided?", "5cbe9a51-a1c8-4848-964e-1e9b8a4eea12": "Why is it emphasized that a comprehensive and systematic approach is necessary to achieve the required level of information security for any organization, as mentioned in the text?", "c19e1e9b-2f8e-403c-b6a7-9e8fe8811145": "How does ISO/IEC 27001:2013 address the secure transfer of business information between organizations and external parties, specifically in relation to information transfer agreements?", "9d543bf8-b0ef-47e7-bd84-f6a4a7cb3ca0": "In the context of system acquisition, development, and maintenance, how does the standard ensure that information security is integrated into information systems throughout their lifecycle, including those that provide services over public networks?", "6720d9eb-d7f7-4d46-abab-bc4142f9c98d": "How does understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties contribute to the effectiveness of an organization's Information Security Management System (ISMS)?", "bb4daf26-2fed-48bf-990a-699042bb1002": "Provide examples of interested parties that may be relevant to an organization's ISMS, and explain how their requirements can be addressed through the ISMS.", "ca95b1d0-53cd-4163-b642-cce311ec8344": "How can webservers be configured to prevent directory browsing and why is this important in terms of security?", "7247f53a-0bef-4f67-8004-6e36a969ff3d": "Explain the concept of designing application code with the assumption that it is always subject to attack. Provide an example of how critical applications can be designed to be tolerant of internal faults.", "95a5b52d-292d-4614-a828-3b6579bc3325": "How should an organization review the functions and employment levels of staff to determine their responsibility in ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information?", "b693ff68-8c3f-48f6-85f3-10d93d662708": "What are the two possible ways in which a statement of information security responsibility can be incorporated into a job description, and how should it be signed and dated by the employee?", "3cb27067-eb51-4ca3-96ed-3bd74c2ce1af": "How do the requirements of the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) and the Basel 2/3 frameworks impact financial sector organizations, particularly in relation to operational risk and information security?", "78d98b4d-ed3a-4237-80ae-52b82afac80e": "In what ways has the importance of information-related legislation and regulation, such as GDPR, impacted organizations globally, and what challenges do directors face in responding to these requirements?", "2e5ae9f1-8172-4998-be77-b398987a6246": "How can authentication information be securely transmitted to users, and why is it important to avoid sending it through unprotected electronic mail messages?", "d8eee85e-c2de-4edc-bbf0-22b7094d9112": "What steps should be taken to ensure the confidentiality and security of authentication information, including changing default authentication information and keeping records of significant events?", "944bd65e-0b3d-4629-aee3-8115ab03d9fc": "How can organizations ensure accurate time-stamps in their logging systems, and what protocols should be used to keep networked systems synchronized with a reference clock?", "0d630412-522d-42f4-8213-32218c90fc22": "What challenges may arise in clock synchronization when using multiple cloud services or a combination of cloud and on-premises services, and how can these risks be mitigated according to the provided information?", "ddfc5ce5-33c6-4b26-9610-a40cf54f197e": "Define the term \"vulnerability\" as it is described in the ISO/IEC 27002:2022 document. Provide an example of a vulnerability that could affect an organization's information systems.", "64915de1-7615-4430-844d-63c5861f73df": "Explain the concept of \"user endpoint device\" according to the ISO/IEC 27002:2022 document. List at least three examples of user endpoint devices that could be used to access information processing services.", "f2f7717b-cc4d-4459-b22b-a3e0da0e95f2": "How can a lead implementer for ISO/IEC 27001:2022 ensure that an organization remains in line with the current prerequisites of the standard?", "8ae6beff-78cc-4508-98f7-67da2db82856": "How does an ISMS, based on the ISO/IEC 27001:2022 standard, help in detecting, evaluating, and managing information security risks, and how can a lead implementer assist in this process?", "16d82f40-8d55-415e-b2ea-1c28c04aff7e": "Explain the difference between black hat hackers, crackers, hackers, and script kiddies based on the information provided. How do their actions differ in terms of permission, publication of discoveries, and sophistication?", "bae9801d-8e17-4bca-867c-8de33f96b57a": "Discuss the techniques that hackers commonly use to gain access to networks, as outlined in the context information. How do these techniques pose a threat to unprotected systems, and what can be done to mitigate these risks?", "bc34a91e-0b18-40e5-8218-e577cf1cadd7": "How can implementing an effective risk management process benefit an organization's information security?", "31738b17-de60-491e-bff9-61215bfcb590": "Discuss the potential impact of reduced costs as a result of implementing an effective risk management process in an organization.", "9729c5f7-6066-44df-8477-c7e3e1c00120": "How can users ensure security when leaving their workstation for any period of time according to the document?", "df35c99d-dff1-41ac-91ce-1fa2a9675c14": "According to control 11.2.9 of ISO27002, what is the purpose of implementing a clear desk and clear screen policy in an organization?", "deaa26ad-5ac0-4981-ab61-f0ec1b479e6b": "How does the principle of separation of development, testing, and operational environments contribute to reducing the risks of unauthorized access or changes to the operational environment?", "0cc6b0c5-55c6-4661-82ca-24ebadf131c9": "Explain the importance of implementing detection, prevention, and recovery controls to protect against malware, and how user awareness plays a role in this process.", "03f21b69-18e1-45d0-befb-fb94590805af": "Explain the importance of having an acceptable use policy in place for all parties who have access to assets. How can this policy be effectively enforced and communicated to relevant parties?", "67177d68-c084-4349-9384-cd6921597cdc": "Describe the procedures that must be followed for the return of assets upon termination of a contract or position. Why is it essential for employees and external stakeholders to return all tangible and electronic assets to the organization, and what are the consequences of not doing so?", "1908fb1d-0964-4591-9c64-18a704292783": "How does annex a.10 contribute to overall information security compliance for an organization implementing ISO 27001?", "7c022f0a-eaf1-4336-a546-80be494edf3f": "Can you explain the main objective of annex a.10 in the context of using cryptography to safeguard information's privacy, authenticity, and integrity?", "8a3b08ac-8473-46eb-a819-6912f9ee50fe": "What type of malware protection should be installed on endpoints, and how should regular updates be performed to ensure security?", "cd68dc21-9190-4561-985a-6f8baa681756": "In the context of BYOD, what considerations should be made to adequately separate business and personal data on devices, especially in relation to protecting intellectual property?", "91824e3e-c685-438e-a4da-b22b3e6c8c09": "Explain the concept of privileged access rights and why it is important to have separate identities for administrative tasks versus day-to-day general tasks.", "d42a43f7-d9e7-448d-aa72-a424c42614d4": "How can privilege access management technologies automate the process of granting and revoking privileged access rights?", "fcd2835d-46fc-453a-a21b-7495ff3aab75": "How can outsourced development impact the implementation of controls related to security testing and separation of development, testing, and production environments in the context of network operators' uncertainties?", "107a5df0-eade-41b9-ac32-47975613a7c2": "How can the 5w method, specifically inquiring about the necessity of controls, help address gaps in information security management within the complex processes of purchasing, development, and maintenance of hardware or software for network operators?", "c9c7c883-f1c6-4b79-8bca-a0f73b4cab91": "How can information security requirements be determined for projects, and what methods can be used to derive compliance requirements from policies and regulations?", "18cf84da-c6da-48eb-a057-8952f704353b": "Why is it important to consider information security requirements for all types of projects, not just ICT development projects, and what activities can be used to ensure that the architecture and design of information systems are protected against known threats in the operational environment?", "a01ad35d-48a4-4a42-ad9e-2d7382b8db29": "How can organizations promote information security and encourage good behavior among employees, according to the ISO/IEC 27002:2022 standard?", "61cdccc5-4500-4926-a5d6-2fde51814221": "Why is it important for organizations to define, enforce, and communicate information security responsibilities and duties that remain valid after termination or change of employment, as outlined in the document?", "b1dc61b5-da8c-45e0-88a5-989ccad7ecd0": "How does the development and approval of the ISMS policy relate to the organization's priorities and objectives for implementing the ISMS?", "103a4a40-d659-4a1b-b0d4-055261e723c1": "What specific outputs from previous activities are required in order to develop and obtain approval for the ISMS policy from management?", "7dd2483d-3c16-46de-95cd-8e5351de3e5d": "How does the development of the Information Security Management System (ISMS) policy involve collecting supporting information for organizational processes and specialist tasks, and determining the level of protection required for critical information?", "d6e3b1a1-2f70-404b-944f-ba5339620044": "Why is it important to analyze the organization's processes and their potential vulnerabilities to information security incidents when developing the ISMS policy, even if only a basic description of the processes is provided?", "b4a91425-b5c5-4f38-9de7-29f8fb7d44f4": "How does the information security policy and scoping of an ISMS provide the necessary context for conducting a risk assessment according to the ISO 27001 standard?", "336e1f0c-9df3-44d4-a579-db2462098bd9": "Why is it important for consultants providing ISMS services to align their tools with the requirements of ISO 27001 and other national and international standards on information security risk assessment, such as vsrisk cloud?", "5696671e-b531-48b7-ac0f-5b7091480486": "How can specialist technical advice and current information about security vulnerabilities help in configuring a firewall for an organization?", "7237bd4d-44a4-4279-a505-c44c9f8f38a5": "Why is it important for organizations to change the vendor's default password on a firewall, according to the context information provided?", "81960b82-252d-45ba-a50f-705b24b0e937": "How does scenario-based risk assessment help organizations in identifying and assessing risks that may not be obvious at first glance?", "d73badc4-996a-4bf9-afcb-a41b8b5614e7": "Explain the importance of prioritizing risks based on their likelihood and impact in developing mitigation strategies for business processes.", "4d0e0aeb-b747-4726-a0b5-217835a5804b": "What steps should be taken to ensure the protection of confidential information and intellectual property when an employee leaves the organization?", "9678facb-668a-47d0-ac4f-b35db549cf0b": "How should previously used assets, such as authentication means and mobile devices, be handled when an employee's assignment is terminated?", "cbaae26f-ba1c-447f-b881-407482d84529": "How does the annualised loss expectancy (ALE) or estimated annual cost (EAC) help organizations in ranking risks and making decisions? What are the limitations of this type of risk analysis?", "4d1fb7f1-f82e-4819-b0e2-43f4d58c4378": "Discuss the potential drawbacks of using a methodology for risk analysis that heavily relies on subjective individual decisions. How can this approach lead to complacency and hinder progress towards implementing an Information Security Management System (ISMS)?", "c78c8584-0d6e-47d3-b283-e94e8bd25c6f": "How does an organization determine how to proceed with identified risks, and why is it important to document all decisions made for risk treatment?", "b4a333c1-809c-406e-ad03-a710b7b2c8f1": "Why is documentation considered a crucial requirement in ISO 27001, and what aspects related to the organization and its context must be documented according to the norm?", "ab6df762-2199-4a99-bd37-2d38794587ea": "What is the purpose of ISO/IEC 27001 and how does it help organizations in managing information security controls?", "84d5a84e-75a7-486a-8f46-a9d2cb511c98": "How can organizations achieve certification for ISO 27001 compliance, and what does this certification signify in terms of their security systems and processes?", "6edba78e-d2bb-4c4b-8168-1850a1f05f0a": "Explain the difference between weak authentication and multi-factor authentication, providing examples of each.", "553183eb-15a2-4964-9869-1f35084946c9": "Describe a scenario where strong authentication would be necessary for accessing sensitive data, and explain why weak authentication would not be sufficient in that situation.", "4ffd837c-c52c-407e-add8-bc3f62e066d7": "How does the information security team collaborate with the IT helpdesk team to define the information transfer policy and procedure?", "31881964-0d45-4f49-9b4c-a19432e4ae10": "What role does the external auditor play in verifying the implementation of security controls for safeguarding the transfer of information between the organization and external parties?", "dd74132c-19aa-4e25-b948-c7649e1cd315": "How should boards establish the value of reputation as an intangible asset, and how can reputation damage be included in risk assessments?", "3aa44b3d-467c-456f-87f0-0acf1bf90484": "In the context of asset ownership within an organization, who is typically responsible for managing physical assets, software assets, and individual user devices such as notebooks or mobile devices?", "c19d1dca-4a6e-4cb4-abac-86ebb2164d80": "How can creating a cross-functional team help in conducting a comprehensive asset-based risk assessment?", "9b5b258f-b57f-42bf-9ae3-395bec47ea4f": "Why is it important to establish an asset inventory before assigning a risk level to each asset in the risk assessment process?", "a605f3df-9773-4d91-858b-ee55d813db54": "How can companies choose to implement ISO 27001 controls, and what are the potential benefits of hiring outside consultants with ISO 27001 experience?", "3d3d8242-c85f-434d-90a3-3e65eed32d48": "What specific roles within an organization are responsible for managing human resource security activities, drafting organizational policies, and installing software to protect network assets in accordance with ISO 27001 controls?", "8b025fd2-d9d4-4f8c-8773-0ad013db56da": "How does conducting a methodical assessment of risks associated with an organization's information assets contribute to effective information security management?", "5876f516-e870-4eb7-ad13-c2457205a4c6": "What factors should be considered in assessing information security risks, and how can a suitable risk assessment and risk treatment method help in managing these risks effectively?", "c230e4ec-f875-4e31-885d-600c695eb35f": "How does an organization determine how to proceed with identified risks, and why is it important to document all decisions made for risk treatment?", "b8b9317f-bdfd-4d11-bc8e-c6ef1185ddaa": "Why is documentation a crucial requirement in ISO 27001, and what aspects related to the organization and its context must be documented according to the norm?", "2faa75b6-8bb4-444f-9318-1d8da05d6918": "What is the purpose of the initial audit in the certification process for an organization seeking ISO certification?", "52ce1801-2cdb-4e5d-8ddd-538d2c099f16": "How does the certification body ensure that they have the appropriate competency profile in the audit team for the stage 2 audit?", "aaf9f407-a065-4f45-bb9e-797c6b5438b6": "How can authentication and authorization be ensured in online trading processes, and why are these factors important in formal agreements between parties?", "13d72562-720e-4e28-a5b7-b5343ff2ce3a": "Discuss the potential risks and challenges related to payment information vetting, transaction confidentiality, and credit card fraud in online trading, and propose strategies to mitigate these risks.", "b38103be-396e-4e88-8aee-d996234046e8": "How did the United Kingdom's All Party Internet Group (APIG) assess the effectiveness of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (RIPA) in 2004, and what recommendations did they make for improving computer security laws?", "5b42e0e6-b508-4252-960e-0486ead75043": "What changes were made to the Computer Misuse Act (CMA) as a result of the Police and Justice Act 2006, specifically in relation to the maximum sentence for unauthorized acts with intent to impair computer operations and the creation of a new offense related to articles used in committing offenses?", "3e743097-c023-4b37-8873-dccc8bd240d6": "What are some concrete examples of external communication in the context of security incidents, and why is it important to have restrictions on who can communicate with certain entities?", "bdc08ce0-5493-478e-9fba-ed01380a8fbb": "How can organizations ensure that sensitive content is only accessible to a specific group of people when communicating externally, and why is it important to specify the manner of communication in specific cases?", "036cfdc0-ca9b-48e4-920c-5582bca1db57": "Why is it important for management to approve the information security policy, and how often should the policy be reviewed and updated according to the provided context information?", "c03f3a3b-9a1a-4d44-9653-40074a4d2d88": "Describe the key components of the information security policy as outlined in the context information, and explain the significance of ensuring that the final version of the policy aligns with clause 5.2 of the standard.", "5861071d-1e92-4aa7-9404-92f6307d520c": "Explain the importance of including all excluded controls from Annex A in the Statement of Applicability (SoA) according to ISO/IEC 27001 clause 6.1.3 b). How does this relate to potential nonconformities within an organization's information security management system?", "1f370e3c-a840-4a56-938a-08668153883a": "Discuss the criteria for controls included in the Reference Control Superset, as outlined in the provided context information. How does the Reference Control Superset differ from sector-specific controls, and why are they not included in the superset?", "504b8b84-38c4-4df5-9f86-cc0ae0fb39fd": "What are some of the key components that can be found in the pre-written texts for the encryption policy template located in the local file system?", "5dbee8bd-6502-4b47-85b4-4077099fd097": "How can the encryption policy template from the annex a of ISO 27001 be utilized to assist organizations in developing their own encryption policies?", "5e22dba5-d637-4901-ac36-4198a5df1d9a": "Why is it important to ensure that the design of monitoring activities in information security is checked for legal ramifications?", "e899f0fb-a39f-41c1-8b02-e8d316713074": "How can organizations ensure the effectiveness of their monitoring activities in maintaining information security, according to the context information provided?", "ab41ac3a-642b-4abd-b112-5ce6df99b655": "Explain the purpose of the Statement of Applicability (SOA) in the ISO 27001 risk assessment process and what information it should include. How does the SOA help organizations manage their information security risks effectively?", "d7ef30e0-0ce9-426d-a683-0526dbe6d277": "Discuss the significance of the risk treatment plan in the ISO 27001 PDCA cycle. How does the risk treatment plan help organizations select and implement controls to reduce risks to an acceptable level?", "989c39ce-4551-4ef8-b24a-2a76b4262528": "How can the issue of data loss due to storage space limitations be prevented in systems that use defined storage space for logs?", "124beb69-f6ba-4de8-a48c-5ddf96398f11": "Why is it important to restrict access to logs to only authorized individuals, and how can this be achieved to prevent manipulation or deletion of logs?", "7a49353f-885a-4ea4-801d-5188d196a44e": "What is the significance of obtaining an ISO 27001 certification for organizations in terms of information security and cyber strategy?", "5e2178ea-1f77-404e-96a9-7c5d528af626": "How does an Information Security Management System (ISMS) established according to ISO 27001 help mitigate the damage of cyber attacks and security breaches, as highlighted in the context information?", "d047ce0b-210c-4272-a725-03e566ae81c7": "How did the ransomware attack impact hospitals and GP surgeries in the UK, and what measures did the hospital staff have to resort to in order to continue operations?", "41484374-9b4c-4d83-a026-f0e1f86c6442": "Why is it important for organizations to reduce or eliminate risks related to unauthorized disclosure, modification, and deletion of critical information, as highlighted in the real-life scenarios provided?", "5ddbd2d4-aebe-4879-b2ea-9a3e54d02bc5": "How can companies benefit from strengthening their security policies within devops, and what role do auditors or consultants play in designing controls to support production needs?", "531f9644-d14a-4eaf-b6bb-c88c0b97ce67": "Explain the shared security model maintained by Amazon Web Services (AWS) and the respective responsibilities of AWS and its customers in ensuring the security of data stored within the cloud platform.", "790e0db0-2330-408e-b777-a904adce77b1": "What is the purpose of producing a statement of applicability in the context of ISO/IEC 27001:2013, and how does it relate to risk treatment plans?", "c7ab1c8a-cf2d-4149-92fc-6331a7b81e60": "How does ISO/IEC 27001 clause 6.1.3 e) define the requirement for organisations to formulate a risk treatment plan, and what is the interpretation provided in the document regarding this requirement?", "d836ae51-f372-4210-8674-c6460732628f": "How can event logs of physical monitoring, such as entrance and exit logs, contribute to more accurate detection and incident analysis in information security?", "664cf10d-eff1-4029-ad45-10cb6cda0c97": "Why is it important to correlate logs in order to enable efficient and highly accurate analysis in information security monitoring?", "482a7461-bf83-42ff-b942-cae88d9dc597": "How can small organizations ensure effective control in areas such as change control, software development, and system administration, even though traditional control measures may be less applicable?", "0e7abcf9-3b9f-4acc-b08b-db3f30188593": "What are the key responsibilities of managers in relation to information security awareness, and how can they ensure that this awareness is effectively communicated and implemented within their teams?", "b300c01a-0b9e-4d29-8998-1f078ee03c41": "How does the quality of the risk analysis and assessment impact the controls that an organization eventually implements, according to the ISO 27001 requirement mentioned in the document?", "4177a45c-4ce6-4991-a959-af9fbe8090af": "Provide an example of an external threat that could potentially impact all three characteristics (confidentiality, integrity, and availability) of information, as discussed in the document.", "9be3656f-7564-4924-b710-f48400bed9bb": "How can an organization evaluate the performance of its Information Security Management System (ISMS) in accordance with ISO 27001 9.1? Provide examples of information security performance metrics that can be monitored and measured.", "500c71f5-0712-4a9d-b616-4721bd433939": "What are some examples of metrics that can be used to monitor and measure the effectiveness of the ISMS itself, as outlined in ISO 27001 9.1? How can organizations ensure that their ISMS processes are effective and compliant with information security regulations and standards?", "66d44caa-21ed-4af8-804c-b2b970dd7964": "What are the key requirements specified in the ISO/IEC 27001 standard for information security management systems (ISMS)?", "a9816bb8-37f2-4c04-82d4-59295908d796": "How does ISO/IEC 27002 supplement the requirements outlined in ISO/IEC 27001, and why is it important to understand both standards for certification purposes?", "e2b30169-d0af-415d-b360-948f3a880f90": "How are virus writers and hackers collaborating with spammers in the digital landscape, and what are the motivations behind this cooperation?", "9ce2d75f-9a3f-4332-81ab-06f3bff1b839": "In what ways are \"mal-mailers\" evolving their tactics to bypass network gateway defenses, and how does this pose a threat to organizations' cybersecurity measures?", "7e160233-17c0-43af-99aa-e072623f3c1e": "What specific training do staff members identified in the document require in relation to their responsibilities for data security, as outlined by the PCI DSS?", "a3328bea-0ac8-4b94-bd05-2a78969caadd": "Which staff members, as listed in the document, should have specific statements in their job descriptions and contracts of employment regarding their information security responsibilities?", "bd5028fd-0e0a-42dd-bc21-3e129d65c2c1": "How does the risk treatment plan connect the risk assessment to the implementation of appropriate controls, as outlined in the SOA?", "c563dfd8-6810-4a2f-99c9-d7c95511948a": "What key components should be included in a risk treatment plan to ensure the successful execution and continuous improvement of risk management strategies?", "80467b6a-719c-4e9a-b7ab-fbc461d87b94": "How can organizations ensure that confidential information is not improperly disclosed when distributing their information security policy or topic-specific policies outside the organization?", "a20c741b-cad9-4816-a130-d180ff5a4972": "Explain the differences between an information security policy and a topic-specific policy, focusing on the level of detail and the appropriate level of management for approval.", "d10f1211-ca9c-46cc-a3ef-4e25d0d212ae": "How can configuration tools be used to manage user endpoint devices such as laptops, tablets, and smartphones in the context of ISO/IEC 27001 implementation?", "d41a742f-3f37-4a98-b623-4970458ab82e": "In the context of privileged access rights, what considerations should be made regarding account administration and user accounts holding privileged access rights in an organization?", "b9e60557-5dff-4cff-b4be-fced17c1810b": "What are the recommended security measures for handling notebook computers carrying confidential information, as outlined in the context information?", "57ed3837-fa38-4963-bd80-609c3ef677ca": "When is it appropriate for an organization to share confidential information with a third-party organization, and what precautionary steps should be taken before doing so, according to the context information?", "f1bac6bd-9bc5-47a3-b30f-671f9abdea10": "How does management approval play a crucial role in the implementation of an ISMS, according to the document?", "dee4c343-9806-4648-9276-87a81a4d918f": "What are the key objectives of defining the detailed scope and boundaries of an ISMS, as outlined in the document?", "ef64c155-5df7-4c10-88a1-2678552abb78": "Why is it important for risk owners to review and approve risk treatment plans, and how are the results of these meetings documented?", "c798e0d2-b557-443e-8b15-cf908effb6fe": "How does the ISO/IEC 27001:2013 standard relate to mastering risk assessment and the statement of applicability, as mentioned in the provided context information?", "c5355062-b302-4062-9de6-88800222b6c0": "How can organizations mitigate the risk of potential delays in replacing products or services from suppliers who are no longer in business or no longer provide certain components?", "a5766c1b-2dea-4948-ba64-7b6b200e8812": "What measures can organizations take to manage the access to information by suppliers with inadequate information security management, especially when there is a need for confidentiality of the information being shared?", "3dd21e5e-5439-463b-aa3a-79117a90b40d": "How does the definition of a control in ISO 31000:2018 differ from the definition in ISO/IEC 27000, and why is this difference important in understanding controls in the context of risk management?", "552bb7e9-ea5f-4383-bc26-f252ac2b1cd1": "Can you provide an example from the text of a control that is not truly a control according to the definition in ISO/IEC 27000, and explain why it does not effectively modify risk on its own?", "a8a0df13-f0fa-40b9-b311-2039aecee7fd": "Why is it important for top management to approve the recommended risk treatments and agree to the levels of residual risk after implementation?", "06bc5bd0-b695-470b-8943-6e5cc234d255": "What is the purpose of preparing a \"statement of applicability\" document in the context of ISO/IEC 27001 implementation, and how should decisions to adopt or not adopt reference controls be justified?", "f9b69e90-1d69-413f-9556-74b71e3b64e0": "How does clause 7.2 of the standard relate to the organization's requirements for competence in information security tasks, and what steps must the organization take to ensure compliance with this clause?", "3ad87f55-9595-4f55-bf9e-b47583143294": "What are the potential challenges faced by organizations when selecting a specialist adviser for information security, and why is it important to take a structured approach to resolving this issue for the success of an ISO27001 project?", "bc2f71a2-7543-46cd-bd64-46af13822b7d": "How can organizations ensure that assets are properly tracked and handled when used by external parties on a sharing basis?", "fbb1ec04-ecb8-486c-a836-95e94aa92498": "Explain the importance of implementing procedures for the management of removable media in order to prevent unauthorized disclosure, modification, removal, or destruction of information stored on media.", "cd063fd1-1d91-4322-874c-34f6718bea01": "How does information security ensure the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of information within an organization?", "41ec767c-2024-4b27-9114-ca632557e9bc": "Discuss the various forms in which information can be stored and transmitted, and explain why appropriate protection is necessary regardless of the form or means of transmission.", "978388bd-25c9-40ee-99eb-2057211f452e": "How does ISO 27005 recommend establishing priorities for implementing controls to manage risk, and what formal approvals are required for the implementation of selected controls and operation of the ISMS?", "c9c9fb00-dd11-4d33-8ecc-cbd987f729b2": "In what ways can organisations use asset-based risk assessment methodologies, and what role does asset management play in scenario-based risk assessments according to BS 7799-3?", "76612596-1eab-41a6-9f37-8b601aef54e9": "How has the UK government recently changed its approach to information classification levels, and what advice is given regarding the number of classification levels to implement?", "39058a3c-bccb-4d95-bfc8-b8b03b1146c4": "What are some common choices for names of classification levels, and what recommendation is given regarding the naming of classification levels in the context of information security?", "d194d593-d029-4628-9a2f-5b892a56f9d3": "How does the three-phased approach used by octave help in creating a comprehensive picture of an organization's information security needs?", "a82c09db-19fd-4e1c-be82-1c54852394da": "Explain the process of building asset-based threat profiles and conducting risk assessments according to the information provided in the context.", "0478cb11-2979-4871-a55b-ec119807f754": "How can the company ensure code ownership and intellectual copyright related to outsourced development is maintained? Provide examples of measures that can be implemented to address this concern.", "ce2eb18a-0ae6-4141-be82-2df80ab09a81": "Explain the importance of acceptance testing for the quality and accuracy of software deliverables in the context of outsourced system development. How can the company ensure that acceptance testing is effectively carried out in this scenario?", "c6ddfe4b-46cf-42d6-a2b6-372ab2e6f2bd": "How does the board ensure that significant internal and external operational, financial, compliance, and other risks are identified and assessed on an ongoing basis? Provide examples of significant risks that may be included in this assessment.", "dbf32ce2-03bf-4c93-a8f7-b09c5ea4e861": "Discuss the importance of having clear strategies for dealing with significant risks identified by the board. How does having a policy on risk management contribute to effective governance?", "c83af888-6f4e-42f3-9036-f982e3323731": "How can mutual interference between production and development areas be prevented, and why is it important to strictly control access between the two areas?", "feeb9dcc-750e-467e-ae1a-d68fe680966e": "What technological controls should be considered to ensure the separation and security of networks between production and development environments, and why is this segmentation necessary to protect the organization's property rights and data integrity?", "3314c2c3-451e-499c-9e32-c9561f02b1bd": "How can organizations ensure that their audit logs do not exceed storage capacity, and what are the potential consequences of exceeding this capacity?", "9ccaa631-464f-4d31-98d7-125ef82696af": "According to ISO27002, what is the requirement for system administrators and operational staff in terms of maintaining logs of their activities, and why is this important for organizations?", "83ed5c32-5695-4c4b-b16c-f631a1b7d77e": "How does the information security management team ensure ongoing compliance with security standards in the organization?", "e3f515ff-6d27-46e9-8f44-7b5a33736e44": "What are the responsibilities of the system admin or IT manager in maintaining the ISMS and ensuring corrective actions are taken against issues raised during audits?", "f24cd517-3352-466c-8cb4-fea7bb4484b3": "What was the alternative solution adopted in the absence of a UKAS-accredited certification scheme for organizations seeking to comply with the code of practice for information security management?", "f6f41013-1825-4811-b50c-b694f3d2eeb3": "How did the revision of BS7799 in 1999 impact the original code of practice and what new component was added to the standard?", "e66b762a-ab89-4839-9576-24f7160fca47": "How can project stakeholders be effectively engaged and committed to the implementation of ISO 27001 security practices within an organization?", "da820b8d-8858-45ba-b5a5-2ae190ec76f9": "According to the chapter, why is it important to spend a significant amount of time on planning before formally starting a project, particularly when working on ISO 27001 implementation?", "21aeeb49-b0ea-4a94-a35b-11a9ebffafcd": "How does an organization's risk assessment and treatment serve as the fundamental basis for ISO 27001 implementation, and how does ISO 27002:2022's annex a provide flexibility in implementing controls?", "b9b5e229-a390-45c4-aa2f-889100ef0aad": "According to ISO 27002:2022, how can organizations customize attributes and values to address specific needs in their organization when implementing controls, and how does this flexibility align with the requirements of ISO 27001?", "57a898da-a357-46a4-b41c-d3b400d7a0e9": "Explain the importance of implementing a formal user registration and de-registration process in the context of security controls to prevent access to unauthorized users. Provide examples of potential risks associated with not having such a process in place.", "5f50266f-a6fd-4d05-b1b9-5d839d978c57": "Discuss the potential consequences of using shared user IDs in an organization's system, and explain why it is important to have a unique ID assigned to each user. How can the use of shared IDs increase the risk of a security breach, and what measures should be taken to mitigate this risk?", "eb88a223-e24c-4056-a476-87ad1443e5c9": "What are the potential consequences of forwarding hoax virus warning messages to one's entire address book?", "724b4179-5b8d-44af-86b7-6e54a4d1ef91": "Can you differentiate between hoax viruses and ransomware based on the information provided?", "b8fe220c-142f-4c6d-9201-98c7f48ecb24": "How should information security responsibilities and duties be defined in terms of employment, especially in relation to confidentiality, intellectual property, and other agreements?", "22c699b7-b923-481c-a1ab-17e2f703bf7c": "How should changes in responsibility or employment be managed in terms of information security roles and responsibilities, particularly when an individual leaves or changes job roles?", "14dcdceb-4ac0-439e-9e97-9dddb6a0ba5d": "How should organizations consider the risks from existing networks when designing protective measures for individual IT systems?", "6cfba9e5-51f4-4c70-9de8-793742f87ad1": "Why is it generally sensible to separate network management from IT system management, both organizationally and technically, according to the commentary on the security of network services control?", "b9b37d85-401e-4314-be30-192318254aeb": "How does ISO27002 provide guidance on the implementation and operation of controls listed in Annex A, and what factors may necessitate organizations to go beyond the recommendations outlined in the standard?", "19403f2e-1056-4697-bc3e-e193c6bf2170": "Define a control objective and explain why it is important for organizations to ensure that the selection of controls is cost-effective.", "301bc241-154b-47af-a79f-ebbd1cc6be99": "How does the frequency of management reviews vary between small organizations with simple ISMS and large organizations with complex ISMS?", "dc5cc8b6-509d-453a-ab43-61d32cc8b3bf": "Why is it important for organizations to conduct regular management reviews for their ISMS, according to the document?", "dcaa143b-2da8-4061-b1d1-e2124bc7806a": "How can top management demonstrate their commitment to the Information Security Management System (ISMS) according to the leadership section of the standard?", "18d8b25b-9890-404c-a3fd-c2e9416e8c55": "What specific documents are provided in the toolkit to help evidence management commitment to the ISMS, as mentioned in the context information?", "32e0f87e-cae8-4ddb-9cc9-b918bd21ce41": "How can organizations ensure that their management system is compliant and suitable for use, and what steps should be taken if improvements are identified?", "5d9b0cc4-e810-4111-bd58-f8f0d4f07cbc": "Who is responsible for conducting reviews of security policies and controls within an organization, and what are the key considerations when selecting a reviewer/auditor, whether internal or external?", "f54208b5-a1f5-48d2-a429-5e37f07c54ea": "What are the distinct categories of information that require protection in the threat environment outlined?", "67ea71a5-12a2-4f5f-8edc-af4cc025a731": "How can an organization determine the critical business processes and their tolerance for interruptions in the business continuity requirements section?", "bf1b6cac-5842-4963-8330-7a4436471181": "How does the ISO 27001 standard emphasize the importance of management commitment in improving the Information Security Management System (ISMS) within an organization or business unit?", "4ee7efaf-ac18-4a15-9e14-2ed0294fd19c": "What specific responsibilities are expected from department heads and stakeholders in terms of collecting and analyzing data, reporting on security controls, and addressing issues during management reviews of the ISMS implementation?", "e646409f-fd87-4df6-b987-0d8a20e39423": "Why is it important to conduct a risk analysis and define corresponding measures before developing and procuring IT applications?", "87762cf9-c806-47a5-a01d-f73529295706": "According to the ISO 27034 standard, what are some key principles, methods, and procedures that should be considered and applied in the security domain during system development?", "06a1d0b1-36b7-4f6b-9880-1df8f89412e6": "How can log data be effectively evaluated in complex system landscapes, and what tools or methods can be used for this purpose?", "2d1252b7-46d0-4451-82ba-9d361825befb": "In what situations should information disclosure be consulted in advance, and what considerations should be taken into account when forwarding logs to customers as part of service agreements?", "a0e20604-2875-43f5-9d25-8f4696e58499": "How should temporary secret authentication information be shared in a secure manner, according to the document?", "0604a347-b5b2-48dd-bf3d-3c7a111346aa": "Why is it important for asset owners to review users' access rights at regular intervals, as per the ISO 27001 control mentioned in the document?", "b5282464-f7b4-479f-a788-8e758d5ae859": "Explain the difference between discretionary access control (DAC) and mandatory access control (MAC) in terms of who determines access permissions and how they are regulated.", "904825ee-f64e-44cd-89b7-d790c60aac6a": "How does role-based access control (RBAC) differ from attribute-based access control (ABAC) in terms of granting access to users and resources? Provide examples to support your explanation.", "b1286fc4-64ec-4e12-a889-daae276f6bdf": "How can organizations ensure that recording equipment is not brought into secure areas, and why is this important for maintaining the confidentiality of sensitive information?", "47b7d3b7-ab63-4662-87df-c92f6085fe85": "According to control 11.1.6 of ISO27002, what measures should organizations take to control delivery and loading areas, and why is this important for overall security protocols?", "44dce4d7-f05e-4692-b1de-cbdce5363beb": "What are some common forms of malware discussed in the text, and why are anti-malware controls considered an important part of a data security system?", "83f218e0-898a-4bf5-b431-af88c64eaa3d": "Can you explain the characteristics of a virus and why it is considered a crucial component of malware in the context of data security?", "8d1e3b73-bc05-4c77-930a-4909b026ccbb": "What is the deadline for organizations pursuing ISO 27001 certification for the first time to be certified on the 27001:2013 version?", "16ae1a42-f1a9-496e-b902-c44da5371e5c": "How many controls are outlined in ISO 27001:2022, and where can these controls be found within the standard?", "7751eb90-a52f-4b46-a9e7-583b33588d0b": "How does asset valuation in the context of ISO/IEC 27005:2018 begin, and what are the two measures used to determine the value of assets?", "5f99756e-c715-4b35-931a-6879fb5cf79d": "Explain the significance of conducting a business impact analysis in determining the value of assets according to their criticality in fulfilling the business objectives of an organization.", "189bb66b-f405-497b-8a7e-409e1baec3a2": "How should organizations approach the selection and implementation of risk assessment procedures for information security, according to the guidance provided in the document?", "47b23b17-1151-4e92-b4e5-5d3fe60c9f4e": "What considerations should be taken into account when deciding whether to use existing risk assessment procedures or develop new ones for information security within an organization, as outlined in the document?", "33fd4ce7-f032-4355-9025-1899f2db5c7b": "How can an auditor assess whether staff are aware of their information security responsibilities and have received appropriate training in the context of an ISO 27001 internal audit?", "64d338a1-4076-4fa6-b31e-826fe5ffcb62": "In the context of an ISO 27001 internal audit, why is it important for the audit report to include recommendations for improvement?", "42c06b96-e912-4aa9-b443-ae473d4897f2": "How can organizations comply with laws and regulations regarding data leakage prevention according to the information provided in the document?", "7b5b8d24-7f74-4300-9948-691f8bac92bf": "Explain the significance of implementing secure coding principles in preventing vulnerabilities caused by inadequate coding methods, as outlined in the context information.", "06f9e314-eed7-4b96-b9db-873449ddd862": "How can organizations restrict the use of information held on assets not owned by them, and what security controls can be implemented in such cases?", "3cf4b2c1-edf6-4aef-9a16-e9fa4ad99729": "Explain the importance of classifying information based on confidentiality, integrity, availability, and relevant interested party requirements in ensuring information security.", "2db59b43-a23a-499c-b34b-65b38d3a5b0c": "How do auditors assess the application of IT governance policies by the management team across the organization, and what is their approach to testing the boundaries of the stated scope?", "93cf861e-812f-4308-bea1-77d56a117a01": "In the context of information assets within the scope of an ISMS, how does access from a geographically remote site impact the maintenance of confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data, and what considerations need to be made in such situations?", "6f658801-e7d9-4ba9-93d7-4eb1fafbeef4": "What measures should be taken for temporary/sporadic personnel working in the organization, such as maintenance technicians or waste disposal personnel, according to the document?", "53d82c59-2305-4d84-91d8-fecf32e3a109": "When terminating employees, what factors should be considered in relation to the rules of the employment contract, as outlined in the context information?", "c86ce50e-6113-4de6-8a4c-a9d9b607956f": "How can the preliminary scope of an Information Security Management System (ISMS) be defined, according to the context information provided?", "2a30aa64-4879-49bb-8dc5-c17e9f14fce0": "What factors should be considered when identifying the critical business processes, systems, information assets, organizational structures, and geographic locations to which the ISMS will be applied, as outlined in the document?", "18069d4c-7e28-43b3-8a03-f858c940a063": "Explain the three behaviors of control described in the document (n-factor, excess, and strangulation) and provide examples of each.", "c0220c6f-3435-437a-aba8-fd0af4855d01": "How can the effectiveness of a control be estimated, and what empirical data can be used to support this estimation, especially for an ISMS that is a year or older?", "a8379e1b-79e4-43bc-9aa3-5e491187fefe": "How can an organization overcome resistance from the IT department when implementing security policy changes, and what contingency plans should be prepared for potential staff changes?", "327f47d5-8ad3-4860-88a5-983630a9e1a7": "According to ISO 27001 requirements, what training and competencies are necessary for key roles within the Information Security Management System (ISMS), and how can training facilitate a successful change program within an organization?", "4ffa6371-01b4-4f83-be3d-0426b61cf9b3": "How does ISO 27001 define a physical security perimeter and what factors should be considered when determining the location of security perimeters within an organization?", "38ccb659-a27d-4c2d-a588-77d15b777e0c": "What are the three principles that organizations must follow in regards to physical and environmental security, as outlined in the context information provided?", "8e2fd471-328b-4866-b4ba-3063a2219709": "How can IT teams ensure the security of information in a source code repository, especially in terms of preventing unauthorized access and data tampering?", "858ddff3-5458-4ca5-ba36-8896fbb9e515": "Why is it important for organizations to regularly review and update access rights for their source code repository, particularly in relation to controlling who can delete information and preventing the misuse of client source code after project delivery?", "fd85cadd-5d4e-4d2b-8a6a-c64ce102502b": "What were the consequences of the security breach on Uber's app, including the specific types of data that were stolen and the actions taken by the hackers?", "ba670635-0787-4926-81ad-8502e54c4aa2": "Describe the impact of the NHS cyberattack in May 2017, including the method used by hackers to spread the ransomware and the financial losses incurred as a result of the attack.", "0312c09e-d092-4fc5-b2e6-2b1f4ffd4e32": "How can organizations ensure that required controls are in place within their supply chain, and what role does independent certification to standards such as ISO27001 play in this process?", "20141b55-e30d-404b-905b-4dfc2385c774": "What considerations should organizations take into account when designing an ICT supply chain information security framework, particularly in relation to the cost implications for tier 1 suppliers and the extension of contractual requirements to new suppliers or suppliers of specific products/services?", "6a521bb5-1ed1-49aa-87bc-6eabeb884c89": "How can iso 27001 certification help businesses improve their information security processes, mitigate risks, and build trust among customers and stakeholders?", "1595b5bb-be5d-4617-9d17-686c754394b8": "What are the key categories of measures outlined in the iso 27001 framework to help companies protect their information assets and implement effective security measures?", "c89e8eb2-3562-4fcc-8694-bc14da59d7f8": "How can individuals identify fraudulent e-mails, especially those that are becoming increasingly sophisticated in their replication of official websites?", "88e6695d-4d99-4bb9-897d-636182528f5d": "What are spear phishing and whaling, and how do they differ from traditional phishing attacks?", "846c0119-699c-488d-9596-4e6e83aec3a6": "How do digital signatures provide strong proof of a file's genuineness and original form, and what role do they play in non-repudiation?", "5b6705fa-b703-4162-82b3-de357d59fbd3": "Why is it important for organizations to seek legal advice on the recognition of digital signatures within the jurisdiction they operate in, and what additional agreements may be necessary to ensure their validity?", "c4638c0d-d60c-49a3-b155-fc7a3bb3b7fd": "How can conducting a risk assessment help an organization in understanding the threats and vulnerabilities faced by its information assets?", "519470cb-6c0e-407a-a3e0-9e5c3707cf41": "Why is it important for an organization to review its mission, vision, and values in order to understand its strategic goals for implementing ISO 27001?", "995db90e-ac44-4a99-ab38-5869419dd54b": "How can automated tools help in ensuring correct configurations and closing off vulnerabilities in cloud environments, as mentioned in the document?", "85b40358-05e8-4493-a548-24d4f65a4e30": "Explain the importance of data deletion in maintaining personally identifiable information (PII) security, and how organizations can demonstrate compliance with record retention timeframes according to the document.", "56ca034f-16f3-415f-863b-1dd6c88f3aab": "How can the risk of unauthorized access be minimized during the log-on process of a system or application? Provide at least three specific measures that should be implemented according to the context information provided.", "de80a2b3-b0cb-42b4-8632-39d52dbd178c": "Why is it important for biometric authentication to be accompanied by at least one alternative authentication technique? Discuss the potential issues that may arise with biometric authentication and how having an alternative method can address these concerns.", "182d0544-0ca0-4190-a148-67403a8d602d": "How can the use of contract auditors by RCBS impact the continuity and efficiency of the audit process for companies seeking certification?", "4f069b64-44c4-4eac-a82f-6c5d515484c2": "Why is it important for companies to consider the experience of an RCBS and its auditors in their specific industry when selecting a certification provider?", "747aaebe-d8e7-467c-8db1-8ebb885a2f7d": "Explain the importance of defining and applying a risk treatment process in accordance with ISO/IEC 27001 clause 6.1.3, and how it relates to the necessary controls within an organization's ISMS.", "67a3b67e-13f4-4237-897e-4ae1ce176805": "How does ISO/IEC 27001 clause 6.1.3 a) guide organizations in selecting appropriate risk treatment options based on their risk assessment results? What considerations should be taken into account when choosing these options?", "f8b27e8d-9587-4ef5-8fa0-a87f7332d6e3": "How should an organization ensure that documented information is adequately protected, and what are some examples of protection measures that can be implemented?", "d67c6c9f-98b0-4737-a4f7-33efb5513cd9": "Explain the importance of controlling changes to documented information, including the concept of version control. How can organizations effectively manage changes to ensure the integrity of the information security management system?", "f44a30ef-e3ac-4e2d-b276-65e677791fa4": "How can the initial effort for the introduction of the ISMS in the planning and implementation phase be managed separately from the operational effort?", "073eb1bb-f0dd-46fa-a12b-f2d6e2a4714b": "What factors should be considered when determining the time horizon for the operation of the ISMS, and why is it important to budget separately for the processes of verification/maintenance and continuous improvement?", "027b9f05-fabd-4744-89ad-80a22f26976c": "How can organizations ensure that supplier service delivery meets the agreed security and service levels according to ISO 27001 control?", "1a3cf684-6452-4318-8655-8cf87acc46e5": "What steps should organizations take to monitor, review, and audit supplier service delivery performance in order to maintain information security and service delivery in line with supplier agreements?", "f3684029-f14c-46bc-b630-62490765b1ed": "How can an organization demonstrate compliance with clause 9.2g of the document regarding internal audit program evidence?", "9414ef41-147a-48f9-9f49-62738485bf37": "Explain the importance of having a documented access control policy in accordance with clause a.9.1.1 of the additional annex a required documents and records.", "9dbbc1f9-9a36-4227-8714-8459547c2552": "How do periodic internal audits differ from external audits in terms of their focus and purpose?", "a6d5de69-6755-4cc3-95d8-ee253a5ad673": "Why is it important for management to implement any areas of improvement identified during management review meetings?", "fc540a99-c6ab-4071-8a69-d7443ee543f2": "Why is it important to have an approval process in place for authorizations such as creating new user accounts? How can the separation of roles for approval and implementation help prevent unauthorized access to resources?", "abe109bf-c899-4be1-a07c-566004d349df": "Describe the different distinctions that are often made for security-critical activities, such as legal responsibility, verification/approval requirements, implementation responsibility, control responsibility, and information obligation. Why are these distinctions necessary for maintaining control and security within an organization?", "b83d099b-c198-45aa-aad6-34d0fd162b72": "How does the systems development lifecycle (SDLC) play a role in engineering complex systems within a large organization?", "7efb2d6e-767a-4a04-9e31-f7eed2fa1f93": "In the context of secure systems engineering, what are some key considerations for ensuring security is designed into all layers of a complex information system?", "2aa9c556-8402-4444-8e09-0713ac9bb57b": "Explain the concept of variants in the context of ISO/IEC 27003 and provide an example of how a control specification can be declared as a variant.", "a1341d01-7467-4621-a039-baaa5e727d5d": "Discuss the two reasons for excluding annex a controls in the implementation of necessary controls, as outlined in the document. Provide an example for each reason.", "80be452a-1282-4cca-8a14-3b835bd6cc4e": "How can a risk assessment matrix be used to assess the likelihood and impact of a risk in information security?", "7e1135e8-58d6-45b8-8f91-d07266028167": "What are the different ways organizations can treat information security risks, and how can they monitor and review the effectiveness of their risk management processes?", "bc9d3642-a993-4826-834b-0b459258aff2": "How can protection against malware be ensured in an organization according to the guidance provided in the document?", "da0225db-f431-45a8-b870-03c45a916292": "Why is it mentioned that the use of malware detection and repair software alone is not usually adequate for protection against malware?", "f3ec8a52-9e28-40f5-a18e-7a9253cd1dbc": "What are the key requirements of competence for information security management systems professionals according to iso/iec 27021?", "9d040bc1-0a9c-4932-a6ff-e64eb31df5c4": "Who is the intended audience for iso/iec 27021 and what is the purpose of the document?", "0a192de5-636e-4ea9-8eea-84d19668705d": "How can an organization ensure the third party's adherence to the terms of the contract and effectively manage issues that arise during the outsourcing process?", "6bbe3559-1043-4c26-87d0-d8c61d5bc662": "What challenges does an organization face in managing changes to supplier services once they are transferred to a third party, and how can these challenges be addressed to ensure successful outsourcing?", "30773776-14e3-44ff-be2d-e3b12e2c9c02": "How can the effectiveness of alarms in addressing unwanted intruders be impacted by their ease of triggering, according to the context information provided?", "2402b185-bcfc-4eda-896a-7dbd4f0af937": "In what situations might multiple secure perimeters be necessary for organizations sharing physical premises, as described in the document?", "e627fdf8-5c38-4646-b44d-f01b99e3692f": "How does criticality play a role in determining the maximum time window for a successful restart of a resource in the context of business continuity and emergency management?", "4a65dd23-a319-479f-8adb-3c74a1549149": "Discuss the challenges involved in determining time windows and recovery points for IT applications, especially when considering dependencies. How can organizations effectively address these challenges?", "862b3116-7982-43da-b635-c3c162d66edd": "How does the relationship of existing management systems, regulatory requirements, and organizational objectives impact the scope of implementing an ISMS?", "ed18505f-318d-4fb4-b717-9bd07c761556": "Why is it important for management to approve the implementation of an ISMS and allocate necessary resources before starting the project?", "a252690b-a895-4cd6-b6de-b8f45d1e7c1a": "What are the key steps involved in preparing for an external audit according to the ISO 27001 standard guideline?", "988189eb-a907-4656-9131-a472b78e93fb": "How can a company develop a communication plan tailored to its specific needs and complexity during the risk treatment planning phase?", "da385623-9116-42cf-8ddf-43277ee6954f": "How can role-based access help address the management of privileged access rights, and why is it important to have strict controls on who has special access to data and systems?", "2b217300-ac33-4655-bf66-df311643e59c": "What measures should be taken to ensure the management of secret authentication information of users is effectively handled, and why is it crucial to grant access to important assets through secret authentication information?", "4e825daf-8fe3-4f70-bc5e-4f98ae9539ad": "Define authentication and provide an example of how it is used in a real-world scenario.", "af12df93-b7c1-4ce9-bc28-bc95110c5d4f": "Explain the difference between confidentiality and authenticity, and discuss why both are important in information security.", "c52cd596-29fe-4423-aa11-805858cb1a99": "How can an organization ensure a smooth handover of support to another supplier or to the organization itself at the end of a contract?", "a4eecf65-d6e1-4b57-b661-1cda63aaa81f": "Why is it important for organizations to establish and maintain a register of agreements with external parties, and what steps should be taken to ensure these agreements are still relevant and fit for purpose in terms of information security?", "ad24b3d1-cc69-4d12-95df-4aec3dc79435": "How does Annex A.9.1 aim to ensure the security of information and information processing facilities within an organization?", "c9bb46e6-9485-4c46-befe-3cc61068b246": "Why is it important for asset owners to establish and periodically review an access control policy in compliance with Annex A.9.1.1?", "66a904a8-3235-4ed4-9036-05be9d761191": "How can organizations identify new risks when revising supplier agreements and implementing changes to supplier services?", "617c6251-bacd-4ea4-a2e8-393af4666e3b": "Who is responsible for preparing the supplier relationship policy and revising or preparing new agreements within an organization?", "2e471b45-60b3-4986-a63e-6d5ca92c00fc": "How does the awareness session benefit the implementation team members in terms of writing policies and procedures?", "3e81abd1-b67b-4c2f-850c-37991d63be60": "Why is it crucial for companies to define policies and operational procedures, especially in the context of external audits and adherence by employees?", "6bf929de-ace5-4d06-b561-742aa65a40e8": "How does section ISMS-7.5.3 of the document address the control objectives related to the organization's documented information, specifically in terms of availability, protection, and control aspects?", "a2315fbd-35e2-4e8c-a3ec-c3c448b98bb5": "In the context of long-term archiving of documented information, what considerations need to be taken into account to ensure readability on future systems, and how can this be achieved according to the provided information?", "d564e2fc-a36b-436c-80c1-d9f258403fd7": "How are emergency switches utilized within a security zone to enable quick evacuation of personnel, and why is it important that these emergency procedures are not used under normal circumstances?", "5c6f0877-1368-415c-98b4-5bb16afaddf2": "In addition to offices, what other premises and facilities should be considered for securing in a controlled access system, and why is it important to have controlled access points for quick evacuation in emergencies?", "2fd468b9-9034-4fad-88f2-7b133a5c1913": "How does emergency training contribute to the timely execution of restart/recovery plans in the context of information security management?", "29fd9072-4449-42de-b894-ac630b1149c1": "Explain the importance of identifying legal, regulatory, and contractual requirements in information security management and how they impact an organization's compliance and security measures.", "9a5a962c-31a3-45ad-8f13-80d155015556": "How does non-compliance with risk guidance and Sarbanes-Oxley regulations impact the careers of directors within organizations?", "dc916859-e9b9-44ee-be14-8e7d94ca84ed": "Why is it essential for organizations to integrate their IT strategies with their business strategies, according to the guidance provided by the FRC and PCAOB's auditing standards?", "4d738e78-0c83-4448-b0c9-5110fc9b4b1b": "How does the ISO 27001 certification audit process ensure that organizations effectively manage the usage of utility programs and prevent them from overriding systems on their own?", "95bf121e-6232-4bce-8392-1ca9da999045": "What security controls must organizations implement to restrict access to program source code, as outlined in ISO 27001 control A.9.4.5?", "4ddff6a1-ce83-4ce3-9c8e-d04e5379cb73": "How does the current trend of cyber criminality impact businesses of all sizes, and why is obtaining ISO 27001 certification important in addressing information security concerns?", "8eb3e7ef-0818-41a4-90e8-c2b4438e67ef": "What are some of the challenges and complexities involved in the process of obtaining ISO 27001 certification, and why is it crucial for top management to be actively involved in the decision-making process?", "f253fb4c-6a2e-4d19-83b8-fbb1cc18d48c": "How should compromise agreements address confidentiality clauses in the context of employment termination?", "19562b96-a3ab-4708-930a-cd00996dd5f5": "What steps should be taken to address loopholes in existing confidentiality agreements and NDAs, according to the document?", "6c11bf56-0b33-47d2-a01c-2effe2538961": "Explain the difference between the optimum and reverse engineering approaches to risk treatment. How would you decide which approach to use in a given situation?", "67d81dda-274f-432f-adce-3f5e359ea9e0": "Describe the process of writing the story for detecting an event, reacting to consequences, and preventing the event using the worksheets provided in the risk treatment plan documentation. How does this process help ensure acceptable risk levels?", "8851a84d-6285-4715-bf76-43967a602892": "How can a company ensure a successful transition to ISO 27001:2022 according to the provided tips?", "a6561a63-fa1a-4002-91d1-57e8748c861b": "In what ways can an organization use the transition to ISO 27001:2022 as an opportunity to enhance its information security posture and risk management capabilities?", "31f76715-ce81-4206-9acf-d37170117080": "How can an organization ensure that responsibilities related to information security policies continue for a defined period after an employee's employment ends?", "377bdbad-92fd-4ba5-a81d-454ebeafa7c0": "What are some key components that can be included in a code of conduct to outline personnel's information security responsibilities?", "5a94a6a7-63e7-4035-8d0a-e94c3c00c389": "How does the crime-as-a-service (CaaS) business model contribute to the digital underground economy, and what types of commercial services are typically offered through this model?", "671b6550-0049-4769-ac05-9aea74b4c5d4": "In what ways do traditional organized crime groups (OCGs) benefit from the availability of cybercrime services, and how does the financial gain from offering these services drive the commercialization and innovation of cybercrime?", "0fff8925-4311-4dd8-9e67-64374e17882d": "How can a small organization determine the right approach for developing various security policies, and what are the potential pros and cons of having more or fewer documents in place?", "ef027f7d-4241-447d-99ce-623cc94846f7": "For organizations already certified to an ISO standard like ISO9001, what is the recommended approach for integrating an ISO/IEC 27001 ISMS into an integrated management system?", "a1bcac05-6384-4a03-a85b-257de0083390": "Why is it important to urgently delete identities in an organization to avoid subjects exercising permissions under their identity? What are some examples of when deletion of identities may occur, such as in the case of IT applications?", "a15c368d-b2bf-421b-9a14-f0e1517b3525": "How should actions related to assigning and managing identities for external personnel, service providers, maintenance technicians, and visitors be carried out in order to ensure appropriate request and approval processes are followed? What measures should be taken to ensure the security and traceability of identity management records?", "69242fb0-43dd-4833-8dc6-5aab079c8a76": "How does the concept of \"clear desk and clear screen\" contribute to physical security in a workplace environment?", "4cc542c9-8451-47e3-b475-bcfd0622529f": "Explain the importance of \"secure authentication\" in ensuring the security of user endpoint devices in an organization.", "288b5507-9696-4ddb-958e-f238c84a54fc": "How does top management contribute to the effectiveness of the Information Security Management System (ISMS) according to ISO 27001 clause 5.1?", "e9867741-5af0-4333-813f-40d9007e27fe": "What role do all employees in an organization play in ensuring information security, as outlined in ISO 27001 clause 5.1?", "b74bf8db-4398-49d7-b6ea-8d0980d045c6": "How does ISO 27001 compliance benefit organizations in terms of competitiveness, risk reduction, brand perception, and regulatory obligations?", "c5583b66-9daa-49d4-959e-391e619a27d6": "Why do many organizations use ISO 27001 as a framework for their Information Security Management System, and what tangible benefits can they expect from obtaining certification?", "9caa0004-2778-4f01-9add-83283b131aae": "How does ISO 27001 clause 5.2 impact the establishment of an information security policy within an organization?", "703b42e9-e9d1-42a3-ba0b-241a62508b68": "Discuss the key points that should be covered in an information security policy according to the context information provided.", "0143e1b6-0f48-4386-85ff-94ae7f281cb3": "How does clause 8 of ISO 27001 address the planning, implementation, and control of processes to meet information security requirements?", "29a4d531-d36b-4bdc-bac5-ae2432470c0e": "What are the specific requirements outlined in clause 8.1 of the standard regarding the planning, implementation, and control of processes to meet information security requirements?", "8d501668-5a6a-46e1-b2bd-5e50c7d453f2": "How can organizations effectively filter and evaluate information on vulnerabilities in the information gathering process, and why is it important to avoid becoming demotivated by the sheer amount of daily reports?", "800d3171-9376-4ee8-8bf6-7ea626a9b075": "Why is it important for organizations to continuously update their asset directory and consider vulnerabilities for new assets, as well as remove vulnerabilities for assets that are no longer in use? Additionally, how should organizations address vulnerabilities that may arise from using service providers for information processing?", "11bff9a7-7a3d-40fd-926f-5f56667a2c62": "How can organisations ensure personally identifiable information and business records are not made available without authorisation, according to annex a.18?", "3f953bdd-939b-4fb6-b5b8-c660f7bcd4da": "How does annex a.18 recommend organisations remain compliant with laws, regulations, contracts, and policies while strengthening their approach to information security management?", "9f44f848-5970-465f-bffe-37edb2cc17ac": "How can historical data and monitoring statistics be used to inform risk assessment in organizations, and why is it important to also consider the changing risk environment?", "3c2d9017-9487-4807-8408-4e42fd775b52": "Discuss the significance of technology as a source of risk for enterprises and explain how historic figures about the risk environment can inform the risk management process.", "f9371c21-659a-4b79-92c7-bb2a47ed919b": "How does ISO 27001 clause 6.1 require organizations to address risks and opportunities related to their information security management system?", "599679a5-7b79-487c-9744-a8c6d06e2206": "According to ISO 27001 clause 6.1, what specific actions must organizations plan in order to address risks and opportunities, and how should they evaluate the effectiveness of these actions?", "d40e0cc5-df81-4d45-b6c7-3eca44cb1082": "What is the objective of implementing documented operating procedures according to control a.12.1.1 in the annexure?", "d93294fe-801b-462d-a215-61cf6e442af3": "How does control a.12.1.2 address changes to the organization, business processes, information processing facilities, and systems that affect information security?", "7edbe20f-db8c-4874-88af-2c2b99bb7981": "How does the ISO/IEC 27001 annex A reference set contribute to an organization's information security controls? Provide examples to support your answer.", "0082842a-5540-45b1-b4ae-0d5cbff57c51": "Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of using the comparison process to identify missing controls in an ISO/IEC 27001 conformant ISMS. How can organizations benefit from utilizing the ISO/IEC 27002 guidance in this process?", "25ffb5e0-d3cf-4b10-bdab-335c10e300d5": "How does the incident management and escalation procedure impact a company's revenue and reputation, and what are the key components that should be included in this procedure?", "1f79a815-5d36-47f3-92f8-817e923a58e1": "Who is responsible for preparing the incident management and escalation procedure, and what stakeholders/departments should be involved in the process? Additionally, how will the effectiveness of this procedure be assessed during an external audit for ISO 27001 certification?", "3e604151-cb62-4cc0-8b6a-6e9a77b9e9a1": "What is the importance of hiring a third-party organization for ISO 27001 certification, and what criteria should be considered when selecting a certification body?", "d3ceb00e-13c0-42e5-8428-ace92091d493": "Describe the process of performing an internal audit for ISO 27001 certification and discuss the options available for conducting the audit.", "67af05c4-a1b0-4dca-ae36-7640ced05dcb": "How should an organization approach the review of recommended controls that have not been fully implemented, and what steps should be taken to address any gaps in implementation?", "9bfaaa0f-e7d3-436c-be85-12766c26552d": "What factors should be considered when determining whether to accept a certain level of residual risk for controls that cannot be fully implemented, according to the information security risk assessment process outlined in the document?", "cd1e1983-2a91-4084-85a5-7fa8b4a876f3": "How does the design of the monitoring process take into consideration the set-up of monitoring needs and activities, and why is coordination important in this process?", "f47f4ed3-0e03-4410-b047-fd823add40f1": "Explain how the objectives of monitoring are defined based on the scope, assets, risk analysis, and selection of controls, and discuss the importance of considering organizational activities/processes and assets in designing the monitoring process.", "05e88ac6-e96e-445f-b0d3-6a4a29713304": "How should organizations address security requirements with suppliers who may access, process, store, or provide IT infrastructure components for the organization's information, according to the document?", "f4962de0-a754-4227-9407-92c22c510675": "What is the objective of supplier service delivery management as outlined in the document, and how can organizations maintain an agreed level of information security and service delivery in line with supplier agreements?", "c2f7dea5-7e63-4460-8e6d-6589d153de3b": "What are the key components that should be included in a business case in order to obtain management approval to start the ISMS project?", "c6c94435-1591-4353-8802-096ae4cca80f": "How does the initial ISMS project plan play a crucial role in gaining preliminary management approval and commitment to implement an ISMS within an organization?", "090b17a0-998f-48e1-8925-9c65b369d125": "Explain the concept of the 'son', 'father', and 'grandfather' generations of back-ups in the context of data protection. How do these different generations of back-ups ensure data security and availability?", "2544ed50-5606-4414-a8ff-e45f9970d765": "Why is it important for back-up information to be given the same level of physical and environmental security as the original data? How can encryption and regular testing of back-up media help in maintaining the integrity of back-up data?", "8382f71d-b981-4ff5-a347-795c6c756a7c": "How does the information security policy document the organization's strategic position with respect to information security objectives throughout the organization, according to the ISO/IEC 27002:2005 reference provided?", "9632a8d4-f7db-42ee-9220-fae7737c9c1d": "How do the outputs from activities such as developing the ISMS policy, defining information security requirements, identifying assets within the ISMS scope, conducting information security assessments, and conducting risk assessments contribute to the overall implementation and management of an Information Security Management System (ISMS)?", "2b63bb01-df62-41e4-808b-c00755821e27": "Explain the importance of conducting regular reviews of the risk assessment in an Information Security Management System (ISMS). How often should these reviews take place in smaller businesses versus larger organizations?", "f09fddff-9ad8-4e2b-9189-0bd8c1951b2f": "How do specific change-driven reviews differ from regular reviews in the context of an ISMS? Provide examples of circumstances that may trigger a specific change-driven review.", "98cf7cfc-76c0-4ba1-ba31-0f0fd503bfdc": "How does the inclusion of information security in the business continuity management process help organizations counteract interruptions to business activities and protect critical business processes?", "15761ba5-b25b-4ac6-b395-b6f53884155f": "In the event of a follow-up legal action after an information security incident, what steps should be taken to collect, retain, and present evidence in accordance with the rules for evidence in the relevant jurisdiction(s)?", "58f243f4-0652-4b04-828a-7995c3e1be47": "What are some of the key areas covered in the executive summary of an audit report, as described in the provided context information?", "37d1f982-e0a8-40a1-a5c8-bb922ebfd9d8": "Why was control a.14.2.7, outsourced software development, excluded from the audit of the company's information security management system (ISMS)?", "78074557-01c1-4d68-a53d-5697b4dd058b": "What is the purpose of ISO 27001 certification and how does it help businesses in terms of information security management?", "84bce901-efcf-4175-bf23-467588b8b4b4": "Can you explain the key components of the ISO 27001 standard and how companies are required to address information security risks within their systems?", "9943ec35-c983-489f-bd7c-ceb668834fd7": "How can a physical or logical division of the intranet into multiple subnets be beneficial for network security, especially during ongoing attack activities? (Hint: Refer to control a-8.22)", "3365e37a-46f0-4f8e-8834-da7e8b14fef3": "What considerations should be taken into account when using external network services, such as cloud services, in terms of service levels, mutual security measures, and IT emergency management procedures? (Hint: Refer to control a-5.19 and a-8.21)", "c7418e09-96d6-4cf8-b022-28e480fc5983": "How should information security incidents be responded to according to the document, and what are the key components of the response process?", "cfd7837c-be7a-4892-b381-e6f24b5e607e": "Explain the importance of properly logging all involved response activities during an information security incident, and discuss the significance of communicating relevant details to internal and external interested parties.", "84d979ef-a679-44ad-b1c4-851ba1325a2f": "How can access control measures and encryption be used to protect confidential records in an organization's internal affairs?", "2ebd1bdf-6ba1-484e-a808-c19f3ff192ec": "Explain the importance of preserving the integrity of records and discuss how cryptographic methods, such as electronic signatures, can help detect unauthorized changes.", "03fab0da-c6a1-422a-9178-f4dc48a09ddb": "How does ISO/IEC 27001:2013 address the security of teleworking and the use of mobile devices in project management?", "dddb13fc-7ab5-4d83-8611-e8c4fc08cf0d": "What policies and security measures should be adopted and implemented to manage the risks introduced by using mobile devices and to protect information accessed, processed, or stored at teleworking sites according to the document?", "31e5b370-07f9-4d10-8566-724fd325b269": "How can an organization ensure compliance with legal, statutory, regulatory, and contractual requirements related to the protection and availability of records?", "1f03752e-2cd3-4200-9e01-74b6bb4e85eb": "What steps should an organization take to protect the authenticity, reliability, integrity, and usability of records as their business context and management requirements evolve over time?", "2a2a16bc-f394-40cd-b25c-12d10ce64a2d": "How can organizations ensure proper exchange of information through electronic communication channels, and what are the regulations that should be defined for external parties such as vendors and service providers for hardware and software?", "7513f091-8412-49e3-b458-6d0747ea4a58": "Explain the importance of segregating the network inside an organization and provide examples of how different departments, such as the public domain and IT department, should be separated. Additionally, discuss the key points that should be included in a password creation policy to ensure strong password management.", "13e0bb06-5860-4cbc-930c-5f637def2b5d": "Explain the purpose and components of a Statement of Applicability (SoA) in the context of information security management systems. How is the SoA created and what information should it include?", "e027c58e-5bd8-4801-8cd4-de80344fb49c": "Discuss the importance of justifying the inclusion or exclusion of specific controls in the Statement of Applicability (SoA) for an organization's information security management system. Provide examples of reasons for considering a control and how this contributes to achieving security objectives.", "20ec8e37-a105-467d-a6ec-b34139174079": "How can organizations ensure that all obligations arising from agreements with suppliers are fulfilled, and what steps should be taken in the event of supplier-related incidents?", "b3a7182c-ff83-41e8-b3ae-71efd38f0b1f": "Who is responsible for preparing the supplier relationship policy and agreements with suppliers, and what evidence should be maintained to prevent information security breaches in supplier relationships?", "c27466bb-2f63-4dc0-b724-2c3517a18bb3": "Explain the process of converting control references from question form to statement form in the context of constructing a Statement of Applicability (SoA) for ISO/IEC 27001:2013 compliance.", "7c262724-9c03-40bb-b173-b6b8e744449c": "Provide a rationale for excluding certain measures described in a question with an annex a attribute, and explain how this exclusion impacts the overall risk treatment approach in the SoA.", "1c51bf14-61cd-483c-8ffe-92a0e49254ed": "How can a breach of confidentiality in an organization lead to adverse effects on law enforcement and endangerment of personal safety?", "738ba08e-356e-43a0-8368-3f7c5180daa7": "Discuss the potential consequences of a disruption to a third party's operation on an organization, including the various types of injury that may occur.", "b795c14a-25bc-4d9d-8bca-081d6dacac6b": "How can the use of a more granular scale in risk assessment benefit organizations, according to the text?", "1c2c5e87-bb37-48c8-9aa5-d569faf3345d": "In what ways does the text suggest that organizational risk assessment methodologies should account for the potential impact ranges of different risks?", "c9f0268b-27dc-4891-b9df-818a7a7f45d5": "How can organizations ensure that suppliers adhere to their security policies and prevent unauthorized access to organizational information and assets?", "31dfd2f0-1fd9-4319-8da0-a9f8f20e5384": "What steps should organizations take to effectively manage supplier relationships, including identifying suppliers, determining types of access, and defining agreements with each supplier?", "b7d0be73-2a39-4d16-8838-43373350c312": "Explain the difference between non-speculative risks and speculative risks, and discuss why speculative risks are more frequently the topic of an organization's business strategy.", "d220ba71-91e6-4dfd-996e-0856c7253a09": "Describe the four focuses of risk management plans for addressing risks, and provide examples of how each focus can be applied in a real-world scenario.", "6503092e-e24a-483b-b531-74e14f703690": "How does the EU GDPR impact the handling of personally identifiable information (PII) for organizations collecting personal information within the EU, and what specific restrictions does it place on the movement of data of EU residents?", "5a916ec4-4915-43ab-8ff5-1d51b0d95531": "What supplier obligations should be in place in terms of incident management, business continuity, and resilience to ensure the integrity and confidentiality of information processed by the supplier in the context of information security management systems (ISMS)?", "7d10b67b-5848-4500-b189-580bae6509e8": "How does the guidance suggest that the board of directors should approach risk management and internal control within an organization?", "0a2476d3-3f2b-487b-b3f5-c4fe3f6859be": "Why is it important for the board of directors to be as comprehensive as possible when determining which risks to include in their reports, according to the context information provided?", "cef3cfa7-362b-4d9e-b919-02737c93a1b5": "How does the analysis team in the risk management process identify infrastructure vulnerabilities, and what is the significance of determining the resistance of information technology components to network attacks?", "2b782f05-f867-4994-a395-88e2ee5b56d3": "Compare and contrast the original OCTAVE method with the OCTAVE-S methodology in terms of the types of organizations they are designed for and the approach to managing information security risks.", "b4c8e471-6ce7-473f-9bc6-e85802aa7ed4": "How does a reassessment of risk impact the fulfillment of clause 6.1.3 and clause 10.1 in a management system, and what is the significance of correcting nonconformities in this context?", "81bf3047-244f-4567-9088-6c8ea271a49f": "Can you provide examples of non-cyclic behavior within a management system, as mentioned in the given context, and explain how these instances contribute to ensuring that documented information aligns with reality over time?", "99cf8396-d1a7-40fd-a0d9-29eb24477fe4": "Why is it important to not define the scope of an information security management system (ISMS) too narrowly, according to the context information provided?", "f79a69d5-ced4-4ff9-97e8-68272ee1d1d8": "How can gaining substantial experience in designing and implementing an ISMS contribute to the successful rollout of the system to the rest of the organization, as mentioned in the text?", "52a64d5c-b013-41e3-ac0a-8fb0ca617f2a": "How can involving key stakeholders in the process of defining the scope of your ISMS ensure its effectiveness in protecting your organization's information assets?", "60eb397e-1e13-4f02-80c7-a2a08e2c9503": "Why is it important to consider your organization's risk appetite when defining the scope of your ISMS, and how does this alignment contribute to the overall success of the information security management system?", "0fadb0a6-bb55-4b81-bedd-31b5a7fc18af": "How can small organizations address the challenge of achieving segregation of duties in their operations, and what alternative controls can be implemented in such cases?", "8cd1fdbb-be3e-4248-9b42-5555e6fb4406": "What precautions should organizations take when utilizing role-based access control systems to prevent conflicts and ensure smooth access management in the event of role changes or removals?", "c237169e-8b5e-4bb3-939e-eb356d1afa61": "How can achieving ISO 27001 certification benefit a company in terms of financial losses and customer trust?", "69095fac-389e-44db-b242-5eeb88a74ca3": "Why is it recommended to transition to the new 2022 standard sooner rather than later, according to the provided information?", "4fd1757f-dcab-45e2-8079-e733c83ff899": "How should information assets be inventoried within the scope of an ISMS, and why is it important to maintain this inventory list in written form?", "d34fcfc3-68ca-4fef-b27c-c2111e5bcec8": "Provide examples of directories of information assets that may exist within organizations, and explain who typically manages these lists within the organization.", "d8d0296b-cc53-400c-8704-ad040941c871": "How does the organization ensure that its information security management system conforms to both its own requirements and the requirements outlined in the ISO/IEC 27001 document?", "899afd6c-6b32-4987-97da-17a2e199ca13": "What factors should the organization consider when establishing an internal audit programme, and how do these factors contribute to evaluating the effectiveness of the information security management system?", "a6322c45-020e-42fe-9dcd-a32f4ccf0b35": "How can employees ensure the protection of sensitive information in physical meeting rooms and conference rooms, according to the guidelines and policies outlined in the document?", "b87cd582-749b-468e-a7d4-d379379252c3": "What steps should presenters take to prevent unintentional display of sensitive information, such as email notifications, on projected screens during presentations in meeting rooms, as mentioned in the context information?", "ccf6a2af-e41e-4a51-b55d-1f436e1346fe": "How can organizations protect themselves against environmental threats such as natural disasters and malicious attacks according to the control mentioned in the document?", "8f3da0cf-8743-424f-9add-21789c5551cc": "Provide examples of potential environmental threats, both natural and man-made, that organizations should consider when assessing their vulnerabilities as per the explanation provided in the document.", "709a6e1f-4dd0-4c42-8847-544c1bb5e7ba": "How can organizations ensure that network service providers are capable of providing secure internet services according to ISO 27001 standards?", "2528a8fc-4758-4b81-8a62-2ec5f4ae2e57": "What evidence should an organization prepare to demonstrate compliance with the security of network services control (A.13.1.2) in the ISO 27001 certification audit?", "21122f7f-a037-476d-b1a3-1c512c8491a6": "What are the key considerations and checks that should be conducted for individuals who will have access to sensitive information, particularly when it comes to processing financial or highly confidential information?", "5dfa4a62-e56f-4e5f-b998-3f875d042793": "Why is it important for organizations to conduct regular credit checks for individuals who hold considerable authority in their positions, and what is the recommended frequency for these checks to be repeated?", "3dcae58f-9597-410f-9ad4-27e8076b205d": "How does the document suggest an organization should select members for roles related to information security before establishing an ISMS? What specific qualities and knowledge are highlighted as important for these members to possess?", "93063f82-640f-4b9f-9e90-07506b65e8f9": "In what ways can external consultants contribute to the development of an ISMS within an organization, according to the document? How does their perspective differ from that of internal specialists, and why is it important to have a balance of both types of expertise?", "4c455295-102e-444b-b9a5-5391051400e3": "How does the handbook guide managers through the process of implementing internationally recognized best practices in information security, as outlined in ISO/IEC 27002:2013, and ultimately achieving certification to ISO/IEC 27001:2013?", "58898efc-30f9-4bb9-8337-0c07cbba1bb6": "Why is the ISMS standard not geographically limited or restricted to a specific sector or product, as mentioned in the context information provided?", "2fe77a34-3f5d-443d-970b-efd8fa13daf7": "How can criminals benefit from obtaining sensitive information such as social security numbers, names of patients, and insurance details from hospitals?", "546b8045-07ec-4f23-840b-82d7b33c1675": "According to the PwC Healthcare Research Institute, what is the potential cost of a data breach in a hospital per patient, and how does this compare to the cost of prevention?", "6c2352b4-b2e9-4f74-9930-0a0d471fa8e9": "Explain the importance of defining roles and responsibilities related to the use and management of cloud services within an organization. How does this help ensure effective security measures are in place?", "62831208-b23a-4871-980d-9d6e864e81b7": "Discuss the procedures for handling information security incidents that occur in relation to the use of cloud services. Why is it crucial for organizations to have a clear plan in place for addressing such incidents?", "b5bc8b83-f442-4b7a-adbc-e476ba12641d": "How does the Public Interest Disclosure Act, also known as the 'whistle blowers act', protect employees who report software infringement by their employers in the UK?", "fcd4a525-1fe2-4b49-b160-b76c98d8cdff": "Can you explain the three basic requirements that an employee must meet in order to be protected under the 'whistle blowers act' when reporting software infringement by their employer?", "cd99589f-073d-4d9f-bbe8-8e1b7a2ad37d": "How can the scope and boundaries of information communication technology (ICT) be defined within the context of an Information Security Management System (ISMS)?", "ba863f41-91f1-4245-8429-dd9441587fb5": "Why is it important to consider all related ICT elements when making a management decision to include information system business processes into the ISMS scope?", "76964f3a-cadb-4280-a63b-0e62ce2d16b1": "How can technical/functional personnel contribute to the risk management process in safeguarding IT systems? Provide examples of relevant technical expertise that these personnel may possess.", "385b0b54-c532-46e4-98e8-a60b4f998de6": "Discuss the role of system and information asset owners in the risk management process according to ISO 27001. Is it necessary for asset owners to be risk owners? Explain your answer.", "3eefe25a-421d-4626-bbd4-25133948d091": "How does ISO 27001 clause 10 focus on the ongoing improvement of an ISMS, and what specific requirements does it outline for organizations to follow in order to achieve this improvement?", "b1cb0987-c829-46df-8443-1eeb8f64508b": "Why are ISO 27001 certification and GDPR compliance considered crucial for ensuring a company's long-term success, and how do they contribute to the overall security and effectiveness of an organization's information security management system?", "7feee143-0c48-4795-bd1a-68735f1458e5": "How does application service management contribute to ensuring non-repudiation of receipt in e-commerce transactions?", "f9e897fb-aced-4adf-a063-a6c1bc27ebe8": "According to clause 14.1.3 of ISO27002, what are the key control objectives for protecting application services information passing over public networks?", "1183b9d1-f0a8-4c23-aa8e-3866fe00f3d9": "How does ISO/IEC 27001:2022 define the process of understanding the organization and its context in relation to its information security management system?", "a946970c-fd65-44a9-97b8-fffdc442db96": "In the context of ISO/IEC 27001:2022, what is the significance of determining the needs and expectations of interested parties for the information security management system?", "8c6a2f66-90dc-49d5-bcfc-0f6189527b0e": "How can physical security perimeters be tailored to suit the specific risk factors of a business, and what considerations should be taken into account when determining the appropriate level of protection?", "4da77efc-88e2-40ef-b4f2-0f4a0daffbf3": "What measures should be implemented to secure points of entry at a location, and why is it important to have a structured process for managing visitors, including registration and identification?", "ab28ff8a-db0e-4931-8941-e3bef13ff61d": "How is the supplier relationship policy prepared within the organization, and what is the role of the legal team in reviewing supplier agreements to avoid conflicts and legal issues?", "82eb8648-20af-4e20-b3a2-4bd8a133e096": "In the context of external audit for ISO 27001 certification, what specific aspects related to supplier agreements will the external auditor be checking for compliance with information security standards?", "4c6675d8-1cab-4f4d-9629-fad13fa0a97e": "Explain the importance of annexes in the implementation of an Information Security Management System (ISMS) project according to ISO/IEC 27001:2005. How do these annexes contribute to the overall success of the project?", "870219dd-b8fc-4882-afac-4da93540574c": "Discuss the general structure of a clause in the context of ISO/IEC 27003:2010. How do objectives and activities within each clause help in achieving the phase objectives of an ISMS project?", "6be3e4f4-4bd1-477b-bde6-29462b74fdb4": "How does the organization ensure the monitoring, review, evaluation, and management of changes in supplier information security practices and service delivery in the ICT products and services supply chain?", "045b31df-733b-4867-bfb8-58e10ca89a5f": "What processes should be established in accordance with the organization's information security requirements for the acquisition, use, management, and exit from cloud services according to ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A?", "35c39b2a-07f4-46de-95e6-a4f9801ef8e7": "How do ISO 27001 and ISO 27002 play a role in the implementation of an Information Security Management System (ISMS)? Are additional standards beyond these two mandatory for certification?", "6864d3a9-2c23-4f59-a74a-079094d6d2aa": "In the context of ISO 27000 series of standards, discuss the importance of roles and resources/assets in an organization's security objectives. How do these concepts contribute to the overall effectiveness of an ISMS implementation?", "d8314d4e-c8b1-407f-be36-92d96410f37c": "Explain the importance of assessing the consequences of information security incidents in an organization. How can the business impact concept be used to measure these consequences effectively?", "35dd5512-11bb-46b0-aa29-b0a5812c4187": "How can the values assigned to assets be taken into account when assessing the consequences of information security incidents? Discuss the significance of using qualitative and quantitative forms to express the business impact value in decision-making processes.", "923ac8c1-bd07-4a28-abb1-f12f60b0e41c": "How does risk sharing, specifically through insurance, help organizations mitigate the impact of information security risks? Provide examples of how insurance can be used to protect against potential financial losses.", "dcd45d34-77d1-460b-95e5-335fb40c2136": "Discuss the trade-off between implementing additional security measures to protect confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information versus transferring some of the risk through insurance. How can organizations determine the most cost-effective approach to managing information security risks?", "e3ce8028-4984-4f31-9980-3e13def4e75e": "How can the fixed asset register provide valuable information in a disaster recovery situation, and why is it important to document this information clearly?", "3007bc56-8617-45db-8bc5-d2274519097e": "How can risk assessment tools like vsrisk\u2122 be utilized to value assets based on their availability, confidentiality, and integrity, as outlined in the IS27005 guidance?", "09c09d98-fd2e-405f-bdc5-fec5cc02d230": "How does the concept of \"clear desk and clear screen\" contribute to physical security in a workplace setting?", "9e135662-6cd1-4ac6-83c8-8ba34b5c64f1": "Explain the importance of \"secure authentication\" in ensuring the security of user endpoint devices in an organization.", "eaf76e02-1084-4bca-bb46-dacbe6b651dc": "In the process of producing the Statement of Applicability (SoA) for ISO/IEC 27001:2013, what is the recommended approach for addressing control statements for questions with 'no' answers but without annex references?", "efb262c3-4591-48c4-b558-e9c658695615": "How should one proceed when answering a question in the Risk Treatment Plan (RTP) if the initial response is 'no' and it is determined that the measure described should be included in the RTP?", "bd0ac937-a376-4abb-959f-fdab9dc345d5": "How does ISO 27001 and the GDPR both emphasize the importance of taking a risk-based approach to managing sensitive data? Provide examples of how organizations can identify and control risks in both frameworks.", "c1152b4c-2ddc-4f9a-839b-74184a180094": "Explain the differences between ISO 27001 and the GDPR in terms of their requirements for protecting personal data. How does the GDPR's inclusion of rights such as data removal and data portability set it apart from ISO 27001's approach to data protection?", "7fcbe0c8-8e87-4eaa-a417-49eedefe75b6": "How can the severity of consequences be determined for each of the 12 events mentioned in the document? Provide examples of factors to consider when assigning a monetary value to consequences.", "8e59b9d5-b9cc-4ecd-83aa-6b333806fd9e": "In the context of risk assessment, explain the importance of considering consequential consequences and provide an example of how a breach of data protection legislation could lead to additional negative outcomes beyond just fines.", "677b933d-ca06-4b53-8d9c-68553089ada2": "How does the use of a ticket system in connection with critical infrastructure in Germany help in fulfilling reporting obligations for security-related incidents, and what additional step is required before the report can be sent?", "99e8a250-1383-4d91-9e0d-d96884b16cb0": "Explain the significance of control A-5.29 in the context of information security during disruptions, and discuss how the availability of ISMS processes may be affected in an organization.", "e46b97ea-a562-416b-8d82-405671020f31": "In the context of risk treatment as a storytelling concept, explain the three scenes that make up the short movie and provide an example of a preventive measure that could be taken by the protagonists in an organization.", "5652a8cb-648c-49e7-8e61-eea3bbc2aece": "How does the concept of detecting events play a role in risk treatment according to the provided information? Provide an example of what the protagonists could do to detect an event in the second scene of the short movie.", "5ce584d7-7f4d-4088-a744-9753d28414e1": "How can emergency plans be utilized to enhance security in the organization's ISMS processes and associated controls, specifically in the example of access control?", "0e90ec24-4370-4d6d-952c-47ba1b869109": "Discuss the potential drawbacks and limitations of implementing manual access control measures, such as surveillance by dedicated personnel, in areas of the highest security level during adverse circumstances.", "ecfa2e59-be8c-457d-9fd4-c1cfec875e27": "How does the implementation of an accredited ISMS align with the requirements of the sixth principle of the DPA, and what potential consequences could organizations face for failing to comply with the DPA?", "3825270c-37f7-46f0-afbd-8beab2daa747": "In what ways does the GDPR mandate organizations to protect personal data, and how does the risk-driven approach of ISO 27001 support this requirement?", "63fccd9b-2aaf-4876-a2e8-9a5e13eb1640": "How does monitoring of ISMS processes contribute to the overall performance of an ISMS according to the criteria defined by the organization?", "2cc400c9-6a4e-4efb-93b4-8f67a592826f": "Why is it important to conduct inspections or internal audits to verify the correct implementation of ISMS processes, rather than relying solely on monitoring/measurement as defined in ISMS-9.1?", "aece7f3a-e68c-4358-b3c7-0b621c589722": "How can a service provider demonstrate compliance with data disposal procedures, and what documentation should be provided as evidence of the disposal process?", "799435ee-be74-466e-9135-e261a34e1961": "In what ways can an organization ensure the protection of supplies and facilities required for information processing against failures and technical malfunctions, as outlined in control requirement a-7.11?", "cfc5ef15-b205-41bf-a012-a00f8dc03105": "How does hosting personal data with a US-based cloud services provider without an EU-US Privacy Shield registration potentially lead to a legal breach under the EU GDPR regulations?", "d3eb5387-b9f4-4b55-84f4-9937fb0cadff": "In the context of staff awareness training, why is it important for both the supplier and the customer to understand the 'rules of engagement' and how specific risks are to be managed and mitigated in the relationship?", "842cff14-ff38-451b-9afc-648d43ccc85a": "How can the security of cabling be ensured in order to prevent unauthorized tapping, manipulation, and interruption of data transport?", "862dfeac-5313-4c39-be4d-aec8ed015781": "What measures should be taken to protect power cables from interruptions, such as during construction work or sabotage activities, in order to maintain the availability of information processing facilities?", "fd357c5d-07ab-43cf-b5db-77ce90c10748": "Explain the concept of a security domain within an organization or network, and discuss why it may be sensible to divide an organization into separate security domains.", "ef88b208-a673-4f5d-aea1-c971dde3d2b9": "Based on the initial policy statement provided, discuss the importance of preserving the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information assets for organization y in sector z. How do these security requirements align with the organization's overall goals and objectives?", "23345eae-f833-4377-a967-adb42a480ce6": "How does understanding one's own organization and its environment play a crucial role in implementing ISMS-4 effectively? Provide examples to support your answer.", "2bc3a545-cd07-4421-a131-b528d9ed1cf1": "What are the consequences of organizations rushing through the initial work of implementing ISMS-4 and trying to keep it as short as possible? How can this lead to security problems and the ISMS becoming a constant repair operation?", "0163ba24-cb60-4a0f-aaac-a24adad9272e": "How does the importance of a business process or activity impact the consideration of risks associated with it according to ISO/IEC 27005:2018(e)? Provide an example to illustrate your answer.", "a60e24a8-4a0a-4bc6-9786-7cd8ae0275b4": "Explain the concept of risk evaluation and how it is used to make decisions about future actions in information security risk management. How can prioritizing risks based on evaluation criteria help in determining appropriate risk treatment actions?", "e1727105-3679-4dec-b590-da53500da176": "How can the presence of security systems be kept confidential and undetectable, according to the given information?", "9952752f-81b3-4317-8839-f86a2976e47f": "What measures should be taken to ensure that critical facilities, such as doors and airlocks, are secure and monitored effectively in the context described?", "d4890149-92b5-4173-82f9-2eef01ee5ef3": "How should the results of independent reviews be reported within an organization, and what actions should be taken if deficiencies in information security management are identified?", "d4f5adf8-6f22-457c-9a44-1f19d150614e": "When should an organization consider conducting independent reviews of its information security controls, and what are some specific scenarios that may warrant such reviews?", "865f188a-a5db-45ef-8cf9-46c6823efe24": "How does an organization's risk appetite influence the decision to terminate a process due to high or uncontrollable risk?", "88cc1484-5d7f-49da-8c4a-2da7402f2639": "Explain the process of determining the remaining risk after security measures and treatment options have been implemented in an organization.", "52e9d185-087a-456f-99ce-9de5e7fe3ec7": "How do physical controls, such as physical security monitoring, help protect against threats like theft and deliberate destruction in a facility?", "bbd1806f-ebd4-4bd3-a354-fbffbbfb9358": "Explain the importance of data leakage prevention and web filtering in ensuring the security of technology controls in an organization.", "d808b800-5c8c-44bb-afa6-64f920f4b1d4": "How should changes and operating procedures be communicated to personnel, customers, and suppliers according to the document?", "f78b2d33-463e-4ec1-9b53-fe3b9c928882": "Who is generally responsible for managing the termination process of personnel within an organization, and how is this process handled for external personnel provided through suppliers?", "143f38ef-fbb3-48b4-b1c3-214db99a1a5a": "How does defining risk appetite at various levels within an organization impact the decision-making process during a risk assessment?", "15d5fbfa-4a0f-4341-b4f4-db8c4492bf10": "In what ways can an organization limit the scope of its Information Security Management System (ISMS), and what are the potential challenges associated with each limitation?", "3dfbecd0-49fa-4d53-b280-e0958b35c46b": "Why is it important for the Statement of Applicability (SoA) to contain the rationales for necessary controls and excluded Annex A controls?", "195ce38a-2e7a-4f54-82a5-eb124b3c3f86": "According to ISO/IEC 27001:2013, what is the requirement for the implementation status of necessary controls in the SoA, and how should it be documented?", "757ad9c4-0567-4c9c-a508-91f07f5d5712": "How can organizations, such as government agencies and non-profit organizations, utilize information security management systems to manage risks that may compromise their information security?", "417cf4a4-a81e-4c8e-9eb5-ae70e9b13eb4": "Where can individuals access terminological databases maintained by ISO and IEC for use in standardization, as referenced in the document?", "51256a3b-680c-4f41-a741-6afd06b4b304": "How do the Data Protection Act 2018, Human Rights Act 1998, and Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 impact electronic records, electronic trading, and electronic communications in the UK?", "e9e51620-540d-4c00-b7fd-13744b80aaa4": "What are the key anti-money laundering laws in the United Kingdom, and how do they require detailed client verification records for compliance?", "4fabb6cf-59f5-44db-9051-1ef8bbdb12cf": "How can organizations determine the appropriate risk management approach to address criteria such as risk evaluation, impact, and acceptance? What resources should be assessed to ensure effective risk assessment and implementation of controls?", "a709c0e6-611e-4d92-9b10-5fd35075edf2": "Discuss the importance of establishing basic criteria, scope, and boundaries for the information security risk management process. How can organizations ensure they have the necessary resources to monitor controls and the overall risk management process effectively?", "03ab6f90-5e2e-4f23-901f-a213a5a2b24d": "How can SharePoint be utilized as a tool for system governance and document control in an organization's information security management system?", "0bec9ce8-ea8b-42fe-b49b-4d88764fe7a8": "What measures should be taken to ensure that staff are adequately prepared to respond to a system crash, including access to procedures and documentation in both physical and digital formats?", "3dcb2c04-67f5-44a2-a3d1-55340c37ce75": "How does the determination of the organization's context impact the establishment and operation of the Information Security Management System (ISMS)?", "b2be59ac-f102-40ab-a4a2-571bda757803": "What are some examples of activities that must be carried out to establish and operate the ISMS based on the organization's context, as outlined in the provided documentation?", "0af1c616-c1b5-40dc-b41a-bddbaf1b15c9": "Explain the difference between a DoS attack and a DDoS attack, including how each type of attack is carried out and the impact on the targeted organization.", "829e3fa4-6a30-4496-a2a0-ea20275d89e3": "Define what a 'man in the middle' attack is and describe how a hacker can use this technique to intercept internet transactions. Provide examples of where this type of attack could occur.", "16e95121-8193-4785-accb-2698d67abfc7": "What are the main roles and responsibilities of the organization for information security risk management as outlined in the document?", "c7bca711-ae13-4e02-8cb8-472e2e247ca1": "How does the organization establish relationships with stakeholders and interface with high-level risk management functions according to the information provided in the document?", "6f0d0c2e-fd14-4c3d-8187-4b588f4338b7": "How does the UK Companies Act 2004 and 2006 impact the responsibilities of directors in terms of corporate governance and risk disclosure?", "8dabf051-8777-4721-abac-6d2ebdf22640": "In what ways does the UK Corporate Governance Code extend its influence beyond just listed companies on the UK stock exchange, and how does this impact businesses within the national and international supply chains of UK-listed companies?", "dbbc18c8-f64a-4732-b69e-b118b39afe98": "How does accessing a public wireless network pose a potential security risk for individuals using mobile computing devices?", "4951a4b4-00f4-4572-ac66-4df535d162d2": "What are the vulnerabilities associated with the widely deployed security standard WEP on laptop computers, and why is it recommended to switch off WEP as the default configuration?", "0653a9ed-a4be-47d1-a963-802a2202fe1b": "How does ongoing monitoring and review contribute to the continual alignment of risk management with an organization's business objectives and risk acceptance criteria?", "14224974-2033-46e1-8fd7-fb673bf6dbd1": "Why is it important for organizations to review all risks regularly, especially when major changes occur, in the context of information security risk management?", "1c4f880c-ea8b-4599-80db-5358a8faea9c": "How can organizations ensure the confidentiality and integrity of order information according to the context information provided?", "a8651108-c263-438f-85f1-b649977147b5": "In what ways can the degree of verification be appropriately determined to verify payment information supplied by a customer, as outlined in the context information?", "ee87e26d-4774-49dd-b0a9-2d9948c7da89": "Explain the purpose of an information security policy and how it helps safeguard an organization's sensitive information assets.", "8c0a56cc-8af1-40ac-a73a-b4920df2a3e7": "Describe the key components typically found in an information security policy and the role of management in ensuring compliance with the policy.", "ceeb467c-f5be-456d-b36b-05c6d8b8f8cd": "Why is information security necessary for all organizations, regardless of their sector or industry?", "70d52d82-dd49-4f18-8048-3ab6ffdfcb86": "How does the annual Verizon Data Breaches Report highlight the growing risk to information security, and what implications does this have for organizations and their management teams?", "6505d47e-db29-44bd-9157-52fab6a5573f": "What factors should be considered when selecting members for the implementation team of an Information Security Management System (ISMS)? How can maintaining a small team size contribute to the success of the project?", "abbd2012-ba1b-4c0f-bec3-4a2cb1dbaf1f": "How can the creation of a business case and project plan help secure management approval and commitment of resources for an ISMS implementation project? What inputs are necessary for developing a comprehensive business case and project proposal?", "eb24ae11-3279-48cf-9b2a-62265cfff35d": "How can organizations ensure network security according to the context information provided?", "45aaedfa-4aa8-47b3-b320-65d2ca611ace": "Why is it important for organizations to have a detailed inventory of network devices and configuration data for effective network management?", "14a0d981-2f01-4e62-9794-1bf38e7544e1": "How can sensitive information be securely deleted from systems, applications, and services according to the guidance provided in the document?", "afd30ff9-ec9e-4e0c-b421-8f99a92c8e3e": "Why is it important to obtain evidence of information deletion from service suppliers when deleting information stored by third parties, as mentioned in the document?", "f7fa7cec-ca73-4c62-8890-9d51fab17dc2": "How can employee incident reports contribute to the improvement of a company's system, and why is it important for all employees, including new hires, to be aware of the practice of reporting incidents?", "435668bf-5469-43be-92ae-eed96fd6a047": "In what ways can new employees bring valuable insights and best practices from their previous employers to contribute to the continual improvement of a company's security measures, and how can this information be effectively shared with the security team?", "221bd082-8ce0-4c39-9217-6d53bc183490": "How can activities outside the scope of an organization impact the security within the scope, and what measures should be taken to address this potential impact?", "9012dbf2-115d-42dd-86f7-597a70f6e5e4": "Explain the importance of defining and analyzing interfaces between the scope of an organization and external entities, using the example of data exchange between applications.", "106b19f6-877a-40a4-a024-9675d35b6856": "Why is it important for security objectives to be updated regularly, and what factors may necessitate changes to these objectives?", "174a4229-716e-4e11-ad10-0459834ede6e": "How does the documentation of security goals contribute to effective governance and decision-making within an organization, especially in relation to changes in organizational structure and roles?", "7d018117-a0eb-45fc-923d-0d18dd65e392": "How can organizations approach the adoption of new technologies in terms of security, and what resources are available to help them address security issues, as mentioned in the context information?", "5c821749-8900-4200-af47-9951fd2d0ea4": "Describe the essential steps involved in tackling the network access part of the ISO27001 exercise, including the importance of a network map and risk assessments, as outlined in the provided text.", "8b34a696-c053-4e9b-b52a-20bdbe1aef1c": "How does implementing ISO/IEC 27001 require a culture change within an organization, and why is this change necessary for success?", "8c13d883-7fb0-4c3c-a1eb-a836ac99f623": "What is the significance of being proactive rather than reactive in the context of ISO/IEC 27001 implementation, and why is it considered the most effective approach?", "d7c9e3d6-febd-4a90-bb05-5eaa5434f555": "How can the event-consequence method be used as a design tool in various disciplines such as quality, environmental protection, and business continuity? Provide examples to support your answer.", "891309a3-c3e5-42db-a361-9af5c1db1f71": "Why is it important to create your own scenarios when using the event-consequence method, especially in situations where necessary controls are not easily contained within current risk scenarios? Provide reasons and examples to illustrate your point.", "5a34d1d4-0c20-487d-97e8-cbcbaf9cba70": "How can an organization ensure a quick and effective response to information security incidents, according to the guidance provided in the document?", "5d7288b5-1439-4d2f-86ba-9fe59a35bc8e": "What considerations should be taken into account when establishing roles and responsibilities for managing information security incidents within an organization, as outlined in the context information?", "c01c0fec-c027-41d8-9d12-61a072154d1f": "How can the implementation of multi-factor authentication help address access control issues associated with the use of cloud services, as mentioned in the context information?", "3f233cc2-e521-49b7-b434-022c88b91bd7": "According to the ISO/IEC 27001 implementation guide, what is the purpose of the control related to identity management, and how does it differ from the assignment of access rights to a user?", "04c8b6b1-c2f6-4758-891b-6f0d3bb14f38": "How can the information security manager or risk manager use the business continuity planning (BCP) process to identify critical dependencies within an organization?", "154b1058-538c-48e9-8c61-8707671f170f": "What are the key components that each process owner should include in their BCP, and what responsibilities do they have in maintaining and implementing their plan?", "08e9430e-091b-4b60-a6c2-8dda09325de3": "How does a digitally signed document sent via a certification authority (CA) provide proof of receipt and authenticity of a document and its creator?", "030776b3-4518-404b-b216-d767f2e71c62": "According to ISO27002, what key management control should an organization establish in its Information Security Management System (ISMS) to support the use of cryptographic techniques?", "d1bffeec-42b1-45a1-8747-963d816d2a5d": "How can an organization ensure that a policy is definitively binding according to the context information provided?", "b1073166-de38-41cc-aece-c69b4903574f": "Choose one of the listed typical examples of policies and explain why it is important for organizations to have such a policy in place.", "ea199c4f-5bab-41a1-99eb-008f97e1f284": "How can the implementation of an Information Security Management System (ISMS) project be formalized and supported by a detailed implementation plan, and why is it important to clearly assign activities to responsible parties within the organization?", "cf80042a-aad8-4e23-bb96-80b7c17e8d1d": "According to Annex B of ISO/IEC 27003:2010, what additional guidance does it provide on roles and responsibilities for information security within an organization, and why is it important for the person responsible for the project to ensure sufficient resources are allocated to the project?", "ab9bb567-932a-4290-9ef6-c34dd4e10642": "What are the key responsibilities of IT security practitioners in ensuring the proper implementation of control requirements in IT systems? How can these practitioners ensure they are appropriately skilled and trained for their roles?", "fa21a4d9-70cf-445c-93f1-b27ff2592c52": "How can individuals in IT security roles benefit from obtaining multiple information security management qualifications? What are the potential strengths and weaknesses of accumulating more than one qualification in this field?", "3cdeed48-0225-4764-8675-3e65d701cfff": "How can organizations ensure comprehensive backup of digital data, considering the various storage methods used by mobile and office-based users, as well as the use of different software products and systems?", "9bdc4266-9e95-49d0-84ff-eaae6a53f428": "What potential disciplinary measures could be implemented to emphasize the importance of backing up digital data and discourage unbacked-up storage on desktops within an organization?", "bf2e3abf-b0d3-4c33-8826-b318bdc7ae06": "How can project managers ensure that all risks are identified and appropriate controls are in place, according to the information security team's recommendations?", "a6d758f3-02d0-4225-ab47-4a7fc451acb2": "Explain the importance of having a mobile device policy and supporting security measures in place to manage risks associated with accessing organizational information.", "3b838fd8-9fab-4d0a-9c03-6ef990c93b27": "How do attackers typically target entities in cyberspace, and what are some of the vectors they use for attacks?", "12e29036-b6ae-42e0-bfbf-32fb455b874f": "What are some of the trends contributing to the increasing threats to computer-based information security, and why do these trends suggest that the situation will continue to worsen?", "73606268-2fda-4b85-a701-a105aef7aa38": "How can organizations ensure that staff are aware of their responsibilities regarding information security?", "73421a41-09f7-47e5-be83-5b59a4331674": "Why is raising awareness of information security important for an organization's information security management system?", "ebf9a5d3-7847-4080-9771-fbac4acc462d": "How should malware scanners be handled in situations such as testing new software or during emergencies, and what precaution should be taken after temporarily deactivating them?", "b1b58699-0aac-4883-b33c-be3c656b8983": "Define a technical vulnerability and provide an example of a system vulnerability mentioned in the context information.", "6a494cf6-c889-44c7-82d0-4f1ec69b56a6": "How does the standard define the term \"control\" and why is it important to include controls in the documentation obligation according to (b)?", "12e2dbaa-5741-4f7d-8928-ed23141f98f6": "According to the standard, what is the purpose of evaluating the controls listed in annex a and how should these controls be used in the development of one's own treatment options and controls?", "c47bc390-7fc2-44cb-8329-26fb17dde3be": "How does ISO/IEC 27003 provide guidance on the successful implementation of an Information Security Management System (ISMS) in accordance with ISO/IEC 27001:2013?", "51dfec47-f4b4-40a6-acaa-84daa8c6fa48": "What is the purpose of ISO/IEC 27004 and how does it assist organizations in evaluating the information security performance and effectiveness of their ISMS in alignment with the requirements of ISO/IEC 27001:2013?", "f8f53fa3-900e-44ab-ac0c-b5ec25ddd130": "Why is it important for organizations to require the documentation of exclusive knowledge and experience from long-term employees before their departure, and how does this relate to the concept of a return within the context of asset management?", "2546506d-89a2-47e2-9ae1-0230d8719a7a": "How does the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) specifically address the return and deletion of data in the context of outsourcing personal data to processors, and why is this requirement important for organizations to comply with?", "d7820615-a1f4-4532-8e8e-4836a9b4ae0f": "How does the organisation's classification scheme dictate the protection of documents, including categorisation, retention periods, encryption details, and allowed storage formats?", "0aa81f4e-cbc1-4df8-815a-c1ba2da94004": "What are the requirements for the privacy and protection of personally identifiable information as outlined in the data policy, and how should all individuals involved in processing this information be made aware of these requirements?", "44790a45-23e7-414e-aa96-2da6f3215bd8": "How has the evolution of networking since the drafting of the standard impacted the application of ISMS controls across the entire network?", "a02076c8-8d9f-4ff1-9db6-63882c1acb1a": "Why is the recruitment of an experienced and effective network manager considered a key step for an organization, according to the context information provided?", "aaa7a664-3060-4d92-9d54-85eb79c747a6": "How can stakeholders and employees be informed about areas in an organization that are part of the implementation process, and why is it important to identify out of scope areas?", "9dce0b11-a9bc-47a7-b038-506aec2443e0": "Using the example of outsourcing datacenter services, explain how analyzing business process flow and key dependencies can help identify areas that are out of scope for implementation or certification.", "3210b902-3282-4ad2-b2da-f17a6a2fd997": "How does clause 14.2.9 of ISO27002 recommend assessing computer performance and capacity requirements when implementing a new software package for a specific business requirement?", "af93123b-c54c-4e68-ad06-24efe15d1742": "What steps should be taken to ensure that appropriate new security controls are put in place for a new software system, as outlined in the context information provided?", "682bd476-9e30-46d7-825c-099bb63e220a": "How does ISO 27001 clause 7.3 impact organizations in terms of information security management system requirements?", "ae21d6ca-f67e-4877-abad-15b6ebcb25b5": "What are the key responsibilities of the individual overseeing the information security management system within an organization, as outlined in the provided context information?", "7f4f68d6-2fc0-48ed-aab0-e84c9b45c5c7": "How should the system control panel be placed in order to ensure safety and easy access for the person setting the alarm?", "047a56b5-0181-4001-9b5e-aea0f8d8e42e": "What mechanisms should the control panel and detectors have in place to prevent tampering?", "d4378ef4-1ea8-449c-b9a2-3041bff20031": "What are the options available for transitioning to ISO 27001:2022 if a company already complies with the 2013 certification?", "d8d3aad4-bc1e-4fed-a338-0334e6737640": "What is the deadline for transitioning from the 2013 certification to the new ISO 27001:2022 standard, and what steps should a company take to ensure a successful transition before this deadline?", "0e28178e-9abd-4e76-9700-dfbc60e44bef": "What is the main requirement of the GDPR in relation to companies doing business within the EU or collecting data of EU citizens?", "56fb0f6a-0a98-468a-8907-f75e60b458f1": "How does the GDPR differ from ISO 27001 in terms of regulations and standards for data protection and security?", "f79a7d3b-20c6-44ec-ba85-f33d27cb11ac": "What is the importance of being prepared before facing an external audit in the implementation of an information security management system (ISMS)? How can proper preparation lead to a successful audit process?", "ee1e3915-0ac5-4960-8798-7458e3662dda": "Describe the three stages of an external audit in ISO 27001 as discussed in the document. How can beginners and small organizations benefit from the structured framework of the audit process?", "4cd68e2f-938c-4466-917a-f60b2fe9efd6": "How does ISO/IEC 27001:2013 address the prevention of exploitation of technical vulnerabilities in information systems? Provide an overview of the measures that organizations are required to take according to the standard.", "f490e7cd-acb4-417d-819e-8ff1689f2633": "Explain the importance of establishing and implementing restrictions on software installation by users, as outlined in control a.12.6.2 of the ISO/IEC 27001:2013 document. How does this control contribute to the overall security of information systems?", "ede559bb-f179-40e9-b671-550cd30463f7": "How does a lax security culture within an organization impact the implementation of an ISMS project, and what steps can be taken to address this challenge?", "33206082-4836-45b2-be77-2b8720aea2c8": "In what ways does ISO encourage the integration of quality management systems with other management systems, and why is it important for these systems to be integrated with the business in order to deliver on all objectives?", "0b52ad99-3f81-4d08-a741-56f2a46b3f97": "What legal considerations need to be taken into account when managing fixed office workplaces in terms of equipment, setup, use, and monitoring, according to the document?", "451cb0d3-9ed5-40cd-9013-f28c8ea8d572": "In the context of telework, what management aspects need to be addressed regarding the registration and protection of endpoints, as outlined in the document?", "81bfd146-0664-4a31-8916-ea8bf06fe622": "How does ISO 27001 differ from other standards in terms of its approach to managing sensitive company information?", "3f6d8eea-f01d-4385-865e-b6ffc08def71": "Why is it important for organizations to make their own decisions regarding technology and backup processes, rather than relying solely on the guidelines provided by ISO 27001?", "6c628a09-ac41-47a1-80e2-934eaa335cc3": "How does the 2022 update of ISO 27001 clarify the key components of clause 6.2, specifically in terms of relevance, risk alignment, measurability, and planning?", "83c8fe0d-d220-4cb1-b869-dea0cb810a07": "Explain the importance of making security objectives measurable and achievable, and how this relates to developing a comprehensive plan for protecting critical data in a business.", "00ab0154-5f74-4dc6-8e7d-865584c3ca8e": "How does the wider debate on \"privacy versus security\" impact an organization's approach to implementing controls for the right level of security?", "ae4b8df2-aaf9-49fd-8e4d-0753c596f9c2": "What standards are recommended for establishing a framework for risk assessment in an organization, according to the context information provided?", "45c70780-50e7-4d15-9c7b-4596d2218224": "Why is it important for public sector organizations to prioritize cyber security defences, and why is information security management not solely the responsibility of the IT department?", "fd0886d2-ab9c-40e2-8085-8b98192c8444": "What factors contribute to effective information security management within organizations, and why is it crucial for senior managers to be committed to the policy on information security management?", "5f49bd8a-1b3d-4914-96e4-788824183cd8": "How can physical access security be strengthened in buildings holding assets for multiple organizations?", "ee862c17-4bb2-40b6-a19a-4d3606d22fbe": "What guidelines should be followed when granting access to visitors in terms of authenticating their identity and recording their entry and departure times?", "a04b389d-f074-448e-92ba-b28e2584bd74": "What are the key aspects that should be reviewed during the documentation review step of an internal audit checklist?", "719a6225-2dd9-4bc4-b343-a1f69c098a26": "How can a management review team ensure that all relevant information has been recorded and there are no omissions in the documentation process?", "02655129-8bf8-4e47-baa9-92261af36535": "Explain the difference between a generic control and an instantiated control in the context of ensuring the continuing suitability, adequacy, and effectiveness of controls within an organization. Why is it important for organizations to accurately implement controls as specified in order to claim conformity?", "a0943d96-6515-4a93-b906-61cb32de17b4": "Why is it recommended for organizations to insist on audits being carried out against their Statement of Applicability (SOA) rather than Annex A controls? How does the expression of requirements differ between a generic control and an instantiated control in the context of control specifications?", "0c12ad9d-66de-4994-9944-ed9a45c0122e": "What are the differences between a minor nonconformity and an observation in the context of internal auditing for an ISMS?", "e6326ac8-bbfe-4d73-9470-a1051dfc6301": "Explain the importance of addressing nonconformities raised during an audit in order to achieve certification to the standard.", "f6bf2f75-4c55-43bf-96c6-2c4ddc54145a": "What are the steps involved in implementing the needed security controls and protocols according to the Vanta report?", "73ddb564-786f-4b23-ab23-ce3deb3e6030": "Why is it important to re-assess your readiness after implementing the security controls and protocols identified by Vanta?", "d86d94f1-002e-4529-9783-ed7097dde86c": "How can organizations minimize their exposure to the 'poodle' exploit when deploying SSL?", "5af1198e-f534-4be7-b1fb-c37f120d0139": "Explain how the Achilles tool can be used to intercept HTTP and HTTPS data, and discuss the potential risks it poses to organizations relying on SSL for security.", "9eeabef3-8312-451c-8f32-2f59a437f9c8": "Why is it important to identify vulnerabilities both with and without the current controls in place when assessing cybersecurity risks?", "c30fd9f5-a9df-47d5-ada1-a205e3c4d27b": "How can identifying residual risks help organizations determine if additional controls are necessary to mitigate potential threats?", "701878da-795d-4223-871b-d6f8f495cbe4": "Explain the key components of a risk treatment plan as outlined in the document, including the associated risk level, gap analysis, control measures, resources required, and implementation timeframe.", "2e51aad0-68a4-41e7-8e2c-20513de1fb0f": "How does the risk treatment plan connect the risk assessment process to the design and implementation of appropriate controls, as described in the Statement of Applicability (SoA)? Provide examples to illustrate this linkage.", "1fbf30a2-f277-48c4-b3e3-c5c71971b78d": "Why is it important for the CEO, chairperson, and board to be fully committed to the ISO27001 implementation plan in order for certification to be successful?", "2bb909bd-66fd-45a0-93e9-832f95bc37b2": "How does the principle of leadership from the top play a crucial role in the success of major change projects, specifically in the context of IT governance and information security certification?", "6ae3549b-18fc-4d68-b437-d8a318c1af97": "How does open communication play a crucial role in achieving a learning effect from security incidents within an organization?", "b9d661c9-adc2-40f4-b977-16d84cfb2d08": "Provide examples of occasions where communication processes are explicitly required by the standard in the context of security-related matters.", "85ade4df-4863-4853-ac44-83563e8a7ba8": "Explain how organisations can adjust the scale values in Table 2-2 to accommodate different sums of money. Provide an example of how this adjustment can be made.", "c9a5628e-2ecc-4c85-a11d-fda73416cb4f": "Using the scale values provided in Table 2-3, calculate the frequency and likelihood represented by a scale value of 6.2. Explain the significance of using reciprocal time for measuring frequency and likelihood in risk assessment.", "30e8d205-f968-4697-b717-a5d8343651b9": "How should all identifiable costs, including direct, indirect, and consequential costs, be taken into account when assessing the security of key business systems?", "74503775-6808-4f9d-8c1d-bb5b81cd3aa2": "Discuss the different types of threats (external and internal) and vulnerabilities that should be considered when identifying potential risks to key business systems.", "076f4178-b51a-44b1-bb96-d2683235e808": "Explain the importance of conducting asset-threat-vulnerability assessments in the context of risk assessment for an ISO 27001 ISMS. How do these assessments help in determining the level of risk associated with information assets?", "d95d87cd-588d-42d1-b61a-82107e3062e4": "Compare and contrast the strategic implications of the two risk assessment methodologies mentioned in the text - the high-level perspective approach and the granular and detailed approach. Discuss the relative benefits and drawbacks of each methodology in the context of ISO 27001 compliance.", "e566d8d3-db04-4d18-babd-535802fe15e9": "How can a breach in information security impact an organization's identity, mission, and strategies? Provide examples to support your answer.", "036c8669-34da-428d-8efc-4381f920fd58": "Discuss the importance of ensuring that proposals for information security requirements align with the rules, uses, and means in force within an organization. How can failing to do so lead to challenges in implementing security measures?", "e802eeb4-0af5-48af-8af9-809e212a8afa": "How can an organization ensure the reliability of its records in terms of data recording mechanisms and access protection?", "dffc7740-f344-4c6d-b633-c2f04675e86d": "Why is it important for records to be stored in a secure location with effective access protection, especially when considering factors like confidentiality and unauthorized publication?", "f0ad1003-d3e5-444e-859b-7548af3ae1c4": "How should access to program source code and source code libraries be managed according to established procedures?", "6efc545e-2770-4688-9371-ba28a79297b2": "What additional controls should be implemented if the program source code is intended to be published to provide assurance on its integrity?", "0f037265-ba27-4f97-9e2f-5cb7781db7a8": "What is the responsibility of the information security team in defining and implementing the encryption policy, and how does it collaborate with the IT team in this process?", "34a12a73-8d74-4b92-b028-b890764956fa": "Explain the importance of key management in encryption, as outlined in the ISO 27001 control A.10.1.2. Provide examples of key management practices that should be implemented to ensure the security of cryptographic keys throughout their lifecycle.", "00ea6273-c0e2-4fc6-b37e-b57d0e428f5d": "Explain the evolution of the information security management system standard from BS 7799-2 to ISO/IEC 27001:2017. What were the key updates and changes made in each version?", "70c1c87d-01a1-40d0-9f94-0814b924478c": "Define the concept of an Information Security Policy and explain its importance in an organization. How does it help in defining roles, responsibilities, and expectations related to security measures?", "0f775272-df5b-46b6-8dd3-fa3d77eda34c": "How does the concept of cabling security, as outlined in control 11.2.3 of ISO27002, aim to protect data and information services from interception or damage?", "5a7b5556-31c0-4a82-b456-069254fc2066": "Why is it recommended to have two different methods of connection to a service provider for telecommunications services, according to IT governance principles?", "c73ad037-ff03-4a65-8ebd-364ee7358270": "Explain the importance of event logging in the context of information security, and provide examples of the types of information that should be included in event logs according to annex a.12.4.1.", "2cb98b00-5b08-4c51-9841-954e70aefa3b": "Describe the control measures outlined in annex a.12.4.2 for protecting log information from unauthorized tampering, and discuss the implementation requirements for ensuring the security of logs.", "547eae8d-5536-4ac8-ae05-16adf7517e34": "How does the legal team play a role in finalizing agreements related to information transfer policies and preventing liabilities for the organization during an information security breach?", "c3f568e3-1cb6-4710-a8ff-30b1ba41af85": "In the context of electronic messaging, what provisions must organizations create to safeguard the information shared via electronic messaging, and why is it important to obtain approvals before using public services such as instant messaging, social networking, or file sharing for information sharing?", "63041db6-4b84-42b7-a6ff-1425a4705428": "How does the bias towards implementing an ISMS within the United Kingdom impact the content of the book on ISO/IEC 27001:2013 certification?", "5ae9ed67-c5ed-4088-b639-1dc1ee55bb44": "In what ways does the book recommend going beyond ISO/IEC 27002 when necessary in dealing with newly identified threats and vulnerabilities in information security management?", "268a9bc3-518f-400c-90b8-0413ef71def1": "How can organizations ensure the security of services transactions to prevent unauthorized message alteration, disclosure, and duplication?", "fa7441c4-cc45-4371-8e68-c66c7525dad5": "What are some key components of secure development processes, as outlined in the document, that organizations should implement within the development lifecycle of information systems?", "98f89d53-ecc7-41bb-9be0-cd6a6953835d": "How can maintaining contacts with regulatory bodies and other authorities support information security incident management and business continuity processes according to the context information provided?", "4a5974f6-bebe-47da-82c5-95d4f4f10074": "In what ways can organizations under attack benefit from requesting authorities to take action against the attack source, as mentioned in the context information?", "ca30e898-3e4b-41b7-8272-02440196a6e4": "How does ISO 27001 help organizations maintain focus on information security tasks?", "c8cafc44-2146-4f2b-b6bb-57cb40659248": "How does ISO 27001 certification reduce the need for frequent audits in organizations?", "3709aed8-3c40-418a-9c46-a7f92bd33e6c": "How can organizations demonstrate evidence of monitoring and measuring the results of their information security risk treatment efforts?", "1ec96079-d273-4756-92e5-db05a1efa982": "What factors should be considered when estimating the time and resources required for implementing new processes and controls to meet compliance requirements?", "ac1beeee-37e8-4ea0-a2f6-645248cab847": "How does ISO 27001 help organizations ensure compliance with GDPR in terms of managing personal data as information security assets?", "f0d9bf5f-b5ee-40b0-a543-ef3c4d5e5f1f": "In what ways can businesses gain a strategic advantage over competitors by incorporating security standards such as ISO 27001 into all aspects of their operations, especially in light of the increasing complexity of data privacy regulations?", "6bb3af0a-c1a9-46a5-925f-3579e7788b25": "How can the selection of necessary and permissible logging be influenced by laws, guidelines, and contracts when recording data, both manually and automatically?", "b840e478-9b87-4806-93b2-30b98047c2ca": "What measures should be established to ensure and maintain the probative value of evidence, particularly in relation to log files, according to the provided context information?", "508ed358-a892-4665-985d-6d01c0c7278e": "How should photocopiers be sited within a secure perimeter to ensure access to more secure rooms is not required?", "5d3e5204-676b-4b68-8221-2b33fc3c2e96": "What security measures should be implemented for computer server and communications rooms, including access control for authorized personnel and considerations for external protection?", "eaf7a845-00c4-42ad-a6de-6a1da1198f3e": "How does the concept of trade-off apply to treating risk within organizations, and why is it important to consider when allocating resources for risk management?", "bb082d92-0f7a-4d41-bf15-a2347d66a458": "In the context of ISO/IEC 27001 standard, explain the importance of considering both risks and opportunities when assessing and treating risks within an organization.", "5099694f-b523-4b68-aaa6-0bb28f972eb4": "Why is it important to conduct a risk analysis when implementing a completely new transmission path, and what factors should be considered during this analysis?", "50a62d78-6c0e-4bc4-aceb-2f1387df3c2e": "How can the residual risk of a new transmission path be determined, and why is it crucial to assess whether the remaining residual risk can be accepted?", "cb64e0fe-a4ca-4ede-a671-50e74701eed7": "How should risk owners proceed once the residual risks are known and compared to the risk acceptance criteria?", "cee5e7d1-6081-4cd3-9b55-d4e03488e145": "In documenting the results of the risk treatment process, what example is provided in the appendix and how should it be used?", "e3bca206-a15d-42af-9db2-42780b511ab1": "How should internal auditors prepare for an audit according to the information provided in the document?", "0bd4e721-94dc-421d-8a50-ab1ac8b3a400": "What are the key components that should be included in an audit's finding report as outlined in the document?", "d686e39a-3040-4def-be54-7aaeb5bb4217": "How can organizations benefit from participating in common information sharing forums to stay updated on threats at strategic and tactical levels?", "4c7c426c-8364-4c8f-9bf0-964627342f2b": "Why is it important for organizations to establish a formal project management approach, including implementing risk assessment and information classification schemes, as outlined in the ISO/IEC 27001 implementation guide?", "9f83ce05-a463-4d3f-96c5-27d18e0cf9c1": "How can the principles of secure development be effectively communicated to developers, and what key components should be included in a development guideline or developer's handbook?", "8c859ca7-b85f-4e55-9f2b-e9a36235f819": "Why is it important to regularly review the relevance of secure development guidelines in relation to technology advancements and evolving attack techniques, and how can the correct application of these guidelines be monitored during the development process?", "e93573fc-b9c4-44f9-a5dc-72bd3c67a819": "How can an organization be infected by a virus, and what are some common sources of virus infection mentioned in the text?", "16ed4349-3a7c-4894-9d0e-c15608bb6f16": "Why is it important for risk assessments to consider the 'availability' aspect of information security in the digital age, and how can gateway defenses sometimes hinder legitimate email ingress?", "e511f518-e762-4a58-ba5b-1a23fee345ce": "How should the frequency of information classification be defined in a policy, and why is it important to update it based on the value and criticality of the information?", "44f1454f-0c0e-4f4e-ace1-a9034998576e": "Explain the importance of developing and implementing procedures for information labeling in accordance with the organization's information classification scheme. Provide examples of where and how labels can be attached and on what types of media labeling is required.", "9e5dd6d9-ccb1-457f-a51b-7c93b82e93c9": "How can organizations address information security vulnerabilities in software, systems, products, and services that they provide to users, and what actions can they take to mitigate these vulnerabilities?", "374a7c88-8397-4bf9-8f1d-5cd75aa89ca3": "What standards and guidelines are available for organizations to follow when managing technical vulnerabilities, releasing remediation, disclosing information about vulnerabilities to users, and receiving and publishing vulnerability reports?", "ba2ea391-0b40-4dbb-a4f8-284355198f7c": "Explain the importance of performing robust planning for information security management in adverse situations, providing examples of such situations as mentioned in the document.", "fc1fe8e1-6e30-4e87-b2fe-465819fe4a7d": "How can organizations ensure quick execution of their disaster recovery plan by conducting impact analysis on their business continuity requirements? Provide a brief overview of the steps involved in this process.", "57f4cd5f-17e1-4b26-9ad1-7b9d10a35872": "How can the creation of demilitarized zones (DMZs) or extranets help in protecting confidential information and facilities from potential attackers?", "3fbe9a7c-6fde-4abe-88d9-e88941e6ffad": "Why is it important to conduct a full risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis before deciding on how to tackle network security issues, and how can specialist external advice be beneficial in this process?", "358c38e8-a298-438f-9004-690c21e34a90": "How does the event of social engineering differ from the event of hacking in terms of the methods used to exploit vulnerabilities?", "a11adf54-9daf-4c4c-bdff-35f80a476007": "Explain the potential causes of a web denial of service (DoS) attack and how it can impact the availability of information on a website.", "629a52b0-10a2-4b8f-8043-091ec4051d26": "How can organizations ensure the security of their physical environment when employees access teleworking sites?", "2ece7666-3bfe-453a-9aff-12fabdeb9afd": "What measures should be taken to prevent unauthorized access to company information when employees are working from home?", "bfb33019-f5a5-4e91-a164-ca6c926f3c6d": "How does defining the context, scope, and objectives of a project contribute to its success in implementing ISO 27001?", "23823511-d703-4d51-8b39-2fee4aa8a34f": "Why is it important to involve management properly and early in the ISO 27001 implementation process, and what specific procedures should be implemented to ensure accountability and effectiveness?", "3c77e700-5a51-4737-a162-8bba10ad61c3": "How does threat intelligence contribute to enhancing organizational security beyond detecting malicious domain names?", "aad04a2a-b02f-424c-a1a8-fec3f499f244": "Discuss the importance of onboarding and offboarding processes in ensuring staff-related measures for protecting sensitive information in an organization.", "725aefbe-225b-4da4-b2f7-f8518a81e233": "How can organizations ensure that their data is securely backed up, especially when dealing with portable devices and individual c: drives?", "7bef2610-8b77-4f57-9ff8-7494d98d84d1": "Why is it important for employees to be trained on data security measures, particularly in relation to the use of network drives and the cloud for storing information?", "c48c5ec3-6554-489c-b6a4-0f01d2dd22af": "How does the role of an auditor or compliance manager differ from that of an IT security officer in the context of reviewing and improving an organization's ISMS?", "efe9a917-7cb9-4ff0-9e30-260de1267a5a": "In the context of ISO 27001, what is the significance of the information security officer role and how does it relate to the overall performance evaluation of the ISMS as required in section ISMS-10?", "ed27da6a-ad5a-4cd7-9bff-1644ced3a304": "How can organisations address security risks related to remote working, specifically focusing on mobile devices and teleworking according to ISO 27001 guidelines?", "ead89f63-c21e-4d18-86ed-82e2194b7982": "What measures should organisations implement to ensure limited access to cloud systems and databases, and how can access controls be adjusted accordingly to mitigate insider threats and cyber attacks?", "b0f36928-dc8d-4b64-acfe-9159fe37f78d": "What are the key responsibilities of the Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) within an organization, as outlined in the document?", "8d3b190e-c54f-43ca-88f7-05fa9a25b9ab": "How does the Administration Department play a role in managing and implementing the physical, operational, and facility-related aspects of the ISMS framework, according to the document?", "9674e227-5df2-4c68-9e0d-5280398ab970": "How can organisations identify potential events or scenarios that pose risks to their operations, and what are the two techniques described in the document for doing so?", "c3ec39fd-598e-475f-96de-169a41aee298": "According to BS 7799-3, how can events and their consequences be tracked in order to facilitate the development of a risk treatment plan, and what specific example is provided in the document?", "ab3fc43e-9f1d-4f28-b847-8917cdef06d5": "How can the introduction of dynamic access control help address security concerns in the mobile office environment, and what benefits does it offer compared to traditional access control methods?", "6723fba7-327c-450d-aa30-1c09d9889856": "Explain the concept of indirect access control through securely encrypting a file and distributing the key only to authorized individuals. What steps need to be taken to ensure the secure generation, distribution, and storage of keys in this scenario?", "292348be-ee5a-49d6-ae83-f4dad6f0c082": "How does dynamic access control differ from traditional access control methods such as DAC, RBAC, and MAC? Discuss the role of asset owners and decentralized permission assignment in dynamic access control.", "b3ad3e65-fce1-4aa8-b093-8589ab09d385": "In the technical implementation of access control security functions, what are some common situations encountered when controlling access to data, directories, drives, and applications? How does the operating system play a role in this process?", "b874c3bf-b1ed-42a6-b001-0112811859e0": "How can implementing an Information Security Management System (ISMS) benefit an organization in terms of cost reduction and efficiency improvement?", "8f1d0341-d8b4-4fde-9189-05a0e20a2c44": "What are some common challenges that organizations may face when implementing an ISMS, and how can these challenges be addressed to ensure successful implementation?", "f3f60687-d38b-4b84-af39-ebe3caeaba0a": "How does an organization determine and document what needs to be monitored and measured in the context of monitoring and measurement activities?", "4300093d-4c1e-4ea5-8e2a-7d3e90bb2012": "Explain the importance of creating and retaining records of the execution and results of monitoring/measurement activities in the context of a monitoring and measurement program.", "8d6fa44e-f8e1-4b12-bcbe-c24d8d09b518": "Why is senior management support essential for the successful implementation of information security within an organization?", "2b2ce060-fb6c-4e62-aa43-88ec03601db6": "How can the CISO or person with authority effectively present the need for top management support in implementing an ISMS?", "bae46daf-c781-4981-9f55-7140028050df": "How can contracting organizations mitigate information security risks within their supply chain, according to the context information provided?", "707fded8-56b6-4b33-bb89-748528c9d85a": "What is the importance of evaluating and confirming a supplier's statements regarding their assessment of supply chain risks, as discussed in the context information?", "8f780753-162f-42fe-97af-c3edc1fce773": "How can an organization ensure that data arriving on external media is safe from viruses before being loaded onto network PCs and notebook computers?", "3afdb915-e894-43d1-86a3-90a41330a836": "What measures can be implemented to prevent the unauthorized use of external software within an organization, and how should updates for anti-malware software be managed on the network?", "96eacd92-9476-4751-8842-832b54ae2a4e": "How can organizations ensure the security of external hard drives and flash drives that carry confidential information when they are taken outside the organization?", "9fbaabf7-11c2-4ae8-b87b-bb594f568631": "What measures should be taken to secure shared folders or files that are accessible by all employees within an organization?", "97384873-06d7-4a40-a4c7-eaab4f9dc1a7": "Explain the evolution of the term \"statement of applicability\" in the context of ISO/IEC 27001, highlighting the changes in meaning with successive editions of the ISMS standard.", "348baf9a-efca-440c-9314-2b3c549a222f": "Compare and contrast the requirements for controls in the BS 7799-2:1998, BS 7799-2:1999, and ISO/IEC 27001:2013 standards, focusing on the evolution of the statement of applicability and the process of risk treatment.", "6a46e14b-627f-4e04-8a7a-8070dbed25ac": "How does the creation of an information security policy contribute to the establishment of an Information Security Management System (ISMS)?", "f926b5d6-a7dc-436e-8928-599724fe8cca": "Why is it important for organizations to have a comprehensive database listing all contractual information security requirements and how they are met within their ISMS?", "e5c46831-d61c-4a77-bccb-f00068962050": "How can organizations ensure that employees receive adequate training on information security matters, and what are some examples of qualification schemes that can be utilized for more detailed training?", "d0af33f4-d323-4ff1-9037-138bd3ad76c9": "Why is it important for organizations to have a disciplinary process in place for employees who do not adhere to information security policies, and how does this relate to existing disciplinary processes for other forms of misconduct within the organization?", "13bcb057-e66b-41b2-a941-e36ca83bfa51": "How does the use of digital currencies and payment methods like bitcoin, debit cards, credit cards, and wallet payments impact the importance of cybersecurity in the banking sector?", "01c6ff2f-3edf-48b9-9853-cad5cde32637": "What are the potential consequences for a bank if they experience a data breach, and how can they work to prevent such incidents from occurring?", "f74bae64-6ad4-4b2a-85dd-9b0a57396422": "Explain the potential limitations of automated vulnerability scanning tools in identifying real vulnerabilities within a system environment. How can false positives be generated during this process?", "be8e41f1-550c-4790-ab55-e3ea33435e9a": "How can security testing and evaluation (STE) be utilized to identify ICT system vulnerabilities during the risk assessment process? Provide an overview of the steps involved in developing and executing a test plan for STE.", "1b717598-aa92-4458-9b17-f95ef46d2d43": "How does control category a.15.1 contribute to mitigating risks in supply chains, and why is it important for organizations to integrate these controls into their broader supply chain risk management plan?", "51f8aa66-09f7-4738-b445-470cbeadcaee": "According to the context information, what is the starting point for addressing the information security aspects of supply chain risk management, and how does control 15.1.1 of ISO27002 play a role in this process?", "64f9c699-bf35-457b-91e8-3ad32cf6d8bf": "How does the use of continuous integration continuous deployment (CI/CD) in a cloud environment impact the automation of security checks in the development process?", "5144d7c5-3ce9-4831-9d74-62d3251fac22": "What steps should be taken when outsourcing development to ensure that the third party provider implements the necessary security controls as outlined in annex a of the document?", "4558a615-c3f6-4cc4-a489-66f8414c0e42": "Define the term \"disruption\" as per the ISO 22301:2019 standard and provide an example of a disruption that could occur in an organization's delivery of products and services.", "44cd96e7-743c-49a1-924e-42bf3bf6091f": "How does the ISO 31000:2018 standard define the term \"control\" in the context of risk management, and what are some examples of controls that can be implemented to mitigate risks related to unauthorized individuals, entities, or processes?", "6380a628-5621-4c65-8378-b39d991829f2": "How should an organization determine the appropriate method for securely deleting information from devices such as smartphones, taking into consideration the classification of the information being handled?", "54d34275-7d33-47fe-aa7a-8615049b2901": "Why is it important for organizations to maintain an official record of information deletion, and how can this record be useful in the event of a potential information leakage?", "20bfe7fa-b1d5-4290-a255-7d32b80cbd36": "What are the key components of the ISO 27001 standard for information security management systems, and how do they help organizations protect against data breaches?", "bbd3dd31-dfdd-45bd-8930-094555f6826e": "How does the ISO 27001 certification process differ from the requirements of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and why might an organization choose to pursue both certifications?", "04fdb7f5-4c61-4fcb-9742-9fde36d86a70": "How can the presence of multiple copies of software programmes or computers in an office impact asset valuation in information security incident response?", "990aaa39-e8ca-4e66-ae6c-968e38f206f9": "Explain the difference between asset value and impact in the context of information security incidents, and provide an example to illustrate this distinction.", "317ebebf-6b79-4075-a1b8-e78da6f93db8": "How do standards and norms typically require proof of compliance, and what role does certification play in this process?", "83d96a75-0303-4828-9306-b4f16eba822b": "Why is it important for organizations to consider the expectations and requirements of external service providers and suppliers in relation to their Information Security Management System (ISMS)?", "9fceb7e6-3b05-4aea-a056-303d27778e0b": "How does the organization communicate management commitment within the ISMS, and what are the roles and responsibilities outlined for individuals involved in the ISMS?", "45cba97a-b3bb-41bc-a575-6f5f84178380": "Describe the procedures and planning involved in risk and opportunity management within the ISMS, including how change management, resource planning, and decision logs are utilized to ensure effectiveness.", "18f7bb12-f0eb-4d4c-b3a6-4bf10b37a5be": "How does the ISO 31000 standard play a role in the assessment and treatment of risks in various application areas, including information security?", "b3ae91af-cf60-4b2f-89ba-a4c0ea7aabc4": "Explain the importance of collaboration in developing a list of risks and assessing their relevance to security objectives for a business process, as outlined in the document.", "31071e73-7783-4f6f-87d4-3857f84f7304": "How can deficiencies or improvement opportunities be effectively addressed and verified within an organization's ISMS implementation process?", "ed5fc6d5-d357-4027-8233-c79002ea6697": "In what ways can an organization ensure the consistent and prompt treatment of new risks identified during the risk assessment process, while considering internal and external requirements and expectations?", "a11c4f72-567f-4e04-ac4c-ce87998b7a11": "How does the efficiency of handling insights serve as an indicator for the performance of an organization's Information Security Management System (ISMS)? Discuss the importance of quickly fixing deficits and weaknesses in achieving secure information processing goals.", "3874b083-31d1-4e5d-a22e-635dacece5e2": "Explain the significance of measuring the degree of implementation of controls in an ISMS. How does the average/weighted degree of implementation across all controls reflect the effectiveness of the ISMS in ensuring complete information security?", "50bc0b34-fdcb-4c24-be56-ac8b056931ac": "How can organizations implement risk avoidance strategies in their operations, and what are some examples of risk avoidance measures mentioned in the document?", "20b87c68-2444-4bc6-85ec-9de56e078f3b": "Explain the concept of risk transfer and provide examples of how organizations can share their risk burdens with third parties through contractual terms.", "179e9f00-aaa4-43de-b564-a2720440bf6d": "How can an organization determine the critical businesses and organizational areas that need to be addressed in an Information Security Management System (ISMS) implementation?", "2e915615-07d5-437d-8fbd-f8b5cfbc0639": "In what ways can an ISMS contribute to creating a competitive advantage for an organization, and how can this be measured in terms of business advantage?", "405a0249-2e8b-4f71-90a6-6a04156d16e8": "How can organizations utilize threat intelligence in their information security risk management processes, and what are some examples of technical controls that can benefit from threat intelligence input?", "d9a4e457-24a1-493b-8770-ce5b3a262483": "Why is it important for organizations to share threat intelligence with other organizations on a mutual basis, and what are some common sources of threat intelligence that organizations typically rely on?", "3ae93fb2-a969-4a1c-a695-e5bb79e9d8aa": "What are the current wireless security standards and why are they necessary for mobile workers and organizations?", "aefc3748-ad35-43e1-95a9-dc911e24defa": "How can organizations enhance the security of their wireless networks, especially in terms of encryption key management and network placement, based on the risks of bandwidth theft, security gateway bypassing, identity theft, illegal activity, and espionage?", "b8000a5a-06cc-48c5-969b-a84452aa01b4": "How can an organization identify its assets for the purpose of asset valuation, and what are the two main categories of assets that can be distinguished?", "795aab5d-ed7b-4a61-a49b-39312a91876c": "Describe the process of identifying primary assets within an organization, including the involvement of different stakeholders and the types of assets that are typically considered as primary assets.", "e77cf9af-e736-47ba-8241-8d212354a9ae": "How does the concept of 'approximately correct rather than precisely wrong' apply to the calculation and use of risk acceptance criteria in an organization's risk management process?", "eede2980-c16e-4c38-87fd-1d2dd515b70e": "Explain the importance of considering the entire level of risk, rather than just the mid-points, when making risk treatment decisions in accordance with ISO 27001 guidelines.", "67abe517-349c-4e9a-8660-35efc345c6ac": "What factors should organizations consider when determining whether ISO 27001 compliance is mandatory for their business operations?", "c869ffc0-443f-4fa0-bc57-95546114870f": "How can organizations achieve ISO 27001 compliance, even if they are not seeking formal certification?", "2cbd9538-a491-48d4-bab4-c17d5f94dcd4": "How should organizational purchasing policies address the use of corporate e-mail for transactions, and what specific guidelines should be laid down for staff regarding this issue?", "f0d80f62-1c06-478e-ab76-81383dc3df6b": "In the context of the Companies Act 2006 in the United Kingdom, how has the use of e-mail in the procurement process been affected and what specific agreements may need to be documented between organizations regarding the weight and validity of e-mails in trading transactions?", "a2ac61da-7576-4b1d-82f9-040579c64059": "How does clause a.8.1 of ISO 27001:2013 relate to the asset inventory and what guidance should be followed according to ISO 27002:2013?", "b866408d-4063-4424-8384-08233f89b484": "Why is it important to determine the information security classification of assets when considering control category a.8.2, and what is recommended to be done at this stage?", "363dfaa2-377a-438a-92e2-d56a9d98ec24": "How does the size and complexity of an organization impact the extent of the measurement program needed for information security?", "5248aa35-8405-47a7-acb0-4445f7c1706b": "What factors should be considered when designing an information security measurement program, according to the context information provided?", "8205702f-ec68-4854-ad56-6d63c51588a0": "How can security measures be designed and implemented to protect information and assets in secure areas from damage and unauthorized interference by personnel working in those areas?", "1408e0bf-daac-4f9f-975f-278061056124": "What guidelines should be considered when working in secure areas, such as making personnel aware of activities on a need-to-know basis and avoiding unsupervised work for safety reasons and to reduce chances for malicious activities?", "96871235-b7b9-4e2c-899e-bfb286c7eefa": "How does the Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) impact employees' responsibilities within the organization, and what are the potential consequences of breaching the AUP?", "1a48f14d-a91f-472f-8c34-92a58d5c928e": "In what ways does the organization monitor and regulate the use of internet, intranet, email, and instant messaging by its users, and what actions can be taken in cases of abuse of organizational computer resources?", "95ce5bf6-8f5c-48c6-89f5-3be807fcd20f": "How does adopting a consistent procedure for confidentiality in an organization help reduce risks and increase confidence in trading partnerships and outsourcing activities?", "430224e4-9d38-4e7b-976c-c328280f1998": "Explain the importance of classifying information based on its likely impact on the organization if leaked or disclosed to unauthorized parties, according to the context information provided.", "9ca095e1-4c95-4607-b5d6-2d34f947d2d0": "How can the transportation of storage media with classified information be secured, and what controls should be used to prevent tampering?", "11301f94-1863-4462-a51a-c6e9121a1b81": "What precautions should be taken to protect the verbal transfer of confidential information, and why is it important to avoid discussing sensitive information in public places or over insecure communication channels?", "bc78266d-eb1f-4834-8fe0-ad26fb8aa9ed": "How does ISO 27001 recommend that control selection decisions should be made, and what factors should be taken into account in this process?", "64df4351-5563-42b3-b7cf-1f83d7ac5aa5": "Why is it important for organizations to have a methodology for the identification and valuation of information assets, and how does this impact their investment in protecting these assets according to ISO 27001 guidelines?", "9a785feb-2e53-4bef-8b35-5c71c00e8257": "How does the level of trust required in the integrity of information exchanged or processed impact the mechanisms used for identification of lack of integrity in electronic transactions?", "a47aa96c-16e5-4d5a-9ab5-29d05c188151": "Explain the importance of non-repudiation in electronic transactions, particularly in the context of contracts associated with tendering and contract processes.", "6053582d-7b65-4795-8e9f-09ad23f57df4": "How does ISO 27002 differ from ISO 27001 in terms of the level of detail provided about information security controls, and why is this difference important for organizations implementing an ISMS?", "7a29ff1b-a50f-4bda-a671-5346cf4f5287": "Discuss the four themes in which the 93 controls outlined in ISO 27002 are separated, and provide examples of controls that fall under each theme.", "954788a8-38ba-4e73-b1b3-3a5bfca64c24": "How can organizations effectively address and close internal audit findings related to information security, and what challenges may arise in the process?", "17203aad-134c-4f35-84c3-3f2f0b993df8": "Discuss the importance of process improvements in ISMS implementation and how these improvements can demonstrate the effectiveness of an organization's information security system to management.", "83526794-0fb5-4413-9470-0655173a7c86": "How can organizations identify areas of improvement in their information security management system, according to the text?", "ca097c8e-b871-4290-8fa9-e1bb20a64b52": "How can monthly KPIs/reports and employee observations help in identifying improvement areas in an organization's information security management system?", "915cb379-cfcf-49ba-9a22-3d55258eaefc": "How does the ISO/IEC 27000 series of standards relate to monitoring the performance of an Information Security Management System (ISMS)?", "f3eb04ce-3405-4f0f-a71e-3b6cd98c6ff5": "What is the importance of establishing a measurement program within an ISMS for monitoring and measuring the effectiveness, suitability, and adequacy of the security objectives of an organization?", "81e20dfe-f14a-401f-bf9e-0dd1618270b3": "How can organizations ensure the effectiveness of their contingency plans, according to the incident management process outlined in the document?", "817d4e57-6afe-4cc1-b8d6-48145bd7f879": "Why is it important for users to be trained in the use of contingency plans and be involved in regular testing programs, as stated in the context information?", "992c5479-a422-407b-b08b-671858a99b19": "How can security testing be categorized and what specific security functions should be included in the testing process according to the given information?", "109b2b2a-6896-4fea-97a9-dc1dca448338": "What factors should be considered when determining the extent of security testing for a system, and what components should be included in a comprehensive test plan as outlined in the context information?", "b3e2c45d-14c9-4096-818f-2a65bd8a175f": "How do legal and regulatory requirements impact the implementation of an Information Security Management System (ISMS)? Provide examples of mandatory controls that organizations must adhere to in order to be compliant.", "7c4816fb-d5c7-432d-bd92-9db7f4ace024": "In what ways do external factors such as the political and economic environment, technological trends, and government policy changes influence the development and maintenance of an ISMS? How should organizations adapt to these external issues to ensure the security of their information?", "99e1729e-0789-40f0-96ad-f96030e4d7fb": "How does control 13.1.2 of ISO27002 recommend organizations address the security attributes of network services in their information security management system (ISMS) and network services agreement?", "0a8a9f30-3bfd-415f-8c26-faf995a2d8a8": "Why is it important for organizations to provide a clear description of the security attributes of the network services they use, as outlined in the document?", "8d5ad3ec-3bee-4750-a9c0-c4a39923751d": "How does the ISO 27001 framework recommend handling risks within an organization, and what are the four categories of methods to achieve this?", "983aa2e8-0888-4359-8253-0af6c7b627a1": "According to BS 7799-3, how should controls be selected for mitigating risks, and what factors should be considered in the selection process?", "e545aba9-b6c2-42a2-a6d9-d4c530dd055f": "How does an organization define assets in the context of information security management, and what are the different types of assets that need to be considered in an asset inventory?", "a322a5e0-1fc7-472d-8dba-131b68e64a96": "Explain the role of asset owners in ensuring the protection and proper handling of assets within an organization's information security management system.", "054a28bc-d1d9-4258-b634-2d1b8c62f377": "How does the management review play a crucial role in assessing the performance and achievement of the ISMS objectives? What actions should be taken if the objectives are found to be insufficient?", "b6f90c51-a0a9-4f45-b6a6-5d1feb4214ee": "Why is qualified risk management essential for an ISMS, and when should it be established according to the document? Provide examples of potential risks that may arise in achieving ISMS objectives.", "80b366fb-bb30-44d1-8633-abe7d51bfda5": "How can the likelihood of an incident scenario be mapped against the business impact to determine the resulting risk? Provide an example of how this risk can be measured on a scale of 0 to 8 and evaluated against risk acceptance criteria.", "f80d898b-de1a-4664-88ac-d4fc55faa7bc": "Explain how a matrix or table, such as the one shown in table e.3, can be used to rank threats based on measures of risk. Describe the two steps involved in evaluating the consequences (asset value) and likelihood of threat occurrence in this process.", "38deb1cf-44e5-48c1-829f-06c26d66b66f": "How can a business effectively identify and assess system-related risks such as malware, hacker activity, and power failures, and what factors should be considered in determining the probability and impact of these risks on critical systems and processes?", "76ccadde-2d62-447e-a652-f0510ade1cd1": "In what ways can interruptions caused by system-related risks impact a business, including potential periods of downtime, costs of repair and lost business, and other damages, and why is it important to consider the information aspects and impacts of these interruptions in risk assessments?", "014556a4-0ab9-4a91-b2c0-2875f458121c": "How can overlooking the harm to specific assets impact an organization's risk assessment process and overall security measures?", "a7e57d22-f91b-4637-a3de-5a5ef4850098": "In what ways can the theft of different classes of mobile devices lead to varying consequences for an organization, and how should these differences be taken into account when implementing security controls?", "d8709624-6adf-4701-a09f-3a41ca177a6e": "How does ISO 27001 certification benefit an organization in terms of showcasing strong security procedures and gaining a competitive edge over competitors?", "c5b8ee70-6176-49db-8029-bda3647f1654": "Why are other controls besides ISO 27001 implementation important for an organization's overall security measures?", "4c979eb1-5c3e-4ac4-87a5-31f64e52bf35": "How does the involvement of management level impact the success of an ISMS according to the context information provided?", "b76d2d39-5dda-4843-998a-fae0cb6fa8ee": "Explain the difference between risks and chances in the context of an ISMS, and why only risks are explicitly mentioned in the further requirements.", "5f046900-1856-4a45-9176-dcfff66e74ce": "How does ISO 27001 play a role in helping organizations address evolving IT risks, compliance requirements, and customer demands for proof of risk understanding and mitigating controls?", "1cac33f8-6c33-47b0-8f91-9005978304f7": "According to clause 6.1.2 of ISO 27001, what are the specific requirements outlined for conducting an information security risk assessment within an organization?", "29b27ac1-3c09-4252-bd02-d2115199cbe8": "How can organizations ensure the security of endpoints according to the provided guidelines, and what are the three essential factors for endpoint security?", "74174cdc-e301-4b53-93db-853c4a16ebe8": "Discuss the importance of having separate policies for system management, secure operating environments, and end user behavior in ensuring the overall security of systems.", "fba85714-35a6-42ef-8c4b-9ded35f10610": "How does the concept of the PDCA cycle relate to the process of tracking progress and implementing improvements in information security?", "c5279e2b-2fed-4b82-8e5a-bf9f6fde6ae9": "In what ways can limited resources and facilities impact the ability to eliminate gaps in information security, and how can organizations effectively address this challenge?", "798716d7-b184-4bc5-9aa9-2203ecac4ebc": "How can an organization demonstrate evidence of the results of management reviews, identified non-conformities, and corrective and improvement actions taken in the context of ISO 27001 compliance?", "1c8c4e18-131f-4643-b31f-a1c4d1ba66bf": "Why is ongoing monitoring and analysis essential for achieving continuous improvement in an Information Security Management System (ISMS) according to ISO 27001 standards?", "6821dc5b-a668-45d2-b4f6-d283474f9f10": "How can organizations assess the likelihood of information security incidents and estimate the level of risk?", "527fe88e-3a30-4c63-a200-3cdbed8b39f0": "Why is it important for individuals participating in the risk assessment process to possess a strong knowledge of the organization's objectives and security understanding?", "838954ea-a4ac-4c76-9c3e-0a388af264f0": "How does the use of real-time data in testing impact the security of information, and what measures should be in place to ensure its protection?", "724e18c0-a768-4aa2-874d-e995e177eaa9": "Explain the importance of system acquisition, development, and maintenance in relation to information security for organisations in today's digitised era. How can applying the controls of annex a.14 help establish trust with customers and suppliers?", "37056239-41fb-4e01-9ab0-b237869ccc82": "How does maintaining and upgrading existing information security policies, procedures, and controls contribute to a well-managed control system in the context of managing changes to supplier services?", "70e98ffb-9239-4933-a358-d4da3f26b9a5": "In what ways can a well-defined Information Security Management System (ISMS) help protect an organization's supply chain relationships and corporate reputation in relation to supplier services?", "493bff25-0f44-45a7-9746-d66e88b6277b": "How should a supplier respond to and manage information security incidents according to the agreements and supporting guidelines and procedures?", "c7b86e0b-8d54-4630-bd1e-9338526b55ba": "What responsibilities should suppliers assign for reviewing compliance and enforcing the requirements of information security?", "45f0ae00-2e26-4bca-96db-31d322e6e215": "Why is it important to identify and group assets for the purposes of risk assessment in information security management systems (ISMS)?", "1741b30f-801d-48a5-9f27-6c57ccc0edbf": "How can the aggregation of assets into groups potentially impact the effectiveness of identifying threats and vulnerabilities at an individual asset level in an organization's ISMS?", "5c4986f6-d51b-4689-87a0-79bb4250faea": "How can an organization ensure that teleworkers are equipped with appropriate back-up, anti-malware, and continuity plans to mitigate risks, and what measures should be in place for auditing and monitoring teleworkers' network activities?", "5bb49879-76c3-41f3-8f1a-920a9a7f4a26": "How can an organization ensure compliance with human resources security requirements outlined in the standard, specifically in terms of ensuring resources are available for ISMS, assigning tasks to individuals with necessary competence, and implementing relevant HR controls?", "64df1fec-77ad-4130-816e-246f0e5b1b5a": "Explain the difference between static, dynamic, and on-the-fly data masking techniques in the context of statistical research. How can hash functions and salt functions be used to anonymize personally identifiable information (PII)?", "5cf0ea3e-4e79-4d88-acdc-cd40dd6b6e37": "How can resource identifiers and their attributes, such as file names and URLs, be appropriately anonymized to protect PII in a database? Additionally, what additional controls are recommended for protecting PII in public clouds according to ISO/IEC 27018?", "7c33947a-73fe-4833-ac1e-a0949b1ebf60": "How can privileged roles/persons be included in logging and protection of log data to prevent unauthorized changes or disabling of logging?", "4344c509-f05d-4bbe-9cc8-14da472c700f": "What precautions should be taken when sending log data containing user ids and other sensitive information to system vendors for error analysis and resolution, according to the provided context information?", "a159b48e-88c4-4134-aacd-ec502d88428a": "What are the key components of the project mandate in the implementation of ISO 27001?", "cdcfea34-7528-4cef-bb42-673e89a1389e": "How does the standard recommend approaching the implementation of the Information Security Management System (ISMS)?", "325a9c2b-2f5a-49bd-b169-c0be52599171": "How can organizations ensure the redundancy of their information processing facilities according to Annex A controls?", "3059c55b-b5fa-49e9-a5f4-39e6440f23e5": "What measures should be taken to ensure the security of network services as outlined in the Annex A controls?", "3ca57914-23b3-42f5-a83e-f80bf34c42d6": "How can managers determine whether certain risk treatment options are justifiable, particularly when considering rare but severe risks? Provide examples to support your answer.", "d0c78b1d-8b76-4743-b940-64eb6be41ebf": "Explain the concept of making adverse consequences of risks as low as reasonably practicable, regardless of absolute criteria. How can organizations effectively address multiple risks through a combination of risk treatment options? Provide a hypothetical scenario to illustrate your point.", "21f333a0-db0c-446c-9959-5233f7e5934a": "How do regulations such as HIPAA, Regulation FD, and Rule 17 a-4 impact the way healthcare organizations and broker dealers handle sensitive information and communication records?", "07d5cffa-8147-476f-bce9-522babb4cb7d": "What are the key requirements and implications of laws such as the California Online Privacy Protection Act of 2004, CAN-SPAM Act, and FISMA in terms of protecting individuals' privacy and regulating online communication and data security?", "bc49bd12-7785-4e93-a4d6-b0ce2ebdbbac": "How can a monitoring system be configured to identify anomalous behavior, such as unplanned termination of processes, activity associated with malware, and unauthorized access to systems or information?", "e007fe5a-1fc2-454d-9b49-3ff5e13514b0": "Discuss the potential risks and implications of unauthorized scanning of business applications, systems, and networks, and how organizations can mitigate such threats.", "4868bcae-1dba-464b-8081-48b6544fd48d": "How does implementing an ISO 27001 compliant ISMS with effective risk-prevention measures reduce the need for a business continuity plan?", "a2525f80-02db-47de-a6b8-0df06bbb36d7": "In what circumstances might an organization still find itself in need of contingencies, despite having a well-implemented ISMS?", "f8e380e1-d183-4a54-8eef-672756c14cc6": "What are the key standards related to information security management that are recommended to acquire copies of, as mentioned in the document?", "84d412a8-ec05-4b04-99dd-2dc2e77edbd8": "How do ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 differ in their focus and purpose according to the context information provided?", "04279cc4-d940-4276-820b-0d87bd43aa4a": "How can top management effectively manage security costs by assessing and taking calculated risks? Provide examples of how this approach can benefit an organization.", "c90bd077-9f76-489d-b0bf-98cbe2ac0df7": "Discuss the impact of constraints arising from pre-existing processes and technical constraints on the scope of application projects. How can these constraints be addressed to ensure successful project implementation?", "c7d7f7d6-8d8f-471b-b978-219936c8b8d7": "How can the risk of damage to network cables be minimized in a workplace setting according to the given information?", "ea2a03c6-6a7f-43c6-84ea-4c8af3fb0136": "Why is it important to separate power cables from communications cables in order to prevent interference, as mentioned in the document?", "bb1a604f-4a9e-4d7e-b1ce-e5cfeb19906e": "How does the service delivery team play a crucial role in ensuring security requirements are incorporated into software products or applications during the requirement elicitation phase?", "3f56a902-edae-47e3-8099-49718ccbe606": "Why is it important for the service delivery team to have a clear understanding of security requirements and standards when communicating with clients or stakeholders during the software development process?", "c52e1b49-865f-4e5b-8f0c-9177ec065720": "How does the organization ensure that documents of external origin are identified and controlled in accordance with ISO/IEC 27001:2005 standards?", "589605f7-5510-4e39-9a3e-a94140717b75": "What records are required to be maintained to demonstrate the effectiveness of the organization's Information Security Management System (ISMS) and compliance with ISO/IEC 27001:2005?", "8306db80-b073-4d0f-b275-bbcb02074b8c": "What are the key items that an organization should take care of when planning for an ISO 27001 internal audit, according to the provided context information?", "ef48dc38-d96b-4077-bc33-97e37975027f": "Explain the importance of defining the objectives and scope of an audit plan before initializing an internal audit, using examples from the context information.", "f73d14b5-0dba-4180-b694-160ee8a19afd": "How does ISO 27001:2022 address the risks of physical hazards, employee-related risks, outdated software risks, and cyberattacks in terms of information security breaches?", "249cd039-8fd8-4cb8-9af6-5e4d5343f214": "What are some of the significant changes that were included in the revision of ISO 27001 to version 2022, and how do these changes aim to improve information security measures for organizations?", "63c000b8-b6e0-4b35-96db-60df65695480": "Explain the concept of risk ranking in the context of IT infrastructure and business operations. How are risks categorized and what actions could be taken based on the risk rankings provided in Table 5-3?", "8dd89aac-da80-4043-900e-d5f740efd23b": "Discuss the potential impact of a catastrophic event on an organization's IT infrastructure and business operations, as described in the context information. How can risk management strategies help mitigate the financial losses and operational downtime in such situations?", "064c6e48-a8b3-4f56-bf1d-4212be76937a": "How does the concept of \"strangulation\" relate to the potential consequences of errors being discovered during the bookkeeping process?", "f62215d3-bf18-4a06-9b7e-024a5a2a2211": "According to ISO/IEC 27001:2013, what is the significance of the preventive attribute in the context of controls, and how does it contribute to managing risks in an Information Security Management System (ISMS)?", "94682ad9-9613-4613-b8e0-1907c01c42ed": "How does the ISO 27001 control regarding the removal or adjustment of access rights ensure security within an organization?", "a9fa31b4-62ca-4203-82dc-f252bdc5ab1d": "What steps should an organization take to ensure that access rights of employees and contractors are properly managed in accordance with the ISO 27001 control mentioned in the document?", "e9194b74-74b0-4649-a9b1-e489ce595303": "Why is it important to document how additional controls were selected for inclusion in an organization's Statement of Applicability (SoA) in accordance with ISO 27001 standards?", "66d47f01-7668-4186-83fb-7c1de6da6575": "Discuss the argument regarding the accessibility of an organization's SoA to individuals outside the organization, and explain the implications of the ISO 27001 accredited certificate of conformity referencing the SoA document.", "8c5f3bf8-84f4-421d-80cb-edae59d0bc3e": "How do financial constraints impact the implementation of security controls in an organization according to the context information provided?", "920536b2-487d-44e0-82d0-4e908ec556ca": "Describe the different aspects of the general architecture outlined in the document, including requirements concerning topology, physical architecture, application software, package software, hardware, communication networks, and building infrastructure.", "1afebd1b-139e-4ef4-8e1f-dd13e03bd46c": "How can organizations optimize their audit team's efficiency, especially in the context of multiple locations? What are the benefits of conducting audits partially remotely using conference systems and video systems?", "d3d99de3-01b7-40cd-9f38-c3d123324ead": "What is the importance of internal audits in the ISMS, according to section 9.2? How does this section differ from other audit experiences, such as those in quality management systems?", "0604d25a-27fa-4b67-b557-d9c3c524f267": "Explain the structural changes made in the 2022 version of ISO 27001 regarding internal audit and management review processes.", "497de748-f497-42a9-9465-ab3d8e13856a": "What is the significance of the new subclause introduced in clause 6.3 of the 2022 version of ISO 27001, and what factors organizations need to consider when planning for changes to their ISMS?", "8abf54f4-716f-45a2-aeef-f56f012ba052": "What are the key considerations for evaluating the effectiveness of staff training, and why is it important to establish specific objectives and criteria in advance?", "f81f04f7-6cf0-4d47-a23f-d0769c1d0535": "How should IT staff responsible for systems administration ensure they are appropriately trained, and what evidence should be retained to demonstrate this training?", "61713c23-eedc-4fcf-854b-4c73ed4981a7": "How do ISO/IEC 27017, ISO/IEC 27018, and BS 7799-3 differ in their roles within information security management for telecommunications organizations and cloud computing services?", "e35ac15f-3e28-421e-bb11-517c7feaeaf1": "Explain the significance of ISO/IEC 27001 being a requirements standard compared to the other standards mentioned in the document, which are guidance standards.", "c595742e-fe9b-4457-92c5-2bac0a412f82": "Why is it important for system owners to specify rules for authorization and pre-live testing and validation in the context of change control?", "b8bf4152-2a75-4a8c-883e-29e77e8624fd": "What is the significance of conducting a technical review of applications after operating platform changes, and how does it help in ensuring the organization's operations and security?", "8c527835-251f-490a-bee8-01ca50f96c18": "What are some examples of information security incidents that organisations should be aware of according to annex a.16?", "432bb9ca-2855-4e59-b700-02d1a0dd8600": "Why is it important for organisations to familiarise themselves with the requirements outlined in annex a.16 for managing information security incidents?", "f9cb81cc-dd69-4f01-a7f3-768fd84e4160": "How does ISO/IEC 27018 complement ISO/IEC 27001 in the context of cloud environments, specifically in relation to personally identifiable information (PII)?", "6b75d7bb-758c-4d95-b19c-697eac9dec63": "What is the significance of the UK Cyber Essentials scheme in setting out minimum security controls for organizations to protect themselves from cyber attacks, and how does it relate to the concept of baseline security measures?", "6723074c-42b0-4c6f-aef0-fb40538217ca": "How can organisations minimize the impact of audits and related activities on daily operations and operational systems according to annex a.12.7?", "b9b6b191-72ce-4638-acbe-4204c29cb410": "What are the potential measures that can be taken to restrict the ability of individuals to install software on organisational equipment, as mentioned in the document?", "eb9dd342-e74a-4e5f-a5a4-9432430327c2": "Explain the difference between a necessary control whose specification is identical to that given in ISO/IEC 27001, Annex A and a necessary control whose specification is a variation of that given in ISO/IEC 27001, Annex A. Provide examples for each type of control.", "a00d5b93-f272-45c6-ac7e-2f285dac1962": "How would you handle a situation where an Annex A control is obviated by a custom control? Provide a step-by-step explanation of the process to ensure compliance with ISO/IEC 27001 standards in such a scenario.", "072df3fa-1c07-46e7-9935-be9e67cbb670": "What specific elements could be included in the review/evaluation procedure for supply chains, as outlined in the context information?", "b67fea9a-b433-440f-9e4b-3f3a67e0dcdb": "How should organizations define a procedure for monitoring and reviewing suppliers in relation to the general data protection regulation, as mentioned in the context information?", "0b658e2a-52da-4283-a72b-35dc5fb79aea": "How does an organization integrate and implement actions into its information security management system processes according to ISO/IEC 27001:2022?", "064d7622-442e-4ec3-a96b-3d841313f0dd": "What are the key components of an information security risk assessment process as outlined in ISO/IEC 27001:2022?", "8426e3b0-2524-4845-8efd-bc0d07b652ba": "What are the considerations to keep in mind when determining the frequency of management reviews for an organization's Information Security Management System (ISMS) according to the ISO/IEC 27001 standard?", "f865c4a1-106a-416b-bc8c-8c1aa97c095e": "Discuss the different approaches that can be taken when conducting management reviews for an ISMS, including the suggested minimum frequency and potential variations in review frequency based on organizational needs.", "bfb9470f-dfcb-45b0-8afb-a7ff48ab5fad": "What is the role of the International Standardization Organization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in developing and publishing standards, and how do they collaborate to create internationally valid standards for information and communication technology?", "9998bd3b-2816-4eba-a264-769e5887fc9f": "Why is ISO 27001 considered the standard for information security, and what benefits does certification to this standard provide to organizations, regardless of their size or industry?", "7b2a3e71-465d-4ff5-b58d-7f61d0e3591a": "How does the provision of suitable communication equipment, including methods for securing remote access, contribute to ensuring information security in remote working environments?", "daf63d46-4175-466a-b2fa-0cad2996bd72": "What procedures should be followed for revoking authority and access rights, as well as returning equipment, when remote working activities are terminated to maintain information security?", "3c902c0f-7d3c-4cd2-ab2b-70a534e16afd": "How can an organisation demonstrate compliance with ISO 27001 clause 5.1 during an audit?", "6ebcb2f5-9e4d-4421-9b44-eb21db5c65f0": "Why is it important for senior management to show commitment to information security in order to pass an audit of ISO 27001 clause 5.1?", "baa36321-e044-4699-bc49-cda5ab0aed06": "Why is it important for customers to keep their account details confidential when dealing with banks, according to the provided text?", "a70ec2ce-6780-4c85-a069-54653d1e6b61": "How does two-factor authentication enhance security for mobile banking applications, as mentioned in the passage?", "dd1b3458-1dfc-481f-b2bd-799d1330467b": "How does obtaining ISO 27001 certification benefit a company in terms of trustworthiness, attracting new customers, and increasing company value?", "c37ab995-5f33-4206-9b70-34860302e269": "What resources are available to help companies understand the costs and measures needed for ISO 27001 certification compliance?", "27243afe-789f-4af4-9dfb-96c104f35df2": "How can organizations ensure the secure creation, storage, and disposal of passwords, including the use of Single Sign-On (SSO) systems?", "f4e3639f-d6e3-4ad1-9b13-5404567d5451": "What steps should be taken in the user access management process to ensure that access rights are assigned correctly and according to documented procedures?", "19a1b267-8caa-462e-bcde-eb5328c30365": "How can organisations ensure that residual risk in the absence of controls is acceptable, according to the document?", "65b0c920-145c-4c48-b747-ee0b3ab6f6fb": "What is the significance of using custom controls and obviations in order to avoid nonconformance with control specifications, as mentioned in the document?", "3c92cc6b-50c8-4168-8ced-a691705169e1": "Explain the importance of having a formal user registration and de-registration procedure in place for granting and revoking access to information systems and services. How does this control help ensure authorized user access and prevent unauthorized access?", "fb954f5e-6702-4952-a3c2-375f3fc44326": "Discuss the significance of reviewing users' access rights at regular intervals using a formal process. How does this control contribute to preventing unauthorized user access, compromise, or theft of information and information processing facilities?", "081bcfc3-4f27-439c-8a3b-49acad15aa38": "How does the standard chapter on ISMS-7 recommend verifying external information or documents for authenticity before they can be converted into a manageable format within the organization?", "904bbd61-9d6d-44c5-91e7-b95ae96e6804": "What are the key changes in ISMS-7.4 (communication) compared to the previous version of the standard, and how do these changes impact the communication process within an ISMS?", "bd82cda6-9476-470d-929f-ef8cfb8b7282": "Define the term \"measurement function\" and explain how it is different from a measurement method. Provide an example to illustrate your answer.", "21245d0a-e040-4f84-b9d1-4fae7987352a": "How does a management system relate to the concept of measurement in an organization? Discuss the importance of measurement in the context of organizational planning and operation.", "baf80b42-72a7-4d27-9a13-84930baa911c": "What are the key components of a structured approach for successful ISO 27001 implementation, and why is it important to have a clearly defined scope of work?", "d8e81377-9cf4-49a6-af5b-d660fed51c4e": "Explain the requirements for ISO 27001 certification renewal, including the frequency of audits and the importance of maintaining and improving the Information Security Management System (ISMS).", "2e97b4c7-7182-46f6-a742-56853606f2bf": "Why is it important to meet with individual teams one by one for the initial risk assessment, rather than meeting all teams at the same time in a group?", "502511b2-7c6d-4e05-ae4e-45ba5b8e37e8": "How can involving all teams affected by identified risks in the review process lead to better risk management plans, according to the context information provided?", "bf591d6d-1749-4179-b89a-ca8904f58182": "What is the significance of conducting a Business Impact Analysis (BIA) in the context of business continuity management (BCM)? How does it help organizations in preparing for potential disruptions?", "5a0001db-a041-457c-8f42-b242d5343c6a": "Explain the role of a Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) in handling cybersecurity incidents. How does it contribute to the overall security posture of an organization?", "8ecf5bc9-cc53-486f-a72c-9831b9daf39a": "How does the UK government view cyber risk in terms of national security, and what is the objective of their national cyber security strategy?", "6ddd953f-ac46-4f3a-9634-bfb2cf28021e": "What is the term \"advanced persistent threat\" (APT) typically used to refer to, and what characteristics define an APT entity according to the context information provided?", "3a35f11b-7bc8-4bf7-9c07-920f5f9e56f7": "Define information security policy and explain why it is important to define key terms, such as information, using the definitions provided in ISO 27000.", "f7615e69-8a7d-4813-af57-28a3a558b026": "Discuss the importance of confidentiality in information security and provide an example of how unauthorized disclosure of information can impact an organization.", "7bf6c638-2849-423e-b755-85953211a32c": "How did Ethan Hunt exploit a vulnerability in the physical perimeter in the movie Mission Impossible, and what does this demonstrate about the importance of thorough risk assessment in securing an organization's physical assets?", "2c2297e2-9806-462c-a420-f9ed50895687": "In the context of ISO 27001 auditing, why is it important for the auditor to review and analyze the documented risk assessment for physical controls, and how can the effectiveness of the risk assessment be evaluated during the audit process?", "025496e6-3606-4da7-b04e-913f4b32a28e": "How does the process of comparing controls determined in section 6.1.3 b) with those in annex a help ensure that no necessary information security controls are overlooked in an organization?", "7e69b234-7f55-4717-8d9f-9aa3089609a1": "Explain the importance of obtaining risk owners' approval of the information security risk treatment plan and acceptance of the residual information security risks in the context of ISO/IEC 27001:2022.", "acdd4715-7a66-444a-a5d1-a9afdb592eb7": "Explain the significance of producing a Statement of Applicability (SoA) in the context of ISO/IEC 27001:2013. How does the SoA help organizations in managing risks effectively?", "9d422982-9464-49f8-8dbc-df67fef63650": "Discuss the difference between measures that maintain risk and measures that modify risk as outlined in ISO/IEC 27001, Annex A. Provide examples of controls that fall under each category.", "8a74beb7-2ad4-47ee-b497-4026b22b21d1": "What are the key components that should be covered in the document concluding the design of the information security measurement program, as outlined in ISO/IEC 27003:2010(e)?", "f26def27-bf13-4916-a282-1a34298b9990": "How should the effectiveness of the Information Security Management System (ISMS) be measured, according to the information provided in the document?", "9c331e31-e69b-47da-9dae-b137d0f81319": "How does the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) play a significant role in protecting e-commerce merchants against fraudulent activity and unauthorized access to information?", "70d864b3-94a1-4c80-a708-dcb14c3a89eb": "What are some of the specific security issues and controls that need to be addressed in the rapidly changing environment of web-based trading and online transactions in e-commerce?", "c139e88e-242c-41dd-a601-1e999e25b4af": "How does an effectively managed ISMS reduce the need for a disaster management plan based on A.17, and what steps should be taken to ensure information security continuity in the event of a disruption or adverse situation?", "62b39b4e-d403-4c0d-929e-808128b7ca64": "What policies and controls should an organization implement to facilitate information security continuity, and why is it important to have clearly defined aspects of work, escalation procedures, and points of contact in place for swift resolution and return to normal operations?", "b493d43b-aafa-4691-8fa5-ee8d4b4d0b28": "Explain the significance of the use of 'shall' in ISO27001 compared to 'should' in other standards within the family. How does this distinction impact the requirements and good practices outlined in these standards?", "75e0dfa0-3d8a-4450-a9df-f7f4e25b851a": "Discuss the evolution of the ISO/IEC 27002 code of practice from its origins as BS7799, including the changes made to align with international guidelines and the rationale behind making the controls adaptable to various legal and cultural environments.", "1211c56e-c3d8-4a03-8211-fa74a3ea793d": "What are the key responsibilities that personnel, service providers, and other interested parties should follow when handling personally identifiable information (PII)? How should relevant legislation and regulations be taken into consideration in this process?", "a223e39a-87b2-4b18-94c0-8fae56504d5a": "How does ISO/IEC 29100 provide a framework for the protection of PII within ICT systems? Additionally, what specific information can be found in ISO/IEC 27701 regarding privacy information management systems?", "a1741302-ba4e-4eb4-ae37-34a3f74eb193": "How does the external auditor conducting the ISO 27001 certification audit assess capacity management procedures within the organization? What specific aspects of capacity management are they looking for in order to ensure optimum performance levels?", "bce5fb2d-a7d0-45ed-9149-6e1a1e5a36f3": "Explain the importance of maintaining separation between development, testing, and operational environments as outlined in ISO 27001 control A.12.1.4. What measures should be taken to ensure that employees and contractors do not have unauthorized access or make changes to the operational environment?", "e25b5678-2551-4d9a-a4bf-ba8c528f8c09": "How can organizations ensure that access rights are restricted to secure areas and information processing facilities, and what steps should be taken to monitor and review these access rights?", "0a3292a2-4c80-4e66-a4ba-1c09b5c5b0c9": "In what ways can organizations create secure areas within the security perimeter to protect offices, rooms, and facilities with special security requirements, and how might the clash between open-plan working and security needs be addressed?", "23ce193e-4058-4902-94d6-d7bb50ce4868": "How can organizations raise awareness of the importance of information security among employees, and what methods can be used to achieve this goal?", "36028343-7352-4721-ba8e-a21c69167b02": "Why is it important for organizations to develop a budget for information security that is proportionate to the risks they face, and how should this budget be regularly reviewed and updated?", "a02a19f8-e45a-465f-8bf3-89ef62619ded": "How are organizations being driven to take a more strategic view of information security in today's environment, according to the document?", "59ffe2ca-83c0-48cb-94d5-c2410d3c39b0": "Why are hardware-, software-, and/or vendor-driven solutions considered dangerously inadequate in addressing information security challenges, as mentioned in the document?", "7292112c-641f-40b9-bc08-ea6802d8171a": "How should information security incidents be handled, including activities such as logging responses, communicating details to relevant parties, addressing weaknesses, and formally closing incidents?", "ecdb6877-4cdc-43df-a4ba-166ab81812de": "Why is it important to learn from information security incidents and use related knowledge to prevent future incidents? How can the types, volumes, and costs of incidents be quantified and monitored effectively?", "af1f54f3-c4ed-48da-a369-3f9340a6c96d": "How does the correlation between security expenditure and risk assessments impact organizations' investment in information security, according to the UK's ISBS findings?", "7f73e622-d0cc-447b-8a6b-48c4f0209c29": "Discuss the importance of conducting a thorough risk assessment and adopting a comprehensive approach to information security in light of the growing number of relevant laws in the United Kingdom.", "fd193aca-b053-4022-945e-69d8baff3df1": "How can industrial espionage operatives compromise the confidentiality of an organization's information, and what are the potential consequences of such a security breach?", "7397fa60-0523-4792-9eef-55b18dae708a": "Discuss the potential impact of a telephone system crash on an organization that relies on voicemail for critical information sharing, and explain why it is important for organizations to consider the security of their data in such systems.", "0a21b835-1efb-4502-8b13-9a0798513c65": "What is the importance of selecting a specialist provider in advance for effective implementation of ISO/IEC 27001 standards, and how does it relate to information security during disruption?", "80b78259-435c-42d6-9b64-dce00521e158": "How does the requirement for information security aspects in a business continuity plan align with ISO/IEC 27001 standards, and what actions should be taken to ensure that controls are not circumvented during recovery from a disruptive event?", "3cee427d-86da-4b35-bbff-47e98d6d32c6": "Explain the importance of archiving older software versions and having a rollback procedure in place after installation. How does this contribute to secure installation and use of the software?", "7f2ebe28-925a-4b6e-8dff-17d4a2975536": "Describe the steps that should be taken to ensure compliance with change management, asset management, and configuration data updates during software installation. How do these processes help maintain security settings and ensure proper documentation of changes made?", "d37c6ef2-3a6e-46d9-9c87-4c6cd8267862": "How does the organization identify and document the types of suppliers that can impact the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of its information, products, and services?", "6bd9692d-7f90-4d7e-bea2-17f7564dc59c": "What steps are involved in evaluating and selecting a supplier's products or services for the commencement or termination of use, according to ISO/IEC 27002:2022 guidelines?", "be8c2260-4a1e-42b5-b0d0-d687a6be61cd": "How does regular testing of backup systems contribute to ensuring the functionality of information processing facilities?", "7952c161-9593-4d78-acae-d276deede39e": "Explain the concept of redundancy in information processing facilities and provide examples of both preventive and reactive measures.", "c70eb57f-c917-4c23-92dd-0c3eae1f3073": "Explain the importance of keeping antivirus software and virus pattern files up-to-date according to the organization's antivirus policy.", "a531edb1-1523-4ab6-93f2-5b72c7b9efe7": "Discuss the best practices for handling email attachments and downloading files from unknown or suspicious sources as outlined in the antivirus policy.", "6a82e1a5-6dab-4b40-8ddc-08a7e69eb597": "Why is it important for a company's strategic direction to be effectively communicated to all employees and relevant interested parties?", "003129d3-7dd1-424a-b155-9453f7986975": "How can a company ensure that its policy on strategic direction is kept effective and relevant over time?", "0d530867-09ee-4b71-a82c-a5129c0b365b": "How does the organization ensure that processes are carried out as planned in accordance with ISO/IEC 27001:2022 requirements?", "468e7384-e841-4036-8ccb-31d179fb75ca": "What actions should the organization take to mitigate adverse effects of unintended changes and ensure control over externally provided processes, products, or services relevant to the information security management system?", "3e9292e0-693d-4d5e-8fc0-d028c8abaae9": "How should new data carriers be labeled before being issued to users, and why is this important for data security?", "bb7e228b-822e-4440-b427-fdeeea9d92e2": "What measures should be taken to ensure the physical and logical security of sensitive data carriers, and why is this important in protecting against unauthorized access and loss?", "8b807345-9134-4430-80b9-7b3bf064cc97": "How does the size and focus of the organizational controls category in ISO/IEC 27001 compare to the other three categories listed in the document?", "0a24d433-c64c-4ebe-b408-391bef848d23": "Why is significant business engagement necessary for implementing the controls within the organizational controls category, according to the information provided in the document?", "15d8abd6-62ae-487a-a916-4f101d0fd816": "How does the Computer Misuse Act (CMA) impact computer policies at universities in the United Kingdom, and what specific activities does it outlaw?", "a355902d-33e4-4df7-ab59-4eb6c04430cb": "What are some examples of actions that could potentially be considered offenses under the CMA for computer users in the United Kingdom, and how does it affect organizations whose employees may engage in unauthorized activities using organizational facilities?", "9665d071-a5bb-47ed-98b0-96fc2bb0c98e": "How does a successful risk assessment process help an organization in identifying and understanding potential scenarios that could compromise information, systems, or services?", "52bb5c18-264b-4cf1-93b2-851d773cdb25": "Why is it important for organizations to establish a risk management framework and document it in the form of a policy or procedure when conducting risk assessments?", "d0ff1f45-7d13-4692-af79-976a9eccf1f1": "How does ISO 27001 emphasize the importance of assigning and communicating responsibilities and authorities for roles relevant to information security within an organization?", "3d8c7978-fc33-4966-8c66-b243ee890307": "Why is senior-level management commitment crucial for the success of an ISO 27001 project, particularly during the risk assessment stage?", "13208206-c55a-4887-8ee8-bdede172a385": "How does the reference control superset assist in ensuring ISO/IEC 27001 conformance, and what are the key reasons for its effectiveness in fulfilling the requirements of clauses 6.1.3 c) and 6.1.3 d)?", "3f8b72dc-6339-4b1e-b98e-2dc9dcda6d87": "Describe the structure of the reference control superset as outlined in the document, including the four major sections in which the controls are arranged and the nature of controls classified within each section.", "99aa35e2-10e5-4f80-bc7c-0014377ba870": "How does professional project management standardize all phases of a project and implement processes for documentation, evidence management, acceptance of results, handling complaints, and warranty cases for customer projects?", "3bf03e2c-1c85-4808-b165-e7d70e6a1ce4": "What is the significance of integrating information security in all projects of an organization, as referenced in control a-5.8? How does this relate to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information exchanged among project participants?", "682ea220-a725-45f2-899c-eec45c74e5c2": "How can an organization ensure that necessary information security requirements are incorporated into service contracts with suppliers, according to the standardized treatment of supplier relationships outlined in the document?", "bcde208d-8136-4807-8106-f19054d48338": "In what ways can a unified policy for the treatment of supplier relationships, as suggested in the document, address issues such as the selection process for new suppliers, contract design for information security, and the permissibility of subcontractors?", "be5e16e0-90d1-4cca-987c-ab50f8b4450f": "Why are custom controls recommended to be located at the end of the Statement of Applicability (SoA) under a heading of 'custom controls'? (RTP: structure of SoA)", "ed455174-54fa-4b1d-9461-eb5fdd36e805": "What is the significance of having alternative layouts for the SoA, even though they are considered unusual according to the standard? (RTP: structure of SoA)", "fdd0c3cb-3053-40fc-b99c-5bf4e02154a2": "How can accurate asset inventory control help organizations manage their information assets more effectively?", "30c1e4ff-6cdc-4285-a2be-05fd9ee5128d": "What are some practical strategies for labeling and categorizing information assets to ensure proper management and security?", "9a8878af-f1b9-4b2c-89b1-27975d6dea5f": "Explain the importance of having defined and approved information security policies in an organization. What steps should be taken to ensure these policies are effectively implemented and maintained?", "d60d1503-b046-448f-81cf-4aeca58aa206": "How can an organization ensure that its information security policies are communicated to and acknowledged by relevant personnel and interested parties? Discuss the significance of regularly reviewing these policies at planned intervals.", "17cca881-a590-4286-bd0b-4af16d087d60": "How do legal requirements, such as privacy and data protection, impact the selection of controls in an organization's security framework?", "dc916717-ebbf-4a9d-90e0-1e4e7fa4a68a": "Discuss the importance of considering environmental constraints, ease of use, personnel constraints, and the integration of new and existing controls when selecting appropriate controls for information security, as outlined in clause 6.1.3 of ISO 27001.", "77143df5-5dd2-4f08-a3e9-c63f3c9ad584": "How does IS027002 recommend ensuring that staff are properly briefed on their roles and responsibilities before being granted access to sensitive information or information systems?", "7ae69c75-48db-4f7f-ba77-2f1eb656b3aa": "According to clauses 7.2 and 7.3 of the standard, what are the requirements for organizations in terms of information security awareness and training for employees and contractors?", "a5df45ad-6207-4535-a7db-8e073451623a": "How does the process outlined in steps 12 and 13 ensure that the risk treatment results are properly documented and approved?", "d5c37b02-997d-4c36-853d-066bf98bac67": "In what ways does Chapter 4 of the document provide guidance on producing a Statement of Applicability (SoA) that aligns with the requirements of ISO/IEC 27001 clauses 6.1.3 c) and d)?", "c42db925-33cd-40a1-b2a5-979592db6c80": "What are the key components that the external auditor will analyze during a stage 1 audit for ISO/IEC 27001 certification?", "5413ab71-7574-4d88-bfa6-d7ae13f348a7": "How should management prepare for an external audit and what are the expectations during the documentation review audit?", "0deb7eae-ae2a-4ab6-b779-60acc348122e": "How does the concept of availability differ in importance for cloud-based businesses, e-commerce, and social media compared to traditional brick-and-mortar businesses?", "14445d54-72a2-47b2-be8e-93b91d4d0451": "Why is it crucial for members of the board, management team, and staff of an organization to understand and adhere to the definitions of confidentiality, integrity, and availability as outlined in the document?", "f698cdb9-ba87-4dc9-83c4-f9309904f86d": "How can employees ensure the secure disposal of information that is no longer needed according to the document?", "712d9970-5ce4-4981-97a0-6304ba6699b7": "What measures should employees take to protect sensitive business information when away from their desks, as outlined in the document?", "04bcd673-55b4-4e5f-a09e-97df9486a0d5": "How does network segregation help in preventing network intrusion attacks, and why is it important to assess segregation measures before implementation?", "eb7e23ba-1aac-4bc7-8e4a-fbd95b9a4608": "Explain the steps an organization can take to segregate their networks, including creating separate network domains, defining perimeters for each domain, and focusing on wireless network security.", "3ec0c0d8-c77d-4420-98c9-fbbd1bc80b21": "How can organizations ensure the reliability and availability of their transfer services for information, and what factors should be considered in developing topic-specific policies or guidelines for acceptable use of information transfer facilities?", "a441dfd1-e354-4d1a-a637-05617a2eca44": "In the context of electronic communication facilities for information transfer, what measures should be implemented to detect and protect against malware, safeguard sensitive electronic information transmitted as attachments, and prevent the unauthorized sending of documents and messages?", "4e20c89e-790c-4c4d-bd65-a19803bbcf0e": "How does the ISO 27000 series define the context of an organization and why is it important for establishing an Information Security Management System (ISMS)?", "05e9b107-5bdd-427a-bdaf-f1d74a4b8b0f": "Who are considered interested parties according to the standard, and why is it important for organizations to consider their expectations and requirements in relation to information security?", "754316bd-05e6-4fdd-8f58-7bf751648971": "How can a company ensure the security of their information when using cloud services, according to the provided information?", "d5c5a197-c1ee-4337-acde-aa224aa4c67f": "Why is it important for organizations to assess the risk and security measures of their suppliers when sharing sensitive information, as mentioned in the document?", "83715e55-0fdc-4e37-8851-646511aec813": "What are the differences between internal and external audits in the context of information security management systems (ISMS)?", "9c5e6877-ff08-41f3-ba8a-8339817a9cb9": "How can documentation templates provided by experts such as Dataguard or external consultants help in streamlining the audit process for ISO 27001 certification?", "2c2b053d-5519-4366-8f97-8cd7e5d73100": "How does management need to specify its approach to risk management in order to effectively manage the business within the broader ERM framework?", "e78c275b-d858-4a17-aa36-68e793fe1523": "In the context of ISO 27001, why is it important for an information security risk assessment to inform the selection of controls for an ISMS?", "6c1b85a7-80ad-4d9e-981b-44a16fcb0353": "How can ensuring availability of data help maintain trust and confidence in a company, using the example of a bank's services being unavailable for a customer?", "e07bcf98-535f-4e1d-aea4-94f4b96e484d": "How do security equipment such as firewalls and proxy servers contribute to safeguarding information and protecting against denial of service (DoS) attacks?", "eb4a2ae9-f54d-4385-8a96-e12fc6b71b23": "What steps should an organization take to ensure that all personnel are competent to perform tasks assigned to them in the ISMS?", "af2b0350-9ad2-4b5a-9a19-bffbb00700c5": "What are some recommended methods for providing initial exposure to the standard and information security for members of the implementation team?", "32c13e9f-11d6-41bc-aa1e-69cacebdd989": "How can senior management support contribute to the success of an ISMS according to the provided tips?", "ceaffa44-172a-4581-9e9a-3c99d1c54bdc": "Why is it important to involve interested parties in the development and implementation of an ISMS, as mentioned in the context information?", "9fb6efe2-b827-4760-80ea-0711f4ecadbe": "How does ISO/IEC TR 27016 provide a methodology for organizations to better understand the economic value of their information assets and determine the optimal level of resources to be allocated for securing these assets?", "ee719eab-7b7a-45a7-956c-a51fa8427f43": "Why is it important for governing bodies to have oversight of information security in order to protect an organization's reputation and ensure the achievement of its objectives, as mentioned in the context information?", "17b35410-9a8c-4afa-a0e5-e144f2447891": "How does ISO/IEC 27004 contribute to the assessment of the effectiveness of an Information Security Management System (ISMS) in accordance with ISO/IEC 27001?", "77066cb5-7bf2-45b7-b895-26c02e9bb2cd": "What is the purpose of ISO/IEC 27005 and how does it support the implementation of information security risk management requirements outlined in ISO/IEC 27001?", "2caf6d8d-6b73-45ca-90f2-2193ce8618bf": "How can organizations ensure the protection of supporting information services from interception, interference, or damage?", "519bb124-170f-4984-b156-d1bc9e5e7884": "What measures should be taken to ensure the secure disposal or re-use of equipment containing storage media to prevent sensitive data and licensed software from being compromised?", "53cbfd79-f72f-425f-804b-f9729dab530e": "How can organizations prepare themselves to mitigate the disruptions, abuses, and attacks identified in the document, considering that no organization is immune to such threats?", "66accc6a-b392-4e59-8ef9-2c8b63cc2d7b": "Discuss the potential consequences of downtime in business-critical systems, such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, and the importance of data privacy in the context of increasing cyber threats.", "e0cbfd08-3ab4-4825-b1ba-3c9e1bfd4760": "How can dynamic access management systems protect information according to the ISO/IEC 27002:2022 standard?", "bbe64cc5-6bcf-4222-91d3-6c9124034ca6": "What are some examples of access restrictions that can be implemented by dynamic access management systems to protect information?", "143a8b86-3f32-4745-a40e-148a5968d7d6": "How can organizations prevent the exploitation of technical vulnerabilities in their information systems according to the document?", "f9ca53ad-1ac3-460a-a096-14981139fbf5": "What measures should be taken to minimize the impact of audit activities on operational systems, as outlined in the document?", "4cbcf4f1-c7b8-42e4-a3f9-f366797acbd4": "How does the project team responsible for the information security management system (ISMS) ensure effective communication and coordination across departmental boundaries when planning the project?", "a4b12a1e-e5f1-45d9-b4d4-10dd493a8257": "What role does senior management play in providing strategic direction to the ISMS implementation project, and how do they liaise with the implementation project team and information security personnel?", "67bf4901-5578-465e-8d03-b30f8528cbac": "How can organizations protect their information systems against electrical surges and similar events, and what are the potential consequences of not having adequate protection in place?", "bab64890-5f9c-449f-9e4c-f978f8a08cd6": "In what ways can organizations enhance security in sensitive information processing facilities, particularly in terms of preventing the presence of explosives or weapons, and how does the concept of crime prevention through environmental design play a role in securing these environments?", "08783b1e-f722-408c-a8bf-46e0a18bc7c4": "How can the human resources department ensure that access is reviewed and revoked accordingly for employees exiting or transferring within the organization?", "d8f1dbf4-e5a7-4492-b839-a24178558879": "Describe the process outlined in the document for managing employee exits, including the role of the HR department, department heads, and the documentation required for asset return and employee relief.", "a39cbec8-a94e-4f0a-b449-54e8c7de62eb": "How does physical security differ from ICT security in the context of information security management systems (ISMS)?", "afa6f724-4828-4763-b44a-eb6547ca9f25": "Can you explain the specific requirements for an ISMS according to ISO/IEC 27001:2005 that are covered under the \"ISMS specific\" category mentioned in the document?", "e12e393c-7b4e-4310-8b89-e79db95ecc21": "How many controls were reduced in the new ISO/IEC 27001:2022 version compared to the previous 2013 version, and how many controls were added in the new version?", "1469ebf4-25f1-41df-8f61-6f1f7b088bd1": "What is the significance of the 36-month transition period mentioned in the context information for companies certified under ISO/IEC 27001, and how does it relate to the recertification process?", "47abd5bc-6e6f-46ae-8823-ae384e9b60f5": "Why is it important to schedule the management review meeting at least two weeks in advance and send out invites to all participants/stakeholders?", "8b97804d-248d-424f-8f87-577f93ca0327": "How can using a common template for slideshow presentations help ensure that important points regarding security controls are not missed during the management review meeting?", "9a663aec-f4f7-4123-a664-89c5e4bf7783": "How does ISO 27001 contribute to the expansion of business opportunities and why has it become the \"gold standard\" for information security management systems?", "0025afa6-4f2e-481f-9076-e478f32ff497": "Explain the main focus of ISO 27001 in terms of risks, data protection, and cybersecurity, and how companies apply the standard through clauses and controls.", "fb192d9c-893c-4b91-9616-3a2f4825f2ef": "Explain the importance of defining and applying procedures for the identification, collection, acquisition, and preservation of information as evidence in the context of information security continuity.", "c2103f24-ad79-49db-93c2-ce892f57b78e": "How does embedding information security continuity in an organization's business continuity management system help ensure the continuity of information security management during adverse situations such as crises or disasters?", "3a0c7e29-90fb-40a8-b9e3-7bfe38f0e327": "How does the document define data and information, and what is the key difference between the two?", "e26555de-579f-469e-acbe-2ce52ca2dcbd": "Explain the importance of securing organizational data, and discuss the use of the ISO 27001 information security standard in ensuring information security.", "297aad06-3f43-4818-a381-3239a562de68": "Why is it important to ban eating and drinking in the server room, according to the text?", "20efd99e-d2b2-4564-b905-4325f67ce681": "What are some potential consequences of allowing eating and drinking near IT equipment, as mentioned in the passage?", "01ff28a3-9af1-4277-abd8-6bb296caff40": "How can management ensure that the boundaries of the Information Security Management System (ISMS) are clearly defined and communicated to those not involved in its creation?", "8a449cfa-416b-44ab-940f-e34baf8a56b5": "What factors should be considered when selecting responsibilities to be included in the scope of the ISMS, and how can organizational boundaries be defined to facilitate accountability within an organization?", "094ec94a-ffd3-4628-b99c-2d53cffff2b2": "How does the \"never trust and always verify\" approach contribute to ensuring secure access to information systems? Provide examples of how this approach can be implemented in practice.", "fbe3e11e-a20c-4cba-bd06-98c60a047531": "Explain the importance of using \"least privilege\" and dynamic access control techniques in verifying requests to information systems. How can contextual information such as authentication data, user identities, and data classification be utilized in this process?", "846dc5cc-1ef7-4a77-af66-b2c52c6f565c": "Explain the importance of full disk encryption with pre-boot authentication for securing confidential information on portable devices. How does this method help prevent unauthorized access to data?", "6a379e83-3bb3-4e37-bac0-df9bf073a5a9": "Discuss the key management procedure outlined in the information security policy. Why is it important for keys to be encrypted in storage and transit, and how does hardware-based randomization enhance the security of the keys?", "fd30f6ff-168a-4ded-b18a-0e5015762114": "How can organizations address the threats posed by insiders, considering the limitations of firewalls and the need for regular scans of the network for unauthorized wireless access points?", "59d7984b-d5d7-4b5c-ad1e-df2e52792afe": "What factors should organizations consider when selecting an intrusion detection system (IDS) package, including the total cost of ownership and practical handling of detection system output?", "c8b6b9ba-d9f6-424e-af6c-18c5563104f0": "How does the OCTAVE methodology involve a small team known as the analysis team in assessing security needs and balancing operational risk, security practices, and technology within an organization?", "94c4bb78-1d2a-4dad-8716-c4287e4f9de9": "What specific steps does the analysis team need to follow in the OCTAVE methodology to effectively identify information-related assets, focus on critical assets, and evaluate risks in an operational context?", "52170183-45d6-490d-bb5e-c26a9c8dc8bb": "What are the two most critical parts of the Microsoft website from a security perspective, and why are they important for information security advisers to consult regularly?", "b5155d04-2eb8-4c04-9269-f3a0a52f9f1a": "How does the information services available from the book's website contribute to enhancing information security governance, and how does it complement the range of services provided by IT Governance Ltd?", "1cc826fd-6c01-47fe-b4d5-a6e39516a1a2": "What is the objective of information security reviews according to the ISO 27001 certification audit?", "f612e67c-0260-4917-b473-6cf46d4db91c": "Why is it important for organizations to conduct independent reviews of their information security management and implementation processes?", "fe7f8a7f-a7c5-41e3-84a4-c5b9df1fa0b7": "How can organizations ensure the protection of personally identifiable information belonging to users/employees/clients according to the guidelines provided?", "771c64dd-a32b-4228-8357-97cf7d194104": "What measures should be included in a remote access policy to protect confidential data accessed by teleworkers, as outlined in the document?", "4d2f6178-e5c7-4173-9661-c7a8d8c3ad4d": "How can organisations assess the likelihood and impact of a risk in their information security processes?", "47487e74-da57-4839-a835-8fb2d7e9fdee": "What are the different ways in which information security risks can be treated according to the provided information?", "e9d80633-c41c-4fa8-bcaf-ed19057b05f0": "How can implementing the plan, do, check, act (PDCA) process help an organization in achieving ISO 27001 certification?", "11813f10-d9a3-4a67-a4d3-dbf93efbedd9": "What factors should an organization consider when determining the scope of their Information Security Management System (ISMS) for ISO 27001 certification?", "3075cac5-1b3e-4bc9-a308-5df2aee9a143": "How should controls of class c be addressed in the risk treatment plan/soa according to the new standard?", "350dd83d-2f22-47ce-a5ef-67542339ee6c": "What steps need to be taken when combining several old controls in class d according to the context information provided?", "680d4bef-c2a0-4ea1-a20c-595c7d714c82": "How does the integration of ISO9001 and ISO27001 into an integrated management system benefit organizations in terms of efficiency and cost savings?", "68a337e1-ce1c-40ba-8e2f-f4d49381042a": "When merging a second toolkit into an existing management system, what key documents need to be considered for integration and how can this process be approached effectively?", "bda6a05c-b96e-46a3-b6a3-f39d59711d1b": "Explain the importance of defining and allocating information security responsibilities within an organization according to the policies for information security outlined in the document.", "ea6f136e-6446-45bc-b652-d4a2dcb1c703": "How does the concept of segregation of duties help reduce opportunities for unauthorized or unintentional modification or misuse of an organization's assets, as stated in the internal organization section of the document?", "20e7cd1b-af63-49cd-99dc-e91d9715662f": "How can attribute values be used to quickly answer questions regarding data confidentiality, preventive measures, and asset management in an organization's controls?", "2ab2dd40-24f1-4859-b983-8848b44e13ec": "In what ways can an organization customize attribute values to evaluate controls and define its own attributes for assessments?", "ff01dec4-960f-40f3-8d2e-ce96d32e6efa": "How can environmental factors influence the selection of controls in information security, and provide an example of a control that may be required in one country but unnecessary in another?", "1ad1ecab-e22f-431d-b100-01ee58ff2d5b": "Discuss the importance of ease of use in selecting controls for information security, and explain how a poor human-technology interface can impact the effectiveness of controls.", "a5a4f0f6-6f8f-4b9d-82c0-80c0024a732d": "Explain the importance of having a nominated owner for all information assets according to control 8.1.2 of ISO27002. How does this contribute to the overall objective of achieving and maintaining appropriate protection of organizational assets?", "670efa84-935c-47ab-8733-37822b8a9795": "Describe the responsibilities of the nominated owner of an information asset as outlined in the document. How should the asset owner ensure that assets are properly accounted for and inventoried?", "6b96f950-6997-42d5-8819-cfe35f7e091e": "What additional directives pertaining to the healthcare domain are provided in ISO 27799 that are not stated in ISO 27001, as outlined in Table 1-1?", "0b74a590-30c6-4f70-8055-c14910c4ac40": "How should healthcare organizations establish and manage an Information Security Management Forum (ISMF) according to the directives in ISO 27799, as described in subsection 6.4.3?", "e6f598ad-00f7-4345-96fe-491ff20d3e88": "How does implementing the ISO/IEC 27001 standard benefit an organization in terms of information security and compliance?", "2ba42ef2-e9ff-46cc-94fb-da33dbccd165": "Describe the typical process and mindset shift that organizations may experience when initially implementing an international standard such as ISO/IEC 27001.", "9cbebb6e-b7ee-4138-b549-6377302b0073": "How does the use of cryptographic controls protect the confidentiality, authenticity, and integrity of information within an organization?", "4e2b7e5c-338c-452d-bf9a-7a02955c7a9d": "Explain the importance of defining and using physical security perimeters to protect sensitive or critical information and information processing facilities.", "4657ad76-8f52-45ed-80f2-ac5181924218": "How can organizations ensure that risks are properly managed when entering into agreements with suppliers, according to the information provided?", "0bfb0f14-e6ad-4457-8810-080e73cd4a21": "According to clause 15.1.1 of ISO27002, what principles should be considered when establishing a standard supplier contracting framework for an organization?", "414369b5-e0eb-461a-a354-faee6f79fcce": "What are some examples of rules for physical access to the premises as outlined in the document?", "a31797c8-0d4f-4364-b1fb-edfaddc40090": "Why is it important for employees to accept the acceptable usages policy before accessing the organizational network or internet?", "c948c0bb-40a1-4d10-b977-86eb9ed44ee4": "How can a supplier relationship be considered an asset in the context of information security management, and what factors should be considered when determining whether to include a supplier in the risk assessment process?", "63a816d6-52b3-4b13-8cb2-c7aa2a494273": "Provide an example of a supplier relationship that should be included in an asset register for information security purposes, and explain the criteria that should be used to consistently determine which suppliers should be included or excluded from the register.", "10baec71-25f7-41ac-ada6-fc10c7e94fa5": "How have the changes in the structure of ISO 27001:2022 impacted the total number of controls and the organization's compliance requirements?", "7df0883d-e0b9-40ff-acf1-e8a1da299de0": "What challenges do organizations face in understanding and implementing the new requirements of ISO 27001:2022, especially considering the lack of guidance available due to the standard being recently updated?", "2a00c4e6-240c-497d-acc3-aac780b93a4f": "How can talking to stakeholders help organizations achieve compliance with the ISO 27001 standard requirements?", "a04ce703-c153-40b9-9bbf-4e62160f6aa1": "Why is it important for organizations to regularly evaluate the effectiveness of their information security practices according to the checklist provided?", "5298f201-bcb6-4fd9-ba99-a124b6690914": "Explain the concept of risk avoidance as a risk treatment option. Provide an example of when it would be appropriate to avoid a risk completely.", "1c4d895d-1765-4a77-bda9-5543853b839a": "How does risk sharing differ from risk avoidance in terms of managing risks? Provide a scenario where risk sharing would be a more suitable option than risk avoidance.", "eff83695-4c57-4627-9874-536b62f7a94e": "How can an organization ensure that their information security risk assessment is business-driven, structured, systematic, and reproducible, taking into account legal and regulatory requirements as well as contractual obligations?", "4082c958-aa18-4289-a640-076579066a43": "What are some of the challenges and considerations that need to be addressed when developing an ISO 27001-conforming risk assessment methodology within or alongside a broader, more strategic approach to risk management, such as differences in definitions, roles, responsibilities, and timeframes?", "b8c7cc27-407a-4b46-8fb3-0ee27a52749f": "How does the quality of a risk analysis depend on the accuracy and completeness of numerical values and the validity of the models used? Provide examples to support your answer.", "0ba05add-01d6-4bee-9593-8742c5432a8b": "Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using historical incident data in quantitative risk analysis for information security. How can the lack of such data on new risks or information security weaknesses impact the accuracy of risk assessments?", "7979e756-0a49-48c8-853e-c13c1d7b9651": "How can threats to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of assets within the scope of an ISMS be identified and assessed according to ISO 27001:2013 clause 6.1.2 c) 1?", "349a9a70-b2ea-4fc5-a44d-6cf239bb0c64": "Why is technical expertise essential in properly carrying out the threat identification step within an ISMS, as outlined in the document?", "da35fe4a-1b5f-4e28-aa36-692857db5a79": "How does the implementation of the ISMS impact procedural changes within an organization, and what steps should be taken to ensure proper control and support for these changes?", "dd61d836-9df1-41f0-b997-b4f46fec0d3e": "What considerations should be taken into account when making decisions about updates, patches, and fixes to major operational and application software, and how should an organization's policy address these decisions?", "7af7f33a-6f3c-4ca6-ab3a-1eaede28d30e": "How can a cross-functional forum help in coordinating security activities across different divisions, companies, or sites within an organization?", "80fe903c-427d-474a-9399-9cbd672edff7": "What are some of the key activities that a cross-functional forum may be responsible for, according to the provided context information?", "8d19205d-aef9-40c7-99c0-6d20a2e0c5e1": "How can a comprehensive and thorough risk assessment using a tool that retains data support an organization in achieving certification and ensuring that residual risk remains below the risk acceptance criteria?", "84c77868-922d-4c0c-8d1e-a0fac88d233c": "In what ways can changes to an organization's business objectives, risk environment, technology, and regulatory requirements impact the need for repeating and reviewing the risk assessment process?", "35f989cb-9565-4f05-9631-0f4156835c8b": "How can protected installation of cables be used to prevent sabotage in a network security system, and what are some examples of devices that can be implemented for this purpose?", "c0fbf07d-78d0-4bcf-8078-3279d8116876": "Explain the importance of logging and monitoring network activities in maintaining information security, and how does this relate to the overarching requirement of ISMS-9.1 in network security management?", "8816b5f7-3b44-48e5-a406-ac69e88ca576": "How can data carriers be secured throughout their entire lifecycle, and what security-relevant actions must be taken to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of stored data?", "f472a00a-487a-480a-9d7f-a36d02305b42": "Why is it important to ensure that data carriers containing sensitive content are not passed on to unauthorized persons, and what guidelines should be followed for the deletion, disposal, and transport of data carriers?", "d3d8db2b-ee6f-4971-8c35-1fabc67c9e7d": "How does the family of standards outlined in the context support organizations in managing their information security in a cost-effective and value-creating manner?", "4e3acad7-d6ec-46d5-b623-3e4ce97d5ec8": "In what ways does ISO/IEC 27000:2018 provide assistance to management in consistently managing information security within the context of corporate risk management and governance?", "ce094b6f-8aca-477d-876e-96fa94bb0d29": "How can constraints related to methods impact the implementation of security controls within an organization? Provide examples to support your answer.", "2b60dd3f-2061-47dd-8b87-cd9d1dc59858": "Discuss the potential challenges that budgetary constraints may pose when implementing recommended security controls. How can organizations balance the need for security with financial limitations?", "06900099-97c9-4265-b513-7405b9a6e1a2": "How does the sensitivity of system data impact the scoping of an Information Security Management System (ISMS)? Provide examples to support your answer.", "2cfd54e2-9001-43c4-b2d8-102c1b8e599f": "Explain the importance of considering the physical security environment and environmental security when defining the scope of an ISMS. How do these factors contribute to overall information security within an organization?", "56a90cfe-f19e-4098-bd0c-1b349ec4658c": "What controls should be in place to protect a company's network for secure transfer of information, and how can these controls be effectively implemented and monitored?", "f93372b2-0d44-4a2b-a295-54d9fd317afc": "Discuss the importance of non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) and confidentiality agreements in protecting information transfer via electronic messaging, and explain how these agreements should be designed and implemented within an organization.", "a1d2b4bf-35dc-4395-8b72-8cbf85b032c3": "How does the ISO 27001 risk assessment process involve assessing the impacts of losses of confidentiality, integrity, and availability on an organization?", "c6f8f6b4-9a7f-4ca5-81a6-c35144de580a": "Explain the significance of evaluating information security risks by comparing the level of risk with the risk acceptance criteria in the risk assessment process outlined in the document.", "11758fe7-47b0-4a82-8c97-4e149f7b0a51": "How should an organization ensure that its security processes and procedures are appropriate and cost-effective for its individual objectives and operating environment?", "802bfccd-9a38-4b1f-b996-52dba21a0425": "Why is it important for organizations to regularly review and update their security processes and procedures, especially in light of evolving threats to information security and technology advancements?", "2929b4b8-f60f-4dfb-bfcb-1dc39270d558": "How does the classification of information help organizations in ensuring appropriate levels of protection? Provide examples of factors that should be considered when classifying information according to ISO 27001 control standards.", "468a3460-1a8f-414d-9a01-cf41d72b9e1e": "Explain the importance of conducting a risk assessment activity when classifying information based on criticality, value, and sensitivity. How can organizations ensure that information classification is aligned with business needs and properly documented?", "33e5a977-8c63-4276-856d-4e0154687952": "How does the information security assessment activity in ISO/IEC 27003:2010 involve comparing the current status of information security to the desired organization objectives?", "93c8ec15-9507-4d44-b96f-c938890ebeb9": "What are the key inputs required for conducting an information security assessment according to the guidance provided in the document?", "ea8c5365-8b82-4578-9cef-904cc06b6a2f": "Explain the significance of the UK Combined Code in relation to corporate governance and directors' remuneration, including its origins and implementation for listed companies.", "160e479a-890e-4831-90ca-5219f274deb8": "Discuss the concept of 'comply or explain' in the context of UK corporate governance as outlined in the Combined Code, and analyze the potential implications for listed companies choosing not to comply with its provisions.", "9dd50ca2-fc31-438f-94f9-04ff10602fcf": "How can companies ensure operational resilience in the event of a disruption by fulfilling the \"ict-readiness for business continuity\" measure?", "9045b788-fbc9-4778-ae18-5f2ade746d9e": "What guidelines should companies establish during \"configuration management\" to effectively document, implement, monitor, and review configurations across their entire network?", "19e5b6c1-9017-45e4-958a-85a8e42b3f72": "What is the role of the United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS) in the certification process for organizations seeking ISO27001 certification?", "218c59e9-093d-4bae-b507-2c09ba8e0dfb": "Can you explain the history and development of ISO27001, including its predecessor BS7799 and the initial collaboration that led to its creation?", "1ce973d8-7760-4ad3-8adc-f00339c4cee7": "Explain the importance of having a clear scope for the Information Security Management System (ISMS) according to ISO 27001. How does defining the scope help in ensuring the effectiveness of the ISMS implementation?", "1c39ab9e-c6bd-4ec1-8dae-fa278ae7c3c0": "Discuss the significance of conducting risk assessments and developing a risk treatment plan in the context of ISO 27001. How do these processes contribute to the overall information security posture of an organization?", "9e5b6161-1a56-470e-897d-da567d077f49": "How can the design of the delivery and holding area prevent delivery staff from gaining access to other parts of the building?", "d60f0505-24ae-4bf0-a7f1-613f85dd669a": "Why is it important to inspect incoming material for potential hazards or threats before moving it elsewhere or to the point of use?", "d45a245e-64d1-4389-996c-66624082c6a8": "How can monitoring help in detecting unauthorized access attempts to critical systems and applications within an organization?", "8b3583a5-aae0-4980-b466-4f030388e6fd": "Explain the importance of analyzing incoming and outgoing data for applications, systems, and networks in terms of cybersecurity.", "ea29851b-6c24-416a-b5c7-a7b47009cff0": "How can an organization determine and maintain the competences necessary to achieve their ISMS objectives, and why is this important for the success of the system?", "6c5c77f9-50b1-4913-a62d-aa58e33aec5a": "Why is it essential to measure, monitor, and review an ISMS regularly, and what are the key objectives of the review process as outlined in the document?", "2c44d7b1-626b-4398-91b9-f764b88e913c": "What are the key deadlines and timeframes for the transition to the new ISO/IEC 27001:2022 standard as outlined in the document?", "7f3e4cdb-54af-4dea-a540-b9a14c2da628": "Why is ISO 27001 important for nearly every organization, according to the context information provided?", "76be96f0-f6ad-4f18-8260-bfadc9892cd8": "What are some key considerations that a sensible organization should take into account when issuing mobile computing equipment to users?", "b65c6f1a-eb07-4a2f-9982-de1ea209c966": "In the context of IT governance for mobile computing and handheld usage, what specific areas should a policy address, and why are they important for maintaining data security and integrity?", "1c2e6210-dce0-48cb-8cdf-717056f5be71": "How can a swipe card entry system help in securing access to secure areas within a security perimeter, and what additional feature should it ideally provide according to the risk assessment?", "cd2474d9-cb7b-458d-94dd-c908c3693c1e": "Why is visible identification important for all personnel in an organization, and what actions should be encouraged if unescorted strangers or individuals without visible identification are encountered?", "a9bf48db-edc0-4bbd-a955-8c0323783bf5": "How does the context in which an organization operates influence the development of information security policies according to ISO/IEC 27003:2010?", "393c0742-9dc6-4040-91ae-832aa54b1d83": "Explain the significance of considering the organization's aims and objectives, strategies, structure, and processes when developing policies within the policy framework, as outlined in the document.", "26ed7a30-fa1f-4851-bcdf-955744ff03fc": "Why is conducting a mock audit recommended for teams going through an isms audit for the first time? How does it help them prepare for the actual audit process?", "c8d48fe6-501e-40da-bfef-124679547720": "What steps should organizations take to ensure that their policies and procedures are ready for a certification audit? How can they ensure that old policies are reviewed for any necessary changes?", "b82e0f34-ad23-4b65-9487-47d325205187": "How can organizations minimize disruptions to business processes during audit verification exercises according to ISO 27001 control requirements?", "7ffbc53e-55e5-4996-8682-0569a09f4c6b": "Why is it important for audit scope to be agreed upon and communicated to auditees before the verification exercise?", "4548b4d4-0f36-480f-ba80-ad7bb704130d": "How does clause 4.1 of ISO 27001 play a crucial role in the implementation of an Information Security Management System (ISMS)? Provide examples of external and internal issues that need to be analyzed as per this clause.", "f4f7de94-1f27-4692-a146-5c70ef378d15": "Explain the significance of defining the organizational context according to ISO standards for information security management. How do internal and external issues impact the implementation of an ISMS? Give examples of each type of issue.", "02a5ae03-4029-4dd5-b747-4583b98760ed": "How does the approval and communication of information security policies play a crucial role in implementing security controls within an organization?", "0d534cf6-06a0-42a2-9270-be838a94a6a6": "Who is responsible for facilitating the creation of information security policies and involving relevant departments in the process?", "13cb7627-98a6-445f-8edd-0ba8637586ad": "How have the ISO 27001 information security management and ISO 27002 controls for information security standards been revamped in the updated version of ISO/IEC 27001:2022, and how do these revisions empower organizations to tackle security risks and maintain operational consistency?", "36db578a-44a9-4b67-9248-e1d58805c15b": "What are the key differences between ISO/IEC 27001:2022 and the previous version, ISO/IEC 27001:2013, and how can promptly assimilating the amendments outlined in the new version enhance an organization's competitive stance in terms of information security, cybersecurity, and privacy protection?", "db950415-ce8e-431d-a48e-32552c69e591": "How does the multipart ISO 27033 standard address the transmission of data through network devices such as routers, switches, access points, gateways, firewalls, and telecommunication systems?", "e6982851-f734-4239-9a6a-33ec2edcdc85": "In what scenarios should data be encrypted during transfer through insecure networks, and what implications does this have for network infrastructure used for transmitting classified data?", "eaba902f-1567-4b5b-bd86-bd50da523b30": "How can non-repudiation services help resolve disputes about the occurrence or non-occurrence of an event or action, and why are they considered more reliable than simply copying an email or using proof-of-receipt emails?", "535f45d3-398c-4ede-8612-83f359c6a8e8": "Explain the role of certificate authorities in maintaining the security of public keys and how they provide ironclad evidence of origin, submission, and receipt through the use of digital certificates.", "60fc5043-743d-46c3-9729-ba4153044b17": "How does the \"web filtering\" measure contribute to data leakage prevention in companies, and what are the specific access controls and measures that must be enforced?", "2675912f-796f-4a5d-ab23-1ddbaf200aec": "Explain the significance of implementing secure coding practices according to the ISO 27001 standard. How can secure coding help prevent vulnerabilities in a company's systems and applications?", "3a91d8c5-07b4-47eb-9fd2-c6b1e5cf82d2": "How does management commitment play a crucial role in the successful implementation of ISMS or ISO 27001 standard? Discuss the importance of obtaining commitment from decision makers and implementers in this process.", "4115f296-e129-436d-bf72-7b6cf6359ef7": "What potential challenges may arise if there is a lack of support from management and team members during the implementation of standard requirements? How can these challenges be addressed to ensure a successful audit and overall compliance with the standard?", "8c29f784-7234-42b0-b35f-7b5222241f44": "How can physical controls be utilized to protect sensitive information, and what are some examples of these controls mentioned in the document?", "103952b2-511b-4300-965e-a3e0bf98e3d2": "Why is control objective A.9 regarding access control considered extremely important in the context of information security, and how does it contribute to the effectiveness of an Information Security Management System (ISMS)?", "684ad721-edc1-458e-9af9-4f292f255dd4": "How does the risk assessment methodology outlined in 7799-3 enable organizations to make decisions about security controls, and what factors should be taken into account when determining the proportionate level of controls to implement?", "13afa7fa-3a9f-46fd-917c-fade3aec0550": "Explain the principles of estimation and proportionality in qualitative risk assessment methodologies, and discuss how qualitative hierarchies or scales can be used to rank identified risks in relation to one another.", "543bf56e-3eeb-4547-a4e1-6cf155889e1c": "How can organizations protect the personal information of employees and customers to avoid legal action and penalties?", "33cd25e3-337d-4cc2-b01f-5f9bbca01bd5": "Discuss the potential financial consequences of the loss or theft of commercial information, including business plans, customer contracts, and intellectual property, on an organization.", "9c6723f7-75d0-4e2b-b308-a1f5be04c09b": "How does threat intelligence contribute to enhancing organizational security beyond just detecting malicious domain names?", "ba240af8-7d0a-41d7-baa4-fe91c98a2743": "Discuss the importance of physical controls in ensuring the physical protection of an organization, as outlined in the context information.", "98f13582-7a48-4620-b91d-84922547544a": "Explain the three main activities involved in risk assessment as outlined in the ISO/IEC 27005:2018 standard.", "79b4ef7b-0b9b-43d4-9e52-3313283f7a5c": "Describe the iterative process typically used in conducting risk assessments and the purpose of conducting multiple iterations.", "ecea0c89-1fd8-49e5-beaa-730afaa45653": "How can developers inadvertently leave vulnerabilities in a system that could provide unauthorized users with access? Provide examples from the context information.", "584924fa-b0a0-4627-b540-ca4f0aa1c730": "Explain the potential risks associated with using the remote administration tool, Back Orifice, and how it can be detected and removed by anti-malware systems.", "98e6fb9f-2f43-4502-bdd2-bb3aad4bf8a2": "Explain the importance of appropriately managing identities in an ISMS throughout their entire lifecycle. Provide examples of actions involved in this management.", "0045d92e-8209-4ba6-9c45-213c43642fd1": "Discuss the potential challenges and implications of not properly managing identities, using the example of the 'admin' group in data center operations.", "2f5ed6b6-2af3-4bd0-90f0-75a3770cd1fc": "How can security perimeters be utilized to protect an organization's information and associated assets, and what guidelines should be considered for their implementation?", "537b9d67-c072-4fe7-b647-b3fed61b7fef": "Why is it important to define security perimeters and determine their strength in accordance with information security requirements, and how do security perimeters help prevent unauthorized physical access, damage, and interference to an organization's assets?", "7c0022ef-af76-4d6a-a5ac-0c3168840cbf": "How do certification auditors ensure that the information security policy is effectively applied across the entire organisation within the scope of the policy?", "f907ce1a-12f4-4039-a9cc-95034dd60ab0": "In what circumstances might a phased approach to implementation be recommended for large, complex organisations in the context of information security policy and scoping?", "2d3addfc-9416-4278-ae18-e58066d88b18": "What protective measures must be implemented to ensure detection of, protection from, and recovery from malware attacks according to a.12.2.1?", "ba542a02-7dcb-40df-8394-8a72b60b7c5f": "How should backup copies of information be maintained and tested regularly as outlined in annex a.12.3.1?", "9ed4c7b0-8bff-4be7-bcf5-8c2f2ae612f1": "How does BS 7799-3 suggest valuing assets in relation to security controls, and what factors are taken into consideration when determining the value of an asset?", "5e9e1990-c4ff-4c0e-928e-08f1709249fe": "According to the guidance provided in the document, why is it important for assets to have more than one value, and how does this relate to the impact value of compromising the asset?", "2b637465-76f0-46f3-8bb6-be181289da92": "How does the organization ensure that all assets associated with information and information processing facilities are accounted for and maintained?", "79229928-0645-4594-8191-90f1af55fba2": "Why is it important for information to be classified based on legal requirements, value, criticality, and sensitivity to unauthorized disclosure or modification?", "73092baa-3c8d-45d1-ab23-93ac58a54f41": "How does implementing ISO 27001 clause 5.3 contribute to improved information security within an organization?", "d195735b-1905-4ddb-8f17-d352db6a5837": "Why is it important to review and update roles and responsibilities as outlined in clause 5.3 of ISO 27001?", "98596cd2-bebc-404b-a764-257638a98359": "Explain the importance of having defined and approved policies for information security according to the ISO 27001 standard. How should these policies be communicated to employees and external parties?", "3bbb8689-06e0-40ad-8e15-b7d912a2383c": "Describe the responsibility of the information security department in establishing and reviewing policies for information security. Why is it necessary for these policies to be reviewed at planned intervals or when significant changes occur?", "8253be73-f628-46d7-8f70-2771e0783f16": "How should an organization ensure that systems are regularly updated, and what principles should be followed in documenting the responsibility for this task?", "a14015cc-87c2-47b1-8f85-7963b5110e34": "According to ISO27002, what are the key considerations for obtaining new software products, including upgrades, and ensuring compliance with software licensing requirements?", "c07e9880-ad6a-40cf-9a13-ba243ab9d479": "How does ISO 27001:2022 address emerging threats such as cloud computing, social engineering, and data breaches?", "dc814732-c21c-4fc3-91fd-b087e0626bfc": "Explain the importance of threat intelligence and physical security monitoring in ensuring information security within organisations according to the context information provided.", "fb824553-536d-48af-9dfb-c1a2cc611a48": "Who is responsible for ensuring that the asset register is correct and up to date, and for defining the asset management policy within an organization?", "a5b17690-519d-453a-bfe1-b6b12c50bb1f": "How can an external auditor verify that asset management practices are being followed and managed throughout an asset's lifecycle in accordance with ISO 27001 control?", "cf615a8b-56d5-4777-a2f4-8c52b7316983": "How does the requirement for listed companies to provide a statement on compliance with the code's provisions enable shareholders to evaluate the company's performance?", "8842486f-d223-4efc-a6e5-c11a603fdd29": "What steps must directors take to ensure compliance with the code's provisions, and how are they held accountable for non-compliance?", "472395dc-fbf8-4d6c-80ce-32a534b39612": "How can businesses ensure the accuracy and completeness of information shared between parties in the context of information technology and finance?", "0fa41e8a-964b-4b11-8bf3-34b819df4c59": "What are the key considerations that need to be addressed in supplier agreements to address security requirements for IT infrastructure components?", "3ecab45a-3c25-4d00-9728-af1a2c65abc3": "What are some common reasons why organizations may choose not to implement security controls, according to the context information provided?", "3f08b6e7-a0f1-4baf-84d0-36c2f5352a95": "Explain the concept of risk mitigation in the context of ISO 27001 and how it relates to selecting and implementing security controls.", "10f989ab-fe28-450c-9061-600a85f1eb01": "How do cryptographic techniques play a role in ensuring the security of passwords and passphrases for authentication?", "1c854109-8cee-4d86-adaa-7e979a6807c1": "Discuss the potential drawbacks of requiring frequent password changes for users and explain how single sign-on (SSO) or password vaults can help mitigate these issues.", "b1632a62-517b-40d2-8127-a5da38551afb": "In the context of the document provided, what changes were made in section 18.1.4 regarding contractual requirements? How does this impact the overall control measures outlined in the document?", "4ec70f5d-0b39-495c-89a4-f260a243bb27": "Discuss the modifications made in control group 6: personnel, specifically focusing on controls a-6.4 and a-6.5. How do these changes reflect the evolving considerations for information security management within the document?", "5d4fa17c-799d-44f0-8ce6-c51b6ec1c7bb": "How does ISO 27001 clause 5.3 contribute to an organization's information security?", "7424cb93-a60b-4b88-b9ff-8b41423743f9": "Why is it important for organizations to clearly define and assign roles and responsibilities (OR&As) in order to improve their overall information security posture?", "371adc3d-1982-40f4-9b26-1f0bc187b3d0": "Explain the importance of documentation in the software development process, including considerations such as timing of creation, scope, depth, and target audience. How does proper documentation contribute to the overall success of a software project?", "422e4ce3-0818-4b87-a5df-abebc22102e6": "Compare and contrast pair programming, peer review, and refactoring as software development practices. How do these techniques contribute to code quality, readability, maintainability, and overall efficiency in the development process?", "6aa87d95-20b4-4a3f-bac9-9e1290241900": "How should organizations ensure that suppliers maintain adequate information security levels, according to the document?", "b3df798b-216b-4429-ae36-a1ce36f1a9de": "What actions should be taken when deficiencies in service delivery are observed in relation to information security requirements with suppliers, as outlined in the document?", "333f7b9a-3ac0-49f0-a67f-0dd5c0b1641c": "What are some example activities that are typically covered when implementing an Information Security Management System (ISMS) according to the high-level plan outlined in the document?", "025e4581-0ab8-4417-8c55-78e21c2db71d": "Why is it important to set up a project taskforce when implementing ISO 27001, and how can the project team be selected based on the scope of the ISMS?", "3001ed62-08ee-4fbd-abb4-9d039061e791": "How does the use of simulations in testing a business continuity plan help in training personnel and identifying critical issues that may not have been identified through a walk-through test?", "7ae5d833-c751-46df-b9ec-a71f51fdfa4f": "In technical recovery testing, what steps should be taken to ensure efficient system recovery, starting from restoring individual elements to testing the restoration of the entire server room? How do weaknesses in these areas impact the overall effectiveness of a business continuity plan?", "d2c01f7b-07ca-4ffc-9e41-75a1faab1788": "How can organizations ensure that their employees are properly sensitized and trained to fulfill their security responsibilities, particularly in relation to reporting security incidents?", "07af91a7-3e8c-4fa6-972f-61c221363fd5": "Explain the concept of continuous improvement in the context of Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) and discuss how the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) process can be utilized to achieve this goal.", "e4198b87-ed18-4fc5-848a-6277d442fddb": "Explain the difference between weak authentication and strong authentication, providing examples of each method mentioned in the context information.", "ad4d99b7-735e-4cf8-af9f-e851c26390da": "How does the document address the concept of secure authentication, and what are some methods mentioned for achieving secure authentication?", "2436e21c-90ec-4202-8982-09ddb4660a3e": "How can staff from different parts of the organization contribute to the development and implementation of an Information Security Management System (ISMS)?", "d4caca76-f7fe-4608-a9ee-62b9154be40f": "What are the key components of designing controls for risk treatment in an ISMS, and why is it important to consider both ICT and physical security environments in this process?", "9d76e1d2-1f39-4c3d-be9f-e253733c9396": "How can conflicting duties and areas of responsibility in an IT company, such as a business analyst team manager also being responsible for a QA/software testing team, pose a threat to the integrity of test results?", "c187c9db-dd15-4fae-bcf2-5d99e497aa21": "In what ways does the ISO 27001 standard address the challenges small organizations face in segregating duties, and what measures can be taken to mitigate risks in such scenarios?", "4a50edcd-b2e9-432b-8ff1-46a82fa6e54c": "Explain the importance of including non-conformities, root causes, and corrective/preventive actions in an internal audit report. How do these elements contribute to the overall effectiveness of the audit process?", "850cb876-7f66-481a-8a26-8e3c05d589b5": "Based on the information provided in the internal audit report excerpt, identify and discuss two specific instances of non-conformities observed during the audit process. How could these non-conformities be addressed through corrective or preventive actions to ensure compliance with ISO 27001 standards?", "39819197-a15e-42c5-a543-b89656586467": "How does the concept of integrity relate to the property of accuracy and completeness within an organization's information system?", "b5c6e08c-ba0f-4294-b354-f481e1ec9c48": "Explain the significance of internal context in an organization's ability to achieve its objectives, including the key components that may be included in the internal environment.", "606f3cfb-6c88-4a7d-b7f4-3e7721e5bce6": "How can organizational management mandates and external obligations impact the initial decisions regarding the scope of information security management systems (ISMS)?", "db1b1e90-2a97-4fc7-a541-c2d0cbead0ea": "In what ways can the communication of ISMS-related documents throughout the organization and the functionality of current management systems influence the determination of the preliminary ISMS scope?", "6edea7c5-0d61-46c3-a08c-85bf7ed3bdcd": "How does the implementation of an ISMS based on ISO/IEC 27001 make it easier for an organization to implement other standards such as ISO 9001 in the future?", "5bbe55c6-11b6-4542-aa5c-b2f8b5bbb7f7": "What are the major headings common across standards like ISO/IEC 27001, ISO 22301, ISO 9001, and ISO 14001 due to the phasing in of \"annex sl\" by ISO?", "67cd8958-b7d2-4c02-86e4-7f5fba5d2220": "How can an organization define and establish roles and responsibilities for technical vulnerability management, and what are some key components that should be included in these roles?", "034d7227-0938-4eb2-ade9-5c3f103d8ee3": "Why is it important for organizations to require suppliers of information systems to ensure vulnerability reporting, handling, and disclosure, and how can this requirement help enhance overall cybersecurity measures within the organization?", "9603830e-4bb3-4ed0-b0e0-4f6c66bb6305": "How does the concept of individual obligations relate to the establishment of security policies and guidelines within the framework of ISO 27001?", "66d05fe6-fb80-4813-bc50-07e1deb23e5b": "In what ways can the documents and plans mentioned in chapters 2 and 3 of ISO 27001 be considered as part of the overall security concept of an organization?", "8163ca97-0c28-4ff8-abb5-7dca00509888": "How can an organization ensure that it is following the processes specified and documented in ISO 27001, and what steps should be taken to address specific nonconformities identified by the auditor?", "798f51c9-ce87-4d81-bd53-d6cd73462454": "What are the key considerations for conducting regular management reviews in accordance with ISO 27001, and how can automation tools be utilized to streamline the certification process?", "3e309fbf-cbdd-4df5-a211-61b7e983465e": "How does management ensure that employees and contractors fulfill their information security responsibilities according to the established policies and procedures of the organization?", "7ac6acd8-dc38-467f-b375-84b321c07017": "What measures should be in place within an organization to address and take action against employees who have committed an information security breach?", "657f478c-9aee-46da-972f-8660dbd22701": "How does the ISO 27001 standard address the logging and monitoring of events within an organization, specifically in relation to recording user activities and security events?", "b0f98ed8-219f-4062-a3ef-1c453dff53c4": "Why is it important for organizations to implement controls to record events of employee/contractor systems attempting to gain unauthorized access to files or systems, as outlined in the ISO 27001 standard?", "dad53873-0988-440e-b148-cb18a02da0c2": "How are records of the actual course of a process created in the context of the ISO/IEC 27000 series? What is the purpose of these records and how are they used in monitoring, control, analysis, and as evidence to supervisory authorities?", "6626273e-7e46-4030-9c31-61dd6da80628": "In the context of the ISO 27000 series, what is the significance of documented information and how is it defined within the series? How has the availability of documented information evolved with the use of electronic systems today?", "208c3bca-3e9f-4596-9641-ad7e96a4db9a": "Define the term \"risk owner\" as it is used in ISO/IEC 27001 and explain why it is important for organizations to identify the owners of risks in their information security management system.", "f96876a2-27fd-422e-9a76-ecd9d93721c1": "How does ISO/IEC 27001 clause 6.1.2 e) require organizations to evaluate their information security risks, and what steps are involved in this evaluation process according to the document?", "dd41bfef-808c-4934-91f0-717b73a046d3": "How would you determine the likelihood of occurrence for a potential incident in Category R, where the organization has no influence and no prior experience of such incidents?", "bd5605cc-0c19-4ed8-a5dc-dea161fedc2d": "Provide an example of an incident in Category E where the organization has little influence but has experienced one or more incidents of this type, and explain how the likelihood of occurrence would be determined in such cases.", "744cc7d2-7eed-4a84-b7e4-6b004de0da1a": "How can an organization ensure the protection of their data and availability of services when using a cloud service provider, according to the provisions outlined in the agreement between the two parties?", "e4073ba0-af08-4fdd-a6e0-e148810837da": "In the event of an information security incident in the cloud service environment, what dedicated support should the cloud service provider provide to the organization, as specified in the agreement between the two parties?", "826cb419-cf7c-4dc8-bafc-815178a1cf0e": "Explain the difference between remote access VPNs and site-to-site VPNs, and provide examples of when each type would be used in a networking environment.", "735e3a44-8809-4113-b508-1cfd5e3040c7": "How do virtual LANs (VLANs) function within the context of virtual private networks (VPNs), and what advantages do they offer in terms of network management and security?", "21975c54-158c-41d4-8b3b-ce21b96d303d": "What are the restrictions imposed by the GDPR on the appointment of Data Protection Officers (DPOs), and why is it important to avoid conflicts of interest in this role?", "83a2e6bc-7e3a-450f-b935-1107dbe805a6": "How does the EU-US Privacy Shield framework benefit US corporations with operations in the EU, and what requirements must these organizations meet to receive EU personal data under this framework?", "3209409c-1092-423c-8b37-2dfcecaafceb": "How can the existing risk management procedures used for enterprise risks be adapted and utilized for identifying and evaluating information risks within the ISMS?", "55b70fcf-11af-4203-8c0d-d5adc7c96e5a": "What considerations should be made when determining the relevance and validity of existing documents from previous approaches to information security, such as guidelines, security concepts, and risk analyses, for the ISMS implementation?", "f357f3f5-10cb-4709-9ab3-8ad4376ef0cc": "How does an ISO auditor use nonconformities to assess a company's compliance with the ISO standard for ISMS?", "39f301e2-caa0-4387-a7d2-fb8ebbd2b653": "Can you provide examples of major nonconformities that may prevent a company from getting certified during a certification audit?", "8170935b-bfc5-4747-a096-6ea4dc57f8d3": "How can an organization ensure that all documents in their integrated management system cover both standards involved, according to the information provided in the document?", "22dd88ee-a294-4ff1-a1fc-defeb4f8a465": "In what ways can an organization choose to split their audits and use different certification bodies for their integrated management system, as suggested in the context information?", "6a323592-0e02-4180-a6f5-bd40a303780d": "How does ISO 27001 incorporate a risk-based approach in its standard, and which clauses reflect this approach?", "7d64bc31-7e24-46a4-b01d-923a3e7c7c9b": "Explain the process of identifying threats and vulnerabilities, assessing likelihood and impact, implementing controls, and reviewing and updating the risk assessment process as outlined in ISO 27001.", "af5346a7-ab37-41a4-b450-e69fe21b289d": "Explain the significance of the new control introduced in the 2022 version of the ISO/IEC 27001 standard that specifically addresses the use of cloud services. What key aspects of cloud services management does this control focus on?", "2ba0ed8b-defe-4c5a-9131-a8217c24535f": "Why is information security incident management planning and preparation considered increasingly important for organizations? How do incident response plans for ransomware, denial of service, and data breach contribute to effective incident management?", "78582238-12f8-4b26-b28f-d555709f4065": "How can adverse circumstances such as technical problems or operational errors impact an organization's information security, specifically in relation to the ISMS processes?", "67a65b2a-da05-411c-822c-4b441f0f8bc5": "Using the example of access control to sensitive areas, explain how the failure of security measures due to adverse circumstances can significantly affect an organization's information security.", "97f5a046-2158-48e7-ae6a-cb18af1edf9a": "How can organizations ensure the safety of staff and protection of information systems and assets according to the context information provided?", "5b785109-b333-4749-8288-2dcecc839fc2": "Describe the importance of formulating a business continuity strategy and detailed business continuity plans in alignment with an organization's objectives and strategy, as outlined in the document.", "f0420e2a-b7b2-4fcd-b8a7-78b5c9b2e359": "Explain the importance of having a documented internal audit process in the context of information security risk assessment and treatment. How does this process contribute to the effectiveness of the ISMS?", "c21e1f0c-7179-443d-86d2-4817584ab973": "Discuss the significance of having a communication plan and awareness plan in place for managing information security risks. How do these plans help in ensuring the successful implementation of risk treatment measures within an organization?", "bbb790c8-9f22-4e68-a8f6-341dedfd3ce8": "How does the asset owner ensure proper management of an asset over its life cycle according to the given information?", "32ce3f76-37ee-4866-85b9-1ea27f158417": "Why is it important for access restrictions to correspond with the classification of information and other associated assets, as mentioned in the document?", "34a2b443-752e-48cf-b52a-a952d4f147a9": "How does an information security risk assessment help organizations prioritize and allocate resources effectively to counter the biggest risks to the organization?", "efa671e3-6260-4399-b99f-e5d0b28f71ef": "Why is it important for organizations to identify areas where their controls are in excess of their real requirements, as mentioned in the context information?", "21569e05-5b6a-4aa8-b2ff-39ee38cf6412": "Why is it important for records to be traceable and verifiable in the context of legal regulations and contracts?", "1e8acb6b-94b9-45ea-a5a7-736ecb682f8f": "How can unauthorized access to records impact their probative value and what measures should be taken to prevent unauthorized tampering with records?", "9a8092d0-231e-428d-a6e4-f701ba94ea59": "Explain the importance of keeping cryptographic keys secure in an organization's management system. How can a compromise or loss of a key impact the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information?", "72a25e80-866a-46b5-b273-020f078053e0": "Compare and contrast symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques in terms of key management. Why is it crucial for organizations to protect both secret and public keys from unauthorized access or modification?", "db2fb6b2-313a-4b17-9320-4f8a5e5bf1a4": "How can organizations ensure they are keeping up with new tools and technologies in order to safeguard client information effectively?", "4c2b62b8-e12c-4501-b0ad-e5067f711690": "Why is it important for organizations to review and invest in new technologies in order to remain competitive and meet client expectations?", "23c4fef6-3f27-4e1d-99f6-901d45a7be6e": "How can an organisation demonstrate senior management commitment to information security in order to pass an audit of ISO 27001 clause 5.1?", "b4976238-9f4b-4e78-855a-cc9a05291b5f": "What are the key components of a documented ISMS that is aligned with the requirements of ISO 27001, as outlined in the context information provided?", "ad9bcb2a-a6fc-41c5-a390-4adb715e99d3": "How can an organization without an existing ISO9001-certified management system obtain guidance on documentation, document control, and records issues related to ISO27001?", "83efb243-23ce-42eb-a477-14c64074ae6e": "What should organizations consider when selecting an accreditation body to offer certification for ISO27001, and why is it important to ensure the certification service is truly integrated?", "925818f0-1f39-456c-a0c0-7f65f9ea8815": "What are the key considerations outlined in control 6.2.1 of IS027002 regarding mobile computing facilities in unprotected locations, and how should organizations address these risks?", "dbee3e13-fb2d-40da-8c55-0e320c149656": "How can organizations effectively integrate a mobile computing policy within their Information Security Management System (ISMS) to protect against potential threats when employees use their own devices for work purposes?", "54a71ac1-a9a9-47c4-899f-edd0f3dc5f13": "How can organizations ensure secure disposal of storage media, especially when using cloud services?", "f69775fb-41fe-42e9-aa8c-f5f5c4982d5c": "Why is it important to remove auxiliary storages, such as hard disk drives, to protect sensitive information when sending equipment back to vendors?", "36ac285b-3cfc-4d8a-b12b-cccff2401d86": "How can organisations determine appropriate levels for classifying the impact of risks, and why is it important for management to approve these levels as part of the overall risk management framework?", "56d96aba-4cb8-4db9-8f34-6407f3495805": "Why is it more practical to use a qualitative methodology for assessing and comparing the impact of risks, rather than calculating precise variations in impact values?", "547e0212-158f-4f3e-a555-67fa23b977c8": "Explain the four phases of the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) process and provide an example of how each phase is applied in a continuous improvement scenario.", "c76e4ca9-c4c3-44c0-813b-4ae472ddd0ec": "How does the PDCA process contribute to achieving a specific goal through iterative planning, implementation, verification, and improvement? Provide a detailed explanation of how this process leads to continuous improvement in a business or organizational setting.", "cec6597b-609b-40b7-8302-29e834881667": "How do people controls, such as screening, terms and conditions of employment, and information security awareness, education, and training, contribute to ensuring information security within an organization?", "d7216d33-9bda-463b-b6cd-990c354c2841": "Discuss the importance of physical controls, specifically physical security perimeters, in safeguarding sensitive information and preventing unauthorized access to facilities.", "aead5da3-af8c-48a0-83f6-c2b0f8150be5": "How can organizations ensure the protection of information through confidentiality or non-disclosure agreements, and what are the key elements that should be included in these agreements according to the guidance provided in the document?", "032bc492-f84e-4cc3-b815-c6d879b0316c": "Why is it important for confidentiality or non-disclosure agreements to be regularly reviewed and signed by personnel and other relevant interested parties, and how do these agreements contribute to maintaining the confidentiality of information accessible by both internal and external parties?", "11f174c7-0952-44aa-9abf-29c19931cd02": "How can incident forms support personnel in reporting information security incidents, and what feedback processes should be in place to ensure those reporting incidents are notified of outcomes?", "75505b3d-f5cf-44a0-9444-c45439214d23": "Why is it important to consider external requirements, such as breach notification requirements to regulators, when implementing incident management procedures, and how can organizations benefit from coordinating responses and sharing information about incidents with external organizations?", "a37eb70e-726c-483f-86d0-d592d724d5d1": "Why is it important to regularly review the statement of applicability and risk assessment document after it has been completed?", "b66747d9-3413-4e13-879e-c03c0b8a87ec": "Can you explain the criteria for determining whether a specific risk should be included in the statement of applicability, and when annex a controls should be included for mitigating information security risks?", "e8c5e6b7-6db0-4b1f-a682-01d85e18efd6": "How should project managers define access controls for their project team members in the different environments of development, testing, and operations according to the project management plan?", "c938411b-0f42-40d7-ad0f-60790e23cdd9": "What role does the IT helpdesk team play in creating and maintaining separate environments for development, testing, and operations, and how does this relate to external audit requirements for ISO 27001 certification?", "31ac8f90-41a6-438f-b7f1-e0a5098c03c5": "How does control a-5.2 complement the requirements of isms-5.3 regarding information security roles and responsibilities? Provide examples of roles that organizations may consider relevant according to a-5.2.", "bde4b6c7-0796-4143-bbb0-e4f1b50b772f": "Explain the importance of assigning process owners to each business process and asset owners to assets in the asset inventory, as outlined in the context information. How does this contribute to effective information security management within an organization?", "d089f735-8b9a-433b-a045-63890f1bdb1a": "How does clause 5.2 of the document outline the requirements for the ISMS policy, and what factors must be considered when determining the scope of the ISMS policy?", "f651686a-6238-45eb-b48f-9a6b4d413692": "In what ways does the security policy need to align with the business, legal, regulatory, and contractual security requirements, as well as establish a strategic context for both organization and risk management within the ISMS?", "840104cd-701b-4ed7-a811-f0ef18ded49c": "How can the effectiveness of a risk treatment measure be assessed during its application, and what factors should be considered in determining its ongoing effectiveness?", "f4fb3906-3f44-49ff-ad1b-4b70a23d4b84": "Discuss the importance of monitoring and measuring the implementation progress of complex risk treatment measures, and how this can impact their effectiveness during operation.", "36e8ef36-ccdb-4140-878c-61f4a3432227": "How can organizations ensure that modifications to software packages are strictly controlled and limited to necessary changes?", "79073b0f-04a2-431f-af67-4fcefe7439d1": "Why is it important for organizations to establish and protect secure development environments for system development and integration efforts throughout the entire system development lifecycle?", "d755dfb0-b6ef-4fc0-b0f7-faa46c144cfc": "How does the standard define the term \"supplier\" in relation to information processing facilities, and what types of service providers does it encompass?", "0c29b4b2-3aa0-44ac-8a72-5bc1c5f03bde": "What are some of the security objectives outlined in the document for information processing facilities, and why is it important to consider data authenticity and person authenticity in addition to availability and integrity?", "cfaf9d41-87fe-4f61-930d-72e62fa5f8c8": "How does the ISO define the key components of an ISMS and why is it important to understand these principles when discussing the \"spirit\" of the ISMS?", "038296a0-d91b-44af-b587-1f9586f22401": "What is the significance of the scope of the standard in relation to the scope of an organization's ISMS, and why is it important to recognize that the standard is intended to be applicable across various business sectors, countries, and organization sizes?", "765748f9-1073-4413-ae7b-8afa84a8a92d": "How can an organization ensure the protection of records in accordance with legislative, regulatory, contractual, and business requirements to avoid breach of intellectual property rights?", "5bb165b5-8e4e-40ad-8bff-4cc91bc9c5f9": "Describe the key components of a data retention policy and procedure that an organization should implement to protect intellectual property rights.", "77ec9186-b1f8-494d-ab8a-eb0a72e2507d": "How should organizations ensure that relevant and up-to-date documentation on information security standards and procedures is provided to all staff members, and what steps should be taken to clarify which roles, systems, and areas are covered by these standards?", "8b12c18e-d94d-487b-a7a8-5b91a36b32aa": "What are the key components of the deliverable for the implementation plan for organizational security controls, and how should the revision and review process be defined to ensure the successful implementation of information security standards and procedures within the organization?", "0935c251-8d3c-4ff0-93dd-54af9072079a": "Define access control and explain why it is important for ensuring the security of assets based on business and security requirements.", "2edb3cd6-6da0-42db-b469-a9aa3154ac04": "What is the purpose of an audit according to the provided context information, and how does it help in evaluating the extent to which audit criteria are fulfilled?", "2c36b329-9856-46b2-826d-22a83a72ff56": "Explain the relationship between risk analysis, risk evaluation, and decisions about risk treatment according to the ISO Guide 73:2009.", "5d07e181-071d-4560-8cb4-e0e68c8a615a": "Define risk communication and consultation in the context of risk management, and discuss the importance of engaging in dialogue with stakeholders.", "c9e24c6a-a756-4839-9399-b311f9df965a": "Why is continual improvement considered a key requirement of ISO 27001, and how does it contribute to the effectiveness of an organization's Information Security Management System (ISMS)?", "e81f95ce-1621-4e8b-9924-8080ab637af4": "Describe the elements that should be included in an organization's ISO 27001 continual improvement policy, and explain the importance of each element in ensuring ongoing enhancement of the ISMS.", "b02c7a8a-210c-4b2a-adc1-360f1beb27d4": "How can organizations demonstrate that their source code is well protected and access to it is carefully managed, according to ISO/IEC 27001 implementation guide?", "dd48c79e-4360-423a-ad45-5f09d786b894": "What considerations should be made regarding secure authentication when utilizing commercial off the shelf (COTS) or software as a service (SaaS) applications for source code management?", "e05a9e6d-ce5c-4952-b1df-d83541251a3d": "What are the key components that should be included in meeting minutes according to the provided context information?", "617004b1-0e62-44dc-b1ee-6219c027e9e2": "How should meeting minutes be distributed to participants and senior management according to the guidelines outlined in the document?", "aad2bfa1-ce18-4101-b9e1-cd178c779a95": "Explain the importance of implementing an IDS (Intrusion Detection System) and an IPS (Intrusion Prevention System) in the context of information security management systems (ISMS) for critical infrastructures (Kritis).", "46265f3f-a42a-47fc-b075-d3fc850c1a5a": "How does the use of GPS (Global Positioning System) and NTP (Network Time Protocol) contribute to the overall security and efficiency of IT systems in organizations, especially in the context of complying with the IT Security Act (IT-SG)?", "8e421c26-4a9b-4ef6-97a6-3c6b16f4d1a4": "How can a password management system help prevent security risks associated with using the same login across multiple sites?", "d8a49b8b-b1b2-4e55-b91b-30d7809b9c14": "In what ways should the implementation of password generation and management systems be approached to ensure acceptable and proportionate levels of security?", "33c00b71-bbe7-4e5b-bac4-e8d261f247ed": "Why is it important for organizations to carefully consider security controls in third-party relationships, especially when it comes to digital data storage and paper files?", "bac6b1e2-3ffc-42b0-9d9d-c84a3188e9d9": "How can organizations ensure the protection of important data assets stored in paper files, considering the potential risks of fire, flood, explosion, or theft?", "c2cfe4af-01e5-4c0c-ac36-91348ebb4c3d": "How important is it for an information security adviser to possess both qualifications and quality of character? Explain the significance of flexibility, depth of experience, and a balanced approach in addressing evolving information security threats.", "a492fa4e-deb5-42b7-823b-b8b21a6a5d00": "Discuss the significance of segregation of duties in setting up an Information Security Management System (ISMS). How does control A.6.1.2 of ISO27002 play a role in ensuring effective segregation of duties within an organization?", "85510506-914c-4315-8701-4f50a1d19c11": "How can department heads ensure that risks within their departments are properly managed and owned by the appropriate individuals?", "39a3304f-f2eb-41cf-ac10-3f60edf51724": "In what situations is it acceptable to not be able to reduce the priority ranking of a risk to p4, and what steps should be taken in those scenarios to ensure clarity and approval from management?", "c0f1c4a0-03c5-4911-8313-4c7b46623c0a": "How can organizations ensure that information security requirements are included in the development of new information systems or enhancements to existing systems, according to the document?", "f9f57cc3-f42a-4bb3-85c3-64e0a3ef0394": "What measures should be taken to protect application services on public networks from fraudulent activity, contract disputes, and unauthorized disclosure and modification, as outlined in the document?", "20b8b625-f2a7-4c96-8178-41049bd7707b": "What are the key elements that should be included in a mechanism for personnel to report information security events in a timely manner, according to the guidance provided in the document?", "b894d1a1-792b-48d1-b012-446b552efe57": "Why is it important for all personnel and users to be aware of their responsibility to report information security events quickly, and what are the potential consequences of not reporting such events promptly?", "110c6bce-4fc9-423a-9661-29c0b09dd04d": "How can ISO27001-2013 assessments without tears: a pocket guide be useful for individuals likely to be interviewed by an auditor?", "eec2c774-a56b-422c-9189-a77d04637c43": "What guidelines are set out by ISO27007 and ISO27008 for ISO27001 auditors, and how can they be valuable to an organization's internal audit teams and management information security forum?", "3f9935f3-e087-4e88-953d-8d6e205450f6": "How can conducting a review of hardware and software security controls help in identifying gaps in current practices and conducting an initial risk assessment?", "46bbd143-427a-4f27-8eda-be944f7371c3": "In the context of the document, why is preparing an analysis report based on identified gaps important for assessing the level of control implementation in various departments?", "dd99be41-46d7-4899-8b3f-a943c385ebbd": "How are actual or proposed physical assets valued in risk assessment methods that use a matrix with predefined values? Explain the process of converting replacement or reconstruction costs onto a qualitative scale for these assets.", "bcb8215f-c83f-45db-b850-336997271024": "Can you provide an example of how actual or proposed software assets are valued in qualitative risk assessment methods? How are purchase or reconstruction costs identified and converted onto the same qualitative scale as information?", "9010e569-b52f-43b9-b239-5dd5c93faf67": "How does the organisation define and accept responsibilities in relation to information security, and what key elements may be included in the applicable policy?", "bf7eac28-5758-4185-9a81-c79284db6501": "In the context of information and communication technology supply chain, what requirements are typically included in supplier agreements to reduce security risks?", "4cdea4fc-89e1-4610-bd11-ab7bca827585": "How should an organization ensure that its information security policies are effectively communicated to relevant personnel and interested parties, and what steps should be taken if significant changes occur?", "ef376ce5-01b8-483e-897f-80a4bcc6efbc": "Why is it important for an organization to establish and maintain contact with relevant authorities and special interest groups in the context of information security management?", "c7d32e41-1bf3-474f-994c-60dcca7759ec": "How does the ISO 27001 risk assessment relate to the ERM framework and the PDCA process model, and what additional best-practice guidance can be found in ISO 27002, ISO 27005, and BS 7799-337?", "456da3d5-6616-4929-847a-1e7a7d588108": "What is the difference between a specification and a code of practice in the context of ISO 27001, and how does following the specific requirements outlined in ISO 27001 allow a management system to receive a third-party certificate of conformity?", "e50b69fe-e612-4c11-8333-8f0bbad1fb97": "Explain the importance of having a change management policy in place for security controls. What are the key components that should be included in such a policy according to the given context information?", "d60ed04c-9388-4ecd-b38e-9107c2d3bddb": "Discuss the significance of a data retention and disposal policy in ensuring data security. What are the key considerations that should be addressed in such a policy as outlined in the provided information?", "b04602f6-78ce-4b66-bd81-2bbf6eee1246": "How should the composition of the ISMS management forum be determined, and what factors should be considered when selecting members for this forum?", "6909c1c7-cbfc-4840-b5e2-419fb4fe86d9": "Why is it important for the role responsible for managing the ISMS to have a top management sponsor, especially if they are not a member of senior management?", "3cb30f66-ce73-43d8-b574-e261afcfcfc7": "What are some risks associated with careless disposal of media, and how can organizations mitigate these risks according to control 8.3.2 of ISO27002?", "1c429999-46a2-44ee-9028-9f47f2641195": "How can staff training play a crucial role in preventing confidential information from being leaked, as mentioned in the context information provided?", "24c4e929-d3b0-4d0a-8657-2a3b97926a5c": "How does ISO/IEC 27001 clause 8.2 impact the frequency and circumstances under which risk assessments must be conducted within an organization's information security management system?", "bdf01644-1ded-44fe-b807-c28e17e37b29": "In what ways does ISO/IEC 27001 clause 6.1.2 b) emphasize the importance of consistency, validity, and comparability in the results of repeated risk assessments?", "dfc0a0da-d2e8-47da-9393-101db4c81478": "How can promising to keep customer data safe become a unique selling point for a brand, and what benefits can this offer in terms of reducing risks and enhancing brand reputation?", "70ea3cbf-1202-489e-8ec2-59cd17a713e6": "Why is ISO 27001 compliance considered the ultimate baseline for establishing an information security management system, and how can obtaining this certification benefit businesses in terms of meeting compliance requirements and enhancing their reputation?", "a0b62dfc-e780-4a37-bddd-6a6b95dc7c79": "How can organizations ensure the security of their development environments throughout the system development lifecycle?", "e5931688-bfc3-4d09-9c03-848a1ead0b85": "What measures should be taken to protect and control test data used during system testing?", "35b93d41-e497-4540-895e-6bb7ad617d48": "How should an organization establish and communicate policies regarding the use of cloud services to relevant interested parties?", "d8e73a7b-c692-48bf-bc7a-2a43f4da6699": "Explain the concept of shared responsibility for information security in the context of using cloud services, and discuss the importance of collaboration between the cloud service provider and the organization acting as the customer.", "7dc5b497-ffd3-42b6-9466-b078af9e6f16": "How can an organization demonstrate competence in information security management, and what actions can be taken to ensure employees are competent in this area?", "d59f078b-ede9-4fbf-b480-0ded3d8cbb3b": "In what ways should an organization ensure awareness among employees regarding the information security policy, their contribution to the effectiveness of the information security management system, and the implications of non-conformance with system requirements?", "88cea8a2-1074-443d-99cb-0a62d3e11081": "How does ISO 27001 expect organizations to approach the development of risk acceptance criteria and methodology, and why is it often necessary to apply the PDCA principle to this aspect of information security management?", "4a6abba2-e058-49d0-9186-835e5053d941": "Why is it important for senior management and the board to determine the acceptance criteria and methodology for risk assessment in the initial phase of development work, and what challenges might organizations face during this process?", "c53a6711-220f-4db7-9957-022d4cd2f9cf": "How can organizations prepare for potential information security incidents, and what specific actions can be taken by the information security and IT staff to mitigate risks?", "a88acb23-053a-4cb0-b273-2bc0a4e70681": "Explain the importance of having an incident response procedure in place, and discuss the key components that should be included in such a procedure to effectively address different types of information security incidents.", "07b34c56-7bad-468a-b968-0a3f763eef08": "How can software tools be used to prevent certain types of documents, such as confidential ones, from being emailed outside the organization according to a defined policy?", "0a1a3f58-8f46-4a6c-b864-09e093d910b2": "Why is it important to have procedures in place to ensure that information assets remain appropriately protected throughout their lives, especially when they are transferred beyond the organization's boundaries?", "949007c8-931c-4831-bca1-fb8c32967a69": "How can aligning your ISMS scope with your risk appetite help in effectively managing the risks associated with valuable information assets?", "c76cfc90-b24b-4ce3-a324-7f33debcb6bc": "Why is it important to involve top management in decision-making when mapping out the scope of an ISMS?", "449e12f4-54d9-47d0-b9b4-aa46de90add0": "How can the effectiveness of an Information Security Measurement Program be evaluated, according to the provided context information?", "679854a6-057d-47b5-b33f-69c6013d2c37": "Why is it important to carefully consider the number of objects in a program and potentially divide it into different parts, as mentioned in the text?", "5dd3984c-787b-4272-8f9d-604f85e7eb08": "How does the control A.14.1.1 in ISO 27001 ensure that information security is integrated into information systems across their entire lifecycle?", "3e134928-b6c1-468a-8793-7f6fcf6278fc": "Can you provide an example of identifying security-related requirements for a new information system, such as an ecommerce portal, as mentioned in the explanation of information security requirements analysis and specification?", "87c24ad5-70ea-4ec2-b366-93a09d89b16b": "How does incorporating automated audits into the software development lifecycle and CI/CD pipeline help organizations meet compliance needs without slowing down DevOps workflows?", "052e466d-26ad-4353-8c84-cec3ccd16900": "Compare and contrast ISO 27001, SOC 2, ISO 27002, ISO 27003, and ISO 17999 in terms of their contributions to information security management best practices and how they can work together to strengthen an organization's security posture.", "58297603-84f7-4b34-9192-bcc0c9ae0315": "How has the trend towards mobile computing impacted information security in networks, and what challenges does it pose for ensuring security?", "ef92f0a4-9ffe-4029-87e9-a8c6e9c2b72e": "Discuss the impact of the growth in internet usage for business and social media communication on IT governance, considering the development of wireless, voice over IP, and broadband technologies.", "c7482f97-149b-46cb-970a-e080b0d74490": "How can organizations ensure the security of their network when dealing with files from external sources, particularly non-trusted sources?", "7b5c4ae0-10dc-4665-be02-ee664f3b5ad9": "What steps should be taken to prevent malware from entering the network through email attachments, download links, and software downloads?", "a35670e3-dc37-4179-8eb9-5daf5bda84b7": "How can internal experience from past incidents and threat assessments be valuable in the current threat assessment process?", "d89316a3-6d7e-4c00-9544-d26d755884a4": "Why is it important to consider aspects of environment and culture when addressing threats, and how can this be incorporated into threat assessments?", "012352c9-fb38-4968-af14-c49fc42514c0": "How can the permanent installation of equipment outside an organization's premises, such as antennas and ATMs, be subject to higher risks, and what guidelines should be considered when siting this equipment?", "92b5f329-bfc1-4dc2-8f06-ff59bdf0c025": "In what ways can physical security monitoring, protection against physical and environmental threats, physical access and tamper proofing controls, and logical access controls play a role in safeguarding equipment located outside an organization's premises?", "b08e523f-91fe-4bee-aa3d-a15a41ab3ef7": "What are the two main levels of objectives within the planning section of the ISMS, and how do they differ in terms of specificity and timeframe?", "c62c7005-2391-4482-b220-7f4205e33953": "How does the information security management plan provided in the toolkit help organizations in setting specific objectives and measuring success within a fixed timeframe?", "341f37df-e5d6-4606-920c-6ab0dff63b57": "How should identified risks be managed according to the ISO 27001 standard?", "37594b33-c09c-42b1-b961-7c592f6c032f": "What is the significance of a Statement of Applicability (SOA) document in the context of information security management?", "fe9556b4-6979-49b7-ad42-377a67232d79": "How does the organization handle the end of a service relationship, particularly in cases of sudden termination due to the closure of the service provider? Discuss the storage and archiving obligations, as well as the return of organization assets.", "bb1e7d70-454d-4baa-8cac-dc7f446edfa9": "Explain the importance of monitoring service provision throughout the duration of a contract and how identified deficiencies are addressed. Additionally, discuss the potential benefits of grouping suppliers together to establish a typical set of security measures for each group.", "87d118b6-8582-4d95-b2f4-be6eb19c5d4b": "How can organizations ensure the security of their cloud usage, including creating specific security concepts, incorporating security incidents from the cloud provider into their own incident management, and establishing procedures for migration to other providers?", "002e8685-26d4-4cbb-ab8c-9611a5db7d8b": "Why is it important for organizations to establish and train the migration process for cloud services early on, rather than waiting for a failure of a contracted provider or other reasons necessitating a change?", "bbd18616-24f1-485a-8bb6-e0ca4d59a6b4": "How does the incorporation of threat intelligence (equivalent to contact with special interest groups in ISO/IEC 27001:2013) impact an organization's information security practices?", "6db480e2-4758-4842-a7c2-20bf18f86fe1": "Explain the importance of information security continuity (equivalent to information security during disruption in ISO/IEC 27001:2013) and how it relates to ICT readiness for business continuity.", "e43358b1-0f58-4cd7-aabb-2d4d02f02f85": "How should upcoming changes in essential services such as electricity and internet supply be treated according to the document's guidelines on incident management?", "bbcdcd6f-2b81-41a8-bd0c-043e5da19783": "What is the purpose of establishing contacts with special interest groups in the field of information security, as outlined in the document?", "ff64fa8e-fa76-4e9c-b736-427fadb2a324": "How do managers identify a solution that satisfies performance requirements while guaranteeing information security, and what is the result of this step?", "65c0887e-c3a2-4fe1-a13f-7c1c0d602ac4": "What are some of the various constraints that should be taken into account when selecting controls and during implementation, as outlined in the document?", "40ebc97f-2fb5-4d8c-9965-f7bf1a990dcc": "How does section 7 of IS027002 address human resources security in the three stages of employment?", "0c416d18-73ee-4775-8500-c7a4755cc0ff": "What are the objectives of control 7.1 in the standard, specifically in relation to pre-employment security issues?", "b1f049e8-9e44-4938-8210-27962f9a1638": "How can a disciplinary process help ensure compliance with an organization's information security policy and deter violations by personnel and other relevant interested parties?", "cf7d5e58-a29b-4699-8aea-11976d644ac5": "Why is it important to verify that an information security policy violation has occurred before initiating a formal disciplinary process?", "278907f3-c521-465b-a6ba-b92c254eea82": "How does the internal audit process differ from a certification review in terms of who can conduct the audit and what are the key considerations for ensuring objectivity and impartiality of the auditor?", "14c81607-20c9-4160-b990-93dc474059e8": "What criteria should a company consider when determining the qualifications and competencies of an auditor for conducting an internal audit, specifically in relation to auditing processes, procedures, and the ISO 27001 standard?", "62a645b5-346a-4291-be49-6f0c63927f71": "How can the scope of an Information Security Management System (ISMS) be defined within an organization according to ISO/IEC 27001:2005 requirements?", "d19fc893-6815-44ea-8d11-5b5257ca4d1f": "Why is it important to ensure consistent understanding and include critical organizational areas when defining the scope of an ISMS?", "0e1f2b3c-ed69-42b3-bf93-e18f6e87d176": "What are some of the key components included in the pre-written template for the change management policy found in the local file system?", "0b96ffad-5ed0-4ede-a597-c0b7e1ebdb71": "How does the change management policy template from ISO 27001 address risk management in the context of implementing changes within an organization?", "44a486b1-6f3d-475f-a778-2396267c9778": "How can system administrators ensure that access rights are in line with what has been authorized, according to the information provided?", "acef25c2-0f7c-40d9-a9f2-1da9f844e342": "Why is it important for management to periodically review and update access rights granted to individuals, as mentioned in the document?", "a250d3c0-1760-4be5-90dd-8c36ccd5ac5e": "How can employees protect themselves from falling victim to social engineering tactics, such as providing confidential information to unauthorized individuals claiming to be administrators or fellow employees?", "5c91f809-8e79-43e4-8730-30e7a6074496": "Explain the concept of IP spoofing and how it can be used by hackers to gain unauthorized access to a system. What measures can organizations take to prevent IP spoofing attacks?", "df40cca7-e392-41ea-a6f0-1e5e6e8732f6": "How does the company ensure proper mobile device use and safe telecommuting according to the information provided in the document?", "3165fb07-cd06-4591-a446-dae745288833": "What steps should be taken by the company before and during employment to address human resources security, as outlined in the document?", "9a8475ec-fcc2-417f-ac58-e9849a2822c5": "Why is it important to obtain management buy-in before initiating an ISO 27001 project, according to Steve's recommendations?", "aad670b7-5724-4ca2-995e-4ef956b644c4": "What potential problems can arise for companies that do not conduct a readiness assessment or internal audit before preparing for ISO 27001, as highlighted by Steve in the context information?", "934707aa-8eb5-4977-9cd1-f2415ca82bb5": "How does ISO 27001 certification help protect organizations from security threats, both external and internal, according to the provided information?", "d5f84011-efdb-4d4b-a6b8-7f1dc6174d5a": "In what ways does ISO 27001 certification assist organizations in avoiding regulatory fines, specifically in relation to data protection requirements like GDPR, as mentioned in the text?", "65419038-9025-405d-ab4b-8353ca429d14": "How can physical access to high protection requirements be hindered or monitored in a network infrastructure, according to the context information provided?", "60bb5d3a-1f12-4b17-af11-b2ae8d88aba0": "Explain the importance of labeling cables in a network infrastructure, as mentioned in the document. How does this practice contribute to security and emergency management protocols?", "07047385-16e9-4bf5-bdc3-e2bbacfa09f1": "How can organizations detect and prevent the transmission of malware through electronic modes of communication by employees/contractors at work?", "e20718b0-234b-4724-b55e-48c24572ae61": "What steps should be taken to protect sensitive information shared as attachments and ensure secure communication facilities are used in the workplace according to the provided guidelines?", "eae92597-73fe-43cf-9ff2-003bcc7a25fc": "What are the key components that should be included in a disaster response and recovery procedure and business continuity plan document according to the context information provided?", "207a660c-2fcd-45a2-b78b-f32313d3d747": "How can an organization ensure clear roles and responsibilities of employees/contractors/suppliers with authorization levels to avoid miscommunication when preparing for business continuity, as mentioned in the document?", "f1e6a489-b46e-4d3d-aa72-91b3da7113ae": "How should assets such as machines (vms), facilities, personnel, competence, capabilities, and records be classified in accordance with the classification of the information associated to that asset?", "8d2301d9-c24f-4033-8852-e568cc5a34e8": "What process should be implemented to ensure timely assignment of ownership for identified information and other associated assets, and when should ownership be reassigned as necessary?", "88a05825-f07e-4222-b84a-4a39455d0c26": "How can an organization ensure that their chosen certification body is accredited to offer both ISO9001 and ISO27001 certifications, and why is it important to verify this accreditation?", "2ef02051-15d8-4a0e-9d43-10146f743553": "Why is it important for a supplier of certification services to take into account the unique risks and characteristics of an organization's Information Security Management System (ISMS) during the audit process, and how does this add value to the client's business?", "cccb2fd4-774e-491d-b376-b56aa6a942c7": "How can organizations ensure the security of their software code and production data when transferring software from the development environment to the operation/production environment?", "3725ddbb-aed5-4401-92a7-7a4074ba1b30": "Why is it important for different environments to be run on separate systems or computers, and what potential risks can arise if developers are granted access to the operation/production environment?", "a6c561bb-c568-4321-96ac-ae8c25a9aa66": "In the event of an information security incident, what is the importance of having a procedure in place to contact authorities, and who within the organization is responsible for initiating this contact?", "3f8182f8-6a64-4ba6-b2fd-4a2ad814f94f": "How can organizations benefit from maintaining communication with various authorities such as cyber-law bodies, fire departments, and emergency services, and why is it crucial to establish these connections before an incident occurs?", "4bd464c2-7d66-4150-89eb-bb2b93f8fac3": "Explain the three steps of risk assessment as outlined in the ISO/IEC 27000 series of standards. How are risks identified, analyzed, and evaluated in this process?", "58c6423c-e57a-4e11-b05e-077b48e89dcd": "How are risks prioritized and treated according to their risk level in the context of risk treatment? Provide an example of how risks with different levels are processed and treated accordingly.", "a4d47502-2c37-4d5d-a539-dd30b3e4bd82": "How can organizations approach the certification process for ISO/IEC 27001 in a way that allows for a smaller scope initially and then gradually expands over time? What should be considered when determining exclusions for certification?", "f418867d-94d9-450c-a56f-4ccdef6aa6b1": "Explain the difference between the scope of an Information Security Management System (ISMS) and the scope of certification to the ISO/IEC 27001 standard. How can organizations strategically choose to certify only a part of their ISMS initially while still meeting all the requirements of the standard?", "706e79ba-0b8b-4e3c-a24f-66cd4aaf46bd": "How can an organization measure the effectiveness of its incident handling process and staff training in the context of information security management?", "14cf4e72-d799-4cb8-a4ea-b46ea07b8c09": "Why is it important for organizations to consider their information security management structure early in the implementation process?", "b890533d-d31f-4fb9-97ac-79009412fadc": "How does Annex A.15.1 in the information security management system (ISMS) focus on protecting organization assets in supplier relationships? Why is it important to evaluate critical relationships beyond just suppliers, such as partners, in this context?", "f8bf1828-21a6-4911-9556-153e1067d6f8": "What is the goal of Annex A.15.2 in supplier service delivery management, and why is it crucial to ensure that service providers meet the requirements of third-party contracts from the beginning of operations?", "8e9657ac-9b64-45cf-b2ef-798f3404d652": "What are the key components that should be included in an organization's policy on privacy and protection of personally identifiable information (PII)?", "b71e5d1e-42b3-4578-9ea2-bd0e099cb7f0": "How can the appointment of a privacy officer help ensure compliance with legal, statutory, regulatory, and contractual requirements related to the preservation of privacy and protection of PII within an organization?", "861ec37a-23d5-4005-8567-6c84a0947f5a": "How does ISO/IEC 27001 Annex A contribute to the certification process for organizations seeking ISO 27001 certification?", "1c4b2b69-82a7-4e13-9165-a92f386202a6": "Why is it important for organizations to ensure that their technology and processes align with the controls outlined in ISO 27001 Annex A during the certification process?", "8157b467-8bc5-4e2d-96c3-1c1fcdc2ce32": "How should access to affected live systems be controlled during the incident management period, according to the incident management planning and recovery meeting guidelines?", "f323cea6-d87d-45d0-9813-c21258accf99": "Why is it important for all emergency actions to be documented in detail during security incidents, and what steps can be taken to ensure accurate documentation according to the provided information?", "d38dded2-e354-4b26-a4d7-62432c24b02f": "How can e-learning be a cost-effective training method for large numbers of staff, and what type of training is better suited for small numbers of staff in a classroom setting?", "ab132a9a-3bbc-440d-a94d-9714e8a5251c": "What are some key areas of information security and ISMS that are best addressed through e-learning, and what specific topics should be covered as part of the induction process for all staff members?", "b3168b09-8012-476c-b001-b3f48d963008": "How can organizations address the issue of unauthorized access to equipment and facilities, and what measures can be implemented to prevent theft and unauthorized use?", "4d36a0dc-0f1f-4f0e-aad0-a4533bc10124": "Discuss the importance of security training, awareness, and monitoring mechanisms in preventing data breaches and unauthorized access in an organization.", "4e219210-3a46-4cee-b014-72cd2bbc245b": "How does network monitoring, also known as 'sniffing', pose a threat to the security of confidential information being transmitted over the internet?", "f47c7cbb-d712-4111-ac70-fe5ae244a172": "Explain the concept of masquerading in the context of hacking and provide an example of how a hacker could use this technique to gain unauthorized access to confidential information.", "d4f58c08-b046-45e6-895b-87aaecb3cc9e": "How should assets sent overseas be protected according to the document's guidelines, especially in relation to foreign freedom of information legislation?", "789d5f73-9a4c-4885-9880-b028545f8c2e": "What are the three levels of classification used by the US government, and how should a file containing both confidential and restricted material be marked according to the document's instructions?", "39c31dbe-1448-4280-90ce-aa10167f2e32": "How can organizations ensure they have adequate resources for their ISMS and promote continual improvement according to clause 6 of the ISO 27001 standard?", "cbbf3ebd-1e49-412a-989e-6b2f737702d3": "What steps should be taken to support a team in conforming to the ISO 27001 standard, including establishing resources, training, and communication policies, as outlined in clause 7 of the standard?", "502fb696-386a-4734-9edb-46a80a306e31": "How does the organizational structure of a company, such as being organized in departments or having a flat project organization, impact the Information Security Management System (ISMS) according to the ISMS-4.1 requirement?", "06660758-c25d-4702-b5c3-b5d54935b796": "In what ways can the operational structure of a company, including the definition of responsibilities for processes and thinking in business or administrative processes, influence the effectiveness of the ISMS as outlined in the context information provided?", "4c52c1d0-080c-4c1d-b721-3d639b0e3497": "How can an organization determine the starting point for risk assessment, and why is it important to choose the right starting point?", "29595bdf-be6b-4fb0-b648-c7da359ae37e": "Explain the process of risk identification for business processes, including the compilation of a list of potential risks.", "f254405d-e731-4155-b5f5-192d84516fc7": "Who is authorized to take data carriers under what circumstances, and what permissions are required? How should the process of taking data carriers be recorded overall?", "1cf7190a-488a-4daf-8ecc-3250b8916ba4": "What measures should be taken to ensure the secure shipping and transport of data carriers, including labeling, packaging, and selection of trustworthy service providers?", "158340a8-56e0-4992-8247-0107014f6958": "What are the different methods that can be used to acquire information systems within an organization's information systems architecture?", "90390c4c-0121-434a-8aad-72ec6f8d104f": "Why is it important to integrate security into every stage of system development, from project inception to deployment and disposal?", "ec2dceef-6438-40f2-aeac-6938221f15e1": "How does ISO 27001 specify the criteria for conducting an information security risk assessment and what is the importance of establishing risk acceptance criteria?", "0d69dac8-c6a3-48a3-ac74-b6b9823d2353": "Explain the significance of ensuring that repeated risk assessments produce consistent, valid, and comparable results in the context of information security risk management.", "84d39c2a-0107-4f1a-b0b1-b606c46a5326": "How can sensitive information still lead to the identification of a person even if the data directly identifying them is anonymized? Provide an example to illustrate your answer.", "a9a98b6d-0601-43ab-a073-0e737aefeafa": "Discuss two additional techniques for data masking mentioned in the document and explain how they help in protecting sensitive data.", "c611e73e-640c-48c2-98a4-2c3863c4e8c0": "How does ISO 27001:2015 address compliance with legal requirements, and what is the objective of ensuring compliance with applicable legislation?", "60b2943b-f45f-4f88-9cee-e137c7f5666c": "What control measures should be implemented to protect organizational records from loss, destruction, and falsification according to the context information provided?", "cee7c5e0-eedc-4994-9058-07aca16d4192": "How can organizations establish controls to safeguard the confidentiality and integrity of data passing over public networks, third-party networks, or wireless networks, and protect connected systems and applications?", "4cd89bfe-c39a-4abf-8103-e2f155d0b118": "Why is it important to separate operational responsibility for networks from ICT system operations, and what are the benefits of doing so in terms of network security and management?", "cabc1631-1da4-4481-8807-cd2d65864915": "How does the size of an organization and its type of activities, processes, products, and services impact the creation and updating of documented information according to ISO/IEC 27001:2013?", "3c443054-b784-427d-aa1f-ebcb3e2d24bc": "In what ways does the control of documented information ensure its availability, suitability for use, and protection from loss of confidentiality, improper use, or loss of integrity as outlined in the international standard?", "ea70dd3c-a761-4c7c-932d-9df0daf464c0": "How should established points of contact evaluate information security events in order to assess the impact and extent of the event, and determine if it qualifies as a security incident?", "da52ec93-9293-4e71-85e6-0bc51b4040f7": "What steps should be taken as part of the response to an information security incident, according to the documented procedures outlined in the context information?", "ebfd477e-d661-4db3-a289-65183a0ace61": "How does framing risk contribute to the overall risk management strategy of an organization, and why is it important to make risk perceptions explicit and transparent?", "1af3fc3e-28bf-4e40-888b-c468a6bdcb0e": "Explain the relationship between an organization's risk management objective and the balance of safeguards against the risks of failing to meet business objectives. How does this objective extend to information security risks in an ISMS?", "ea0754c9-f60d-4ecd-9a81-7a8dbf08fd0a": "How does the incompleteness of the risk analysis impact the effectiveness of an Information Security Management System (ISMS)? Provide examples from the context information to support your answer.", "fa67748e-5365-4686-8151-21d281c33239": "In the case of the energy supplier mentioned in the context information, what potential risks could arise from not conducting a risk analysis before implementing digital modules and connecting to the control system via an LTE modem? How could these risks be mitigated or managed effectively?", "bb994b31-443f-475a-a391-6a9d13ad04d1": "How can virtualized networks enhance security by allowing logical separation of communication over physical networks, especially for systems and applications utilizing distributed computing?", "3395e38c-2c55-40c0-8548-66c73a5c9658": "According to the document, what guidance is provided for ensuring security in the use of network services, specifically in terms of identifying, implementing, and monitoring security mechanisms, service levels, and service requirements?", "e7b67f26-a973-49e7-88b0-1a0647634db4": "What factors should be considered when deciding whether to invest in ISO 27001 certification, and how can speaking with an information security expert help in this decision-making process?", "440a775c-89c5-4a24-aa87-7d5e738b3d79": "What is the recommended practice for starting the ISO 27001 certification journey, and how can finding a qualified consultant or platform assist in this process?", "dbc78c18-7f2f-4bf6-96e1-6230b49bdb75": "How can systems be configured to improve security by filtering web addresses and using blacklists or whitelists? Provide examples of how this can be implemented both locally on endpoints and centrally for an organization.", "d19749a2-d542-4159-b6f4-a69e43968275": "Why is it important for blacklists and whitelists to be regularly updated and managed in the context of web security? How can insights from threat intelligence be utilized to enhance the effectiveness of these lists?", "654d55c6-0ee9-44af-86ec-b48943ca8b2f": "How can appropriate access control measures help prevent unauthorized activities related to source code manipulation, as discussed in the document?", "590c0064-baa7-4e25-821d-68ee536cc838": "What are the potential consequences of manipulating source code, particularly in terms of building special features into software products and affecting software libraries and development tools?", "d3de40fb-be3f-4f08-998a-c4bffabe4106": "How can stakeholders be involved in the decision-making process of risk management and kept informed of the status of risk management within an organization?", "fa925f99-f01d-45e2-84b6-f9d59d313eab": "Why is it important for managers and staff to be educated about risks and the actions taken to mitigate them in the information security risk management process?", "a3916503-0134-4dfe-94f6-56f6396bd1c2": "How can system software be configured to enforce password changes every 90 days, and what is the purpose of having a defined pre-change period?", "7caca7e3-2cbd-4fbd-acc5-d5c2c20edb10": "Why is it important not to recycle passwords and to avoid using sequential passwords, and what is one technique mentioned for creating strong passwords?", "79e93260-89e4-439a-85c9-2473853fd74b": "How can organizations protect the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of their information through technological controls? How should the level of classification of information be linked to the method of protection according to the organization's policy?", "54c4016a-b52b-4746-9ca0-cdd41102683f": "What measures should be taken to protect sensitive documents from being printed to widely accessible printers or fax machines? How can organizations address this issue by implementing dedicated fax machines and printers for sensitive information?", "88ed4555-e839-4496-b906-b773ea24e8b3": "Why is it important for medical and defense organizations to not keep critical gaps open for very long, according to the information provided in the document?", "fb56f09c-3520-4e4e-8fa8-3ff49d48f1b8": "How does the analysis report play a crucial role in the management's decision-making process and tracking of actions, as discussed in the chapter on initial risk assessment?", "5c0f6874-9ffd-401c-8124-09a6c8aef2dc": "How does the document describe the approach to risk treatment and the formulation of a risk treatment plan?", "45f0e49f-b3a6-4c74-bfae-b5ec51c531af": "What is the significance of controls in the risk treatment process, and how do they ensure that the risk acceptance criteria are met?", "85db0f4d-8817-4e62-b21f-69f4c9b86eaf": "What are the potential financial impacts of a data breach, according to the information provided? How does the Verizon DBIR study contribute to our understanding of these impacts?", "c9a963cf-3a7d-4879-a228-dd78a80a2a8c": "According to the Verizon DBIR study, what is the most significant factor in quantifying the cost of loss for an organization following a data breach? How does this factor compare to the nature of the breach itself?", "81cd43fa-1ee2-4d9c-85a9-9b2af1cf3dc9": "How does implementing an ISO 27001 risk assessment contribute to a better understanding of risks within an organization and the budget needed for controls?", "72f45030-f26e-4220-8262-a1244e077f16": "Why is it important for risk assessment methodologies to meet the specific steps and criteria outlined in ISO 27001, and what are the potential shortcomings of methodologies that do not meet these requirements?", "ec801e2a-67ce-47d1-921c-fcb5e56137af": "How can the objects of measure in an information security measurement program impact the effectiveness of protecting information within an organization's ISMS scope?", "cf9bd402-d4cd-429f-b3a4-c09c33540a8e": "Why is it important for the measurement interval to be consistent and aligned with the management review and continual improvement process of an ISMS?", "582f78b4-967a-467f-8f63-b41ddb2dd7e1": "How can adopting the OWASP Top Ten help organizations improve their software development culture and produce secure code?", "167dbc57-4e82-4323-b151-ce2bc745f9cf": "What are some common vulnerabilities in coding practices that can lead to security issues, as outlined in the OWASP Top 10 list?", "2bdf8ac6-d4b9-40a6-b6ce-c7b09b1a5db7": "How does the level of confidentiality of a document impact the tools allowed for text creation and graphics integration within an organization?", "ef77edd6-92c5-4722-ad9b-0d1aed0f25b1": "Why is it important to use current types of media and high-quality storage for documented information to ensure readability and longevity?", "27c8d168-8d7b-4be8-a7ed-42a9adb95738": "How does the document suggest approaching the development of information security standards and procedures, and what is the recommended basis for designing detailed technical or operational procedures?", "46ad6e3e-6212-4f56-ace4-a3cc18ea4bec": "According to the document, what is the suggested composition of the editorial group responsible for developing information security standards and procedures, and how should representatives liaise with their respective areas of the organization to provide seamless operational support?", "668df676-08a1-4bb7-801a-f30207a118e4": "How does ISO 27001:2022 clause 7.5 emphasize the importance of reviewing and approving documented information?", "ca030f4b-88ca-43b2-9ca3-ee5bbfd063d5": "Discuss the significance of controlling documented information according to ISO 27001:2022 clause 7.5, and provide examples of activities involved in this process.", "7315a209-dcf3-42a5-a1ec-552fa7a7f4cb": "How can organizations ensure that critical components of products or services are maintained for functionality when built outside of the organization, especially if outsourced to other suppliers? Provide examples of measures that can be implemented for this purpose.", "6b8fc94d-a578-4b60-9cac-1ae149409b3b": "What processes can be implemented to ensure that components from suppliers are genuine and unaltered from their specification? Discuss the importance of monitoring for out-of-specification performance as an indicator of tampering or counterfeits.", "0d6ff398-9694-4e17-a635-957e86bbea53": "How does the document recommend organizations approach backing up sensitive information, and why is it important to have multiple backup locations?", "cb9f2f89-ca2c-4b10-bc88-41de38c04588": "How has the increase in remote working during the pandemic influenced the use of cloud storage by organizations, and why is a central location for accessing information necessary in this context?", "6da236a4-39b7-49c2-99a2-8e0f04aedf70": "How does ISMS-6.3 require organizations to make changes to their ISMS?", "c5921c46-614f-4a5b-9cbd-7dbbf0967e87": "What actions are recommended in ISMS-6 for organizations to ensure the achievement of ISMS objectives?", "24f6bcfd-bceb-4412-95a5-c9eea246ba9d": "How should security incidents be handled in terms of logging, according to the information provided? Who is responsible for preparing and maintaining the evidence related to secure log-on incidents?", "04df4147-8d74-401a-92ec-cc3720402025": "What measures should be taken to ensure secure password management, as per the ISO 27001 control mentioned in the document? How would an external auditor verify the organization's compliance with this control during certification audit?", "780be9b7-605f-4095-a0ca-52466a8f85e7": "Why is it important for organizations to have a common time basis or clock synchronization for their recording systems? How does this contribute to the effectiveness of cross-system evaluations and analyses?", "6368a183-ff85-4ae5-81c1-c645105fee36": "Discuss the differences between manually generated logs and automatic nature recordings in the context of an ISMS. What are the key considerations that need to be taken into account when setting up logging functions for transaction security in databases?", "e5fdae30-7913-4e77-940f-2be1f3e53203": "How can an employer ensure the return of organizational assets from employees upon resignation, according to the contract of employment mentioned in the document?", "7297df54-b6c5-43da-8206-63fed23ff7b4": "How should the first two asset types (software and hardware) be managed procedurally within a company, as suggested in the document?", "9c739653-d8b0-429c-a007-88bfa84d9a16": "How can organizations effectively regulate and manage the use of social media by their staff during work hours to minimize risks and ensure productivity?", "fd14c9a9-e157-4a5f-b3c8-5b1e3a9ea9d9": "What role does filtering software play in helping organizations avoid the need for disciplinary action in relation to employee behavior on the web, as mentioned in the user access statement?", "4151f9ed-e63d-46fa-b9eb-bc7478399718": "How does ISO/IEC 27001 maintain compatibility with other management system standards, and why is this important for organizations?", "f015e525-465a-4815-b66b-b1cc880f0297": "What are the key requirements specified in ISO/IEC 27001 for establishing, implementing, and maintaining information security management systems?", "b8b4f8a8-168c-4d7c-9753-507078e37dfa": "What are the potential risks associated with the implementation of unauthorized software in operational systems, and what controls should organizations apply to mitigate these risks according to control 12.5.1 of ISO27002?", "10789dc6-d3f2-4dca-9592-46964206d453": "Why is it important for organizations to have planned fall-backs in place, including extensive copies of data, for major software roll-outs that affect critical functions, and what are the potential consequences of conducting a 'big bang' roll-out without proper testing and stress-testing?", "097cdeb5-d8cc-4621-9978-b30f6fbc7dd3": "How does iso/iec 27001:2013 differ from iso 27799 in terms of the industry sectors they provide guidance for, and what specific purpose does iso 27799 serve for health organizations?", "fdd966ed-14d3-46b8-9619-203e5dd1c377": "Explain the scope of iso 27799 and how it complements iso/iec 27002 in providing guidelines for information security management in the health informatics sector.", "8aa1a3c9-0dc3-42bd-9f8f-d505b30d41e4": "How can performance indicators be used to evaluate the effectiveness of an ISMS process in terms of speed, efficiency, and accuracy? Provide examples of how these indicators can be quantified and classified.", "acc20f05-eabf-4058-b7d8-9480b89d01f8": "Discuss the importance of selecting appropriate controls or measures for an ISMS process, taking into consideration factors such as the sensitivity of processed data. How can inadequate security measures impact staff motivation and overall information security?", "cfd55ed1-4cd0-4f12-ad22-a56bd87aeddb": "What are the key components covered in Annex A.5 related to information security policies?", "5960adcb-5498-4a0b-95f6-f182fd171eee": "Why is it important for organizations to regularly update their information security policies, and what are the potential consequences of failing to do so according to the context information provided?", "f8a5454c-57a3-4253-99d1-42a43740c1bf": "How can the presence of gaps in a system lead to the creation of new problems, and why is it important to eliminate these gaps as early as possible?", "560510c8-dd53-49ad-b599-4a493976f620": "In the process of eliminating gaps in a system, why is it recommended to prioritize improvements based on their impact, and how should management be kept informed about these decisions?", "b657390b-4502-47e5-9282-aa051f0c7512": "How does the scalability of risk assessment software impact an organization's ability to tailor assessments to different business units or IT systems?", "34ecfab9-cea9-4e73-b87c-49ab852746f4": "In what ways can customizable reporting in risk assessment software help organizations align with ISO 27001 or establish an ISMS effectively?", "dd4db608-8590-414e-9ad6-58f6fa8ddb97": "How are controls categorized in ISO/IEC 27002, and what are the four themes used for categorization?", "1023501b-73db-4daa-90d2-5e962f1c281a": "Explain the concept of attributes in ISO/IEC 27002 and how they can be used to create different views of controls. Provide an example of how attributes can be applied to controls in the document.", "7cfc3fe6-1598-462c-b03b-667b343ca4cf": "How can larger organisations effectively pursue certification for ISO 27001, particularly in terms of differentiation from other divisions and practical control over information assets?", "a4e177a1-fad3-4fd8-9fd0-759fcae6a715": "What factors should be considered when determining whether a larger organisation should tackle ISO 27001 and risk assessment on a divisional basis or create a single Information Security Management System (ISMS)?", "e504bf34-d506-4df3-a050-6ee1addfeb5e": "Why is it important to regularly review users working with privileged access rights, and what specific factors should be considered during these reviews?", "f7fb32b2-36aa-40e6-9e43-4da22041a7a7": "How can organizations establish specific rules to avoid the use of generic administration user ids, and why is it important to manage and protect authentication information for such identities?", "c09a7561-693e-420a-9f0b-7d8afc9a5d93": "How does ISO27002 emphasize the importance of management's active support for information security within an organization, and what specific requirements does it outline for defining and allocating information security responsibilities?", "91e12b42-84f2-44cd-82ef-40a8c83c6cd2": "In practical terms, what actions should managers take to demonstrate their commitment to information security, as outlined in the document?", "db11856a-1065-4e3c-a047-a49c286fd271": "What is the purpose of the stage 1 documentation review in the ISO 27001 certification process, and what role does the auditor play during this stage?", "8d17b2a4-9821-46c6-8fc5-2090a10531e1": "Explain the significance of Annex A in ISO 27001 and how organizations determine which controls are relevant to their implementation based on their scope.", "b9502d64-fcd6-4a58-bf71-1a23dc44dd5e": "How does defining the scope of an Information Security Management System (ISMS) help ensure that the system is only implemented for the information assets and activities that are important to an organization?", "e4a84c87-f22f-406a-b39b-f814babd539b": "Why is it important for the scope of an ISMS to be aligned with an organization's risk appetite or risk tolerance?", "fd017d67-d887-405b-9f6d-2b229ef3b399": "How can an organization protect its intellectual property, and why is it important to do so?", "8cdeabbf-0b17-44a3-b418-9527a4ad8996": "What steps should an organization take to ensure compliance with legal and contractual obligations related to intellectual property rights, and what are the potential consequences of failing to comply?", "fff6529e-a072-46ef-ac7a-81ea231b8d8c": "How can organizations use the controls listed in annex a to create a customized risk treatment plan?", "0c5cab50-5178-47e6-8c5b-20ea17436c97": "In what circumstances would it be acceptable to deviate from the controls listed in annex a when developing a risk treatment plan?", "5891cb12-1e92-49de-add4-c25c760ca24b": "In the risk assessment tracker, what information should be entered under the \"department\" column? Provide an example of a department name that could be entered in this column.", "59e7782c-540a-4d70-b07a-4be6007e4d08": "Explain the significance of the \"asset value\" column in the risk assessment tracker. Using the example provided in the text, calculate the asset value for a laptop with a value of 9.", "98768cdc-4af3-44e5-84cd-99393b5f6d82": "How can redundancy be implemented in information processing facilities to meet availability requirements, and why is it important for the continuous operation of these facilities?", "c73de252-de5a-4210-a986-35082b909029": "What steps should an organization take to ensure the activation of redundant components and processing facilities in the event of a failure, and why is this planning essential for maintaining business services and information systems availability?", "27136c9e-168e-43f7-bede-2dbf12ac2cbd": "What is the purpose of the a.5.30 control in ISO 27001:2022 and what is required of organisations in relation to ICT readiness for business continuity?", "647f581b-bb79-4c2c-8afb-370afd235f41": "Explain the significance of implementing the a.8.11 control on data masking in ISO 27001:2022 and how it contributes to maintaining information security.", "6c913031-a599-40a8-9528-7b59dcc72fb6": "How can the deployment environment and specific technical characteristics of computers and mobile systems issued to employees by IT support impact the overall security and network concept of an organization?", "ba2d8ef1-c6ae-4977-9a2d-a52a81399e35": "Discuss the importance of having a single central inventory list of information assets, as opposed to multiple subdirectories managed by different entities, in ensuring data consistency and avoiding duplicate entries.", "3eb06ae9-eea9-42da-8579-5fb4ebe4f8ce": "How can organizations determine the effect of identified visions on future information processing requirements?", "25ba006e-dd76-45ba-8308-fa2a775528d8": "What factors should be considered when identifying the level of information security awareness in an organization and deriving training and education requirements?", "8a689fe1-18b0-4c50-b9b2-4b0299b5641a": "How can the process of granting access to systems for new employees or contractors be expedited to prevent potential security risks?", "e929cacf-e20f-420f-8274-d68b6e785890": "What measures should be taken to ensure that access rights are promptly revoked for individuals who change jobs or leave the organization, particularly in situations where they may be disgruntled?", "aef100ad-a844-4aed-8a9d-3d49446d7b6b": "How does Control 14.2.9 of ISO27002 impact organizations that use bespoke software or rely on third-party suppliers for large IT projects compared to organizations that use commercial off-the-shelf software?", "262d9971-5e0f-4f05-b3e0-8f4a4dba30c4": "Why is it important for organizations to establish acceptance criteria for new information systems, upgrades, and new versions, and to conduct appropriate tests prior to acceptance, as stated in Control 14.2.9 of ISO27002?", "5ee5ce39-6592-444a-b3c8-5e820346f4bf": "How do impact and likelihood bands help different people in an organization assess risks consistently? Provide an example of how these bands are used to determine the assessed risk level for a specific scenario.", "4be6a385-0027-4cbd-a7d4-c07731e484b3": "Explain the significance of allocating specific ranges to impact and likelihood bands in risk assessment. Using the given impact and likelihood bands as a reference, categorize the risk levels for automated hacking attacks on an online bank and manual hack attacks.", "f9a039f8-1dbb-4fc0-99f5-160014b6b5ce": "How does ISO 27001 address the selection of controls for risk treatment, and what flexibility does it provide for organizations in choosing controls beyond those listed in Annex A?", "2fbda757-166e-4a3b-8ed3-a90c06098d8b": "What are some reputable sources that organizations can consider when selecting additional controls for information security, as suggested in the context information provided?" }, "corpus": { "60c3ebac-1216-4b36-88cb-18628f3f3529": "should be documented for each control, which should be a part of the isms project\nplan:\na) name of the person responsible for implementation of a control\nb) priority of the control to be implemented\nc) tasks or activities to implement controls\nd) statement of the time by which the control should have been implemented\ne) person to whom implementation of the control should be reported, once complete\nf) resources for implementation (manpower, resource requirements, space requirements, costs)\ninitially, the ict and physical security should be conceptually designed. the following should be considered:\nresponsibilities for the initial implementation process generally include:\ni)\n) specification of control objectives with a description of the expected planned state\noo\n) allocation of resources (workload, financial resources)\noo\n) realistic time target for implementation of the control\na\n) integration options with ict , physical and organizational security\nafter the conceptual design, actual design", "33a72055-9792-4e36-87b8-d751be973d4d": "documentation in place but also\nput the processes into action by ensuring employees are aware of and follow\nthem.\nthe mandatory documents required for the iso 27001 standard are listed below.\nall criteria must be followed and documented accordingly for an organisation\nto present during external audits. the standard requires you to undergo an\ninternal audit before an external one. this will expose any gaps in your isms.\nonce you have prepared the documentation and undergone an internal audit as\nwell as a management review, you need to undergo an external audit by a\ncertified body such as the ukas.\nthe mandatory documents required for iso 27001 are:\n * 4.1 understanding the organization and its context\n * 4.2 understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties\n * 4.3 the scope of the isms\n * 4.4 information security management system process\n * 5.1 commitment of the isms\n * 5.2 information security policy\n * 5.3 roles and their responsibilities (raci/rasci)\n * 6.1.2 information security", "8614d037-377f-4659-8149-130f3c48a951": "parties. 6. keep your documentation up to date. 7. be prepared to demonstrate your compliance with clause 4.2 to auditors.\n#### here are some additional tips:\n * as is crucial throughout the entire isms creation/maintenance journey, get buy-in from senior management. the success of your isms depends on the support of senior management. make sure that they understand the importance of clause 4.2 and are committed to meeting its requirements. * involve interested parties in the development and implementation of your isms. this will help to ensure that their needs and expectations are met. they will appreciate the transparency, and this can help build trust. * always conduct regular reviews of your isms to ensure that it remains effective in meeting the needs and expectations of interested parties.\nby following these tips, you can increase your chances of success in\nimplementing and maintaining an isms that meets the requirements of iso\n27001:2022.", "97f8aa21-4dc4-4a71-92df-07524f77d1f1": "test script, test procedures, and expected test results). the purpose of system security\ntesting is to test the effectiveness of the security controls of an ict system as they have been applied\nin an operational environment. the objective is to ensure that the applied controls meet the approved\nsecurity specification for the software and hardware and implement the organization's security policy\nor meet industry standards.\npenetration testing can be used to complement the review of security controls and ensure that different\nfacets of the ict system are secured. penetration testing, when used in the risk assessment process,\ncan be used to assess an ict system\u2019s ability to withstand intentional attempts to circumvent system\nsecurity. its objective is to test the ict system from the viewpoint of a threat source and to identify\npotential failures in the ict system protection schemes.\ncode review is the most thorough (but also most expensive) way of vulnerability assessment.\nthe results of these types of", "f15cc5e3-6acf-448e-b837-1fe82afc4ec0": "what\nprecisely needs to be improved.\nin general, nonconformities are classed as:\n * major non-conformities\n * minor non-conformities\n * opportunities for improvement\nthere is no direct penalty for not passing an external audit, but not\nachieving certification may result in improper risk management, reputational\ndamages and additional financial costs. preparing thoroughly and undergoing\ninternal audits significantly reduce the risk of failing. if you happen to\nhave failed an audit in the past, we recommend the following:\n * assessing your audit report\n * discussing the outcome with the external auditor\n * communicating the outcomes and reasoning to all relevant stakeholders and ensuring internal alignment\n * establishing an action plan with prioritized tasks, also sorted by due date and responsible persons\n * initiating the entire process of setting and improving your isms again; ensuring enough relevant resources are available, especially for internal auditing\n * once the scope of improving your", "a13d2577-b1b9-49d8-b310-b11b88605217": "(which\noccurred in a 12-month period) across the world to conclude that 700\nmillion compromised records were the cause of financial losses of some\n$400 million. matters are worse in every subsequent year.\ninformation security threats come from both within and without an\norganization. the situation worsens every year, and cyber threats are likely\nto become more serious in future. cyber activism is at least as serious a\nthreat as is cyber crime, cyber war and cyber terrorism. unprovoked exter-\nnal attacks and internal threats are equally serious. it is impossible to predict\nwhat attack might be made on any given information asset, or when, or\nhow. the speed with which methods of attack evolve, and knowledge about\nthem proliferates, makes it completely pointless to take action only against\nspecific, identified threats. only a comprehensive, systematic approach will\ndeliver the level of information security that any organization really needs.\nit is worth understanding the risks to which an organization with", "d7d0637a-11bd-4ead-8c21-2f0f668936dd": "types\nof communication facilities.\n; control\na13.2.2 agreements on infor-\n9-4-4 | vation transfer agreements shall address the secure transfer of business informa-\ntion between the organization and external parties.\ncontrol\na.13.2.3 |electronic messaging\ninformation involved in electronic messaging shall be appropri-\nately protected.\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2013 - all rights reserved\n17\niso/iec 27001:2013(e)\ntable a.1 (continued)\nconfidentiality or non-\ndisclosure agreements\ncontrol\nrequirements for confidentiality or non-disclosure agreements\nreflecting the organization\u2019s needs for the protection of informa-\ntion shall be identified, regularly reviewed and documented.\na.14\nsystem acquisition, development and maintenance\na.14.1 security requirements of information systems\nobjective: to ensure that information security is an integral part of information systems across the\nentire lifecycle. this also includes the requirements for information systems which provide services\nover public networks.\ninformation", "c035fac6-0900-4940-a607-801cadc0a70b": "# iso 27001 clause 4.2: understanding the needs and expectations of interested\nparties\nclause 4.2 of iso 27001 requires organisations to _\"understand the needs and\nexpectations of interested parties\"._ interested parties are defined as\n_\"persons or organisations that can affect, be affected by, or perceive\nthemselves to be affected by the organisation's activities\"._\nby understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties,\norganisations can develop an isms that is more effective and meets the needs\nof all stakeholders.\nthe organisation shall determine the following:\n * interested parties that are relevant to the information security management system * the requirements of these interested parties * which of these requirements will be addressed through the information security management system ### who are interested parties?\nthe interested parties can include:\n * customers\n * employees\n * shareholders\n * suppliers\n * regulators\n * the public\nwhen identifying", "1c86f46f-6e94-4bd1-9b5d-8d17765a871b": "server, so in\nprinciple can an attacker. webservers should be configured to prevent directory browsing in such cases.\napplication code is best designed on the assumption that it is always subject to attack, through error or\nmalicious action. in addition, critical applications can be designed to be tolerant of internal faults. for\nexample, the output from a complex algorithm can be checked to ensure that it lies within safe bounds\nbefore the data is used in an application such as a safety or financial critical application. the code that\nperforms the boundary checks is simple and therefore much easier to prove correctness.\nsome web applications are susceptible to a variety of vulnerabilities that are introduced by poor design\nand coding, such as database injection and cross-site scripting attacks. in these attacks, requests can be\nmanipulated to abuse the webserver functionality.\nmore information on ict security evaluation can be found in the iso/iec 15408 series.\n8.29 security testing in development and", "81e6e209-fe00-4633-a14b-aa31da76e5f5": "func-\ntions and employment levels of staff within the organization; this review\nshould consider what responsibility, if any, people in given roles will have in\nensuring the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information in the\norganization. the conclusions of this review should be compared with those\ngenerated by the analysis carried out on the basis of the clauses of the stand-\nard. a statement of information security responsibility that combines both\noutputs should then be the final form of the amendment to the job description.\nthis statement of information security responsibility could either have a\nseparate headlined and complete paragraph in the job description, in which\ncase the member of staff affected should sign and date a copy of the amended\njob description, or there should be a separate statement attached to the job\ndescription and referred to in the job description, in which case both docu-\nments should be signed and dated by the employee. the signed document\nshould then be retained", "6246565b-e361-48d5-a382-94421370b27a": "financial\nsector organizations are subject to the requirements of the bank of\ninternational settlements (bis) and the basel 2/3 frameworks, particularly\naround operational risk \u2014 which absolutely includes information and it\nrisk, information security and the challenge of delivering it projects on\ntime, to specification and to budget also affect private- and public-sector\norganizations throughout the world.\n3 particularly post-gdpr, information-related legislation and regulation\nare increasingly important to all organizations. data protection, privacy\nand breach regulations, computer misuse and regulations around\ninvestigatory powers are part of a complex and often competing range of\nrequirements to which directors must respond. there is, increasingly, the\nneed for an overarching information security framework that can provide\ncontext and coherence to compliance activity worldwide.\nintroduction\n4 as the intellectual capital value of \u2018information economy\u2019 organizations\nincreases, their commercial viability", "4e6b0951-18ea-4c5d-a3ac-c6f7363f735f": "temporary authentication information, is transmitted\nto users in a secure manner (e.g. over an authenticated and protected channel) and the use of\nunprotected (clear text) electronic mail messages for this purpose is avoided;\nd) users acknowledge receipt of authentication information;\ne) default authentication information as predefined or provided by vendors is changed immediately\nfollowing installation of systems or software;\nf) records of significant events concerning allocation and management of authentication information\nare kept and their confidentiality is granted, and that the record-keeping method is approved (e.g.\nby using an approved password vault tool).\nrr nsibiliti\nany person having access to or using authentication information should be advised to ensure that:\na) secret authentication information such as passwords are kept confidential. personal secret\nauthentication information is not to be shared with anyone. secret authentication information used\nin the context of identities linked to", "58ad93e6-8cea-4c29-9df7-aadc5c10578b": "management systems,\nentry and exit systems and others that can be used to aid investigations.\na clock linked to a radio time broadcast from a national atomic clock or global positioning system (gps)\nshould be used as the reference clock for logging systems; a consistent, trusted date and time source to\nensure accurate time-stamps. protocols such as network time protocol (ntp) or precision time protocol\n(ptp) should be used to keep all networked systems in synchronization with a reference clock.\nthe organization can use two external time sources at the same time in order to improve the reliability\nof external clocks, and appropriately manage any variance.\nclock synchronization can be difficult when using multiple cloud services or when using both cloud\nand on-premises services. in this case, the clock of each service should be monitored and the difference\nrecorded in order to mitigate risks arising from discrepancies.\n108 \u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes", "93b18519-1e97-45f5-ada3-4a4055d468c4": "with access to the organization\u2019s information systems (3.1.17)\nexample personnel (3.1.20), customers, suppliers.\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved 5\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:36:34\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\n3.1.37\nuser endpoint device\nendpoint device (3.1.10) used by users to access information processing services\nnote 1 to entry: user endpoint device can refer to desktop computers, laptops, smart phones, tablets, thin clients,\netc.\n3.1.38\nvulnerability\nweakness of an asset (3.1.2) or control (3.1.8) that can be exploited by one or more threats (3.1.34)\n[source: iso/iec 27000:2018, 3.77]\n3.2 abbreviated terms\nabac attribute-based access control\nacl access control list\nbia business impact analysis\nbyod bring your own device\ncaptcha completely automated public turing test to tell computers and humans apart\n8 cpu central processing unit\n: dac discretionary access control\n: dns domain name system\ng gps global positioning system\ne iam identity and", "2b618e53-04dd-41e9-ad3f-2b7c912807c2": "benefits:\nensure adherence to the latest standard\nthe iso/iec 27001:2022 standard remains the most recent and all-encompassing framework for an isms. a lead implementer for iso/iec 27001:2022 is equipped to guarantee that the organisation remains in line with the current prerequisites of the standard.\nstreamlined implementation\nthe deployment of an isms can be a complicated endeavour, but a lead implementer for iso/iec 27001:2022 possesses the insight and proficiency to make the process as streamlined as possible. they can assist in pinpointing deficiencies in the organisation\u2019s existing security initiatives and provide counsel on the integration of new controls.\nrisk management\nan isms, grounded in the iso/iec 27001:2022 standard, is formulated to detect, evaluate, and manage information security risks. the lead implementer can aid the organisation in uncovering potential risks and formulating strategies to lessen them.\nenhance reputation\nthe deployment of an isms, based on the iso/iec 27001:2022", "bd8a1a84-834d-4910-96b7-6471068420e0": "black hat hackers who break into\ncomputer systems specifically to cause damage or to steal data. hackers like\nto say that crackers break into computers but that hackers get permission\nfirst, and will publish their discoveries. of course, hackers become crackers,\ncrackers become hackers, and either could become a security consultant.\n\u2018script kiddies\u2019 are none of the above; most it departments contain one\nor more individuals whose interest in testing the systems that they are\nemployed to protect leads them from time to time beyond the law. they are\nnot as sophisticated as hackers and so they have not yet qualified for a hat,\nbut, using their own very simple code or, more usually, programs found on\nthe internet, they can be just as lethal to unprotected systems as the higher\nprofile hacker collectives that have gained press coverage in direct propor-\ntion to their hacking exploits.\nhacker techniques\nsome of the more common, basic techniques that hackers use to gain access\nto networks are set out,", "411ef5a0-fc5e-4c6f-ae40-d8d99e8eb600": "identifying new risks that may have arisen.\nwhat are the benefits of implementing an effective risk management process?\nthere are many benefits to implementing an effective risk management process,\nsuch as:\n * improved information security.\n * reduced risk of data breaches and other incidents.\n * increased compliance with regulations.\n * improved efficiency and effectiveness of operations.\n * reduced costs.", "3b5ed142-fafe-404f-9fd4-2deba1d7bde3": "security\nfive minutes might be the maximum period. otherwise, users should be\ntrained to trigger the password-protected screen saver when leaving their\nworkstation for any period of time, to log off when they have finished work-\ning on a particular application and to ensure that the log-off procedure has\ncompleted before any machine is switched off or left unattended. a regular\naudit of machines to ensure that they have been logged off, and not simply\nhad the screen switched off, is a key part of maintaining this control.\nclear desk and clear screen policy\ncontrol 11.2.9 of is027002 says the organization should implement a clear\ndesk and clear screen policy to reduce the risks of unauthorized access to, or\nloss of, or damage to, information. this requirement should be contained in\nthe user access authorization document.\na clear desk policy is one of the easiest to adopt. the first step is to ensure\nthat appropriate facilities are available in the office in which, depending on\ntheir security", "8c2fb68b-8c45-4a99-964a-659cb385744d": "(continued)\ncapacity management\ncontrol\nthe use of resources shall be monitored, tuned and projections\nmade of future capacity requirements to ensure the required sys-\ntem performance.\nseparation of devel-\nopment, testing and\noperational environ-\nments\ncontrol\ndevelopment, testing, and operational environments shall be sepa-\nrated to reduce the risks of unauthorized access or changes to the\noperational environment.\na.12.2 protection from malware\nobjective: to ensure that information and information processing facilities are protected against\nmalware.\ncontrols against mal-\nware\na.12.3 backup\nobjective: to protect against loss of data.\ncontrol\ndetection, prevention and recovery controls to protect against\nmalware shall be implemented, combined with appropriate user\nawareness.\na.12.3.1\ninformation backup\ncontrol\nbackup copies of information, software and system images shall be\ntaken and tested regularly in accordance with an agreed backup\npolicy.\na.12.4 logging and monitoring\nobjective: to", "9857c99c-cdfc-44bc-8000-8dcc90bb9adf": "an \u201cacceptable use policy\u201d must be created in consideration of all\nparties who have access to assets.\nimplementation: rules of acceptable use and information security requirements\nmust be made known to all relevant parties who have access to assets, and\nregularly enforced through training and other activities.\n * **a.8.1.4 - return of assets** ** **control:**** upon termination of a contract or position etc., all\nparties must return any assets to the organisation.\nimplementation: employees and external stakeholders must return all tangible\nand electronic assets in their possession to the organisation in the event\ntheir contract/agreement is terminated. if the equipment used for company\npurposes was purchased by the employee/external party, they must follow\nprotocol to transfer any relevant information to the organisation upon\ntermination.\nreturn of assets must be documented, and non-returns must be logged as\nsecurity incidents unless agreed and documented as part of the exit process.\nthese", "58355e43-9510-48fb-a23e-86303cd719df": "management**\nnext, let us take a look at the objective of annex a.10 to start implementing\niso 27001 on your journey to achieve overall information security compliance\nfor your organisation.\n## **what is the objective of annex a.10?**\nannex a.10 is a part of the annex a controls of the iso 27001 certification.\nonce you start your compliance journey you must select which controls apply to\nyour organisation.\nthe main objective of annex a.10s is to assure that cryptography is used\ncorrectly and efficiently to safeguard information's privacy, authenticity,\nand integrity. it also helps your organisation build overall strong\ninformation security practices covering a wide area of encryption as it is an\nimportant part of the isms (information security management system).\n## **what are the annex a.10 cryptography controls?**\nwhether the information being protected is stored and at rest or being\ntransmitted during communication, in iso 27001, cryptographic controls are\ndefined as security practices tailored", "cc6ef8e0-1e2e-45d6-830d-ada635060172": "what type of malware protection should be installed, and how should regular updates be performed?\n- what rules apply to endpoint usage for accessing internet services (public clouds, information services, external databases)?\n- what requirements exist for the use and configuration of wlan, mobile networks, and other wireless connections (including deactivation of insecure protocols)?\n- does the organization have sufficient internet bandwidth for the use of mobile and home office?\n- for which endpoints is remote system deactivation and potential data erasure necessary?\n- should any form of data analytics be used to analyze user behavior on endpoints?\nwhich tools are used for endpoint management and monitoring (remote administration, mobile device management, database for configuration management)?\nin connection with byod:\n- is byod allowed, or are organization-owned devices provided?\n- can business and personal data be adequately separated in byod? also, potentially regarding intellectual property of the", "9a7b9ca7-21ca-46ee-abf3-4a5bc87f4431": "access rights. this is often referred as break glass procedure, and\noften automated by privilege access management technologies;\nj) logging all privileged access to systems for audit purposes;\nk) not sharing or linking identities with privileged access rights to multiple persons, assigning each\nperson a separate identity which allows assigning specific privileged access rights. identities\ncan be grouped (e.g. by defining an administrator group) in order to simplify the management of\nprivileged access rights;\n1} only using identities with privileged access rights for undertaking administrative tasks and not\nfor day-to-day general tasks [i.e. checking email, accessing the web (users should have a separate\nnormal network identity for these activities)].\nother information\nprivileged access rights are access rights provided to an identity, a role or a process that allows the\nperformance of activities that typical users or processes cannot perform. system administrator roles\ntypically require privileged", "c8f1f50c-c0b2-4c0a-9661-19872f6b9b18": "analyzed whether, for example, requests are made to the manufacturer of the control system. in this case, control a-8.30: outsourced development could play a role. however, it also depends on how much of the development work is outsourced. if the network operator is also involved in testing and accepting new functionalities, controls a-8.29: security testing in development and acceptance and a-8.31: separation of development, testing, and production environments must also be taken into account.\nthe uncertainties of the network operators regarding the exclusion of controls that deal with the complex of purchasing, development, and maintenance of hardware or software have shown that simple justifications can easily lead to gaps in information security management. it has proven useful to apply methods from root cause analysis, such as the 5w method. if a control does not appear necessary, one asks why. the answer is then questioned again. after the fifth repetition of this process, you usually arrive at a good", "1a3cc6be-8a25-4517-80fe-fd1c26e2db3f": "information security relevant to the project should be defined and\nallocated to specified roles.\ninformation security requirements for products or services to be delivered by the project should be\ndetermined using various methods, including deriving compliance requirements from information\nsecurity policy, topic-specific policies and regulations. further information security requirements can\nbe derived from activities such as threat modelling, incident reviews, use of vulnerability thresholds\nor contingency planning, thus ensuring that the architecture and design of information systems are\nprotected against known threats based on the operational environment.\ninformation security requirements should be determined for all types of projects, not only ict\ndevelopment projects. the following should also be considered when determining these requirements:\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved 17\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are", "3198187b-10fb-414b-9f66-068e5e528c3e": "behaviour with regard to information security, they can be\nrewarded to promote information security and encourage good behaviour.\n62 \u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\n6.5 responsibilities after termination or change of employment\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational security domains\nsecurity properties concepts capabilities\n#preventive #confidentiality #protect #human_resource_ |#governance_and_\n#integrity security ecosystem\n#availability #asset_management\ncontrol\ninformation security responsibilities and duties that remain valid after termination or change of\nemployment should be defined, enforced and communicated to relevant personnel and other interested\nparties.\npurpose\nto protect the organization\u2019s interests as part of the process of changing or terminating employment or\ncontracts.\nguidance\nthe process for managing termination or change", "497f7b84-32fe-4d8c-9aa7-f19b10ac5540": "isms and their relationships with the organizational\nstructure\nh) details of and justification for any exclusions from the isms scope\n18 \u00a9 iso/iec 2010 \u2014 all rights reserved\niso/iec 27003:2010(e)\nother information\nno other specific information.\n6.6 develop the isms policy and obtain approval from management\nactivity\nthe isms policy should be developed and approval from the management should be obtained.\ninput\na) output from activity 6.5 integrate each scope and boundaries to obtain the isms scope and boundaries -\nthe documented isms scope and boundaries\nb) output from activity 5.2 clarify the organization\u2019s priorities to develop an isms \u2014 the documented\nobjectives for implementing the isms\nc) output from activity 5.4 create the business case and the project plan for management approval - the\ndocumented:\n1. organization requirements and information security priorities,\n2. the initial project plan for the isms implementation, with milestones, such as performing risk\nassessment, implementation,", "d7bc35a5-a4f7-490c-9ba1-8ed440514fa9": "scope and boundaries of the isms\nc) output from activity 6.6 develop the isms policy and obtain approval from management \u2014 the isms\npolicy\nguidance\nthe first step requires all supporting information for the isms to be collected. for each organizational process\nand specialist task, a decision needs to be made in terms of how critical the information is, i.e. the level of\nprotection required. a variety of internal conditions may affect information security, and these should be\ndetermined. at this early stage it is not important to describe the information technology in detail. there should\nbe a basic summary of the information analyzed for an organization process and the associated ict\napplications and systems.\nthe analysis of the organization\u2019s processes provides statements about the effects of information security\nincidents on the organization\u2019s activity. in many cases it is adequate to work with a very basic description of\nthe organization\u2019s processes. the processes, functions, locations, information", "d4a9208e-ac1f-4c3b-b1dc-907e2fae9c8f": "consultants\nproviding isms services to most organisations, the most\nappropriate tool \u2014 in terms of functionality, ease of use and\nvalue for money \u2014 is the one that is completely in line with\nthe requirements of iso 27001, as well as all other national\nand international standards on information security risk\nassessment: vsrisk cloud.\n74\nchapter 6: information security policy\nand scoping\u2019?\nwhile risk assessment is the core competence of information\nsecurity, it is the information security policy and the agreed\nscope of the isms that provide the organisational context\nwithin which that risk assessment takes place. the first step\nin the planning phase for the establishment of an isms is the\ndefinition of the information security policy. a risk\nassessment can only be carried out once an information\nsecurity policy exists to provide context and direction for the\nrisk assessment activity.\ninformation security policy\nthis requirement is set out in clause 5.2 of iso 270017! (and\ncontrol a.5.1 in annex a of iso", "653b2c58-f0a3-4a54-8a11-d35db9ccfcd3": "internet\nresources that the organization needs, and the safest perimeter policy, which\nis simply to close all ports on the firewall, is not necessarily the most sensi-\nble. as usual, specialist technical advice, combined with current information\nabout security vulnerabilities and threats derived from vendor and inde-\npendent websites, may be necessary for the correct configuring of the\nfirewall.\naccess control\nnist has a special publication, number 800-41, titled guidelines on\nfirewalls and firewall policy. the document contains guidelines on config-\nuring and administering firewalls as well as covering related issues such as\nvpns, web and e-mail servers and intrusion detection. it contains links to\nother firewall-related resources. the nist website is at https://csrc.nist.gov\n(archived at https://perma.cc/z5wl-42xb).\nthe firewall and its correct configuration can be business-critical for any\norganization, and the vendor\u2019s default password (which will be widely\nknown) must be changed. an iso27001 auditor", "ecf31140-40eb-4521-88a5-e407a7e7445f": "protected. 2. identify the threats and vulnerabilities that could affect each business process. 3. assess the likelihood and impact of each threat and vulnerability. 4. prioritize the risks based on their likelihood and impact. 5. develop and implement mitigation strategies to reduce the risk to each business process.\nscenario-based risk assessment focuses on identifying and assessing the risks\nto specific business processes. there are a number of benefits, including:\n * it helps organizations to identify and assess risks that may not be obvious at first glance. * it takes a more holistic view of the organization's information security risks. * it helps organizations to prioritize their risk mitigation efforts. * it helps organizations to communicate their information security risks to stakeholders in a more meaningful way. * it can help organizations to continually improve their information security management system.\nthe risk assessment", "2fc587d9-45c4-4699-9461-5831810c53da": "valid beyond the end of the contract, such as regarding the confidentiality of information* or the protection of intellectual property, should be emphasized. in general, a corresponding (recorded) security briefing of the leaving person is required to prevent misunderstandings.\n- if there are no specifications for confidentiality in the employment contract (e.g. in old contracts), an attempt can be made to have a written assurance signed as part of the final briefing.\n- previously used assets (e.g. authentication means, mobile devices) must be fully returned, and all remaining authorizations are to be blocked \u2014 evidence should be created for these activities.\n- the tasks previously performed by the leaving person should be transferred to other personnel, if they are not eliminated.\nanalogous rules also apply to personnel from service providers/suppliers when the respective assignment is terminated.\nthe same applies if a person within the organization takes on different tasks or is transferred to a", "2e3ff22e-8134-4f30-8e68-ac481b87dcca": "year, say). this is sometimes called\nthe annualised loss expectancy (ale) or the estimated\nannual cost (eac). clearly, the higher the number that an\nevent or risk has, the more serious it is for the organisation.\nit is then possible to rank risks in order of magnitude (ale)\nand to make decisions based upon this.\nthe problem with this type of risk analysis is that so long can\nbe taken producing a figure, and then revisiting the figures in\nlight of comparison with other assets, threats and\nvulnerabilities, that no progress towards actual\nimplementation of the isms is made. in some cases, this\napproach can promote or reflect complacency about the real\nsignificance of particular risks. the monetary value of the\npotential loss is also often subjectively assessed and, when\nthe two components are multiplied together, the answer is\nequally subjective. a methodology that produces results that\nare largely dependent on subjective individual decisions,\nwhich are unlikely to be similar to the decisions of", "9f9f5d86-bba7-4204-a971-fc0fe588b574": "assessment approach is planned in\nadvance, and the associated data, analyses, and results are documented. 5. **implement risk treatment measures** it is the organization's task to determine how to proceed with the identified\nrisks. should they be avoided, transferred, accepted, or mitigated? all\ndecisions made for risk treatment must be documented. during a registration or\ncertification audit, an auditor will want to see this documentation. if you\nchoose to mitigate risks, it is crucial to implement the measures, based on\niso 27002 controls, for example. 6. **review and update the related documentation** documentation is one of the requirements you cannot bypass with iso 27001. you\nmust document all processes, rules, and procedures related to your isms to\nensure their appropriate implementation. the norm requires documentation of\nthe following aspects: * understanding the organization and its context (e.g., through an environmental analysis) * identification of", "060a6afa-c9b5-40b9-8455-5c090544b051": "01\nwhat is iso 27001?\niso/iec 27001, or iso 27001, is the international standard that defines best practices for implementing and\nmanaging information security controls within an information security management system (isms).\niso/iec 27001 is one part of the overarching iso 27000 family of security standards determined by the\ninternational organization for standardization (iso) and the international electrotechnical commission (iec).\nthe purpose of iso 27001 is to address how organizations establish, monitor, maintain, and improve their isms\nto keep their data, documents, and other information assets secure.\norganizations that can demonstrate their processes and controls meet iso 27001 compliance requirements\nduring a two-stage audit are eligible to receive certification from their country's certifying body. this\ncertification verifies that the organization's security systems and it processes follow current best practices.\n02\nhistory of iso 27001\nas cybersecurity needs evolved and more organizations", "b3304f06-e5a8-4d97-b19f-f5497bf10292": "different categories are used simultaneously, it is called multi-factor authentication, also known as strong authentication (otherwise weak authentication).\nfor example, strong authentication could involve using a smart card with activation via a secret pin (possession and knowledge), or a smart card with activation via a fingerprint sensor (possession and characteristic). two-factor authentication has now been implemented almost everywhere for online banking access on pcs - a typical variant: the user identifies themselves using a username (e.g. user id, email address) and initially authenticates with a password, then receives a code on their personal mobile phone - and enters the displayed code on the pc. (knowledge = password, possession = personal mobile phone).\nwhether weak authentication is sufficient or a stronger method should be chosen depends on the level of security needed for the data being processed. when dealing with truly sensitive data (such as business or design secrets), the use of strong", "a69bbab6-bc5a-4a86-8a1b-d3a6dbcfea84": "implications.\nevidence that can be prepared:\ne information transfer policy\ne\u00ab information transfer procedure\n\u00a2\u00ab implemented controls\nwho prepares it: the information security team helps define the information\ntransfer policy and procedure by getting input from the it helpdesk team. the it\nhelpdesk team implements the security controls.\nfor external audit: the external auditor conducting the iso 27001 certification\naudit will check the evidence. they verify how security controls are implemented for\nsafeguarding transfer of information via various modes of communication.\na.13.2.2 agreements on information transfer (iso 27001 control)\nagreements should address the secure transfer of business information between the\norganization and external parties.\nexplanation/what is required: organizations communicate not only within their\nemployees/offices, but also outside their organization with external parties. hence to\nmake sharing the information secure, it is important to frame agreements that cover\nsecure", "50775b46-fa70-4d19-9515-acf1eec08b1d": "intangible assets and a range of issues to be taken into\naccount, including whether or not the intangible assets should be listed\non the balance sheet. certainly, reputation is one of the most important\nintangible assets, and boards should make a constructive effort to\nestablish its value. including reputation as an asset does not stop you\nincluding reputation damage as part of the impact estimate in the risk\nassessment when considering the consequence of individual assets being\ncompromised.\nusually, whoever is responsible for the facilities management in the organi-\nzation will be the nominated owner of the services (see \u2018services\u2019 in the list\nabove) and a number of the physical assets. the it manager and individual\nsystem administrators will usually be responsible for the other physical\nassets and the software assets, although a number of individual users (\u2018custo-\ndians\u2019, as described earlier) are likely to be responsible for the notebook or\nmobile device or any other, similar, item that they have been", "ecf2e057-3433-4367-a75b-ca2623ffb411": "asset-based risk assessment risk assessments involve a lot of people and a lot of moving parts. in the same way that you want repeatable outcomes, you need to put repeatable processes in place. 1. create a cross-functional team\nno one person in your company knows everything about your technology stack or the risks you need to consider. when you build out a team, you want to include stakeholders from across the organization, including:\nit\nsenior leadership\ndepartment managers\nlegal\ncompliance/audit\n2. establish an asset inventory\nyou can\u2019t protect what you don\u2019t know you have. your asset inventory should include:\ndata\ndevices, including internet of things (iot) devices, network devices, and mobile devices\nusers\nstorage locations\nnetworks\napplications/software\nyou need to create an asset inventory that\u2019s as complete as possible, so you should be monitoring for new assets regularly\u2014especially in cloud environments. 3. assign each asset a risk level\nfor each asset, you want to consider whether", "d6d8c9b7-2760-400a-b0ef-bf9376e853d7": "human resources director will manage some of the human resource security activities, such as running background checks on candidates. * an in-house attorney will draft specific organizational policies across the various annex a categories. * an it manager will install software to protect network assets and endpoints relevant to the categories that require software controls to improve security. alternatively, companies can opt to invest in outside consultants who will\nhelp implement the iso 27001 controls list. while individual departments\nwithin the organization will still need to be involved, a dedicated contractor\nwith iso 27001 experience can bring skills, resources, and an outside\nperspective that an in-house lead often lacks.\n## how to implement iso 27001 controls\nthe checklist for implementing iso 27001 controls starts with assigning and\ncoordinating with all the personnel involved in the process, including human\nresources, legal, supplier relations, it management, devops, and", "e8f7ecfa-bde8-4949-a7e1-d43f32b86399": "assets and their value;\nb) business needs for information processing, storage and communication;\nc) legal, regulatory, and contractual requirements.\nconducting a methodical assessment of the risks associated with the organization\u2019s information\nassets involves analysing threats to information assets, vulnerabilities to and the likelihood of a threat\n14 \u00a9 iso/iec 2018 - all rights reserved\niso/iec 27000:2018(e)\nmaterializing to information assets, and the potential impact of any information security incident\non information assets. the expenditure on relevant controls is expected to be proportionate to the\nperceived business impact of the risk materializing.\n4.5.3. assessing information security risks\nmanaging information security risks requires a suitable risk assessment and risk treatment method\nwhich can include an estimation of the costs and benefits, legal requirements, the concerns of\nstakeholders, and other inputs and variables as appropriate.\nrisk assessment should identify, quantify, and", "9ccd172a-5709-4b0d-ab87-33f9f75f8272": "assessment approach is planned in\nadvance, and the associated data, analyses, and results are documented. 5. **implement risk treatment measures** it is the organization's task to determine how to proceed with the identified\nrisks. should they be avoided, transferred, accepted, or mitigated? all\ndecisions made for risk treatment must be documented. during a registration or\ncertification audit, an auditor will want to see this documentation. if you\nchoose to mitigate risks, it is crucial to implement the measures, based on\niso 27002 controls, for example. 6. **review and update the related documentation** documentation is one of the requirements you cannot bypass with iso 27001. you\nmust document all processes, rules, and procedures related to your isms to\nensure their appropriate implementation. the norm requires documentation of\nthe following aspects: * understanding the organization and its context (e.g., through an environmental analysis) * identification of", "331d4ad0-f36e-4c18-a3b6-89ebaf8fcb74": "withstanding a formal audit and to obtain enough informa-\ntion about the organization and the intended scope of the certification\nto plan their stage 2 audit effectively. this visit is usually relatively short\nand, depending on the size of the organization, may require only one or\ntwo days to carry out. the certification body will use this visit to ensure it\nhas sufficient time and the appropriate competency profile in the audit team\nto successfully complete the stage 2 audit, as well as to ensure that your\norganization is ready for that challenge.\ninitial audit\nthe first formal audit, known as the initial audit, will usually take place over\ntwo stages. the audit process involves testing the organization\u2019s documented\nprocesses (the isms) against the requirements of the standard (stage 1, a\nreadiness review), to confirm that the organization has set out to comply\nwith the standard, and then testing actual compliance by the organization\nwith its isms (stage 2, the implementation audit). the entire two-\nstage", "9065e139-87ef-459a-b1f6-52a60e1005d1": "issues, many\nof which should be addressed in formal agreements between parties:\n- authentication, to ensure that there is some confidence that customers or\ntraders are who they say they are.\n- authorization, to ensure that trading partners know that prices set, or\ncontracts agreed, have been agreed by someone authorized to do so, and\nthat trading partners know what each other\u2019s authorization procedures\nare.\n- dealing, in online contract and tendering processes, with non-repudiation,\nwith confidentiality, integrity, proof of despatch and receipt of documents.\n- how confidential are discount arrangements and how reliable are\nadvertised prices?\n- how is the confidentiality of transaction details (including payment and\ndelivery details) to be protected?\n+ what vetting of payment information is necessary?\n\u00ab what is the most secure method of payment, and how is credit card fraud\nto be dealt with?\n- how are duplicate transactions, or loss of transactions, to be avoided?\n+ who carries the risk in any", "f09a7add-84fe-4888-9d07-56e93dcee113": "the organization should take full advantage of the ripa (see\nbelow) to ensure that staff are complying with the law.\nthe united kingdom\u2019s all party internet group (apig) reviewed this act\nin mid-2004 and recognized that it had been ineffective, largely through\ninadequate enforcement resourcing. it recommended a limited number of\nchanges to the cma and a number of other actions by other bodies to\nimprove the legal environment for computer security. this led to the police\nand justice act (2006) which updated and modified the cma.\nthe police and justice act 2006\nclauses 35-38 of the police and justice act 2006 (which also deals with\nmany other issues) amended the cma as follows:\n\u00ab the maximum sentence for \u2018unauthorised acts with intent to impair, or\nwith recklessness as to impairing, operation of computer\u2019 (aimed primarily\nat denial-of-service attacks, but with a far wider effect) was doubled from\nfive to ten years.\n- they created an offence of \u2018making, supplying or obtaining articles for\nuse in an offence\u2019", "26bb73ec-1f0f-42ed-b4d5-2973efa8e4cb": "external communication - with external individuals or entities. concrete examples include: communication with supervisory authorities, forwarding reports on security incidents to legally defined reporting bodies, informing the press about relevant incidents, communicating with customers and cooperation partners about security-related matters - mainly interested parties according to the organization's context.\nexternal communication often involves fundamental restrictions: who is (solely) authorized to communicate with certain entities, what information must not be disclosed, and under what conditions communication should never occur.\nthe manner of communication - how to communicate in specific cases - can be specified and restricted: orally, by letter, electronically via email or data exchange through a cloud, etc.\nif sensitive content should only be accessible to a specific group of people, it is recommended to take appropriate technical and administrative measures (labeling and classification of", "8f4272c4-60dc-4cfc-930f-e31a2456b22f": "management must approve it.\nthe security policy will also have to be regularly reviewed and updated\nin the light of changing circumstances, environment and experience. as a\nminimum, if there is no earlier reason for the board to review its policy, it\nshould be reviewed annually and the board should agree that the policy\nremains appropriate (or otherwise) to its needs in the light of any changes to\nthe business context, to the risk assessment criteria or in the identified risks.\ninformation security policy and scope\ninitially, the information security policy is a short statement (we think\norganizations should aim for it to fita maximum of two pages of a4) that is\ndesigned to set out clearly the strategic aims and objectives that will guide\nthe development of the isms. the policy may go through a number of stages\nof development, particularly in the light of the risk assessment, but the final\nversion must satisfy clause 5.2 of the standard and should appropriately\nreflect the good practice that is set out in", "29b013c6-df94-4235-b450-61ef4238ccdf": "the\nrequirement is to compare your necessary controls with those in annex a and\ninclude all excluded annex a controls in the soa.\nauditors should not argue against the rationales for exclusion saying that they are\ninvalid. that is a statement of opinion. however, if there is a nonconformity, it rests\nwith iso/iec 27001 clause 6.1.3 b) and is a potential nonconformity as the\norganisation might failed to identify and implement a necessary control.\nthe reference control superset\nconstitution\nwhat in in the reference control superset\nincluded in the reference control superset are:\na) all the controls that are in iso/iec 27001, annex a;\nb) all the controls that are currently being considered for inclusion in the next\nedition of iso/iec 27002; and\nc) controls necessary to fill in the gaps in the standard event rtps (see\nchapter 3), caused by a lack of detective and reactive controls in the iso\nstandards.\nwhat is not in the reference control superset\nthere are no sector-specific controls, e.g., those to", "16a6c28f-8fed-4706-be18-0670fb351630": "you can find a possible template for the encryption policy from the annex a of iso 27001 in the local file system under: './../../inputdata/templates/template_files/processed/encryption policy.docx'. it contains pre-written texts for purpose, scope, content and more for the encryption policy.", "6dd4530c-423d-43ec-b406-61dd5230a5cc": "rights reserved\niso/iec 27003:2010(e)\nas monitoring may have legal aspects, it is essential that the design of the monitoring is checked so that it will\nnot have any legal ramifications.\nto ensure that the monitoring is truly effective, it is important to coordinate and make the final design of all\nactivities for monitoring.\nmonitoring activities\nin order to maintain the level of information security, the information security controls identified as appropriate\nshould be correctly applied; security incidents should be detected and responded to in a timely manner, and\nthe performance of the information security management system should be monitored regularly. regular\nchecks should be performed to see whether all controls are being applied and implemented as planned in the\ninformation security concept. this should involve checking that the technical controls (e.g. as regards the\nconfiguration) and the organizational controls (e.g. processes, procedures and operations) are complied with.\nchecks should be", "940d8f41-7b92-4684-a3d9-1fad55046239": "appropriate to deliver the desired\nmitigation and the controls that contribute to the identified\ncontrol objective(s)\u201d. controls act to reduce likelihood\nand/or impact, and the objective of the control selection\nprocess is to select controls that will bring the identified risk\nbelow the previously defined level of risk tolerance, as\nshown in the risk treatment matrix in figure 8.\nhigh very high\nedium high\nlikelihood\nmedium\n_\u2014\nimpact\nfigure 8: controls reduce impact and/or likelihood to bring\nthe risk down to the level of risk tolerance/acceptance\n92\n7: the iso 27001 risk assessment\nthe final step in the \u2018plan\u2019 stage of the initial iso 27001\npdca cycle is the production of an soa and a risk treatment\nplan.\nthe soa is the list of all the controls the organisation has\nselected along with an explanation for their selection and\nwhether or not they have been implemented, and a list of any\ncontrols identified in annex a of iso 27001 that have not\nbeen selected and an explanation why.\nthe risk treatment", "6401211d-b0e8-4654-bafb-98084e206475": "older records after the storage period expires). the same applies to recordings of it applications or supply facilities, especially for manual recordings by individuals.\nin times of limited and expensive storage space, the space requirements for recordings always played a role. in practice, it happened that systems used a defined storage space for logs and when the storage was full, the data was overwritten, i.e. data was de facto lost. this is of course absolutely counterproductive. the solution is to set an alarm before reaching the storage limit so that a backup of the existing data can still be performed.\nwe have already recognized that access to logs should only be allowed after appropriate authorization. otherwise, manipulators could easily disable or interrupt logging to conceal their own activities, or deliberately delete logs. outside of it systems, access control - for example, to infrastructure facilities with logging function - also comes into question as protection. the protection of logs or", "ead61345-1bb3-4425-b992-94e99801426f": "## introduction to iso 27001 certification\nobtaining an iso 27001 certification is the no.1 indicator to suppliers,\ncustomers, and stakeholders that you take information security seriously. it\u2019s\nalso a great starting point to set up a robust cyber strategy.\nno matter if you\u2019re an smb or a large-scale corporate, this guide compiles the\nmost relevant information all in one place.\n## what is iso 27001?\niso 27001 sets the global standard for an information security management\nsystem (isms) that pursues the ultimate goal of establishing a framework for\nkeeping information secure. in 2022, the iso 27001:2013 version was updated to\nits latest version, the iso 27001:2022.\nan isms **creates a set of rules and procedures** that help mitigate the\ndamage of a cyber or ransomware attack as well as a security breach, which,\nnowadays, needs to be on every company's agenda.\nthe stats speak for themselves: during the third quarter of 2022, a staggering\n108.9 million accounts fell victim to breaches, marking a", "08771867-2d1b-4190-9d01-c9d6311d3ba0": "it. then a red message was displayed\ndemanding payment in cryptocurrency bitcoin in order to regain access.\nhospitals and gp surgeries in the uk were hit by this ransomware attack. the\nhospital staff had no option other than to use pen, paper, and their own mobile phones\nwhen the attack affected key systems, including telephones and other important\nequipment. this forced the hospitals to cancel appointments, which resulted in huge\nlosses.\nthe attackers blackmailed the healthcare systems without any assurance that access\nwould be granted after the payment was done.\nsafeguarding summary\nafter reading these real-life scenarios, you can see where information security may apply\nto you and your organization. you learned that you need to reduce or eliminate the risks\nrelated to unauthorized disclosure, modification, and deletion of critical information.\n11\nchapter 1 the need for information security\nindustry-wide information security can be applicable to any industry. there is a\nmyth about information", "4937ebec-8cc6-40ae-b6a7-5505d596bbdf": "27001 requirements,\ncompanies can gain significant benefits to strengthen their security policies within devops. many\norganizations work with an auditor or consultant to design controls that support their production needs and\ncircumstances.\nfor example, many modern companies using cloud platforms like amazon web services (aws) have found it\nhas helped them better manage their security controls. in part, this is because aws maintains a shared\nsecurity model with its customers. in a shared security model, aws commits to maintaining the security of the\ncloud platform\u2019s hardware and software, while it expects customers to maintain security standards for\ninformation stored within the platform.\ncustomer data\ncustomer platform, application, identity & access management\nresponsibility for operating system, network & firewall configuration\nsecurity \u201cin\u201d the cloud ; ; ; . ; : . ;\nclient-side data excryption & server-side encryption networking traffic protection\ndata integrity authentication (file system and/or", "3edde804-54cd-418b-ad48-4495dbed40e7": "be\nrequired.\nisoaec 27001:2013 \u2014 mastering risk assessment and the statement of applicability 37\nchapter 3 \u2014 risk treatment\niso/iec 27001, annex a specifies the objectives for groups of controls and, as an\naid to understanding, the purpose of the controls. when an organisation determines\na necessary control, it should know why and therefore there is no need to explain it\nto itself. the purpose should in any case be clear from the risk treatment plan.\nproduce a statement of applicability\niso/iec 27001 clause 6.1.3 d) requires organisations to produce a statement of\napplicability (soa). this is a complete topic and is dealt with in chapter 4.\nformulate a risk treatment plan\niso/iec 27001 clause 6.1.3 e) requires organisations formulate a risk treatment\nplan. as mentioned in chapter 1, there are two common interpretations of the\nmeaning of this requirement and the prescription in this book interprets the meaning\nof the term as meaning a design.\n(note that in referring to risk treatment plans, iso 31000", "4900447f-cd25-4ddf-934f-d832d8fcb568": "providers (e.g. invoices or service reports) for unusual\nactivity within systems and networks (e.g. by reviewing patterns of activity);\nd) including event logs of physical monitoring such as entrance and exit to ensure more accurate\ndetection and incident analysis;\ne) correlating logs to enable efficient and highly accurate analysis.\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved 105\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\nsuspected and actual information security incidents should be identified (e.g. malware infection or\nprobing of firewalls) and be subject to further investigation (e.g. as part of an information security\nincident management process, see 5.25).\nother information\nsystem logs often contain a large volume of information, much of which is extraneous to information\nsecurity monitoring. to help identify significant events for information security monitoring purposes,\nthe use of suitable utility", "0bcae89b-3e1f-46ca-88d0-12b88ca5edea": "where new\nprocesses are implemented. in small organizations this control may be less applicable but\nshould still be considered in areas such as change control, software development and\nsystem administration.\n4.1.4 a.5.4 management responsibilities\nrelevant toolkit documents\ne information security whistleblowing policy\nrelated to control a.5.2 (and clauses 5.1 and 5.3 of the management system requirements),\nthis control is about ensuring that managers have good information security awareness and\napply this to their management of employees so that the awareness gets passed down the\nchain. this could involve specific training for managers and support for them to identify\ntraining requirements and spot noncompliance amongst their teams.\nthere is also scope for allowing instances of bad practice to be reported by whistleblowers\nand a policy is provided for this within the toolkit.\n4.1.5 a.5.5 contact with authorities\nrelevant toolkit documents\ne authorities contacts\n page 38 of 79\niso/iec 27001", "85945464-4fe5-4511-9b2f-b438b8a6a651": "line with the iso 27001 requirement\nto identify risks to those same characteristics.\u201d\nsome threats will fall under one heading only, others under\nmore than one. it is important to have carried out this analysis\nsystematically and comprehensively, to ensure that no\nthreats are ignored or missed. the quality of the controls that\nthe organisation eventually implements will reflect the\nquality of this exercise, and of the overall risk assessment.\na number of external threats might be classified under all\nthree headings. a criminal hacker might be able to steal\nconfidential data and then disrupt the information system so\nthat data is no longer available or, if it is, 1t is corrupted. a\nvirus can affect the integrity and availability of data, and,\nbecause it could mail out a copy of an address book,\nconfidentiality as well. a business interruption, such as a fire\nin the server room or a filing cabinet, is initially likely to\naffect the availability and integrity of information.\nso, under this methodology, you", "ee49a05f-0bbd-4d67-bbb2-7ff630a5fe51": "isms and its controls based on the analysis performed in step 3.\n## what needs to be monitored and measured iso 27001?\nthe following items need to be monitored and measured to evaluate the\nperformance of an isms in accordance with iso 27001 9.1:\n * **information security performance:** this includes monitoring and measuring the effectiveness of the isms in protecting the organisation's information assets. examples of information security performance metrics include: * number of information security incidents * time to detect and respond to information security incidents * cost of information security incidents * compliance with information security regulations and standards * **isms effectiveness:** this includes monitoring and measuring the effectiveness of the isms itself. examples of isms effectiveness metrics include: * percentage of information security controls that are implemented and effective * percentage of isms processes that are", "3a0e009b-c489-4f23-9796-9d33a822c544": "management\nsystem (isms) that is relevant and appropriate for your specific organization\u2019s needs.\n2.1 the iso/iec 27001 standard\nthe iso/iec 27001 international standard for \u201cinformation technology \u2014 security\ntechniques \u2014 information security management systems \u2014 requirements\u201d was originally\npublished by the iso and iec in 2005 and is based upon the earlier british standard bs7799.\nrevised in 2013 and again in 2022, iso/iec 27001 specifies the requirements that your isms\nwill need to meet in order for your organization to become certified to the standard. the\nrequirements in iso/iec 27001 are supplemented by guidance contained in iso/iec 27002\nand this is where the controls in annex a of 1s027001 come from. iso/iec 27002 is well\nworth reading as it fills in some of the gaps in understanding how the requirements in\niso/iec 27001 should be met and gives more clues about what the auditor may be looking\nfor.\n2.1.1 what\u2019s new in the 2022 standard\nit\u2019s fair to say that this update has been driven almost", "f52e85f3-00fe-4014-b710-dbace6e832e4": "hostile. virus\ntoolkits are now available online, so that anyone with limited code-writing\nskills can also create a virus; malware as a service is another option.\nincreasingly, virus writers are cooperating with hackers and spammers.\nspammers want to get their messages past corporate anti-spam filters; virus\nwriters and hackers are good at breaking defences; and the spam industry\nis a very lucrative \u2014 albeit largely illegal - one. of course, many electronic\nmessages are actually simply virus delivery vehicles and therefore very\ncontrols against malicious software (malware)\nsimilar to spam anyway. and the environment is becoming ever more\ncomplex as \u2018mal-mailers\u2019 develop new ways of beating network gateway\ndefences, and phishing and pharming e-mails are becoming seriously\nsophisticated.\nthe result is that in today\u2019s computer environment the only way to\ncompletely avoid the danger of malware getting on to the organization\u2019s\nnetwork is to refuse to allow electronic access to the network. an", "39413e31-4242-41bb-a435-3dbd8a923208": "by the pci dss, will also need\nspecific training on their responsibilities in regard to that data.\nhuman resources security\nthere are also a number of staff who will require other user-specific\ntraining. these include the staff identified at the beginning of this chapter as\nneeding specific statements in their job descriptions and contracts of employ-\nment about their information security responsibilities. these include:\n\u00ab the chief information officer and/or chief information security officer;\n- the information security adviser;\n+ members of the information security management forum;\n- it managers;\n+ network managers;\n\u00ab it and helpdesk support staff;\n+ webmasters;\n+ premises security staff;\n\u00ab hr, recruitment and training staff;\n+ general managers;\n- finance staff;\n\u00ab the company secretary and legal staff;\n- internal management or system auditors;\n- business continuity and emergency response teams.\nthese staff should be exposed to the same all-staff training as discussed\nabove. in addition,", "eb9b750f-c6c8-4fd5-a697-cd07600372d4": "operational reasons and, as long as the\nrisk owner formally accepts the interim residual risk, this is a practical\napproach. it may also be that the treatment plan requires a series of actions\nat different times, with different priorities; a sensible rtp will define the\ntimelines, responsibilities and dependencies.\nthe risk treatment plan links the risk assessment (expressed in the corpo-\nrate information asset and risk log) to the identification and design of\nappropriate controls, as described in the soa, such that the board-defined\napproach to risk is implemented, tested and improved. this plan should also\nensure that funding and resources for implementation of the selected\ncontrols are adequate, and should set out clearly what these are. the risk\ntreatment plan should also identify and consider the individual competence\nand broader training and awareness requirements necessary for its execu-\ntion and continuous improvement.\nwe see the risk treatment plan as the key document that links all four\nphases of", "4041f8ea-877b-4c3c-b76d-b20cd43f5177": "that meet the organization\u2019s needs. in some organizations, the\ninformation security policy and topic-specific policies can be in a single document. the organization\ncan name these topic-specific policies as standards, directives, policies or others.\nif the information security policy or any topic-specific policy is distributed outside the organization,\ncare should be taken not to improperly disclose confidential information.\ntable 1 illustrates the differences between information security policy and topic-specific policy.\ntable 1 \u2014 differences between information security policy and topic-specific policy\ninformation security policy topic-specific policy\nlevel of detail general or high-level specific and detailed\ndocumented and formally top management appropriate level of management\napproved by\nother information\ntopic-specific policies can vary across organizations.\n5.2 information security roles and responsibilities\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational security domains\nsecurity", "6b1588f1-bf28-4673-bdde-d7ccbc7ce1dc": "devices, user endpoint devices such as\nlaptops, tablets and smartphones are obviously an area of increasing importance as they\n page 59 of 79\niso/iec 27001 implementation guide\nbecome more powerful and widespread so it\u2019s worth spending some time to ensure your\npolicy on this subject is as appropriate as possible. much of the management of such\ndevices will be achieved by the use of configuration tools and this control is closely related\nto control a.8.9 configuration management.\nif you allow users to use personal devices to access corporate data, then you will need to\nput some thought into how this will work securely. we provide a byod policy (bring your\nown device) which is intended as a starting point for this thought process.\n4.4.2 a.8.2 privileged access rights\nrelevant toolkit documents\ne this control is addressed by documents in other folders - see toolkit index\nyou will need to keep privileged access rights (such as account administration) and the user\naccounts that hold them under close", "2f7d71d9-00bd-4ced-9f0b-5ca0f6689c6e": "destruction recorded. all back-up copies\nand files also have to be destroyed.\n\u00ab home working facilities should be organizationally approved and appro-\npriately secured.\n\u00ab this sort of information should never be discussed on planes or other\nforms of public transport or where any non-trusted person is present. it\nshould not be discussed in public places, hotel rooms, competitors\u2019 prem-\nises or restaurants.\n+ notebook computers carrying this information should be kept secured to\nsec3 standards at secure offices and kept supervised at all times. they\nshould not be left in taxis or airports or anywhere else.\nnon-disclosure agreements and trusted partners\nthere will be circumstances where the organization needs to share confiden-\ntial information, of either an sec2 or an sec3 level, with a third-party\norganization. this might be as part of a series of commercial negotiations or\nother important circumstances. an appropriate risk assessment should be\ncarried out prior to sharing any information with the", "630a2ae6-02c9-48d4-be1b-446414d0b66d": "audits, and management review)\nother information\niso/iec 27000:2009 for examples of critical success factors to support the isms business case.\n6 defining isms scope, boundaries and isms policy\n6.1 overview of defining isms scope, boundaries and isms policy\nmanagement approval for the implementation of an isms is based on the preliminary isms scope, isms\nbusiness case and initial project plan. the detailed definition of the scope and boundaries of the isms, the\ndefinition of the isms policy and acceptance and support by management are the key primary factors for\nsuccessful implementation of the isms.\ntherefore, the objectives of this phase are:\nobjectives:\nto define the detailed scope and boundaries of the isms and develop the isms policy, and obtain\nendorsement from management\nisomec 27001:2005 reference: 4.2.1 a) and 4.2.1 b)\n12 \u00a9 iso/iec 2010 \u2014 all rights reserved\niso/iec 27003:2010(e)\nin order to achieve \"define the detailed scope and boundaries for the isms\" objective, the following", "c6af82aa-a8e0-4788-9044-1952aaa13a0e": "are consistent with that behaviour.\nrisk owner approval\nthe risk owners meet to review and approve the risk treatment plans and the\nresults are recorded in the minutes of those meetings.\nisoaec 27001:2013 \u2014 mastering risk assessment and the statement of applicability 59", "5506efad-4752-46e2-a983-d56d177114e1": "the supplier is no longer in business,\nor no longer provides some components due to technology advancements) should be considered to\navoid any delay in arranging replacement products or services (e.g. identifying an alternative supplier\nin advance or always using alternative suppliers).\nother information\nin cases where it is not possible for an organization to place requirements on a supplier, the organization\nshould:\na) consider the guidance given in this control in making decisions about choosing a supplier and its\nproduct or service;\nb) implement compensating controls as necessary based on a risk assessment.\ninformation can be put at risk by suppliers with inadequate information security management. controls\nshould be determined and applied to manage the supplier's access to information and other associated\nassets. for example, if there is a special need for confidentiality of the information, non-disclosure\nagreements or cryptographic techniques can be used. another example is personal data", "0a9424c4-d907-46f7-a6e9-b0973b169ecd": "called s9, with a log\n(fol) value of 7 (~ every 5 minutes) for loss of confidentiality with a log (sev) value\nof 4.7 (~ \u00a3500,000))control properties\ndefinitions\naccording to iso 31000:2018, a control is a measure that modifies or maintains risk.\nthis definition is slightly different from that defined in iso/iec 27000, which is the\ndictionary of terms used in the 27000 series of standards, but is more descriptive of\nthe \u2018controls\u2019 in iso/iec 27001, annex a, and iso/iec 27002. by the definition in\niso/iec 27000 (...a measure that modifies risk) many of the annex a controls are\nnot controls as they do not modify risk. for example, one such control is that\norganisations should have a security policy. having a security policy, by itself does\nnothing to modify risk. to modify risk, policy needs to be combined with some other\nmeasure, such as disciplinary action. in this case, the combined measures do\nmodify risk as people will now comply with the policy else risk some disciplinary\naction, such as losing their", "47e8ec60-1942-4cf0-bc7b-46a7d50cf792": "evaluated, the risk treatment plan is\ncreated. again, the toolkit has a template plan which may be used to obtain top\nmanagement approval of the recommended risk treatments, some of which may involve\nspending money. top management also need to agree to the levels of residual risk after the\ntreatments have been implemented (i.e. the risks we\u2019re left with once we\u2019ve done\neverything proposed).\nat this point the standard requires that a specific document called the \u201cstatement of\napplicability\u201d be prepared which shows which of the reference controls in annex a have\nbeen adopted and which haven\u2019t. each decision to adopt or not must be justified, ideally\n page 29 of 79\niso/iec 27001 implementation guide\n(but not necessarily) by reference to a specific risk you have found that needs to be treated.\nsome of the reference controls will only apply in certain circumstances so if these don\u2019t\napply to your organization (or your isms scope) then it is acceptable to state that you are\nnot implementing them. examples", "72d89fd6-cad3-42f6-8340-6c8dc7dc2642": "qualifications\nthat might be appropriate for an in-house specialist adviser or that one\nmight expect to be evidenced by an external specialist.\nbear in mind, while considering this issue, the requirement at clause 7.2\nof the standard, that the organization must determine its requirements in\nterms of the competence necessary to perform tasks associated with infor-\nmation security, ensure that it is has those competences available, and that it\nkeeps records to prove it.\norganizing information security\none option is for the organization to employ someone to provide the\nrequired specialist information and security advice who appears to be qual-\nified by experience. however, it can be difficult for an inexperienced recruiter\nto identify someone who is really adequately experienced for this role. as\ncorrect selection of this person is critical to the early success of the is027001\nproject, it is worth taking a structured approach to resolving the issue.\nit is recommended that any organization pursuing iso027001", "9a279de2-a1b1-4199-bb4f-dfdeff6cc208": "instructions only.\nnote an agreement should be in place when the assets are used by other\norganizations/external parties on a sharing basis.\nevidence that can be prepared: asset tracker and procedures for asset handling.\nwho prepares it: asset owners are responsible for handling assets and the\ninformation security team will facilitate with the asset handling procedure by getting\ninput from various departments.\nfor external audit: the auditor will look at the records for asset handling along with\nthe policy document.\na.8.3 media handling\nobjective: to prevent unauthorized disclosure, modification, removal, or destruction of\ninformation stored on media.\nexplanation: the objective is to prevent any kind of unauthorized access on a media\ndevice. this includes how you manage of media, how to dispose of media securely, and\nthe physical media transfer. the next sections cover all the controls.\na.8.3.1 management of removable media (control iso 27001)\nprocedures should be implemented for the removable of", "bfb8945a-e115-49d6-8784-271edc7768b5": "appropriate.\n4.2.2 information\ninformation is an asset that, like other important business assets, is essential to an organization\u2019s\nbusiness and, consequently, needs to be suitably protected. information can be stored in many forms,\nincluding: digital form (e.g. data files stored on electronic or optical media), material form (e.g. on\npaper), as well as unrepresented information in the form of knowledge of the employees. information\ncan be transmitted by various means including: courier, electronic or verbal communication. whatever\nform information takes, or the means by which it is transmitted, it always needs appropriate protection.\nin many organizations, information is dependent on information and communications technology. this\ntechnology is often an essential element in the organization and assists in facilitating the creation,\nprocessing, storing, transmitting, protection and destruction of information.\n4.2.3. information security\ninformation security ensures the confidentiality, availability and", "328b50c8-b783-4026-8ef0-c9e3323fe2ab": "plan is the documentation that explains\nhow the controls to be implemented are prioritised in order\nto manage risk. iso 27005 advises that priorities can be\n\u201cestablished using various techniques, including risk ranking\nand cost-benefit analysis\u201d\u2019.*\u00ae\nformal management approval is then required for the soa,\nfor the proposed residual risks, and for the implementation\nof the selected controls and operation of the isms.\nlet\u2019s now take a more detailed look at each of the key stages\nin the risk assessment process.\n38 iso 27005, clause 9.1.\n93\nchapter 8: information assets\nthis chapter will be of greater relevance to organisations\npursuing an asset-based risk assessment methodology. while\nrisks do not need to be assessed wholly on the basis of the\nassets that they threaten, it remains a popular and effective\nmethod of risk assessment. furthermore, for organisations\nundertaking a scenario-based risk assessment, bs 7799-3\nprovides the following clarification of the role of asset\nmanagement:\nusing the", "22d92681-3d5e-448f-af96-fe8706ebfdd2": "classification (although the iso/iec 27002 guidance publication\nhas some useful tips) so the details of how you implement the control are pretty much left\nup to you. the first decision to make is how many levels of classification to have. it\u2019s\ntempting to over-complicate this in order to reflect the various nuances of your information,\nbut our advice would be to resist this temptation and stick to the lowest number you can\nreasonably get away with. the trend amongst governments is in this direction, with the uk\nhaving reduced its classification levels from five to three (official, secret and top secret), so\nyou'll be in good company. this doesn\u2019t include information that isn\u2019t classified at all, often\nreferred to as \u201cpublic\u201d and which doesn\u2019t need to be protected or labelled.\nchoice of names for your classification levels are also up to you. some of the most common\nchoices are (listed from highest to lowest):\n page 41 of 79\niso/iec 27001 implementation guide\ntop", "d10133cb-948f-466d-babe-a4fcf8629ffc": "context \u2014 considering\nhow assets are used in the business and how those assets\nare at risk due to security threats.\n5. create a practical protection strategy for organisational\nimprovement as well as risk mitigation plans to reduce\nthe risk to the organisation\u2019s critical assets.\noctave uses a three-phased approach to enable the\nanalysis team to produce a comprehensive picture of the\norganisation\u2019s information security needs:\nphase 1: build asset-based threat profiles \u2014 the analysis\nteam determines which information-related assets are\nimportant to the organisation and identifies the arrangements\n(controls) that are currently in place to protect those assets.\n41\n2: risk assessment methodologies\nthey identify the assets that are most important to the\norganisation and describe the security requirements for each\ncritical asset. they then identify threats to each of these\nassets, creating a threat profile for that asset. iso 27001, in\ncontrast, only describes a relatively abstract framework that\nfocuses on", "80ec929f-ae0b-482c-990d-d7807712a34d": "the activity of outsourced system\ndevelopment\nexample/what is required: this control covers the outsourced development\nsecurity and the following points should be considered:\ne code ownership and intellectual copyright related to outsourced\ndevelopment.\ne\u00ab acceptance testing for the quality and accuracy of software\ndeliverables.\ne complete documentation deliverables.\ne company who outsourced the development have full rights to audit\nthe development cycle.\n195\nchapter 6 execution\nevidence that can be prepared:\ne agreement between both the parties\ne the complete list of software deliverables\ne test results\ne audit results\nwho prepares it: management, along with relevant stakeholders, will be responsible\nfor agreement along with the legal team and the software development team for test\nresults and audit.\nfor external audit: the auditor may check the agreement or legal binding\ndocument between both parties.\na.14.2.8 system security testing (control iso 27001)\ntesting the security functionality should", "4dd96ca7-e1fb-4178-a98d-097c8b447ee1": "to answer for themselves. these questions (which\nare not meant to be exhaustive) now set out in appendix c to the risk\nguidance and are quoted below. key questions the board could ask include\nthe following:\n\u00ab are the significant internal and external operational, financial, compliance\nand other risks identified and assessed on an ongoing basis? (significant\nrisks may, for example, include those related to market, credit, liquidity,\ntechnological, legal, health, safety and environmental, reputation and\nbusiness probity issues.)\n+ does the board have clear strategies for dealing with the significant risks\nthat have been identified? is there a policy on how to manage these risks?\n- are information needs and related information systems reassessed as\nobjectives and related risks change, or as reporting deficiencies are\nidentified?\n27\n28\nit governance\n- are there specific arrangements for management monitoring and\nreporting to the board on risk and control matters of particular\nimportance? these could", "a3f2ebf6-475d-4fb1-9b13-62a0a7d1f6fa": "mutual interference between the two areas and strictly control or even prevent access from one area to the other.\nwithout such separation, for example, faulty programmed applications during testing could disrupt or even halt production or corrupt data. on the other hand, users (e.g. also customers) from the production environment may have been able to access development objects (plans, source code, etc.) and thereby violate the organization's property rights, compromise confidentiality, and\nintegrity of development data to be compromised, etc. access from the production environment to source code and the use of compilers and other tools should be critically examined - we will spare the enumeration of resulting risks for the organization.\non the measures side, from a technical perspective, considerations should be given to (logical, physical) segmentation of networks and the establishment of separate domains.\n3.6 technological controls (group 8) 235\nstorage areas that can be shared by production and", "6dd682da-f81e-42a5-9c24-60a69b282369": "recorded and that log file storage capacity is never exceeded, as\nthis might trigger either overwriting of past events or a failure to record new\nevents.\none of the biggest issues with audit logs is that they contain a massive\namount of information, most of which is completely innocent because it\nrecords all the employees doing what they are supposed to be doing. it may\nbe necessary, therefore (depending on cost-benefit and risk assessments), to\nhave a process for copying specific types of information to a second log,\nwhich because it would be smaller would be more easily searchable. even in\nthis case, the original log needs to be retained for as long as is specified in\nthe organization\u2019s data retention policy and may require a technological\nsolution such as a data vault.\nadministrator and operator logs\ncontrol 12.4.3 of iso027002 requires the system administrator and opera-\ntional staff to maintain a log of their activities. in most organizations, this\nrequirement applies to those staff responsible for", "42afd9c2-9d22-4099-a55c-c06fcb166499": "and the information-security\nrelated activities.\nprepare security guidelines for the information security management\nteam.\nmaintain the isms, establish the security risk assessment process,\nand review the risk assessment reports and status. the next chapter\ndiscusses these terms in detail.\nmaintain the statement of applicability.\nmonitor ongoing compliance with security standards in the\norganization.\nprepare management and information related plans and procedures.\nensure that the team members are adequately trained on the physical\nsecurity domain in order to meet the security requirements of iso\n27001.\nanalyze the reports prepared by various support departments and\ntake corrective action when required.\nplan and conduct information security internal audits and\nmanagement reviews.\nensure that corrective actions are taken against the issues raised\nduring the internal or external audits.\nreport on the performance of the isms to top management.\nsystem admin or it manager\nthis is one of the most", "22cc729a-b6eb-45e3-b900-c32377730ff7": "practice for it security management. organizations\nthat developed ismss that complied with this code of practice were able to\nhave them independently inspected but there was initially no ukas accred-\nited certification scheme in place, and therefore formal certification was not\npossible. an alternative solution, known as \u2018c:cure\u2019, was adopted to provide\na framework for recognizing implementation of the standard, and was avail-\nable from april 1997. the confusion around c:cure and the absence of\nukas-accredited certification resulted in uptake of certification to the\nstandard being much slower than anticipated, and c:cure was effectively\nwithdrawn as an option late in 2000.\nbs7799 underwent a significant review in 1998, feedback was collated\nand in april 1999 a revised standard was launched. the original code of\npractice was significantly revised and retained as part 1 of bs7799, and a\nnew part 2 was added. part 1 was retitled \u2018code of practice for information\nsecurity management\u2019 and provided guidance on", "01b92c43-0016-47ac-9953-def8b4e34d98": "that information security practices will be implemented and rolled\nout throughout the organization. it is the duty of every employee to adhere to these\npolicies and all departments need to provide support in making the implementation\nsuccessful.\nwhen you formally start a project, the kick-off is an important activity to have\nwith project stakeholders. this chapter explains how to conduct the iso 27001\nimplementation kick-off with stakeholders. this chapter also talks about how to get\nstakeholder and team commitment on the project and how to set the timeline and create\nthe project taskforce.\nthis chapter covers:\ne presenting the high-level plan\ne setting up the project taskforce\ne\u00ab getting commitment from stakeholdets\nwe started this chapter with the famous quote by abraham lincoln, \u201cif i had six\nhours to chop down a tree, i\u2019d spend the first four hours sharpening the axe\u201d\nthis means you should spend most of your time preparing for a task. planning is an\nimportant step when working on iso 27001", "6c3f1027-2e95-4f1c-a884-a72230f1c5d5": "scope:\nexcluding any of the requirements specified in clauses 4 to 10 is not acceptable when an organization claims conformity to this document. however, the fundamental basis of your iso 27001 implementation is your organization\u2019s risk assessment and treatment. based on how your organization defines risk and chooses to treat risk, you may not need to implement every single iso 27002 control. iso 27002:2022\u2019s annex a exists to show organizations how they can use attributes so that they can create different views of controls. in section annex a, section a.2, iso notes:\norganizations can discard the examples of attributes proposed in this document and create their own attributes with different values to address specific needs in the organization. in addition, the values assigned to each attribute can differ between organizations. while organizations need to have all the components of an isms listed in iso 27001, they can implement controls based on iso 27002:2022 in a way that makes sense for their", "f55300a0-d598-4fd5-b6d7-5c908fda9910": "implement\nsecurity controls to prevent access to any unauthorized users.\n145\nchapter 6 execution\na.9.2.1 user registration and de-registration (iso 27001 control)\na formal user registration and de-registration process should be implemented to enable\nassignment of access rights.\nexplanation/what is required: the requirement is to design a procedure that\nshould cover how a user registration and de-registration will be done in different\nscenarios. the following points could be covered, based on organizational needs:\ne every user must be allotted a unique id, so it\u2019s easy to identify the user\nand track him. ifa security breach takes place, the user/employee will\nbe held responsible and disciplinary action will be taken.\ne\u00ab ensure that there are no shared ids used. in scenarios where it is\nrequired for business purposes, it must be approved by authority\nmembers, and documented and monitored on a regular basis. shared\nuser ids are usually risk prone as when security breach happens, it is\nsometimes difficult", "58d89c8f-be33-40df-8b25-013b2dfb6c90": "majority of hoaxes, they forward the message on to their\nentire address book.\nsuch an action, although well-meaning, is not helpful. aside from the\nimposed network load, the consequence is that the hoax becomes \u2018well\nknown\u2019 and listed on web pages that list hoax viruses. this fame (of sorts)\nno doubt leads to some degree of satisfaction for the hoax perpetrator.\nthe organization should train all its users to respond appropriately if\nthey receive a \u2018new virus\u2019 warning message. warning messages encouraging\nthe recipient to forward the information to all his or her e-mail contacts will\ntypically be hoaxes.\nransomware is, however, a whole different matter. it is a form of malware\nwhich restricts access to any computer system it infects, and demands a\nransom \u2014 typically in the form of a bitcoin or a creditcard payment \u2014 in\norder for the restriction to be removed. cryptolocker and emotet are exam-\nples of such products. like other forms of malware, ransomware continues\nevolving and finds its way onto systems", "71169445-118f-4355-9052-107daa4840c1": "of employment should define which information\nsecurity responsibilities and duties should remain valid after termination or change. this can\ninclude confidentiality of information, intellectual property and other knowledge obtained, as well as\nresponsibilities contained within any other confidentiality agreement (see 6.6). responsibilities and\nduties still valid after termination of employment or contract should be contained in the individual\u2019s\nterms and conditions of employment (see 6.2), contract or agreement. other contracts or agreements\nthat continue for a defined period after the end of the individual\u2019s employment can also contain\ninformation security responsibilities.\nchanges of responsibility or employment should be managed as the termination of the current\nresponsibility or employment combined with the initiation of the new responsibility or employment.\ninformation security roles and responsibilities held by any individual who leaves or changes job roles\nshould be identified and transferred to", "b88616e5-916a-452b-8a1e-ba6e3e4a611d": "should be considered regarding network services.\nfor safety reasons, it should be noted that all it systems that can connect to the organization's networks are exposed to attacks from these networks - this also applies, by analogy, to attacks from the internet. when designing protective measures for individual it systems, the risks from existing networks must always be considered.\nin conclusion of the commentary on this content-heavy control: due to its complexity and scope, it will generally be sensible to separate network management from it system management - both organizationally and technically if necessary. the management of telecommunication networks can also be separated if necessary.\na-8.21 security of network services\nthis control deals with the security of network services provided by the organization itself or used by the organization from external service providers.\nthe network services in question range from providing internet access or email services to cloud services and outsourcing", "0940b781-b528-4dde-a6a6-9e7fb3ed1b5b": "is, in this sense, a refer-\nent control set, which enables organizations to ensure that they have not\nmissed any relevant controls. this book proceeds on the basis that the\nannex a/iso27002 control set has been selected.\n1so27002 provides best practice guidance on the implementation and\noperation of the controls listed in annex a. there may, however, be some\nareas in which organizations may need to go further than is described in\n1so27002, and the extent to which this may be necessary is driven by the\nextent to which technology and threats evolve after iso027002:2013 was\npublished.\ncontrols are selected in the light of a control objective. a control objec-\ntive is a statement of an organization\u2019s intent to control some part of its\nprocesses or assets and what it intends to achieve through application of the\ncontrol. the selection of controls should be cost-effective, which means that\nthe cost of their implementation (in cash and resource deployment) should\nnot exceed the potential impact (assessed in line", "697abfa7-eb05-412a-a934-b28b32a29d97": "previous management reviews\nfor example, a small organisation with a relatively simple isms may be able to\nconduct management reviews annually. however, a large organisation with a\ncomplex isms and a high-risk environment may need to conduct management\nreviews quarterly or even more frequently.\nit is important to note that the management review is not just a one-time\nevent. it is an ongoing process that helps to ensure that the isms remains\neffective and aligned with the organisation\u2019s business needs.\n## conclusion\nthe management review is an essential component of complying with iso 27001\nand maintaining a compliant isms. by conducting regular management reviews,\norganisations can improve their information security posture, increase\ncompliance, and enhance business performance.\n## additional tips for conducting an effective management review.\nhere are some additional tips for conducting an effective management review:\n * **prepare for the review:** the management review should be planned in", "cb899600-a206-4fc8-87d3-cf15d6d6b71c": "better for you.\n3.6 clause 5 leadership\nrelevant toolkit documents\ne information security management system manual\ne information security roles, responsibilities and authorities\ne information security policy\ne executive support letter\ne meeting minutes\n3.6.1 clause 5.1 leadership and commitment\nthe leadership section of the standard is about showing that top management are serious\nabout the isms and are right behind it. they may do this in various ways. the first is by\ndemonstrating management commitment; partly this is by simply saying that they support\nthe isms in meetings, in articles in internal and external magazines, in presentations to\nemployees and interested parties etc. and partly by making sure the right resources and\nprocesses are in place to support the isms, for example people, budget, management\nreviews, plans etc. sometimes these kinds of activities can be difficult to evidence to an\nauditor so within the toolkit we have provided certain documents that may help in this,\nincluding an", "46501f88-f0ba-4885-9d97-21f3059e6b58": "management system\u2014the policies,\nprocedures, and security controls\u2014are compliant and suitable for use. wherever there\nare improvements identified and changes needed, they must be promptly implemented.\n218\nchapter 6 execution\nif these reviews are conducted by internal teams, the reviewer/auditor must be from\na of different area or department so that there is no bias while conducting the review.\nthe review could also be conducted by an external agency. the identified reviewer must\nbe skilled and experienced. results of these reviews must be presented to management\nfor their awareness and to seek any feedback. when non-compliance is identified,\nproper corrective actions must be identified to fix it.\nevidence that can be prepared\ne review/audit plan\ne reviewer/auditor list\ne training records of reviewer/auditor list\ne results of review/audit\nwho prepares it: the information security team is responsible for reviewing security\nalong with the relevant stakeholders.\nfor external audit: the external auditor", "8946a4a8-6bbc-4844-b245-58bd2fd28552": "threat environment:\n1. what kind of protection is needed, and against what threats?\n2. what are the distinct categories of information that require protection?\n3. what are the distinct types of information activities that need to be protected?\ng) competitive drivers:\n1. what are the minimum market requirements for information security?\n2. what additional information security controls should provide a competitive advantage for the\norganization?\nh) business continuity requirements\n1. what are the critical business processes?\n2. how long can the organization tolerate interruptions to each critical business process?\nthe preliminary isms scope can be determined by responding to the information above. this is also needed\nin order to create a business case and overall isms project plan for management approval. the detailed\nisms scope will be defined during the isms project.\nthe requirements noted in iso/iec 27001:2005 reference 4.2.1 a) outline the scope in terms of the\ncharacteristics of the business, the", "e11dd451-976a-47de-a64b-aecd09012e60": "to wait too long to know\nthe benefits achieved from a previous plan or course of action. also, if any planned\ninitiatives/decisions aren\u2019t working, changes can be made accordingly. hence, this is\nthe reason that the iso 27001 standard clearly requires management commitment. it\u2019s\ncritical to improving the isms implemented in the organization/business unit.\n237\n\u00a9 abhishek chopra, mukund chaudhary 2020\na. chopra and m. chaudhary, implementing an information security management system,\nhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5413-4_8\nchapter 8 management review\nwhat is expected from department heads/stakeholders?\nas mentioned, a lot of time is required from the department heads and their teams, as\nthey need to collect and analyze the data in order to prepare the presentation. they\nreport on the security controls that are working, what is yet to be implemented, and\nissues that need discussion from management to arrive at the conclusion.\nthe data that\u2019s collected are the information security objectives/kpis from", "d13dcf4a-14c3-4519-b855-57cd5ff460ee": "conclusion, we note that a risk analysis with the definition of corresponding (counter)measures must always precede the development and procurement of it applications.\nthe extensive topic of application security is further explored in the iso 27034 standard.\na-8.27 secure system architecture and technical principles\nbased on experience in system development, principles, methods, and procedures have emerged that should always be considered and applied in the security domain - for example:\nprecisely describe the intended purpose and administrative/technical operating environment of the system to be developed - and avoid making changes during the development process as much as possible\nspecify the necessary security\nfunctions and mechanisms should be planned from the beginning in the architecture.\ngradually refine the system design across multiple levels, then start coding from the last level (in practice, developers often jump directly into programming, mostly due to time pressure in such", "fa9621f0-3b45-4264-9951-4558c9f23562": "regarding the disclosure of information should be consulted in advance. a similar case arises when an it service provider forwards logs to customers because this has been agreed upon in service agreements.\nlet's move on to the point of evaluating log data: since it usually consists of very extensive (raw) data, it is very helpful if the systems have a search and evaluation function integrated. alternatively, the (structured) data can be transferred to a database and processed using the tools available there. there are also special tools available on the market for analyzing logs.\na warning in advance: the qualified evaluation of logs in complex system landscapes requires further knowledge (e.g. what is recorded in a specific system and how to interpret it), precise specifications (what, how, and for what purpose to evaluate), as well as personal experience in analyzing vulnerabilities, threats, and security breaches.\none usually comes to the conclusion that a team should be used for this purpose, whose", "695cca7c-077b-49b3-bcd8-c8b762bc8d73": "temporary password with something of their own secret\nauthentication.\n148\nchapter 6 execution\ne temporary secret authentication must be shared in a secure manner,\nto ensure that it reaches the right recipient/user only. users must\nacknowledge the receipt of secret authentication information.\nevidence that can be prepared: password control policy, procedure how secret\nauthentication information will be created, shared, and maintained\nwho prepares it: the it helpdesk team along with the information security team\nwould prepare the evidence.\nfor external audit: an external auditor conducting the iso 27001 certification audit\nwill check the evidence in order to verify how the organization will create, share, and\nmaintain secret authentication information for employees/contractors.\na.9.2.5 review of users access rights (iso 27001 control)\nasset owners should review users access rights at regular intervals.\nexplanation/what is required: review of user access rights is important to avoid\nany unauthorized", "fd02d17b-f491-422e-a682-229574a4a277": "the four types of access control are as follows:\n * **discretionary access control (dac)** \\- in dac, the person who owns or manages the protected system, data, or resource decides who has permission to access it.\n * **mandatory access control (mac)** - in this non-discretionary model, users are permitted access based on a clearance of information. access privileges are regulated by a central authority depending on varying levels of security. typically, it is used in government and military settings.\n * **role-based access control (rbac)** - instead of granting access based on a user's identification, rbac offers access based on predefined business functions. users should only have access to information that is relevant to their jobs in the organisation. roles, authorisations, and permissions make up the foundation of this commonly used approach.\n * **attribute-based access control (abac)** - with abac, both people and resources can have their access controlled according to a dynamic set of", "c5aea804-fe97-49f4-a3c4-26d482a7d27a": "should be given\nonly restricted access to secure rooms, and this should always be under\nsupervision.\n- recording equipment (mobile phones, cameras, videos, photocopiers,\netc) of any sort should not be allowed within secure areas; the records\ncould (accidentally or deliberately) come into the hands of someone who\nwants to gain unauthorized access to the organization\u2019s sensitive infor-\nmation.\n- additional security restrictions may become necessary when the organi-\nzation is working, in a specific area of its site, to develop something that\nneeds to be kept confidential for a period of time.\n- finally, specific controls might be necessary to ensure that personal\nmobile devices (eg smartphones) or other recording devices (digital\ncameras, handheld video cameras, usb flash sticks, smart spectacles, etc)\ndo not collect information from secure areas.\ndelivery and loading areas\ncontrol 11.1.6 of is027002 says the organization should control delivery\nand loading areas as well as any other areas to which", "88116a75-398b-48a6-8685-39285f01bdb7": "they have a data security\nsystem. they don\u2019t. this book, and iso27001 itself, makes it clear that anti-\nmalware controls are just one part of an effective data security system; they\nare, however, an extremely important part.\nviruses, worms, trojans and rootkits\nan overall understanding of the world of computer malware, the different\ntypes of virus and their characteristics, would be useful ahead of a discus-\nsion of how to resist them. technically, the most useful generic term to use\nis \u2018malware\u2019, a term that denotes software designed for some malicious\npurpose. it may be written in almost any programming language and carried\nwithin almost any type of file. common forms of malware include viruses,\nworms, trojans, spyware, adware, bugs and rootkits. \u2018antivirus\u2019 and \u2018anti-\nmalware\u2019 are terms that are used interchangeably in this book.\n240\nit governance\na virus has at least two properties: it is a program capable of replicating\n- that is, producing functional copies of itself - and it depends on a host", "3e390ebe-ae30-40d6-ab1a-b72fe9a0aca1": "of the transition period.\ntransition audits can either be done at the same time as the next audit (e.g.,\nrecertification audit and transition audit), or separately.\n## what do these changes mean for organizations that are pursuing iso 27001\ncertification for the first time?\norganizations pursuing iso 27001 for the first time (both stage 1 and stage 2\naudits) can still be certified on the 27001:2013 version until april 2024.\ntransition audits can either be done at the same time as your next audit\n(e.g., surveillance audit and transition audit), or separately.\n## faqs\nhow many controls are in iso 27001:2022?\nthere are 93 controls in iso 27001:2022. these are outlined in a section\ncalled annex a. iso 27002:2022 expands on this annex a overview.\nwhen did iso publish changes to iso 27001 and iso 27002?\niso published changes to iso 27001 in october 2022 and iso 27002 back in\nfebruary 2022.\nwhat\u2019s the official title of iso 27001:2022?\nthis official title is iso/iec 27001:2022 information security,", "0ce6aa36-4a67-4bb2-a004-135072a9cf1b": "iso/iec 2018 - all rights reserved 13\n?\n2o20- 12-14 15:33:52\n6918377 1d dopgmekfrsszztebidlzu\nv\nnermen-downia\niso/iec 27005:2018(e)\nasset valuation begins with the classification of assets according to their criticality, in terms of their\nimportance to fulfilling the business objectives of the organization. valuation is then determined using\ntwo measures:\n~\u2014 the replacement value of the asset: the cost of recovery clean-up and replacing the information (if at\nall possible};\n\u2014 the business consequences of loss or compromise of the asset, such as the potential adverse business\nand/or legal or regulatory consequences from the disclosure, modification, non-availability and/or\ndestruction of information, and other information assets.\nthis valuation can be determined from a business impact analysis. the value, determined by the\nconsequence for business, is usually significantly higher than the simple replacement cost, depending\non the importance of the asset to the organization in meeting its business", "e8ef278d-1f14-47d5-9f32-46e6c094e7cc": "\"treat,\" so the remaining risks should no longer be considered in the prioritization.\nthe procedure for risk assessment and prioritization must be documented and consistently applied later. if another described procedure is used elsewhere, a reference to the source is sufficient for documentation.\nguidance for implementing isms-6.1\nbefore selecting or even developing specific risk assessment procedures, it should be checked whether there are already corresponding procedures within the organization at another location (e.g. enterprise-wide risk management): in any case, using them for information security would be the best solution. such procedures could possibly be \"improved\" for information security through some extensions or specializations, but would still be compatible with the procedures already used in the organization.\nif one decides to apply the risk assessment procedure outlined in section 1.4, it should be noted that it still has a number of degrees of freedom that can be fine-tuned before", "333ad054-2894-498e-9a3f-a1338f6a3259": "assess whether staff are aware of their information security responsibilities and have received appropriate training. * management review: the auditor will assess whether the organisation conducts regular management reviews of the isms.\n## how to report on the findings of an iso 27001 internal audit\nthe audit findings should be documented in a report. this report should\ninclude the following:\n * audit objectives: the audit objectives should be clearly stated in the report. * audit methodology: the audit methodology should be described in the report. this includes the audit techniques that were used and the sampling methods that were applied. * audit findings: the audit findings should be described in the report. this includes a description of any weaknesses that were identified in the isms. * recommendations: the report should include any recommendations for improvement.\nthe audit report should be submitted to the organisation's management", "d271788d-67da-416e-9772-bad6810b2d8d": "information (pii) to\ncomply with laws and regulations.\na.8.12 data leakage prevention\ntake technical measures to identify and prevent the disclosure and/or\nextraction of information.\na.8.16 monitoring activities\nimprove network monitoring activities to detect anomalous behaviour and\nrespond to security events and incidents.\na.8.23 web filtering\nenforce access controls and measures to restrict and control access to\nexternal websites.\na.8.28 secure coding\nimplement proven principles of secure coding to prevent vulnerabilities that\ncould be caused by inadequate coding methods.\n### iso 27001: 4 control sets\nto make things easier, controls in annex a are categorised into different\ngroups. that divides the context of the controls and the domain of the\napplicable risks. but what are the relevant categories and where do they\napply?\nthere are 93 iso 27001 annex a controls that cover multiple areas of an\norganisation, and these controls are segmented into four different categories\n(domains).\nthese control", "55a51bd8-0a98-4c9a-abb6-9f01523ee614": "15:30:34\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\nd) authentication hardware (e.g. mechanical keys, physical tokens and smartcards) for information\nsystems, sites and physical archives;\ne) physical copies of information.\nother information\nit can be difficult to return information held on assets which are not owned by the organization. in such\ncases, it is necessary to restrict the use of information using other information security controls such\nas access rights management (5.18) or use of cryptography (8.24).\n5.12 classification of information\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational security domains\nsecurity properties concepts capabilities\n#preventive #confidentiality #identify #information_pro- |#protection\n#integrity tection #defence\n#availability\ncontrol\ninformation should be classified according to the information security needs of the organization based\non confidentiality, integrity, availability and relevant interested party requirements.\npurpose\nto ensure", "b375ebf7-f3b8-467a-94cc-9247663c6ed8": "tolerance.\n81\n82\nit governance\nauditors will be assessing how the management team applies its policy\nacross the whole of the organization that is defined as being within the scope\nof the policy and should be expected to test to their limits the boundaries of\nthe stated scope to ensure that all dependencies and interfaces with security-\nrelated processes have been identified and adequately dealt with.\nin reality, as stated earlier, the process of designing and implementing an\neffective isms may be made simpler by including the entire organization for\nwhich the board has responsibility. even so, there will still need to be deci-\nsions about client and supplier access as well as any disaster recovery site.\naccess to information assets within the scope (for example, data hosted on\na server that is within scope) from a geographically remote site will have an\neffect on the arrangements for maintaining the confidentiality, integrity and/\nor availability of that data, and so in one way or another will be a", "df9981f1-3ecb-48d2-aaa0-ffc87d071d05": "the assignment contract.\n56 for sanctioning rules, see also a-5.4 and a-6.2\n156 3 controls: requirements and measures\nfor temporary/sporadic personnel working in the organization (e.g. maintenance technicians or waste disposal personnel), appropriate sanctioning rules should also be established and included in the respective service contract if possible.\nin all cases, a security briefing should take place before access to the organization's premises \u2014 knowledge and compliance with the explained rules as well as the possible sanctions should be confirmed by signature.\nparticular attention should be paid to compliance with legal framework conditions in disciplinary procedures \u2014 including (employee data protection).\na-6.5 responsibilities at termination or change of employment\nthis control relates to changes in employment relationships: termination, transfer, changed duties/other workplace.\nthe following should be considered when terminating employees:\n- rules of the employment contract that remain", "de70f68c-f667-4aa5-a843-c0b0b23a6079": "of the business objectives of information security management (as derived in clause 5.2);\nd) a list of critical business processes, systems, information assets, organizational structures and\ngeographic locations to which the isms will be applied.\ne) the relationship of existing management systems, regulatory, compliance, and organization objectives;\nf) the characteristics of the business, the organization, its location, assets and technology.\nthe common elements and the operational differences between the processes of any existing management\nsystem(s) and the proposed isms should be identified.\noutput\nthe deliverable is a document which describes the preliminary scope of the isms.\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2010 \u2014 alll rights reserved 9\niso/iec 27003:2010(e)\nother information\nno other specific information.\nnote special attention should be drawn that in case of certification specific documentation requirements of\niso/iec 27001:2005 as for the isms scope are to be fulfilled regardless of the management systems in", "6458b5c3-66ef-4cf6-9b4e-9f5b46025c8e": "the\ndeployment of additional controls.\nhaving determined the next step is to determine the control behaviour. the three\nbehaviours are n-factor, excess and strangulation and are described in chapter 1\n(section on \u201cn-factor, excess and strangulation\u201d). in summary:\nm ifthe control uses a secret, e.g., it can be defeated by guesswork, it is n-\nfactor. as the frequency of events increases, so will the number of\nsuccessful attacks.\nm if it cannot, it will be excess, unless as the frequency of events increases the\ncontrol fails, in which case it is strangulation.\niso/iec 27001:2013 \u2014 mastering risk assessment and the statement of applicability 41\nchapter 3 \u2014 risk treatment\nestimate the effectiveness of the control. alternatively, once the isms is a year or\nmore old, you should have some empirical data for estimating the effectiveness of\nyour rtps (e.g., the number of relevant incidents, or lack of incidents).\nit is not possible to offer a standard set of behaviours as the behaviours are", "b13e6206-c7ac-416d-aa3b-943be76254b6": "behind and understand key aspects of security\npolicy. the resistance of the it department must be expected and overcome\nat the outset. there are circumstances where this can lead to a change in it\nstaff, either forced or unforced, and the organization should expect this and\nprepare appropriate contingency plans.\ntraining will be an important facilitator of the change programme.\n18027001 requires that those who have key roles within the isms are\nappropriately competent (clause 7.2) and this might cover isms implemen-\ntation (for the person/people determined as having responsibility for\nensuring the isms meets the requirements of iso 27001, as per clause 5.3\na) and audit competence, as well as initial training for the project team in\nthe principles of is027001, the methodology of change and project manage-\nment and the principles of internal communication. staff throughout the\nbusiness will need specific training in those aspects of security policy that\nwill affect their day-to-day work. the it manager and it", "20178dec-5465-4ec4-b61c-b228d51dbce0": "protection of people's data, property data, and physical\nasset data against physical threats such as natural disasters, theft, and\nintentional destruction.\nphysical and environmental security, according to iso 27001, are sometimes\noverlooked yet remain critical in safeguarding information.\nthere are three principles that organisations must follow when it comes to\nphysical and environmental security. they are: physical deterrence, detection\nof intruders, and response to those risks.\n## what are the annex a 11 controls?\n### **a.11.1.1 physical security perimeter**\nsecurity perimeters, as well as each parameter's location, must be provided.\nyour organisation can use the risk assessment results, as well as the security\nneeds of the assets within the perimeter, should be used to decide this.\niso 27001 defines a physical security perimeter as \"any transition barrier\nbetween two locations with varying security protection demands.\" therefore,\nemployees who work from home or an office may all have access to", "4bae8831-3bfd-4549-8d6f-cae455e30068": "usually defined as read, write, and delete. only a few privileged\nmembers can delete information. this may be a part of the configuration control and the\nrole may vary depending on the organization.\nit is also important to review the access rights on a regular basis. it teams who\nprovide access to the source code repository must keep track of users, in order to stop\nany unauthorized access or tampering with the information. for example, a team\nmember may try to send client information outside the official email system to their\npersonal email or other known contacts. also, if usb ports are not disabled, it becomes\nvery easy to copy and transfer information to a usb stick and carry it outside.\nonce the project is delivered, the client might ask to have the source code\n(developed by the company for the client), which must then be deleted from company\nsystems. this is to ensure that the company doesn\u2019t reuse that source code for its benefit.\nsummary\nthe most important point of this chapter is that", "901ec22c-dd2f-4867-891f-c2aa8ef309e8": "users of their app. the driver license numbers\n10\nchapter 1 the need for information security\nof 600,000 uber drivers were also stolen. hackers also stole usernames and password\ncredentials to uber\u2019s aws account by getting access to their github account.\nuber had to pay the hackers $100,000 to destroy the data. it cost uber in terms of\nreputation and money.\nnote the source of this security breach was published on the csonline blog at\nhttps: //www.csoonline.com/article/2130877/the-biggest-data-\nbreaches-of-the-21st-century.html.\nnhs cyberattack\nyear: may 2017\nimpact: wannacry crippled 200,000 computers with a message demanding\ncryptocurrency in bitcoin. this attack resulted in about $112 million in losses.\nhackers broadcasted ransomware called wannacry, also called wanacrypt, through\nemails that tricked the recipients into opening the attachments and releasing malware\nonto their systems. once the system was affected, it encrypted the files and locked it\nin such a manner that users could not access", "4b535fb5-d50c-46aa-a5c4-c413e3bbc896": "determine how they will obtain assurance\nthat required controls are in place. it\u2019s increasingly usual for supply chain\nassurance to be built on a framework of independent certification to\nstandards such as iso27001, iso22301 and iso20000;\n+ require tier 1 suppliers to propagate the agreed security measures through\ntheir supply chains, through their own contract negotiation and\nmanagement processes. ensure that the contractual requirements will be\nextended to new suppliers and/or to suppliers of particular types of\nproducts or services \u2014 or components of them \u2014- where a significant risk\nhas been identified.\nin designing an ict supply chain information security framework, there are\ntwo issues that have to be taken into account. the first is that tier 1 suppliers\nsupplier relationships\nwill incur a cost in developing their supply chains, and this will have to be\nfactored into the commercial arrangements that any organization makes\nwith its tier 1 suppliers. the second issue is that there will be a number", "ac793582-1b69-487e-b0cd-fe6dcf035eff": "## iso 27001 annex a controls \u2013 a detailed guide\niso 27001 is a framework of best practices implemented through an information\nsecurity management system (isms). iso 27001 certification can help businesses\nimprove their information security processes, mitigate risks and build trust\namong customers and stakeholders.\nwith the help of this standard, companies protect their information assets and\nimplement effective measures to keep their data safe. all risks considered -\ntechnological, organisational, physical and people.\nto use the standard successfully, companies and managers must identify their\nown risks and know the proper measures to take. we have compiled a handy\noverview of all 93 controls and 4 categories of measures to help you get\nstarted. learn more about the most important ways to protect your information.\n## what is iso 27001, and why should companies adopt it?\niso 27001 is a universal framework for managing information security. the\ncertification is considered an international standard and", "3b453a65-4dbb-4f16-ba2f-12adf5722035": "the e-mail, combined\nwith poor quality replication of an official website, easily identified these\ne-mails as likely to be fraudulent. these e-mails have, however, become\nincreasingly sophisticated and look increasingly like the \u2018real thing\u2019. what\ncontinues to give them away, though, is their existence \u2014- all banks are very\nclear that they will never send out e-mails asking people to input any\npersonal information. hovering over embedded links and sender e-mail\naddresses can also reveal the often minute deviations that indicate the e-mail\nis a spoof. spear phishing are e-mail phishing attacks that look as if they\nreally are addressed to you; \u2018whaling\u2019 is phishing aimed at senior executives\nand people in critical senior roles. they usually draw on information stolen\nelsewhere -\u2014 such as birth date, or membership details from a hacked\nmembership network, or personal data unnecessarily exposed on a facebook\npage \u2014 to present themselves as more credible. those that come from within\nthe e-mail system of a trusted", "ddea5335-a267-4fe9-9ec6-3d84ae972a6d": "the received file, it will not duplicate the digest. digital\nsignatures are thus strong proof that a file is genuine and in its original form,\nand therefore digital signatures have a role to play in non-repudiation.\ncryptography\nhowever, organizations should also take legal advice on the status of\ndigital signatures within the jurisdiction that they will want to uphold the\nunderlying agreement. not all countries have the same level of recognition\nof digital signatures, and therefore additional agreements between organiza-\ntions may be necessary, setting out clearly the basis on which they will use\nand recognize digital signatures. this means that organizations should\nconsider the cost-benefit equation in respect of using digital signatures and\nshould not embark on this course lightly.\nclearly, the confidentiality of the private key has to be protected, and the\norganization needs to address this specifically so that it can ensure that only\nauthorized personnel have access to it and that records of its use", "b86a3755-b115-4062-bd25-e7c239411fd0": "opportunities.\nhere are some tips for understanding the organisation and its context for iso\n27001:\n * **conduct a risk assessment:risk assessments** will help you to identify the threats and vulnerabilities that your information assets face. * **review the organisation's mission, vision, and values:** this will help you to understand the organisation's strategic goals. * **identify the organisation's products and services and the customers and suppliers that rely on them:** this will help you to understand the organisation's dependencies. * **understand the legal and regulatory requirements that apply to the organisation:** this will help you to ensure that your isms is compliant with the applicable laws and regulations. * **assess the organisation's internal and external environment, including its physical and it infrastructure, its human resources, and its culture:** this will help you to identify the factors that could impact the security of your information assets.", "b128ab09-a351-4976-978c-6765c6a5a671": "cloud ones) checking tools can find incorrect configurations and make\nautomated adjustments to close off vulnerabilities, so reducing the human effort required.\n4.4.10 a.8.10 information deletion\nrelevant toolkit documents\ne information deletion policy\nin essence, this control is about housekeeping of your pii (personally identifiable\ninformation) so that it is not kept beyond the time it is useful and legally acceptable. this\nmay involve the scheduled deletion of data in situ but also the secure disposal of removable\n page 62 of 79\niso/iec 27001 implementation guide\nstorage containing data for example by disk shredding. you will need to be able to show to\nan auditor that the record retention timeframes stated in your records retention and\nprotection policy are actually enacted in reality so that data is deleted on time.\n4.4.11 a.8.11 data masking\nrelevant toolkit documents\ne data masking policy\ne data masking process\nthis control may apply if your organization has a need to provide pii (perhaps to a", "c9cb2c8f-8878-4193-801b-ed71350d41d5": "time.\nbiometric authentication information should be invalidated if it is ever compromised. biometric\nauthentication can be unavailable depending on the conditions of use (e.g. moisture or aging). to\nprepare for these issues, biometric authentication should be accompanied with at least one alternative\nauthentication technique.\nthe procedure for logging into a system or application should be designed to minimize the risk of\nunauthorized access. log-on procedures and technologies should be implemented considering the\nfollowing:\na) not displaying sensitive system or application information until the log-on process has been\nsuccessfully completed in order to avoid providing an unauthorized user with any unnecessary\nassistance;\nb) displaying a general notice warning that the system or the application or the service should only be\naccessed by authorized users;\nc) not providing help messages during the log-on procedure that would aid an unauthorized user (e.g.\nif an error condition arises, the system should", "db824564-4387-486a-a0b5-4c98e5a859be": "materials to help you advertise your certification. when you contact\nthem initially, do they return your call and sound knowledgeable?\ndo they use contract auditors? many rcbs use auditors that are not directly employed by\nthem, which is not necessarily a problem, but it would be useful to understand how much\ncontinuity you will have with the individuals that carry out your audits. try to avoid having\nto describe what your company does to a new auditor every visit as this soaks up time that\nyou are paying for.\ndo they have experience of your industry? some rcbs and auditors specialize in certain\nindustries and build up a strong knowledge of the issues relevant to their customers. this\ncan be helpful during the audit as basic industry concepts and terms will be understood and\ntime will be saved. check whether they have audited similar organizations in your industry.\nmaking a good choice based on the above factors can\u2019t guarantee that the certification\nprocess will run smoothly, but by having a good", "d6816634-a5a8-4fb4-9832-ea15bd9c30e9": "risk.\nthe chapter explains how to address risk acceptance, changes in risk assessment\nresults and document the risk treatment process and its results.\nfinally, the chapter gives instructions on how to apply the prescribed method.\nthe iso/iec 27001 requirement\ndefine and apply\niso/iec 27001 clause 6.1.3 requires organisations to define and apply a risk\ntreatment process that satisfies the requirement detailed in the subsequent five\nbullet points (a) \u2014 (f}) and explained below.\nthe reason for saying \u201cdefine and apply\u2019, has explained in chapter 1 (clauses 6.1\nand 8) and chapter 2, and is because the necessary controls that the organisation\nrequires form part of the isms, but are determined through the process of risk\nassessment and risk treatment.\nrisk treatment options\niso/iec 27001 clause 6.1.3 a) requires organisations to select appropriate options\nfor treating risk, taking account of the risk assessment results. the standard does\nnot prescribe a catalogue of options from which an organisation should", "2ba3e8e7-ea61-4f3d-94ee-c357e7758e07": "required by the information security management system and by this\ndocument shall be controlled to ensure:\na) itis available and suitable for use, where and when it is needed; and\nb) itis adequately protected (e.g. from loss of confidentiality, improper use, or loss of integrity).\nfor the control of documented information, the organization shall address the following activities, as\napplicable:\nc) distribution, access, retrieval and use;\nd) storage and preservation, including the preservation of legibility;\ne)} control of changes (e.g. version control); and\nf) retention and disposition.\ndocumented information of external origin, determined by the organization to be necessary for\nthe planning and operation of the information security management system, shall be identified as ,\nappropriate, and controlled. :\nnote access can imply a decision regarding the permission to view the documented information only, or ;\nthe permission and authority to view and change the documented information, etc.\n8", "fa901296-be13-419e-b267-f30b75eb3157": "isms. the following implementation guidelines are intended to provide some guidance for this purpose, but do not replace detailed planning.\none thing is clear: we need a resource plan.\nimplementation guidelines for isms-7.1\nsince the introduction of the isms in the planning and implementation phase involves a significantly higher initial effort, this could initially be determined separately, while the further operation of the isms with all mentioned phases is attributed to operational effort. for the latter, it must first be determined which time horizon is to be considered. the organization will certainly provide guidelines for this (e.g. from controlling). otherwise, it has proven useful to consider time periods of 3 years each, which represents a compromise between frequency of changes and planning effort.\nthe efforts for the processes of verification/maintenance and continuous improvement of the isms could be budgeted separately - or attributed to operational effort, as both processes are essentially", "361b516e-0cc3-4bd0-855e-374e09d29369": "policy and the supplier agreement. to verify whether organizations\nhave established the supplier agreement with the vendor/supplier, the agreement covers\nall the essential points to safeguard the products and services of supply chain.\na.15.2 supplier service delivery management\nobjective: to maintain an agreed level of information security and service delivery in\nline with supplier agreements.\nexplanation: organizations must create the provisions to monitor and review the\nsupplier service delivery performance based on the agreed security and service levels.\na.15.2.1 monitoring and review of supplier services (iso 27001 control)\norganizations should regularly monitor, review, and audit supplier service delivery.\nexplanation/what is required: once the supplier starts providing their services,\nthey must be regularly monitored, reviewed, and audited.\norganizations can define the service management relationship procedure with the\nsupplier to do the following:\ne to monitor supplier required performance", "af7f710d-ff6b-4fe4-aaff-4f3437926e01": "measurement metrics (kpis) and results (clause 9.1)\n * internal audit program evidence to include internal audit report and results (clause 9.2g)\n * evidence of management reviews (meeting notes, schedules, presentations etc.) (clause 9.3)\n * identified nonconformities and evidence of remediation actions taken (clause 10.1.f)\n * corrective action plan for identified nonconformities (clause 10.1.g)\nadditional annex a required documents and records include:\n * definition of security roles and responsibilities (clauses a.7.1.2 and a.13.2.4)\n * management and inventory of assets (clause a.8.1.1)\n * acceptable use of assets (clause a.8.1.3)\n * access control policy (clause a.9.1.1)\n * operating procedures for it management (clause a.12.1.1)\n * system logs of user activities, exceptions, and security events (clauses a.12.4.1 and a.12.4.3)\n * secure system engineering and development principles (clause a.14.2.5)\n * supplier and vendor security policy (clause a.15.1.1)\n * incident response and", "2d097bef-2263-4821-8bdd-3d403a28ef89": "which in\nturn could benefit the organization more than the reward paid to the employees.\nperiodic internal audits\nas important as the external audit is, periodic internal audits are equally important\nin terms of identifying improvement areas. the external audit focuses on continual\nimprovements only and not on finding faults with the people/system. the periodic\naudit cycle also tells you what is working and what is not, whether it\u2019s time to change the\nprocess or something that has not been followed for a long time. these gaps could be\ndue to many different reasons. if you drill down to the important root causes, these are\nlikely the improvement areas.\nmanagement review meetings\nduring management review meetings, management/steering committee members will\noften share areas of improvement when they\u2019re reviewing the business objectives/goals.\nany improvement identified in this setting should be implemented.\ncustomers/clients\nlooking critically at your clients\u2019 processes, tools, and systems, you could", "f16ae735-9da9-42af-93a9-33b863e038ca": "authorization, creating new user accounts, etc. it is good practice to provide an approval process to review requested authorizations for admissibility or meaningfulness and to implement them only after a positive decision. in doing so, at least the approval and implementation should be carried out by separate roles or individuals - otherwise there would be a loss of control: authorized individuals could assign themselves arbitrary rights without immediate detection.\nfor such security-critical activities, further distinctions are often made regarding legal responsibility, verification/approval requirements, implementation responsibility, control responsibility, and information obligation (who should be informed).\nsuch divisions of responsibility are logically required and do not fall under 2), since the responsibilities for the individual steps are clearly regulated. however, if these divisions get out of hand, many roles are created that need to be filled. smaller organizations in particular can quickly", "46543925-93c6-4f66-ab9d-2e2a5995924f": "projects. a complex systems engineering\nproject, in a large organization, will consider the role of users, the input of\nstakeholders and the aims and objectives of the system itself; the systems\ndevelopment lifecycle is one of the tools that might be used to engineer a\ncomplex system.\nfor control 14.2.5, however, secure systems engineering is more prosai-\ncally about ensuring that security is designed into all the layers (business,\ndata, applications and technology infrastructure) of a complex information\nsystem, and that an appropriate balance \u2014 depending on risk assessment and\nrisk appetite \u2014 is struck between confidentiality, integrity and availability.\nthe control guidance says that secure engineering techniques can help\nwith authentication methods, secure session control and data validation,\nsanitisation and elimination of debugging codes.\nsecure development environment\nenvironments are controlled areas where developers can work on each of\nthe stages of the sdlc. typically, developers work on their", "340b1095-4e20-4fc9-913f-a5a73857405d": "described in iso/iec 27003. to apply this mechanism,\nwrite down what you do using similar words to the annex a control specification, and\ndeclare the necessary control as a variant. for example, strike out the reference to\nall information systems so that the specification reads: \u201call relevant legislative ... for\nthe organisation\u201d. a variant is shorthand for a custom\ncontrol that obviates an annex a control.\nin the case where all necessary controls are custom controls, the need for explicit\ndeclaration of variants and obviations does not arise, as discussed later in this\nchapter.\nexcluding annex a controls\nthere are two reasons for excluding annex a controls:\n1. itis obviated by a custom control.\n2. the control protects against a non-existent or acceptable risk.\nin the case where all necessary controls are custom controls, the only excluded\nannex a controls are those that protect against non-existent or acceptable risks. for\nexample, there is a group of annex a controls that concern the outsourcing", "32303483-073e-4d2c-904b-a32fe1d7a7bd": "information.\n## faqs\nhow do you assess the likelihood and impact of a risk?\nthe likelihood of a risk is the chance that it will occur. the impact of a\nrisk is the consequence of it occurring. to assess the likelihood and impact\nof a risk, you can use a risk assessment matrix.\nwhat are the different ways to treat information security risks?\nthere are a number of ways to treat information security risks, such as:\n 1. avoiding the risk.\n 2. transferring the risk to another party.\n 3. reducing the likelihood of the risk.\n 4. reducing the impact of the risk.\nhow do you monitor and review the effectiveness of risk management?\norganisations need to monitor and review their risk management processes on a\nregular basis to ensure that they are effective in managing the risks to their\ninformation security. this includes:\n * monitoring the results of risk assessments to ensure that they are still accurate.\n * reviewing the effectiveness of the controls that have been implemented to treat risks.\n *", "fb908d7b-7e3a-411c-befa-22ab34bd77b8": "systems.\nother information\nfor more detail on the elasticity and scalability of cloud computing, see iso/iec ts 23167.\n8.7 protection against malware\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational security domains\nsecurity properties concepts capabilities\n#preventive #confidentiality #protect #detect |#system_and_network_ |#protection\n#detective #integrity security #defence\n#corrective #availability #information_protec-\ntion\ncontrol\nprotection against malware should be implemented and supported by appropriate user awareness.\npurpose\nto ensure information and other associated assets are protected against malware.\nguidance\nprotection against malware should be based on malware detection and repair software, information\nsecurity awareness, appropriate system access and change management controls. use of malware\ndetection and repair software alone is not usually adequate. the following guidance should be\nconsidered:\na) implementing rules and controls that prevent or detect the use of unauthorized", "341a8cf0-2dbb-4cb2-b038-d608d6995b5c": "which an organization operates and providing guidance on how to apply organizational\neconomics of information security through the use of models and examples.\n5.4.10 iso/iec 27021\ninformation technology \u2014 security techniques \u2014 information security management \u2014 competence\nrequirements for information security management systems professionals\n22 \u00a9 iso/iec 2018 - all rights reserved\niso/iec 27000:2018(e)\nscope: this document specifies the requirements of competence for isms professionals leading or\ninvolved in establishing, implementing, maintaining and continually improving one or more information\nsecurity management system processes that conforms to iso/iec 27001:2013.\npurpose: this document is intended for use by:\na) individuals who would like to demonstrate their competence as information security management\nsystem (isms) professionals, or who wish to understand and accomplish the competence required\nfor working in this area, as well as wishing to broaden their knowledge,\nb) organizations seeking", "db2caa35-11e2-452e-b811-c66f73b0ccef": "authority to\nensure the third party\u2019s adherence to the terms of the contract, and sufficient\nskill and experience to deal effectively with issues arising. the agreed\ncontract management process should, for preference, be documented in the\n301\n302\nit governance\noutsourcing contract; this ensures that there is no room for vagueness about\nwhat is required, and in any case the organization may need to specify its\nright to monitor and audit the third party\u2019s change management processes,\nincident reporting and handling, vulnerability identification and correction\nprocesses, and to review the third party\u2019s own supply chain security.\nmanaging changes to supplier services\nat the point that it transfers services to a third party, an organization loses\nthe power to make direct changes to those services, whether to respond to\nchanging business needs or to respond to new information security risks.\nequally, once they are under the control of a third party, it is possible that\nchanges that suit the third party might", "913d5129-cb11-4754-a115-7ee9dc30c8d6": "desk to help deal with\nunwanted intruders during opening hours; these alarms can easily be\ntriggered accidentally. however, making them awkward to trigger\ndetracts from their effectiveness in addressing the reason for having them\nin the first place.\nthere are particular problems where two or more organizations share phys-\nical premises. in these circumstances, more than one secure perimeter may\nbe necessary. for instance, there may be a staffed reception desk that lets\nemployees of both organizations on to the property according to jointly\nagreed procedures. each organization might then restrict access to its own\nfloors, either through key cards or through its own reception desk. where\nthis type of additional perimeter is not possible, there may need to be indi-\nvidual security perimeters around individual information assets or\ninformation processing facilities in order to ensure that the organization\u2019s\ninformation processing facilities are physically separated from those\nmanaged by any third", "4b96eaf4-94b6-4cd7-a036-f7ba85721702": "procedures for the process and the failed resources that are important for it.\nif one wants to limit oneself to it, this is about it business continuity or, from another perspective, about [7] emergency management. more information can be found in the iso 22300 series, specifically in iso 22301 [18], then in iso 27031, and, for example, in [3] and [5].\nslas are usually agreed upon with external parties (e.g., customers), while olas represent the organization's own requirements.\ncriticality is a measure of the damage (increase) depending on the downtime.\nfor each individual resource, a maximum time window must be derived within which a successful restart of the resource must take place. when restoring an it application, the provision of necessary data also plays a role, with an emphasis on an as current as possible but undoubtedly correct state of the data before the failure (recovery point).\ndetermining time windows and recovery points is a complex matter, especially when considering dependencies", "b9961c4f-cac5-45cd-b08c-821cee5a7b00": "scope and boundaries\nactivity\nthe organizational scope and boundaries should be defined.\ninput\na) output from activity 5.3 define the preliminary isms scope - the documented preliminary scope of the\nisms which addresses:\n1. relationship of existing management systems, regulatory, compliance, and organization objectives;\n2. characteristics of the business, the organization, its location, assets and technology.\nb) output from activity 5.2 clarify the organization\u2019s priorities to develop an isms - the documented\napproval by management to implement an isms and start the project with necessary resources allocated.\nguidance\nthe amount of effort required to implement an isms is dependent on the magnitude of the scope to which it is\nto be applied. this can also impact all activities relating to maintenance of information security of in-scope\nitems (such as process, physical locations, it systems and people), including implementing and maintaining\ncontrols, managing operations, and carrying out tasks such as", "17df1ea2-3791-4e87-a8a9-daf785527a6b": "and develop a risk\ntreatment plan.\ntip the communication plan can also be developed during this step and this\ncommunication plan will vary from company to company, depending on how\ncomplex it is and its various roles and responsibilities.\nstep 4: complete the documentation\nduring this step, you need to define and implement the policies, procedures, and other\nrecord documents, such as review logs, network logs, and training records that are\nmandatory, as per the iso 27001 standard guideline.\nstep 5: schedule your stage 1 audit\nat this point, you should have all the documents ready and the preparation complete.\nit\u2019s time to schedule the stage 1 audits with the external agency or auditor. you can get\nguidance from the auditor and clarify any doubts. this is your best chance to improve.\n250\nchapter 9 external audit\nstep 6: prepare your team\nnow it\u2019s time to prepare your team for the audit. discuss with the team and send an\nemail if required about what they should expect to be asked and how to reply. the", "c7f4454d-417c-431c-8594-3d20319b664c": "role-based access can address this.\n#### **a.9.2.3 management of privileged access rights**\nspecial access to data and systems requires strict controls on who gets it and\nhow it's used because of the additional power it gives the person who has it.\nsystem by system clarity on privileged access permissions (which can be\nmodified within the programme) could fall under this category, as well as\nallocation based on actual usage rather than a blanket policy.\nall privileges issued to users should be documented, and the competency of\nthose users granted the permissions must be constantly evaluated to ensure\nthat they are able to perform their assigned responsibilities.\nit's also a good idea to keep separate identities for system administrators\nand regular users, especially if they're doing various jobs on the same\nplatform.\n#### **a.9.2.4 management of secret authentication information of users**\naccess to important assets is being granted through the use of secret\nauthentication information. when it comes to", "6c20a0e6-2119-48e2-8402-d07b9a7c4959": "3.14, modified \u2014 note 1 to entry has been deleted.]\n3.5\nauthentication\nprovision of assurance that a claimed characteristic of an entity is correct\n3.6\nauthenticity\nproperty that an entity is what it claims to be\n3.7\navailability\nproperty of being accessible and usable on demand by an authorized entity\n3.8\nbase measure\nmeasure (3.42) defined in terms of an attribute and the method for quantifying it\nnote 1 to entry: a base measure is functionally independent of other measures.\n[source: iso/tec/ieee 15939:2017, 3.3, modified \u2014 note 2 to entry has been deleted.]\n3.9\ncompetence\nability to apply knowledge and skills to achieve intended results\n3.10\nconfidentiality\nproperty that information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized individuals, entities, or\nprocesses (3.54)\n3.11\nconformity\nfulfilment of a requirement (3.56)\n3.12\nconsequence\noutcome of an event (3.21) affecting objectives (3.49)\nnote 1 to entry: an event can lead to a range of consequences.\nnote 2 to entry: a consequence can", "e5cfbb67-7fb3-46ef-b133-d1240c799493": "ensuring, at the end of the contract, handover support to another supplier or to the organization\nitself.\nthe organization should establish and maintain a register of agreements with external parties (e.g.\ncontracts, memorandum of understanding, information-sharing agreements) to keep track of where\ntheir information is going. the organization should also regularly review, validate and update their\nagreements with external parties to ensure they are still required and fit for purpose with relevant\ninformation security clauses.\nother information\nthe agreements can vary considerably for different organizations and among the different types\nof suppliers. therefore, care should be taken to include all relevant requirements for addressing\ninformation security risks.\nfor details on supplier agreements, see iso/iec 27036 series. for cloud service agreements, see\niso/iec 19086 series.\n5.21 managing information security in the ict supply chain\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational security", "04f50450-54a0-4057-92a6-0eb431530fe3": "qualities and environmental variables, such as what time of day it is and where they are.\n## **what are the annex a.9 controls?**\n### **annex a.9.1: business requirements of access control**\nthis clause's goal is to set up and put in place procedures that restrict who\nhas access to information and information processing facilities. access\ncontrol policies must be developed in order to comply with this regulation.\n#### **a.9.1.1: access control policy**\nestablishing, documenting, and periodically reviewing an access control policy\nwith accompanying business and information security requirements is a must. to\nprotect their assets, asset owners should set suitable access control, access\nrights and user role constraints, with the volume of information and the\nstrictness of controls reflecting the associated information security risks.\nwhen considering access controls, it is important to consider both their\nreason and value. there should be a clear declaration of the business\nrequirements that access", "03e6017c-c91b-40c1-a469-f12d13bff26d": "be required. once the agreement is revised, risk\nassessment must be done to identify the existence of new risks.\norganizations can consider the following scenarios:\ne when you need to manage changes to the supplier agreements\ne when you are proposing enhancements or modifications to the\ncurrent system\ne when you need to develop new systems.\nwhen the supplier services change, it could be the following scenarios.\ne when new products are developed or acquired\ne\u00ab you want to implement a new technology\ne any changes to office locations\n\u00a2\u00ab you want to change suppliers\n203\nchapter 6 execution\nevidence that can be prepared:\ne supplier relationship policy\n\u00a2\u00ab supplier agreement changes\ne\u00ab revised/new agreement\ne risk assessment tracker\nwho prepares it:\ne the information security team prepares the supplier relationship\npolicy in discussion with various departments/implementation teams.\ne the concerned department heads revise or prepare new agreements\nbased on the services acquired from each supplier.", "1f36937c-ee2d-4c9c-a14c-373ee1a58455": "can be more fun and create more interest, while offline quizzes are\nmore of an assessment.\nthe awareness session also helps implementation team members when writing the\npolicies and procedures. when the inputs are clear, it is easier to define them, and they\nwill know how easily they will be understood by the employees when they read them.\npolicies and procedures\nthe most important step in the execution is defining the policy and operational\nprocedures. without them, the implementation will be incomplete. if you are going for\nan external audit, the auditor requires these procedures as part of the audit exercise\nto verify how they have defined and followed. employees must adhere to the practices\ndefined in the policy. these are the defined rules to be followed by all.\nas part of the iso 27001 standard implementation, you must define policies to cover\nvarious security controls, although the standard does not mandate standard operating\nprocedures. without having these procedures in place, your company", "d00405dc-388c-49ef-806b-b25a03de6980": "person who was not involved in the creation. the name of the reviewer should be indicated in the labeling or document status.\nthe section isms-7.5.3 deals with the control that an organization must exercise over its documented information (from the isms) - this is occasionally referred to as document control. the following control objectives are addressed:\nthe documented information should be available in a usable form from the organization's perspective, wherever it is needed, on demand and at any necessary time.\nit should be adequately protected in terms of scope (e.g. against loss of confidentiality and/or integrity, as well as misuse).\nthe standard provides a list of aspects to be considered in these controls:\npermissible distribution, easy access, findability, and proper use\nfor true long-term archiving, readability on future systems must be guaranteed - how can this be achieved? usually, this problem leads to the necessary software for reading the data and the devices on which this software runs", "b5e791e0-b8f5-465d-bfef-109960a0580f": "computer-based systems, possibly also by accompanying camera surveillance or manually by recordings of security personnel.\nin connection with controlled access points, there is also the reverse problem: in emergencies, it is often about a quick evacuation of the personnel working in the security zone. here, quick exit from the zone must be enabled at the controlled access points or at corresponding emergency exits, possibly for a larger group of employees. for this purpose, emergency switches are installed within the security zone, which, when activated, open (automated) doors and airlocks without further controls.\nemergency procedures such as unlocking access points for the evacuation of personnel should not be used under normal circumstances - e.g., when leaving the security zone for lunch or at the end of the workday.\nsecuring offices, rooms, and facilities\nfirstly, which other premises/facilities should be considered in addition to the mentioned offices in this control?\nthis includes rooms for", "55f207b1-638c-438b-8a38-c2a6e1426a7c": "between sub-processes.\nin addition to prevention, detection, and response, another security element to consider is emergency training, which mainly ensures the timely execution of plans for restart/recovery to meet the available time windows.\nif control a-5.30 is relevant to the organization and must be implemented, this obviously involves considerable effort and requires a lot of knowledge and experience in bcm. those who want to familiarize themselves with the topic could start with seminars on it emergency management or it emergency planning.\na-5.31 legal, regulatory, and contractual requirements\nwhat legal requirements are meant? everything that the organization must comply with in terms of information security or that has been contractually agreed upon with external parties!\nthe control requires:\n- identifying legal requirements that could be relevant to the organization\n- checking whether they have an impact on the organization's information security, i.e., are relevant to our topic\n- keeping the", "a352da29-bfc5-49c5-b210-d75bc8746159": "risk guidance and sarbanes-oxley\nroom\u2019; non-compliance is likely to have a terminal impact on the careers of\nthose directors who think that it is a viable option. the guidance, both from\nthe frc and as laid out in the pcaob\u2019s auditing standard no 5 (which\nreplaced as no 2 in 2007), points inexorably at the need for organizations\nto create and implement it governance frameworks.\nthere is an it governance portal at www.itgovernance.co.uk (archived at\nhttps://perma.cc/ar35-5xf4), it reflects clearly the principles that have\nbeen set out above, as well as the broader belief that organizations should\nintegrate their it strategies and their business strategies, because it is\nmission-critical for most organizations to share information efficiently with\ncustomers, partners, suppliers and a wide range of stakeholders. as organi-\nzations recognize that it management should have a fundamental input to\nthe development of business objectives and business strategies, so informa-\ntion technology is increasingly being", "00179338-3f5d-4780-9b43-eccecd5dbba8": "record/evidence.\nthe information security team would review and provide consulting on the process.\nfor external audit: an external auditor conducting the iso 27001 certification audit\nwill check the evidence in order to verify how the organization will manage the usage of\nutility programs and preventing them from overriding the systems on their own.\na.9.4.5 access control to program source code (iso 27001 control)\naccess to program source code should be restricted.\nexplanation/what is required: organizations must implement security controls\nto restrict the access to program source code, to prevent unauthorized or unintentional\nchanges to the source code. organizations must assess the storage location of the source\ncode, to manage the access in a better way.\nconsider the following points for restricting the access to program source code:\ne persons should not have unrestricted access to the code\ne only authorized users must be allowed to update program source\nlibraries\n154\nchapter 6 execution\ne audit", "4361949f-92ee-4c43-adbf-59a5734a9fd6": "government/military aka. the public sector\n * medtech/healthcare\n * communications\nyet, with the current upward trend of cyber criminality, all businesses \u2014 from\nsmbs to large-scale corporates - need to consider information security. and\ngetting iso 27001 certified is a clear roadmap to making it a priority.\n## how hard is it to get iso 27001 certified?\ngetting iso 27001 isn't easy by default \u2014 in fact, the process does come with\nits complexities, especially with plenty of stakeholders and complicated\nprocesses involved.\nfurthermore, iso 27001 certification is usually a top-down decision, which\nmeans that top management must be involved in the process sooner or later. as\na business, you should ensure that you have the right experience within the\nteam to convince decision-makers about the certification and to navigate the\nwhole process.\n## common pitfalls to avoid when getting iso 27001 certification\nas an organisation, implementing iso 27001 provides you with several benefits\nincluding easier", "cc03974c-6356-4bdc-b77e-4217ae4a660f": "her obligations under\nthe contract of employment and, in particular, of which obligations will\nsurvive termination of the employment. it is normal practice for compro-\nmise agreements to restate key confidentiality clauses.\nstandard confidentiality agreements and ndas should be reviewed after\nspecific instances where loopholes in an existing agreement appear to have\nbeen found, and steps should be taken both to amend the document for the\nit governance\nfuture and, where the loophole is a significant one, to replace and re-sign\nexisting confidentiality agreements and ndas.\nthe contractual clauses should make clear that the employee has a\nresponsibility for information security. this responsibility must be described.\nthe simplest way to handle this is to attach the job description (and the\nseparate statement of information security responsibilities, if this is the route\nthat the organization has followed) to the contract of employment and for\nthe contract of employment to refer explicitly to the", "70a2f16a-9982-49e6-bc07-799330f23ec6": "complete form element rtp1 and attend to rtp2.\nstep 2: prepare the risk treatment plan documented information using appendix a,\nsection a.5.1.1. there should be twelve such plans.\nstep 3: for each rtp, complete form elements rtp1, rtp2, rtp3, and follow the\ninstructions for rtp4.\nstep 4. decide on whether you will use the optimum or reverse engineering\napproach to risk treatment and prepare the worksheets (see section on \u201cwriting the\nstory\u201d in this chapter).\noptimum approach (for each event)\niso/iec 27001:2013 \u2014 mastering risk assessment and the statement of applicability 42\nchapter 3 \u2014 risk treatment\nstep 5a: using the worksheet, write the story for detecting the event, taking note of\nthe necessary controls that you are using.\nstep 5b: likewise, write the story for reacting to the consequence(s).\nstep 5c: likewise, write the story for preventing the event.\nstep 5d: review the whole story and ensure that it results in acceptable risk.\nrevise, as necessary.\nstep 5e: copy the resultant text to the", "f02c2edf-76a0-4efc-9286-b7c2844d2c06": "* use a certified transition partner. * set realistic goals and milestones. * communicate regularly with stakeholders. * by following these tips, you can make the transition to iso 27001:2022 a success.\nhere are some additional proactive business advice:\n * use the transition as an opportunity to improve your overall information security posture. * consider using the transition as a way to consolidate or streamline your isms processes. * use the transition to communicate the importance of information security to your employees and other stakeholders. * use the transition to improve your organisation's risk management capabilities.\nby taking a proactive approach to the transition, you can make it a valuable\nasset to your organisation.\nwhat is next for iso 27001?\nas is typical with iso standards in general, they are all subject to updates\nover time, and iso 27001:2022 will be no different.\nas cybersecurity threats continue to grow \u2014 we can expect the", "5f55c099-4d24-4875-b50e-1fa02fa7d800": "information\nsecurity policy or topic-specific policies change.\nwhere appropriate, responsibilities contained within the terms and conditions of employment should\ncontinue for a defined period after the end of the employment (see 6.5).\nother information\na code of conduct can be used to state personnel\u2019s information security responsibilities regarding\nconfidentiality, pii protection, ethics, appropriate use of the organization\u2019s information and other\nassociated assets, as well as reputable practices expected by the organization.\nan external party, with which supplier personnel are associated, can be required to enter into\ncontractual agreements on behalf of the contracted individual.\nif the organization is not a legal entity and does not have employees, the equivalent of contractual\nagreement and terms and conditions can be considered in line with the guidance of this control.\n6.3. information security awareness, education and training\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational security", "d5a3e47e-1aef-4e7d-9fa8-441fa2af3450": "crime-as-a-service (caas) business model drives\nthe digital underground economy by providing a wide range of commercial\nservices that facilitate almost any type of cybercrime. criminals are freely\nable to procure such services, such as the rental of botnets, denial-of-service\nattacks, malware development, data theft and password cracking, to\ncommit crimes themselves. this has facilitated a move by traditional organ-\nized crime groups (ocgs) into cybercrime areas. the financial gain that\ncybercrime experts have from offering these services stimulates the commer-\ncialization of cybercrime as well as its innovation and further sophistication.\nlegitimate privacy networks are also of primary interest to criminals that\nabuse such anonymity on a massive scale for illicit online trade in drugs,\nweapons, stolen goods, forged ids and child sexual exploitation.\nthe internet is, in other words, digitally dangerous. organizations must\ntake appropriate steps to protect themselves against criminal activity \u2014 both\ninternal", "e46d8f4c-2aa8-4598-a31c-810021c71bed": "records retention and protection policy\ne privacy and personal data protection policy\ne clear desk and clear screen policy\ne social media policy\ne hr security policy\ne threat intelligence policy\ne asset management policy\ne acceptable use policy\ne cctv policy\ne configuration management policy\ne information deletion policy\ne data masking policy\ne data leakage prevention policy\ne monitoring policy\ne web filtering policy\ne secure coding policy\nit\u2019s up to each small organization to decide if this approach would be right for them;\ninevitably there are pros and cons of having more or fewer documents and some form of\ncompromise solution based on our suggestions might also be appropriate.\n2.5 integrating management systems\nif your organization has already achieved certification to an iso standard, such as iso9001,\nthen you will probably want to incorporate your |iso27001 isms into an integrated\n page 17 of 79\niso/iec 27001 implementation guide\nmanagement system, rather than run your management", "5515d1b6-822b-4bcc-9181-d466f6da3a4a": "organization. deletion of such identities often needs to be done urgently to avoid subjects exercising permissions under their identity.\n- in case the subjects are it applications, deletion of the identity can also occur - for example, after the de-installation of the application.\nconsidering external personnel, service providers, maintenance technicians, visitors, etc.: depending on the type of activity, identities also need to be assigned and managed here - often for controlling access to premises, but also for access to other objects.\nactions of this kind should only be carried out after appropriate request and approval. for the sake of future traceability, records are required and should be archived.\nif identities or their designations are stored in technical systems, it must be ensured that these data cannot be unlawfully modified. identity management could be described in the guideline mentioned in a-5.15 - or in a separate guideline.\na-5.17 authentication information\nhaving an identity is not", "3c1a2cd8-540c-49b8-9b03-b03563c4200d": "(a.7.2) physical entry\n48. (a.7.3) securing offices, rooms and facilities\n49. (a.7.4) physical security monitoring\n50. (a.7.5) protecting against physical and environmental threats\n51. (a.7.6) working in secure areas\n52. (a.7.7) clear desk and clear screen\n53. (a.7.8) equipment siting and protection\n54. (a.7.9) security of assets off-premises\n55. (a.7.10) storage media\n56. (a.7.11) supporting utilities\n57. (a.7.12) cabling security\n58. (a.7.13) equipment maintenance\n59. (a.7.14) secure disposal or re-use of equipment\n**technological controls:**\n60. (a.8.1) user endpoint devices\n61. (a.8.2) privileged access rights\n62. (a.8.3) information access restriction\n63. (a.8.4) access to source code\n64. (a.8.5) secure authentication\n65. (a.8.6) capacity management\n66. (a.8.7) protection against malware\n67. (a.8.8) management of technical vulnerabilities\n68. (a.8.9) configuration management\n69. (a.8.10) information deletion\n70. (a.8.11) data masking\n71. (a.8.12) data leakage prevention\n72. (a.8.13) information", "66717876-ba6b-458f-aa2c-76718c5070a5": "* aid in how to comply with legal and regulatory requirements. * to reduce the risk of financial losses, reputational damage, and business disruption. * improve the organisation's overall security posture.\n## who is responsible for iso 27001 clause 5.1?\nthe responsibility for iso 27001 clause 5.1 ultimately lies with top\nmanagement. however, all employees in the organisation have a role to play in\nensuring the organisation's information security.\nspecifically, top management is responsible for:\n * taking accountability for the effectiveness of the isms. * ensuring that the isms policy and objectives are established and are compatible with the organisation's context and strategic direction. * integrating the isms into business processes. * promoting the use of a risk-based approach to information security. * ensuring that adequate resources are available to support the isms. * ensuring that the isms achieves its intended outcomes. *", "bfcd6d99-353e-437a-acc8-b345f9a6f891": "help to clearly categorise potential risks. but what\nare the tangible benefits of mitigating risks?\nnot all organisations choose to adopt iso 27001 certification, but many use it\nas a framework to keep their isms safe from the risk of information security\nbreaches.\niso 27001 compliance demonstrates to stakeholders (such as customers and\nshareholders) that an organisation has prioritised the implementation of\ninformation security best practices. this can lead to the following benefits:\n * improved competitiveness * reduced risks of fines and losses due to data protection breaches * improved brand perception * compliance with relevant business, legal, economic and statutory requirements * improved structure and focus * reduced number of required audits * unbiased assessment of the organisation\u2019s security posture\nin short, iso 27001 certification makes it easier to satisfy regulatory\nobligations, demonstrates your organisation\u2019s reliability to partners,", "2a66ff2e-6baf-4449-9971-1a572509ba0d": "in relation to information security\n## requirements of iso 27001 clause 5.2\nclause 5.2 of iso 27001 requires that top management establish an information\nsecurity policy. the policy must:\n * be documented * be approved by top management * be communicated to all employees * be reviewed and updated as necessary\n## key points to be covered in an information security policy\nhere are some of the key points that should be covered in an information\nsecurity policy:\n * the organisation's commitment to information security * the organisation's assets that need to be protected * the threats and risks to those assets * the controls that will be used to mitigate those risks * the roles and responsibilities of employees in relation to information security * the process for reporting information security incidents * the process for continuing to improve the organisation's information security\n## what can go wrong with information security", "606c37be-1023-4e81-b789-13528b9683ed": "the likelihood and impact of security\nincidents.\n## what is clause 8 of iso 27001 concerned with?\nclause 8 of iso 27001 is concerned with the following:\n * planning, implementing, and controlling the processes needed to meet information security requirements * monitoring and reviewing the operation of the isms * maintaining and improving the isms\n## what are the requirements of clause 8.1 of the standard?\nthe requirements of clause 8.1 are as follows:\n * the organisation shall plan, implement, and control the processes needed to meet information security requirements. * the organisation shall establish criteria for the processes. * the organisation shall implement controls of the processes in accordance with the criteria. * documented information shall be available to the extent necessary to have confidence that the processes have been carried out as planned. * the organisation shall control planned changes and review the consequences of unintended", "3ae7446b-d271-4a2e-b20c-825a7650572a": "vulnerability.\nin the information gathering process, for example, cert bulletins, relevant newsletters from bsi or other specialized services, information from security consultants, insights from own investigations, or - if the organization itself is a service provider - feedback from customers can be evaluated.\nthe data from the asset directory and the risk treatment plan can also be used to filter cert reports, in order to avoid drowning in the sheer amount of daily reports and becoming demotivated.\nregarding the asset directory, it should be noted that it is not static: new assets need to be considered with regard to vulnerabilities once they are included in the directory, while these vulnerabilities no longer apply once assets are removed from the directory.\nif the organization uses service providers for its information processing (e.g. cloud providers), vulnerabilities that may arise in this context must also be taken into account. therefore, service agreements should include requirements for timely", "92c23ce2-d905-4c97-a228-65f424e0e155": "to\nidentify and implement the controls that are relevant to your organisation\u2019s\nobjectives.\nannex a.18 outlines best practices for compliance and information security\nreviews through 8 potential controls that ensure personally identifiable\ninformation and business records (such as accounts records and logs) aren\u2019t\nmade available without authorisation. a.18 dictates how organisations may\ncontinue to remain compliant with laws, regulations, contracts and policies\nand strengthen their approach to information security management.", "5e588499-5490-48fc-926f-cf52c30c9860": "and should \u2014 use history (and that means collecting,\nanalysing and improving detailed monitoring statistics) in\norder to inform one\u2019s assessment of the future, it is extremely\nimportant to bear in mind that \u2018things change\u2019 and the \u2018thing\u2019\nthat changes most for today\u2019s organisations is the risk\nenvironment.\njust because a risk has never turned into an incident to date\ndoes not mean that it never will. this may seem an obvious\nstatement, but its implications need to be kept in mind when\nconducting and reviewing risk assessments. the rate of\nchange in technology alone is, for instance, a key source of\nrisk for enterprises.\nhistoric data, facts and figures are all, nevertheless, going to\nbe of enormous value in the risk management process.\nhistoric figures about the risk environment (frequency and\nnature of threats, the cost of successful attacks, the costs of\nvarious mitigation measures, and so on) all inform the initial\nrisk assessment, as well as the ongoing risk management\nprocess. as we shall see in due", "f257db99-3190-4d76-b18c-28789e2e1acd": "# iso 27001 clause 6.1: actions to address risks and opportunities\nclause 6.1 of iso 27001 is titled \"actions to address risks and\nopportunities\". this clause requires organisations to plan how they will\nidentify, assess, and treat risks and opportunities to their information\nsecurity.\n### iso 27001 clause 6.1. planning general\nwhen planning for the information security management system, the organisation\nshall consider the issues referred to in 4.1 and the requirements referred to\nin 4.2 and determine the risks and opportunities that need to be addressed to:\n * ensure the information security management system can achieve its intended outcome(s);\n * prevent or reduce, undesired effects\n * achieve continual improvement.\nthe organisation shall plan:\n * actions to address these risks and opportunities; and\n * how to * integrate and implement these actions into its information security management system processes; and\n * evaluate the effectiveness of these actions. ## what is the", "dbf0ca9f-a12b-44a9-a445-c904eef53bf8": "information processing facilities shall be\nadopted.\nchapter 2. assessing needs and scope\nresponsibility\nthe it and facility team is responsible for implementing the physical entry controls to\nyour office locations and for securing the areas within your office.\nsection a.12 of the annexure\nas shown in table 2-8, section a.12 covers the controls to be implemented for running\nsmooth day-to-day operations in your organization.\ntable 2-8. a.12 operation security\na.12 operations security\na.12.1 operational procedures and responsibilities\nobjective: to ensure correct and secure operations of information processing facilities.\ncontrol\na12.1.1 documented operating ; ;\nshe. procedures operating procedures shall be documented and made available to\nall users who need them.\ncontrol\na.12.1.2 |change management _|changes to the organization, business processes, information pro-\ncessing facilities and systems that affect information security shall\nbe controlled.\ncontrol\na.12.1.3. |capacity management |the use", "88d04577-06e1-4fe5-9887-4c099ed646a2": "of\ncontrols, then the comparison process will not find it. this is the weakness of the\napproach. of course, if the missing control is in the reference set, then the\ncomparison process will find it. that is a strength, but there are other strengths as\nwell:\nm every organisation that has an iso/iec 27001 conformant isms will have\ncompared their necessary controls to those in the same reference set.\nm the soa acts as a comprehensive catalogue of an organisation\u2019s\ninformation security controls.\nm the iso/iec 27001 annex a reference set is a robust mix of organisational,\npeople, physical and technological controls.\nm iso/iec 27002 gives guidance and supporting information for each\nreference control.\nm the controls and guidance in this reference set are drawn from generally\naccepted good information security practice.\nm iso/iec 27001 annex a and iso/iec 27002 a common language that is\nrecognised internationally.\nm\u2122 for organisations new to information security, the controls in this reference\nprovide a good", "9daeca34-3959-4a16-a1a0-010785177681": "(if it is related to business\ncontinuity, you will read more about it in this chapter). this impacts the company\u2019s\nrevenue and reputation. hence, the organization incident management procedure must\ndescribe what is to be done if any unexpected incident occurs.\nevidence that can be prepared: an incident management and escalation procedure\nshould define the roles and responsibilities and explain what to do in such scenarios. for\nexample, how to contact the authorities and who will contact them in case of incident.\nwho prepares it: the information security team is responsible for preparing the\ndocument by involving relevant stakeholders/departments such as human resources, it\nhelpdesk, software development, and other operations whose incidents are required to\nbe reported to authorities.\nfor external audit: an external auditor conducting the iso 27001 certification audit\nwill check the incident management and escalation procedure. if an incident has occurred,\nthey will check if the procedure was followed,", "63df50c9-c571-4cdf-9aab-054e3d225a6c": "organization, it\u2019s time to begin with the\ncertification itself. the iso does not directly provide certification for its\nstandards, so you will need to hire a third-party organization that provides\niso 27001 certification.\n note that while the iso doesn\u2019t provide certification, it does have a set of\nstandards that it outlines for certifying organizations. it\u2019s important to\nmake sure that the iso certification body that you select is fully accredited\nin accordance with your company's requirements. vanta has several high-\nquality, well-priced certification bodies that we can refer you to.\n\u200d\n **6\\. perform an internal audit**\nin order to obtain iso 27001 certification, all organizations must perform an\ninternal audit of their security program. you may choose to engage a third-\nparty consultant to perform the internal audit, or a member of your\norganization, who is qualified and independent of the control owners, may\nperform the audit.\n\u200d\n **7\\. complete a full certification audit**\nthis is the key piece", "3f5e457b-82b4-41a5-bd16-21a65e2a06eb": "implemented and, where implementation\nhas been only partial, to determine what steps (and how long they will take)\nwill be necessary to complete its implementation. in particular, all instances\nin which the organization has chosen not to implement a recommended\ncontrol should be reviewed in detail to ensure that this decision was appro-\npriate, and that the justification for exclusion that is included on the soa is\nsufficient. similarly, all instances in which a control has been implemented\nto a greater or lesser extent than indicated as necessary by a proper informa-\ntion security risk assessment should be reviewed, and if it is not possible (too\ndifficult, expensive, etc) to improve the level to which the control has been\nimplemented, managers should formally accept the highest level of residual\nrisk,\nonce a comprehensive review has been completed and the management\nsteering group is satisfied that the isms is complete, complies with the\nstandard and has been adequately implemented (and at least one cycle", "4b557fcf-d807-4d06-872d-d897f01fbc38": "into\nconsideration the set-up of the monitoring process as well as designing the actual monitoring needs and\nactivities. these activities need to be coordinated, which is part of the design.\nbased on previous information set by the scope and the assets defined, in combination with the results from\nthe risk analysis and the selection of controls, the objectives of monitoring can be defined. these objectives\nshould include:\ne what to detect\ne when\ne \u00a7=against what,\nin practical terms, the previously set organizational activities/processes and linked assets are the basic scope\nfor monitoring (bullet \u201cagainst what\u201d above). to design the monitoring, a selection may be needed to cover the\nimportant assets from an information security point of view. consideration should also be made for the risk\ntreatment and the selection of controls in order to find what should be monitored on the assets and linked\norganization activities/processes. (this will set both what to detect and when.)\n62 \u00a9 iso/iec 2010 \u2014 all", "b55e662f-f06a-4b6b-8cea-459473428d26": "assets shall be\nagreed with the supplier and documented.\ncontrol\naddressing security | all relevant information security requirements shall be established\na.15.1.2 |within supplier agree- | and agreed with each supplier that may access, process, store,\nments communicate, or provide it infrastructure components for, the\norganization's information.\nsupply chain the information security risks associated with information and\ncommunications technology services and product supply chain.\ncontrol\ninformation and com-\na.15.1.3 |munication technology | agreements with suppliers shall include requirements to address\na.15.2 supplier service delivery management\nobjective: to maintain an agreed level of information security and service delivery in line with sup-\nplier agreements.\ncontrol\nmonitoring and review oo . . . .\nof supplier services organizations shall regularly monitor, review and audit supplier\nservice delivery.\ncontrol\n; changes to the provision of services by suppliers, including\nmanaging changes to |", "601a3f88-8c0d-41b5-b821-d8488a04947a": "is:\nobjective:\nto obtain management approval to start the isms project by defining a business case and the project plan.\nin order to acquire management approval, an organization should create a business case which includes the\npriorities and objectives to implement an isms in addition to the structure of the organization for the isms.\nthe initial isms project plan should also be created.\nthe work performed in this phase will enable the organization to understand the relevance of an isms, and\nclarify the information security roles and responsibilities within the organization needed for an isms project.\nthe expected output of this phase will be the preliminary management approval of, and commitment to\nimplement, an isms and performing the activities described in this international standard. the deliverables\nfrom this clause include a business case and a draft isms project plan with key milestones.\nfigure 3 illustrates the process to obtain management approval to initiate the isms project.\nnote the", "bc6d10a0-2115-4f58-9f80-409d8fb0643b": "son\u2019. these three\ngenerations refer to monthly, weekly and daily back-ups, with the \u2018son, an\nincremental back-up running every day (one tape for each day of the\nweek) and being overwritten on the same day the following week. the\n\u2018father\u2019 back-ups are full back-ups done every week (one tape for each\nweek of the month) and then overwritten in the same week of the next\nmonth. the \u2018grandfather\u2019 back-ups are done every month (one tape for\neach month of the year) and overwritten in the same month of the next\nyear. autochangers and additional software might be necessary to ensure\nthat back-ups are done fully and effectively.\nback-up information should be given the same level of physical and\nenvironmental security as the original data; it is just as important, and\ntherefore standard physical and environmental controls must also apply\nto the back-up data. where necessary, back-ups should be protected by\nencryption.\nback-up media (eg the tape unit) should be regularly tested to ensure that\nthey are working. the", "3c92f0c6-f05e-47ce-bac0-bd822dd3df9e": "from activity 6.5 integrate each scope and boundaries to obtain the isms scope and boundaries -\nthe scope and boundaries of the ismsi\nd) output from activity 6.6 develop the isms policy and obtain approval from management \u2014 the isms\npolicy\ne) output from activity 7.2 define information security requirements for the isms process\nf) output from activity 7.3 identify assets within the isms scope\ng) output from activity 7.4 conduct an information security assessment\nh) output from activity 8.2 conduct risk assessment \u2014 the results of risk assessment output from activity 8.3\nselect the control objectives and controls\ni) output from activity 9.2.1 design of the final organizational structure for information security\nj) output from activity 9.2.2 design a framework for documentation of the isms\nk) iso/iec 27002:2005 reference: 5.1.1\nguidance\nthe information security policy documents the organization\u2019s strategic position with respect to the information\nsecurity objectives throughout the organization.\nthe", "88626e37-e0dc-4756-91b1-69b14410dcac": "vulnerabilities), the isms\nneeds to be continually reviewed to ensure it remains fit for\npurpose and that it meets the requirements of the information\nsecurity policy. to do this, the risk assessment needs to be\nreviewed.\nthere are two types of review: a review that takes place in\nresponse to a specific change of circumstances, such as a\nproposal to introduce a new technology, provide a new\nservice or respond to a regulatory change; and a review that\ntakes place on a regular basis and which considers the overall\neffectiveness of the controls that are currently in place. this\nregular review should take place at least annually in smaller\nbusinesses, but in larger organisations should probably be\ndone on a rolling monthly schedule, which ensures that the\nentire risk assessment is reviewed across the 12-month\nperiod.\nreview(s) should be part of the overall management review\nof the isms and should look at the aggregated outputs of the\nincident reporting procedure as well as from the various\nprocesses put in", "98588fed-675f-4d1f-81be-eae68e7e04ea": "a follow-up action against a person or organization after an information security\nincident involves legal action (either civil or criminal), evidence shall be collected,\nretained, and presented to conform to the rules for evidence laid down in the relevant\njurisdiction(s).\na.14 business continuity management (iso 27001:2015, version 2015)\na.14.1 information security aspects of business continuity management (\\so 27001:2015, version 2015)\nobjective: to counteract interruptions to business activities and to protect critical\nbusiness processes from the effects of major failures of information systems or disasters\nand to ensure their timely resumption.\na.14.1.1\nincluding information security in the business continuity management process\ncontrol\na managed process shall be developed and maintained for business continuity throughout\nthe organization that addresses the information security requirements needed for the\norganization\u2019s business continuity.\na.14.1.2 business continuity and risk", "160f3ac1-2093-40a4-99c2-74d616b0ff71": "certifying body, but some of the\nimportant areas that it covers are described in the following sections.\nexecutive summary\nthis section contains the objectives of an audit along with the company\u2019s details. here\u2019s\nan example of the executive summary:\n254\nthe company has implemented isms in its software development,\nmaintenance, support department. the company uses an aws\n(amazon web services) cloud for its application development and\nhosting requirements.\nthe isms objectives, along with its policies, were verified with\nreference to the isms manual v1.0 dated (date here).\ninformation security policy v1.0, isms-roles, responsibilities, and\nauthorities v1.2 dated (date here).\nrisk assessment procedure v1.0 dated (date here), statement of\napplicability v1.1 dated (date here).\nthe only control excluded is a.14.2.7, outsourced software\ndevelopment, as the organization does not use outsourced software\ndevelopment services.\nchapter 9 external audit\ne all candidates went through pre-employment checks as", "bd15f8fb-bcc9-47c5-bd9a-6285fe419a3a": "# who needs iso 27001 certification?\nin this post, we\u2019ll walk you through the basics of the iso 27001 certification\nand help you determine if it will serve your business goals and customers\u2019\nneeds.\u200d we\u2019ll discuss what is iso 27001 certification and who needs iso 27001.\n\u200d\n\u200d\n## what is iso 27001 certification?\n\u200d\npublished by the international organization for standardization (iso) and the\ninternational electrotechnical commission (iec), the iso 27001 standard helps\nbusinesses organize their people, processes, and technology. iso 20071 was\ndesigned to ensure the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of\ninformation.\nthe focus of iso 27001 standard is on a company\u2019s information security\nmanagement system (isms), which outlines how they\u2019ve integrated information\nsecurity into their business processes.\nthe iso 27001 standard requires companies to identify information security\nrisks to their system and the corresponding controls to address them. iso\n27001 comprises 114 controls divided into 14", "8e2d8c6f-6fa6-4363-8328-1f6769340bab": "and network traffic bandwidth.\nit should be noted that network security is also a subject of internal and external audits according to iso 27001.\nadditional aspects:\nwhen designing and configuring the network architecture, it should be checked whether a physical or logical division of the intranet into multiple subnets is useful and how to establish and maintain this division and separation, either permanently or at least temporarily. permanent or quickly activatable network separation can be a very effective tool for protecting sensitive network areas during ongoing attack activities. control a-8.22 deals with the aspect of network separation.\nwhen using external network services (e.g. cloud services), appropriate agreements on service levels and mutual security measures should be concluded (see a-5.19). if an organization itself provides network services with corresponding slas, the procedures of it emergency management should be applied (business impact analysis, continuity planning). control a-8.21", "5dfd69ed-dd4c-47d8-af4f-fcbc1463c575": "relevant interested parties.\ninformation security incidents should be responded to by a designated team with the required\ncompetency (see 5.24).\nthe response should include the following:\na) containing, if the consequences of the incident can spread, the systems affected by the incident;\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved 45\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\nb) collecting evidence (see 5.28) as soon as possible after the occurrence;\nc) escalation, as required including crisis management activities and possibly invoking business\ncontinuity plans (see 5.29 and 5.30);\nd) ensuring that all involved response activities are properly logged for later analysis;\ne} communicating the existence of the information security incident or any relevant details thereof to\nall relevant internal and external interested parties following the need-to-know principle;\nf) coordinating with internal and external", "0ba897fc-d904-472f-8d19-5aede8ca9adf": "organization's internal affairs. confidential records must therefore be subject to access control or secured by encryption.\n- in systems processing classified data (see a-5.12), it will often be the case that the records also need to be classified.\n- the integrity of records must be preserved, i.e. the data must not be modified or falsified, supplemented, or selectively deleted. access control measures may be sufficient to protect against changes by unauthorized persons. making relevant changes detectable is possible with cryptographic methods, e.g. by means of electronic signatures.\n- in some contexts, it may be important to prove which instance initiated the (electronic) recording or which person started it - the authenticity of this instance/person must be verifiable. certificates and electronic signatures can be used, for example.\n- recorded data almost always include information about the time and date of the event or recording. therefore, it must be ensured that the recording instances use a", "ebf9f0af-cb61-4831-ab58-449950dbffed": "groups or other special-\ninterest groups ist security forums and professional associations shall be main-\ntained.\ncontrol\na615 information security ; . ; ;\n6.1. in project management information security shall be addressed in project management,\nregardless of the type of the project.\na.6.2 mobile devices and teleworking\nobjective: to ensure the security of teleworking and use of mobile devices.\n10 \u00a9 iso/iec 2013 - all rights reserved\niso/iec 27001:2013(e)\ntable a.1 (continued)\na.7\nmobile device policy\nteleworking\ncontrol\na policy and supporting security measures shall be adopted to\nmanage the risks introduced by using mobile devices.\ncontrol\na policy and supporting security measures shall be implemented to\nprotect information accessed, processed or stored at teleworking\nsites.\nhuman resource security\na.7.1 prior to employment\nobjective: to ensure that employees and contractors understand their responsibilities and are suit-\nable for the roles for which they are", "eada4ec8-5c7d-43ff-9d31-2c9d423e1a7b": "compliance with legal, statutory, regulatory and contractual requirements, as well as\ncommunity or societal expectations related to the protection and availability of records.\nguidance\nthe organization should take the following steps to protect the authenticity, reliability, integrity and\nusability of records, as their business context and requirements for their management change over\ntime:\na) issue guidelines on the storage, handling chain of custody and disposal of records, which includes\nprevention of manipulation of records. these guidelines should be aligned with the organization\u2019s\ntopic-specific policy on records management and other records requirements;\nb) draw up a retention schedule defining records and the period of time for which they should be\nretained.\nthe system of storage and handling should ensure identification of records and of their retention\nperiod taking into consideration national or regional legislation or regulations, as well as community or\nsocietal expectations, if applicable.", "cfd3b764-c839-44a9-a879-ab33f426ff1f": "when they are exchanged outside the organization. it should\ncover the following points:\nproper exchange of information through the electronic\ncommunication channel. define the restricted and acceptable\ncommunication channels.\nregulations for external parties, such as vendors and service\nproviders for hardware and software.\n117\nchapter 6 execution\n\u00a2 define the security measures required to protect network services.\ne segregate the network inside the organization. for example, the\npublic domain, it department, and any other departments should be\nseparated.\npassword creation policy\nthe purpose of this policy is to secure password management by establishing a set\na standard procedures for the creation of strong passwords, the protection of those\npasswords, and the frequency of change. it should include the following points:\ne define the standard guidelines for password management. for\nexample, how long should passwords be and the combinations\nrequired to make them strong.\ne define the password change", "4ece5381-cf8f-4499-9db7-1cda171dc062": "the rb-plan. if, during the comparison, some controls from annex a are recognized as irrelevant for their own isms, some keywords should be noted as justification - we need them for the now following point (d).\n(d) a statement of applicability (soa) must be created, which includes all controls according to (b) and (c).\nin english: statement of applicability, abbreviated as soa.\nthe statement of applicability can also be created in tabular form. the controls according to (b) and all controls from annex a are taken over into the first column of the table, and then noted in further columns:\n- whether it is an own control or one from annex a (source)\n- the reason why the control is considered\n- whether the control has already been implemented or is only planned here\n- why the control can potentially be removed, i.e. a corresponding justification is required\nthe typical reason for considering a control is its contribution to achieving a security objective (or several).\nwhen working on the table, it is often", "81dc1e20-7042-4e82-a0f0-5170e2dde469": "information\nsecurity control and business needs of the organization. agreements\nmust be signed by both parties i.e. by supplier and your organization,\nto ensure all the obligations arising out of the agreements are fulfilled\nby the supplier organization.\nhow will incident management be done, if any supplier related incidents occur. the\norganization must plan and conduct awareness sessions for members of the supplier\u2019s\norganization that would be accessing your organization\u2019s information and assets.\nevidence that can be prepared:\ne supplier relationship policy\ne agreement with suppliers\ne list of users from supplier organization who have been given access\ne records of access permission monitoring to prevent information\nsecurity breaches\n198\nchapter 6 execution\nwho prepares it:\ne the information security team prepares the supplier relationship\npolicy in discussion with various departments/implementation\nteams.\ne the various department heads prepare the agreements based on the\nservices acquired from", "05c2834b-215b-4922-b5a3-18ca963feff2": "the answer is yes and the question has an annex a attribute, make a note of the\nreason why the measure(s) described by the question are unnecessary. this will\nbecome an excluded annex a control in the soa for the reasons that you have just\nrecorded.\nisoaec 27001:2013 \u2014 mastering risk assessment and the statement of applicability 48\nchapter 4 \u2014 statement of applicability\nmethod for the reverse engineering approach to risk\ntreatment\nsince you have used the answers to the appendix c question set to construct the\nrtp stories, you have already performed the cross-check.\nnecessary control statement form\nwhilst the reference superset controls are used in question form (as present in\nappendix c), in the rtp stories and the soa it is necessary to recast them in\nstatement form. as mentioned in chapter 3, conversion is straightforward, e.g.,\n\u201cdoes your organisation subscribe to...\u201d becomes \u201cour organisation subscribes\nto...\u201d.\nconstructing the soa\nthe traditional layout\nthe traditional way to layout an soa is", "927e1ca1-c327-4070-8ff3-50aac3151211": "personal information;\n\u2014 endangerment of personal safety;\n\u2014 adverse effects on law enforcement;\n\u2014 breach of confidentiality;\n\u2014 breach of public order;\n-\u2014 financial loss;\n\u2014 disruption to business activities; and\n\u2014 endangerment of environmental safety.\nanother approach to assess the consequences can be:\n\u2014 interruption of service: inability to provide the service;\n\u2014 loss of customer confidence:\n\u2014 loss of credibility in the internal information system; and\n\u2014 damage to reputation;\n\u2014 disruption of internal operation:\n\u2014 disruption in the organization itself; and\n\u2014 additional internal cost;\n\u2014 disruption of a third party's operation:\n~\u2014 disruption in third parties transacting with the organization; and\n~\u2014~ various types of injury;\n\u2014 danger to personnel/user safety: danger for the organization's personnel and/or users;\n\u2014 attack on users\u2019 private life;\n\u2014 financial losses;\n\u2014 financial costs for emergency or repair:\n\u2014 interms of personnel;\n\u2014 interms of equipment; and\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2018 ~ all rights reserved 33\ng20-12-4-4", "b8d87d4b-693a-4cf9-a9a8-8cdd4bdcd9d9": "and likelihood (ii). the boundary calculations (for\nwhat we will call risk 2 in this example) would be:\nlower boundary: b (low) x 1i (low), or \u00a3100,000 x 1,\nwhich is \u00a3100,000.\nupper boundary: b (high) x ii (high), or \u00a3999,999 x 12,\nwhich is (about) \u00a312 million.\nso, a risk (risk 1), assessed as a medium risk, has a potential\nimpact of between \u00a30 and \u00a35 million. another risk (risk 2),\nalso assessed as a medium risk, has a potential impact of\n143\n13: risk level\nbetween \u00a3100,000 and \u00a312 million. these clearly different\nimpact ranges need to be recognised when developing the\norganisational risk assessment methodology, and there are\nthree useful ways of responding to them.\n1. the first is to ensure that the scale you use is sufficiently\ngranular; in real terms, a five-level scale may \u2014 for many\norganisations \u2014 provide a more useful basis of\nassessment.\n2. the second is for the risk assessment methodology to\nexplicitly recognise that there will be \u2018fuzzy boundaries\u2019\nto the risk levels, and for the board to", "6d083f98-344a-4b41-9f91-18c4b05c8646": "should be agreed with the supplier and documented.\nexplanation/what is required: organizations must identify all the essential security\ncontrols and communicate to all employees/contractors/suppliers by creating a policy.\norganizations need to mandate that suppliers adhere to the organizational policy and\nno unauthorized attempts be made for gaining access to the organization information\nand assets. it is important to define a clear procedure to implement identified security\ncontrols to guide the implementation teams.\nan organization can consider the following points, while planning to manage\nsupplier relationships.\ne identify and prepare the list of suppliers with information such as\nsupplier name, type of services provided by the supplier for example\nservices like it, logistics, infrastructure, etc.\ne identify the types of access that need to be provided to all the\ndifferent suppliers and how access will be monitored and controlled.\ne define the agreements with each supplier based on the", "8687eaf0-23b5-4805-b8c1-468fb4ef0b23": "interested in non-speculative\nrisks (risks from which only a loss can occur) than in\nspeculative risks (risks from which either a profit or loss\ncould occur) except insofar that a speculative risk can\nmitigate the negatives. speculative risk is more frequently\nthe topic of the organisation\u2019s business strategy.\nrisk management plans usually have four focuses for how\neach risk is to be addressed. these are to:\n19\n1: risk management\n1. avoid/reject the risk by deciding not to pursue the\npractices and/or arrangements that give rise to it;\n2. retain/take the risk, keeping it under review;\n3. modify/reduce risks to \u2018acceptable\u2019 levels through the\napplication of controls; and/or\n4. share the risk with another party, whether through\ncontract or insurance.\nthe following diagram illustrates the concept of\n\u2018controlling\u2019 risk. the greater the likelihood, or the more\nnegative the impact, the greater the risk.\ncontrols, or risk mitigation, should be designed to reduce\nlikelihood and/or impact such that the", "fa6c4fbe-be91-4dee-8ef2-4239bb007499": "relationships 297\nfor ensuring integrity and confidentiality of any information processed by\nthe supplier \u2014 of the isms.\n+ what supplier obligation should be in terms of incident management,\nbusiness continuity and resilience generally \u2014 which obviously includes\nthe contingency arrangements that should be in place to deal at both the\nsupplier and its customer in relation to disruptions, acts of nature, and\nthe wide range of identifiable risks. of course, there will be financial\naspects to all these issues and putting in place really effective contingency\nmeasures shouldn\u2019t in any way undermine the importance of effective\nrisk management through clear allocation of financial accountabilities.\n- how personally identifiable information (pii) is handled; this is parti-\ncularly important for organizations that collect personal information\nwithin the eu, as the eu gdpr forbids the movement of the data of eu\nresidents to any country that does not have an eu-equivalent data\nprotection regime. the usa, for", "5c247ff7-c574-410b-8dac-cda5ce7f122a": "include, for example, actual or suspected fraud\nand other illegal or irregular acts, or matters that could adversely affect\nthe company\u2019s reputation or financial position.\nthe risk guidance does not specify which risks should be included in the\nscope of the board report and what can be left out. the guidance simply\nsays, in paragraph 24, that \u2018the board has responsibility for an organiza-\ntion\u2019s overall approach to risk management and internal control.\u2019 it goes on\nto stress that the board should set appropriate policies on internal control\nand seek regular assurance that will enable it to satisfy itself that the system\nis functioning effectively. finally, it makes the point that the board is respon-\nsible for determining its risk appetite and for putting in place adequate\nprocesses for assuring itself that its risk management objectives are being\nachieved.\ngiven the absence of definitive guidance on what risks to include or\nexclude, the board of directors should seek to be as comprehensive as possi-\nble.", "9597f5f4-f76a-475d-8cca-3ccd3ba40832": "identifying the risks and risk owners, and expects\nthat all information security risks will be identified, thereby\nidentifying all of the possible impacts.\nphase 2: identify infrastructure vulnerabilities \u2014 the\nanalysis team examines network access paths, identifying\nclasses of information technology components related to\neach critical asset, and then determines the extent to which\neach class of component is resistant to network attacks.\nphase 3: develop security strategy and plans \u2014 the\nanalysis team identifies risks to the identified critical assets\nand decides what to do about them, creating mitigation plans\nto address the risks to the assets, based on the phase | and 2\nanalyses.\ncarnegie mellon university has developed three\nmethodologies using the octave criteria: the original\noctave method (which forms the basis of the octave body of\nknowledge), for large and complex organisations or those\nsplit across a number of geographical locations; octave-s for\nsmall organisations with between 20 and 80 people", "cc127f3b-7640-4293-9aa0-a7b10b10fb12": "suppose a\nreassessment of risk produces results that necessitate a change in risk treatment. if\nthose changes are not made, the requirements of clause 6.1.3 are no longer\nfulfilled, thereby creating a nonconformity. moreover, since the requirements of\nclause 10.1 are to correct nonconformities, it too becomes nonconformant until the\nnecessary modifications are made by repeating the risk treatment process. in turn,\nthis corrects both nonconformities. this process is the self-healing property of a\nmanagement system. over time it ensures that all documented information\ncorresponds to reality.\nthere are other examples of this non-cyclic behaviour:\nm there will be aspects of the information security policy (clause 5.2) that\ncannot be known until the information security controls have been\ndetermined (e.g., the organisation\u2019s access control and backup policies)\nm\u2122 there are sixteen requirements for the organisation to retain or maintain\ndocumented information scattered throughout the standard, yet", "17e8038a-8792-49ef-988b-e48805b139df": "information security needs can be\nindependently assessed, it may be possible to gain substantial\nexperience in designing and implementing an isms, as well\nas a track record of success and the momentum that\naccompanies it, so that a subsequent rollout to the rest of the\norganisation can be carried through successfully and\nsmoothly. these considerations apply to any large, complex\nproject, and the appropriate answer depends very much on\nindividual organisational circumstances.\nit would certainly be a mistake to define the scope too\nnarrowly. while it may appear, on the surface, that this is a\nroute to quick and easy certification, it is, in fact, a route to a\nworthless certificate. any external party, assessing the nature\nof an organisation\u2019s isms, will want to be sure that all the\ncritical functions that may affect its relationship are included\nand a limited scope will not do this. we are aware that some\ncertification organisations are prepared to consider scopes\nthat cover less than a complete business", "e5e6af43-1496-4e69-9f5a-03f084efce96": "involve key stakeholders in the process. the scope of your isms should be aligned with the needs of your organisation. by involving key stakeholders in the process, you can ensure that the scope is appropriate for your organisation. * consider your organisation's risk appetite. as mentioned earlier, the scope of your isms should be aligned with your organization's risk appetite. this means considering the amount of risk that your organisation is willing to accept. * be flexible. the scope of your isms may need to change over time. as your organisation changes, you may need to adjust the scope of your isms to ensure that it is still effective. ## the benefits of defining the scope of your isms:\n * it ensures that the isms is effective in protecting your organisation's information assets. * it helps to identify the information assets and activities that are most important to your organisation. * it helps to prioritise the resources that are needed to protect your", "aa43bf7d-dbad-4bce-baee-d426ff755bc1": "should be considered in designing the segregation controls. small\norganizations can find segregation of duties difficult to achieve, but the principle should be applied\nas far as is possible and practicable. whenever it is difficult to segregate, other controls should be\nconsidered, such as monitoring of activities, audit trails and management supervision.\ncare should be taken when using role-based access control systems to ensure that persons are not\ngranted conflicting roles. when there is a large number of roles, the organization should consider using\nautomated tools to identify conflicts and facilitate their removal. roles should be carefully defined and\nprovisioned to minimize access problems if a role is removed or reassigned.\nother information\nno other information.\n5.4 management responsibilities\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational security domains\nsecurity properties concepts capabilities\n#preventive #confidentiality #identify #governance #governance_and_ecosys-\n#integrity", "0239b8bf-ec71-47bf-aa6b-b7824e5e29fd": "standard until april\n2024, if you wish to do so.\ncomplying with the new 2022 standard is bound to save your organisation\nresources and frustrations. this is why we recommend transitioning sooner\nrather than later.\n* * *\n## what are the benefits of getting iso 27001 certified?\nthe benefits of implementing iso 27001 are plenty \u2014 both for your business and\nexternal parties and stakeholders. here's an overview of the most important\nones:\nthe benefits of achieving iso 27001 certification:\n * your company or organisation can avoid significant financial losses caused by ransomware attacks.\n * win more deals; having a certified information security system can set you apart from the competition and win trust among potential customers.\n * you may be able to secure investment more easily; investors are becoming more and more aware of the threats ransomware attacks have.\n * by getting certified, you can experience increased customer trust because, nowadays, tech-savvy customers want to know how you handle data", "dbaa0e77-0b65-41d5-ad7e-ec6dfdafd5a0": "under control a-5.8 and must be developed within the project.\na-5.9 inventory of information and other associated assets\nthe mentioned information assets can include datasets, data carriers, hardware, software, facilities, personnel, etc. more details can be found in section 1.4 under the keyword \"resources and assets.\"\nall information assets assigned to the scope of the isms should be inventoried. it is important to note that such an inventory list must be maintained in written form, usually electronically. this can be a simple table or a qualified database, for example.\ndirectories of information assets exist in many organizations. here are some examples:\n- lists of purchased or leased devices and subscribed services (e.g., cloud services) - usually managed by administration or procurement departments, sometimes as part of asset accounting.\n- blueprints of locations and building plans with information about facilities - available from property management.\n- lists of it systems in a data center with", "1943e143-7e17-489d-9f87-478fb085fe62": "analyse and evaluate these results.\ndocumented information shall be available as evidence of the results.\nthe organization shall evaluate the information security performance and the effectiveness of the\ninformation security management system.\n9.2 internal audit\n9.2.1 general\nthe organization shall conduct internal audits at planned intervals to provide information on whether\nthe information security management system:\na) conforms to\n1) the organization's own requirements for its information security management system;\n8 \u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved\niso/iec 27001:2022(e)\n2) the requirements of this document;\nb) is effectively implemented and maintained.\n9.2.2 internal audit programme\nthe organization shall plan, establish, implement and maintain an audit programme(s), including the\nfrequency, methods, responsibilities, planning requirements and reporting.\nwhen establishing the internal audit programme(s), the organization shall consider the importance of\nthe processes concerned and the", "42e1a950-c38b-420c-ad4d-5c17e6b22a75": "departure from the workplace.\na similar problem: in (physical) meeting and conference rooms, it is often possible to learn about the contents of the previous meeting on the whiteboard or on a still projected screen - here, too, \"deletion\" before leaving the premises is necessary. at the same time, one should also search for abandoned data carriers, mobile devices, and paper documents. also here: these premises must be left \"clean\".\nfurthermore: during presentations in such premises, it often happens that messages appear on the presenter's projected screen unintentionally, e.g. about received emails, with at least keyword-like content descriptions - such pop-ups should be deactivated before the start of a presentation.\nunder the heading of guidelines and policies, we have already explained the two rules clean desktop and clear screen in section 1.4. exactly such rules should be included in such documents.\na-7.8 placement and protection of devices and equipment\nprotection against unauthorized access,", "bfe5fa99-4a9d-458a-95ff-eb1a03b7b082": "environmental threats\ncontrol: physical protection against natural disasters, malicious attacks, or accidents\nshould be designed and applied.\nexplanation: this control covers how you protect your organization from natural\ndisasters and malicious attack or accidents. here you need to identify potential natural\nor man-made disasters. take a few examples of environmental threats such as floods,\ntornado, earthquake, lightning, fire, etc. man-made threats can be water leakage from\nthe company facility or any other things that make the environment difficult to work for\nthe employees.\nthe external auditor will check for evidence that you identified all the potential\nthreats and vulnerabilities and you also accessed or treated the environmental risks.\n159\nchapter 6 execution\nevidence that can be prepared:\ne proof showing the threats and vulnerability assessment are done\nproperly.\ne mock fire drills videos can be presented as proof.\na.11.1.5 working in secure areas\ncontrol: procedures for working in secure", "7ab888db-aa20-4454-a482-19f7f98cd01e": "auditor conducting the iso 27001 certification\naudit will check the evidence in order to verify how the organization has defined and\ncommunicated the policy to all stakeholders.\na.13.1.2 security of network services (iso 27001 control)\nsecurity mechanisms, service levels, and management requirements of all network\nservices should be identified and included in network services agreements, whether\nthese services are provided in-house or outsourced.\nexplanation/what is required: organizations hire network service providers for\ntheir internet service requirements, it is important to assess whether service providers\nare capable to provide internet services by following secure methods. to minimize\ninformation security risks and its impact, organizations must have network services\nagreement signed with the service provider by clearly defining the required service\nlevels.\nevidence that can be prepared:\ne access control policy\ne network control policy\ne network services agreement\ne risk tracker (with identified", "9c59dd5c-9c16-4805-a656-18cb31856dcf": "those who will have access to more\nsensitive information. these checks are available from specialist providers.\nfinally, and this is in addition to the is027002 list, the individual\u2019s\nentitlement to live and work in the country should be confirmed, by\nreference to appropriately endorsed travel or work documents.\nwhere a job, either on initial appointment or on promotion, involves access\nto information processing facilities, and particularly if it involves processing\nsensitive (financial or highly confidential) information, there should also be\nhuman resources security\na credit check. where individuals have considerable authority in their posi-\ntion, this check should be repeated regularly, either quarterly or annually as\nappropriate.\nnormal practice would be that, while a draft contract is agreed between\nthe prospective employee and the organization, it is not signed and the\nemployee does not start work until the checks have been completed.\ndepending on the outcome of a risk assessment, some", "aa17c01a-0d8c-487a-b140-e3e2539fc6be": "and coordination abilities, as well as high levels of knowledge about security.\n3. specialists and external consultants\nan organization should select members for the duties above (if possible, members with one exclusive role)\nbefore establishing the isms. however, the members need to have broad knowledge and experience in the\nfield of information security such as \"it,\" \"managerial decisions\" and \"an understanding of the organization\u2019.\nthe people responsible for given operations in an organization may know their specific fields best. the many\nspecialists who are experts in specific fields in their organization should be referred to in terms of isms as it\nrelates to use in their specific fields. it is important to also have a balance of this expertise with the broad\nknowledge needed to meet the organization objectives. external consultants can give advice based on their\nmacroscopic points of view of an organization and experience from other similar occasions, even though they\ngenerally do not necessarily", "5bfabbae-ddb0-4f95-af1b-2d85ff17e7ae": "of the whole enter-\nprise, the entire organization, which includes all the possible combinations\nof physical and cyber assets, all the possible combinations of intranets,\nextranets and internets, and which might include an extended network of\nbusiness partners, vendors, customers and others. this handbook guides the\ninterested manager through this maze of issues, through the process of\nimplementing internationally recognized best practice in information secu-\nrity, as captured in isomec 27002:2013 and, finally, achieving certification\nto iso/iec 27001:2013, the world\u2019s formal, public, international standard\nfor effective information security management.\nthe isms standard is not geographically limited (eg to the united\nkingdom, or japan or the united states), nor is it restricted to a specific\nsector (eg the department of defence or the software industry), nor is it\nrestricted to a specific product (such as an erp system, or software as a\nservice). this book covers many aspects of data security, providing", "3b78e70d-7d18-4931-818a-e15d1741932b": "data, as it is often less secure. you might wonder what kind of data\none can get from a hospital. the answer is social security numbers (ssn), names of\nthe patient, companies they are insured with, their blood types, and so on. this kind of\ninformation can be very handy for criminals.\nthey can get more details and interlinked information from your ssn or aadhar\ncard, if you are from india. again, your confidential information, like credit card details if\nyou happen to pay through that medium, are all exposed. more innocuous information\ncan serve as the first step to steal confidential information that otherwise you would not\nshare.\naccording to the pwc healthcare research institute, the consequences of a data\nbreach in a hospital can be up to $200 per patient, while the cost of prevention is just\n$8 per patient. the famous quote by desiderius erasmus, \u201cprevention is better than\ncure,\u2019 comes to mind here. it fits well with cybersecurity. some of the leading healthcare\norganizations are now investing in", "696d6c11-df04-4c14-a3d0-7eb0e0e1e658": "organization, acting as\nthe cloud service customer, are defined and implemented appropriately.\nthe organization should define:\na) all relevant information security requirements associated with the use of the cloud services;\nb) cloud service selection criteria and scope of cloud service usage;\nc} roles and responsibilities related to the use and management of cloud services;\nd) which information security controls are managed by the cloud service provider and which are\nmanaged by the organization as the cloud service customer;\ne)} how to obtain and utilize information security capabilities provided by the cloud service provider;\nf) how to obtain assurance on information security controls implemented by cloud service providers;\ng) how to manage controls, interfaces and changes in services when an organization uses multiple\ncloud services, particularly from different cloud service providers;\nh) procedures for handling information security incidents that occur in relation to the use of cloud\nservices;\ni)", "4162291c-e2a2-432b-8083-cd6187f909ed": "another\noutside terms of the licence, installation of employees\u2019 own software onto\ncompany devices, different company name on opening screen etc.\u2019\nanyone in the uk who decides to \u2018blow the whistle\u2019 on his or her employer\nfor software infringement should be protected under the public interest\ndisclosure act known as the \u2018whistle blowers act\u2019. this act includes three\nbasic requirements:\n- the employee believes that his or her employer is committing a criminal\noffence or a breach of civil law. under-licensing falls within both these\ncategories. the illegal use of software in a business, and a manager turning\na blind eye to misuse, are both criminal offences. software infringement\nsuch as buying one copy and using many is a civil infringement.\n\u00ab the employee must believe that the disclosure is \u2018substantially\u2019 true, act\nin good faith and not make any personal gain. the act has regard to the\nidentity of the person to whom the disclosure is made. a complaint to\nfast would be reasonable, whereas employees seeking", "a22b8557-5ee1-4c40-9f38-c7b307473d7e": "isms.\nother information\nno other specific information.\n6.3 define information communication technology (ict) scope and boundaries\nactivity\nthe scope and boundaries of the elements of information communication technology (ict) and other\ntechnology items covered by the isms should be defined.\ninput\na) output from activity 5.3 define the preliminary isms scope - the document for the preliminary scope of\nthe isms\nb) output from activity 6.2 define organizational scope and boundaries\nguidance\nthe definition of the ict scope and boundaries can be obtained through an information system (rather than\nit-based) approach. once there is a management decision to include the information system business\nprocesses into the isms scope, all related ict elements should be considered as well. this includes all parts\nof the organization which store, process or transport critical information, assets, or which are critical to the\nparts of the organization in-scope. information systems may span organizational or national", "4d28091b-fe4e-4d2c-a5fa-b60076747df1": "existing\ninfrastructure and organisational policies, or the introduction\nof new technologies), the it security practitioners must\nsupport or use the risk management process to identify and\nassess new potential risks and implement new security\ncontrols as needed to safeguard their it systems.\ntechnical/functional personnel: are most able to form\npractical and realistic opinions on the likelihood of\noccurrence of the threat-vulnerability combinations that will\nbe identified. technical personnel include all those with\nrelevant technical or functional expertise, including the\nfacilities management team for physical security issues, hr\nfor personnel, it for information technology, those with\nresponsibilities for utilities and other aspects of the corporate\ninfrastructure, the finance team, the audit team, etc.\nsystem and information asset owners: may be risk owners,\nbut there is no specific requirement for this to be the case.\nunder previous versions of iso 27001, asset owners played\na key role in risk", "c9037cd7-891f-42f2-9cef-d56af8f63694": "focuses on the ongoing monitoring and\nimprovement of an isms. it requires organizations to:\n * conduct internal audits: organizations must conduct internal audits to assess the effectiveness of the isms. * review the isms: organizations must review the isms at planned intervals to ensure that it is still meeting the needs of the organization.\n### clause 10: improvement\nthe improvement clause of iso 27001 focuses on the identification and\nimplementation of improvements to an isms. it requires organizations to:\n * identify and address non-conformities: organizations must identify and address any non-conformities that are identified during internal audits or other evaluations. * review the effectiveness of security controls: organizations must review the effectiveness of security controls to identify opportunities for improvement.\niso 27001 certification and gdpr compliance are crucial to ensure our\ncompany's long-term success.\n## iso 27001:2022 controls: what measures are included in", "b3e84991-7398-407d-a087-4be6c299a5dd": "submission. there must be evidence (such as a\npostmark) that the thing was actually sent at a particular time.\n+ non-repudiation of receipt. it must be possible to prove that the receiving\nparty has actually received what was sent. lesser issues include verifying\nthe time and place of transmission.\napplication service management is an emerging discipline that deals with\nhow transaction information is delivered to an end user through an aggrega-\ntion of interdependent applications, operating systems, hardware platforms,\nand network connections; it recognizes that effective e-commerce depends\non much more than simple transaction-level security.\nit is against this background that the issues identified in clause 14.1.3 of\niso27002 should be considered. the control objective is that application\nservices information passing over public networks should be protected from\nfraudulent activity, contract dispute and unauthorized disclosure and modi-\nfication. in implementing this, there are a number of interlinked", "da9adaac-03f1-45ba-8f5c-45c7addb54df": "https://www.iso.org/obp\n\u2014 jec electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/\n4 context of the organization\n4.1 understanding the organization and its context\nthe organization shall determine external and internal issues that are relevant to its purpose and that\naffect its ability to achieve the intended outcome(s) of its information security management system.\nnote determining these issues refers to establishing the external and internal context of the organization\nconsidered in clause 5.4.1 of iso 31000:201861.\n4.2 understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties\nthe organization shall determine:\na) interested parties that are relevant to the information security management system;\nb) the relevant requirements of these interested parties;\nc) which of these requirements will be addressed through the information security management\nsystem.\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved 1\niso/iec 27001:2022(e)\nnote the requirements of interested parties can include legal and", "5a80f3bf-5c2f-497e-911d-9db2e5528092": "physical security perimeters\nrelevant toolkit documents\ne physical security policy\nyou will need to ensure that the outside of your premises or facilities is appropriately\nprotected, probably using the standard mix of locks to doors and windows, fences and other\nforms of external barriers. the appropriate degree of protection will depend on various risk\nfactors, including the location of the site (for example, in a high-crime area), the value of the\ncontents to others (for example a jewellery workshop) and the nature of the business (such\nas in a politically sensitive industry).\n4.3.2 a.7.2 physical entry\nrelevant toolkit documents\ne physical security design standards\nthe points of entry of your location must also be appropriately protected using a suitable\nmethod such as swipe-card access, turnstiles or old-fashioned keys. a process for visitors\n page 55 of 79\niso/iec 27001 implementation guide\nshould include their registration, escort and the wearing of visible identification. attention\nneeds to be", "b209e43a-7b30-4ab7-82c3-a9398567a57b": "agreement between your organization and the supplier\nwho prepares it:\ne the information security team prepares the supplier relationship\npolicy in discussion with various departments/implementation\nteams.\ne\u00ab concerned department heads prepare the agreements based on the\nservices acquired from each supplier. agreements must be reviewed\nby the legal team to avoid conflicts and legal issues in the future.\ne the it helpdesk team maintains a list of users from the supplier\norganization for access monitoring purposes.\nfor external audit: the external auditor conducting the iso 27001 certification\naudit will check the policy and the supplier agreement. to verify whether organizations\nhave established the supplier agreement with the vendor/supplier, the agreement covers\nall the essential points to safeguard the organization\u2019s interests and avoid any conflicts,\nand whether the agreement was signed or expired will also be audited.\na.15.1.3 information and communication technology supply chain (iso\n27001", "68e783de-63b5-497b-b391-75e52d9f57da": "approval for i :\ninitiating isms boundaries requirements implementing the implementation\nroject isms plan\nisms policy information assets risk treatment \u2018\\\nresults from soa, including\ninformation the control\nsecuri objectives and the\nassessment selected controls\ntimeline\nfigure 1 \u2014 isms project phases\nfurther information is noted in the annexes. these annexes are:\nannex a. summary of activities with references according to iso/iec 27001:2005\nannex b. information security roles and responsibilities\nannex c. information on planning of internal audits\nannex d. structure of policies\nannex e. information on planning of monitoring and measuring\n2\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2010 \u2014 all rights reserved\niso/iec 27003:2010(e)\n4.2. general structure of a clause\neach clause contains:\na) one or more objectives stating what is to be achieved noted in the beginning of each clause in a text box;\nand\nb) one or more activities necessary to achieve the phase objective or objectives.\neach activity is described in a", "7a74d328-dfc0-4d29-8225-56b97a071410": "security\nrisks associated with the ict products and services supply chain.\n5.22 monitoring, review and change management of supplier services\nthe organization shall regularly monitor, review, evaluate and manage change in supplier\ninformation security practices and service delivery.\n5.23 information security for use of cloud services\nprocesses for acquisition, use, management and exit from cloud services shall be established in\naccordance with the organization\u2019s information security requirements.\niso/iec 27001:2022(e)\nannex a\ninformation security controls reference\n5.24 information security incident management planning and preparation\nthe organization shall plan and prepare for managing information security incidents by\ndefining, establishing and communicating information security incident management processes,\nroles and responsibilities.\n5.25 assessment and decision on information security events\nthe organization shall assess information security events and decide if they are to be\ncategorized as", "015e0b31-1803-4153-9586-f456c6d6e750": "them as desired. if you do not have such access, you would have to obtain the individual standards, which can quickly become expensive. therefore, an important note: for the implementation of an isms, iso 27001 and iso 27002 are sufficient. the additional standards starting from number 27010 usually specialize these basic standards only on the respective topic, but are not mandatory to apply or implement - not even for certification.\nhowever, it can be useful from a business or marketing perspective to include additional standards. an example: for cloud providers, it could be a proof of competence to implement the standards mentioned above under the keyword \"cloud services\" in addition to iso 27001 - and then have them appear as applicable standards in an iso 27001 certificate.\n1.4 basic concepts and connections\nwe comment on the following key terms of the iso 27000 series of standards in the indicated order:\norganization\nprocesses\nroles\nresources and assets\nobjectives, especially security", "a67e372c-f550-4ce3-9cfa-f054837e59c8": "in the analysis and communicated effectively.\n8.3.2 assessment of consequences\ninput: a list of identified relevant incident scenarios, including identification of threats, vulnerabilities,\naffected assets, consequences to assets and business processes.\naction: the business impact on the organization that can result from possible or actual information\nsecurity incidents should be assessed, taking into account the consequences of a breach of information\nsecurity such as loss of confidentiality, integrity or availability of the assets.\nimplementation guidance: after identifying all assets under review, values assigned to these assets\nshould be taken into account while assessing the consequences.\na business impact concept is used to measure consequences. the business impact value can be\nexpressed in qualitative and quantitative forms, but any method of assigning monetary value can\ngenerally provide more information for decision making and, hence, facilitate a more efficient decision-\nmaking process.\n\u00a9", "8ab4bc62-8191-49ae-bcc8-ec8079bbe5e6": "confidentiality,\nintegrity and availability) will be compromised will always\nexist. prescribing additional measures will, of course, incur\nextra cost and offer diminishing returns in terms of increased\ninformation security. this is where the fourth option for\ntreating information security risks comes in.\nrisk sharing\nmost organisations will at least consider sharing some of the\nrisk or, rather, reducing the impact of some risks by\ntransferring them to a third party, such as through insurance.\nwhile there are other methods of sharing risk, almost all of\nthem rely on one form of contractual agreement or another \u2014\ncontracting a specific process to an organisation better able\nto handle the risk, for instance, or requiring a supplier to\nassume responsibility for the risk. insurance is certainly the\nmost popular method of risk transfer. the aim here is to limit\nthe potential financial losses by obtaining protective cover at\na reasonable cost.\ninsurance can be purchased to cover most risks. it is vital to\nensure", "6360b441-bbeb-4d89-bcd0-45d215f0cd5f": "a disaster\nrecovery situation should be clearly documented. the fixed asset register can\nasset management\nalso provide historic information about the cost of the asset, and this infor-\nmation may be useful in helping identify the relative importance and value\nof the assets. is027005 provides more detailed guidance on how to value\nassets on the basis of the impact that compromises of their availability,\nconfidentiality and integrity may have on the organization.\nrisk assessment tools, such as vsrisk\u2122, are built around an asset data-\nbase that can maintain the asset inventory for the isms; in this case, the lead\nrisk assessor is likely to be the owner of the inventory.\nthe asset inventory should identify each asset, including all the software,\nand describe it or provide such other identification that the asset can be\nphysically identified (wherever possible, it makes sense to reuse whatever\nfixed asset number has already been allocated) and full details (including\nmaker, model, generic type, serial number,", "265cbc82-fa99-4e2e-8d1a-4fb6c85dcda4": "(a.7.2) physical entry\n48. (a.7.3) securing offices, rooms and facilities\n49. (a.7.4) physical security monitoring\n50. (a.7.5) protecting against physical and environmental threats\n51. (a.7.6) working in secure areas\n52. (a.7.7) clear desk and clear screen\n53. (a.7.8) equipment siting and protection\n54. (a.7.9) security of assets off-premises\n55. (a.7.10) storage media\n56. (a.7.11) supporting utilities\n57. (a.7.12) cabling security\n58. (a.7.13) equipment maintenance\n59. (a.7.14) secure disposal or re-use of equipment\n**technological controls:**\n60. (a.8.1) user endpoint devices\n61. (a.8.2) privileged access rights\n62. (a.8.3) information access restriction\n63. (a.8.4) access to source code\n64. (a.8.5) secure authentication\n65. (a.8.6) capacity management\n66. (a.8.7) protection against malware\n67. (a.8.8) management of technical vulnerabilities\n68. (a.8.9) configuration management\n69. (a.8.10) information deletion\n70. (a.8.11) data masking\n71. (a.8.12) data leakage prevention\n72. (a.8.13) information", "33bece1d-024a-4ccd-997d-6ceeaa081a6d": "control statements for all questions with \u2018no\u2019 answers but without annex\na references should not appear in the soa.\nnote that if you wish to reproduce the iso/iec 27001, annex a control\nspecifications in your soa, you will need a copy of the standard and respect its\ncopyright conditions.\nisoaec 27001:2013 \u2014 mastering risk assessment and the statement of applicability 50\nchapter 4 \u2014 statement of applicability\ninstructions for producing the soa\noptimum approach for rtps (repeat for all questions in appendix c)\nstep 1a: answer the question, using the event, location, and security property\nattributes to local the relevant story text. answer \u2018yes\u2019, \u2018similar\u2019 or \u2018no\u2019.\nstep 1b: if \u2018similar\u2019, modify the question using the story text so that the answer is\nnow \u2018yes\u2019.\nstep ic: if \u2018no\u2019, ask if the measure described by the question should be part of the\nrtp. if yes, rework the rtp and change the answer to \u2018yes\u2019. if no, and the question\nhas an annex a attribute, record the reason why the measure is", "57c5b794-e470-4f43-961d-e2c75bc4b0ea": "requires organizations to take a risk-based approach to how they manage sensitive data. in contrast, the gdpr aims to protect the personal data of eu citizens, and compliance with the gdpr is mandatory for most organizations working in europe or with eu citizens.\nboth iso 27001 and the gdpr do revolve around risk, and both direct organizations to identify certain risks and controls that can bring those risks to an acceptable level.\nregarding personal data, iso 27001 incorporates encryption as part of business continuity management as well as the capability to restore data when necessary, in a timely manner. along similar lines, the gdpr views personal data as something that all organizations must strive to protect.\nwhere the two regulations differ are in their requirements. for example, the gdpr includes the right of a consumer to have his or her data removed, as well as the right to control how the data is shared with third parties (also known as data portability). iso 27001 doesn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122t directly include", "ecb2d58e-90f5-46e2-8626-810417c46f0d": "arbitrary fol = f(e.g., f= 5.7 seconds),\ndetermine how many occurrences there would be in a year (e.g., 365 x 24 x 60 x 60\n+ 5.7). take the logarithm of the result and add 2 (e.g., log10(5,532,632) = 6.74, add\n2 to give the answer, 8.74).\ndetermination of consequence\nit is prudent to first consider the severity of the consequences for each of the 12\nevents. if a consequence is unacceptable, no matter how unlikely the event, the risk\nmust be flagged for treatment.\nto assign a monetary value to the consequence, consider:\nfines (e.g., that could result from a breach of data protection legislation);\nthe value of existing contracts;\nthe value of potential contracts;\nlost revenue; and\nunexpected/additional costs.\nit is also prudent to consider consequential consequences. for example, in addition\nto a hefty fine, a breach of data protection legislation could result in reputational\ndamage, which in turn could result in a loss of customers and future business.\nmoreover, the time taken to investigate the", "be3d63b9-7cd7-4444-a302-bd7bd2bf40b0": "an emergency tool.\n3.3 organizational controls (group 5) 137\nanother application: in connection with critical infrastructure in germany (kritis sector), there are reporting obligations for security-related incidents (here with the bsi). such an incident should be recorded in the ticket system, i.e. the required report can be derived from this data. however, the report should be reviewed and approved by an authorized body before it is sent (not automatic!).\na-5.29 information security during disruptions\nwhen implementing the isms, new processes are defined in the organization - namely the isms processes* that are intended to establish and maintain information security: asset management, change management, compliance management, incident management, vulnerability management, risk assessment and treatment, management of continuous improvement, management of documented information (documents and records), etc. this is addressed by control a-5.29.\nthe availability of these isms processes may be affected by", "14719cca-13ea-4a98-a057-17d1b1a4cac4": "results. treating risk \u2014 tell it like a story\nthe concept\nimagine a short movie starting with one of the twelve events and culminating with its\nconsequences. your movie will be in three scenes: preventive, detective, and\nreactive.\nisoaec 27001:2013 \u2014 mastering risk assessment and the statement of applicability 38\nchapter 3 \u2014 risk treatment\nas the movie director or script writer, imagine what the protagonists (i.e., the\nmembers of your organisation) do to prevent that event from happening. what you\nshould be imagining is a necessary control, or at least a measure that maintains\nrisk.\nimagine, particularly for events that can be triggered by an attacker, what the\nattacker does to counter your control and what you do in response.\nthis first scene ends once you have exhausted all feasible and affordable\npreventive controls.\nrepeat the exercise for scene two, imagining that the event has occurred and what\nthe protagonists do to detect the event. for the final scene, imagine that the\nprotagonists are now", "18465df1-5018-47c1-b791-c866c3c858bc": "failure of the servers with access authorizations), unauthorized persons may gain access to the affected areas - the organization's security is obviously reduced.\ntherefore, emergency plans must be created for the isms processes and the associated controls.\nin the example of access control, an emergency plan could stipulate that at least for areas of the highest security level, access control should be carried out by surveillance using dedicated personnel - so to speak, manually. once the adverse circumstance has been resolved, the proper technical function of the door security must be checked before the personnel can be withdrawn from guarding the doors. the following should be noted:\n- that only doors of the highest security level are secured, i.e. not all doors, could be due to the high personnel effort.\n- in an emergency, it will take a certain amount of time for the measure to take effect - the security personnel must first go to the doors, so there is a period of significantly reduced security.\n-", "b248acac-4332-430f-8154-7ae629bc4734": "protection principle. this approach is in line\nwith iso27001. it would be fair to assume from this that implementation of\nan accredited isms would be regarded as an appropriate step to comply\nwith the requirements of the sixth principle of the dpa.\nthe key point is that data controllers and data processors \u2014 those organ-\nizations that process data on behalf of a data controller - must comply with\nthe dpa; failure to do so could result in substantial fines for organizations,\nand particular attention should be paid to the requirement to keep data\nsecure. the information commissioner has the power to levy fines of up to\n4 per cent of global turnover for the most serious breaches of the dpa.\nin particular, the gdpr requires organizations to take all appropriate\nsteps to protect personal data from likely compromises to its confidentiality,\nintegrity and availability and to do so after taking account of vulnerabilities,\nimpacts and the \u2018state of the art\u2019. the risk-driven approach of iso 27001\nsupports the", "200ed60a-8682-487d-843f-9fed61c978be": "examples, we will not provide separate implementation instructions for isms-9.1.\npoint 1\nwhat should be monitored/measured?\nin isms-9.1, there is only a hint to include the isms processes and controls when determining the monitoring/measurement subject. how should this hint be understood?\nisms processes are, of course, part of the isms and therefore indirect influencing factors for the overall performance of the isms - but they also usually have their own measurable performance. under isms-8.1, monitoring of isms processes - during operation or their application - is required according to criteria defined by the organization.\nwe will consider some examples below, but we want to anticipate that a crucial prerequisite for the performance of an isms process is its correct implementation according to the planning. however, this cannot be verified through monitoring/measurement as defined in isms-9.1, but should be subject to inspection or internal audits beforehand. therefore, we assume correct", "e3f96994-5251-4b68-9f33-a3940e51b429": "the service provider should provide evidence of the disposal process (documentation of the procedure).\n- data carriers to be disposed of can be collected in secure temporary storage/containers before being picked up by the service provider.\n- all listed and other rules established by the organization for data carrier handling should be regularly and at least randomly monitored for compliance.\n- control a-7.11 supply facilities: for information processing in an organization, supporting resources such as electricity, internet connectivity, air conditioning, etc., are almost always required during normal operation.\n- the control requirement states that the supplies and facilities required for information processing must be protected against failure, technical malfunctions, and the absence of necessary input.\n- control a-7.5 protection against physical and environmental threats that may cause failures is also relevant to this topic.\n- such failures can interrupt the ongoing information processing (processes) of", "ae0e4f39-a2ea-45fd-870b-e055ec95d097": "instance, does not and so information\nsystems that store personal data and are hosted with a us-based cloud\nservices provider are quite likely to be a legal breach, unless the\norganization concerned has an eu-us privacy shield registration. the\nother key aspect to consider is that, under the eu gdpr, a data controller\ncannot transfer the accountability for the protection of personal data it\nhas collected to any contracted supplier.\n- staff awareness training may be an issue that is identified in the risk\nassessment; this training might be applicable to both the supplier and the\ncustomer and could cover any aspect of the relationship where one or\nboth parties need to understand the \u2018rules of engagement\u2019 and how\nspecific, identified risks are to be managed and mitigated.\n+ how the transition (particularly for larger projects} from contract\nnegotiation to delivery should be managed; this obviously covers\nmaintaining information security through a transitionary process \u2014\ncovering, for instance, access to", "51460bca-3a67-4bf1-a0f9-9cac5b748e32": "important support in resolving emergencies and disasters. their correct functioning and availability should be ensured.\na-7.12 security of cabling\nif physical cables are used, the cables and cable routes must be protected. this applies in particular to cables for power and data transport.\nfor data cables, the protection involves preventing unauthorized tapping, manipulation, and injection of data - directly at the cable - as well as preventing obstruction or even interruption of data transport. this also includes the mundane process of damaging cables during cleaning activities or due to tripping hazards.\nfor power cables, the goal is to avoid interruptions - for example, during construction work or sabotage activities.\nincidents of this kind can affect all security objectives related to data, and the availability of information processing facilities can be interrupted.\nin this context, the following points should be considered:\ne installation of cables underground or in protected conduits to prevent", "06614db5-11b4-44fa-9480-b2df3f436e79": "responsibilities. it may be sensible, at this\nstage, to divide the organization into separate security domains. a \u2018domain\u2019\nis a discrete logical or physical area of an organization or network that is\nthe subject of security controls designed to protect it from outside access.\na domain should be capable of representation on a diagrammatic map.\nan organization or a network may be made up of one or a number of\ndomains.\ninformation security policy and scope\na policy statement\nthe initial policy statement might, therefore, read as follows:\nthe board and management of organization y, which operates in sector z\n(or is in the business of z, etc), located in ..., are committed to preserving\nthe confidentiality, integrity and availability of all the information assets\nthroughout their organization in order to maintain its competitive edge,\ncash-flow, profitability, legal and contractual compliance and commercial\nimage. information and information security requirements will continue to be\naligned with", "34440ad3-510b-4c76-aba8-dd28af168284": "improvement) must also be established.\ne if there are interfaces between these processes, they must be specified, documented, and implemented accordingly.\ne the isms must be put into operation and maintained over time.\nconclusion on the isms-4 section\nimplementing isms-4 requires a lot of time, effort, and precision. understanding one's own organization and its environment or context is key here. it is often heard that certain connections and dependencies only became transparent through these analyses and that a goal-oriented isms could only be built on that basis.\nhowever, some organizations consider this initial work to be burdensome and try to keep it as short as possible. the consequences are: over time, \"regularly new internal and external requirements and goals emerge, the scope must be restructured multiple times, and many security problems are imported into the scope due to unclear interfaces, etc. the isms becomes a constant repair operation. in other words, saving in the wrong place!\ntake", "722f9753-9b28-422a-aac8-9bb4503a47c5": "15:33:5.\nginbh- kdnv.69183 71 1d.dqpgm4kersszztebidlzus\nne\n=\n2\na\ness\n5\n2\niso/iec 27005:2018(e)\n\u2014 the importance of the business process or activity supported by a particular asset or set of assets: if\nthe process is determined to be of low importance, risks associated with it should be given a lower\nconsideration than risks that impact more important processes or activities;\nrisk evaluation uses the understanding of risk obtained by risk analysis to make decisions about future\nactions. decisions should include:\n\u2014 whether an activity should be undertaken;\n\u2014 priorities for risk treatment considering estimated levels of risks.\noutput: a list of risks prioritized according to risk evaluation criteria in relation to the incident\nscenarios that lead to those risks.\n9 information security risk treatment\n9.1 general description of risk treatment\ninput: a list of risks prioritized according to risk evaluation criteria in relation to the incident scenarios\nthat lead to those risks.\naction: controls to", "c777886b-6913-4056-820b-d234a01c7a4b": "consider with these systems:\ntheir presence should ideally not be detectable, and the design of the system and the products used should be kept confidential.\nthey should not be physically accessible or contactable electronically from the outside. at the very least, their function must be tamper-proof: no unauthorized deactivation of the function, no interruption of recordings or prevention of alarms - but also no unauthorized access to logs and recordings.\nto secure doors and airlocks leading to critical facilities, their state of opening should be temporarily limited and monitored accordingly.\nit is clear that a corresponding monitoring center or control room and similar facilities are particularly critical and therefore require a very high level of protection. this also applies to the personnel working in such positions, who may be exposed to physical attacks or at least subtle techniques of social engineering.\nall technical monitoring equipment should be regularly tested for proper functioning.", "91eae5e4-4c56-4db6-a6da-9458f30f58c8": "of the independent reviews should be reported to the management who initiated the\nreviews and, if appropriate, to top management. these records should be maintained.\nif the independent reviews identify that the organization's approach and implementation to managing\ninformation security is inadequate [e.g. documented objectives and requirements are not met or are\nnot compliant with the direction for information security stated in the information security policy and\ntopic-specific policies (see 5.1)], management should initiate corrective actions.\nin addition to the periodic independent reviews, the organization should consider conducting\nindependent reviews when:\na) laws and regulations which affect the organization change;\nb) significant incidents occur;\nc) the organization starts a new business or changes a current business;\nd) the organization starts to use a new product or service, or changes the use of a current product or\nservice;\ne) the organization changes the information security controls and", "a5fa8076-ed02-4c4f-b6e5-1c29d1255237": "process may be completely terminated in individual cases - due to a too high or uncontrollable risk. the decisive factor here is the question of the risk appetite of the organization (management).\n1.4 basic concepts and relationships 25\nbefore choosing a treatment option, the security measures already in place in the organization should be systematically recorded. it is quite possible that these measures already provide sufficient risk reduction for many risks. however, it may be necessary to intervene here in a \"strengthening\" manner, possibly even to establish completely new measures or choose other options.\nonce a suitable option and, if necessary, additional measures have been chosen, the considered risk is reduced: we speak of the remaining risk.\ndetermining remaining risk\ndespite all options and measures, the considered risk will not completely disappear - in general, there will remain a more or less significant \"remainder\" that needs to be determined and evaluated.\nthis remaining risk -", "69ff198b-24a7-4b9a-928d-5c46cec4c805": "maintenance, facility security\nand storage media. this category is about how you protect against physical and\nenvironmental threats such as theft, natural disasters, and deliberate\ndestruction.\nthe new physical controls include: 7.4: physical security monitoring.\n### technological controls: technological measures for technical security.\ntechnological controls cover the areas of authentication, encryption, and data\nleakage prevention. technology must be properly secured to protect data.\nvarious approaches, such as access rights, network security and data masking,\nhelp to achieve this.\nnew technology controls include:\n8.1: data masking\n8.9: configuration management\n8.10: information deletion\n8.12: data leakage prevention\n8.16: monitoring activities\n8.23: web filtering\n8.28: secure coding\nin this area, one innovation is particularly important - data leakage\nprevention. however, web filtering is also noteworthy: this control describes\nhow organisations should filter online traffic to prevent users", "8c4441d9-4a1f-4cf3-89e9-f41d4c4fc7b1": "another individual.\na process should be established for the communication of the changes and of operating procedures to\npersonnel, other interested parties and relevant contact persons (e.g. to customers and suppliers).\nthe process for the termination or change of employment should also be applied to external personnel\n(i.e. suppliers) when a termination occurs of personnel, the contract or the job with the organization, or\nwhen there is a change of the job within the organization.\nother information\nin many organizations, the human resources function is generally responsible for the overall termination\nprocess and works together with the supervising manager of the person transitioning to manage the\ninformation security aspects of the relevant procedures. in the case of personnel provided through an\nexternal party (e.g. through a supplier), this termination process is undertaken by the external party in\naccordance with the contract between the organization and the external party.\n6.6 confidentiality or", "0b10d093-6744-482c-a136-0dbae145a3b6": "identified during a risk assessment \u2014 to treat them or to accept them. risk\nappetite can be defined at many levels within the organization and so may vary according to\nwhat is being risk assessed and at what point in time, so a clear understanding is very\nhelpful.\nthe context section is also the one where the scope of the isms is defined. again, this needs\ncareful consideration. if your organization is small, it usually makes sense to place\neverything it does within the scope because often it can be more difficult to manage a\nlimitation to the scope than to simply cover everything. as the organization grows so do the\nissues with scope. there are three main areas in which the scope might be limited;\norganization structure (e.g. one division or group company but not others), location (e.g. the\n page 25 of 79\niso/iec 27001 implementation guide\nrome office but not the san diego one) and product/service (e.g. the outsourcing/hosting\nservice but not the software development service). it is perfectly acceptable", "dc5936e9-7ebe-49b5-bc3a-cf6b3061eca2": "are custom controls but no annex a control is\nexcluded, then the soa will not contain any annex a controls. this is an important\nconclusion.\nrationales\nthe soa must contain the rationales for why the necessary controls are necessary\nand why any excluded annex a control has been excluded. the standard neither\nrequires how this is to be documented, nor whether separate rationales are required\nfor each necessary control and excluded annex a control.\nimplementation status\nfinally, the soa must state the implementation status for every necessary control.\nisoaec 27001:2013 \u2014 mastering risk assessment and the statement of applicability 45\nchapter 4 \u2014 statement of applicability\nconformance with iso/iec 27001, clause 8.3 requires the risk treatment plan to be\nimplemented. therefore. the implementation status of the necessary controls in the\nsoa should always declare it as being implemented unless it says otherwise in the\nplan. for example, a plan could state that it is the intention to implement some\nnecessary", "804e0890-a29d-4feb-ae53-5bbe5fcb87b2": "government\nagencies, non-profit organizations) which intend to manage risks that can compromise the organization's\ninformation security.\n2 normative references\nthe following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content\nconstitutes requirements of this document. for dated references, only the edition cited applies. for\nundated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.\niso/iec 27000, information technology \u2014 security techniques \u2014 information security management\nsystems \u2014 overview and vocabulary\n3 terms and definitions\nfor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in iso/iec 27000 and the\nfollowing apply.\niso and lec maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:\n-- iso online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp\n\u2014 iec electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/\n4 structure of this document\nthis document contains the", "3290efb3-d1a8-4143-bfa9-4338aae113d8": "provisions regarding electronic records, electronic trading and\nelectronic communications. the next most important of these laws is the\ndata protection act 2018 (dpa), and in addition to this there are the\ncompliance\nhuman rights act 1998 (hra), the regulation of investigatory powers\nact 2000 (ripa), the computer misuse act 1990 (as updated by the\npolice and justice act 2006), the electronic communications act 2000\nand the privacy and electronic communications regulations 2003 (as\namended). the freedom of information act (foia) was passed in 2000\nand, while primarily applicable to public bodies, it has the potential to\nforce into the public arena confidential commercial information about\n(for instance) public-sector contracts.\nin the united kingdom, there is a complex array of anti-money laundering\nlaws including the terrorism act 2000, the proceeds of crime act 2002\nand the money laundering regulations 2003. compliance with this\nlegislation means that detailed client verification records need to", "88163a28-2fc1-476e-af82-b46512333cb8": "mechanism.\nimplementation guidance for context establishment elements needed to support an isms is further\ndiscussed in 7.2, 7.3 and 7.4 below.\noutput: the specification of basic criteria, the scope and boundaries, and the organization for the\ninformation security risk management process.\n7.2 basic criteria\n7.2.1. risk management approach\ndepending on the scope and objectives of the risk management, different approaches can be applied.\nthe approach can also be different for each iteration.\nan appropriate risk management approach should be selected or developed that addresses basic criteria\nsuch as: risk evaluation criteria, impact criteria, risk acceptance criteria.\nadditionally, the organization should assess whether necessary resources are available to:\n\u2014 perform risk assessment and establish a risk treatment plan;\n\u2014 define and implement policies and procedures, including implementation of the controls selected;\n\u2014 monitor controls; and\n\u2014 monitor the information security risk management", "442dc78a-943f-4920-88b8-c45b687149ee": "investigate how to deploy sharepoint\nserver governance. of course, it will also be necessary to ensure that appro-\npriate guidance on procedures is available to any affected staff in case of a\nsystem crash. this could mean that paper versions of the procedures should\nbe available or, alternatively, a notebook computer with an up-to-date set of\nprocedures that is part of the emergency response equipment.\nthe benefits of using sharepoint are that it can be the single repository of\ncontrolled documents; the information security manual and procedures can\nall be stored there and staff can be trained to access the relevant sharepoint\nsite for anything to do with information security. it is easy to keep the\ncontrolled documentation up to date and to ensure that document control is\neffective. it is then easy to alert all relevant members of staff about changes\nto procedure simply by sending out an internal e-mail, with an appropriate\nlink, that tells them which sections of the isms have been changed. twitter\nmight", "7df4fd49-8faf-46a0-9fa8-823005c13b65": "finally, this documentation is the starting point for any type of inspection, audit, or revision of the isms.\n2.1. context of the organization (isms-4) 39\norganization\nown\nactivity\nreduced\nscope\n@ interfaces\nactivity of\nexternal party\nfig. 2.2 interfaces to the scope\nisms-4.4 - the information security management system (isms)\nnow that the context of the organization has been determined, requirements for the isms have been derived from it, and its scope has been defined, the simple demand is made to establish and operate the isms based on this.\nthis naturally includes many activities - they will be further examined in the following sections of the standard. here are some examples:\ne appropriate responsibilities or roles - if not already present - must be defined and filled by qualified personnel.\ne all processes required by the standard must be established, including risk management, change management, document and record management. the regular review and improvement of the isms (continuous", "0d2037e5-a5c5-4af5-b740-401cf7c3dce8": "(dos). this sort of attack is designed to put an\norganization out of business for a time by freezing its systems. this is\nusually done by flooding a web server with e-mail messages or other data\nso that it is unable to provide a normal service to authorized users. a\ndistributed denial-of-service (ddos) attack uses the computers of other,\nthird-party organizations or individuals (which have themselves been\ncommandeered by the cracker) to mount the attack.\nexploit. this is either the methodology for making an attack against an\nidentified vulnerability (the noun) or the act (the verb) of attacking or\nexploiting the vulnerability. exploits are often published on the internet,\neither by black hats or by grey hats, who claim that this is a good way of\nforcing software suppliers to develop more secure software or to provide\nfixes for existing software.\n\u2018man in the middle\u2019. a hacker places himself or herself, undetected,\nbetween two parties to an internet transaction, whether on a local area\nnetwork (lan) or on an", "ec9c7bc1-4ba7-4765-818c-c34349fa9099": "environment).\nadditionally, the organization should provide justification for any exclusion from the scope.\nexamples of the risk management scope may be an it application, it infrastructure, a business process,\nor a defined part of an organization.\nfurther information can be found in annex a.\n7.4 organization for information security risk management\nthe organization and responsibilities for the information security risk management process should be\nset up and maintained. the following are the main roles and responsibilities of this organization:\n\u2014 development of the information security risk management process suitable for the organization;\n\u2014 identification and analysis of the stakeholders;\n\u2014 definition of roles and responsibilities of all parties both internal and external to the organization;\n\u2014 establishment of the required relationships between the organization and stakeholders, as well\nas interfaces to the organization's high-level risk management functions (e.g. operational risk\nmanagement), as", "c5ba98ad-f183-49d2-acdf-b44e7c26d894": "liable for any negative results\nof failing to apply the uk corporate governance code or the risk guidance\nin a reasonable manner.\nthe uk companies act 2004 created a statutory duty for directors of\ncompanies, having made appropriate due and diligent inquiry, to make\nauditors aware of any factors that might be relevant to their assessment of\na company\u2019s report and accounts, including all those statements within the\nthe corporate governance code, the frc risk guidance and sarbanes-oxley\ndirectors\u2019 report that auditors are required to comment on. this provision\nhas been carried forward to the companies act 2006. this leaves no \u2018wiggle\nroom\u2019 for directors; all important risk issues have to be identified and\ndisclosed.\nwhile the uk corporate governance code is not, at first sight, relevant\nto any businesses other than those listed on the uk stock exchange, its\nimpact is widely felt throughout the united kingdom and through the\nnational and international supply chains of uk-listed companies. this\nmeans that", "2a9af2a9-e6ba-4275-980f-f9d26eef232f": "networking facilities and\npublic wireless access spots has brought a new dimension to mobile comput-\ning security. the fact that an individual can access a public wireless network\n(from, for instance, an airport lounge or a coffee shop) is both extremely\nconvenient and potentially very dangerous. it can be more dangerous than\naccessing the internet through a fixed link, in that a wireless computer is\nbroadcasting information to the wireless access point \u2014 and, therefore, all\nthat information is available to anyone who is interested in it.\na widely deployed security standard deployed on laptop computers is\nstill (wired equivalent privacy). it does not give the privacy of a wired\nequivalent; it is insecure, and there are many websites that provide informa-\ntion on its inadequacies and how to attack wep, to decrypt current traffic,\nto inject new unauthorized traffic or, ultimately, to access the laptop itself.\nthe default configuration for laptops should be that wep is switched off. it\nis just as important to", "d1a23ff5-0f49-4ed9-b94c-3714dbadc343": "repeated\nregularly and the selected options for risk treatment should be reviewed periodically.\nthe outcome of risk monitoring activities can be input to other risk review activities. the organization\nshould review all risks regularly, and when major changes occur.\noutput: continual alignment of the management of risks with the organization\u2019s business objectives,\nand with risk acceptance criteria.\n12.2 risk management monitoring, review and improvement\ninput: all risk information obtained from the risk management activities {see figure 2).\naction: the information security risk management process should be continually monitored, reviewed\nand improved as necessary and appropriate.\nimplementation guidance:\nongoing monitoring and review is necessary to ensure that the context, the outcome of the risk\nassessment and risk treatment, as well as management plans, remain relevant and appropriate to the\ncircumstances.\nthe organization should make sure that the information security risk management process and", "fc8db5dc-f56b-4833-bd5c-0a9748432b88": "be\nconsidered:\na) requirements for maintaining the confidentiality and integrity of order information;\nb) the degree of verification appropriate to verify payment information supplied by a customer;\nc) avoidance of loss or duplication of transaction information;\nd) storing transaction details outside of any publicly accessible environment (e.g. on a storage platform\nexisting on the organizational intranet, and not retained and exposed on electronic storage media\ndirectly accessible from the internet);\ne}) where a trusted authority is used (e.g. for the purposes of issuing and maintaining digital\nsignatures or digital certificates) security is integrated and embedded throughout the entire end-\nto-end certificate or signature management process.\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved 119\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\nseveral of the above considerations can be addressed by the application of", "4f8299d1-ba33-4656-ba9e-15ee85d46dcb": "## **what is an information security policy?**\nan information security policy, often referred to as an _infosec policy_ , is\na set of regulations carefully designed to govern the access, use and\nretention of critical business information. these policies implement a robust\nframework of processes and tools to ensure absolute protection against\nunauthorised access, thereby safeguarding an organisation's sensitive\ninformation assets.\ninformation security policies follow a common structure and format. they\ninclude:\n * a statement describing the types of activities covered by the policy\n * a statement of commitment issued by management, providing evidence that management has assigned sufficient resources to support ongoing compliance with the policy\n * a number of specific responsibilities for employees regarding their use and protection of organisational data. note that most organisations should aim to employ a data protection officer, whose role it is to maintain and implement these changes as well as add", "12a8a0bc-2f44-4745-8825-6ecf72f68c5f": "approach to protecting the availability, integrity and\nconfidentiality of its information, it will be vulnerable to a wide range of\npossible threats. these threats are not restricted to internet companies, to\nwhy is information security necessary?\ne-commerce businesses, to organizations that use technology, to financial\norganizations or to organizations that have secret or confidential informa-\ntion. as we saw earlier, they affect all organizations, in all sectors of the\neconomy, both public and private. they are a \u2018clear and present danger\u2019, and\nstrategic responsibility for ensuring that the organization has appropriately\ndefended its information assets cannot be abdicated or palmed off on the\ncio, cios or head of it.\nin spite of surveys and reports which claim that boards and managers are\npaying more attention to security, the truth is that the risk to information is\ngrowing more quickly than boards are recognizing. the annual verizon\ndata breaches report gathered data from 80,000 data breaches", "97e760d6-d0ba-404d-9f99-c310726ce124": "identified scope (such as risk management) are potential isms\nimplementation team members. this team should be maintained at the smallest practical size for speed and\neffective use of resources. such areas are not only those directly included in the isms scope, but also the\nindirect divisions, such as legal, risk management and administrative departments.\noutput\nthe deliverable is a document or table describing the roles and responsibilities with the names and\norganization needed to successfully implement an isms.\nother information\nannex b provides details of roles and responsibilities needed in an organization to successfully implement an\nisms.\n10 \u00a9 iso/iec 2010 \u2014 all rights reserved\niso/iec 27003:2010(e)\n5.4 create the business case and the project plan for management approval\nactivity\nthe management approval and commitment of resources for the isms implementation project should be\nobtained by creating the business case and the isms project proposal.\ninput\na) output from activity 5.2 clarify the", "fcae71e5-8011-4e01-8a5a-d8da159831d4": "inappropriate settings. continuous tool-based monitoring of release schedules and binary files in the production systems already provides a lot of preparatory work here - up to alarms in case of changes to executable files.\na-8.20 network security\nthis control affects all networks used by the organization for its business processes: these networks must be secured and monitored.\nfor this purpose, appropriate network management or network security management must be established, guidelines and rules for network security must be defined, and network monitoring must be planned and implemented.\nan important basis for network management is a sufficiently detailed inventory of the networks used, the network devices used, the transmission paths, and the connections to other (sub) networks. in other words,\nwe need a complete network plan and, of course, the precise and current configuration data for the network devices involved (switches, routers, gateways, etc.).\nthe subject of network management is initially", "573e4dfb-8708-4893-aefc-3b9d8e155a39": "domains\n#protection\ntection\n#legal_and_compli-\nance\ncontrol\ninformation stored in information systems, devices or in any other storage media should be deleted\nwhen no longer required.\npurpose\nto prevent unnecessary exposure of sensitive information and to comply with legal, statutory,\nregulatory and contractual requirements for information deletion.\nguidance\ngeneral\nsensitive information should not be kept for longer than it is required to reduce the risk of undesirable\ndisclosure.\nwhen deleting information on systems, applications and services, the following should be considered:\na) selecting a deletion method (e.g. electronic overwriting or cryptographic erasure) in accordance\nwith business requirements and taking into consideration relevant laws and regulations;\nb) recording the results of deletion as evidence;\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\nc) when using service suppliers of information deletion, obtaining evidence of information deletion\nfrom them.\nwhere third parties store the", "505e4dc4-dd87-443d-bde8-496fb8c95594": "use the system daily and usually observe everything around them. they can\nshare issues they observe, which you might never think about. their eyes can see which\nyou cannot.\nemployee incident reports are one of the important sources of improvement areas.\nthese reports show loopholes in the system, whether they are small or big.\nnote all employees, including new employees who joined the organization\nrecently, must be made aware of the practice to report incidents whenever they\nobserve them.\nnew employees bring experience from previous employers in the way of best\npractices, tools/technologies, and so on, which they think could be followed at\nyour company. providing new employees the ways and means to share this kind\nof information to the security team is important. this should be included on the\nimprovement tracker form.\n260\nchapter 10 continual improvement\ntip employees whose ideas for improvement are incorporated could be awarded\nin some way. this might motivate other employees to share their ideas,", "411d754e-4132-4feb-ab9c-60330521a5d2": "activities of the organization outside the scope could have an impact on the security within the scope or affect it. therefore, all interfaces between the scope and everything outside of it must be carefully defined, analyzed, and, if necessary, provided with security requirements.\nas an example for the last point, consider the data exchange between an application within and a second one outside of the scope: without further requirements, malware could be imported into the scope of the isms through the data. an appropriate requirement would be that a malware check must be performed before any data import.\ne the same approach (interface definition and analysis) applies generally when it comes to processes/activities of third parties that interact with processes/activities within the scope of the organization.\nthe following figure 2.2 visualizes the situation once again.\nthe defined (reduced) scope and the analysis of internal and external interfaces must be precisely documented according to isms-4.3.", "72f4930a-5bb0-42b2-b884-1a220bfa91a5": "should certainly be made available to the management level and, if necessary, other management levels. there is nothing against distributing them to a larger circle of recipients - the decision lies with the management level! the latter is reasonable, as some degree of objective achievement might be classified as confidential or sensitive.\n(f) the security objectives should be updated regularly.\nchanges in contextual information, new findings in risk assessment, and implications from security incidents may require changing security objectives, adding new objectives, or removing existing objectives. this also applies when breaking down security objectives to individual organizational units or roles. an update is therefore necessary.\ngovernance needs, especially when making changes to the organizational structure, introducing new roles, or changing existing roles.\nthe review of these goals should be done regularly.\n(g) the security goals are to be documented.\nthis expected requirement includes the need to", "5b8449b1-a05b-43c3-9cd2-e8f0608201d5": "and organizations may decide that, as a matter\nof policy, they will not adopt new technologies for a defined initial period\nduring which they hope that their vulnerabilities will be identified and solu-\ntions to them found. nist\u2019s paper sp 800-48, security for wireless networks\nand devices, at https://csrc.nist.gov, (archived at https://perma.cc/z5wl-\n42xb), provides a good technical overview of the security issues.\nthe essential starting point for tackling the network access part of the\niso27001 exercise is a network map that shows clearly all the assets on the\nnetwork, and all their connections, whether internal or external. it should\nalso show any wireless connections and any related domains, including\ncertainly any demilitarized zones (dmzs) and extranets. a series of risk\nassessments is then carried out in respect of each of the external connec-\ntions, and appropriate controls, selected from those identified by iso27002\nare selected to deal with the assessed risk.\naccess to networks and network", "90de6438-111b-47c1-84c9-b9de0ee28de1": "iso/iec 27001 is always a culture change\ntowards becoming more proactive as an organization and, with the day-to-day reactive\npressures of delivering a product or service, it can sometimes seem daunting. however, we\nhope you will find that it\u2019s well worth the effort as you come to the gradual realization that\nit\u2019s really the only effective way of doing it.\nwe wish you good luck in your work and, as always, we welcome any feedback you wish to\ngive us via feedback@certikit.com.\n page 79 of 79", "8fa9c923-9124-4603-bc2a-65711103d8bd": "\u201cunfulfilled requirements\u201d with the\nassociated consequences of \u201closs of revenue\u201d, \u201cunanticipated/ increased costs\u201d and\n\u201cwaste of resource\u201d, is related to quality.\nthere are four reasons to create your own scenarios:\n1. it can enhance top management understanding and buy-in when the events\nand consequences are directly related to their concerns.\n2. there are necessary controls that are not easily contained within your\ncurrent set of risk scenarios.\n3. you wish to apply the method to other disciplines, such as quality,\nenvironmental protection, food safety, service management, and business\ncontinuity.\n4. you wish a more detailed examination of some issue, e.g., the security\nbehaviour of a software program, such as a banking application.\nthe event-consequence method can be used as a design tool. it has been applied,\nfor example, for the design of a new network solution for the processing of privacy\nrelated research data. the chief designer, a very experienced computer engineer\nremarked that the method", "85b337f2-2d41-44ea-8bb4-18e9fb8fa405": "domains\nsecurity properties concepts capabilities\n#corrective #confidentiality #respond #recover |#governance #defence\n#integrity #information_securi-\n#availability ty_event_management\ncontrol\nthe organization should plan and prepare for managing information security incidents by defining,\nestablishing and communicating information security incident management processes, roles and\nresponsibilities.\npurpose\nto ensure quick, effective, consistent and orderly response to information security incidents, including\ncommunication on information security events.\nguidance\nroles and responsibilities\nthe organization should establish appropriate information security incident management processes.\nroles and responsibilities to carry out the incident management procedures should be determined and\neffectively communicated to the relevant internal and external interested parties.\nthe following should be considered:\na) establishing a common method for reporting information security events including point of", "c50334cd-a7e3-466b-8746-07fcffb0c05c": "existing procedures aren\u2019t working. a clear\npolicy and revised procedures that are strictly followed will address most requirements,\nsupplemented by a regular repeat of the access management audit/review.\ndon\u2019t forget to address the access control issues associated with the use of cloud services,\nincluding the implementation of multi-factor authentication where appropriate and\navailable.\n4.1.16 a.5.16 identity management\nrelevant toolkit documents\ne this control is addressed by documents in other folders - see toolkit index\n page 43 of 79\niso/iec 27001 implementation guide\nthis control is about being able to uniquely identify users, including proving who they are\nwhen a user account is created, avoiding the sharing of user accounts and handling\nsituations where a computer process (or \u201cnon-human entity\u201d) needs an account of its own.\nthis is separate to the assignment of access rights to a user, which is covered in a later\ncontrol.\n4.1.17 a.5.17 authentication information\nrelevant toolkit documents\n\u00a9", "99678f85-c413-41c6-a5a2-f875984a6163": "for instance, it is easy to see at a glance all the\nassets or processes that would be affected by fire or flood, or to see all the\nprocesses owned by particular individuals and the impact on the overall\nplan of failures in individual plans or failures in the dependencies of indi-\nvidual plans. it should also enable the information security manager (or, in\nsome organizations, the risk manager) to identify critical dependencies,\nwhere more than one plan is dependent on a single person or resource whose\nown failure, therefore, will have significant ramifications for the entire\norganization.\neach process owner should be responsible for drafting and agreeing with\nthe information security adviser a bcp for his or her process. this should\ninclude an emergency plan, a fall-back plan and a resumption plan, together\nwith criteria that identify when each is to be invoked and the individuals\nresponsible for each. the owner should also be responsible for maintaining\nhis or her plan. contractors should be responsible for", "fe8c5aed-82d5-4480-af65-e0f1a4d0cf5d": "attests to the authentic-\nity of both the document and its creator. proof of receipt is provided by a\ndigitally signed document sent via the ca stating that it has been received.\nonce the organization has chosen and been accepted by a ca, there\nshould be a contract in place with the ca that specifies the service to be\nprovided, all in accordance with the isms requirements. these contracts\nshould cover issues of liability, reliability of services and response times for\nthe provision of services.\nelectronic document signature services, usually offered on a saas basis,\ncan provide very inexpensive mechanisms for sharing digital signatures in a\n201\n202\nit governance\nnon-repudiation environment, provided both parties formally accept digital\nsignatures.\nkey management\ncontrol 10.1.2 of iso027002 says the organization should set out, in its\nisms, an encryption key management system that is based on an agreed set\nof standards, procedures and methods that support the use of cryptographic\ntechniques. as", "33235255-009b-4dc9-b8cc-e9d194a35978": "individuals are actually reached. this can be ensured by a written confirmation of receipt or acknowledgment. only then is a policy definitively binding.\nwe list some typical examples of such policies:\npolicy for the use of mobile it systems\npolicy for the home office\npolicy for behavior in the workplace (in the organization)\npolicy for access control and access management in the organization\npolicy for the use of cryptography\nnetwork and firewall policy\nbackup policy\npolicy for data exchange with external parties\npolicy for system or software development\ndisposal policy for data carriers (including paper), obsolete it components and systems\npolicy(s) for the use and management of cloud services\n\u00ae special policies required by iso 27001 (see chapters 2 and 3)\napart from the policies mentioned in the last bullet point, each organization determines for itself which policies it considers meaningful and necessary. the controls in annex a provide many hints for this.\na typical structure of a policy", "bc10f7a0-1228-4ae5-8c3d-bcc33f393cb0": "out other isms related activities should be\nformalized in a detailed implementation plan as part of the final isms project. the detailed implementation\nplan may also be supported by descriptions of proposed implementation tools and methods. as an isms\nproject involves many different roles in the organization, it is important that the activities are clearly assigned\nto responsible parties, and that the plan is communicated both early in the project, and throughout the\norganization.\nas with all projects, it is of course essential that the person responsible for the project ensures that sufficient\nresources have been allocated to the project.\noutput\nthe deliverable of this activity is the final isms project implementation plan.\nother information\nno other specific information.\n44 \u00a9 iso/iec 2010 \u2014 all rights reserved\niso/iec 27003:2010(e)\nannex b\n(informative)\nroles and responsibilities for information security\nthis annex provides additional guidance on roles and responsibility within an organization", "b715ff7a-64c2-4bb9-afb4-2502947f39c0": "internally as key consultants in support of\nsenior management to help ensure the success of the isms\nproject.\n2 see www.itgovernance.co.uk/infosec/infosec_quals for all the key\ninformation security management qualifications and\ngraduate/postgraduate courses. each qualification has different\nstrengths and weaknesses; it is not unusual for individuals to\naccumulate more than one qualification.\n62\n4: roles and responsibilities\nit security practitioners (including network, system,\napplication and database administrators, computer\nspecialists, security analysts and security consultants): are\nresponsible for the proper implementation of control\nrequirements in their it systems. it security practitioners\nshould be appropriately skilled and trained, and should have\nrelevant, current technical qualifications (e.g. ccna,\nccsa) related to those technologies for which they are\nspecifically responsible.\nas changes occur in the existing it system environment (e.g.\nexpansion in network connectivity, changes to the", "dee264ec-e52f-4e77-9a8e-7a5ddf38d912": "step that might be considered in order to illustrate the importance of\nthis particular control might be to make unbacked-up storage of digital data\non a desktop a disciplinary offence.\na second essential step is ensuring that the back-up policy is comprehen-\nsive. mobile users have information stored in notebooks and on smartphones.\noffice-based users use a range of software products, sometimes on single\nmachines only, which might be outside the normal range of microsoft prod-\nucts. organizations have websites, intranets and extranets. they use\naccounting systems, erp systems and project management systems. they\nhave voicemail systems, which also carry data, particularly in all those\nvoicemail boxes that substitute more and more for real people. increasingly,\norganizations use the services of application service providers (asps) and\nsaas (with the use of applications like saleforce.com (archived at https://\nperma.cc/4qkh-a6yz) and office365 becoming widespread), and this\nleads to data being stored outside", "4571c801-34cc-45e4-8455-6783d6cd9834": "tracker, the project managers identify risks\nin discussion with various project stakeholders. the information security team could\nbe consulted to ensure that all the risks have been identified and that the controls are\nappropriate.\nfor external audit: an external auditor conducting the iso 27001 certification audit\nwill check the risk management procedure and project risk register, in order to check\nhow information security risks are identified and mitigated.\na.6.2.1: mobile device policy (iso 27001 control)\na policy and supporting security measures should be adopted to manage the risks\nintroduced by mobile devices.\nexplanation/what is required: the focus is on the use of mobile devices to access\norganization information that could pose information security risks. some of the\nexamples of mobile devices are smartphones, tablets, laptop computers, etc.\nwe cannot deny use of mobile device these days, as it is a fast and easy medium\nto access information anywhere in a fast-paced world. at the same time,", "dcf4814d-7ac7-48f0-aacb-b9835eb0bd87": "effectively target \u2014 in cyberspace \u2014 another entity that it\nwishes to disrupt or otherwise compromise. while cyberspace is the most\ncommon theatre of attack, other vectors include social engineering, infected\nmedia and malware and supply chain compromise. attackers usually have\nthe resources, competence and available time to focus on attacking one or\nmore specific entities. the stuxnet worm is an example of one such attack,\nbut there are many others. for most large organizations, the critical consid-\neration is not whether or not they have been targeted (they will have been),\nbut whether or not they have been able to identify and neutralize the\nintrusion.\nfuture risks\nthere are a number of trends that lie behind these increases in threats to\ncomputer-based information security, which when taken together suggest\nthat things will continue to get worse, not better:\n1 the use of distributed computing is increasing. computing power has\nmigrated from centralized mainframe computers and data processing\ncentres", "39e358fa-8a8b-4e4e-8deb-aedcafcb6ecd": "awareness assessments to ensure that staff are aware of their responsibilities.\n## conclusion\nraising awareness of information security is an essential part of any\norganisation's information security management system (isms).\nby ensuring that all employees are aware of the importance of information\nsecurity and their role in protecting the organisation's information assets,\norganizations can help prevent security incidents and protect their\ninformation assets.", "bbb6c527-d154-45a2-894f-a16f64ae5716": "testing of new software, as well as in emergency situations, it may be necessary to temporarily deactivate malware scanners because they hinder work or disrupt operations. special attention should be paid to running a complete system check after reactivating the scanners.\nspecialized, sometimes custom-developed it systems are used in the field of electronic controls, for which malware protection is not feasible due to the lack of compatible scanner products. however, some of the rules mentioned at the beginning are still applicable to the it department (e.g., regular software inspection for unauthorized changes).\na-8.8 handling of technical vulnerabilities\na vulnerability is defined as a deficit in the principles, implementation, or application of a system or security measure, with regard to the security objectives that should be met.\nan example of a system vulnerability would be the \"feature\" described in a-8.5 secure authentication, which displays the reason for incorrect authentication (wrong user id", "b1d279d2-dd7e-475b-af3a-bb63510fd636": "summarized in the standard under the term \"control\" because they can be used to control or monitor risks. therefore, our documentation obligation according to (b) includes not only the options but also the controls for their implementation. therefore, the rb-plan has the following column headings (tab. 2.1):\n(c) the controls in annex a of the standard should be evaluated to avoid important controls being forgotten in the rb-plan.\nit is not required to implement all controls from annex a in any form. rather, annex a should only serve as support and assurance in the selection of own treatment options and controls.\nthe standard further explains that the list of controls in annex a is extensive but by no means complete - in other words: own controls according to (b) are not an exception but rather the rule.\nto fulfill point (c), one compares their own controls under (b) with annex a. if it is found that a control from annex a includes new aspects that have been overlooked so far, these controls are added to", "903fab97-b29c-408c-a42b-5cdec93f6eb2": "implementation advice and guidance on best practice in\nsupport of the controls specified in iso/iec 27001:2013, a.5 to a.18.\n5.4.2 iso/iec 27003\ninformation technology \u2014 security techniques \u2014 information security management \u2014 guidance\nscope: this document provides explanation and guidance on iso/iec 27001:2013.\n20 \u00a9 iso/iec 2018 - all rights reserved\niso/iec 27000:2018(e)\npurpose: iso/iec 27003 provides a background to the successful implementation of the isms in\naccordance with iso/iec 27001.\n5.4.3 iso/iec 27004\ninformation technology \u2014 security techniques \u2014 information security management \u2014 monitoring,\nmeasurement, analysis and evaluation\nscope: this document provides guidelines intended to assist organizations to evaluate the information\nsecurity performance and the effectiveness of the isms in order to fulfil the requirements of\niso/iec 27001:2013, 9.1. it addresses:\na) the monitoring and measurement of information security performance;\nb) the monitoring and measurement of the effectiveness of", "b73d644e-4207-4be6-8d1f-9bcc0ef9d72e": "a return within the meaning of a-5.11. this includes data such as software tools and other licensed software, if their use on private devices was allowed.\n- a return of project-specific assets will generally be required at the end of a project.\nit often happens that long-term employees who have exclusive knowledge and experience unexpectedly leave the organization and \"take it with them\". from the organization's perspective, it should be required that such know-how is documented in principle, no later than before the departure of such individuals, and made available to successors - also a form of return!\n- when transferring assets to other organizations or their personnel, a return should be contractually agreed upon between both organizations.\n- in the context of data protection and outsourcing of personal data to processors (e.g., cloud providers), the return and deletion of data are explicitly required by the gdpr.\nthe implementation of a-5.11 starts with a list of assets for which a return is", "beb10b3b-bbce-4bb4-9b7f-0edf002974f5": "**control:** organisational records should be protected from unauthorised\naccess and release, as well as loss, destruction and falsification, per all\nrelevant legislation. implementation: the organisation\u2019s classification scheme should dictate which\ndocuments require protection. records should be categorised according to type,\nand with their retention periods, encryption details and allowed storage\nformats. storage should account for the possible destruction of media if and\nwhen it is no longer needed. * **a.18.1.4 privacy and protection of personally identifiable information** **control:** the protection and privacy of information must be stipulated in\nany relevant legislation, and upheld as such. **implementation:** a data policy must be developed and implemented that\noutlines the requirements for the privacy and protection of personally\nidentifiable information. all those who are involved in the processing of this\ninformation must be made aware of this policy.\na privacy officer must be", "0cb1c5b1-98f6-4db2-9981-816ce8f42d4e": "ensure consistent application, across the\nentire network, of the isms controls.\nneither the standard nor is027002 helps much in this section in terms of\nnetwork management. this is partly because of the speed with which net-\nworking has evolved since the standard was drafted. many of the require-\nments of this clause are met by controls introduced in response to other\nrequirements of the standard, as indicated above. network management is,\nhowever, one of the most critical roles within the organization, and, of\ncourse, how it is to be carried out does depend very much on the type of\nnetwork that is installed. the architecture of the network should reflect the\norganization\u2019s needs and resources, and expert assistance may be required to\ndesign and implement it. the 15027033 series of standards, which deal with\nnetwork security best practice, are also worth reviewing.\nthe recruitment of an experienced and effective network manager is a\nkey step for the organization. external assistance may be required in", "51296bc8-26ce-4a4d-b40c-869e64bf75a4": "stakeholders and\nemployees including senior management, customers, and auditors about the areas\nin your organization that are part of the implementation.\nthere are numerous factors involved in identifying the scope. you need to consider\nthe organization entities, locations, geographies, business units, departments, any\nproducts or services that are offered.\nyou need to look for areas that are out of scope from an implementation or\ncertification point of view and then assess the impact on the overall implementation.\nfor areas you find to be out of scope (not under your control or influence), you have to\nassess if important stakeholders or interested parties are affected.\nso, how do you identify out of scope areas? you analyze business process flow and\nkey dependencies between the activities performed by the organization and activities\nthat are outsourced to another organization.\nsay your organization has outsourced the hosting of datacenter services. the\nactivities of the datacenter are out of your", "c076b2bc-93d7-40d9-a2d6-e1e5fb3ce979": "user requirements and hardware implications\nhave been accounted for, then assuming that the decision (which should be\nmade through the information security management forum) to upgrade has\nbeen made, there are a number of measures that should be implemented.\ndevelopment and support processes\nclause 14.2.9 of iso27002, should also be implemented when a new soft-\nware package is to be rolled out to meet a specific business requirement:\n\u00ab computer performance and capacity requirements should be assessed\nand taken into account in planning a roll-out.\n+ revisions to, or establishment of new, error recovery and restart programs\nmay be required.\n- routine operating procedures will have to be (re)drafted and tested to\nensure that they are adequate.\n- appropriate new security controls will have to be put in place, conse-\nquent upon a risk assessment, for the new software system, of all aspects\nof the security arrangements upon which it has an impact.\n\u00ab new user manuals and documented operating instructions may", "e3093b30-1db8-460a-af21-b5bb7b46f55c": "information security management system requirements.\n## what is iso 27001 clause 7.3?\niso 27001 clause 7.3 requires organizations to:\n * raise awareness of the importance of information security among all employees. * provide training to all staff on the organization's information security policies and procedures. * ensure that staff understand their responsibilities in relation to information security.\nit is crucial that through increasing awareness, you drive a risk-aware\nculture through changing mindsets as to how information security is considered\nin all aspects of day-to-day working.\nkeep in mind that the individual in charge of overseeing the information\nsecurity management system in an organization must have a clear understanding\nof various aspects:\n 1. have they thoroughly read and comprehended the organization's information security policy? 2. do they grasp the significance of consistently upholding and enhancing the isms? 3. are they aware of the consequences", "de8f57d9-e7e8-4c85-80af-62835a3fa7e5": "system control panel should be placed in an alarmed zone and, for safety alarms, in a place\nthat allows an easy exit route for the person who sets the alarm. the control panel and the detectors\nshould have tamperproof mechanisms. the system should regularly be tested to ensure that it is\nworking as intended, particularly if its components are battery powered.\nany monitoring and recording mechanism should be used taking into consideration local laws and\nregulations including data protection and pii protection legislation, especially regarding the monitoring\nof personnel and recorded video retention periods.\nother information\nno other information.\n7.5 protecting against physical and environmental threats\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational security domains\nsecurity properties concepts capabilities\n#preventive #confidentiality #protect #physical_security |#protection\n#integrity\n#availability\ncontrol\nprotection against physical and environmental threats, such as natural disasters and other", "ba5b3117-6982-4bf9-b2ae-762c1589d250": "_associate consultant tech practice professional services\n## how do i transition to iso 27001:2022?\nif you already comply with the iso 27001:2013 certification you don\u2019t\nnecessarily need a separate audit to transition to the new revision. you can\neither undergo a standalone transition audit or you can opt for a transition\naudit at the time of annual surveillance or re-certification. this depends on\nwhere you are in the certification lifecycle.\nhere is an overview of a typical transition roadmap:\nwhen it comes to the transitioning timeline, the 2022 revision was issued in\noctober last year and the transitioning timeline has officially begun. by\noctober 2023, ukas plans to have transitioned all certification bodies to the\nnew standard.\nall 2013 certificates will expire on the 31st october 2025, this is the\ndeadline to transition. your will have to undergo a transitioning audit before\nthis date, so ensure your company has allocated enough time for this\ntransition. yet you can still certify against the 2013", "2c4e518c-4d77-4cc2-a288-0fde7d54d1ae": "difference between gdpr and iso 27001\nmany countries around the world have begun to pass legislation that regulates how businesses can collect and use consumer data, and that imposes certain standards of privacy and security that companies must meet while in possession of that data.\none landmark piece of legislation arrived in 2018 when the european union\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s general data protection regulation (gdpr) went into effect. the gdpr applies to all member states of the eu and the european economic area (eea).\nadditional privacy regulations have emerged since then, and understanding what each one requires and whom it affects can be cumbersome. today we want to bring some clarity to the discussion by explaining the difference between gdpr and iso 27001.\nwhat is gdpr?\nthe gdpr mandates that all companies doing business within the eu or that collect the data of eu citizens must comply with strict rules to protect that personal data. it encourages organizations to manage their data security in line with prescriptive", "43c56940-0754-4e4c-913e-1f5c2f5a2b33": "considered the last stage of their first isms implementation.\nit\u2019s not really the last stage, as your focus should be to aim for the continual\nimprovement in the implementation of the isms.\n247\n\u00a9 abhishek chopra, mukund chaudhary 2020\na. chopra and m. chaudhary, implementing an information security management system,\nhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5413-4_9\nchapter 9 external audit\nbefore you move to the external audit phase, it is important to be sure the team is\nprepared. facing an audit without being prepared will lead to failure. time spent preparation\nis worth every second, as it will give your team confidence and make them audit-ready.\nan external iso 27001 audit can be eventful if you are new to the management\nstandard framework. the good news is that it is structured in such a manner that\nbeginners and small organization/business can be audited with ease.\nan external audit in iso 27001 can be divided into three stages, all of which are\ndiscussed in the following sections.\nstage 1", "a617a5fc-2184-4386-97a8-fb8850c15b62": "prevent exploitation of technical vulnerabilities.\n16\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2013 - all rights reserved\niso/iec 27001:2013(e)\ntable a.1 (continued)\nmanagement of techni-\ncontrol\ninformation about technical vulnerabilities of information systems\na.12.6.1 cal vulnerabilities being used shall be obtained in a timely fashion, the organization\u2019s\nexposure to such vulnerabilities evaluated and appropriate meas-\nures taken to address the associated risk.\n\u2014 control\na12.6.2 restrictions on soft- ; ;\n24.9.4 | ware installation rules governing the installation of software by users shall be\nestablished and implemented.\na.12.7 information systems audit considerations\nobjective:\nto minimise the impact of audit activities on operational systems.\ninformation systems\ncontrol\na12.71 i audit requirements and activities involving verification of opera-\naudit controls tional systems shall be carefully planned and agreed to minimise\ndisruptions to business processes.\na.13 communications security\na.13.1 network security", "d8c34b25-8109-48a7-951d-c86c48448037": "the implementation project itself produces and maintains a project-level\nrisk log. while one of the highest-potential impacts might be assigned to the\nrisk associated with gaps in senior managers\u2019 understanding and commit-\nment, there may be other project-level risks arising from the organizational\ncontext: a currently lax security culture, for instance, creates different imple-\nmentation challenges than one that is already tightly and centrally controlled.\nmanagement system integration\nsome organizations that tackle is027001 already have an iso9001 certifi-\ncated quality management system in place, and may also have certifications\nto is014001, ohsas 18001 and other standards, such as is020000 and\n1so22301. iso encourages integration of quality and other management\nsystems. the isms should be integrated with the quality management and\nany other management system to the greatest extent possible (not forgetting\nthat any management system needs to be integrated with the business if it is\nto deliver on all the", "2678aa37-daab-46ea-a9cb-66e93a431de7": "audience and compromise comprehensibility and clarity.\nfor the management and use of telework (mobile and home office), we have already discussed many aspects in a-6.7 that need to be considered in policies.\n3.6 technological controls (group 8) 183\nnow that fixed office workplaces are also included, let's go through the essential points again.\nmanagement aspects:\n- the legal framework for equipment, setup, use, and monitoring of it workplaces (in respective countries) needs to be examined.\n- should usage conditions for endpoints be contractually agreed upon or is regulation through policies sufficient?\n- should insurance be taken out, for example, against loss and theft of endpoints, especially when used outside the organization?\n- all endpoints need to be registered and recorded as assets in the asset inventory.\n- what physical protection is necessary for an endpoint depending on the workplace?\n- it needs to be specified exactly which data may be processed on which endpoints (and potentially which data", "7ad7d48f-c456-4af1-9c9c-0cb46e29877d": "system.\nan isms is a systematic approach to managing sensitive company information so that it\nremains secure.\nadopting an isms is a strategic decision since it includes people, processes, and it\nsystems. it can help small, medium, and large businesses in any sector keep their assets\nsecure.\nif you are new to iso 27001 and are familiar with some other standard, you may\nassume that by purchasing/downloading the standard, you can figure out what you need\nto do, but that is not the case.\nchapter 1 the need for information security\niso 27001 is not prescriptive. it doesn\u2019t tell you what kind of technology to use to\nprotect your network or how often you need to perform backups, for example. those\ndecisions need to be made by your organization.\nimagine if the standard prescribed that you needed to back up your system\nevery 24 hours. how do you know that this is the right interval for your organization?\norganizations have different needs and different types and amounts of data.\nfor example, companies like", "af37e61c-e72b-4f49-b075-0647c61f8bd5": "to protect your data. 3. **make them measurable and achievable:** objectives should be clear and attainable. you should be able to measure your progress towards these goals and be confident in your ability to accomplish them. 4. **develop a plan:** once you have your objectives, it's crucial to create a plan. this plan should outline the necessary resources, timelines, responsibilities, and methods for achieving your security objectives.\n## key elements of clause 6.2\nnow, let's look at the key components of this clause:\n * relevance: objectives must align with your business's needs and protect your critical data. * risk alignment: ensure your objectives match your risk tolerance and available resources. * measurability: objectives should be quantifiable and feasible. * planning: develop a comprehensive plan with resources, timelines, responsibilities, and methods. ## what changed in iso 27001: 2022?\nthe 2022 update of iso 27001 brought some clarifications", "84ce3180-b65e-49af-8b49-841efff4b0f3": "spectrum as the wider debate on \u201cprivacy versus security\u201d\nshows and your organization will need to take a considered approach to the level of controls\nit chooses to introduce and maintain to provide the \u201cright\u201d level of security. a risk\nassessment needs to be conducted to analyse and evaluate the impact and likelihood of\nvarious events occurring. this will give you the opportunity to do something about those\nrisks that are both likely and have a significant impact i.e. to treat the risks.\nthere are many ways of analysing risk and the iso/iec 27001 standard mentions that\nanother standard, 15031000, should be used as a framework for this. |s031000 is worth a\nread and sets out how to establish an organization-wide framework for risk assessment, not\njust for information security purposes but for all potential risks to the business. but\n1s031000 itself doesn\u2019t go into detail about how risks should be identified; there are yet two\nmore standards that fill this gap - 1so031010 and iso/iec 27005. you may realise", "37732c1d-5eb3-429f-9be1-5d2a444d4cec": "public sector organizations everywhere, the need\nfor appropriate cyber security defences increases.\noften \u2014 but not always \u2014 information security is in reality seen only as an\nissue for the it department, which it clearly isn\u2019t. good information security\nmanagement is about organizations understanding the risks and threats they\nface and the vulnerabilities in their current computer processing facilities. it\nis about putting in place common-sense procedures to minimize the risks\nand about educating all the employees about their responsibilities. most\nimportantly, it is about ensuring that the policy on information security\nmanagement has the commitment of senior managers. it is only when these\nprocedural and management issues are addressed that organizations can\ndecide on what security technologies they need.\nroughly one-seventh of businesses are still spending less than 1 per cent\nof their it budget on information security; although the average company is\nspending just under 4 per cent, the benchmark", "f9954f07-1e1d-4a07-953e-c0b8ca6d184e": "special attention to physical access security in the case of buildings holding assets for\nmultiple organizations;\ndesigning physical security measures so that they can be strengthened when the likelihood of\nphysical incidents increases;\nsecuring other entry points such as emergency exits from unauthorized access;\nsetting up a key management process to ensure the management of the physical keys or\nauthentication information (e.g. lock codes, combination locks to offices, rooms and facilities\nsuch as key cabinets) and to ensure a log book or annual key audit and that access to physical\nkeys or authentication information is controlled (see 5.17 for further guidance on authentication\ninformation).\nvisitors\nthe following guidelines should be considered:\na)\nb)\nc)\nd)\nauthenticating the identity of visitors by an appropriate means;\nrecording the date and time of entry and departure of visitors;\nonly granting access for visitors for specific, authorized purposes and with instructions on the\nsecurity", "261659a6-a36d-4dae-b9c9-b02db7decffd": "certification on the first\ntry.\nan internal audit checklist will help you keeping an overview of the necessary\nsteps in that process. here is an overview of the steps in an internal audit:\n 1. **documentation review**\n * all documentation from the management and control system should be reviewed to ensure that it is complete, accurate, and up-to-date.\n * a team should be assigned to perform this task.\n * the team should be given a clear set of instructions to follow while they are performing the review.\n * the documentation should be examined for completeness, accuracy, consistency, and suitability for its intended purpose.\n * the auditor will then check to see if you have the required documents and that it complies with the standards.\n 2. **management review**\n * the management review team should go through the documentation again to make sure that all relevant information has been recorded and that there are no omissions or missing information in any of the documents.\n * finally,", "a166f1c4-2d2c-4844-92a2-4ad115e035ce": "changes occur to ensure\ntheir continuing suitability, adequacy,\nand effectiveness.\nthe two control specifications are similar. however, if an organisation claims that it\nimplements the generic control but in practice implements the instantiated control it\nshould be ruled nonconformant. this is because the generic control states that\u201c...\nat planned intervals or if significant changes occur...\u201d, and the organisation does not\ndo that. thus, organisations should not claim annex a controls as necessary\ncontrols unless they implement the control precisely as specified. if they do not,\ndeclaring a variant of the annex a control is the safest option. nevertheless,\norganisations should insist that audits are carried out against their soa, not annex\na, as it is the necessary controls in the soa that are the requirements, not the\nannex a controls. also note that, whereas the generic control is expressed as a\nrequirement, the instantiated control is expressed as a statement of fact.\nfuture editions of the", "a58911bd-6494-43f8-93a5-3c4a5f242e30": "internal auditing has been carried out, no risk assessment\ncompleted, or no management reviews held.\na minor nonconformity is a lower-level issue that doesn\u2019t affect the operation of the isms\nbut means that one or more requirements have not been met. examples could be that an\nimprovement has not been evaluated properly, a control has not been implemented as\nplanned or a risk assessment doesn\u2019t follow the documented process.\nsome auditors take note of a third level of item often called an \u201cobservation\u201d. these are not\nnonconformities and so don\u2019t affect the result of the audit but may be useful for\nimprovement purposes.\nonce the audit has been completed the auditor will write up the report, often whilst still on\nsite (or on the same day in the case of a remote audit). they will then tell you the result of\nthe audit and go through any nonconformities that have been raised. certification to the\nstandard is conditional upon any nonconformities being addressed and upon the higher-\nlevel body that regulates the", "058e12ac-59e4-4987-8de7-b8ad03a398f4": "importantly, a clear list of the controls and policies you need to\nimplement to reach the compliance level you need.\n\u200d\n **3\\. implement the needed security controls and protocols**\nusing your vanta report as a guide, your team can now begin implementing all\nthe controls and protocols you\u2019re missing one by one. some of these may be\nquick while others may require a project of their own, like developing\nsecurity protocols for staff to follow and training all staff members on those\nprotocols.\n\u200d\n **4\\. re-assess your readiness**\nafter you\u2019ve followed vanta\u2019s guide and implemented the security controls you\nwere missing, it\u2019s time to check your work. run a vanta scan again to assess\nwhere you now stand with your compliance readiness. ideally, it will indicate\nthat you meet all the necessary requirements so you can move ahead with the\ncertification process.\n\u200d\n **5\\. hire a certification provider**\nnow that you\u2019re confident that you are compliant with all the components of\niso 27001 that apply to your", "5a29f011-689e-40c6-8d45-9e61cd8d8b4f": "vulnerable to an exploit called \u2018poodle\u2019 and organizations deploy-\ning ssl should take expert technical advice in order to minimize their\nexposure.\nthen there is achilles, a tool available to all on the internet, which can\nintercept http and https data (by acting as a proxy sitting between a browser\nand a server) and potentially allow an attacker to alter those data before\nsending them on. ssl cannot be relied on in isolation; these sorts of \u2018web\napplication session tracking attacks\u2019 are constantly evolving and the organi-\nzation\u2019s defences have to evolve equally quickly. cookies, which are the\nmost widely used session tracking mechanisms, and which are stored in the\nbrowser, can be edited in such a way that the attacker can usurp another\nuser\u2019s session on, for instance, an e-bank site. the organization\u2019s informa-\ntion security adviser and specialist technology advisers should (assuming\nthat the risk assessment identifies this as an issue} take steps to ensure that\nthe security of the session tracking", "587c9b5b-75fa-47a0-845f-a33d1e770cea": "threat could exploit more than\none vulnerability.\na common question is: should we identify vulnerabilities\nwith or without those controls that are currently in place?\ndoes the fact, for instance, that we have a firewall mean that\nwe do not have a vulnerability to hacking attacks?\nthe correct answer is that you should do both. you should\nidentify the vulnerability that would be exploited by the\nthreat if you didn\u2019t have any controls in place, because you\nwant to assure yourself that those controls that are in place\nare appropriate for the identified risks (in some cases,\nimplemented controls are in excess of those identified as\nactually required in the light of the assessed risks and the\norganisation\u2019s risk appetite). you also want to identify the\ncontrols that are currently in place, and you want to be in a\nposition to identify any residual risk (see chapter 14), in\norder to consider whether or not additional controls may be\nrequired. those controls that are already in place will be\noperated as part of the", "d730c180-05ec-4de8-9a05-177c43da0f0a": "at the heart of this plan is a detailed\nschedule, which shows for each identified risk \u2014 linked either\nto an asset-threat-vulnerability combination or to a scenario:\ne the associated risk level (from the risk assessment tool);\ne the gap between the assessed risk and the acceptable\nlevel of risk;\ne how the organisation has decided to treat the risk\n(retain, avoid, modify, share);\ne the control gap analysis:\no what controls are already in place and their nature\n(e.g. detective, preventive, etc.).\no what additional controls are considered necessary,\nand their nature (and details of any supporting cost-\nbenefit analysis).\ne the resources required for the task (financial, technical\nand human); and\ne the timeframe for implementing the controls.\nthe risk treatment plan links the risk assessment (contained\nin the chosen risk assessment tool and its outputs) to the\nidentification and design of appropriate controls, as\ndescribed in the soa, such that the board-defined approach\nto risk is implemented, tested", "a27c5995-d571-4f60-b7d8-8fcceb3c8bc4": "strategic issues around it governance\nand information security and the value to the company of successful certifi-\ncation. the ceo has to be able to articulate them and to deal with objections\nand issues arising. above all, he or she has to be sufficiently in command of\nthis part of the business development to be able to keep the overall plan on\ntrack against its strategic goals. the chairperson and board should give as\nmuch attention to monitoring progress against the iso27001 implementa-\ntion plan as they do to monitoring all the other key business goals. if the\nceo, chairperson and board are not behind this project, there is little point\nin proceeding; certification will not happen without clear evidence of such a\ncommitment. this principle, of leadership from the top, is of course essential\nto all major change projects.\nno certification body will certify an isms without getting firm evidence\nof the commitment of senior managers. if this commitment is not clearly\ndemonstrated, the isms simply will not be", "e1c07d58-4ea6-41f1-8459-cef4ef55dd1a": "what should be communicated, when, with whom, and how the communication should be carried out.\nan organization always has a need for internal communication between employees, roles, organizational units, and management levels. regarding the nature of communication, it is clear that open communication is necessary for security-related matters. otherwise, for example, no learning effect can be achieved from security incidents, and the required awareness may not be properly established or maintained.\ncertain communication processes are even explicitly required by the standard, thus setting a minimum requirement. examples of occasions for communication include:\n- important changes to the organization's context\n- announcement of newly implemented or modified guidelines\n- approval processes (authorization, approval, risk acceptance)\n- notifications of security incidents\n- announcements of internal events related to security\n- reporting from the isms to management levels\nthe focus here is rather on", "79c003c8-a080-4224-aac3-a4be0a1c7740": "a\nscale value of 4.3 represents \u00a3200,000 and 4.7 represents \u00a3500,000. organisations\nmay shift the scale if they wish, e.g., by multiplying all the consequence values by a\nfactor of 10 or a 100.\nto use table 2-2 without scaling for an arbitrary sum of money, \u00a3x, determine\nlog(x/10).\nfrequency and likelihood\nthis prescription uses reciprocal time for measuring frequency and likelihood. the\nfollowing scale applies:\nisoaec 27001:2013 \u2014 mastering risk assessment and the statement of applicability 27\nchapter 2 \u2014 risk assessment\ntable 2-3: fol and scale values\nscale value fol value\nonce a century\nonce a decade\nevery 8 hours\nevery hour\nevery minute\nevery second\n10 times a second\n100 times a second\nthis scale is extensible. thus, a scale value of -1 represents once a millennium, and\na scale value of 13, represents 3,000 times a second. intermediate values are\nmeaningful, e.g., a scale value of 4.3 represents 4 times a week and 4.7 represents\n10 times a week.\nto determine the scale value for some", "c042f793-1317-48dc-b7ef-e1c6cbb174a9": "costs, all identifiable costs - direct, indirect and\nconsequential \u2014 including the costs of being out of business, should be taken\ninto account. the \u2018better to be approximately correct than precisely wrong\u2019\napproach should continue to be deployed in this exercise.\nidentify potential threats and vulnerabilities (likelihood)\nfor each of the assets on the schedule, it is now necessary to identify the\npossible vulnerabilities and the potential threats to the key business systems.\nthere are a high number of threats, and the range of possible vulnerabilities\nis also substantial. the input of the trained information security expert is, at\nthis point, invaluable and the guidance of 15027005, which includes lists of\nthreats and vulnerabilities, can also save time. threats tend to be external to\nthe systems (but not necessarily to the organization). they include hostile\noutsiders such as hackers, non-hostile outsiders such as suppliers or cleaning\ncontractors, and insiders, both the disaffected and the committed but", "e3c52c47-550b-43a4-afec-d6cf8eaf9d4f": "the likelihood of the event\noccurring and the severity of its consequences in order to\ndetermine the level of risk.\nasset-threat-vulnerability assessments, in which risk\nidentification and analysis take into account the value of\nassets associated with information (and the information\nassets themselves), the threats that apply to each asset and\nthe vulnerabilities that the threats could exploit.\nin relative terms, the first of these is likely to be more\nvaluable from a high-level perspective, and the second is\nnaturally more granular and detailed. either approach can\n30\n2: risk assessment methodologies\nwork for an iso 27001 isms; the critical thing is to think\nthrough the strategic implications of each methodology, and\nthe relative benefits and drawbacks of each.\niso 27001, iso 27002, iso 27005 and bs 7799-3 reference\niso 27000 for the definitions of risk, risk analysis, risk\nassessment, risk evaluation, risk management and risk\ntreatment. we recommend that these definitions are, for the\nsake of", "8a28364f-6751-45d3-863d-2bc5ad3d4f27": "the identity, mission and strategies of the\norganization are fundamental elements in the analysis of the problem since the breach of an information\nsecurity aspect can result in rethinking these strategic objectives. in addition, it is essential that\nproposals for information security requirements remain consistent with the rules, uses and means in\nforce in the organization.\nthe list of constraints includes but is not limited to:\n\u2014 constraints ofa political nature: these can concern government administrations, public institutions\nor more generally any organization that applies government decisions. they are usually decisions\nconcerning strategic or operational orientation made by a government division or decision-making\nbody and should be applied.\nfor example, the computerization of invoices or administrative documents introduces information\nsecurity problems.\n\u2014 constraints of a strategic nature: constraints can arise from planned or possible changes to the\norganization's structures or orlentation. they", "894e5e86-016e-46cd-b30f-97401098209f": "may be necessary to go through the list of the organization's business processes and determine which records are useful and necessary for each process.\n- if possible, data should be recorded in a format that includes (explanatory) meta-information. otherwise, it must be precisely documented how recorded data should be interpreted.\n- the storage location for records should be determined and documented accordingly. in any case, these storage locations require effective access protection.\n- the reliability of records requires that the mechanism of recording cannot be influenced, controlled, or suspended by unauthorized persons. typical case: the recording is deactivated for the duration of a manipulation.\n- confidentiality may be required for records, e.g. due to contractual confidentiality obligations, the possibility of performance monitoring, or because the records contain personal data. unauthorized/unauthorized publication of records should be prevented, as this could provide insight into the", "9c919350-65ec-4773-8f12-4c855640fe40": "managing the access to program source code and the program source libraries according to\nestablished procedures;\nb) granting read and write access to source code based on business needs and managed to address\nrisks of alteration or misuse and according to established procedures;\nc) updating of source code and associated items and granting of access to source code in accordance\nwith change control procedures (see 8.32) and only performing it after appropriate authorization\nhas been received;\nd) not granting developers direct access to the source code repository, but through developer tools\nthat control activities and authorizations on the source code;\ne) holding program listings in a secure environment, where read and write access should be\nappropriately managed and assigned;\nf) maintaining an audit log of all accesses and of all changes to source code.\nif the program source code is intended to be published, additional controls to provide assurance on its\nintegrity (e.g. digital signature) should be", "a950c646-960e-4d75-9702-0b8fe20e41cc": "identify the areas where encryption technique must be used and to define and\nimplement the standards.\n156\nchapter 6 execution\nwho prepares it: the information security team is responsible for defining and\nimplementing the encryption policy along with the it team.\nfor external audit: the external auditor will check for this document during the iso\n27001 certification audit.\na.10.1.2 key management (iso 27001 control)\ncontrol: a policy on the use, protection, and lifetime of cryptographic keys should be\ndeveloped and implemented through their whole lifecycle.\nexplanation: this control explains the use of policy and protection of cryptographic\nkeys. the important aspect is about the management of keys throughout the lifecycle. it\ndefines how you manage keys and how they are distributed, changed, and stored in the\nbackup. key management must be strong and safe so that the attacker cannot misuse the\nkeys.\nhere are some implementation tips:\nthe information security team must verify backup storage for", "6bcedff7-4502-4936-9874-a8d5f2b800bb": "with the title\n\u201cinformation security management system\u201d the focus of bs 7799-2 was on how to\nimplement an information security management system. later, this was updated to\ncover risk analysis and management and was called iso/iec 27001:2005.\nthe latest published version of the information security management system\n(isms) standard is bs en iso/iec 27001: 2017. the iso version of the standard (2013)\nwas not affected by the 2017 publication and the changes do not introduce any new\nrequirements. if you are interested in reading a detailed history of information security,\nread bs 7799-3:2017.\nan isms is a framework of policies and procedures for ameliorating risk.\ne define an information security policy: the main purpose of an\ninformation security policy is to define what top management wants\nto achieve with its security measures. this tells management who\nis responsible for which items, with clear expectations, roles, and\nresponsibilities.\ne define the scope of isms: scope is an important factor in", "6d27ee27-28da-43b5-8689-6b78e546c8b7": "when it has become inoperative. telecommunications services\n221\n222\nit governance\nshould have two different methods of connection to the service provider, to\nensure that there is no single point of failure for a critical service, and there\nshould usually be an analogue telephone service available as well to deal\nwith emergencies where the digital service is unavailable.\ncabling security\ncontrol 11.2.3 of is027002 looks to protect any cables that carry data or\nthat support information services from interception or damage. with a bit\nof luck, some of the measures recommended by iso27002 will have been\nimplemented at the time your building was put up, because if they weren\u2019t,\nit is going to be difficult to implement them now. the measures iso27002\nwants to be considered are as follows:\n+ power and telecommunications/broadband lines into information\nprocessing facilities should, wherever possible, be underground or subject\nto alternative adequate protection. if they are not already underground,\nit is", "b869424a-5b0c-4882-9853-226a45aaa498": "a.12.4 is to log and generate evidence.\n * **annex a.12.4.1 - event logging** control: all event logs must contain organisational information such as user\ndata, infosec events and flaws.\nthe following must be considered:\n * user ids\n * system activities (dates, times and details of key events)\n * device identity or location\n * system access attempts\n * resource access attempts\n * changes to system con\ufb01guration\n * use of privileges\n * use of system utilities and applications\n * files accessed and the type of access\n * network addresses and protocols\n * access control system alarms * activation and deactivation of protection systems\n * in-app transaction records * **annex a.12.4.2 - protection of log information** **control:** logs must be maintained to prevent unauthorised tampering. implementation: these logs must be stored in a safe and secure manner to\nensure they are not tampered with.\n * **annex a.12.4.3 - administrator and operator software**", "17c534a3-f035-42f3-bd13-7decd01b721e": "defining the\ninformation transfer policy and agreements. before agreements are finalized they must\nbe reviewed and approved by the legal team to prevent any liabilities of the organization\nduring an information security breach.\nfor external audit: the external auditor conducting the iso 27001 certification\naudit will check the evidence in order to verify how agreements are framed and what\ncontrols are covered as part of the agreement.\na.13.2.3 electronic messaging (iso 27001 control)\ninformation involved in electronic messaging should be appropriately protected.\nexplanation/what is required: organizations must create provisions to safeguard\nthe information that\u2019s shared via electronic messaging. consider the following points:\ne nounauthorized access to the information/electronic messages. for\nexample, if public services\u2014i.e., instant messaging, social networking\nor file sharing\u2014need to be used to share information, approvals must\nbe received before using them.\nthere could be many more areas, which an", "892478e0-dca5-476b-a266-146074dd733c": "specific guidance in is027002 may be inadequate to\ndeal with newly identified threats and vulnerabilities and the most current\nresponses to them. that does not invalidate iso27002; it simply creates an\nopportunity for the practitioner to go beyond is27002 when necessary.\n1so27001\nthis book has a bias towards implementing an isms within the united\nkingdom, as this is where the authors\u2019 direct experience was gained. it does\nalso draw on our combined experience, over a number of years, working\nwith organizations around the world on their information security manage-\nment strategies. its lessons are directly applicable for all ismss that are to be\ncertified by an accredited certification body anywhere in the world.\nthis book sets out how to implement an isms that is capable of certifica-\ntion to iso/iec 27001:2013. it will do so broadly within the context of the\nmicrosoft suite of products, as these are the products most widely used in\nthose parts of the world likely to be interested in certification. the", "eececf91-a47e-4c5a-b565-563109eeb73c": "transactions shall be\nservices transactions |protected to prevent incomplete transmission, mis-routing, unau-\nthorized message alteration, unauthorized disclosure, unauthor-\nized message duplication or replay.\n(continued)\n40\ntable 2-10. (continued)\nchapter 2 assessing needs and scope\na.14.2 security in development and support processes\nobjective: to ensure that information security is designed and implemented within the development\nlifecycle of information systems.\nsecure development\npolicy\nsystem change control\nprocedures\ntechnical review of\napplications after\noperating platform\nchanges\nrestrictions on\nchanges to software\npackages\nsecure system engi-\nneering principles\na14.2.6 [secure development\nenvironment\na14.2.7 outsourced develop-\nment\na.14.2.8 |system security test-\ning\na.14.2.9 |system acceptance\ntesting\na.14.3 test data\ncontrol\nrules for the development of software and systems shall be estab-\nlished and applied to developments within the organization.\ncontrol\nchanges to systems", "6f8d3fac-f2a2-4b7e-9d4c-640ce2ff045f": "should also be used to facilitate the understanding about the current and\nupcoming expectations of these authorities (e.g. applicable information security regulations).\nother information\norganizations under attack can request authorities to take action against the attack source.\nmaintaining such contacts can be a requirement to support information security incident management\n(see 5.24 to 5.28) or the contingency planning and business continuity processes (see 5.29 and 5.30).\ncontacts with regulatory bodies are also useful to anticipate and prepare for upcoming changes in\nrelevant laws or regulations that affect the organization. contacts with other authorities include\nutilities, emergency services, electricity suppliers and health and safety [e.g. fire departments (in\n14 \u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\nconnection with business continuity), telecommunication", "98cea9ba-613b-4d4f-a524-a85d994c8cc8": "responsibilities regarding information security.\nwith iso 27001, you can create a system that has enough flexibility to ensure\nthat everyone maintains their focus on information security tasks. similarly,\nit requires organisations to conduct annual risk assessments, which help you\nmake changes where necessary.\n## **5\\. it reduces the need for frequent audits**\niso 27001 certification is globally accepted and demonstrates effective\nsecurity, reducing the need for repeat customer audits.", "4b586bc3-0a28-4371-858b-6dbc85c628ac": "assessment\n8.3 results of the information security risk treatment\n9.1 evidence of the monitoring and measurement of results\n9.2 an internal audit process\n9.2 evidence of the audit programs and the audit results\n9.3 evidence of the results of management reviews\n10.1 evidence of any non-conformities and corrective actions taken\nthink through the time it will take for your company to collect and organize all this information. every organization will be in a different place when it comes to managing and collecting these details.\ntraining\nas you take on this initiative, you\u2019ll need to provide security awareness training to the people in your organization. in addition to the upfront cost of the training program, you\u2019ll also need to factor in the time spent by your employees to complete their training and any downturn in productivity.\nestablishing new processes\nnew processes and controls will need to be implemented, some of which may be corrective actions that are critical to meet compliance. they will", "36dd519d-b46f-45bc-83b7-4384662bfa74": "with gdpr and reduce the chance of costly fines.\nthe asset management requirements of iso 27001 help to ensure compliance with gdpr\niso 27001 treats personal data as information security assets. as such, those assets are subject to constraints around storage, length of storage, collection, and access. those are also requirements of the gdpr.\nthe future of gdpr requirements indicate that privacy will be built into business processes in alignment with iso 27001\ndata privacy regulation is getting more complex, not less; with additional provisions and protections being added every year. looking forward, businesses that want a strategic advantage over competitors will have to incorporate security standards into all aspects of their business.\ncompanies aiming to comply with iso 27001 (and other iso standards like iso 27701 and iso 27000) will be well prepared to meet those future expectations since the iso standard is all about how to protect information assets-personal data or otherwise.\nconclusion\nthe gdpr", "3793c2a6-9c33-4a32-826a-bf5bdff39197": "possible should be turned on, but rather it should be checked in advance what analysis, evaluation, or proof will be required later.\nboth for manual and automatic recordings, there may be requirements in laws, guidelines, and contracts that demand or restrict certain recordings. with this input, the necessary and permissible logging should be selected.\nwhen specifying the data to be recorded, it is important to consider that the data is informative in terms of planned use. this means that already in the planning phase, it should be clear what evaluations will be carried out later and what data will be needed for this. of course, new evaluations can also be designed later or existing ones can be changed (e.g. as part of continuous improvement or as a change).\nregarding evidence, measures must be established to ensure and maintain the probative value of the evidence:\n- set log files to read-only or append-only (if possible), secure them against integrity loss or at least enable subsequent detection of the", "b6537657-9990-4ce9-94fe-dc1331f579f9": "photocopiers, should be sited\nwithin the secure perimeter in such a way that access to more secure\nrooms is not required. in other words, do not put the scanner or printer\nmachine in the same room as the computer servers, nor in a public area\nwhere unauthorized individuals may access the output.\n+ doors and windows should be locked when the building or room is unat-\ntended. external protection, such as burglar bars, should be considered in\nthe context of the risk assessment for ground-floor and any other acces-\nsible windows. this is particularly important for the computer server and\ncommunications rooms, which should be accessible only to a small\nnumber of authorized personnel, each of whom has individual access\ncodes so that a record of access and egress can be maintained at an indi-\n211\n212\nit governance\nvidual level. no one should be allowed into one of these rooms unless\naccompanied at all times by an authorized person. externally, any special\nprecautions taken for specific rooms (eg whitewashed", "ce0ba769-3078-4190-93d1-5e426cd01ac7": "might be that control! a.6.7 remote working may not\napply if you have no remote workers or control! a.8.28 secure coding may not be relevant if\nno software development takes place.\nthe key point to remember in treating risk is that it is a trade-off. few organizations have\nlimitless funds and so the money spent in treating risk needs to result in a larger benefit\nthan the cost. there are many ways of performing this kind of \u201cquantitative\u201d analysis so that\nthe potential loss from a risk can be expressed in financial terms. the methods used in the\ntoolkit are \u201cqualitative\u201d in that they simply categorize the risks; if your organization wishes\nto use more detailed quantitative methods to assess risk loss against cost of treatment then\nthat is perfectly acceptable within the iso/iec 27001 standard.\ndon\u2019t forget to consider the positive aspects of risk i.e. opportunities. the standard requires\nthat these are considered, so that you\u2019re as ready as possible if some good news comes your\nway. the opportunity", "2da97c4d-a9fe-4aae-a525-8c9d74e8bae4": "justified, there is a lack of sensitivity here to the fact that a completely new transmission path is being used, the properties of which are potentially unknown. this alone would be reason enough to conduct a risk analysis.\ncarry out. this includes listing all components that are needed for the new transmission path, from the remote control module to the system-side input into the control system network. for each component, it can now be determined what properties it must have in order to achieve the security goals of integrity, availability, and possibly confidentiality on the entire route, and at the same time not introduce any new risks for the systems behind the access points. another result of the risk analysis to be carried out for the new transmission path is also the determination of the residual risk that arises when the risk-reducing measures are implemented and effective. can the remaining residual risk be accepted? this question can only be answered if the remaining residual risk is known at", "e7673a86-c35b-4e50-abfb-9d468b7da501": "story\ndependent.\nrisk acceptance\nonce the residual risks are known, they should be compared to the risk acceptance\ncriteria. if the residual risks do not meet the criteria, the failing risk treatment plan (or\nplans) should be reworked until the criteria are met, or the criteria are rethought (see\ndiscussion of figure 2-1 in chapter 2).\nthe risk owners should then review the plans and formally accept them and their\nresidual risks.\nprevious results\nit this is the first plan; its documented information should say so. otherwise, it\nshould reference the previous plan(s) with an indication of why and how they were\nchanged.\ndocumenting the process\nan example, based on the prescription presented in this chapter, is given in\nappendix a, section a.3.\ndocumenting the results\nan example, based on the prescription presented in this chapter, is given in\nappendix a, section a.5.\nrisk treatment instructions\nstep 1: prepare the risk treatment process documented information using appendix\na, section a.3, and", "50336ba8-9ace-4797-94b6-c79902250413": "internal audits\u2014as per clause 9.2.\nresults of the management review\u2014as per clause 9.3.\nrecord the result of corrective actions\u2014as per clause 10.1.\nlogs of all user activities, exceptions, and security events\u2014as per\nclauses a.12.4.1 and a.12.4.3.\n229\nchapter 7 \u2014 internal audit\nnote to perform the audit, you need to meet relevant departments, review their\nprocesses and procedures, and sometimes physically verify the controls.\naudit\u2019s finding report\nonce the audit is completed, the internal auditor must present the audit's finding report\nto the auditees. the audit\u2019s finding report must clearly define the weakness or risks\nidentified. you may include the following sections in your audit report:\ne introduction to the audit scope, objectives, and methodology used\nfor conducting an audit.\ne summary of key findings of the weaknesses or non-compliance areas.\n\u00ab recommendations and suggestion on any given control. it is purely\nthe auditees\u2019 choice whether to accept or reject the suggestions\nshared by the", "bda95c47-a79a-4e01-a4fa-d11a7767719c": "reconfiguration.\na number of companies and authorities publish annual reviews of threats at the strategic\nand tactical levels and there are several common information sharing forums available to\njoin to find out what is happening almost in real time.\n page 39 of 79\niso/iec 27001 implementation guide\n4.1.8 a.5.8 information security in project management\nrelevant toolkit documents\ne information security guidelines for project management\nif your organization doesn\u2019t have a formal project management approach then this may be a\ngood time to start to define one, even if it simply includes the basics. it would help to get\nyour information classification scheme in place first (see control a.5.12 classification of\ninformation) as this will provide a framework to use within your projects.\na good first step is to introduce risk assessment into your project method so that the threats\nand required controls for any specific project can be identified.\n4.1.9 a.5.9 inventory of information and other associated", "c1e87acd-55f3-45e9-887d-4ca76e9bfe04": "effects, undocumented functions, bypassability, and other vulnerabilities (e.g. in software through intensive source code inspections and qualified attack attempts).\nsuch principles of secure development could be presented in a development guideline or developer's handbook.\nwhile we're at it: at the same place, the use of or approved development tools, programming techniques and languages, libraries to be used, test procedures, tools and pipelines, standardized attack techniques and patterns, documentation requirements for objects to be developed, a role separation in the development process (e.g. design, coding, tests, integration, acceptance), and the physical security of the development environment should also be described.\nthe relevance of these contents needs to be reviewed at regular intervals, especially with regard to technology advancements and the dynamics of attack techniques and patterns.\nthe correct application of all guidelines during development needs to be monitored.\nif the system", "71371f38-c912-405b-8f22-46d649252f2e": "internet\nconnection, a usb flash stick or thumb drive, a cd-rom reader, a floppy\ndisk, an individual user \u2014 these are all possible sources of virus infection.\nmost infection is accidental; in other words, the virus was not directed\nspecifically at the now-infected organization. it just happened \u2014 someone\nclicked on a link on an infected site or opened an attachment in a phishing\ne-mail. refusing access for everyone to everything is obviously not the busi-\nness-oriented solution that might be expected from most risk assessments,\nand the extent to which gateway defences block legitimate e-mail ingress\nbecause it is carrying an adobe attachment or download link suggests that\nmost risk assessments are failing to consider the \u2018availability\u2019 aspect of infor-\nmation security: this is the digital age, after all, and most data is shared\ndigitally, from white papers and e-books to software upgrades.\nspyware\nspyware (and adware) continue to be two of the most significant malware\nissues that organizations have to", "785340d9-79cd-49f7-a121-acea55ecfce5": "information classification.\nthe frequency of information classification should be defined in the policy and\nshould be updated based on the value and criticality of the information.\nevidence that can be prepared: information classification policy and information\nclassification guideline.\nwho prepares it: the information security team is responsible for preparing the\ninformation classification policy and guideline.\nfor external audit: the external auditor in the iso 27001 audit will check for this\ndocument.\na.8.2.2 labeling of information (control iso 27001)\nan appropriate set of procedures for information labeling should be developed and\nimplemented in accordance with the information classification scheme adopted by the\norganization.\nexplanation/what is required: this control covers the procedures required for\nlabeling information assets under the classification plan of the organization. you need to\nmention:\ne where and how the label can be attached\ne on what types of media labeling is required\ne", "7df841d1-0b87-4878-a9b0-fdb593bce83f": "and acting on vulnerability reports.\nmany organizations supply software, systems, products and services not only within the organization\nbut also to interested parties such as customers, partners or other users. these software, systems,\nproducts and services can have information security vulnerabilities that affect the security of users.\n94 \u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\norganizations can release remediation and disclose information about vulnerabilities to users (typically\nthrough a public advisory) and provide appropriate information for software vulnerability database\nservices.\nfor more information relating to the management of technical vulnerabilities when using cloud\ncomputing, see the iso/iec 19086 series and iso/iec 27017.\niso/iec 29147 provides detailed information on receiving vulnerability reports and publishing\nvulnerability advisories. iso/iec", "ddd23612-d5a3-474d-b0a2-fe448ba89d00": "establishing a robust business continuity management system.\na.17.1.1 planning information security continuity (iso 27001 control)\nthe organization should determine its requirements for information security and the\ncontinuity of information security management in adverse situations e.g. during a crisis\nor disaster.\nexplanation/what is required: perform robust planning for the organization\u2019s\ninformation security management in unexpected adverse situations. these situations\nare explained in earlier chapters\u2014a fire, electricity/power blackout, floods, cyber-\nattack by a hacker. if there is no preparation/planning done, there could be big negative\nimpact. recovery from such situations could take a lot of time and money. it is therefore\nadvisable that organizations conduct impact analysis on their business continuity\nrequirements and plan for a strategy that will help them execute the disaster recovery\nplan quickly.\n210\nchapter 6 execution\nevidence that can be prepared: business impact analysis document.", "5de49075-1104-477c-9847-aff8f6f32995": "increase the risk of an attacker finding a way of\naccessing facilities or information that is confidential, and therefore some\ncomponents of networks need protection from other network users. a full\nrisk assessment and cost-benefit analysis (considering also the value of the\nassets to be secured, and how their interrelationship might need to be safe-\nguarded \u2014 segregation, for instance, might reduce the total impact of a\nservice disruption) should be carried out before making a final decision as to\nhow these issues should be tackled, and specialist external advice may be\nneeded to ensure that the choice of technologies and architecture is appro-\npriate to the organization\u2019s needs. the existing organizational policies on\naccess control, access requirements and information classification should be\ncross-referenced in segregating networks.\nthe creation of demilitarized zones (dmzs) or extranets reflects exactly\nthese needs. specific resources are gathered together and placed outside the\ncore organizational", "c967f638-77eb-4940-a818-47faeab73c0b": "that is designed to practice deception is covered by this event. thus, it\nincludes social engineering as well as the activities of insiders who misuse their\nprivileges for unauthorised access to information or financial gain (e.g.,\nembezzlement). this event also covers errors made by well intention people.\ns9 \u2014 hacking\nthis event concerns the exploitation of vulnerabilities in the technological\ncomponents. whilst such exploitation can cause the loss of confidentiality, integrity,\nor availability of information within scope of the isms it can also enable the attacker\nto use the organisation\u2019s ict to launch an attack on another organisation.\n$10 \u2014- web dos\nthis can result from a general internet service provider failure, website errors (e.g.,\napplication code errors), site overload or that the webserver is suffering from a\ndeliberate denial of service (dos) attack.\n$11 \u2014 disclosure\nthis event is intended to cover all ways that result in an undesirable disclosure of\ninformation that are not covered by any", "148675ab-ec85-48a4-8e82-6575f33064ac": "assessment when teleworking sites need to be used:\ne the physical environment must be secured while accessing\nteleworking sites.\ne when accessing organization internal systems through remote\naccess, the information that will be accessed should be analyzed (i.e.,\nis it confidential) and you need to know whether the communication\nchannel is secure or not. a virtual private network (vpn) is used.\ne when employees are accessing information from home, family\nmembers or friends might try to gain unauthorized access.\ne when clients or external devices that are not provided by the\norganization access company information, it could be done via a\nvirtual desktop access, as it would eliminate the need of processing\nand storage of information on such devices.\nevidence that can be prepared:\ne\u00ab ateleworking policy can be prepared.\ne list of vpn license/accounts.\ne list of current users who have vpn access.\ne list of incidents and actions that were taken.\nwho prepares it: the it helpdesk team, with the help of the", "ab278d5e-c43f-4ef0-b172-f3074d54a5cb": "download a detailed implementation roadmap from us for free,\ndiscussing the norm extensively. 2. **define your context, scope, and objectives** as a central criterion for success, it has proven effective to first establish\nproject and isms objectives, along with the associated budget and timeframe.\nat this point, a decision is needed on whether to internally possess the\nnecessary expertise and resources for implementation or to engage a\nconsultant. 3. **involve management properly and early** a management framework defines all the procedures an organization must\nimplement to achieve its iso 27001 implementation goals. accountability,\nspecifying who in management is responsible for the isms, a schedule of all\nactivities, and regular isms reviews for effectiveness are mechanisms\ncyclically ensuring isms improvement. 4. **conduct a risk assessment** while iso 27001 requires a formal risk assessment, it does not prescribe a\nmethodology. \"formal\" implies that the risk", "1168ecaf-9b0a-4df0-9ea1-9c3121201f01": "security. this includes things\nlike identity management, responsibilities, and evidence collection.\nnew organisational controls include:\n5.7: threat intelligence\n5.23: information security for use of cloud services\n5.30: ict readiness for business continuity\nthreat intelligence in particular is an exciting innovation in this area - as\nthis measure goes beyond detecting malicious domain names. threat intelligence\nhelps organisations better understand how they can be attacked.\n### people controls: staff-related measures to protect staff.\nthe people controls section comprises only eight controls. it focuses on how\nemployees handle sensitive information during their daily work. this includes\ntopics like remote work, nondisclosure agreements and screenings. onboarding\nand offboarding processes, as well as responsibilities for reporting\nincidents, are also relevant.\n### physical controls: physical measures for the physical protection of the\norganisation.\nphysical controls include security monitoring,", "01ddabae-5fc9-4389-8d15-c8d188f2c232": "configuration and other data are just as exposed \u2014 and as\npotentially useless - as back-up media stored alongside their servers in a\nphysical location.\nan essential first step in making a back-up policy work in most offices is\nto ensure that most information is filed on the organization\u2019s servers, or\nnetwork drives (whether onsite or off) and not on individuals\u2019 c: drives.\nwhile servers can be backed up automatically and centrally; c: drives can\nonly be backed up if the back-up service is specifically configured to do so.\nthis is difficult to do with tape back-up services, and is particularly difficult\nwith notebook users, who often work on the move and who need immediate\naccess to their files. the requirement for regular back-ups from portable\ndevices to network file servers or the cloud (or the provision of notebook-\nlevel back-up service) and for the use of the cloud or a file server rather than\noperations security\nthe fixed c: drive should be part of the initial staff training on data security.\none", "c168d76a-4384-4453-8b9c-cd48ebcd1a2a": "review of the organization's own isms to identify any deviations or potential for improvement and to initiate their implementation.\nthis immediately brings to mind roles such as auditor, compliance manager, internal auditor, whereas the it security officer, if present, is less suitable for this purpose: reviewing and evaluating one's own activities leads to a typical conflict of interest.\nthe role under 2. must be seen in conjunction with the so-called performance evaluation of the isms as required in section isms-10. we will provide further explanation on this in the corresponding section at the end of this chapter. reporting to the management level is the minimum requirement: of course, corresponding reports can also be made available to other entities and individuals - by the same role under 2. or by another.\nin iso 27001, the information security officer is only mentioned as an example of a role within the isms, see control a-5.2 in chapter 3.\nthis includes, for example, compliance with data", "87898aa4-7773-4c13-ab0d-7c13a6b8eeb7": "information.\nhowever, remote working introduces security risks related to the access of\ninformation. annex a.6.2.2 of iso 27001 contains guidelines to address these\nrisks, focusing on mobile devices and teleworking.\nby creating policies around these, organisations can set rules for who can\naccess, store and process information in the cloud while working remotely.\nmost organisations should have access controls on their internal systems to\nensure that information is only viewable to certain members of staff. doing so\nreduces the risk of insider threats, and mitigates the damage should a cyber\ncriminal compromise an employee\u2019s account.\nsimilar measures must be applied to cloud systems. sometimes this is as simple\nlimited access to cloud databases \u2013 but you might find that there is\ninformation within those systems that needs to be further restricted.\ndepending on the service you use, it might have in-build access controls that\nthe administrator can adjust accordingly. on other occasions, though,", "688d4162-4951-46d3-b292-91684b441246": "them the chance to get to know each other better.\nadministration department\nthe administration department can be represented as a spoc (single point of contact)\nfor managing and implementing the physical, operational, and facility related aspects of\nthe isms framework. they can enable the acknowledgment of guidelines, procedures,\nand policies inside the organization in adherence with the iso 27001 requirements. the\nauthority and responsibility of the role can be defined by the organization.\nchief information security officer (ciso)\nthe chief information security officer is primarily responsible for preparing,\nmaintaining, and communicating the information security policies and procedures\nwithin the organization.\n52\nchapter 3 project kick-off\nthis person is considered the administrative head of security. the ciso is\nresponsible for security awareness and serves as a focal point for deciding all security\nissues. some key responsibilities of the ciso are to:\nlead the information security initiative", "d3c2d060-f202-4ec4-bd5a-21fc77d883a4": "the organisation\u2019s\nappreciation for the risks posed by each event.\nfor many organisations, it may be a trivial process to identify\nthe general scenarios that could occur \u2014 theft, cyber attack,\nnatural disasters, and so on.\nscenarios \u2014 or events \u2014 can be identified using a couple of\ntechniques:\n1. identify events that apply to any comparable\norganisation.\n2. identify events specific to the organisation.\nthe first of these is supported by databases of events and\nindicative consequences, and benefits from external\nexpertise \u2014 consultants, perhaps, who have conducted a\nnumber of risk assessments for comparable businesses. the\nsecond is provided by internal expertise and analysis.\nbs 7799-3 describes a method for tracking events and the\nnature of the consequences in order to provide a quick\nreference for the risk treatment plan; for example:\nevent consequence comments\nc i a\npower surge - y y -\nhacking y y y treat dos of public-facing\nservers as separate event\ndisclosure y - - all forms of disclosure", "58a1ec9a-4e05-4a98-b172-6803acee07f4": "office, but especially in the mobile office, authorizations may need to be reduced to account for the different work environment with different risks. therefore, authorizations should not only be tied to the subject and the desired object, but also to the platform (device id) from which access is to be made.\nthe introduction of dynamic access control can be very helpful in solving the problems described (a-5.15). it is also worth considering the possibility of cross-system reporting on all established authorizations, which enables more targeted analysis and troubleshooting.\nan indirect access control can also be realized by securely encrypting a file (also a directory or drive) to be protected and distributing the key used for this only to the authorized individuals. the access protection for the file must be replaced here conceptually and in reality by the access protection for the key - in other words, a secure generation, distribution, and storage of keys must be implemented. the control over the", "e7bd50b6-e438-45af-ba19-86a3a6ba1e04": "dynamic access control - for this, dac is also used as an abbreviation - is about flexible control of permissions based on claims, resource properties, and central access rules, thus combining the old dac, rbac, and mac in a certain way.\nwho assigns the necessary permissions? in this case, the respective asset owner responsible for the object in question is initially considered. decentralized permission assignment is also common: subordinate organizational units independently assign permissions for \"their\" objects. in the case of mac, on the other hand, there is usually a central authority in the organization that classifies objects.\n122 3 controls: requirements and measures\nin the technical implementation according to point d. of the above list, the following situations are frequently encountered:\ne the control of access to data, directories, drives, and applications is the domain of the access control security function in the corresponding it systems. depending on the operating system, the input,", "ddbc5458-7397-4170-998d-ae944f2f8b8c": "protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information assets.\n * reduce the cost of security measures.\n * improve the efficiency of security operations.\n * increase employee awareness of security risks.\n * enhance your organisation's reputation and brand value.\n#### what are the challenges of implementing an isms?\nthe challenges of implementing an isms can vary depending on the size and\ncomplexity of your organisation. however, some common challenges include:\n * lack of management commitment.\n * lack of resources.\n * lack of expertise.\n * resistance to change.\n * the cost of implementation.\n#### how can i get started with an isms?\nthe first step in getting started with an isms is to assess your\norganisation's current security posture. this will help you to identify the\ngaps that need to be addressed. once you have identified the gaps, you can\ndevelop a plan to implement the isms.\n#### what are the requirements of iso 27001:2022 clause 4.4?\nclause 4.4 of iso 27001:2022 is the", "92aea947-f316-42f6-a3b2-858c8a656f4d": "however, the following points should be considered:\n- the organization must determine and document what needs to be monitored and measured.\n- the methods for monitoring and measurement need to be determined.\n- the timing and responsibility for conducting these monitoring/measurement activities should be established.\n- the timing and responsibility for evaluating and assessing the results need to be determined.\n- records (evidence) of the execution and results of monitoring/measurement activities need to be created and retained.\nthis list suggests what a corresponding monitoring and measurement program could look like: a collection of individual monitoring and measurement activities, each with the information related to the five points listed above. we would like to add that for each monitoring/measurement, its purpose or further use should be explained in an introductory section.\nlet's now go through points 1 to 5 individually. since we combine the explanation of the requirements with implementation", "a8f52949-b6fe-4565-8f79-7282fafeb8a6": "high-level timeframe, which might help\nyou identify the tasks involved and the timeline needed to complete the implementation.\nsenior management support\nyou can increase the chances of having a successful implementation by bringing in\ntop management. without the support of management, your project will probably fail.\nhence senior management support is essential. by support, it means that they are willing\nto provide all the resources required to implement information security. this could be\nhuman resources or the money required to support the project.\nyou need management support because the isms implementation process will\nbe done by the departments and their team members. top management may need to\noutline and define their expected roles, based on the overall priorities of the company,\nespecially when these conflict with that group\u2019s or project\u2019s short-term priorities.\nto get top management support, the ciso (chief information security information)\nor the person with the authority needs to present the", "13c8655f-10a1-44d4-b3ba-051f65ef2a99": "and subcontractors used by them - this forms a supply chain that can cause significant information security risks.\nanalogous to a-5.19, these risks must be assessed and addressed: the supplier must communicate how they assess the risks to their supply chain and what measures they have taken to secure it. since paper is known to be patient, the contracting organization has the obligation to evaluate the supplier's statements and, if necessary, confirm them through their own checks. behind all of this is the question of the security requirements of the organization's assets that come into contact with the supplier (and possibly the supply chain) as part of their service provision.\nthe type, scope, and depth of such an examination are at the discretion of the contracting organization (see control a-5.22). an important point of the examination is the mandatory transfer of requirements or measures between individual entities within the supply chain (both from a legal and technical-organizational", "f24fd2a5-f906-4887-a2f6-c27fe97d643f": "configured correctly\nand in line with corporate policy. the policy could include disabling the\ndisk and cd-rom drives and usb ports on network pcs and notebook\ncomputers, requiring any data that arrive on such media to be loaded by\nan it team that is able first to check the media for viruses. alternatively,\nanti-malware software that is capable of checking files that are being\nuploaded from such sources could be deployed. the policy could ban\ndownloads of software (such as screen savers and utilities) from the\ninternet and/or set up controls on its firewall that make it impossible for\nsuch software to be imported, which automatically ensures that such\ndownloads are not carrying malware. it could extend to making the\nunauthorized use (where the organization requires it, there should be a\nmethod for authorizing and verifying it) of external software a disciplinary\nmatter.\n- anti-malware software should be installed on the network, and updates\nshould take place in line with the vendor\u2019s update policy - which", "25293b22-f642-4522-ba75-b40745f6f44a": "youcan encrypt the devices that carry confidential information\nsuch as external hard drives and flash drives if they go outside the\norganization.\ne ifany employee travels frequently with a laptop, it must be\nencrypted. use reliable free encryption software tools such as\nbitlocker, veracrypt, 7-zip, etc.\ne any email with confidential information must be secured.\ne when your employees connect to the office network from home, the\nconnection must be secured using a virtual private network (vpn).\ne ifyou have any web portal or product that offers ecommerce services\nand have payment methods, the gateway must be secured.\ne any shared folder or files that are accessible by all the employees in\nthe organization must be secured.\ne usb sticks are very small devices and can be risky if the organization\nhas no policy on their use. usb sticks must be blocked on all the\ndevices expect a few devices with permission and known risk.\nevidence that can be prepared: a policy on the use of encryption can be prepared\nto", "198f77c5-58c2-4047-8077-9a83724abdd2": "starting point.\nhistory of the term\nthe origin of iso/iec 27001 was a british standard, bs7799-2:1998. the purpose\nof this standard was to act as bridge between the code of practice, bs7799:1995\nand certification, having recognised that not all bs7799 controls were applicable to\nall organisations. hence the term \u201cstatement of applicability\u2019 \u2014 a statement of all\napplicable controls.\nnevertheless, the meaning of the term has evolved with successive editions of the\nisms standard, see table 1-1.\niso/iec 27001:2013 \u2014 mastering risk assessment and the statement of applicability 17\nchapter 1 \u2014 overview and concepts\ntable 1-1: characteristics of successive editions of iso/iec 27001\nstandard year(s) of location of requirement\npublication controls\nbs 7799-2 1998, 1999 main body all controls are required unless\ndeclared (in the soa) as being non-\napplicable\n2002 annex a controls must be selected from\niso/iec 2005 annex a\n27001 2013 necessary controls determined by\nprocess of risk treatment and\ncompared to", "49ce7560-b360-40a0-952e-8d69e153a14a": "contractual -\nshould all be listed, preferably in a comprehensive database which enables\nyou to describe exactly how those various information security require-\nments are met within your isms. (see also chapter 26 on compliance.) this\nstep enables you to determine your baseline security criteria: the specific set\nof security controls that must be implemented in order to meet existing busi-\nness (eg ipr protection), regulatory (eg dpa) or contractual (eg pci dss)\nrequirements.\ninformation security policy\nthe information security policy is the founding document of the isms. it\nshould set out top management\u2019s vision for information security in the light\nof key strategic business objectives and reflect the key limitations and oppor-\ntunities that determine the scope of management\u2019s ambition for the isms.\nclause 5.2 of the standard (and control a.5.1) contains the basic require-\nment. creation of an information security policy is, however, not always as\nstraightforward as it seems. it may be an iterative", "25e9b861-8512-486c-bbf0-31fa200f5ace": "delivered\nin various ways including face to face briefings, virtual meetings and online course\nprogrammes or a combination of these.\nmore detailed training on information security matters could be led by the various\nqualification schemes available at different levels (such as cissp or cism), together with the\nneed to maintain knowledge with continual professional education (cpe).\n4.2.4 a.6.4 disciplinary process\nrelevant toolkit documents\ne employee disciplinary process\nthere\u2019s little point in requiring employees to follow the organization\u2019s information security\npolicies if there are no consequences of not doing so. this control requires there to be a\ndisciplinary process in place; although this is described with an information security focus, it\nis likely that existing disciplinary processes may be applicable, just as they would be for\nother forms of misconduct within the organization, such as bullying, negligence or\ndishonesty.\n page 53 of 79\niso/iec 27001 implementation guide\n4.2.5 a.6.5", "3a665eff-de75-48f9-b177-f68d9d37cda7": "that\nyour transactions are more secure.\ncybersecurity is of utmost importance in the financial/banking sector. the foundation\nof the banking system lies in nurturing trust and credibility. in this digital age, people\nseem to be going cashless, instead using digital currencies like crypto-currencies such as\n12\nchapter 1 the need for information security\nbitcoin, debit cards, credit cards, and wallet payments. in this context, it becomes very\nimportant for banks to ensure all measures of cybersecurity, to protect your money and\nyour privacy.\nfor financial institutions such as banks, data breaches can result in serious trust\nissues. a weak cybersecurity system can lead to data breaches that could easily cause the\ncustomer base to take its money elsewhere.\neven in the case of a minor information leak, banks need have to cancel the\npreviously issued card, dispatch a new card, and then monitor accounts for similar\nincidents.\nbanks are responsible for guarding the financial data of their customers and", "271bf72f-f39a-4d86-bc23-f552d3371f49": "testing; and\n\u2014 code review.\nthe automated vulnerability scanning tool is used to scan a group of hosts or a network for known\nvulnerable services (e.g. system allows anonymous file transfer protocol (ftp), sendmail relaying). it\nshould be noted, however, that some of the potential vulnerabilities identified by the automated scanning\ntool may not represent real vulnerabilities in the context of the system environment. for example, some\nof these scanning tools rate potential vulnerabilities without considering the site\u2019s environment and\nrequirements. some of the vulnerabilities flagged by the automated scanning software may actually not\nbe vulnerable for a particular site but can be configured that way because their environment requires\nit. thus, this test method can produce false positives.\nsecurity testing and evaluation (ste) is another technique that can be used in identifying ict system\nvulnerabilities during the risk assessment process. it includes the development and execution of a\ntest plan (e.g.", "326fa74e-251e-4dd8-bf67-6f8b2fdf4b7e": "and the reliability and robustness of their\nsupply chains. risks in supply chains range from external and environmen-\ntal threats to geo-political ones and include issues like quality, security,\nservice, resilience, integrity and health and safety. control category a.15.1\ncontains a number of controls which work toward the overall objective of\nmitigating risks in relation to organizational assets that are accessible by\nsuppliers; these controls should become part of any broader scrm plan\nthat the organization has in place. iso/iec 27036 (parts 1, 2 and 3) contain\ncurrent best practice for supply chain risk management. itil organizations\nwill integrate these controls into their supplier management processes.\ninformation security policy for supplier relationships\nthe starting point for the information security aspects of scrm is for the\norganization to determine what its policy will be. control 15.1.1 of\niso27002 focuses on the idea that how the organization had decided to\nmitigate its information security", "35dec349-9c86-497a-b983-33eca2f37143": "example\ndevelopers cannot promote code directly to production). however, modern development\napproaches such as continuous integration continuous deployment (ci/cd) in a cloud\nenvironment make the automation of security checks essential and the use of available\ntools such as aws codepipeline will probably be expected by the auditor.\nthe scope of security testing should include security functions, secure coding and secure\nconfigurations, and be well defined and structured.\n4.4.30 a.8.30 outsourced development\nrelevant toolkit documents\ne this control is addressed by documents in other folders - see toolkit index\nwhen the development of code is outsourced, there is a need to contractually ensure that\nthe third party provider has in place the same kinds of controls as are set out in annex a.\nthis will involve some detailed due diligence work in the appointment of the supplier in the\nfirst place and regular checks that the promised controls are being successfully\nimplemented. on receipt of the outputs, the", "22c71b91-d403-43c7-83b4-0e5e0c46f542": "unauthorized individuals, entities\n(3.1.11) or processes (3.1.27)\n3.1.8\ncontrol\nmeasure that maintains and/or modifies risk\nnote 1 to entry: controls include, but are not limited to, any process (3.1.27), policy (3.1.24), device, practice or\nother conditions and/or actions which maintain and/or modify risk.\nnote 2 to entry: controls may not always exert the intended or assumed modifying effect.\n[source: iso 31000:2018, 3.8]\n3.1.9\ndisruption\nincident, whether anticipated or unanticipated, that causes an unplanned, negative deviation from the\nexpected delivery of products and services according to an organization\u2019s objectives\n[source: iso 22301:2019, 3.10]\n3.1.10\nendpoint device\nnetwork connected information and communication technology (ict) hardware device\nnote 1 to entry: endpoint device can refer to desktop computers, laptops, smart phones, tablets, thin clients,\nprinters or other specialized hardware including smart meters and internet of things (iot) devices.\n3.1.11\nentity\nitem relevant for the", "0620e4fd-9a82-4972-bc23-3914e9139bf2": "before equipment leaves the organization\u2019s premises.\nconsidering that the secure deletion of some devices (e.g. smartphones) can only be achieved through\ndestruction or using the functions embedded in these devices (e.g. \u201crestore factory settings\u201d), the\norganization should choose the appropriate method according to the classification of information\nhandled by such devices.\ncontrol] measures described in 7.14 should be applied to physically destroy the storage device and\nsimultaneously delete the information it contains.\nan official record of information deletion is useful when analysing the cause of a possible information\nleakage event.\nother information\ninformation on user data deletion in cloud services can be found in iso/iec 27017.\ninformation on deletion of pii can be found in iso/iec 27555.\n8.11 data masking\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational security domains\nsecurity properties concepts capabilities\n#confidentiality #protect #information_protection |#protection\ncontrol\ndata", "6efadfe7-75e1-424c-a8e2-ef5e479e4a59": "best practices and requires compliance of data controllers (businesses that collect the data) and data processors (companies that process data on behalf of others).\nwhat is iso 27001?\niso 27001, or iso/iec 27001, is an international standard for information security management systems (isms) that organizations can adopt.\niso 27001 was established by the international organization for standardization (iso) and the international electrotechnical commission (iec) in 2005 and later revised in 2013 and 2017.\nthe standard includes requirements for creating, executing, managing, and improving a company\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s information security management system. this ensures that organizations will secure their information assets and protect against data breaches.\nall organizations that can meet the iso 27001 specifications can seek certification from an accredited institution that will conduct an audit to ensure the organization\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s compliance.\nhow are iso 27001 and gdpr different?\niso 27001 is a voluntary certification that", "342b0787-26cf-4137-997b-f5f58b23e158": "copies of software\nprogrammes or the same type of computer used in most of the offices. it is important to consider\nthis fact when doing the asset valuation. on one hand, these assets are overlooked easily. therefore,\ncare should be taken to identify all of them. on the other hand, they can be used to reduce availability\nproblems.\nb.2.6 output\nthe final output of this step is a list of assets and their values relative to disclosure (preservation\nof confidentiality), modification (preservation of integrity, authenticity, non-repudiation and\naccountability}, non-availability and destruction (preservation of availability and reliability), and\nreplacement cost.\nb.3. impact assessment\nan information security incident can impact more than one asset or only a part of an asset. impact\nis related to the degree of success of the incident. as a consequence, there is an important difference\nbetween the asset value and the impact resulting from the incident. impact is considered as having\neither an immediate", "4f4e52cb-0682-4f3a-9417-5de623d40753": "standards and norms often require proof of compliance, typically through certification (and its maintenance).\ne dealing with service providers and suppliers: in our information processing, we typically rely on a variety of external \"parties\", ranging from power suppliers to providers of internet access or specific cloud services, as well as maintenance technicians, security firms for surveillance tasks, waste disposal services, and cleaning services. these parties may be affected by our isms and may have certain expectations that need to be considered in relation to external aspects. on the other hand, as clients, we may have certain (e.g., contractual) requirements - a point covered by controls in annex a of the standard and discussed in chapter 3 of this book. an interesting observation from audits is that medium and large organizations often do not have a complete, accurate list of all service providers, nor do they have uniform (security) requirements for these providers, and often there is", "c383f876-4ebf-4da2-8b23-c1b40788d35c": "interested parties * isms scope * communicated management commitment * roles and responsibilities within the isms * risk and opportunity management * change management planning * resource planning * decision logs related to risk management * training * communication matrix * documentation management planning/policy * framework with information security policies and information security guidelines * procedure for information security risk management * statement of applicability (soa) * information security objectives * evidence of competence * information necessary for the organization's isms effectiveness * control and planning of activities * evidence of monitoring and measurement results and evaluation * procedure for internal audits * procedure for management review * evidence of the audit program", "a578259e-6227-4300-9bfa-48ce4cb2fc13": "experience (e.g. through analysis of past cases), then information from\n22 the risk topic appears in many application areas (not only in information security). therefore, it is largely standardized in the iso standards, i.e. there are specific terms and defined procedural steps. the iso 31000 [3] is essential for this, which is to be considered by the iso standards on specific topics - including iso 27001.\n22 1 the iso/iec 27000 series of standards and their basic concepts\nrisk assessment\nidentify risks analyze risks evaluate risks\nprioritize risks | determine remaining\nand treatment risk\nno\nacceptance?\nyes\nnext risk\nfig. 1.6 processing risks\nknowledgeable sources (e.g. commercial cert services), as well as threat catalogs from the bsi or risk tables from the iso 27005 standard.\nwhether a risk from this list is actually relevant depends on whether the risk affects security objectives for the business process. the list of risks and the assessment of relevance should be developed in collaboration", "2b556e87-5f8f-43b5-adbb-888960f6b6ce": "deficiencies or improvement opportunities may have been specified and delegated to the staff during the last implementation. the correct resolution must be verified.\n- have there been any changes in the organizational context that could be relevant to the isms? this concerns internal and external requirements and expectations, especially also requirements and expectations of interested parties (isms-4.2).\n- are there any information about the performance of the isms? the following points are mentioned: known deviations from the standard and corresponding corrective measures, results from the monitoring/measurement program according to isms-9.1, reports from conducted internal audits according to isms-9.2, the degree of fulfillment of security objectives (effectiveness).\n- have new risks been identified during the risk assessment in the past period? what is the status of risk treatment? the goal here is to be able to recognize consistent and prompt risk treatment.\n- are there any ideas and suggestions for", "3428d719-eed4-4f10-98e1-689dca6f5115": "risks, fixing deficits/weaknesses if necessary, documenting solutions.\nin this context, the efficiency of handling such insights is a notable indicator for the performance of the isms. an organization could proceed with the motto: if we have no deficits or weaknesses, or at least quickly eliminate them, we have largely achieved our goal of secure information processing.\nsecurity objectives have been assigned controls according to isms-6.2. we have already discussed step-by-step plans for the implementation of controls above for each individual control.\nsome things have been implemented, including the possibility of measurements. an interesting aspect here would be the degree of implementation as an average across all controls of the isms - for example, as the average of individual values or with appropriate weighting. it is clear that this average/weighted degree of implementation says something about the effectiveness of the isms: information security can only be incomplete if the controls are not fully", "70f96e64-47f9-453b-84e7-42e74da14baa": "develop procedures and practices\nrisk avoidance\nrisk avoidance is possible when potential threats are eliminated. this is often done by\nchanging process ladders or execution methods. for example, instead of using foreign\nvendors, local vendors are used, as the risk of using them is much less.\n85\nchapter 5 risk management approach\ntip risk owners must review risks that fall under the category of risk avoidance\nwith the information security/compliance team and any relevant stakeholders.\nrisk transfer\nthis is often the best strategy, as organizations can share their risk burdens with third\nparties on contractual terms.\nnote all contractual terms must be clearly identified in the agreement before\nproceeding with a third party.\nfor example, you can insure business-critical assets by purchasing an insurance\npolicy. thus, ifan event occurs, the insurance policy will help manage costs, such as\nrepairs, lost expenses, legal expenses, etc.\nanother example is outsourcing business processes to third parties", "5eddb971-8d78-4683-9ca0-dbad37fab7c9": "value of an isms to the organization.\nthe organization should clarify why an isms is needed and decide the objectives of the isms implementation\nand initiate the isms project.\nthe objectives for implementing an isms can be determined by answering the following questions:\na) risk management \u2014 how will an isms generate better management of information security risks?\nb) efficiency - how can an isms improve the management of information security?\nc) business advantage \u2014 how can an isms create competitive advantage for the organization?\nin order to answer the questions above, the organization\u2019s security priorities and requirements are addressed\nby the following possible factors:\na) critical businesses and organization areas:\n1. what are the critical businesses and organizational areas?\n2. which organizational areas provide the business and with what focus?\n3. what third party relationships and agreements exist?\n4. are there any services that have been outsourced?\nb) sensitive or valuable information:\n1.", "cd69d775-6dcf-4a87-9329-c24edd54a596": "information gathered from threat intelligence sources into\nthe organization\u2019s information security risk management processes;\nb) as additional input to technical preventive and detective controls like firewalls, intrusion detection\nsystem, or anti malware solutions;\nc) asinputto the information security test processes and techniques.\nthe organization should share threat intelligence with other organizations on a mutual basis in order\nto improve overall threat intelligence.\nother information\norganizations can use threat intelligence to prevent, detect, or respond to threats. organizations can\nproduce threat intelligence, but more typically receive and make use of threat intelligence produced by\nother sources.\n16 \u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\nthreat intelligence is often provided by independent providers or advisors, government agencies or\ncollaborative", "de5accd1-1cd9-4b34-a1b6-6cca1506e7ea": "wireless networks have no security, wep is extremely\nlimited as a security technology, and wireless networks are extremely vulner-\nable. flaws continue to be found (by \u2018war drivers\u2019 and \u2018war chalkers\u2019 and\nwireless hackers), which means that the wireless security standard is contin-\nuing to evolve, with wpa (wi-fi protected access), wpa2 and 802.11i the\ncurrent security standards. specialist security procedures will be necessary\nfor wireless and networks mobile workers. these include advanced encryp-\ntion key management and, more significantly, placing the wireless network\noutside the organizational firewall, with no routes to the outside internet\nother than through a secure vpn. a detailed risk assessment drawing on\nspecialist advice that reflects the risks of bandwidth theft, security gateway\nbypassing, identity theft, illegal activity and espionage should inform the\ndecision on this issue.\nthere are a number of other basic security requirements in regard to\nwireless networking that should be put in place", "2ebb2943-a5a8-433e-86fc-c16e12f21c97": "assessment\nb.1 examples of asset identification\nb.1.1 general\nto perform asset valuation, an organization first needs to identify its assets (at an appropriate level of\ndetail). two kinds of assets can be distinguished:\n\u2014 the primary assets:\n\u2014 business processes and activities;\n~~ information;\n\u2014 the supporting assets (on which the primary elements of the scope rely) of all types:\n\u2014 hardware;\n\u2014 software;\n\u2014 network;\n\u2014 personnel;\n\u2014 site;\n\u2014 organization\u2019s structure.\nb.1.2 the identification of primary assets\nto describe the scope more accurately, this activity consists in identifying the primary assets (business\nprocesses and activities, information). this identification is carried out by a mixed work group\nrepresentative of the process (managers, information systems specialists and users).\nthe primary assets are usually the core processes and information of the activity in the scope. other\nprimary assets such as the organization's processes can also be considered, which are more appropriate\nfor drawing up", "b625cd99-3c98-442b-8813-80d624d7fc4d": "level\nuseful than guidance based on boundary calculations. it is\nwell worth remembering here the \u2018approximately correct\nrather than precisely wrong\u2019 mantra.\nthe organisation\u2019s documented risk acceptance criteria\nshould, if a mid-point calculation is used, include a\ndescription of how it is calculated and how the risk value\nindicator is to be used in risk treatment decisions. the formal\nrisk acceptance criteria should also state that, while it is the\nmid-points that have been used to demonstrate the different\nlevels of risk and guide control investment decisions, it is the\nentire level that is either within or outside the acceptance\ncriteria.\n146\nchapter 14: risk treatment and the\nselection of controls\nonce you have completed the risk assessment, you can move\non to the selection of controls. this chapter reviews the\nrequirements of iso 27001 around control selection, which\nis also known as \u2018risk treatment\u2019.\nas we said in chapter 1, there are four risk treatment\ndecisions that can be made:\n1.", "7404ffc1-7944-4a3f-8d7f-0776167f807e": "security,\ncommunications security, and asset management.\n## is iso 27001 mandatory for businesses?\nthe iso 27001 standard recognizes the diversity of information security needs\nand requirements in each organization. it suggests that security measures\nshould be tailored to the individual organization. while iso 27001 compliance\nis not mandatory everywhere, some countries require compliance for certain\nindustries.\nboth public and private organizations have the option to require iso 27001\ncompliance from partners and suppliers as a contractual condition in their\ncontracts and agreements. similarly, countries can require and ensure the\nprotection of citizen data by organizations operating in their country through\niso 27001 compliance. this can vary by country and industry.\n## how to achieve iso 27001 compliance? - our checklist\neven if they are not pursuing formal certification, organizations always have\nthe option to pursue compliance with the iso 27001 standard requirements. the\nfollowing list shows which", "d2ab283b-9cb4-43b2-b625-c982d4423ab8": "authorization, and then only in accordance\nwith the organization\u2019s current policy on purchasing.\n265\n266\nit governance\n\u00ab that the corporate e-mail address may not be used for personal purchases\nor any other personal transactions.\norganizational purchasing policy does need to take into account the ease\nwith which purchases can be made by e-mail and lay down very specific\nguidelines for staff on this issue. where e-mail is to be used between organi-\nzations as part of the purchasing process, the two organizations should\ndocument the basis on which trading will occur and precisely what weight\nis to be attached to e-mails. for instance, it might need to be agreed in a\nheads of agreement document that e-mails will not constitute an implied\ncontract between the organizations and require that all contracts continue\nto be made in writing, signed and sent by post or fax. the passage, in the\nunited kingdom, of the companies act 2006, which made the use of e-mail\nin the procurement process legal, makes it even", "fc4c6722-adbf-49bb-a90e-16b1d430d739": "information assets that are\ncritical to the achievement of these organisational\nobjectives and tasks and, if possible, ranking them in\norder of priority.\nclause a.8.1 is the iso 27001:2013 annex a control\ncategory that deals with the asset inventory, and the guidance\nof clause 8.1 of iso 27002:2013 should be followed at this\npoint. it identifies clearly the classes or types of information\nasset that should be considered, and recommends that the\ninformation security classification of the asset be determined\nat this time \u2014 which would be sensible, given control\ncategory a.8.2\u2019s focus on appropriately classifying\ninformation.\nthe first step, therefore, is to identify which organisational\nentity is within the scope of the isms. the entity that is\nwithin the scope must be capable of physical and/or logical\nseparation from third parties and from other organisations\nwithin a larger group. while this does not exclude third-party\ncontractors, it does make it practically very difficult\n(although not necessarily", "58b2a307-972c-4e90-987e-2b591b472dc3": "security\ngenerally, the larger and more complex an organization, the more extensive the measurement program\nneeded. but the level of overall risk affects the extent of the measurement program as well. if the impact of\npoor information security is severe, a comparatively smaller organization may need a more comprehensive\nmeasurement program in order to cover the risk than a larger organization that does not face the same impact.\nthe extent of the measuring program can be evaluated based on the selection of controls that need to be\ncovered and the results from the risk analysis.\ndesigning the information security measurement program\nthe person responsible for the information security measurement program should consider the following:\ne scope\ne measurements\ne carry out the measurements\ne periods of measurements\ne reporting\nthe scope of the measuring program should cover the scope, control objectives and controls of the isms. in\nparticular, the objectives and boundaries of the isms measurement should be set", "0be81d13-42c0-4705-a474-9fd19e8dd014": "#confidentiality #protect #physical_security |/#protection\n#integrity\n#availability\ncontrol\nsecurity measures for working in secure areas should be designed and implemented.\n72 \u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\npurpose\nto protect information and other associated assets in secure areas from damage and unauthorized\ninterference by personnel working in these areas.\nguidance\nthe security measures for working in secure areas should apply to all personnel and cover all activities\ntaking place in the secure area.\nthe following guidelines should be considered:\na) making personnel aware only of the existence of, or activities within, a secure area on a need-to-\nknow basis;\nb) avoiding unsupervised work in secure areas both for safety reasons and to reduce chances for\nmalicious activities;\nc) physically locking and periodically inspecting vacant secure areas;\nd)", "3332f4f8-16b7-4b71-8c5e-5e6b532d7a18": "responsibilities. any breach of the aup may lead to disciplinary\naction and possibly termination of employment. illegal activities may\nalso be reported to the appropriate authorities.\n+ organizational user ids or websites (or e-mail accounts) should only be\nused for organizationally sanctioned communication.\n- use of internet, intranet, e-mail and instant messaging may be subject to\nmonitoring for reasons of security and/or network management and\nusers may have their usage of these resources subjected to limitations.\n\u00ab the distribution of any information through the internet (including by\ne-mail, instant messaging systems and any other computer-based systems)\n269\n270\nit governance\nmay be scrutinized by the organization, and the organization reserves the\nright to determine the suitability of the information.\n- the use of organizational computer resources is subject to (english or\nscottish) law and any abuse will be dealt with appropriately.\n+ users shall not visit internet sites that contain obscene,", "80d4153e-54e8-400e-8d8a-402607c6ac5b": "run on, etc. \u2018confidentiality\u2019 is, after all, one of the\nthree key objectives of an isms and includes non-disclosure to unauthorized\nprocesses.\nthe benefits of adopting a consistent procedure are clear. the organiza-\ntion will:\n\u00ab reduce the risk of damage to its reputation, profitability or interests due\nto loss of sensitive information;\nasset management\n+ reduce the risk of embarrassment or loss of business arising from loss of\nanother organization\u2019s sensitive information;\n+ increase confidence in trading and funding partnerships and in the\noutsourcing of sensitive activities;\n- simplify the exchange of sensitive information with third parties, while\nensuring that risks are appropriately managed.\nclassified information is marked so that both originator and recipient know\nhow to apply appropriate security to it. the classification is based on the\nlikely impact on the organization if the information is leaked or disclosed to\nthe wrong third-party organizations or people. it does not matter what\nsystem", "c8f4fd47-28c5-4ed1-9527-64403e879c26": "classification level of the information in the storage media to be transported, use\ntamper evident or tamper-resistant controls (e.g. bags, containers);\ng) procedures to verify the identification of couriers;\nh) approved list of third parties providing transportation or courier services depending on the\nclassification of the information;\ni) keeping logs for identifying the content of the storage media, the protection applied as well as\nrecording the list of authorised recipients, the times of transfer to the transit custodians and\nreceipt at the destination.\nverbal transfer\nto protect verbal transfer of information, personnel and other interested parties should be reminded\nthat they should:\na) not have confidential verbal conversations in public places or over insecure communication\nchannels since these can be overheard by unauthorized persons;\nb) not leave messages containing confidential information on answering machines or voice messages\nsince these can be replayed by unauthorized persons, stored", "0ddbb873-1ea2-4d24-973d-25bbef105349": "and 4.2) that\n119\n11: impact, including asset valuation\nthe whole risk assessment process should consider the\norganisation\u2019s context and the needs and expectations of\ninterested parties.\nfurthermore, iso 27001 provides no guidance as to the basis\non which control selection decisions should be made, other\nthan to say that they should be selected \u201ctaking account of\nthe risk assessment results\u201d (6.1.3 a), which will necessarily\ntake into account how the organisation prioritises the risks\nfor treatment (6.1.2 \u00a2.2).\nfinally, the iso 27001 management system clauses have no\nrequirement in terms of your methodology for the\nidentification or valuation of information assets.\nhow you value an asset in an asset-based methodology is,\nhowever, going to be fundamental to how much you will be\nprepared to invest in protecting it. iso 27000 doesn\u2019t offer a\ndefinition for an asset, although it is reasonable to simply\ndefine it as \u2018anything that has value to the organisation\u2019. the\norganisation\u2019s fixed-asset register is", "8ca8e319-2d32-4563-bcd5-85eefbf64250": "considered when identifying information security requirements:\na) the level of trust each party requires in each other\u2019s claimed identity;\nb) the level of trust required in the integrity of information exchanged or processed and the\nmechanisms for identification of lack of integrity (e.g. cyclic redundancy check, hashing, digital\nsignatures);\nc) authorization processes associated with who can approve contents of, issue or sign key\ntransactional documents;\nd) confidentiality, integrity, proof of dispatch and receipt of key documents and the non-repudiation\n(e.g. contracts associated with tendering and contract processes);\ne) the confidentiality and integrity of any transactions (e.g. orders, delivery address details and\nconfirmation of receipts);\nf) requirements on how long to maintain a transaction confidential;\ng) insurance and other contractual requirements.\nelectronic ordering an men lication\nadditionally, for applications involving electronic ordering and payment, the following should", "57c43024-0dfc-439e-b38b-41f3dd2142d6": "implement, and maintain an internal program based on processes, including:\nleadership\nplanning\nsupport\noperation\nperformance evaluation\nimprovement\nmeanwhile, iso 27002 contains the controls that support the processes outlined in iso 27001. the document details the 93 controls that it separates according to four themes:\norganizational\npeople\nphysical\ntechnological\nlevel of detail about controls\nalthough both documents discuss the information security controls, iso 27001 only provides a very high-level list in its appendix a. iso 27002 goes into far more detail, providing the following for each control:\nshort name for the control\na table outlining the control\u2019s attributes\nwhat the control is\nwhy you should implement the control\nhow you should implement the control\nadditional explanations or references to other related documents\napplicability\nwhen establishing an isms, every organization needs to incorporate iso 27001\u2019s requirements. the document specifically explains under", "4bfbfea8-d721-48cc-b544-cdc09868d1e7": "manpower needed or\nany other requirements related to resources.\ne internal audit findings\u2014discuss the total findings observed in the\ninternal audit, the status of the findings, their corrective/preventive\nactions, whether all findings are closed, and the challenges in closing\nthem.\ne\u00ab isms implementation status\u2014organizations that have implemented\nisms for the first time should discuss the status of implementation\nand cover any challenges in achieving the objective.\ne process improvements implemented\u2014mention observed\nimprovements. management wants to see such improvements,\nso they can see that the isms implementation is improving the\norganization\u2019s information security system.\ntip there should not be any last-minute surprises/scenarios that crop up.\nmanagement will expect the teams to come with solutions to any problems\nthey found. when you are discussing a problem with management, it is always\nadvisable to suggest a few solutions.\n240\nchapter 8 management review\nfrom other departments:\ne department", "c779d567-ae2c-4af8-b1b9-ec360948310e": "chaudhary, implementing an information security management system,\nhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5413-4_10\nchapter 10 continual improvement\nareas of improvement\nmany organizations struggle in this area, as they don\u2019t know how to identify the\nimprovement areas or who will work on them. once the external audit is completed,\nyou receive the audit report. it tells you about the gaps/improvement areas and the\norganization\u2019s strengths.\nhence, you can start from that report and identify the areas of improvement.\nmonthly kpls/reports\nthese monthly reports always have something to tell you about the health of the\nsystem/controls and whether there are areas of concern. once you start analyzing\nthem, you'll recognize consistent improvement areas. this is the fastest way to identify\nimprovements, as you get these reports on a monthly or bi-weekly basis. although it may\nnot be possible to identify improvements every month, these reports provide a path to\ndoing so if needed.\nemployee observations\nemployees", "85802bf7-aa25-47e6-8081-a6a820cb108e": "results.\nin the context of the isms, it is primarily about monitoring the performance of the isms. for this purpose, data is collected during operation that can provide information on:\ne whether the isms is generally able to achieve and maintain the security objectives of the organization (suitability),\ne whether the isms actually achieves the security objectives of the organization with its processes, rules, controls/measures (effectiveness),\ne to what extent the isms in terms of structure, equipment, and operations is appropriate compared to the desired level of security (adequacy).\n26 1 the iso/iec 27000 series of standards and their basic concepts\nfor the organization's extended goals (see the keyword \"goals\" in this section), monitoring/measurements can also be established.\nfor all relevant monitoring/measurements, an appropriate program (referred to as a measurement program) should be established within the isms. what is required for this and how the program can be designed will be discussed in", "4bd3c757-b5ef-4790-b36e-5198b85fd642": "or breadth of outage, or to which there may be significant costs.\ncontingency plans should, to the greatest extent possible, be tested prior to\ntheir being needed. users should be trained in their use and involved in a\nregular contingency plan testing programme. findings from this testing\nprogramme should be incorporated into the next version of each procedure,\nand all the documentation that describes the planned tests and their\noutcomes should form part of the isms records. the incident management\n(contingency planning) process should, therefore, encompass:\nit governance\n- immediately limiting or restricting any further impact of the incident;\n- identification of the incident, and of its seriousness, with any analysis\nnecessary to ascertain its cause(s), including the vulnerabilities it exploited;\n+ tactics (which are in line with organizational priorities and affordable)\nfor containing the incident, so that damage does not spread;\n+ corrective action, which should be carried out only after", "94a6fec9-a6fc-4951-b10d-c5deaaa86900": "expressed as\nfunctional or non-functional. security testing should include testing of:\na) security functions [e.g. user authentication (see 8.5), access restriction (see 8.3) and use of\ncryptography (see 8.24)];\nb) secure coding (see 8.28);\nc} secure configurations (see 8.9, 8.20 and 8.22) including that of operating systems, firewalls and\nother security components.\ntest plans should be determined using a set of criteria. the extent of testing should be in proportion to\nthe importance, nature of the system and the potential impact of the change being introduced. the test\nplan should include:\na) detailed schedule of activities and tests;\nb) inputs and expected outputs under a range of conditions;\nc) criteria to evaluate the results;\nd) decision for further actions as necessary.\nthe organization can leverage automated tools, such as code analysis tools or vulnerability scanners,\nand should verify the remediation of security related defects.\nfor in-house developments, such tests should initially be", "85f4c98d-2527-4e8e-8432-8e941b50ecad": "or\nacquisition of resources.\nnow let\u2019s look at some external issues. here are a few examples:\ne legal and regulatory requirements: from an implementation point\nof view, it is essential to determine the legal, safety, and regulatory\nrequirements of your organization. some regulatory requirements\u2014\nsuch as labor laws, it-related safety requirements, and intellectual\ncopyright law\u2014are mandatory and must be met to be compliant.\nchapter 6 covers the mandatory controls in detail.\n22\nchapter 2. assessing needs and scope\n\u00a2 political and economic environment: this also plays an important\nrole when implementing isms, and you need to monitor government\npolicy changes or changes in currency rate.\ne technological trends: new technologies may bring new security\nchallenges and may require new ways to protect the information.\nas seen in figure 2-1, organizations need to determine their business context. for\nthat, you need to identify the internal and external issues in your organization and\nidentify the relevant", "0cbb2170-219d-48d0-abc0-945471dcf054": "periodic intervals thereafter,\nshould be subject to technical audit. developments in networking technology\ncommunications management\nshould, where appropriate, be integrated into the existing network, subject\nto normal change management controls.\nsecurity of network services\ncontrol 13.1.2 of is027002 says the organization should provide a clear\ndescription in its isms and in the network services agreement (even where\nthe services are provided internally) of the security attributes (as well as the\nexpected service levels and management requirements) of all the network\nservices it uses. this is referring to the wide range of public or private net-\nwork services available, which may have simple or complex security charac-\nteristics. a clear description of these characteristics should be provided\nso that appropriate risk assessments can be carried out and so that, when\nsecurity incidents involving these services take place, adequate information\nis available to deal with them. increasingly, the most common", "e5c3646c-896b-42e4-a7eb-6b5d62f93fbf": "methods to achieve these fall into four\ncategories. these are in line with our description in an earlier\nchapter and are to:\n1. knowingly accept the risks, providing they satisfy the\norganisation\u2019s policies and risk acceptance criteria, 1.e.\nthey are within its level of risk tolerance or risk appetite;\n2. modify the risk by applying appropriate controls\n(treating the risk) to reduce the risk to an acceptable\nlevel;\n91\n7: the iso 27001 risk assessment\n3. avoid or reject the risks, by, for example, finding a\nworkaround; or\n4. share the business risks with other parties.\nthe risks that require treatment through the application of\ncontrols (option 2, above) are then handled in accordance\nwith clause 6.1.3 of iso 27001. clause 9 of iso 27005 and\nclause 8 of bs 7799-3 provide guidance in this regard. in\nparticular, bs 7799-3 states that controls should be selected\non the basis of \u201cthe nature and components of the risk(s) that\nare to be mitigated, the identification of the control\nobjectives that are most", "7e4c58a1-9f79-46d2-92c0-890772d1c443": "anything of value to the organization where information\nis stored, processed, and accessible. this includes the consideration of\nphysical assets such as laptops, servers, and physical building locations, as\nwell as information assets such as data, people, and intangible assets like\nintellectual property, brand, and reputation. an auditor will expect to see an\nasset inventory that includes all relevant assets within the scope of the\nisms. each asset must have a classification and an owner who is responsible\nfor ensuring that assets are inventoried, correctly classified and protected,\nand correctly handled when being deleted or destroyed; the owner must also\nensure that asset access restrictions and classifications are periodically\nreviewed. asset owners are responsible for setting protection requirements for\nthe asset according to organizational policies and standards.\n### execute a risk assessment\nthe purpose of the risk assessment is to help organizations identify, analyze,\nand evaluate weaknesses in their", "729bda26-65f1-442e-8576-a25aa1be9f12": "includes creating an effective organizational structure for the isms, filling necessary roles with qualified personnel in a timely manner, and providing necessary resources for the isms.\nin later phases, it is more about comparing expectations with the results of the isms. an important tool for this is the so-called management review, which should be carried out regularly (e.g. once a year) by the top management level. we will discuss this in detail in connection with isms-10. it assesses the performance and achievement of the isms objectives: if they are not sufficient, corrective measures must be ordered. the evaluation also includes reports on security incidents that have occurred and the resulting consequences.\nthere are generally risks involved in achieving the objectives: what can happen on the way to achieving the objectives and what are the consequences for the organization? conclusion: an isms requires qualified risk management, which should be established by the top management level as early as", "997df1f8-33bc-4545-a1e4-64574ba7ebd6": "table maps this likelihood against\nthe business impact related to the incident scenario. the resulting risk is measured on a scale of 0 to 8\nthat can be evaluated against risk acceptance criteria. this risk scale can also be mapped to a simple\noverall risk rating, for example as:\n\u2014 lowrisk: 0 to 2;\n\u2014 medium risk: 3 to 5:\n\u2014 high risk: 6to 8.\ntable e.2\nlikelihood of in- | very low | low medium | high | very high\ncident scenario | (very unlikely) (unlikely) | (possible) (likely) | (frequent)\nvery low\nlow\nbusiness medium\nimpact\nhigh\nvery high\ne.2.3. example 2 \u2014 ranking of threats by measures of risk\na matrix or table such as that shown in table e.3 can be used to relate the factors of consequences\n(asset value) and likelihood of threat occurrence (taking account of vulnerability aspects). the first step\nis to evaluate the consequences (asset value) on a predefined scale, e.g. 1 through 5, of each threatened\nasset (column \u201cb\u201d in the table}. the second step is to evaluate the likelihood of threat", "18be0d5b-3543-4d3f-a7f4-3f49f50bd876": "occurrence should be listed in a brainstorming session.\nthen there are the possible system-related risks. malware, hacker activity\nand power failures are all possible dangers.\nonce an exhaustive list has been compiled, a risk assessment should be\ncarried out for each of them and for each of the critical systems and processes\n(not just the it ones) within the business, and should involve the owners of\nthe processes. the risk assessments should be carried out using the process\nand documentation developed for the isms and should determine the prob-\nability and likely impact on the organization of each of these possible\ninterruptions. impacts should include periods of time potentially out of\naction, and costs to the business in terms of repairing the loss and in terms\nof lost business, as well as the other possible damage that such interruptions\nmight cause. specific consideration should be given to the information\naspects and impacts of these interruptions.\nnot the least of the risks is the potential of", "3ccf6f5a-a152-46e7-a811-630f4a835657": "consequences (impact)\nbecause it is equally easy to overlook the harm to specific\nassets if they are not the subject of the assessment.\nthe theft of mobile devices, for example, might identify\nconsequences for confidentiality and availability, but it may\nnot recognise that one class of mobile device often contains\nsignificantly more valuable data and that the consequences\nof loss or theft would, therefore, be commensurately greater.\nequally, another class of mobile device \u2014 a tablet taken to\ntrade shows, for instance \u2014 might be largely devoid of any\nvaluable information, so ordinary controls to protect\ninformation are excessive.\nwith this additional information, the organisation might \u2014\nquite reasonably \u2014 choose to apply additional or stronger\ncontrols in order to mitigate the risk, or clarify the situation\nby considering them different events. aside from relying on\nasset owners and internal expertise to identify specific\nscenarios worthy of attention, a solution might be to cross-\n117\n10: scenario-based", "e93e611a-aaf2-4f22-93e2-f807ef8dd6fd": "other controls are all important for your organisation's iso\n27001 implementation. iso 27001 certification not only helps you showcase\nstrong security procedures, but it also gives you a competitive edge over your\ncompetitors.", "bc63cc76-c4d8-4ee6-bdce-10773f526dd1": "extent. in other words, without intensive involvement of the management level, an isms is unlikely to be successful.\nthe management of the policy and responsibilities are to be mentioned here as processes of the isms: the requirements from section 1.4 on the keywords processes and isms and scope apply to them.\nachieve, unwanted effects\non the organization can be avoided (at least reduced) - and the isms is continuously\nimproved.\nwhat does the term \"chances\" mean here:\nwhile risks can have negative effects on the organization, chances are factors that can have a positive impact on the organization. in principle, both directions should be considered in all analyses. however, in the further requirements from isms-6.1.2 onwards, only risks are mentioned. this corresponds to common practice. therefore, our explanations in section 1.4 on the topic of risks do not explicitly address chances either. however, if you still want to consider chances explicitly in the analyses - no problem: chances are, so to speak,", "b8566da3-dadc-4ac4-9fab-73697fd71808": "as your organization grows and adds new technologies, your it risks evolve. malicious actors increasingly use supply chain attacks to cause as much damage and disruption as possible. in response, legislative bodies and regulatory agencies implement more rigorous compliance requirements. meanwhile, customers often require companies to prove that they understand their risk and have mitigating controls in place. many compliance mandates integrate the controls and processes defined within the international organization for standardization (iso) 27000-series. in particular, iso 27001 describes best practices for building an information security management system (isms). as you start your iso certification journey, you need to understand how to conduct an iso 27001 risk assessment because it\u2019s the foundation for everything else. what is an iso 27001 risk assessment?\nclause 6.1.2 of iso 27001 outlines the requirements for an information security risk assessment, requiring that organizations:\nestablish and", "5f764e7e-1720-4abc-b655-ecb15ab75a71": "exclude or at least mitigate these risks, guidelines for secure configuration of these systems, a secure working environment, and proper handling of the systems are necessary. three factors are essential for the security of endpoints:\n- adequate equipment, setup, configuration, and monitoring of the systems - abbreviated as system management.\n- the use of the systems in a sufficiently secure operating environment.\n- secure behavior of end users.\nthese guidelines should be the subject of policies:\n- a policy for system management - and if applicable, the operating environment if managed by the organization.\n- policies for the secure use of the systems in the intended working environment, differentiated as necessary based on the workplace or type of work.\nfor the second point, separate policies may need to be created for home office, mobile workplaces, and office workplaces within the organization. while it may be possible to combine everything into one policy, this could make it too complex for the target", "6ca08458-4bb3-44fa-8bcd-4b1bc844589f": "list is set, assign the owner and the timeline for each\nimprovements. it is important to give them enough time (realistically) for each\nimprovement. the improvements must be planned effectively and, once implemented,\nthey must give the desired result. hence, it is important to track the progress of the\nimplemented improvements. this is the responsibility of the information security team,\nas the improvement tracker is their job. any deviation and progress must be tracked so\n233\nchapter 7 \u2014 internal audit\nthat planned improvements are completed with less deviation in the schedule. if you\nread all these points, you'll see that they follow the pdca (plan, do, check, and act)\ncycle. pdca is the essence of all iso standards.\ncan you eliminate all gaps?\nwith the limited resources/facilities that most people work under these days, it might\nnot be feasible to eliminate all the gaps. in such scenarios, you usually can\u2019t work on the\ngaps together or in parallel.\ntrying to eliminate all the gaps might not be as", "c50f6744-5995-4439-bc8e-338694db8196": "and its results * evidence of the results of management reviews * evidence of the type of identified non-conformities and all subsequent actions * evidence of the results of all corrective and improvement actions taken 7. **evaluate yourself \u2013 measure, track, and assess** continuous improvement is one of the cornerstones of iso 27001. to achieve\nthis, you must understand how effective your isms measures are and how isms-\ncompliant your organization operates. ongoing monitoring and analyses reveal\nwhich of the existing processes and measures require changes. 8. **conduct an internal audit** internal audits of your isms are to be regularly conducted according to iso\n27001. the internal auditor conducting the audit of iso 27001 compliance needs\npractical knowledge of the approach as a lead auditor, ensuring objectivity\nand impartiality. at this point, iso 27001 certification is also a viable option if your\norganization has already achieved full", "77a62df8-7ff1-4f9e-832e-52e3e200567e": "actual information security incidents\nf) assess the likelihood of the incident scenarios\ng) estimate the level of risk\nh) compare levels of risk against risk evaluation criteria and risk acceptance criteria\nparticipation in the risk assessment should include individuals who possess a strong knowledge of the\norganization\u2019s objectives, and security understanding (e.g. good insight into what is currently relevant in terms\nof threats to the organization\u2019s objectives). these individuals should be selected to represent a broad\nspectrum across the organization. for reference, see annex b, \u2018roles and responsibilities\u2019.\nan organization may employ a risk assessment methodology that is project-specific, company-specific or a\nsector specific standard.\noutput\nthe deliverables of this activity are:\na) the description of risk assessment methodologies\nb) the results of the risk assessment\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2010 \u2014 all rights reserved 27\niso/iec 27003:2010(e)\nother information\nannex b \u2014 information about roles and", "22cd2e75-5450-465e-83e4-03df47f069e8": "necessary for accurate testing. anonymised as much as feasible,\ncarefully picked, and securely erased when testing is over. the use of real-\ntime data must be pre-approved, logged, and monitored. when testing with live\ndata, the auditor will be looking for mechanisms in place to ensure the\nsecurity of that data.\n## **why is system acquisition development and maintenance important for your\norganisation?**\nas society progresses further into a digitised era, acquiring, developing and\nmaintaining systems for information security is of utmost importance. business\ninformation system makes it simple to store operational data, revision\nhistories, communication records and documents. further, as cyber attacks and\ncybercrime become more prevalent, a well maintained information system with\nsecurity controls helps to protect the information from various threats.\nas an organisation, customer and supplier trust is key to business operations.\napplying the controls of annex a.14 will further establish strong bonds", "8f57f181-cf25-4967-bbd0-6b7ba0d4a61f": "and procedures.\n * examining the audit and information security reports, operational issues, failures, fault-tracking, and service-related disturbances that manufacturers have reported on in the past.\n### **a.15.2.2: managing changes to supplier services**\nmaintaining and upgrading existing information security policies, procedures,\nand controls is a key component of a well-managed control system. it considers\nthe importance of business information, the nature of the change, the types of\nsuppliers affected, the systems and procedures involved, and a reevaluation of\nrisks.\nthe closeness of the relationship and the organisation's ability to influence\nor manage the supplier should also be taken into account when making changes\nto suppliers' services.\n## **why are supplier relationships important for your organisation?**\nan organisation with a well-defined isms can protect its supply chain\nrelationships as well as its corporate reputation. when your current suppliers\nunderstand that you have a solid", "edbc06fa-c759-4df2-ac12-95164617fb9c": "follow-up on issues identified;\nf) provide information about information security incidents and review this information as required\nby the agreements and any supporting guidelines and procedures;\ng) review supplier audit trails and records of information security events, operational problems,\nfailures, tracing of faults and disruptions related to the service delivered;\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\nh) respond to and manage any identified information security events or incidents;\ni) identify information security vulnerabilities and manage them;\nj) review information security aspects of the supplier\u2019s relationships with its own suppliers;\nk) ensure that the supplier maintains sufficient service capability together with workable plans\ndesigned to ensure that agreed service continuity levels are maintained following major service\nfailures or disaster (see 5.29, 5.30, 5.35, 5.36, 8.14);\n1} ensure that suppliers assign responsibilities for reviewing compliance and enforcing the\nrequirements of the", "9032c96c-971b-43cf-b8f5-dc814316e4ec": "and sub-contracted services.\nthe human resources filing system is as important as that\nused in the chief executive\u2019s or chairman\u2019s office. all\nsystems need to be identified and if, in the process of doing\nthis, there is found to be significant sharing of assets or\ninformation sharing that was not identified earlier, then the\nscope of the isms may need to be revisited.\ngrouping of assets\nin most circumstances, it will be beneficial to group\nindividual items and to treat that group as the \u2018asset\u2019 for the\npurposes of risk assessment. bs 7799-3 says: \u201cit 1s often\nunnecessary to calculate risk for each and every asset\nindividually. if several have identical characteristics using\nthe chosen method, then it might be possible to treat them\ntogether\u201d (clause 7.2.3). the key is to ensure that the\naggregation of assets into groups does not override the\nbenefit of identifying threats and vulnerabilities at an\nindividual asset level. for instance, it would not be helpful\nto aggregate all operating systems if the", "48a16b79-7c7c-4649-9a2a-a1128ce2b3ff": "about back-up, anti-malware and continuity\nplans, with appropriate resources provided to make this as easy as possible.\nit should be borne in mind that the risks to the organization are greater in\nrelation to individual teleworkers than in relation to individual users on the\norganizational network.\nteleworkers should certainly be subject to audit and monitoring just as\nfor any other person attaching to the network, and there should also be a\ndocumented process for revoking general or specific teleworking authoriza-\ntions and to ensure that all equipment is returned.\nhuman resources secu rity\nclause 5.1 of the standard requires the organization to ensure that the\nresources needed for the isms area available and clause 7.2 requires that\nthat whoever is assigned an isms-related task has the necessary compe-\ntence. the hr aspects of two clauses can be satisfied at the same time as the\nrelevant hr controls are implemented.\nclause 7.2, in particular, requires the organization to determine what\ncompetences are", "8db9d816-08af-4716-a021-0ffa9c4975de": "be\nmore useful in statistical research.\ndata masking is a set of techniques to conceal, substitute or obfuscate sensitive data items. data masking\ncan be static (when data items are masked in the original database), dynamic (using automation and\nrules to secure data in real-time) or on-the-fly (with data masked in an application\u2019s memory).\nhash functions can be used in order to anonymize pii. in order to prevent enumeration attacks, they\nshould always be combined with a salt function.\npii in resource identifiers and their attributes [e.g. file names, uniform resource locators (urls)] should\nbe either avoided or appropriately anonymized.\nadditional controls concerning the protection of pii in public clouds are given in iso/iec 27018.\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved 99\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\nadditional information on de-identification techniques is available in iso/iec 20889.\n8.12", "9106dfb9-e713-4cd6-8b04-17264ce5e260": "recordings is also covered by a-5.33.\nin general, it should be ensured that logging and the protection of log data also include privileged roles/persons. on the one hand, their activities must also be logged, and on the other hand, unauthorized/manipulative changes or disabling of logging by this group of people should be made more difficult or at least be detected later.\nsome recorded events - e.g. the failure of critical facilities - must lead to alarms, i.e. a log file entry is not sufficient, an immediate warning message must be sent to a responsible entity (incident management) (see a-8.16).\nsince log data often contains user ids and other information that ultimately falls under data protection, caution is advised when sending such data to system vendors - for example, to support error analysis and resolution.\nplease translate the following text for me:\nuncertain or for support requests. if necessary, personal data should be masked in advance (a-8.11). in addition, the explanations under a-5.14", "ce637cc0-4e32-4af3-b396-fbe1ca8b1f79": "# how to implement iso 27001: a 9-step guide\n## 1\\. assemble an iso 27001 implementation team\nthe implementation project should begin by appointing a project leader, who\nwill work with other members of staff to create a project mandate. this is\nessentially a set of answers to these questions:\n * what are we hoping to achieve? * how long will it take? * what will it cost? * does it have management support? ## 2\\. develop the iso 27001 implementation plan\nthe next step is to use your project mandate to create a more detailed outline\nof your information security objectives, plan and risk register.\nthis includes setting out high-level policies for the isms that establish:\n * roles and responsibilities; * rules for its continual improvement; and * how to raise awareness of the project through internal and external communication. ## 3\\. isms initiation\nnow it\u2019s time to adopt a methodology for implementing the isms. the standard\nrecognises that a \u201cprocess approach\u201d to continual", "6ef50f26-5103-49f1-bdae-7058ea514ce2": "backup\n73. (a.8.14) redundancy of information processing facilities\n74. (a.8.15) logging\n75. (a.8.16) monitoring activities\n76. (a.8.17) clock synchronization\n77. (a.8.18) use of privileged utility programs\n78. (a.8.19) installation of software on operational systems\n79. (a.8.20) networks security\n80. (a.8.21) security of network services\n81. (a.8.22) segregation of networks\n82. (a.8.23) web filtering\n83. (a.8.24) use of cryptography\n84. (a.8.25) secure development life cycle\n85. (a.8.26) application security requirements\n86. (a.8.27) secure system architecture and engineering principles\n87. (a.8.28) secure coding\n88. (a.8.29) security testing in development and acceptance\n89. (a.8.30) outsourced development\n90. (a.8.31) separation of development, test and production environments\n91. (a.8.32) change management\n92. (a.8.33) test information\n93. (a.8.34) protection of information systems during audit testing\n ## how to implement the annex a controls?\nwhat is most useful when implementing new structures?", "54af3b05-0eb0-4863-84e7-e9c68a847d7e": "expected benefits from these options.\nwhen large reductions in risks can be obtained with relatively low expenditure, such options should\nbe implemented. further options for improvements can be uneconomic and judgement needs to be\nexercised as to whether they are justifiable.\nin general, the adverse consequences of risks should be made as low as reasonably practicable and\nirrespective of any absolute criteria. managers should consider rare but severe risks. in such cases,\nit can be necessary to implement controls that are not justifiable on strictly economic grounds (for\nexample, business continuity controls considered to cover specific high risks).\nthe four options for risk treatment are not mutually exclusive. sometimes, the organization can benefit\nsubstantially by a combination of options such as reducing the likelihood of risks, reducing their\nconsequences, and sharing or retaining any residual risks.\nsome risk treatments can effectively address more than one risk (e.g. information security", "855c6828-9b36-4ac5-a490-2f91de26bc21": "designed to protect people from\nidentify theft; the health insurance portability and accountability act\n(hipaa), which requires healthcare organizations (and their business\nassociates) to protect \u2014 and keep up to date \u2014 their patients\u2019 healthcare\nrecords; the sec\u2019s regulation fd, which bars selective disclosure of\nmaterial non-public information; the sec\u2019s rule 17 a-4, which requires\nbroker dealers to retain trading records (therefore including e-mails, etc)\nfor six years; section 404 of sarbanes-oxley (the overall importance of\nwhich is much greater than this single issue), which requires companies\nto safeguard (among other assets) their information, including e-mails,\n341\n342\nit governance\nattachments, etc; the california online privacy protection act of 2004\n(oppa), which requires websites serving californians (irrespective of\ntheir geographic or jurisdictional location) to comply with strict privacy\nguidelines; the can-spam act, the millennium digital copyright act,\nfisma and a growing number of", "26b6e946-7982-4c69-8be7-42d16eaa5e9a": "time of access, location of access, frequency of access for each user or group of users.\nthe monitoring system should be configured against the established baseline to identify anomalous\nbehaviour, such as:\na) unplanned termination of processes or applications;\nb) activity typically associated with malware or traffic originating from known malicious ip addresses\nor network domains (e.g. those associated with botnet command and control servers);\nc) known attack characteristics (e.g. denial of service and buffer overflows);\nd) unusual system behaviour (e.g. keystroke logging, process injection and deviations in use of\nstandard protocols);\ne) bottlenecks and overloads (e.g. network queuing, latency levels and network jitter);\nf) unauthorized access (actual or attempted) to systems or information;\ng) unauthorized scanning of business applications, systems and networks;\nh) successful and unsuccessful attempts to access protected resources (e.g. dns servers, web portals\nand file systems);\ni) unusual user", "e0d55a87-da82-4af7-af0d-7a1ebf73a137": "ensures that, if implemented well, reduces the need\nfor a business continuity plan. although an iso 27001 compliant isms with\neffective risk-prevention measures is ideal, an organisation may occasionally\nfind itself in need of a.17 contingencies.", "2837f849-8755-404d-8062-bea29ce51c0c": "these standards should acquire\ncopies, which are available through www.itgovernance.co.uk/standards\n(archived at https://perma.cc/lhc2-zrbs) in both hard copy and down-\nloadable formats:\n\u00ab iso/iec 27000 - isms overview and vocabulary;\n\u00ab iso/tec 27001 -isms requirements;\n\u00ab iso/iec 27002 \u2014- code of practice for information security controls;\n+ iso/iec 27003 \u2014isms guidance;\n- isomec 27004 - information security management \u2014 monitoring,\nmeasurement, analysis and evaluation;\n+ iso/ec 27005 \u2014 information security risk management;\n\u00ab isomec 27007 - information security management system auditing;\n\u00ab isoaec tr 27008 - guidelines for auditors on information security\ncontrols.\n1so27001\nthere are then standards that provide guidance on specific topics such as the\nintegrated implementation of iso 27001 and iso 20000-1 (the service\nmanagement system management standard), information security govern-\nance (iso 27014) and organizational economics (iso tr 27016).\nthe following are standards detailing requirements for", "92266585-0722-4ef3-8d0b-42da16985da2": "cost of the potential consequences of the risks. top management should\ntherefore assess and take calculated risks if they want to avoid excessive security costs.\na.3 list of the constraints affecting the scope\nby identifying the constraints, it is possible to list those that have an impact on the scope and determine\nwhich ones still need appropriate action. they are added to, and can possibly amend, the organization\u2019s\nconstraints determined above. the following paragraphs present a non-exhaustive list of possible types\nof constraints.\nconstraints arising from pre-existing processes\napplication projects are not necessarily developed simultaneously. some depend on pre-existing\nprocesses. even though a process can be broken down into sub-processes, the process is not necessarily\ninfluenced by all the sub-processes of another process.\ntechnical constraints\ntechnical constraints, relating to infrastructure, generally arise from installed hardware and software,\nand rooms or sites housing the", "33090789-63b9-4f6f-82cc-4d2df5c70b18": "floor is vulnerable to breakage and can, of course, be\na health and safety risk. cables should be tied away with cable tidies,\npower splitter boxes should be sensibly sited and, where possible, desks\nwith cable handling systems should be used.\n- network cable should be protected by using conduit or avoiding routes\nthrough public areas. this is a lot simpler to bring about; the network\ncabling contractor can be instructed to install new cabling \u2014 or to strip\nequipment security\nout and reinstall old cabling \u2014 in such a way that it will be protected from\nunauthorized interception or from damage.\n+ power cables should be separated from communications cables to prevent\ninterference. while the risk of electric interference is self-evident, keeping\nthe two services clearly separate ensures that the risk of losing both power\nand telecommunications simultaneously is reduced.\n+ there are additional measures that should be implemented for particularly\nsensitive data: armoured conduits, locked rooms or boxes at", "e16122d5-471a-46e5-b42b-56720d91fa64": "information systems\nin any organization that has an it department, this security control is applicable, as it\nemphasizes the security needed when building a software product or application.\nthe service delivery team makes up the program managers, project managers,\nbusiness analysts, and qa managers. they are involved in the collection of products\nand applications during the requirement elicitation phase. they also communicate with\nthe client or stakeholders daily. hence, it is easier for them to understand what security\nrequirements need to be built for the software.\nthe service delivery team is the right stakeholder to ask about this security\nrequirement control. they have more clarity about whether this control is implemented\nper the standards, whether it is only partially implemented, or whether it\u2019s not\nimplemented at all. sometimes teams are not aware of which security requirements they\nneed to collect as part of the requirement elicitation phase. sometimes they are collecting\na few, but they are not", "eff14293-1f21-4d46-91de-4081cd61d261": "to their classification.\nin addition, ensuring that documents of external origin are identified, that the distribution of documents is\ncontrolled, preventing the unintended use of obsolete documents, and applying suitable tracking to them if\nthey are retained for any purpose.\nrecords should be created, maintained and controlled as evidence that the isms of the organization\nconforms to iso/iec 27001:2005, and to show the effectiveness of operations.\nit is also required to keep records of implementation status for the entire pdca phase, as well as records of\ninformation security incidents and events, records of education, training, skills, experience and qualifications,\ninternal isms audits, corrective and preventive actions, and organizational records.\nthe following tasks should be performed to control records:\na) document the controls required to identify, store, protect, search, and discard data, and document its\nstorage duration\nb) define what should be recorded, and to what extent, in the", "c1269740-26c0-4a51-9c58-5c2594de4605": "on vacation, you plan the travel, and then plan for\nthe stay. why do we plan in this manner? the answer is to avoid any risk during your\nvacation or trip.\nsimilarly, when you audit your organization, planning is a must. before initializing\nthe internal audit, the organization must develop an audit plan that defines the audit\u2019s\nobjectives, scope, and criteria. the following key items cover what you should take care\nof when planning for an iso 27001 internal audit:\n224\n1.\nnote\nchapter 7 \u2014 internal audit\nobjective and scope of audit plan: the client should define the\nobjectives and scope of the audit. here are some examples of good\nobjectives:\ne toassess the implementation and effectiveness of the iso 27001\ncontrols.\ne to assess compliance with the applicable laws and regulations.\ne to assess compliance with internal policies and procedures.\nsimilarly, the scope should also be covered in the audit plan. for\nexample; the scope of work for internal audit can be:\ne toreview the policies and procedures of", "0924be82-548f-4f47-a212-b8ad4235857e": "recognized guidelines, procedures, and controls to mitigate the risk of\ninformation security breaches.\nrisks include:\n * **physical** hazards (fire and resulting data loss) * risks from **employees** (insufficient training or negligent handling of data or intentional data theft) * system and process risks from **outdated software** * danger of **cyberattacks** or ransomware.\niso 27001:2022 specifies measures for all organisational, personal, physical,\nand technological risks, allowing organizations to implement targeted and\nstructured data and information protection.\nas challenges in information security increase in 2023 \u2013 with hackers\ndeveloping new methods, rising attack numbers, and a shortage of skilled\nprofessionals \u2013 read our article on how to best prepare.\n## what is the difference between iso 27001:2013 and iso 27001:2022?\nin 2022, the international standard iso 27001 was revised again, now as\nversion 2022. this revision included significant and long-overdue changes.", "db112e0b-87cc-440e-917a-fb90b1533fbb": "operational (could be for\nhours or days)\nor, the it infrastructure is down or not able to reach the office/site due to\npublic strikes, floods, earthquakes, etc.\ncatastrophic 4 service or business downtime caused by severe damage to the office/site\nand the it infrastructure\nmajor financial loss leading to operations being shut down\n81\nchapter 5 risk management approach\nwhat is a risk ranking?\nthe rank assigned to each risk is called its risk ranking. risks are ranked into four types,\ndepending on the calculated risk value and the priority level of the risk.\ntable 5-3 shows the risk rankings and a description of the associated actions that\ncould be taken to treat the risks.\ntable 5-3. risk rankings\nrisk value risk rank description risk priority\n1-36 low a security control already exists p4\nchance to exploit the vulnerability is low\nrequires monitoring\n37-72 medium there are chances to exploit the vulnerability p3\nprobability of occurrence is medium\nmay damage only non-critical application/services", "ba78e29c-dfd0-41c6-9a8c-aea346fbaa32": "work proceeds more errors are discovered, it is possible that the\nbookkeeper will be overwhelmed and either the accounts are published with errors\nor the deadline is missed. this type of behaviour is referred to as strangulation.\nisoaec 27001:2013 \u2014 mastering risk assessment and the statement of applicability 19\nchapter 1 \u2014 overview and concepts\nother attributes\nother attributes that we make use of in this book include events and consequences.\nwe also use the prevent, detect, and react attributes in the context of controls. in\nthis case, if the control is a measure that maintains risk, saying that the control is\npreventive, means that it contributes towards the prevention of an event.\ndealing with isms risks\niso/iec 27001, clause 6.1.1 specifies a requirement that is common to all mss and\nis intended for the identification and treatment of risks to the intended outcome of\nthe isms that are not information security specific. for example, a lack of resources\ncould result in internal audits being missed.", "d5099c7c-6d01-4c62-ba0a-94ef7d9f344c": "permissions at regular intervals to avoid any security breaches.\n149\nchapter 6 execution\na.9.2.6 removal or adjustment of access rights (iso 27001 control)\nthe access rights of all employees and external users to information and information\nprocessing facilities should be removed upon termination of their employment, contract,\nor agreement or adjusted upon change.\nexplanation/what is required: the following points could be covered, based on the\norganization\u2019s business needs:\ne the organization must ensure that access rights of employees/\ncontractors are revoked once they leave the organization. also, when\nany changes have been done in the employment (i.e. changes in\nthe roles due to the business purposes or changes in the contract/\nagreement), then review of access rights must be conducted to check\nwhether existing access rights need to be changed. these access\nrights could be for the authorization levels to systems/applications,\nidentification cards, etc. for more information, refer to", "a1a4c709-0eb2-4f8d-947f-fc9f81705717": "assessment,\nare necessary. these controls should be listed, either within\nthose control sections whose objectives are supported by the\nadditional controls, or within additional control sections\nadded after those contained in iso 27001 annex a. it would\nalso be worth documenting how the additional controls were\nselected.\nit is sometimes argued that an organisation\u2019s soa should not\nbe made available to anyone outside the organisation and,\npossibly, even subjected to restricted accessibility within it.\nhowever, given that the iso 27001 accredited certificate of\nconformity will explicitly reference the soa document and\nthe version number that was current at the most recent\n56 see, for instance, 17 governance: an international guide to data\nsecurity and iso27001/iso27002, seventh edition, by alan calder and\nsteve g watkins (kogan page, 2019), as well as the various books on\nthe iso 27001 series from it governance publishing.\n162\n15: the statement of applicability\ncertification audit,*\u2019 it is reasonable to", "b5505b3a-d87b-46d9-97d4-101c73862723": "processes:\n26\nfiles (requirements concerning organization, media management, management of access rules, etc.);\n\u00a9 (iso/iec 2018 ~ all rights reserved\n2\n2020-42-14 15:33:5.\nwnbh-kdnv 6918377 1d, dopgmakffssz27tebidlzu\nne\ng\na\nnad\n<\nss\na\nx\n5\n2\niso/iec 27005:2018(e)\n\u2014 general architecture (requirements concerning topology (centralised, distributed, client-server),\nphysical architecture, etc.);\n\u2014 application software (requirements concerning specific software design, market standards, etc.);\n\u2014 package software (requirements concerning standards, level of evaluation, quality, compliance with\nnorms, security, etc.);\n\u2014 hardware (requirements concerning standards, quality, compliance with norms, etc.);\n\u2014 communication networks (requirements concerning coverage, standards, capacity, reliability, etc.);\n\u2014 building infrastructure (requirements concerning civil engineering, construction, high voltages,\nlow voltages, etc.).\nfinancial constraints\nthe implementation of security controls is often restricted by", "30aabc8e-eea8-417f-ad26-cdb2fd539e9f": "considered.\naudit team optimization\nespecially in the context of organizations with multiple locations, possibly present in a number of cities, one would like to reduce travel times for the audit team. in this case, it is advisable to conduct audits at least partially remotely, i.e. by using conference systems for meetings and video systems for on-site inspections.\nconclusion on isms-9.2\ninternal audits are an important part of the isms. qualified planning and regular implementation are essential. however, those who have experience with other audits (e.g. from qm systems) will not learn anything new in this section of the standard.\nchanges in isms-9.2 compared to the previous version\nsome textual adjustments have been made in the standard text - no implications can be derived from this for practice.\n2.6 performance evaluation (isms-9) 85\nisms-9.3 - management review\nwe have already recognized under isms-5.1 that the management level is responsible for overall information security. against this", "ab810e56-971c-4fc9-9ba5-9032dcf7ce31": "your isms, now\nincludes the phrase \u201cincluding the processes needed and their interactions.\u201d\nin terms of structural changes, clause 9.2: internal audit was split into\n9.2.1: general and 9.2.2: internal audit programme. however, the requirements\nremain the same.\nsimilarly, clause 9.3: management review was split into three subsections \u2014\n9.3.1: general, 9.3.2: management review inputs, and 9.3.3: management review\nresults.\n### introduced clause 6.3\nthe 2022 version also introduced a new subclause. clause 6.3: planning for\nchanges requires that any change to the isms be carried out in a planned\nmanner. the goal of this subclause is to ensure organizations consider the\npurpose of any change to their isms, potential consequences, impact on the\nisms, resource availability, and allocation or reallocation of\nresponsibilities and authorities, among other factors.\n### updated annex a controls\nthe major change in iso 27001:2022 that organizations need to be aware of is\nthe official update to annex a controls. this", "34db8197-098c-4bae-8f23-ccc0ee674b9c": "impor-\ntantly, the effectiveness of the training must be evaluated, and this requires\nthe specific objectives for each piece of training, and the criteria for measur-\ning its effectiveness, to be identified and agreed in advance. this is in line\nwith best practice for effective staff training.\ntraining should clearly be delivered by competent trainers. in chapter 4,\nthere is an initial discussion on appropriate training for specialist informa-\ntion security advisers and the specialist training resources on the ibitgq\nand it governance websites. this site should enable appropriate trainers\nfor the various it specialists to be identified.\nthose it staff charged with systems administration should be appropri-\nately trained, by either the software supplier or by an approved training\nhuman resources security\nvendor, as system administrators for the software for which they are the\nnominated administrators. evidence of this training should be retained on\neach individual\u2019s personnel file. those responsible for", "b3db457f-070c-4219-881a-4f6793c91110": "information security management guidelines for\ntelecommunications organizations based on iso/iec 27002\nm iso/iec 27017, information technology \u2014 security techniques \u2014information\nsecurity management \u2014 code of practice for information security controls\nbased on iso/iec 27002 for cloud computing services\nm iso/iec 27018, information technology \u2014 security techniques \u2014information\nsecurity management \u2014 code of practice for protection of personally\nidentifiable information (pii) in public clouds acting as pii processors.\niso/iec 27001 is a requirements standard, meaning that an organisation\u2019s isms\ncan be certified for conformity against it. the other standards are guidance\nstandards.\nbritish standards\nm bs 7799-3:2017, information security management systems \u2014 part 3\nguidelines for information security risk management.\nin september 2017, the uk withdrew bs iso/iec 27005:2011 and replaced it with\nbs 7799-3:2017 (guidelines for information security risk management). bs 7799-3\nis aligned to iso/iec 27001:2013,", "f815c8f5-9ffc-44f7-b19b-95307c9bf63e": "the\nsystem owner must know what changes are performed, why, and by whom. they must\nensure their systems aren't compromised by poor or malicious development.\ntherefore, they should specify the rules for authorisation and pre-live\ntesting and validation. audit logs must show accurate change procedures used.\niso 27002 covers numerous areas of change control, from simple documentation\nthrough deployment time to avoid negative business impact. like other a.14\ncontrols, this one follows a.12.1.2's defined processes.\n### **a.14.2.3 technical review of applications after operating platform\nchanges**\nwhen operating systems are changed, essential business applications must be\nexamined and verified to ensure that there is no negative impact on the\norganisation's operations or security. it's not uncommon for some applications\nto experience compatibility issues after a switch to a new operating system\nplatform. as a result, it's necessary to evaluate operating system updates in\na development or testing environment", "a643535e-3457-4a2c-ae3b-5518fc5e4bb3": "## **what is annex a 16?**\nannex a.16 outlines the requirements for managing information security\nincidents, and organisations of all types and sizes should familiarise\nthemselves with the best practices for preventing and responding to security\nincidents. before we look at these individual requirements, it's important to\nunderstand what qualifies as information security incidents, and why incident\nmanagement is important for your organisation.\n## **what are information security incidents?**\nany action that threatens the security of information technology operations or\nviolates established responsible use policies can be considered as an\ninformation security incident.\nthese threats may be suspected, successful or attempted, and may cause risk of\nunauthorised access, release, use, loss, damage, breach or alteration of\ninformation. some examples of such incidents are:\n * unauthorised changes to installed software\n * compromise of physical and environmental security, such as damage of company devices\n *", "b3286282-6f8a-4746-87f8-a7d8e2999ee1": "to decide whether or\nnot, on the basis of microsoft\u2019s iso27001 certification, to trust its data to\ntheir saas offering.\niso/iec 27018 provides an additional set of controls, complementary to\nthose in is027002, which are specifically intended for use in cloud environ-\nments, where a data controller contracts with a cloud processor in relation\nto personally identifiable information (pii). this control set is more broadly\nuseful in helping organizations address security issues in a distributed cloud\nenvironment. iso/iec 27017 provides an additional generic set of controls\nfor cloud computing services.\ncyber essentials\nthis is a useful point to identify the existence of the uk cyber essentials\nscheme. this is an accredited certification scheme that sets out minimum\nsecurity controls that every organization of any size should adopt in order\nto protect itself from the majority of low-level but high-volume cyber\nattacks. achievement and maintenance of cyber essentials certification\ncould be seen as a baseline", "a150592b-aff4-46a8-8d7a-ff07960dff8c": "also restrict the ability of individuals to\ninstall software on organisational equipment, as it introduces the threat of\nmalware. if total restriction is not an option, a white list of allowed\nsoftware can be compiled.\n### 7\\. annex a.12.7 - information systems and audit considerations\nthe objective of a.12.7 is to minimise the impact of audits and related\nactivities on daily operations and operational systems.\n * **annex a.12.7.1 - information systems audit controls** control: all audit requirements, such as access to systems, must be pre-\nplanned and negotiated with management so audit processes cause minimal\ndisruption to business operations.\nimplementation: the scope and depth of audits and systems testing must be\nclearly defined, and carried out through a formal process.\n## conclusion\nwhile organisations aren\u2019t required to implement all 114 annex a controls, it\nis important to select and implement the controls that best align with your\norganisation\u2019s needs and goals.\nannex a.12 outlines", "f20ab314-07a9-41df-90a7-737a437d561f": "to copy the layout of iso/iec 27001, annex\na. an example layout is given in appendix a, section a.5.3.1. the example shows\nhow to create entries for:\na) anecessary control whose specification is identical to that given in iso/iec\n27001, annex a;\nb) anecessary control whose specification is a variation of that given in\niso/iec 27001, annex a;\nc) acustom control, i.e., a necessary control that is not in iso/iec 27001,\nannex a;\nd) an annex a control that is obviated by a custom control; and\ne) an annex a control that is excluded for some other reason.\nhowever, using this prescription, you are likely only to have variants, custom\ncontrols and excluded annex a controls:\n1. for all questions with \u2018yes\u2019 answers and annex a references, use the\nnecessary control statement form of the question(s) as a variant\nspecification. use the rtp identifier as the reason for inclusion.\n2. for all questions with \u2018yes\u2019 answers but without annex a references, declare\nit as a custom control. use the necessary control", "dcc05d7f-c4c7-4bbf-82b3-d8b9383062bf": "evaluated.\nexample: in connection with the general data protection regulation, such a review obligation is explicitly required.\nwe have already commented on this topic in a-5.19, a-5.20, and for supply chains in a-5.21. the organization's isms must define a procedure for these purposes. when applying the procedure, records must be kept, meaning that it must be possible to later determine what results were obtained from the review and evaluation.\nthe review/evaluation procedure could include the following elements, among others: examination of the supplier's certificates, access to third-party audit reports, review of reports on penetration tests at the supplier, verification of the supplier's reports on incidents/security events, as well as conducting remote (if possible or sensible) or on-site inspections at the supplier - appropriate contractual arrangements must be made to enable such inspections.\nwhich monitoring/review elements should be applied and on what occasions or how often should this be", "416c5322-e990-4905-8b71-7bd48a7b073a": "opportunities; and\ne}) howto\n1) integrate and implement the actions into its information security management system\nprocesses; and\n2) evaluate the effectiveness of these actions.\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - allrightsreserved \"0 3\niso/iec 27001:2022(e)\n6.1.2 information security risk assessment\nthe organization shall define and apply an information security risk assessment process that:\na)\nb)\nc)\nd)\ne)\nestablishes and maintains information security risk criteria that include:\n1) the risk acceptance criteria; and\n2) criteria for performing information security risk assessments;\nensures that repeated information security risk assessments produce consistent, valid and\ncomparable results;\nidentifies the information security risks:\n1} apply the information security risk assessment process to identify risks associated with\nthe loss of confidentiality, integrity and availability for information within the scope of the\ninformation security management system; and\n2) identify the risk owners;\nanalyses the", "5060abd6-fb84-47d0-9e51-85437876acf7": "and external) a relatively straightforward\nexperience. the iso/iec 27001 standard is specific about what these reviews should cover\nbut it is less forthcoming about how often they should take place. this is one of those areas\nwhere you will need to try it and see what works for your organization; too often and it\nbecomes an unacceptable administrative overhead; too infrequent and you risk losing\ncontrol of your isms. the generally accepted minimum frequency is probably once a year. in\nthis case, it would need to be a full review covering everything required by the standard. a\nmore common approach is to split the management review into two parts; perhaps a\nquarterly review of the main areas with a more complete review on an annual basis. you\nmay even decide that in the early days of the isms a monthly review is appropriate. there is\nno wrong answer, there\u2019s just a decision about how much control you feel you need to\nexercise at management level.\nin all cases, every management review must be minuted and the", "a58ac5ec-6a6c-4c35-b12b-a4e5b09ada26": "27001:2022).\nthis version is still in draft. the standard is jointly issued by the\ninternational standardization organization (iso) and the international\nelectrotechnical commission (iec).\n### iso and iec: what does it mean?\niso stands for the international standardization organization, an\ninternational, independent association of national standardization\norganisations from 167 member states (as of 2022). its role is to develop and\npublish standards for almost all areas.\nthe international electrotechnical commission (iec) is also an international\nstandardisation organisation focusing exclusively on electricity, electronics,\nand related technologies. to create internationally valid standards for\ninformation and communication technology, iso and iec have established a joint\ntechnical committee (jtc).\n### why iso 27001? the purpose of certification\niso 27001 serves as the standard for information security, recognised\ninternationally. it provides organisations, regardless of size or industry,\nwith", "9f58dcea-0251-480d-bd7b-cf6a16179fda": "remotely;\nd) the provision of suitable communication equipment, including methods for securing remote access,\nsuch as requirements on device screen locks and inactivity timers; the enabling of device location\ntracking; installation of remote wipe capabilities;\ne) physical security;\nf) rules and guidance on family and visitor access to equipment and information;\ng) the provision of hardware and software support and maintenance;\nh) the provision of insurance;\ni) the procedures for backup and business continuity;\nj) audit and security monitoring;\nk) revocation of authority and access rights and the return of equipment when the remote working\nactivities are terminated.\nother information\nno other information.\n6.8 information security event reporting\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational security domains\nsecurity properties concepts capabilities\n#detective #confidentiality #detect #information_secu- |#defence\n#integrity rity_event_manage-\n#availability ment\ncontrol\nthe organization", "3ea62c78-2fe9-41ff-bf3a-a0668e1e55cc": "information security performance on a regular planned basis. * make information security a priority in the organisation's strategic planning. * connect the isms to the company-wide objectives, which can help gain momentum in the creation and maintenance of such isms. ## how to pass an audit of iso 27001 clause 5.1\nto pass an audit of iso 27001 clause 5.1, the organisation must demonstrate\nthat it has:\n * a documented isms that is aligned with the requirements of iso 27001.\n * senior management commitment to information security. * the necessary resources to implement and maintain the isms. * adequate companywide awareness training for all employees on information security.\n * effective processes for managing information security risks. * adequate monitoring and review of the isms. * corrective action taken to address any nonconformities that were identified during the audit.", "0418fb11-d1bd-4758-b71e-9031b259014f": "histories, its customers would lose trust in it and may not feel\nsafe depositing money there.\nas a personal example, imagine you ran into one of your friends after a long time\nand she asked for your phone or cell number. you would probably feel comfortable\nexchanging this information, since she is your friend. but what if she asked for your\ncredit card number and cvv pin? you should be willing to share only things that are not\nconfidential. the same goes with banks. your account number is yours only and only\nyou are supposed to get the details of your account by authenticating your identity.\nif you are using a mobile banking application, you understand that your customer id\nand password are highly confidential and sharing them with others is like sharing the key\nto your home and valuables. some countries do not require two-factor authentication,\nbut others require you to enter your high security code, which is one-time password\n(otp) received on your registered mobile number. this gives you the assurance", "a624758b-b3af-4abb-8ebc-ecae3c6623c3": "consultation * costs for external audits by a certification body\nfor a detailed breakdown of costs, refer to our guide on the costs of iso\n27001 certification.\n## iso 27001: enhancing security with the framework\ngetting iso 27001 certification shows that your company takes security\nseriously and is compliant with important rules and regulations. this makes\nyou a more trustworthy partner to businesses and customers, and it can help\nyou attract new customers and partners. it also makes your company more\nvaluable, so it's a win-win situation. explore our iso 27001 checklist to\nunderstand the measures you need to implement for iso 27001 compliance.", "ca9e8055-27ea-4861-8f52-3438e82f8ac6": "passwords awareness poster\nalthough there are several widespread used methods of authenticating a user (that is,\nproving who they are) the most common one for now remains the password. this control\naddresses the way in which passwords (and other forms such as pins) are created, stored,\nused, changed and disposed of, including the use of sso (single sign on). you will need to\nestablish rules for the creation of passwords (for example length and complexity) and look\nat the systems used to check that your rules are supported. the correct way to\ncommunicate initial passwords to new users will also need to be addressed procedurally.\nthe use of a password management system may also be worth considering, along with user\neducation about what a strong password looks like.\n4.1.18 a.5.18 access rights\nrelevant toolkit documents\ne user access management process\nonce a user has been created, the process of assigning access rights needs to be addressed\naccording to documented procedures which ensure that the user gets", "3f2e6a41-aeac-4ef0-83d1-dcaeeea6eefb": "controls in the future, perhaps when some condition is reached.\nnevertheless, the residual risk in the absence of such controls should be\nacceptable. the better way to do this, however, is to develop a new edition of the\nplan and not mix design and project management concepts up in the same\ndocument.\ntightening the control specifications using custom and\nobviated controls\nif an annex a control specification is used as a necessary control, then that control\nspecification becomes an organisational requirement. there is an annex a control\nthat specifies that \u201call relevant legislative ... requirements ... shall be explicitly\nidentified, documented ... for each information system and the organisation\u201d.\norganisations that adopt this specification but do not have separate lists of\nlegislative requirements for each of their information systems are nonconformant\nwith the specification of this necessary control.\nto avoid these situations, organisations should use the mechanism of custom\ncontrols and obviations as", "629377e5-9158-4500-8c6d-3db9884748e3": "version 2015)\nobjective: to ensure authorized user access and to prevent unauthorized access to\ninformation systems.\na.11.2.1\nuser registration\ncontrol\nthere shall be a formal user registration and de-registration procedure in place for\ngranting and revoking access to all information systems and services.\na.11.2.2\nprivilege management\ncontrol\nthe allocation and use of privileges shall be restricted and controlled.\na.11.2.3\nuser password management\ncontrol\nthe allocation of passwords shall be controlled through a formal management process.\n12\na.11.2.4\nreview of user access rights\ncontrol\nmanagement shall review users\u2019 access rights at regular intervals using a formal process.\na.11.3 user responsibilities (\\s0 27001:2015, version 2015)\nobjective: to prevent unauthorized user access, and compromise or theft of information\nand information processing facilities.\na.11.3.1\npassword use\ncontrol\nusers shall be required to follow good security practices in the selection and use", "62c281d4-e67d-415b-a0c5-a47cd8681fa2": "impact\" is given again, so the above control objectives also apply in this case.\nbefore the control objectives take effect, it may be necessary to verify such external information or documents for authenticity and convert them into a manageable format within the organization.\nconclusion on isms-7\nthis standard chapter describes some important resources (but not all) that are needed for the establishment and operation of an isms. it is necessary to create a resource plan, conduct a competence comparison for roles in the isms, plan awareness, conduct a more detailed analysis of communication within and with external entities, and meet the requirements for managing documented information.\nchanges in isms-7 compared to the previous version of the standard\nin isms-7.4 (communication), two points from the old version of the standard (\"who communicates\" and the description of the communication process) have been combined into a new point \"how is communication carried out\". this is merely a textual abbreviation", "22959b8c-cc4f-4a88-b05b-1c5fa19a38fb": "disciplines.\nnote 2 to entry: the system elements include the organization\u2019s structure, roles and responsibilities, planning\nand operation.\nnote 3 to entry: the scope of a management system may include the whole of the organization, specific and\nidentified functions of the organization, specific and identified sections of the organization, or one or more\nfunctions across a group of organizations.\n3.42\nmeasure\nvariable to which a value is assigned as the result of measurement (3.43)\n[source: iso/tec/ieee 15939:2017, 3.15, modified \u2014 note 2 to entry has been deleted.|\n3.43\nmeasurement\nprocess (3.54) to determine a value\n3.44\nmeasurement function\nalgorithm or calculation performed to combine two or more base measures (3.8)\n[source: iso/iec/ieee 15939:2017, 3.20]\n3.45\nmeasurement method\nlogical sequence of operations, described generically, used in quantifying an attribute with respect toa\nspecified scale\nnote 1 to entry: the type of measurement method depends on the nature of the operations used to", "5bb37623-503c-472a-ab22-f43c6c3cc8d1": "several months\u2014or as long as a year or more. employing a\nstructured approach and a clearly defined scope of work\u2014including what is to\nbe done, who is responsible for executing various tasks, and the time frame\nfor completion\u2014will position your company to succeed at iso 27001\nimplementation in a timely and manageable fashion.\nyour iso 27001 certification is valid for three years, which means that every\nthree years you will be required to perform a full iso 27001 audit. however,\niso requires that surveillance audits be performed in the second and third\nyears of the certification cycle to ensure that your isms and the implemented\ncontrols continue to operate effectively. in those years, your organization\u2019s\nisms must undergo an external audit, where an auditor will assess portions of\nyour isms. once your isms is implemented, it is important to ensure\nappropriate maintenance and continual improvement of the in-scope isms\u2014or you\nrun the risk of failing your surveillance audit and losing your", "51c2a5bd-1f9a-4812-bd7a-ea799e8e4bbc": "members to conduct\nthe initial risk assessment.\nthis chapter lays the foundation for the initial risk identification and assessment and\ntalks about the importance of preparing and presenting the findings report.\nmeeting the team\nto plan the meeting or risk assessment sessions, first meet with the individual teams one\nby one. that way, you can focus on the areas that each team is responsible for, and it will\nreduce the chances of missing a key security area.\nmeeting all the teams at the same time in a group might not be easy to handle\nbecause the security controls for each team may vary. some have more or less\ncompliance issues. some teams might lose interest in the first meeting as they may feel\ntheir contribution is small. so be careful when implementing big projects.\nidentified risks should be reviewed together with all the teams that are affected by\nthose risks, in order to have better risk management plans. although you can get the help\nof subject matter experts, it\u2019s better if the risk is", "40d93524-cd0c-4c3f-910d-636fd7609187": "abbreviations\nacl - access control list\nagb - allgemeine gesch\u00e4ftsbedingungen (general terms and conditions)\nbc - business continuity\nbcm - business continuity management\nbcms - business continuity management system\nbdsg - bundesdatenschutzgesetz (federal data protection act)\nbia - business impact analysis\nbs - british standard\nbsi - bundesamt f\u00fcr sicherheit in der informationstechnik (federal office for information security)\nbyod - bring your own device\ncc - carbon copy\ncert - computer emergency response team\ncsf - cybersecurity framework\ndac - discretionary access control\ndin - deutsches institut f\u00fcr normung e. v. (german institute for standardization)\ndlp - data leakage/loss prevention/protection\ndmz - demilitarized zone\ndns - domain name system\ndos - denial of service\ndsfa - datenschutz-folgenabsch\u00e4tzung (data protection impact assessment)\nds-gvo - datenschutz-grundverordnung (general data protection regulation)\nevu - energieversorgungs-unternehmen (energy supply company)\nftp - file transfer protocol\ngau", "c8d75092-8d37-4ead-bbde-20ae9e044e12": "critical national infrastructure.\na growing number of countries are at last putting cyber security strate-\ngies in place. the uk government\u2019s 2015 national security strategy\nrecognized cyber risk as a tier 4 national security risk and its national cyber\nsecurity strategy has the objective of making the uk one of the most secure\nplaces in the world to live and work online. the eu\u2019s 2013 cyber security\nstrategy (\u2018an open, safe and secure cyberspace\u2019) has similar objectives.\nwhile organizations that are part of the critical national infrastructure\n(cni) clearly have a significant role to play in preparing to defend their\nnational cyberspace against cyberattack, all organizations should take\nwhy is information security necessary?\nappropriate steps to defend themselves from being caught in the digital\ncrossfire.\nadvanced persistent threat\nthe term advanced persistent threat (apt) usually refers to a national\ngovernment \u2014 or state-level entity that has the capacity and the intent to\npersistently and", "72a2dd94-bf4c-478c-a848-0e8ce5d8703a": "preserving the confidentiality, integrity and availability of\ninformation\u2019 will be at the heart of a security policy and an\nisms. it is important to define precisely the key terms used\nin the policy, and we recommend using the definitions\ncontained in iso 27000. iso 27000 defines information very\nwidely:\ninformation is an asset that, like other important business\nassets, is essential to an organization\u2019s business and,\nconsequently, needs to be suitably protected. information\ncan be stored in many forms, including: digital form (e.g.\ndata files stored on electronic or optical media), material\n76\n6: information security policy and scoping\nform (e.g. on paper), as well as unrepresented information\nin the form of knowledge of the employees.\u201d\nin other words, appropriate protection is required for all\nforms of information and related assets.\nconfidentiality [is defined as the] property that\ninformation is not made available or disclosed to\nunauthorized individuals, entities or processes.**\nintegrity [is", "e37d90c3-9049-4e4a-a36d-eaeae30f6335": "vulnerabilities or gaps in this perimeter, and from this assess-\nment the appropriate physical controls \u2014 the additional physical barriers,\nsuch as doors, card-controlled gates, staffed reception desk, etc \u2014 can begin\nto be identified. while not all organizations will have information as valua-\nble as that obtained by tom cruise\u2019s character, ethan hunt, in the first\nmission impossible, the way in which he gained access to the room within\nwhich it was kept indicated that the guarding organization\u2019s risk assessment\nhad not been sufficiently thorough. there was a vulnerability in the physical\nperimeter that ethan hunt identified and then exploited in a way that\ndemonstrates that \u2018difficult to imagine someone coming in through those\nducts\u2019 was an inadequate approach to securing the physical perimeter. the\n1so27001 auditor should want to see the documented risk assessment and\nwill analyse its thoroughness and effectiveness, initially by challenging the\nperson responsible for defining it and then, after inspecting", "6d7b7347-2dea-4fab-8114-e65e594fd6c0": "from any source.\ncompare the controls determined in 6.1.3 b) above with those in annex a and verify that no\nnecessary controls have been omitted;\nnote2 annex a contains a list of possible information security controls. users of this document are\ndirected to annex a to ensure that no necessary information security controls are overlooked.\nnote3 theinformation security controls listed in annex a are not exhaustive and additional information\nsecurity controls can be included if needed.\nproduce a statement of applicability that contains:\n\u2014 thenecessary controls (see 6.1.3 b) and c));\n\u00a9 iso/tec 2022 - all rights reserved\niso/iec 27001:2022(e)\n\u2014 justification for their inclusion;\n\u2014 whether the necessary controls are implemented or not; and\n\u2014 the justification for excluding any of the annex a controls.\ne) formulate an information security risk treatment plan; and\nf) obtain risk owners\u2019 approval of the information security risk treatment plan and acceptance of the\nresidual information security risks.\nthe", "537bacfd-23dc-47d4-9891-255488b5cbcd": "risk treatment) and then study the\nail, checking to see if any of the ideas in the ail have been overlooked in\nproducing the rtps.\nisoaec 27001:2013 \u2014 mastering risk assessment and the statement of applicability 44\nchapter 4 \u2014 statement of applicability\nit is important to appreciate that iso/iec 27001, annex a is an ail:\na) most of the controls in iso/iec 27001, annex a are measures that\nmaintain risk, not measures that modify risk.\nb) several controls are the same measure (or groups of measure) described\nin different risk contexts, which is why there it appears that there are\nduplications and overlaps in iso/iec 27001, annex a.\nproduce a statement of applicability\niso/iec 27001 clause 6.1.3 d) requires organisations to produce a statement of\napplicability (soa). the standard specifies what it must contain but not how it\nshould be structured, as discussed below.\ncontent of the soa\nnecessary controls and excluded annex a controls\nthe soa must contain the necessary controls and the excluded annex a", "8e70ebdc-06ad-4e17-bfc4-5f21999eadd4": "assured according to\niso/iec 27004:2009.\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2010 \u2014 all rights reserved 65\niso/iec 27003:2010(e)\nthe design of the information security measurement program should be concluded in a document stipulating\nthe procedure, which should be approved by management. this document should cover the following:\na) responsibilities for the information security measurement program\nb) responsibilities for communication\nc) the scope of measurements\nd) how itis going to be performed (basic method used, external, internal execution, etc.)\ne) when it should be performed\nf) how it is reported\nif the organization develops its own measuring points, these have to be documented as part of the design\nphase; for further reference see iso/iec 27004:2009. this document may be quite comprehensive and does\nnot necessarily need to be signed by management, as the details may change when implemented.\nmeasuring the effectiveness of the isms\nwhen setting the scope for the information security measurement program that should be", "245ef171-3d44-4cfb-8bb6-4acf1a3c8484": "e-commerce and in-app\ntransactions) to protect that information and its services against fraudulent\nactivity, contract dispute, disclosure or modification of information, misrout-\ning of information, unauthorized duplication and incomplete transmission.\nthis is also an area of considerable interest to credit card payment provid-\ners and to banks. the payment card industry data security standard (pci\ndss) (for more information, see www.itgovernance.co.uk/pci_dss (archived\nat https://perma.cc/6p4t-g3jp)) is significantly important to all e-commerce\nmerchants and intersects with the requirements of iso27001.\ne-commerce issues\ne-commerce can involve electronic data interchange (edi) as well as e-mail;\nhowever, it is now primarily web-based trading and online transactions.\nthere are a number of issues that need to be tackled, with controls intro-\nduced; web transactions take place within a rapidly changing environment\nin which some fundamental security principles have emerged. there are also\nspecific issues", "b19a64d0-f18f-4152-bd1f-a7f06fc5e90c": "during\nand after the event.\nan effectively managed isms may already have control mechanisms in place that\nreduce the need for an a.17 based disaster management plan. even so, a\ndetailed plan must be documented; one that ensures infosec continuity and\nassumes existing infosec requirements remain the same across normal and\nadverse conditions. alternatively, a risk analysis may be conducted to\nidentify new information security requirements relevant to the disruption or\nadverse situation at hand.\n * **a.17.1.2 implementing information security continuity** once infosec continuity requirements have been identified, the organisation\nmust implement policies and controls to facilitate the satisfaction of these\nrequirements. all aspects of work (parties responsible, activities etc.) must\nbe clearly defined along with an appropriate escalation procedure and points\nof contact, to ensure swift resolution and return to normal operations.\n * **a.17.1.3 verify, review & evaluate information security", "fd9805f9-da28-41c0-8ce7-94b8795b57d3": "iso27001 uses the word \u2018shall\u2019 to indicate a requirement,\nwhereas the other standards in the family use \u2018should\u2019 to indicate good prac-\ntice which is not a requirement.\nthe uk accredited certification scheme was launched in april 1998, and\nthere is an isms users\u2019 group that enables users to exchange information\non best practice and enables members to provide feedback on a regular basis\nto national standards bodies, and through them to the international\norganization for standardization.\niso/iec 27002\nin 1998, when the original bs7799 was revised for the first time, prior to\nbecoming bs7799 part 1, references to uk legislation were removed and the\ntext was made more general. it was also made consistent with oecd guide-\nlines on privacy, information security and cryptography. its best-practice\ncontrols were made capable of implementation in a variety of legal and\ncultural environments.\nin other words, the iso/iec 27002 code of practice is intended to\nprovide a framework for international best practice in", "434d8cc2-f77c-4a59-bd9f-399634855aeb": "personnel, service providers and other interested parties on their individual\nresponsibilities and the specific procedures that should be followed.\nresponsibility for handling pii should be dealt with taking into consideration relevant legislation and\nregulations.\nappropriate technical and organizational measures to protect pii should be implemented.\nother information\na number of countries have introduced legislation placing controls on the collection, processing,\ntransmission and deletion of pii]. depending on the respective national legislation, such controls can\nimpose duties on those collecting, processing and disseminating pii and can also restrict the authority\nto transfer pii to other countries.\niso/iec 29100 provides a high-level framework for the protection of pi] within ict systems. further\ninformation on privacy information management systems can be found in iso/iec 27701. specific\ninformation regarding privacy information management for public clouds acting as pii processors can\nbe found in", "26a684e6-957d-4b78-b84f-9febb660ac3c": "it needs to cover all aspects of the business.\nfor external audit: the external auditor conducting the iso 27001 certification\naudit will check for the capacity management procedures, to check how capacity\nmanagement i monitored, forecasted, and planned for the systems to deliver optimum\nperformance levels.\na.12.1.4 separation of development, testing, and operational environment\n(iso 27001 control)\ndevelopment, testing, and operational environments should be separated to reduce the\nrisks of anybody having unauthorized access or changes to the operational environment.\nexplanation/what is required: the requirement is to maintain the development,\ntesting, and operational environments separately, employees/contractors working on\nthese environments their access must be checked and controlled, so that they do not\n168\nchapter 6 execution\nperform any unauthorized actions or changes in the system. these must be detectable\neasily for all the verification and future audit purposes, as any incident occurs", "a6900529-86e5-46eb-a083-1248558de911": "have access rights that are, to the\ngreatest extent possible, restricted to those secure areas or information\nprocessing facilities they need to access for specific times, and these access\nrights should be monitored, reviewed and, where necessary, revoked.\nsecuring offices, rooms and facilities\ncontrol a.11.1.3 requires the organization to create secure areas within the\nsecurity perimeter to protect offices, rooms and facilities that have addi-\ntional, special security requirements. a secure room may contain lockable\ncabinets or safes. secure rooms could be any rooms within the premises but\nwill certainly include server rooms, telecommunications rooms and plant\n(power and air-conditioning) rooms. some other areas (such as accounts or\nhr, or directors\u2019 offices) might also need to be secured. many ceos\u2019 offices\nshould also be treated as secure rooms.\nthere could be a clash, within organizations that are strongly committed\nto open-plan working, between the desire for openness and the need for\nsecurity. this", "1fe71e0e-b339-450e-a30c-d49236ce2423": "their isms:\n * raise awareness of the importance of information security: raise awareness of the importance of information security among all employees. this can be done through training, awareness campaigns, and other communication initiatives. * develop a budget for information security: develop a budget for information security that is proportionate to the risks you face. this budget should be reviewed and updated on a regular basis. * prioritise resources: prioritise resources and focus on the areas where you are most vulnerable. this may involve investing in security controls that are most effective in mitigating the risks you face. * work with other departments: work with other departments to ensure that you are all working towards the same goal of protecting information assets. this may involve sharing resources or developing joint security initiatives. * invest in training and development: invest in training and development for your staff so that they have the skills", "0f419244-8dab-4a9b-af45-31ed6b7afed7": "perspective of the director or business manager, rather than\nfrom that of the it specialist. it also deals primarily with the strategic and\noperational aspects of information security.\ninformation security\nthe proliferation of increasingly complex, sophisticated and global threats\nto information security, in combination with the compliance requirements\nof a flood of computer- and privacy-related regulation around the world, is\ndriving organizations to take a more strategic view of information security.\nintroduction\nit has become clear that hardware-, software- and/or vendor-driven solu-\ntions to individual information security challenges are, on their own,\ndangerously inadequate.\nwhile most organizations believe that their information systems are\nsecure, the brutal reality is that they are not. not only is it extremely difficult\nfor an organization to operate in today\u2019s world without effective informa-\ntion security, but poorly secured organizations have become risks to their\nmore responsible", "b291a425-fb9c-45a5-acf8-cc6655d0150e": "logging all response activities for future analysis\n * communicating the details of information security incident to relevant parties, both internal and external\n * addressing any contributing or causative information security weaknesses\n * formally closing and recording the incident once completely addressed and actioned\n * analysing the incident to identify the source * **a.16.1.6 learning from information security incidents** ** ** ** **once incidents are resolved, all related knowledge must be used to ensure\nprevention of future incidents. the types, volumes, and costs of information\nsecurity incidents must be quantified and monitored with effective mechanisms.\nthrough these evaluations, resulting information should be utilised\neffectively to identify and prevent recurring or high-impact incidents. * **a.16.1.7 collection of evidence** ** ** ** **procedures are required for identifying, collecting, acquiring, and\npreserving information. this evidence can be used to decide on", "60989051-00a3-4c06-839d-ceac9f299bac": "from the uk\u2019s\nisbs that there is a correlation between security expenditure and risk assess-\nments. on average, those respondents that carried out a risk assessment\nspent 8 per cent of their it budget on security. the average expenditure for\nthose that did not was 5 per cent or less. it seems likely, therefore, that those\nthat have not actually assessed their information security risks are also\nunder-investing in their security.\nthe only sensible option is to carry out a thorough assessment of the\nrisks facing the organization and then to adopt a comprehensive and system-\natic approach to information security that cost-effectively tackles those\nrisks.\nlegislation\ncertainly, organizations can legally no longer ignore the issue. there is a\ngrowing number of laws that are relevant to information security. in the\nwhy is information security necessary?\nunited kingdom, for instance, relevant laws include the companies act\n2006; the copyright, designs and patents act 1988; the computer misuse\nact 1990 (as", "340b1293-9139-451b-8b76-2b30b6df3786": "an industrial espionage operative rummaging through the waste sacks\nof the organization finds the document and makes it available to the organ-\nization\u2019s competitors, the confidentiality of the information will have been\ncompromised and the cost to the organization of the security breach starts\nincreasing dramatically.\na telephone system that crashes, losing all stored voicemail, could have a\nsignificant impact on any organization that relies on voicemail for sharing\ncritical information. such an organization needs to have thought through\nhow it will manage the security of these data.\ninevitably, the exercise to identify threats and vulnerabilities to the\nsystems cannot be carried out without also identifying vulnerabilities in\nsystems, and impacts on the organization, that are not necessarily threats to\nthe availability, confidentiality or integrity of its information, but to which\nthere is nevertheless a significant cost. an example is in digital telephone\nsystems that enable direct-line users to access", "8650f5f0-693d-4bfe-b07d-0b95b1beef83": "likely you will need the help of a specialist provider to achieve this effectively. part of\nyour planning should be to select such a provider in advance, check them out, and have\ntheir contact details to hand.\n page 48 of 79\niso/iec 27001 implementation guide\n4.1.29 a.5.29 information security during disruption\nrelevant toolkit documents\ne this control is addressed by documents in other folders - see toolkit index\nthe key point to make with regard to business continuity in the context of the iso/iec\n27001 standard is that the requirements in this control refer to the information security\naspects of your bc plan, if you have one; there is no explicit requirement to have a bc plan\nas such (this is covered by a separate international standard, iso 22301). the requirements\nare to ensure that, if a disruptive event occurs, your information remains protected as far as\npossible and that any actions you take as part of recovery do not circumvent the controls\nyou have in place (or other compensating controls", "a07c30bf-7164-4516-8a5a-effb897e65e6": "to follow the requirements from the respective certification report: it provides information on a secure installation and secure use of the software.\nafter installation:\n- older software versions should be archived if possible to enable a fallback if necessary: if there are problems with the new software/updates, a rollback should be considered to restore the previous state. the rollback procedure should be sufficiently trained.\n- changes made during installation must be recorded in change management (a-8.32) and asset management (a-5.9), and configuration data must be updated in terms of (security) settings (a-8.9).\n- provided (new) manuals and other updated documentation should be made available where needed.\nin the context of reviews, including internal and external audits, compliance with all the principles and rules mentioned above (to the extent applicable) is checked. in particular, it should be checked whether software has been installed or updated without permission or configured with", "dd4ccf2a-8410-49d0-9a3d-a4166eee4cc5": "implemented by the organization, as well as those the organization requires the\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved 33\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\nsupplier to implement for the commencement of use of a supplier\u2019s products or services or for the\ntermination of use of a supplier\u2019s products and services, such as:\na)\nb)\nc)\nd)\ne)\nf)\ng)\nh)\ni)\nk)\n))\nm)\n34\nidentifying and documenting the types of suppliers (e.g. ict services, logistics, utilities, financial\nservices, ict infrastructure components} which can affect the confidentiality, integrity and\navailability of the organization's information;\nestablishing how to evaluate and select suppliers according to the sensitivity of information,\nproducts and services (e.g. with market analysis, customer references, review of documents, on-\nsite assessments, certifications);\nevaluating and selecting supplier\u2019s products or services that have", "46be754b-a824-4288-bfbe-7a32edc2f543": "ensure that the backup systems are functional. regular testing is necessary to verify this. this \"system backup\" is also considered in the considerations of the following control a-8.14.\na-8.14 redundancy of information processing facilities\nwhen it comes to the availability of information processing facilities, redundancy comes into play as a preventive and reactive measure. failures of such facilities can be overcome by operating multiple identical or at least comparable facilities in parallel.\nsuch redundant facilities can already run in parallel during normal operation (preventive) or be put into operation only after a failure occurs (reactive). ultimately, the question arises of how much downtime is tolerable. for example, automatic takeover by an already parallel-running it system may bridge a failure of another it system without interruption.\nbased on the tolerable downtime on the one hand and the necessary time for the commissioning of redundancy on the other hand, it is easy to determine which", "c1fb64ad-cee7-483b-acbf-8190e1018110": "with\nthe organization.\nantivirus policy\nthe purpose of this policy is to help prevent the infection by computers and other\nmalicious code and to provide a virus-free environment. the goal is to prevent the\norganization\u2019s data from damage due to a virus/trojan attack.\nthis policy should cover the following issues as a best practice:\n110\nantivirus software and virus pattern files must be kept up-to-date.\nvirus-infected computers must be removed from the network until\nthey are verified as virus free or the machine has been reformatted, if\npossible.\ndo open any files or macros attached to an email from an unknown,\nsuspicious, or untrustworthy source. it\u2019s best to delete these\nattachments immediately and remove them from the trash.\ndelete spam, chain, and other junk emails without forwarding them.\nnever download files from unknown or suspicious sources.\ndo not directly share reading/writing access to the disk unless there\nis a compelling business requirement to do so.\nusb ports should be blocked on", "0d3db3b3-f50b-4e5d-a4a3-88ad2c8a00c0": "strategic direction and should be communicated effectively to all\nemployees and any relevant interested parties. the policy should also be\nreviewed and updated regularly to ensure that it remains effective and\nrelevant.s", "31f39b8d-ab3b-42f7-be67-738579dcffc0": "operation\n8.1 operational planning and control\nthe organization shall plan, implement and control the processes needed to meet requirements, and to\nimplement the actions determined in clause 6, by:\n\u2014 establishing criteria for the processes;\n\u2014 implementing control of the processes in accordance with the criteria.\ndocumented information shall be available to the extent necessary to have confidence that the\nprocesses have been carried out as planned.\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved 7\niso/iec 27001:2022(e)\nthe organization shall control planned changes and review the consequences of unintended changes,\ntaking action to mitigate any adverse effects, as necessary.\nthe organization shall ensure that externally provided processes, products or services that are relevant\nto the information security management system are controlled.\n8.2 information security risk assessment\nthe organization shall perform information security risk assessments at planned intervals or when\nsignificant changes are proposed or", "bd55d931-2db4-42ef-aad2-9ead0c0e3beb": "data carriers - alternatively, as sub-points in thematically related guidelines if they are only applicable to the topic being addressed there. we list possible rules and procedures and categorize them according to their objectives.\nacquisition, capture, and labeling\no high-quality media should be procured to ensure the long-term secure availability of data.\no new data carriers should be labeled with the name of the organization and a sequential number, etc., before being issued to users.\no acquired data carriers, data carriers received from other entities (import), and data carriers handed over to other entities (export) should be recorded in a list.\no additional labeling of the purpose of use (project, order, department, etc.) should be done on issued data carriers before their first use.\nuse\nfor all sensitive data carriers, special care should be taken to ensure appropriate physical and logical security measures, such as:\no data carriers should be protected against unauthorized access, loss, and", "589ec037-3108-40aa-8d44-fcfec353efef": "interpreting what\u2019s\nrequired for the control purely from annex a. this can have the effect of leaving a little\n\u201cwiggle room\u201d in how you approach a control\u2019s implementation.\nas previously stated, the controls are grouped into four fairly uneven categories:\ne a.5. organizational controls (37 controls)\ne a.6. people controls (8 controls)\ne a.7. physical controls (14 controls)\ne a.8. technological controls (34 controls)\nlet\u2019s take each of these in turn.\n page 36 of 79\niso/iec 27001 implementation guide\n4.1 a.5 organizational controls\nthis group is the largest of the four, and the controls in here have a largely policy and\nprocedure-driven focus, although it must be said that it\u2019s a bit of a mixed bag, ranging from\nthreat intelligence to classification of information to access control and much more. you'll\nneed significant business engagement in putting these controls in place as they also cover\ntopics such as project management, supplier relationships, cloud services and intellectual\nproperty", "e1a50c49-e822-4976-8b30-88b00d541e84": "to obtain\nunauthorized access to any program or data held in the computer; the\nsecond is to use this unauthorized access to commit one or more offences;\nthe third is to carry out an unauthorized modification of any computer\nmaterial. the cma allows for penalties in the form of both fines and\nimprisonment,\nthe cma basically outlaws, within the united kingdom, hacking and\nthe introduction of computer viruses. it initially had a significant impact on\n345\n346\nit governance\nthe computer policies of universities, often seen as the source of much of this\nsort of activity. it does have other implications for computer users in the\nunited kingdom. anyone using someone else\u2019s user name without proper\nauthorization is potentially committing an offence. anyone copying data\nwho is not specifically authorized is potentially committing an offence. it\nalso has relevance for organizations whose employees may be using organi-\nzational facilities to hack other sites or otherwise commit offences identified\nunder the act.", "2dd4eb19-08b1-4f6f-ac9f-d593d63caf40": "information security processes and\nprocedures. a successful risk assessment process will help your organization:\n * identify and understand specific scenarios in which information, systems, or services could be compromised or affected\n * determine the likelihood or probable frequency with which these scenarios could occur\n * evaluate the impact each scenario could cause to the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the information, systems, and services\n * rank risk scenarios based on overall risk to the organization\u2019s objectives\nin order to ensure an effective risk assessment, you will need to establish a\nrisk management framework. this framework should be documented in the form of\na policy or procedure to ensure a consistent methodology is used when\nanalyzing, communicating, and treating risks.\n### develop a risk treatment plan\nafter completion of a risk assessment, your company will be positioned to\ndevelop a risk treatment plan documenting your response plan, including the\nactions that will", "64c4a68a-f0c1-4ae8-865a-90a72a9e7fd7": "inside the organisation, it is\nimportant to identify precisely the contribution they are\nexpected to make to the risk management process.\niso 27001 requires (clause 5.3) that \u201ctop management shall\nensure that the responsibilities and authorities for roles\nrelevant to information security are assigned and\ncommunicated.\u201d this sentiment is supported by iso 27005\n(clause 7.4), which states that \u201cthe organization and\nresponsibilities for the information security risk management\nprocess should be set up and maintained.\u201d this must,\nobviously, include apportioning key duties in relation to risk\nmanagement.\nsenior management commitment\nwithout senior-level management commitment it is unlikely\nan iso 27001 project would get as far as a risk assessment,\nbut if it did, it certainly would not get much further.\nin our experience, the risk assessment stage of the project is\none of the most testing. the sheer amount of time and effort\nrequired to undertake a risk assessment that is sufficiently\ndetailed to meet the", "c601cd56-a5ee-4df0-84fb-3bd20153f46f": "be found in iso/iec 27010,\n27011, 27017, 27018 and 27019.\niso/iec 27001 conformance\niso/iec 27001 conformance can be assured with reference control superset\nbecause:\na) it contains all the annex a controls;\nb) they are mapped one-to-one with the reference superset controls;\nc) the necessary controls specifications are known; and\nd) all excluded annex a controls can be identified.\ntherefore, it is possible to fulfil the requirements of iso/iec clauses 6.1.3 c) and\n6.1.3 d).\nstructure of the reference control superset\nthe controls are arranged in four major sections according to the predominate\nnature of who, or what implements the control. they therefore classed as:\niso/iec 27001:2013 \u2014 mastering risk assessment and the statement of applicability 47\nchapter 4 \u2014 statement of applicability\norganisational controls;\npeople controls;\nphysical controls; or\ntechnological controls.\npwns\nreference superset control attributes\neach control has four attributes:\n1. an annex a control reference if the", "9b023bb7-721f-47ee-8af1-a89ad0d3c3fd": "management\nevery organization deals with projects in one way or another: developing a product, setting up its production, advising a customer on building a data center, undertaking construction projects of various sizes, etc.\nprofessional project management involves standardizing all phases of a project and implementing processes for documentation, evidence management, acceptance of results, handling complaints, and warranty cases (for customer projects). in essence, it establishes a management system for project execution. in practice, project management often involves a project manual that provides detailed descriptions of these elements and must be followed.\ncontrol a-5.8 refers to the integration of information security in all projects of an organization.\nwhat does this mean? projects generate information that is processed and exchanged among project participants. this raises questions about the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information, as well as the integrity and availability", "72e71eda-acb9-4d31-ae41-f044f90b050d": "this standardized treatment of supplier relationships is that the organization's security management is involved before concluding a service contract and has the opportunity to incorporate the necessary information security requirements into the contract.\nat the latest, when there are many suppliers in the organization, each managed by different entities, it would be advisable to create and enforce a unified policy for the treatment of supplier relationships. the content should include the following points - they essentially represent the first level of structure for the policy:\n- the selection process for new suppliers\n- contract design, particularly regarding information security (but also regarding data protection)\n- permissibility or inadmissibility of subcontractors\"\nern (see also a-5.21)\ne possible security problems when starting the agreed service, i.e. at the beginning of performance\ne the secure handling of suppliers during the provision of services\ne security requirements for the eventual end", "7b368098-9570-411a-9f08-b72df1c6cb7a": "statement form of the\nquestion(s) as the specification. use the rtp identifier as the reason for\ninclusion.\n3. for all questions with \u2018no\u2019 answers and annex a references, declare as an\nexcluded annex a control, together with your reason for why the measure is\nunnecessary.\nisoaec 27001:2013 \u2014 mastering risk assessment and the statement of applicability 49\nchapter 4 \u2014 statement of applicability\ncustom controls can be located anywhere in the soa, but as a separate entry to\nany annex a entry. recommended places are:\nm@ atthe end of the soa under a heading of \u2018custom controls\u2019; and\n\u2122 near the entry for the annex a control referenced in the immediately\npreceding question in appendix c.\nan alternative, modern layout\nsince the standard specifies what the soa must contain but not how it should be\nstructured, alternative layouts are permitted. however, they are unusual.\nthe overall structure in this case is\na) necessary organisational controls\nb) necessary people controls\nc) necessary physical controls\nd)", "a9735efa-1a8d-41c4-b4b3-ae568bbec608": "accurate asset\ninventory (control a.5.9 inventory of information and other associated assets) so that you\nknow what you\u2019re dealing with. an approach that begins to label all new assets from a\ncertain date will make you feel you are starting to get some control over the issue, whilst\nconsidering how to address the historical items. information assets should have owners and\nthey are the ones who should be looking at labelling so it\u2019s not all down to a single person or\ndepartment to achieve it; spread the load as much as possible.\ngrouping items with the same classification level will also help to make things clear without\na huge administrative overhead. maybe everything held in a room is confidential and locking\nthe door and labelling it as such will be enough to meet the need. you may need to invest in\na stamp for existing paper copies that need to be individually labelled, but obviously items\nthat are printed in the future should be electronically labelled using headers, footers,\nwatermarks etc.\nthere are", "dca794b3-5892-4f1e-9081-87774fa3ec75": "value(s) of each attribute for the given control;\n\u2014 control: what the control is;\n\u2014 purpose: why the control should be implemented;\n\u2014 guidance: how the control should be implemented;\n\u2014 other information: explanatory text or references to other related documents.\nsubheadings are used in the guidance text for some controls to aid readability where guidance is lengthy\nand addresses multiple topics. such headings are not necessarily used in all guidance text. subheadings\nare underlined.\n5 organizational controls\n5.1 policies for information security\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational security domains\nsecurity properties concepts capabilities\n#preventive #confidentiality #identify #governance #governance_and_eco-\n#integrity system #resilience\n#availability\ncontrol\ninformation security policy and topic-specific policies should be defined, approved by management,\npublished, communicated to and acknowledged by relevant personnel and relevant interested parties,\nand reviewed at planned", "0efced3b-5652-4347-8406-5a332b5a830f": "are often tied into legal\nrequirements, such as privacy and data protection, and may\nbe more applicable to some industries than others (e.g.\nhealthcare).\nenvironmental constraints: space availability, climatic\nconditions, geography, and so on can all influence the\nselection of controls.\nease of use: controls should be selected for optimal ease of\nuse while achieving acceptable residual risk to the\norganisation.\npersonnel constraints: the necessary expertise can be\nexpensive, difficult to source or otherwise limit the range of\ncontrols that can be selected.\nconstraints of integrating new and existing controls: new\ncontrols may be limited by or hinder existing controls.\nit is not possible to provide total security against every single\nrisk. it is possible to provide effective security against most\nrisks, but the risks can change and so the process of\nreviewing and assessing risks and controls is an essential,\nongoing one.\nclause 6.1.3 of iso 27001 requires the organisation to select\nappropriate controls,", "fc2781dc-c064-47a8-88cf-79993c6501e7": "security\nwords, an extension of the requirements (see chapter 3) that managers\nshould be visibly committed to supporting the isms. is027002\u2019s guidance\non this control includes ensuring that staff (employees and contractors) are:\nproperly briefed on their roles and responsibilities before they are granted\naccess to sensitive information or information systems (evidenced by their\n(electronic) signature on their access rights document (see chapter 12);\nmotivated to fulfil their roles and conform to the policies (evidenced through\nthe internal audit process); aware of information security threats, risks and\nvulnerabilities; and will maintain their competence.\nclauses 7.2 and 7.3 of the standard and control a.7.2 (information secu-\nrity awareness and training) require the organization to ensure that its\nemployees and contractors are aware of information security threats as well\nas their responsibilities and liabilities, and that it has appropriately compe-\ntent personnel. the objective of this clause is simply", "17441119-27b1-4d56-b1df-e05b9137aa7b": "acceptance criteria. minute the meeting.\nstep 12: perform all required changes to the documented information for the risk\ntreatment results. repeat as necessary until the results are approved.\nstep 13: record a reference to the risk assessment results approval meeting in the\nrtp10 form element.\nstep 14: if this is the first plan, say so in the rtp11 form element. otherwise record\na reference to the previous plan and indicate how and why they were changed.\nisoaec 27001:2013 \u2014 mastering risk assessment and the statement of applicability 43\nchapter 4 \u2014 statement of applicability\nintroduction\nthis chapter presents a prescription for producing a statement of applicability\n(soa) that conforms to the requirements of iso/iec 27001 clauses 6.1.3 c) and d).\nthis chapter expands on the explanation of these clauses given in chapter 3.\nthe chapter presents two approaches to determining the content of the soa. your\norganisation\u2019s choice, however, depends on its choice for producing the rtps \u2014 the\noptimum approach", "2fbf9a41-d772-45da-bfef-4414bb63bfe8": "management needs to look over the report and take the audit results into account. make sure that any essential changes and corrective measures are put into place.\nget a full breakdown of how to conduct an internal audit.\n## undergoing external audits: what to expect\nyou will be in touch with your auditor before the external audit takes place\nto agree on an audit that includes resources and timelines for the audit.\nin general, there are four types of external audits:\n * **stage 1 audit:** this is the documentation review audit, whereby the external auditor analyses if your organisation has all the necessary documentation in place for a fully functioning isms. your documents need to cover the documentation required in the iso/iec 27001 standard. the certification body will take the time to gain a sufficient understanding of the isms design in the context of your organization, risk assessment and treatment (including the controls determined), information security policy and objectives. a large emphasis", "ff849e25-f654-43d8-81df-66889dd524d4": "required for all forms of\ninformation:\nconfidentiality [is defined as] information not made available or disclosed\nto unauthorized individuals, entities or processes.\nintegrity [is defined as] the property of accuracy and completeness.\navailability [is defined as] being accessible and usable upon demand by an\nauthorized entity.\navailability is particularly important to cloud-based businesses, or those\nengaged in e-commerce or social media. a business that depends for its very\nexistence on the availability of its website, but that fails to take adequate\nsteps to ensure that the site is up, running and running properly at all times,\nis likely to fail as a business much more quickly than a traditional bricks-\nand-mortar business that is unable to open its shop doors for a few days.\nmembers of the board, the management team and the staff of the organ-\nization should all understand that these are the definitions of these words,\nand they should be prominently described and set out in the early briefings\nto", "a53da451-74c6-4ce6-891e-4a8a25a70491": "information (printed or digital) that is no longer\nneeded must be discarded securely by using appropriate shredders.\ne when you are away from your desk for a short duration, such as\nduring lunch/tea breaks or meetings, sensitive business information\nshould be kept in locked drawers and laptops/desktops access\nscreens should be locked. for example, you can use ctrl+alt+del or\nwin+l to lock windows-based systems.\ne\u00ab employees must not leave portable devices such as laptops or pdas\nunattended and should physically lock these devices while away from\nthe office.\ne no loose papers should be allowed on the desks or floor.\ne by default, workstations should not have access to printers.\ne\u00ab automated system lockout should be enabled with information\nsecurity screen savers.\nchange management policy\nthe purpose of this policy is to define how changes to information security are managed\nand controlled, because when an organization undergoes changes in terms of business\nprocesses, tools, and technologies, the", "57b4dbfa-4b8d-413a-835c-b6da36352a21": "organization network and will help in preventing network intrusion attacks.\nthe main aim of network segregation is to put restrictions on accessing sensitive\ninformation, hosts, and services. hence, segregation measures must be assessed as\nper the access control policy before implementation, as it can impact the network\nperformance.\nthe organization can do the following to segregate the networks:\ne create separate network domains by assessing each domain trust\nlevel.\ne\u00ab for each domain, define its perimeter as it helps to control the access\nbetween network domains using a gateway.\ne organizations must put more focus on wireless networks as they are\nto be considered as external connections. access to the sensitive/\nconfidential information over wireless network is not to be allowed\nunless and until it is allowed by the firewall as per meeting the\ndefined set rules and network control policy.\n183\nchapter 6 execution\nevidence that can be prepared:\ne network control policy\ne access control policy\ne", "cf0ce827-8635-4961-a92f-132c89403314": "reliability and availability of the transfer service;\ng) the topic-specific policy or guidelines on acceptable use of information transfer facilities (see 5.10);\nh) retention and disposal guidelines for all business records, including messages;\nnote local legislation and regulations can exist regarding retention and disposal of business records.\ni) the consideration of any other relevant legal, statutory, regulatory and contractual requirements\n(see 5.31, 5.32, 5.33, 5.34) related to transfer of information (e.g. requirements for electronic\nsignatures).\nelectronic transfer\nrules, procedures and agreements should also consider the following items when using electronic\ncommunication facilities for information transfer:\na) detection of and protection against malware that can be transmitted through the use of electronic\ncommunications (see 8.7);\nb) protection of communicated sensitive electronic information that is in the form of an attachment;\nc) prevention against sending documents and messages in", "e59767d8-a77b-459b-9c3a-1b15c7637bb3": "and mental differences in the individual countries are also to be considered as part of the environment.\nat least recommendations and guidelines have (technical, administrative) requirements from (industry) associations and organizations.\nthis environment of an organization is referred to as the context of an organization in the iso 27000 series as a whole. this context is the starting point for the establishment of the so-called information security management system, abbreviated as isms. all information describing the context is referred to as context information.\nthey are sorted according to their source: requirements or expectations brought to the organization from outside belong to the external context, requirements/expectations stemming from the organization itself form the internal context.\n12. interested parties\nin the standard, this term refers to external individuals or institutions that are affected by the information security of our organization and/or have certain expectations of it. here", "f63dd7af-d6c2-412f-ab54-121a2c69074c": "topic \u2014 a.5.23\ninformation security for use of cloud services.\nyou will need a policy to define your approach to supplier security, together with a risk\nassessment process which helps to focus on those that justify more time being spent on\nthem. further actions could include second-party audits, examination of supplier\ncertifications (such as iso/iec 27001) and review of supplier access to your organization\u2019s\nassets, including your network.\na chain is only as strong as its weakest link and if you share sensitive information with your\nsuppliers then the standard requires you to take adequate measures to ensure that they\nprotect it as well as you do. this may be achieved via a combination of second party audits\n(see supplier information security evaluation process), contractual agreements and strong\naccess control over remote links to and from suppliers.\nmuch of this will depend on how important a customer you are to your suppliers; small\norganizations who are customers of large suppliers may have less", "60467439-f6c0-4d20-ac24-4bab42b494e2": "experts such as dataguard or an external\nconsultant, you may receive documentation templates that will help cut down on\nyour manual work significantly compared to creating them from scratch.\n## what is an audit, and why is it important?\nan audit is basically the process of checking that your isms meets the\nrequirements and criteria of a standard. if you are certifying against iso\n27001, it will be the requirements of the iso 27001 standard.\naudits ensure the success of your isms by identifying information security\nnon-conformities and can be either internal or external. internal audits can\nbe carried out using the organisations\u2019 own resources \u2014 whether that\u2019s\ninternal employees of the company or contracted independent consultants (2nd\nparty auditors).\nexternal audits are carried out by a certification body, external partners or\ncustomers who want to assess the isms on their own terms. the latter is rather\nthe exception than the rule \u2014 when referring to an external audit, a\ncertification body is meant in", "528305ce-c105-4060-9d68-3d943f2ca358": "the extent to which they will\naccept risks and how they wish to control them. management\nneeds to specify its approach, in general and in particular, so\nthat the business can be managed within that context. as we\nhave indicated, risk assessment, as an activity, should be\napproached within the context of the organisation\u2019s broader\nerm framework.\nall too often, organisations enter into risk management\nwithout considering that the practice must be part of\nsomething larger. a risk assessment is not an end in itself: a\nrisk assessment must provide outputs that are useful to the\norganisation. the goal of a risk assessment methodology\nmust be to effect the organisation\u2019s isms.\nwhile iso 27002 is a code of practice, iso/iec 27001:2013\n(iso 27001) is a specification that sets out the requirements\nfor an isms. iso 27001 is explicit in requiring that an\ninformation security risk assessment is used to inform the\n12\nintroduction\nselection of controls.* risk assessment, as we\u2019ve said, is\ntherefore the core competence", "6333ff62-263b-4f4d-8a0a-aff528a5381e": "authorized users. if the data is secured but not available\nwhen it\u2019s requested, this can be a big risk to the company. say you go to the bank to\nwithdraw some money from your account, but the bank official tells you that service is\nnot available at that time. you will likely lose faith in that bank. availability is ensured\nby continuously maintaining the hardware and software. it is important to ensure an\noptimal environment that is free from software conflicts. security equipment, such as\nfirewalls and proxy servers, can guard against downtime and ensure protection from\ndenial of service (dos) attacks.\ninformation\nsecurity\n2 3\nintegrity confidentiality\nfigure 1-2. the cia triad\nchapter 1 the need for information security\nwhy is it important to safeguard information?\nsafeguarding information is essential to protecting yourself and your organization\nagainst malicious or misguided attacks. as examples of what can happen when your data\nis not secure, this section describes some real security breaches", "e56979ca-a56b-4681-88cd-688ac93b4d8c": "ensure that all\npersonnel are competent to perform the tasks assigned to them in the isms.\nthis will require the organization to determine the competences required,\nfirst of the forum members and later of those charged with implementation.\nthis chapter has pointed at the range of competences that may be required,\nand final decisions should be documented. see also the discussion on train-\ning in chapter 8.\nas soon as the members of the implementation team have been chosen,\nand once their mission and role have been explained to them, it will be\nnecessary to give them some initial exposure to the standard and to informa-\ntion security. there are a number of ways that this can be done. one is to\nsend them on a foundations of information security management training\ncourse, which is a one-day seminar designed to inform and assist delegates\nwho need a clear introduction to the principles and objectives of informa-\ntion security management. such a course should be suitable as a general\nintroduction to the subject", "c4aa5c1f-251f-4248-b09a-8e6b31f379c4": "parties. 6. keep your documentation up to date. 7. be prepared to demonstrate your compliance with clause 4.2 to auditors.\n#### here are some additional tips:\n * as is crucial throughout the entire isms creation/maintenance journey, get buy-in from senior management. the success of your isms depends on the support of senior management. make sure that they understand the importance of clause 4.2 and are committed to meeting its requirements. * involve interested parties in the development and implementation of your isms. this will help to ensure that their needs and expectations are met. they will appreciate the transparency, and this can help build trust. * always conduct regular reviews of your isms to ensure that it remains effective in meeting the needs and expectations of interested parties.\nby following these tips, you can increase your chances of success in\nimplementing and maintaining an isms that meets the requirements of iso\n27001:2022.", "4c927933-65b6-4cb2-8822-4779ac4ab455": "can\nhave a direct impact on an organization\u2019s reputation. therefore, governing bodies, as part of their\ngovernance responsibilities, are increasingly required to have oversight of information security to\nensure the objectives of the organization are achieved.\n5.4.9 iso/iec tr 27016\ninformation technology \u2014 security techniques \u2014 information security management \u2014 organizational\neconomics\nscope: this document provides a methodology allowing organizations to better understand\neconomically how to more accurately value their identified information assets, value the potential\nrisks to those information assets, appreciate the value that information protection controls deliver to\nthese information assets, and determine the optimum level of resources to be applied in securing these\ninformation assets.\npurpose: this document supplements the isms family of standards by overlaying an economics\nperspective in the protection of an organization\u2019s information assets in the context of the wider societal\nenvironment in", "7bbe5de7-ee86-44b2-8015-0003260b2eec": "an information security management\nsystem (isms) including its processes and controls;\nc) the analysing and the evaluating of the results of monitoring and measurement.\npurpose: iso/iec 27004 provides a framework allowing an assessment of isms effectiveness to be\nmeasured and evaluated in accordance with iso/iec 27001.\n5.4.4 iso/iec 27005\ninformation technology \u2014 security techniques \u2014 information security risk management\nscope: this document provides guidelines for information security risk management. the approach\ndescribed within this document supports the general concepts specified in iso/iec 27001.\npurpose: iso/iec 27005 provides guidance on implementing a process-oriented risk management\napproach to assist in satisfactorily implementing and fulfilling the information security risk\nmanagement requirements of iso/iec 27001.\n5.4.5 iso/iec 27007\ninformation technology \u2014 security techniques \u2014 guidelines for information security management systems\nauditing\nscope: this document provides guidance on", "4260d0c8-6e32-4810-8591-cf2f39c14777": "support-\ning information services shall be protected from interception,\ninterference or damage.\ncontrol\nequipment mainte-\nnance equipment shall be correctly maintained to ensure its continued\navailability and integrity.\ncontrol\nremoval of assets equipment, information or software shall not be taken off-site\nwithout prior authorization.\nsecurity of equipment | control\nand assets off-prem- | security shall be applied to off-site assets taking into account the\nises different risks of working outside the organization's premises.\ncontrol\nsecure disposal or re- | a} items of equipment containing storage media shall be verified\nuse of equipment to ensure that any sensitive data and licensed software has been\nremoved or securely overwritten prior to disposal or re-use.\ncontrol\nunattended user on\nequipment users shall ensure that unattended equipment has appropriate\nprotection.\ncontrol\nclear desk andclear | 4 clear desk policy for papers and removable storage media and\nscreen policy aclear screen policy for", "1e20e209-1a7a-44f2-a491-5f4b71de4fdf": "prepared to apply themselves just a little bit to take advantage of the\nopportunities identified above.\nwhat do these trends, and all these statistics from so many organizations in\nso many countries (and information security professionals would argue\nthat, as most organizations don\u2019t yet know that their defences have already\nbeen breached, the statistics are only the tip of the iceberg), mean in real\nterms to individual organizations? in simple, brutal terms, they mean that:\n- no organization is immune.\n- every organization, at some time, will suffer one or more of the disrup-\ntions, abuses or attacks identified in these pages.\n- businesses will be disrupted. downtime in business-critical systems such\nas enterprise resource planning (erp) systems can be catastrophic for an\norganization. however quickly service is restored, there will be an\nunwanted and unnecessary cost in doing so. at other times, lost data may\nhave to be painstakingly reconstructed and sometimes will be lost forever.\n+ privacy will be", "d3e7d23b-5dd0-4c0f-b022-f0cae44c0d28": "access permissions based on identity, device, location or application;\n2) leveraging the classification scheme in order to determine what information needs to be\nprotected with dynamic access management techniques;\nb) establishing operational, monitoring and reporting processes and supporting technical\ninfrastructure.\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved 85\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\ndynamic access management systems should protect information by:\na) requiring authentication, appropriate credentials or a certificate to access information;\nb) restricting access, for example to a specified time frame (e.g. after a given date or until a particular\ndate);\nc) using encryption to protect information;\nd) defining the printing permissions for the information;\ne) recording who accesses the information and how the information is used;\nf) raising alerts if attempts to misuse the information are", "f1885b80-0dda-4f8f-b758-4253effc22dc": "soft-\nsystems ware on operational systems.\na.12.6 technical vulnerability management\nobjective: to prevent exploitation of technical vulnerabilities.\ncontrol\nmanagement of techni- information about technical vulnerabilities of information systems\ncal vulnerabilities being used shall be obtained in a timely fashion, the organization's\nexposure to such vulnerabilities evaluated and appropriate meas-\nures taken to address the associated risk.\ncontrol\nrestrictions on soft-\nware installation rules governing the installation of software by users shall be\nestablished and implemented.\na.12.7 information systems audit considerations\nobjective: to minimise the impact of audit activities on operational systems.\ncontrol\ninformation systems | audit requirements and activities involving verification of opera-\naudit controls tional systems shall be carefully planned and agreed to minimise\ndisruptions to business processes.\n38\nchapter 2 assessing needs and scope\nresponsibility\nthe it and facility teams are", "bd027d31-5109-4cff-9ced-37822cbdbd76": "arise\nd) considering improvements arising from following inplementation and measurement of the isms\ne) give strategic direction to the isms (both during the implementation project and in operation), and\nf) liaison between senior management and the implementation project team and information security people.\n2. roles for the information security planning team\nthe project team responsible for the isms, when planning the project, should be assisted by members who\nhave a broad understanding of the important information assets within the isms scope, and have enough\nknowledge to consider how to handle this information. for example, when determining how to handle\ninformation assets, there might be different opinions among departments within the isms scope, so there\nmight be a need to adjust the positive and negative effects of the plan. the project team is required to work as\na coordinator of conflicts across departmental boundaries. to do this, its members need communication skills\nfounded on their experiences", "a09cf027-0969-4697-be7f-5b164576751e": "flooding occurs;\nc) electrical surges: adopting systems able to protect both server and client information systems\nagainst electrical surges or similar events to minimize the consequences of such events;\nd) explosives and weapons: performing random inspections for the presence of explosives or weapons\non personnel, vehicles or goods entering sensitive information processing facilities.\nother information\nsafes or other forms of secure storage facilities can protect information stored therein against disasters\nsuch as a fire, earthquake, flood or explosion.\norganizations can consider the concepts of crime prevention through environmental design when\ndesigning the controls to secure their environment and reduce urban threats. for example, instead of\nusing bollards, statues or water features can serve as both a feature and a physical barrier.\n7.6 working in secure areas\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational security domains\nsecurity properties concepts capabilities\n#preventive", "944e509b-0071-4349-9b46-21755e41ae14": "such scenarios, it\u2019s important to\nreview/revoke the access accordingly.\nevidence that can be prepared: the human resources (hr) department typically\nmanages employee exits and transfers, so hr should define the policy that covers these\nscenarios and should ensure that this information is communicated to employees and\ncontractors.\nthe evidence can be an employee exit form on which every department lists the\ninformation for which access needs to be revoked and assets to be returned. on their\nlast day, the employee must return all the assets issued by every department. every\ndepartment head must sign the employee exit form to confirm that the employee has\nreturned all assets. once the employee exit form has been signed by every department\nhead, then the hr department should relieve the employee by providing a company\nrelieving certificate or an experience certificate (as per the human resources norms/\nstandards).\nnote organizations that do not use a paper-based approach for the employee\nexit form can use", "28e846f5-f217-4ef0-bdcd-43629f8532ae": "formed into the set of\nactivities resulting in the policies, objectives, processes and procedures to handle and improve\ninformation security in relation to the organization\u2019s needs and risks.\nb) ict security \u2014 covers aspects of information security specifically related to the responsibility of the ict\noperations for risk reduction. this is to fulfil the requirements set by the organization and the technical\nimplementation of controls to reduce risks.\nc) physical security \u2014 covers aspects of information security specifically related to the responsibility of the\nhandling of the physical environment, such as buildings and their infrastructure for risk reduction. this is\nto fulfil the requirements set by the organization and the technical implementation of controls to reduce\nrisks.\nd) isms specific \u2014 covers the aspects of the different specific requirements for an isms according to\niso/iec 27001:2005, apart from what is covered in the other three areas. the focus is on certain\nactivities that should be", "505e6deb-64a4-41bb-b319-84d7aedc13a5": "in\naugust, iso/iec 27001:2022 was published by the international accreditation\nforum (iaf), replacing the previous iso 27001:2013.\nin the 2022 version, alongside a name change and editorial adjustments, the\ncontrols were revised, supplemented, and reorganised. 114 controls and 14\ncategories were reduced to 93 controls in four categories. additionally,\neleven controls were added. learn more in our chapter on iso 27001 controls in\nannex a.\nwhat impacts does iso 2022 have on companies?\nthe changes in the new iso 2022 are noticeable, but there's no need to worry.\na complete change in approach is not required. instead, the adjustments align\nwith a growing understanding of information security.\nimportant to note: a 36-month transition period, during which certified\ncompanies can adapt their measures to the new version for recertification.\nthis aligns with the regular audit process, as certified organisations must\nrepeat their audit every three years to maintain certification.\nkey dates:\nthe iso 27001:2022", "40b74c25-e815-4664-94b3-a88db66f7ab2": "maintaining it.\nschedule the meeting\nlook for a suitable day to schedule the management review meeting, ensuring that\nall members can attend. send the invite to all the participants/stakeholders at least\ntwo weeks in advance so that they can mark their calendars and have enough time to\nprepare. otherwise, participants might feel that they don\u2019t time to prepare and nobody\nwants to go in front of management unprepared.\npreparing the presentation\nthe easiest way to present the data is to prepare a slideshow presentation. the\ninformation security team should prepare a common template, which will be helpful\nfor all the participants to follow. when all participants prepare their presentation in\ntheir own formats, it takes participants more time to understand and there is a chance\nthat important points regarding security controls might get missed. using a predefined\ncommon format is advisable. if there are specific points that need to be part of the\nformat, they can always be added (the information security", "2bbb2671-c748-4a62-8feb-2ec7675174d7": "of all business partners and thus\ncontributes to the expansion of business opportunities.\niso 27001 has now become the \"gold standard\" for management systems for\ninformation security and is used in many organizations as an integral part of\ntheir it governance, risk, and compliance management procedures.\nnow that we have clarified the term isms, let's look at how the iso 27001\nframework is used and how the two are connected.\n## how does iso 27001 work?\niso 27001 is an approach to information that focuses on risks, data\nprotection, and cybersecurity. its main concern is to identify risks to\ninformation security and systematically address them through control measures.\nthe iso 27001 standard is divided into so-called clauses (clauses) and\ncontrols (measures) to structure the predefined framework clearly.\n### iso 27001 clauses: what is it and what are there?\niso 27001 is the international standard for the implementation of information\nsecurity. but how do companies apply the standard, and what are", "36d69579-7131-4842-bba8-9c91a5008484": "impact of\nfuture incidents.\ncontrol\na16.1.7 |collection of evidence |the organization shall define and apply procedures for the iden-\ntification, collection, acquisition and preservation of information,\nwhich can serve as evidence.\na.17 information security aspects of business continuity management\na.17.1 information security continuity\nobjective: information security continuity shall be embedded in the organization\u2019s business continu-\nity management systems.\ncontrol\na171.1 planning information the organization shall determine its requirements for information\nsecurity continuity security and the continuity of information security management in\nadverse situations, e.g. during a crisis or disaster.\ncontrol\nimplementing infor- | the organization shall establish, document, implement and main-\na.17.1.2 mation security conti- |tain processes, procedures and controls to ensure the required\nnuity level of continuity for information security during an adverse situa-\ntion.\n20 \u00a9 iso/iec 2013 - all rights", "42f26da4-d4a3-430f-b1a2-9817d00c78be": "or\nhard copies.\norganizational data, such as trade secrets, product designs, and customer\ninformation, is also at risk and must be secured.\nthere are various ways and means to protect information. in this book, you will learn\nabout the various best practices. to explain these best practices, the book uses the iso\n27001 information security standard, which is recognized internationally.\nthe following section discusses data and information, so you have a broader\nunderstanding of information security.\ndata\ndata can be any raw fact used to make decisions. data is defined as a group of numbers,\nletters, special characters in the form of text, images, voice recordings, and so on. for\nexample, the number 1034778 could be a bank account number, an enrollment number\nat a university, a vehicle number, and so on. the number in this example is just raw fact\nand hence it\u2019s called data.\ninformation\ninformation is data that can be processed to provide meaning. information can be\nrelated data that enables you to make", "3c2ff789-3d57-4bef-a4f0-0685aa5296f5": "proximity to information processing\nfacilities. most it specialists will probably say that eating and drinking\nshould not be allowed anywhere near it equipment. somehow, sometimes,\nthis does not also apply to them! direct experience suggests that very\nlittle of any real significance ever happens in the general office as a result\nof people eating or drinking at their desks. sometimes, paper-based\ninformation is damaged, but computers rarely are. the debris left by\npeople eating in the office can attract rodents and often leaves unattractive\nodours, but these tend to be the limits of their impacts. the one place\nwhere eating and drinking should certainly be banned (apart, obviously,\nfrom clean facilities or anywhere that is specifically designated as a clean\narea) is the server room. eating and drinking inevitably leaves debris,\nwhich, because the server room is not (or should not be) accessible to the\ncleaners, accumulates and can have a negative impact on stored data or\nthe machinery. eating and drinking are", "decdd159-5911-4088-97d1-4fb958e7044f": "identifying information assets and assessing\nrisk. if management decides to exclude certain parts of the organization from the scope of the isms, their\nreasons for doing so should be documented.\nwhen the scope of the isms is defined, it is important that its boundaries are clear enough to be explained to\nthose who were not involved in its definition.\nsome controls relating to information security may already be in existence as a result of the deployment of\nother management systems. these should be taken into account when planning the isms, but will not\nnecessarily indicate the boundaries of the scope for the current isms.\none method of defining organizational boundaries is to identify those areas of responsibility which are non-\noverlapping to ease assignment of accountability within an organization.\nresponsibilities directly related to information assets or business processes included in the isms scope\nshould be selected as a part of organization which is under control of the isms. while defining", "71402c11-ea8b-4812-a030-69b331e5a987": "\u201cnever trust and always verify\u201d approach for access to information systems;\nc) ensuring that requests to information systems are encrypted end-to-end;\nd) verifying each request to an information system as if it originated from an open, external network,\neven if these requests originated internal to the organization (i.e. not automatically trusting\nanything inside or outside its perimeters);\ne) using \"least privilege\" and dynamic access control techniques (see 5.15, 5.18 and 8.2). this includes\nauthenticating and authorizing requests for information or to systems based on contextual\ninformation such as authentication information (see 5.17), user identities (see 5.16), data about the\nuser endpoint device, and data classification (see 5.12);\nf) always authenticating requesters and always validating authorization requests to information\nsystems based on information including authentication information (see 5.17) and user identities\n(5.16), data about the user endpoint device, and data classification (see", "81798d9b-ac41-4719-b092-761af0a09229": "encrypted using products and methods approved\nby the security officer, such as full disk encryption with pre-boot\nauthentication.\ne portable devices, including laptops, tablets, and smartphones cannot\nbe used for the long-term storage of any confidential information.\ne data transmission must be secure. for example, if the organization has\nan ecommerce site, the data must be transmitted on a secure channel.\nthis policy should also cover the key management procedure that an organization\nwants to follow. for example:\ne keys in storage and transit should be encrypted. private keys are kept\nconfidential.\ne keys should be randomly chosen from the entire key space, using\nhardware-based randomization.\nnote under certain situations, the organization may grant or issue an exception\nto the use of encryption on portable computing devices and non-organization\nowned computing devices containing confidential data.\ninformation security policy\nthe purpose of the information security policy is to provide complete", "fda44c42-9a17-46f7-ba96-19227f1167ed": "control for external users, they do not actively\nanalyse the traffic for attacks or search the network for vulnerabilities.\nin particular, firewalls do not address the threats posed by insiders. ids\npackages can be sourced through major vendors of security products and\nthrough the security sites on the internet. in considering ids packages, the\ntotal cost of ownership will be important, and the organization must be\nclear on how it will deal practically with the output of the detection system.\nthere should also be regular scans of the network for the existence of\nunauthorized wireless access points.\nlarge organizations, or organizations that need to run large networks\nor complicated mixes of services dealing with a complex web of partners,\ncustomers and vendors, should consider constructing the network as a\nwhole. this will require the input of a network specialist, and the organiza-\ntion chosen to provide this service should be able to point to similar solutions\nsuccessfully implemented for similar clients", "7a6fff62-ab25-45b9-8f35-b7607de92b87": "team (an\nattribute), and that outputs will relate to three phases of\nassessment.\n2! see attps://resources.sei.cmu.edu/library/asset-\nview.cfm?asseid=30905 1.\n40\n2: risk assessment methodologies\nto apply octave, a small team from across the\norganisation works together to consider the security needs of\nthe organisation while balancing operational risk, security\npractices and technology. this team is known as the analysis\nteam.\noctave factors all aspects of risk into decision-making.\nthat is to say, it considers assets, threats, vulnerabilities and\norganisational impact and includes them in the process.\noctave requires the analysis team to follow a specific\nseries of steps:\n1. identify information-related assets that are important to\nthe organisation.\n2. focus risk analysis activities on those assets judged to\nbe most critical.\n3. consider the relationships among critical assets, the\nthreats to those assets, and vulnerabilities that can be\nexploited by the threats.\n4. evaluate risks in an operational", "456df9c4-3f2b-46db-b3ab-f593033d2a01": "points. the most important site for a microsoft network is, of\ncourse, www.microsoft.com (archived at https://perma.cc/gx4a-bb7a).\nthis carries a host of critical and relevant information, as well as updates\nand downloads, and should be consulted on a regular basis. the two most\ncritical parts of the microsoft site, from a security perspective, are the safety\n& security centre (www.microsoft.com/en-gb/security (archived at https://\nperma.cc/yy9a-6w65}) and microsoft technet (https://technet.microsoft.\ncom/en-gb (archived at https://perma.cc/pn7t-f4kh)). every information\nsecurity adviser should ensure that microsoft best practice is integrated\n(where appropriate) into the organization\u2019s isms.\nthere are a number of sources of regular information on information\nsecurity issues. one is the information services available from this book\u2019s\nwebsite; it has a governance bias and is designed to be complementary to\nthis book and to the range of information and support services provided by\nit governance ltd. other", "83480c23-4b63-42b7-9f02-13eb2f22273e": "the iso 27001 certification\naudit will check the evidence in order to verify how the organization has identified and\nimplemented cryptographic controls.\na.18.2 information security reviews\nobjective: to ensure that information security is implemented and operated in\naccordance with the organizational policies and procedures.\nexplanation: the organization must ensure that they have implemented\ninformation security by following their defined policies and procedures.\na.18.2.1 independent review of information security (iso 27001 control)\nthe organization\u2019s approach to managing and implementing information security (i.e.,\ncontrol objectives, controls, policies, processes, and procedures for information security)\nshould be reviewed independently at planned intervals or when significant changes\noccur.\nexplanation/what is required: the requirement is that an organization must plan\nindependent reviews at regular intervals, which are driven by management. this is\nto ensure that implemented information security", "3aea4063-fbcc-48db-9238-96f01bf5eb09": "guidelines for protecting the confidential\ninformation belonging to users/employees/clients. their personally identifiable\ninformation must be kept private and cannot be disclosed without their consent. it\nshould cover the following points:\ne the aspects of securing data and privacy, especially for securing\npersonally identifiable information. for example, your name, email,\naddress, and other personal information.\ne whenever data of personally identified information needs to be\nstored, it is necessary to get consent from the person/organization\nwhose data is to be stored. it is also important to communicate the\npurpose of storing the data with a defined time period.\nremote access policy\nthe purpose of this policy is to define and document procedures to protect confidential\ndata that can be compromised without this policy. a teleworking policy is meant for\nthose people who access the computers or servers from their home or during travel. it\nshould cover the following points:\ne two-factor authentication", "bac80fff-0e90-4b5b-a621-cc8fb2f65b41": "information.\n## faqs\nhow do you assess the likelihood and impact of a risk?\nthe likelihood of a risk is the chance that it will occur. the impact of a\nrisk is the consequence of it occurring. to assess the likelihood and impact\nof a risk, you can use a risk assessment matrix.\nwhat are the different ways to treat information security risks?\nthere are a number of ways to treat information security risks, such as:\n 1. avoiding the risk.\n 2. transferring the risk to another party.\n 3. reducing the likelihood of the risk.\n 4. reducing the impact of the risk.\nhow do you monitor and review the effectiveness of risk management?\norganisations need to monitor and review their risk management processes on a\nregular basis to ensure that they are effective in managing the risks to their\ninformation security. this includes:\n * monitoring the results of risk assessments to ensure that they are still accurate.\n * reviewing the effectiveness of the controls that have been implemented to treat risks.\n *", "f72e2e00-2a6d-4f2e-94f9-f06a43ba5896": "# iso 27001 compliance checklist\n **\u200d** iso 27001 is the global gold standard for ensuring the security of\ninformation and its supporting assets. obtaining iso 27001 certification can\nhelp an organization prove its security practices to potential customers\nanywhere in the world. \u200d our iso 27001 checklist:\n1\ndevelop a roadmap for successful implementation of an isms and iso 27001\ncertification\nimplement plan, do, check, act (pdca) process to recognize challenges and\nidentify gaps for remediation\nconsider iso 27001 certification costs relative to org size and number of\nemployees\nclearly define scope of work to plan certification time to completion\nselect an iso 27001 auditor\n2\nset the scope of your organization\u2019s isms\ndecide which business areas are covered by the isms and which are out of scope\nconsider additional security controls for business processes that are required\nto pass isms-protected information across the trust boundary\ninform stakeholders regarding scope of the isms\n3\nestablish", "bf81e919-6667-45bf-8d5f-6853836c751b": "aspects/extensions have been added to the control (see tables below). these aspects should be addressed (analogous to controls of class a).\ncontrols of class c: for these controls, measures also already exist according to the old standard. however, textual changes have been made - it should be checked whether all aspects of the new wording are covered in the risk treatment plan/soa.\ncontrols of class d: it should be noted that when combining several old controls, the corresponding entries in the old risk treatment plan/soa must also be merged. this work may also apply to controls of classes b and c - as indicated in the tables below.\ncontrols of class e: there is nothing to do here because the new and old controls are identical in content or even word-for-word, or because all old controls were adopted textually in the case of combined controls.\nregarding the following tables:\nthe control in the first column refers to the new version of the standard.\ncolumns a to e refer to the aforementioned", "54225b19-7345-447d-83b3-1b7e2bb5fe98": "systems in isolation. this should\nspeed things up, save administration time and hopefully reduce the ongoing costs of\ncertification too. so, for example, your existing qms becomes an integrated management\nsystem that meets the requirements of both iso9001 and iso27001 at the same time.\nbecause of the iso annex sl structure, we talked about earlier, this integration process\nshould be reasonably straightforward to achieve.\nin toolkit terms, each certikit product includes all of the documents you need to address the\nrequirements of the specific standard it is aimed at. but if you have already put a\nmanagement system in place using one of our toolkits, how do you go about merging a\nsecond toolkit into a streamlined, integrated management system? there are a number of\nkey documents that have the same (or very similar) titles in each toolkit, and it is mainly\nthese that will need to be merged. we suggest you start with the existing version of your\ndocument and add in the new content relevant to the additional", "0ddf3b82-3e10-456f-9234-3c5634bc5d74": "poli- _. ; ; . ;\ncies for information _ |the policies for information security shall be reviewed at planned\nsecurity intervals or if significant changes occur to ensure their continuing\nsuitability, adequacy and effectiveness.\na.6 organization of information security\na.6.1 internal organization\nobjective: to establish a management framework to initiate and control the implementation and\noperation of information security within the organization.\ninformation security | control\na.6.1.1 _ |roles and responsibili- | aj] information security responsibilities shall be defined and allo-\nes cated.\ncontrol\na.6.1.2 |segregation of duties conflicting duties and areas of responsibility shall be segregated to\nreduce opportunities for unauthorized or unintentional modifica-\ntion or misuse of the organization's assets.\ncontact with authori- | control\na.6.1.3 :\nties appropriate contacts with relevant authorities shall be maintained.\ncontrol\na6.1.4 contact with special | appropriate contacts with special interest", "8b1c1aac-41bb-4d69-8025-6201c55a9990": "example, in a table and the respective attribute values are included, the controls can be sorted and evaluated accordingly.\nquestions such as \"what are we doing regarding the confidentiality of our data?\" or \"what preventive measures are we taking?\" or \"what contributes to asset management?\" can then be answered very quickly by filtering the controls according to the appropriate attribute values. questions about differentiated efforts for prevention and reaction can also be easily answered because the corresponding measures can be quickly identified.\nif you have defined your own controls, you proceed analogously, i.e. you assign them the appropriate attribute values from the above definition list.\nan organization can also define its own attributes and/or its own attribute values and use them for evaluations - you are not limited or dependent on the above-mentioned scheme.\nin general, the use of these or other attributes is not mandatory but should be considered as an optional aid.\n3.3 organizational", "ee63f0fd-40a0-4915-9e66-5cb807bb736f": "countries. privacy\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2018 - all rights reserved 51\n?\nlu20- \u00a72-14 15:33:52\nnormen-download-beuth-cameave.college gmbl-kanv.69 18371 1d.dqopgmakffssz2 tebidlzus\niso/iec 27005:2018(e)\n52\nof information can also change dependent on the ethics of the region or government. these can be\nof more concern in some industry sectors than others, for example, government and healthcare.\nenvironmental constraints:\nenvironmental factors can influence the selection of controls, such as space availability, extreme\nclimate conditions, surrounding natural and urban geography. for example, earthquake proofing\ncan be required in some countries but unnecessary in others.\nease of use:\na poor human-technology interface results in human error and can render the control useless.\ncontrols should be selected to provide optimal ease of use while achieving an acceptable level of\nresidual risk to the business. controls that are difficult to use impact their effectiveness, as users\ncan try to circumvent or ignore them as", "3756b8a2-7ec0-400b-aa39-8f77b19ffd79": "media handling. the overall objective\nhere is for the organization to achieve and maintain appropriate protection\nof organizational assets.\nasset owners\ncontrol 8.1.2 of is027002 says that all information assets should have a\nnominated owner (\u2018an individual or entity that has approved management\nresponsibility for... the assets\u2019) and should be accounted for. clearly, the\n\u2018owner\u2019 is the person, or function, that has responsibility for the whole life-\ncycle of the asset; the \u2018owner\u2019 has no property rights to the asset. this control\nrequires the asset owners to ensure assets are inventoried and this inventory\nshould be used during the risk assessment, as discussed in chapter 6. the\nnominated owner of each of these assets should be a member of staff whose\nseniority is appropriate for the value of the asset that he or she \u2018owns\u2019. this\nperson\u2019s responsibility for the asset should be tied to his or her role, and set\nout and described in a letter, or memorandum, to him or her. the fact that\nthe asset is owned by a", "8d657fb2-04ad-4d18-a39d-77fab278cede": "information security. so, will the iso 27001 standard\nbe enough to protect the healthcare industry?\n15\nchapter 1\nthe need for information security\nit can help healthcare organizations, but if you want to implement additional\nhealthcare directives pertaining to the healthcare domain, you may choose iso 27799.\ntable 1-1. directives provided in iso 27799 (section 6) but not stated in the iso\n27001\niso 27799\nsummary of additional directives pertaining to the healthcare domain as\nsubsection\nprovided in the iso 27799\n6.4.3\n6.4.4.2\na unique forum called an information security management forum (ismf) should\nbe established to manage and direct the information security management system\nactivities within the healthcare sector. when organizing the ismf within the\nhealthcare sector, stakeholder views need to be accommodated and regulatory\nobligations are to be met.\na scope statement may be used in various types of organizations, but in the case of\nhealth organizations, the scope statement should be", "4a185277-b149-4c83-858c-8b9e2a1387ce": "training records \u2014 who was trained to do what and when? information security\nvulnerability tests \u2014 what was tested, by whom, when and what was the outcome?\nif all of this sounds rather onerous, then it\u2019s true, it can mean more work at least in the\nshort term. but doing information security according to the iso/iec 27001 standard is about\ndoing it right. you will be taking advantage of the knowledge of a wide variety of\nexperienced people who have come together to define the best way to create an isms that\nworks; people from all over the world in a wide variety of industries and organizations large\nand small.\nfrom our experience what often happens during the process of implementing an\ninternational standard such as iso/iec 27001 is that initially you will put things in place\nbecause the standard says you should. some of the requirements may seem unnecessary or\nover the top. but gradually you will start to see why they are included and the difference it\nmakes to your organization. after a period, you will", "c4ee480f-f1d4-4c7d-92b2-08b4cf11d05a": "effective use of cryptography to protect the confidentiality, authen-\nticity and/or integrity of information.\npolicy on the use of\ncryptographic controls\ncontrol\na policy on the use of cryptographic controls for protection of\ninformation shall be developed and implemented.\nkey management\ncontrol\na policy on the use, protection and lifetime of cryptographic keys\nshall be developed and implemented through their whole lifecycle.\nphysical and environmental security\na.11.1 secure areas\nobjective: to prevent unauthorized physical access, damage and interference to the organization\u2019s\ninformation and information processing facilities.\ncontrol\na11.11 physical security security perimeters shall be defined and used to protect areas that\nperimeter contain either sensitive or critical information and information\nprocessing facilities.\ncontrol\na.11.1.2 |physical entry controls | secure areas shall be protected by appropriate entry controls to\nensure that only authorized personnel are allowed access.\n. ;", "3deff2e4-bb10-405b-ba05-a14519518a74": "risks should be agreed in writing with\nsuppliers and that an overriding policy should be in place to ensure that all\nsupplier agreements are structured in line with a specific set of control\nrequirements. of course, any such requirements would have to be built into\nthe existing procurement process (which means that buy-in from the\nprocurement team will be necessary) and will have to have legal effect,\n296\nit governance\nwhich means the corporate lawyers (along with those business units that\nconsume any purchased products and services) will need to have input into\nthe final form of key documents like the standard terms and conditions.\nclause 15.1.1 of iso27002 sets out a number of principles which,\ndepending on the organization\u2019s risk assessment, could be part of its stand-\nard supplier contracting framework:\n- identifying the categories of suppliers that will be allowed to access\nthe organization\u2019s information and information processing facilities. a\npractical starting point for this would be the list of", "b7c0ea70-d2d8-4124-bc2e-1d09cdc6f934": "monitored. privileges\nshould not be granted until the authorization process is complete.\n\u00a2 rules for physical access to the premises are defined here. a few\nexamples are shared for understanding:\ne employees are allowed on floors except the it server room and\nmanagement area.\ne the it team can access all the areas (depending on the work).\ne biometric access may be issued by the admin or hr department\non the same day as joining.\nnote other components can also be added, based on the organization and\nindustry. the examples here are for illustrative purposes. they might not fit into\nevery organization.\nacceptable usages policy\nthe main objective of the acceptable usages policy is to document and define the\npractices that users must agree to in order to access the organizational network or\ninternet. some organizations require employees to accept this usages policy before they\ncan access the network or internet.\n108\nchapter 6 execution\nhere are some of the points to cover in this policy:\ndon\u2019t use any", "f39c2651-0a5d-4489-a4f7-621aceb86b36": "else).\non the other hand, if you have invested a lot of time and\neffort (and hence money) in selecting, educating and\nbuilding a relationship with a specific supplier, then that\nrelationship has value to you and is therefore, by definition,\nan asset.\na word of warning, however: it is advisable to set clear\ncriteria for including suppliers in or excluding them from the\nrisk assessment process or the process will become\nunmanageable. so, if it is relatively easy and cost-free to find\nan alternative provider for any one vendor, without\ncompromise of confidentiality, integrity or availability, then\nwe suggest the relationship is excluded from the asset\nregister. you might like to set some figures for \u2018relatively\neasy and cost-free\u2019 so that all asset owners apply the criteria\nconsistently when deciding to include/exclude a supplier.\nfor example, the service provided by a disaster recovery\n(dr) company is an asset. a contractual relationship with a\n102\n8: information assets\ndr company is part of a control", "c56bc153-92b2-4ff1-b6d9-28aff1120325": "differences in iso 27001:2022 relate to its\nstructure. there is new terminology, the 14 clauses are gone and the total\nnumber of controls has decreased from 114 to 93.\nif organisations going to maintain iso 27001 compliance after the transition\nperiod, they need to understand how these changes affect them and the steps\nthey must take to meet their requirements.\nwith the standard only being a few months old, there is little guidance on how\nthe new requirements will affect organisations and the best way to implement\nthe changes.", "8790fc16-d1a5-4ff3-af7e-4d314cf3c193": "and\nshows your dedication to maintaining the highest standards of information\nsecurity. it also increases the value of your brand, resulting in a win-win\nsituations.\n## our checklist: how to achieve iso 27001 compliance even if they are not seeking official certification, there is always the\noption for organisations to pursue compliance with the iso 27001 standard\nrequirements. the following list shows the best practices you can implement to\nachieve this and can be used very well as a checklist:\n * talk to your stakeholders to understand their information security expectations. * define the scope of your isms and the information security measures you will implement. * define a clear security policy. * conduct a risk assessment to identify any existing and potential risks to your information security. * implement measures and risk management methods that set clear objectives. * regularly evaluate the effectiveness of your information security practices and conduct", "8f6e7cc4-aaa1-47da-859b-f283b8b44080": "taken depending on risk\nevaluation.\nimplementation guidance:\nif the level of risk meets the risk acceptance criteria, there is no need for implementing additional\ncontrols and the risk can be retained.\n9.4 risk avoidance\naction: the activity or condition that gives rise to the particular risk should be avoided.\nimplementation guidance:\nwhen the identified risks are considered too high, or the costs of implementing other risk treatment\noptions exceed the benefits, a decision can be made to avoid the risk completely, by withdrawing from\na planned or existing activity or set of activities, or changing the conditions under which the activity is\noperated. for example, for risks caused by nature it can be most cost-effective alternative to physically\nmove the information processing facilities to a place where the risk does not exist or is under control.\n9.5 risk sharing\naction: the risk should be shared with another party that can most effectively manage the particular\nrisk depending on risk", "a317818b-381d-4906-8169-7d775e62ff6c": "to\nensure that their information security risk assessment is\nbusiness-driven, and is_ structured, systematic and\nreproducible. moreover, the risk assessment approach will\nhave to take into account the organisation\u2019s \u201clegal and\nregulatory requirements and contractual obligations\u2019.'\u00b0\nit is also not necessary to wait until the organisation develops\na strategic approach to risk, or even an erm framework.\ninformation security management needs to be tackled more\nurgently than the timeframe that the development of an erm\nframework will usually allow.\n's tso 27001, clause 4.2, note.\n25\n1: risk management\nthere are always issues of integration that have to be\naddressed when an iso 27001-conforming risk assessment\nmethodology is being developed within or alongside a\nbroader, more strategic approach to risk management. for\ninstance, definitions, roles and responsibilities could all be\ndifferent, timeframes could be seriously out of alignment,\nand the erm framework quite often tackles risk on a top-\ndown basis,", "608d6d2e-0001-450e-b24a-b31e39267430": "qualitative risk analysis) for both consequences and likelihood, using data from a variety\nof sources. the quality of the analysis depends on the accuracy and completeness of the numerical\nvalues and the validity of the models used. quantitative risk analysis, in most cases, uses historical\nincident data, providing the advantage that it can be related directly to the information security\nobjectives and concerns of the organization. a disadvantage is the lack of such data on new risks\nor information security weaknesses. a disadvantage of the quantitative approach can occur where\nfactual, auditable data is not available, thus creating an illusion of worth and accuracy of the risk\nassessment.\nthe way in which consequences and likelihood are expressed and the ways in which they are\ncombined to provide a level of risk will vary according to the type of risk and the purpose for which\nthe risk assessment output is to be used. the uncertainty and variability of both consequences and\nlikelihood should be considered", "ddccbda2-6e1c-4a4c-9e1f-47a107cc68bb": "identify, on an individual\nbasis, threats to the confidentiality, integrity and availability\nof every asset within the scope of the isms. you can do this\nthrough a brainstorming exercise or by using an appropriate\n8 tso 27001:2013, clause 6.1.2 c) 1.\n109\n9: threats and vulnerabilities\nthreat database; technical expertise is essential if the threat\nidentification step is to be carried out properly.\nit is, as we\u2019ve said, likely that an individual threat may\nappear against a number of assets but, crucially, iso 27001\nrequires the isms to be erected on the foundation of a\ndetailed identification and assessment of the threats to each\nindividual information asset that is within the scope. from a\npractical point of view, if a number of assets fall within the\nsame class and are exactly the same (e.g. desktop computers\nthat have the same hardware specifications, software build,\nconnectivity configuration and user exposure), they might be\nconsidered a group of assets and the subsequent phases of\nthis exercise", "efc94b28-8da3-470d-9bfe-37a27e7ed8e9": "implementation of the isms. it will have to approve all proce-\ndural changes, which should be issued under formal document control and\nsupported, where appropriate, by additional staff training.\nchanges to operational programs and applications can have an impact\non one another, and the change control process should ensure that this risk\nis considered. the specialist input of the it manager, or vendor-certificated\nexperts, should if necessary be considered as part of the change management\nprocess. there needs to be a clearly formulated policy dealing with updates,\npatches and fixes to major operational and application software; there may\nnot always be a valid business or information security reason for making the\nupgrade, and therefore the organization\u2019s policy needs to set out the criteria\nfor upgrade decisions and their timings.\n231\n232\nit governance\nin general, the change control procedure for operating programs and\napplications could be on a standard single-page document that includes:\n1 an", "fbc6372d-ee76-4267-80a3-60e0f52976cb": "organizations,\nwhere security activity needs to be coordinated across a number of divi-\nsions, companies or sites, each of which may have its own information\nsecurity manager or adviser. this cross-functional forum could, in smaller\norganizations, be integrated into the management information security\nforum discussed earlier. the range of activities that might be carried out by\nthis cross-functional forum are:\n1 agreeing, across the organization, specific roles and responsibilities in\nrespect of information security;\n2 agreeing the specific methodologies and processes that are to be used in\nimplementation of the information security policy;\n3 agreeing and supporting cross-organizational information security\ninitiatives;\n4 ensuring that the corporate planning process includes information\nsecurity considerations;\n5 assessing the adequacy and coordinating the implementation of specific\ncontrols for new systems, products or services;\n6 reviewing information security incidents;\n7 supporting the", "d7115ca4-1e8f-4f41-b041-4e5f7b63d798": "by\nchanges to the organisation and its business objectives, the\nrisk environment (i.e. threats, vulnerabilities and\nlikelihoods), the emergence of new technology and changing\nusage of existing systems, and changes to regulatory and\ncompliance requirements.\nfollowing the initial, resource-intensive phase of the \u2018isms\nimplementation\u2019 risk assessment, the organisation\u2019s appetite\nto repeat the exercise is likely to have diminished\nsignificantly. the real value in having done a\n168\n17: repeating and reviewing the risk assessment\ncomprehensively thorough risk assessment \u2014 using a tool that\nretains the data so that it can support future reviews \u2014 is that\nit enables you to achieve certification and you will be able to\nuse it time and time again to review progress and ensure that\nthe residual risk remains exactly where you want it: beneath\nthe risk acceptance criteria.\ngiven the rate of development of new threats, the discovery\nof new vulnerabilities and the development of new\ntechnology (with its own inherent", "8a3497ae-1552-4a47-ba13-be7bfe59d542": "(sabotage) - by protected installation of the cables, if necessary with alarm notification in case of openings such as cable ducts (a-7.12).\nexamples: mail gateway for malware checking of incoming/outgoing emails; security gateway for authentication and key distribution for users in mobile or home office; vpn gateway with similar application.\n3.6 technological controls (group 8) 219\nprotection of wireless networks against interference signals, mutual interference, etc. through suitable frequency/channel selection.\ncontrol a-8.20 requires logging and monitoring of all network activities relevant to the organization's information security, especially those that could affect it. the focus is on monitoring of internal networks.\nthese requirements are the transfer of a-8.15 and a-8.16 to the needs of network security. the overarching requirement is isms-9.1. other aspects of network usage may also be subject to monitoring, such as capturing and analyzing utilization data, disruptions in data transmission,", "71a9a604-6044-4b02-affb-46c5caeae36e": "furthermore, data on unprotected media can be easily manipulated or even destroyed.\nthis control a-7.10 addresses both mobile and system-installed data carriers. many of the rules mentioned below for mobile data carriers can be transferred to system-installed data carriers by applying them to the entire device in which the data carriers are installed. we will no longer mention this in each individual case below.\ndata carriers must be secured throughout their entire lifecycle: from acquisition to use and disposal - including during transport or shipment if applicable. regarding stored data, confidentiality, integrity, and availability must be ensured depending on the purpose of use. data carriers containing sensitive content must not be passed on to unauthorized persons or only with the appropriate authorization. security-relevant actions also include deletion, disposal, and transport of data carriers.\nthe rules to be observed are extensive and should be compiled in a specific guideline for the handling of", "48b70760-8f8d-4d7a-a6d9-165ef0a0ddbe": "isms\nfamily of standards include the following:\na) a structured framework supporting the process of specifying, implementing, operating and\nmaintaining a comprehensive, cost-effective, value creating, integrated and aligned isms that\nmeets the organization\u2019s needs across different operations and sites;\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2018 - all rights reserved 17\niso/iec 27000:2018(e)\nb)\nc)\nd)\ne)\nf)\ng)\n5\nassistance for management in consistently managing and operating in a responsible manner\ntheir approach towards information security management, within the context of corporate risk\nmanagement and governance, including educating and training business and system owners on the\nholistic management of information security;\npromotion of globally accepted, good information security practices in a non-prescriptive manner,\ngiving organizations the latitude to adopt and improve relevant controls that suit their specific\ncircumstances and to maintain them in the face of internal and external changes;\nprovision of a common", "073b4302-6574-48d1-9f77-3878f08a3341": "division.\nconstraints related to methods: methods appropriate to the organization's know-how need to be\nimposed for aspects such as project planning, specifications, development and so on.\nconstraints of a cultural nature: in some organizations, work habits or the main business have\nled to a specific \u201cculture\u201d within the organization, which can be incompatible with the security\ncontrols, this culture is the personnel's general reference framework and can be determined by\nmany aspects, including education, instruction, professional experience, experience outside work,\nopinions, philosophy, beliefs, social status, etc.\nbudgetary constraints: the recommended security controls can sometimes have a very high cost.\nwhile it is not always appropriate to base security investments on cost-effectiveness, economic\njustification is generally required by the organization's financial department.\nfor example, in the private sector and some public organizations, the total cost of security controls\nshould not exceed the", "4b1bb5e0-fb42-4663-a415-1bc56b4428e1": "system\u2019s value or\nimportance to the organisation);\ne system and data sensitivity;\ne functional requirements of the it system;\ne users of the system (e.g. system users who provide\ntechnical support to the it system, application users who\nuse the it system to perform business functions);\ne system security policies governing the it system;\n82\n6: information security policy and scoping\ne system security architecture;\ne current network topology (e.g. network diagram);\ne information storage protection;\ne flow of information pertaining to the it system (e.g.\nsystem interfaces, system input and output flow charts);\ne technical controls used in the it system;\ne management controls used in the it system;\ne operational controls used in the it system;\ne physical security environment of the it system; and\ne environmental security implemented for the it system.\ninformation gathered about some or all of these issues will\nhelp clarify what should be in the scope of the isms.\nit is possible for divisions of", "bc80c1e8-6b3d-4de1-a14a-9e623646247b": "control, you need to analyze the following:\ne check what control has been implemented to protect the company\nnetwork for secure transfer of information.\ne check whether the network service providers are in-house or\nexternal to the organization. if they are external, check for the\nagreement and the service level agreed to protect the network.\ne check whether any network segregation levels are done.\ne check that information transfer practices have been implemented for\ntransferring information within and outside the organization.\ne check which control has been implemented to protect information\ntransfer via electronic messaging such as email, electronic data\ninterchange, and social networking sites.\ne check how the non-disclosure agreement (nda)/confidentiality\nagreement has been designed and implemented in your\norganization.\nthe next sections discuss analyzing the gaps in system acquisition, development,\nand maintenance.\n67\nchapter 4 _ initial risk assessment\nannex 14: security requirements of", "08d75bf8-a9a8-49df-9f2c-b56235acadb7": "the impacts that losses of confidentiality,\nintegrity and availability may have (6.1.2 d 1);\n5. assesses the \u2018realistic likelihood\u2019 of these risks\noccurring (6.1.2 d 2);\n6. determines the level of risk posed by each (6.1.2 d 3);\n7. evaluates the information security risks by comparing\nthe level of risk with the risk acceptance criteria (6.1.2 e\n1); and\n8. prioritises the risks for treatment (6.1.2 e 2).\nthis calculation of the level of risk \u2014 what we call the \u2018risk\nequation\u2019 and which we discuss below \u2014 is achieved by first\nassessing the business, legal/regulatory and contractual\nimpacts on the organisation of security failures (taking into\naccount the consequences of a loss of confidentiality,\nintegrity or availability), then assessing the realistic\nlikelihood of the failure occurring for the given threats and\nvulnerabilities and (where appropriate) the controls currently\nimplemented.\n90\n7: the iso 27001 risk assessment\nit assumes that there is an estimable likelihood that an\nidentified threat will", "7f1d91fe-c4b0-441d-b7bd-3c6fbf32396b": "the processes and procedures that are adopted should reflect the risk\nassessment carried out by the organization\u2019s specialist security adviser.\nwhile some risks are common to many organizations, the approach to\ncontrolling them should be appropriate to, and cost-effective for, the\nindividual organization and its individual objectives and operating\nenvironment.\n- it is important that the organization understands, in detail, its policies,\nprocesses and procedures. it will have to review them after any significant\nsecurity incident and at least once a year. the best way to understand\nthem thoroughly is through the detailed drafting process.\n- most importantly, the threats to an organization\u2019s information security\nare evolving as fast as the information technology that supports it. it is\nessential that security processes and procedures are completely up to\ndate, that they reflect current risks and that, in particular, current\ntechnological advice is taken, to build on the substantial groundwork laid\nin this", "35eed48c-1d7a-4a7b-937e-3cad7c6a1c9d": "appropriate level of protection in\naccordance with its importance to the organization.\nexplanation: this control helps classify information, which is very important for the\norganization. all information is not critical and at the same time, all information cannot\nbe shared with the public. hence, the classification of information plays an important\nrole. the next sections discuss the controls related to information classification.\n139\nchapter 6 execution\na.8.2.1 classification of information (control iso 27001)\ninformation should be classified in terms of legal requirements, value, criticality, and\nsensitivity to unauthorized disclosure or modification.\nexplanation/what is required: the control says that classification of information\nshould be done based on criticality, value, and sensitivity. the information classification\nshould be done based on a risk assessment activity. information classification must\nbe defined based on the business need and there must be a process for defining and\ndocumenting", "649b3107-48e5-4158-b249-2cf55e855868": "other specific information.\n\u00a9 iso/ec 2010 \u2014 all rights reserved 23\niso/iec 27003:2010(e)\n7.4 conduct an information security assessment\nactivity\nthe information security assessment should be performed by comparing the current status of information\nsecurity of the organization compared to the desired organization objectives.\ninput\na) output from activity 6.5 integrate each scope and boundaries to obtain the isms scope and boundaries -\nthe scope and boundaries of the isms\nb) output from activity 6.6 develop the isms policy and obtain approval from management \u2014 the isms\npolicy\nc) output from activity 7.2 define information security requirements for the isms process\nd) output from activity 7.3 identify assets within the isms scope\nguidance\ninformation security assessment is the activity for identifying the existing level of information security (i.e. the\norganization current procedures of handling protection of information). the fundamental purpose of the\ninformation security assessment is to provide", "05ef94a8-80a0-4488-adc7-0fa6035e66b8": "and\nsarbanes-oxley\nthe combined code\nthe first version of the uk combined code, issued in 1998, replaced,\ncombined and refined the earlier requirements of the cadbury and greenbury\nreports on corporate governance and directors\u2019 remuneration. it came into\nforce for all listed companies for year-ends after december 1998. since then,\nuk corporate governance has been on a \u2018comply or explain\u2019 basis; in other\nwords, listed companies are expected to comply but are not statutorily\nrequired to do so. simplistically, if they have good reason, they can choose\nnot to comply with a particular provision of the combined code as long as\nthey then explain, in their annual report, why that decision was taken.\nhowever, as the market nowadays punishes companies that choose not to\ncomply, any decision about non-compliance is not expected to be taken\nlightly. (in actual fact, the requirements are a bit more complex than this.)\nthe combined code requirements were broadly similar to those of the\nearlier reports, but in one", "f584c06b-7791-4cc4-b2f0-c5895ec92083": "to establish and manage information security for the\nutilization of cloud services.\na.5.30 ict readiness for business continuity\ncompanies must create an ict continuity plan to maintain operational\nresilience, fulfilling the \"ict-readiness for business continuity\" measure.\na.7.4 physical security monitoring\nit is essential for companies to employ suitable monitoring tools for the\n\"physical security monitoring\" measure to detect and prevent external and\ninternal intrusions.\na.8.9 configuration management\nduring \"configuration management,\" companies need to establish guidelines for\nthe documentation, implementation, monitoring, and review of configurations\nacross their entire network.\na.8.10 information deletion\nthe document \"information deletion\" contains instructions for managing data\ndeletion to comply with laws and regulations.\na.8.11 data masking\n\"data masking\" provides techniques for masking personal identifiable\ninformation (pii) to comply with laws and regulations.\na.8.12 data leakage", "7375c1b9-0199-4c16-b3ee-f8ff607aa000": "kingdom, it is the united kingdom accreditation service: ukas).\nthis central accreditation body accredits the competence of certification\nbodies \u2014 who might be based inside or outside the country \u2014 to perform\nservices in the areas of product and management system approval.\norganizations should use only accredited certification bodies when seek-\ning is027001 certification. this makes sure that the certification process is\nindependent, is of an appropriate quality, using competent personnel (includ-\ning auditors), and ensures that any certificate awarded will be recognized\ninternationally. a certificate is usually valid for up to three years.\nthe history of is027001 and iso27002\nbs7799, the uk standard that preceded is027001, was originally the\noutcome of a joint initiative by the then department of trade and industry\nin the united kingdom and leading uk private-sector businesses. the working\n1so27001\nparty produced the first version of bs7799 in february 1995. this was orig-\ninally simply a code of", "5f617b36-20d5-45c9-ab55-3a2caa070bdb": "encryption and management of sensitive information (a.10)\n * physical and environmental security (a.11)\n * operational security (a.12)\n * communications security (a.13)\n * system acquisition, development, and maintenance (a.14)\n * supplier relationships (a.15)\n * information security incident management (a.16)\n * information security aspects of business continuity management (a.17)\n * compliance (a.18)\n## deep-dive: iso 27001 required documents\niso 27001 isms required documents and records include:\n * scope of the isms (clause 4.3)\n * isms information security policy and objectives (clauses 5.2 and 6.2)\n * risk assessment and risk treatment methodology (clause 6.1.2)\n * statement of applicability (clause 6.1.3d)\n * risk assessment results and report (clauses 8.2 and 8.3)\n * risk treatment plan and results (clauses 6.1.3e, 6.2, and 8.3)\n * competence evidence (performance reviews, training records, etc.) (clause 7.2d)\n * operational planning and control (clause 8.1)\n * monitoring and", "3becc885-ce2b-4a75-9cb1-365bd903309b": "delivery staff or other personnel.\n+ the delivery and holding area should be designed so that delivery staff\ncannot gain access from it to other parts of the building.\n\u00ab the external doors of a delivery or holding area should be closed when\nthe internal one is open.\n+ incoming material should be inspected for potential hazards or threats\nbefore it is moved elsewhere or to the point of use.\n+ incoming material should, if appropriate, be registered on arrival.\n+ incoming and outgoing shipments should, where possible, be physically\nsegregated.\nimplementation of these measures can require significant reorganization of\nexisting delivery facilities and procedures with potentially a significant capi-\ntal expenditure on the physical set-up. the risk assessment should reflect the\nfact that as security controls are improved in other parts of the organization,\nso remaining vulnerabilities become more significant because they provide\nthe few remaining ways in which unauthorized access to information can be\ngained.", "fa44a146-4bec-49a8-b245-f7fb89f0ad96": "monitoring? some examples:\n- detecting unauthorized access attempts to relevant systems (endpoints, servers, firewalls, etc.) and to it applications that are critical to the organization\n- identifying unauthorized software usage (unapproved software) and unauthorized changes to it during operation\n- detecting unauthorized/unapproved changes to configuration files in the systems\n- discovering the establishment of unauthorized/insecure network connections within and to addresses outside the organization\n- analyzing incoming (inbound) and outgoing (outbound) data for applications, systems, and networks for authorized content, malware, unknown recipients, etc.\n- evaluating critical messages from security tools (e.g. anti-malware, intrusion detection, data leakage prevention, web address filtering, remote admin, mobile device management, etc.)\n- determining authorized/unauthorized access to monitoring and logging functions\n- conducting performance measurements and resource utilization measurements to detect", "00ce4fc8-b564-4d41-ad2b-c452be8dfd18": "determine, review and maintain the\ncompetences necessary to achieve your isms objectives.\nthis involves conducting a needs analysis and defining a desired level of\ncompetence.\n## 8\\. measure, monitor and review\nyou won\u2019t be able to tell if your isms is working or not unless you review it.\nwe recommend doing this at least annually, so that you can keep track of the\nway risks evolve and identify new threats.\nthe main objective of the review process is to see whether your isms is in\nfact preventing security incidents, but the process is more nuanced than that.\nyou should be comparing its output to the objectives you laid out in the\nproject mandate \u2013 i.e. what you hoped to achieve. these can be measured\nquantitatively and qualitatively.\nquantitative assessments are useful for measuring things that involve\nfinancial costs or time, whereas qualitative assessments are better suited for\nobjectives that are hard to define, like your employees\u2019 satisfaction with new\nprocesses, for example.\n## 9\\.", "a708e4bf-a949-445a-a372-9b5ecccd5bd7": "was published on october 25, 2022. the transition period\nhas been set at three years (36 months). as a result, end-users have the\nfollowing timeframes and deadlines for the transition:\ncertification readiness for iso/iec 27001:2022:\nexpected from february to april 2023 (dependent on the german accreditation\nbody gmbh).\nlast date for initial and recertification audits under the previous iso\n27001:2013:\nuntil april 30, 2024.\ntransition of all existing certificates to the new iso/iec 27001:2022:\n3 years, based on the last day of the issuance month of iso/iec 27001:2022\n(october 2025).\nthis means all documentation must be adapted and updated to the new controls\nbefore the next re-audit. once the preparations for the new version are\nappropriately adjusted, the next audit can easily be used for the transition\nto certification under iso 27001:2022.\n## iso 27001: who is the norm important for?\ninformation security is relevant in almost every company, making iso 27001\nimportant for nearly every organisation", "882dc6ae-e395-4e35-b46a-930679b00a78": "by\nthose who wish to use mobile facilities before they are allowed to. the sensi-\nble organization will also ensure that users receive appropriate training\nbefore they are issued with mobile computing equipment (notebooks, smart-\nphones).\nit governance\nthis policy should consolidate all the procedures discussed elsewhere in\nthis manual in respect of mobile computing and handheld usage. it should\nset out clearly the requirements for physical protection, access controls,\ncryptography, back-ups and malware protection. it should include clear\nguidance on how to connect to the organizational network and how mobile\ntools should be used in public places. \u2018public places\u2019 include meeting rooms\noutside the organization\u2019s own secure premises and wherever notebooks\nand handhelds remain tempting targets for hackers and thieves, who can\nhave as much impact on the availability of data as a particularly virulent\nvirus. guidance on where mobile devices may be used, and for what\npurposes, should also be provided, with due", "7d906ebc-9732-4e50-92b7-9aed29f4d271": "to\nauthorize and validate access to secure areas, and to secure areas within\nthe security perimeter. if possible (and if required by the risk assessment),\nthe swipe card entry system should also provide an auditable trail of\naccess. the record of visitor passes issued should be maintained in a\nsecure location, as it might, at some point in the future, be required to\nidentify an intruder.\n- all personnel should be required to wear some form of visible identifica-\ntion (which could be incorporated with an access card - which might\nwork through swiping, physical proximity or biometric accuracy) and\n210\nit governance\nshould be encouraged to challenge or report unescorted strangers or\nanyone not wearing visible identification. a visible identification badge is\na control far more important in a large organization than in a small one,\nbut in any size of organization, unidentified and unaccompanied visitors\nshould always be challenged. there are many organizations for which\nthis, on its own, will require a", "313f3627-5bae-4c93-836b-1c2c099dca64": "to\nthe information security policy, or the information security policy may be subordinate to the isms policy.\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2010 \u2014 all rights reserved 57\niso/iec 27003:2010(e)\nthe content of policies is based on context in which an organization operates. specifically the following should\nbe considered when developing any policy within the policy framework.\n1)\n2)\n3)\n4)\n5)\nthe aims and objectives of the organization\nstrategies adopted to achieve its objectives\nthe structure and processes adopted by the organization\naims and objectives associated with the topic of the policy\nthe requirements of related higher level policies\nthis is shown in figure d.2.\nthe organization\u2019s\nstrategies\n~\nthe organization\u2019s > policy ona topic ] requirements of .\nhigh-level aims & objectives\nya\nhigher level policies\nos\nthe organization\u2019s |\nthe organization\u2019s\naims & objectives\nstructure & processes\nin the area of the policy\n\u2014\u2014\nfigure d.2 \u2014 inputs to the development of a policy\npolicies can have the following", "b4729969-9d08-4d41-b0f4-7b1ae99a6cb9": "if the team is going for\nan isms audit for the first time, doing a mock audit is really helpful.\nthe mock audit will make them familiar with the course of the audit\nand show them how to present evidence to the auditor.\nget approval on policy and procedure: organizations going for the\ncertification audit for the first time must ensure that they perform\nchecks on all the newly written policies and procedures to ensure\nthey are reviewed and approved. be sure to check that old defined\npolicies has been reviewed for any changes.\ncheck software/tool expiration: the organization should ensure\nthat the software/tools used by the teams are licensed and that their\nexpiration date is not before the audit.\nensure traceability: teams should ensure that the business process\nor the part of the business process that they execute should be able\nto show end-to-end traceability. for example, any task in process\nshould able to show a clear path of execution until its closure.\nkeep manual execution to a minimum: the", "0a64809d-86ef-4b56-a223-3a390754d00d": "impact on organization\nsystems due to the audit requirements.\na.12.7.1 information system audit controls (iso 27001 control)\naudit requirements and activities involving verification of operational systems should be\ncarefully planned and agreed to minimize disruptions to business processes.\nexplanation/what is required: though audit is a mandatory exercise for any\norganization, it should be planned carefully to minimize the disruptions to the\noperations and its systems, which might occur during the audit verification exercise.\nconsider the following points to minimize the impact:\ne the plan on the access requirements should be provided on the\ninformation and the systems to the auditors.\ne audit scope must be agreed and communicated to the auditees, so\nthat auditees showcase information/evidence only for the agreed\nscope.\ne wherever possible, give read only access to software and data to\nperform the audit tests.\ne some audit tests that require longer hours must be planned after\nbusiness/operation", "f0f9e886-99d1-4e17-99a2-6bb7237cb45b": "management expectations.\nclause 4.1 of iso 27001, identifying the organizational context, is the first step in\nimplementation. this clause requires you to analyze the external and internal issues that\ninfluence your company\u2019s information security.\n21\n\u00a9 abhishek chopra, mukund chaudhary 2020\na. chopra and m. chaudhary, implementing an information security management system,\nhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5413-4_2\nchapter 2. assessing needs and scope\nit is important to understand the external and internal environments affecting the\ncompany when you're defining an isms. the iso standard for information security\nmanagement requires that you define the organizational context.\nas per iso 31000 clause 5.3.1, these issues can be of two types:\ne internal issues: factors that are under the control of the organization.\ne external issues: factors that the organization cannot control.\nlet\u2019s look at a few examples of internal issues:\n\u00a2 organizational structure: defines the roles,", "e3e9c994-2c70-4373-b786-b6b283929df3": "laws.\na.5.1.1: policies for information security (iso 27001 control)\na set of policies for information security should be defined, approved by management,\npublished, and communicated to employees and relevant external parties.\nexplanation: the requirement is to define all the information security policies.\nthis policy is the driving force for implementing security controls. once all policies are\napproved by management, it is important to communicate them with all employees and\n121\nchapter 6 execution\nexternal stakeholders to make them aware of their responsibilities. they must abide by\nthese policies and help in securing the organization\u2019s information.\nevidence that can be prepared: policies lists, as mentioned previously, or as\napplicable to the organization\u2019s business requirements. all the policies must be\nreviewed/approved by the management/steering committee.\nwho prepares it: the information security department will facilitate the creation of\nthe policies by involving relevant departments i.e.", "23e79cd3-d14c-41aa-afd4-105898f64aae": "a complete guide to iso/iec 27001:2022\nto keep pace with this digital transformation, both the iso 27001 information security management and iso 27002 controls for information security standards have been revamped. these revisions introduce sturdier controls, empowering your organisation to tackle the escalating complexity of security risks, maintain operational consistency, and achieve a competitive edge. the new version\u2019s complete title is iso/iec 27001:2022 information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection.\npromptly assimilating these amendments and their ramifications on your organisation will not only safeguard your information but also enhance and uphold your competitive stance.\nwhat is iso/iec 27001:2022?\niso/iec 27001:2022 is the updated version of iso/iec 27001:2013 or just plain old iso 27001.\niso 27001 is one of the most recognised global standards for information security management systems (isms), outlining the essential requirements for an isms. it\u2019s a universal guide for", "ee06e0cb-f57a-4511-95b2-b721141d5214": "availability of the network routes and network devices involved, as far as the organization can influence them.\n- other security objectives such as the authenticity of the persons communicating through a network or the non-repudiation of sending or receiving data.\nlet's first focus on the data to be transmitted:\n- the multipart iso 27033 standard deals with this topic in detail.\n- routers, switches, access points, gateways, firewalls, telecommunication systems, etc.\n- for example, as an alternative communication method in it emergency management.\ntechnological controls (group 8):\n- if classified data (a-5.12) is involved, it may only be transmitted in networks approved for the highest classification of the data. this has massive implications for the entire network infrastructure used.\n- especially in networks that cannot or cannot be adequately secured by the organization (e.g., the internet), data must be encrypted to secure them during their transfer through such insecure networks. algorithms must be", "d766a23e-28cf-4d6d-bf3c-82e6d276e422": "are main-\ntained. the public key should logically be protected by using one of the\nrecognized certificate authorities.\nnon-repudiation services\nnon-repudiation services can resolve disputes about the occurrence or the\nnon-occurrence of an event or action. while someone could, for instance,\ncopy an e-mail to himself or herself or retain a copy in his or her outbox, to\nprovide some proof of both origin and dispatch, this is not foolproof. a\nproof-of-receipt e-mail (which can be set up in the sending person\u2019s instance\nof outlook) from the receiver\u2019s e-mail server is also not ironclad.\nthe discussion, above, of public key infrastructure dealt with the services\noffered by cas. such trusted organizations can provide evidence of origin,\nsubmission and receipt that are ironclad. they do this by applying digital\ncertificates to e-documents. proof of origin, for instance, is provided by the\nca attaching its digital signature, encrypted with its private key, to the\ncommunication that is to be authenticated, and this", "500c62b6-73ba-40bc-a614-5e35a6f00cdc": "prevention\nfollowing the \"data leakage prevention,\" companies are obligated to take\ntechnical measures to detect and prevent the disclosure and/or extraction of\ninformation.\na.8.16 monitoring activities\nthe \"monitoring activities\" measure provides guidelines to enhance network\nmonitoring activities to detect anomalous behaviour and respond to security\nevents and incidents.\na.8.23 web filtering\ncompanies must enforce access controls and measures for the \"web filtering\" to\nrestrict and control access to external websites.\na.8.28 secure coding\ncompanies are mandated to implement best practices of secure coding to prevent\nvulnerabilities that could be caused by inadequate coding methods.\n### controls according to iso 27001: the four categories\nthe iso 27001:2022 standard contains 93 controls, which are assigned to the\nfour categories of organizational, people, physical, and technological. the\ngrouping of controls into four thematic areas helps organizations to decide\nwho is responsible for implementing", "a93a7963-3fa7-4149-8134-831f08d9cca9": "implementation is also weak.\nsuch a scenario may not go well with the auditor\u2019s team members. the auditor might\nfeel that the teams will not get the management support they need to implement the\nstandard requirements in an effective manner.\na poor audit can be a showstopper from the organization and team\u2019s point of view.\nafter all, auditors don\u2019t come in every day to do audits and share their experiences. if the\ncompany is implementing the standard for the first time, it becomes very important to\nlearn and implement best practices.\nthus, management commitment is the driving force of each step you are taking to\nimplement the isms or iso 27001 standard. other stakeholders/members you would\nexpect commitment from are those who are either involved in the decision-making\nprocess or are implementers.\ndecision makers and implementers will spend most of their time implementing the\nisms. hence, getting their commitment is very important. it is also very important to\nhave a balance of commitment levels from", "abb6923a-ad16-48dc-9ac8-c66a132be00e": "specifications\nand, in any case, sufficient to protect the contents from any likely physical\n160 it governance\ndamage, including environmental factors such as heat, moisture or\nelectromagnetism.\n- where necessary, appropriate physical controls should be adopted to\nprotect particularly sensitive information. these could include delivery\nby hand, the use of special locked containers (with keys sent by alternative\nroutes), tamper-evident packaging, split deliveries (so that neither single\ndelivery will give the whole story) and use of advanced cryptographic\ncontrols.\n11\naccess control\ncontrol objective a.9 of the standard is extremely important; it focuses on\naccess to information, and a properly thought-through and thoroughly\nimplemented access control policy, within the isms, is fundamental to effec-\ntive information security. this control category provides for appropriate\nmonitoring and is a major clause in the standard and a major component of\nthe isms.\nthe reader needs to understand that access", "ab92ea96-090f-4fca-b55f-0656fdaca7a5": "7799-3 provides guidance that the risk assessment\nmethodology should enable the organisation to \u201cestimate\n35\n2: risk assessment methodologies\npotential losses\u201d and use this information to make decisions\nabout proportionate security controls by taking into account\n\u201cthe relative costs and expected benefits of each control\u201d.\nthis is supported by iso 27000:2018, which states that \u201cthe\nexpenditure on relevant controls is expected to be\nproportionate to the perceived business impact of the risk\nmaterializing.\u201d\u201d\u00b0\n\u2018estimation\u2019 and \u2018proportionate\u2019 are two principles that form\nthe basis of a qualitative risk assessment methodology, one\nthat doesn\u2019t need a precisely calculated ale. a qualitative\nmethodology ranks identified risks in relation to one another,\nusing a qualitative or hierarchical scale (such as: very serious\n\u2014 serious \u2014 bearable \u2014 not a problem). it is, therefore, based\non similar qualitative hierarchies, or scales, of threat and\nvulnerability seriousness, and of likelihood and impact.\nit is, of", "edc9e45c-eda9-48b4-8fbc-694484212eb4": "violated. organizations have to protect the personal infor-\nmation of employees and customers. if this privacy is violated, there may\nbe legal action and penalties.\n- organizations will continue suffering direct financial loss. protection in\nparticular of commercial information and customers\u2019 credit card details\nis essential. loss or theft of commercial information, ranging from busi-\nness plans and customer contracts to intellectual property and product\ndesigns, and industrial know-how, can all cause long-term financial\n20\nit governance\ndamage to the victim organization. computer fraud, conducted by staff\nwith or without third-party involvement, has an immediate direct finan-\ncial impact.\n\u00ab regulation and compliance requirements will increase. regulators will\nincreasingly legislate to force corporations to take appropriate informa-\ntion security action and that will drive up the cost and complexity of\ninformation security. breaches will increasingly also trigger mandatory\nreporting requirements and", "408e804d-1e4d-4e7d-8e1c-9cd2eaaad954": "security. this includes things\nlike identity management, responsibilities, and evidence collection.\nnew organisational controls include:\n5.7: threat intelligence\n5.23: information security for use of cloud services\n5.30: ict readiness for business continuity\nthreat intelligence in particular is an exciting innovation in this area - as\nthis measure goes beyond detecting malicious domain names. threat intelligence\nhelps organisations better understand how they can be attacked.\n### people controls: staff-related measures to protect staff.\nthe people controls section comprises only eight controls. it focuses on how\nemployees handle sensitive information during their daily work. this includes\ntopics like remote work, nondisclosure agreements and screenings. onboarding\nand offboarding processes, as well as responsibilities for reporting\nincidents, are also relevant.\n### physical controls: physical measures for the physical protection of the\norganisation.\nphysical controls include security monitoring,", "7caecc99-7ca3-48d0-b421-97fc29824594": "rights reserved\n2\npg2zu- 12-14 15:33:5\nnbh-kanv 69 18371-1d dqopgm4akffssz2 tebidlzus\u201d\n=\nss\nam\n=\nss\n2\niso/iec 27005:2018(e)\nrisk assessment consists of the following activities:\n\u2014 risk identification (8.2);\n\u2014 risk analysis (8.3);\n\u2014 risk evaluation (8.4).\nrisk assessment determines the value of the information assets, identifies the applicable threats and\nvulnerabilities that exist (or can exist), identifies the existing controls and their effect on the risk\nidentified, determines the potential consequences and, finally, prioritizes the derived risks and ranks\nthem against the risk evaluation criteria set in the context establishment.\nrisk assessment is often conducted in two (or more) iterations. first, a high level assessment is carried\nout to identify potentially high risks that warrant further assessment. the next iteration can involve\nfurther in-depth consideration of potentially high risks revealed in the initial iteration. where this\nprovides insufficient information to assess the risk, then", "c3603abe-a6db-47c4-99fd-a88ee3fb2ec3": "file. sometimes, developers forget to\ntake out something that was put there simply to ease development work\nor to assist with the debugging routine. sometimes ways are deliberately\nleft in to help field engineers maintain the system. however they get there,\nthey can provide any unauthorized user with access to the system.\nback orifice. this program is a remote administration tool that has great\npotential for malicious use. it is very easy to use, so that script kiddies\nhave no problem using it. it is also \u2018extensible\u2019, which means that it\ndevelops and improves with age. most anti-malware systems should\ndetect and remove back orifice, but new versions become available on a\nregular basis.\nbroken authentication and session management. these attacks take\nadvantage of flaws in areas such as logout, password management,\ntimeouts, remember me, secret question, account update, etc to\nimpersonate users and take over privileged accounts.\nbuffer overflow. a buffer is an area of memory that holds data to", "4201d266-dd48-4a0d-b606-50e80da33446": "identity, it is no longer possible to determine which person in the group is responsible for it. a typical example of this is the use of a\n\"a frequently used group in data center operations is the 'admin' group, which can be assigned to many administrators.\nan identity designation is usually an open, non-confidential information - in contrast to authentication information, see a-15.7.\nthe requirement in a-15.6 is to appropriately manage all identities of subjects involved in an isms throughout their entire lifecycle.\nwhat actions are involved in this management?\n- assignment of an identity (e.g. a user id) to a subject: this could be done individually on request or centrally based on personnel lists, for example.\n- change of an identity: this occurs, for example, in case of name changes of subjects or to ensure uniqueness in case of name similarity or conflicts.\n- deletion of identities: this happens when subjects of the type 'person' leave the scope of the isms, are transferred, or leave the", "f67fd373-b76f-4779-b9b7-4746f852cfc2": "additional information.\n7 physical controls\n7.1 physical security perimeters\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational security domains\nsecurity properties concepts capabilities\n#preventive #confidentiality #protect #physical_security |#protection\n#integrity\n#availability\ncontrol\nsecurity perimeters should be defined and used to protect areas that contain information and other\nassociated assets.\npurpose\nto prevent unauthorized physical access, damage and interference to the organization\u2019s information\nand other associated assets.\nguidance\nthe following guidelines should be considered and implemented where appropriate for physical\nsecurity perimeters:\na) defining security perimeters and the siting and strength of each of the perimeters in accordance\nwith the information security requirements related to the assets within the perimeter;\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved 67\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are", "8ea2009a-534a-4d10-9574-44cba40485a4": "the\ninformation security objectives themselves. it must,\ntherefore, be clear that any exclusions do not, in any way,\nundermine the security of the organisation to be assessed.\ncertification auditors will be assessing how management\napplies its information security policy across the whole of\nthe organisation that is defined as being within the scope of\nthe policy. they should be expected to test to their limits the\nboundaries of the stated scope to ensure that all\ninterdependencies and points of weakness have been\nidentified and adequately dealt with.\nin reality, as stated earlier, the process of designing and\nimplementing an effective isms may be made simpler by\n84\n6: information security policy and scoping\nincluding, within the scope, the entire organisation for which\nthe board has responsibility.\nthere is an argument, in large, complex organisations, for a\nphased approach to implementation. where it really is\npossible to adequately define a subsidiary part of the\norganisation, such that its", "f5400322-7c0c-4540-baa6-bb674f79b820": "information from malware. a.12.2\nhas only one requirement.\n * **a.12.2.1 - controls against malware** ** **control:**** protective measures must be implemented that ensure the\ndetection of, protection from, and recovery from malware attacks. ** **implementation:**** restricting removable media and addressing potential\nrisks is necessary, in addition to keeping your systems and software up to\ndate. malware detection and repair software is essential to a.12.2.\n### 3\\. **annex a.12.3 - information backup**\nthe objective of a.12.3 is to ensure protection against the loss of valuable\ninformation.\n * **annex a.12.3.1 - information backup** **control:** backup copies of information must be maintained and tested\nregularly. **implementation:** backup guidelines/policies must consider risk levels and\nyour organisation\u2019s needs. backup data must be stored away from the live\nenvironment to ensure no data is not compromised. ### 4\\. **annex a.12.4 - logging and monitoring**\nthe objective of", "d3f4c26e-3cc6-481b-bbdb-e545fa8b096c": "\u201cquantifying cost\u201d, of risks, and about \u201c\u2018organizational\ndecisions\u201d in relation to security controls. this guidance,\nwhich is in line with a qualitative risk assessment\nmethodology, is a particularly helpful starting point for\nconsidering impact value.\nbs 7799-3 takes this guidance still further: it says that an\nasset can be valued \u201cdepending upon its classification, the\nmore sensitive or more important the information, the higher\nthe value, or in relation to the consequence(s) of it being\ncompromised [...] moreover, the value of the asset might\ndepend on the nature of the compromise: an asset low in\nsensitivity could have a high requirement for accuracy and\navailability\u201d (clause 7.2.3). the value of the asset should, in\nsimple terms, be the same as the impact value of\ncompromising it.\nour earlier analysis of the threat-vulnerability combinations\nthat might compromise a backup tape is in line with the view\nthat assets should have more than one value. as mentioned\nearlier, bs 7799-3 confirms this view by", "670a705e-1a98-4677-b314-703992f56a61": "associated with information and information processing\nfacilities shall be identified and an inventory of these assets shall\nbe drawn up and maintained.\nownership of assets\ncontrol\nassets maintained in the inventory shall be owned.\nacceptable use of\nassets\ncontrol\nrules for the acceptable use of information and of assets associated\nwith information and information processing facilities shall be\nidentified, documented and implemented.\nreturn of assets\ncontrol\nall employees and external party users shall return all of the\norganizational assets in their possession upon termination of their\nemployment, contract or agreement.\na.8.2 information classification\nobjective: to ensure that information receives an appropriate level of protection in accordance with\nits importance to the organization.\nclassification of infor-\nmation\ncontrol\ninformation shall be classified in terms of legal requirements,\nvalue, criticality and sensitivity to unauthorised disclosure or\nmodification.\nlabelling of", "aa07e65b-2040-4e4d-952e-adb4cce14f8f": "clause 5.3\nstep 1: identify the roles and responsibilities that are relevant to\ninformation security.\nstep 2: assign the roles and responsibilities to specific individuals or\ngroups.\nstep 3: document the roles and responsibilities.\nstep 4: communicate the roles and responsibilities to all relevant personnel.\nstep 5: review and update the roles and responsibilities as needed.\n## benefits of implementing iso 27001 clause 5.3\nthere are many benefits to implementing iso 27001 clause 5.3, including:\nimproved information security: by clearly defining and assigning or&as, you\ncan improve your overall information security posture.\nincreased efficiency: by having clear lines of responsibility, you can avoid\nconfusion and duplication of effort.\nreduced risk: by ensuring that the right people have the right\nresponsibilities, you can reduce your risk of information security incidents.\nenhanced compliance: by complying with iso 27001 clause 5.3, you can\ndemonstrate your commitment to information security to", "57ebf072-e04c-4790-8f81-b8716df4285f": "controls are categorized into annexures in the iso 27001 standard.\ntable 2-1. a.5 information security policies\na.5 information security policies\na.5.1 management direction for information security\nobjective: to provide management direction and support for information security in accordance with\nbusiness requirements and relevant laws and regulations.\ncontrol\npolicies for informa- | a set of policies for information security shall be defined, approved\ntion security by management, published and communicated to employees and\nrelevant external parties.\ncontrol\nreview of the poli-\na.5.1.2 |cies for information the policies for information security shall be reviewed at planned\nsecurity intervals or if significant changes occur to ensure their continuing\nsuitability, adequacy and effectiveness.\nresponsibility\nthe information security department establishes the policy document after approval\nfrom management or another authority.\nsection a.6 of the annexure\nas shown in table 2-2, section a.6 covers the", "d324387c-0838-46cc-a2ed-d0cb8f48c7ed": "should be monitored. the organization must also decide who\nis to be responsible for ensuring that systems are updated, and this respon-\nsibility should be documented in line with the principles laid down in\nchapter 4.\nthe organization should also ensure that all new software products\n(including upgrades) are obtained against an authorized and clearly identi-\nfied business need and that adequate copies of the software licences are\nobtained for the actual number of users (ensuring that the right distinction\nis made between \u2018concurrent user\u2019 and \u2018per seat\u2019 licensing regimes).\nthe above control works together with that in a.12.6.2, restrictions on\nsoftware installation, which requires rules to govern what software users\nshould be authorized to install on their workstations or devices. while the\nformer deals with rolling out new software into the business environment,\nthe latter deals with the installation of point solutions. iso27002 suggests\nthat users should only be allowed (and this means the limitation is", "b91af6a2-7e08-4c7c-a52f-85fa3b5b1c89": "information\nassets from a wide range of threats.\nin addition to the new structure, iso 27001:2022 also includes 11 new\ncontrols. these controls are designed to address emerging threats, such as\ncloud computing, social engineering, and data breaches. the new controls are\nalso designed to improve the effectiveness of information security management\nsystems by providing organisations with more options for mitigating risks.\nthe new controls are as follows:\nthreat intelligence: this involves the collection and analysis of information\nabout potential threats to information security within organisations.\ninformation security for the use of cloud services: assessing and managing the\nrisks associated with the use of cloud services.\nict readiness for business continuity: ensuring that information and\ncommunications technology (ict) systems remain resilient and operational in\ndisaster scenarios is a requirement.\nphysical security monitoring: continually monitoring the physical security\nsystems to promptly", "03ffce42-4da4-4253-bf13-ca1ea52c4d3a": "the organization, you\nshould define who will be responsible for the management of that asset throughout the\nlifecycle. the asset owner is responsible for:\ne ensuring that the asset register is correct and up to date.\ne ensuring that assets are classified into appropriate categories and\nprotected.\ne defining the asset management policy and reviewing it periodically.\ne properly handling assets while deleting or destroying them.\nevidence that can be prepared: asset management policy and an asset register.\nwho prepares it: the information security team should prepare the asset\nmanagement policy and the relevant asset owner/department should prepare the asset\nregister.\nfor external audit: an external auditor may check for this evidence, to verify that\nasset management practices are followed and managed throughout the asset\u2019s lifecycle.\na.8.1.3 acceptable use of assets (iso 27001 control)\nrules for the acceptable use of information and assets associated with information and\ninformation processing", "8be0d4c4-91f7-4f58-8f8c-654e858b3459": "enable shareholders to evaluate how the\nprinciples have been applied;\nstatement as to whether the listed company has:\na complied throughout the accounting period with all relevant provisions set\nout in the code; or\nb not complied throughout the accounting period with all relevant provisions\nset out in the code and if so, setting out:\ni those provisions, if any, it has not complied with;\nii in the case of provisions whose requirements are of a continuing nature,\nthe period within which, if any, it did not comply with some or all of\nthose provisions; and\niii the company\u2019s reasons for non-compliance.\u2019\nthere must also be conformation from the directors that they have carried\nout a robust assessment of the principal risks facing the company.\nthe company\u2019s auditors must verify statements made by the directors in\nrespect of the board\u2019s compliance with the code\u2019s provisions. in effect,\ncompliance has become a fiduciary duty of boards of directors. this could\nmean that directors are held to be personally", "e94c561b-a48d-469b-a0be-526a8f31a38d": "providing information technology (it) and finance are readily available to the business.\n * ensuring the accuracy and completeness of the information shared by both parties with each other.\n * ensuring that all parties have access to information or processes in the event of a disaster. there must be a strategy for recovery and contingency.\n * educating the personnel of the organisation involved in acquisitions about the related policies, processes, and procedures.\n * education on the acceptable rules of engagement and behaviour depending on provider type and amount of supplier access to the system. * education on the rules of handling information of the organisation for employees of those who deal with staff of suppliers.\n * signing a legal contract to safeguard the integrity of the connection.\n### **a.15.1.2: addressing security within supplier agreements**\nthe information security requirements for any suppliers who see, process,\nstore, communicate, or deliver it infrastructure component", "432f4748-af3f-43ee-a85f-a53c9129d9d9": "not accept them due to cultural norms or\ntaboos.\ne time-based: it takes time to implement any control. thus, sometimes\nyou may need to wait for the budget or for the right opportunity to\nact.\ne not applicable: sometimes, the organization doesn\u2019t think their\nbusiness operation is big enough, or they may not be processing\nhighly sensitive data and therefore they don\u2019t want to implement\nthe security control.\ne personnel: the resources or staff needed is currently unavailable\nso the security control cannot be planned.\ne legal: sometimes legal constraints stand in the way of\nimplementing the controls.\nnote there may be other reasons for not implementing the controls, other than\nthose listed here. it depends on your business and industry requirements.\n84\nchapter 5 risk management approach\nrisk mitigation\nmitigation in simple terms involves the planned and executed actions you take to reduce\nthe impact of any risk.\nin iso 27001, risk reduction is done when you select the controls to be implemented\nfor the", "09dd2cbd-f73d-4527-a877-747cfe99e68f": "should be performed according to approved cryptographic\ntechniques for passwords (see 8.24).\nother information\npasswords or passphrases are a commonly used type of authentication information and are a common\nmeans of verifying a user\u2019s identity. other types of authentication information are cryptographic keys,\ndata stored on hardware tokens (e.g. smart cards) that produce authentication codes and biometric\ndata such as iris scans or fingerprints. additional information can be found in the iso/iec 24760 series.\nrequiring frequent change of passwords can be problematic because users can get annoyed by the\nfrequent changes, forget new passwords, note them down in unsafe places, or choose unsafe passwords.\nprovision of single sign on (sso) or other authentication management tools (e.g. password vaults)\nreduces the amount of authentication information that users are required to protect and can thereby\nincrease the effectiveness of this control. however, these tools can also increase the impact of disclosure\nof", "70b67c86-474d-488c-b2e3-85d472b7cc95": "15.2.2\n15.2.1* *removed \"audit\"\na-5.23 x\na-5.24 x 16.1.1 added: \"communicate\"\na-5.25 16.1.4\na-5.26 16.1.5\na-5.27 x 16.1.6 slightly modified aim\na-5.28 16.1.7\na-5.29 x 17.1.1 simplifying\n17.1.2 summary\n17.1.3\na-5.30 x\na-5.31 18.1.1\n(18.1.5) (special case: only\ncryptography)\na-5.32 x 18.1.2 simplifying summary\na-5.33 x 18.1.3 simplifying summary\n(continuation)\n4.2 schedule for annex a and its controls 249\ntab. 4.1 (continuation)\ncontrol a b c d e old controls comments\na-5.34 xx 18.1.4 inclusion of contractual requirements\na-5.35 x 18.2.1\na-5.36 x xx 18.2.2 simplifying summary\n18.2.3* *technical requirements no\nlonger mentioned separately\na-5.37 x 12.1.1\ntab. 4.2 control group 6: personnel\ncontrol a b cc d e old controls comments\na-6.1 x 7.1.1\na_6.2 x 7.1.2\na-6.3 x 7.2.2\na-6.4 xx 7.2.3 added: interested parties\na-6.5 xx 7.3.1 added: implement\na-6.6 xx 13.2.4 added: sign\na-6.7 xx 6.2.2 generalized to all forms of\nteleworking\na-6.8 xx x 16.1.2 simplifying summary,\n16.1.3 no longer distinguish", "8f2882df-2f1d-4e9a-957e-fb2f3a722891": "customers, partners,\nand regulators.\n ## conclusion\niso 27001 clause 5.3 is an important part of the isms and plays a vital role\nin ensuring the organisation's information security. by clearly defining and\nassigning or&as, you can improve your overall information security posture and\nreduce their risk of information security incidents.", "200e07ef-c5a4-4e4e-ad2b-ec8372d6c28a": "carried out after programming.\nfor the often unpopular topic of documentation from a programmer's perspective, the organization must provide guidelines regarding the timing of creation (parallel to development or only afterwards), scope and depth of documentation, as well as the respective target audience (e.g. users, administration, system integration).\n157 b. pair programming (one person codes, another team member reviews each line of code in parallel at the same terminal), peer review (review by team members independent of the coding process in terms of time/space), refactoring (restructuring the code to improve readability, comprehensibility, maintainability, and testing - possibly supported by tools).\nin the course of using the developed software, care must be taken to create and report error reports, similar to the discovery of vulnerabilities or successful attacks. processes for rectifying such shortcomings, creating and securely delivering updates must be established when the limitation of the", "da92cced-6247-4db8-801f-5b3866eb981e": "agreements;\nm) evaluate regularly that the suppliers maintain adequate information security levels.\nthe responsibility for managing supplier relationships should be assigned to a designated individual\nor team. sufficient technical skills and resources should be made available to monitor that the\nrequirements of the agreement, in particular the information security requirements, are being met.\nappropriate actions should be taken when deficiencies in the service delivery are observed.\nother information\nsee iso/iec 27036-3 for more detail.\n40 \u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\n5.23 information security for use of cloud services\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational security domains\nsecurity properties concepts capabilities\n#preventive #confidentiality #protect #supplier_relation- |#governance_and_\n#integrity ships_security ecosystem", "21c2bdf4-3a26-4a72-92ac-05f8b395a991": "of\nsample high lavel plan\nfigure 3-1. high-level timelines\nhere are example activities that are covered when implementing isms:\n\u00ab scope\ne risk assessment\ne risk treatment\ne defining policies and procedures\ne awareness or training sessions\n\u00ab controls implementation\ne internal audit\ne closure of audit gaps\ne stage 1 audit (external)\ne stage 2 audit (external)\nthis is not an exhaustive list; there may be other activities, depending on your\norganization. the duration of each task could vary from one organization to another,\nas the required skills and scope of work may be different. hence, the organization/\nimplementation teams must keep in mind these factors before getting commitment from\nthe stakeholders.\n5\n_\nchapter 3 project kick-off\nsetting up the project taskforce\nwe all know that without team members\u2019 support, projects aren\u2019t successful. hence, it is\nvery important to set up the taskforce in order to implement the iso 27001.\nthe project team can be selected based on the scope of the isms. for", "535dadfd-6827-4710-be7d-8ed60ccbc82b": "imaginary \u2018walk-\nthrough\u2019 of a bcp in a specific set of circumstances, using imaginary\nevents and predicting what is likely to happen on the ground.\n- simulations are one of the most important testing approaches, as\nsimulations also serve to train the people concerned and help identify\nother issues that could be critical but that have not been identified through\nthe walk-through test.\n\u00ab technical recovery testing is designed to ensure that systems can be\nrecovered efficiently, and this should start with ensuring that the system,\nor individual elements of it, can be restored from back-up and should\nthen move on to test the restoration of individual servers, and then groups\nof servers, and then the whole server room. weaknesses in any of these\nareas could be significant, and the processes and staff skill sets are critical.\nthe availability of back-up personnel and third-party services, particularly\nout of hours, should be tested at this time.\n- the testing of recovery into an alternative site (depending on", "1a2cdb3b-7e4a-4201-9927-434fb983a556": "sensitized and trained before they can fulfill their security responsibilities. regarding the reporting of perceived or actual security incidents, a corresponding contact point (user help desk, security center, etc.) must be established and its availability made known. this simple example shows how different security elements interact.\n(g) the process of continuous improvement must be promoted and widely applied.\ncontinuous improvement involves the idea of improving the performance of the isms through regular adjustments, i.e., approaching the objectives. over time, this should result in a stable, correctly implemented, and fully effective isms.\nhow can this be achieved in practice? a classic method is the pdca (plan-do-check-act) process, which we explained in section 1.4 (keyword continuous improvement). pdca stands for plan-do-check-act: all activities in the isms should first be planned (p), then implemented (d), and checked during use or application (c). c could reveal errors or deviations from the", "e9b29bb7-c6b2-4375-8928-2f6bce29c647": "enough: if authorizations are associated with it, it is necessary to authenticate before exercising those authorizations, i.e. to prove that the subject is what or who it claims to be. there are various methods for this - in short:\n- authentication through knowledge of a confidential information: pin, password, tan\n- authentication through possession of a (usually machine-readable) object: token, smart card, code generator\n- authentication through characteristics: e.g. biometric properties of a subject (only for persons) or other typical characteristics (also for systems or applications as subjects).\neach of these methods is referred to as weak authentication on its own; combinations of (at least) two of these variants, such as using a smart card with pin, are considered strong authentication, possibly in combination with certificates. secure authentication is also addressed in a-8.5.\nwhile the english original consistently uses the term 'authentication', the german drafts of standards differentiate", "5bf28d52-88b7-4cb4-a39c-0d5c7feb6d4f": "conducted in the implementation to achieve an operational isms which are:\n1. monitoring\n2. measuring\n3. internal isms auditing\n4. training and awareness\nincident management\n6. management review\n7. isms improvement including corrective and preventive actions\nthe development of the isms project and the design of its related planned implementation of controls should\ninvolve and make use of the skills and experience of staff from those parts of the organization that are either\nwithin the isms scope or have isms related management responsibilities. the isms specific aspects requires\ndialogue with management.\nto design the selected controls for the risk treatment, it is crucial to design the ict and physical security\nenvironment and the organizational security environment. ict security deals not only with information systems\nand networks but also with operational requirements. physical security deals with all aspects of access control\nnon-repudiation, physical protection of information assets and what is", "5fc0cdbd-bcde-473a-882f-6ee0b4bb3bb2": "involved in such conflicting duties and areas of responsibility.\nconsider this from an it company example. say krishna is the business analyst\nteam manager and is also responsible for qa/software testing team. such a scenario\nwould be considered conflicting and the risk might increase that poses a threat to the\nintegrity of the test result. hence, to avoid such risks, segregation of duties is important.\nfor example, krishna should be responsible only for the business analyst team and shiva\nshould have responsibility for qa/software testing team. this will help mitigate the risks.\nthe iso 27001 standard recognizes that small organizations face challenges in\nsegregating duties. in such scenarios, the focus should be more on monitoring the activities\nand maintaining the audit trails so that individual actions do not go undetected. that is\nwhy usage of tools/technology should be monitored in organizations who do sensitive\ntransactions and handle confidential data. tools help you track and maintain the audit", "6b01be31-c6a0-467e-8e30-fc1075c0bdbd": "auditor.\nas shown in figure 7-3, the internal audit report covers the following items:\ne the sample report contains any non-conformities observed during\nthe auditor\u2019s interaction with the auditees or during the document\nreview.\ne the root cause is where the auditor indicates why the issue or non-\nconformity occurs.\ne the report also contains corrective or the preventive actions that\nneed to be taken by the auditees during the closure of the gaps/\nfindings.\n230\nchapter 7 \u2014 internal audit\n1|internal audit |empanelled iso 27001 |a11.3.3 although the\nconsultant clear desk &\nclear screen\npolicy is\ndocumented but\nfew desk were\nfound to be\n. nc\ninternal audit |empanelled so 27001 |a9.1.1 nc no visitor cards\nconsultant issued to the\nvisitors\ncolumns to be in continuation, shown for illustration only\nthe admin head\nread the policy\n& ensured\nremove the\npaper & store\nadmin head has |the required awareness\nbeen given training for the related to\ninstructionto jawareness of all policies\nensure the 1so 27001", "978e2eb2-1daf-4439-bfc0-7ffc35f66bca": "organizations (3.50) that agree to share information\nnote 1 to entry: an organization can be an individual.\n3.35\ninformation system\nset of applications, services, information technology assets, or other information-handling components\n3.36\nintegrity\nproperty of accuracy and completeness\n3.37\ninterested party (preferred term)\nstakeholder (admitted term)\nperson or organization (3.50) that can affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by a decision\nor activity\n3.38\ninternal context\ninternal environment in which the organization (3.50) seeks to achieve its objectives\nnote 1 to entry: internal context can include:\n\u2014 governance, organizational structure, roles and accountabilities;\n\u2014 policies (3.53), objectives (3.49), and the strategies that are in place to achieve them;\n\u2014 the capabilities, understood in terms of resources and knowledge (e.g. capital, time, people, processes (3.54),\nsystems and technologies);\n\u2014 information systems (3.35), information flows and decision-making processes", "01f8aca8-9a57-453a-a5fc-6ca77444a287": "organization, its location, assets and technology. the resulting information\nfrom the above supports this determination.\nsome topics which should be considered when making the initial decisions regarding scope include:\na) what are the mandates for information security management established by organizational management\nand the obligations imposed externally on the organization?\nb) is the responsibility for the proposed in-scope systems held by more than one management team (e.g.\npeople in different subsidiaries or different departments)?\nc) how will the isms-related documents be communicated throughout the organization (e.g. on paper or\nthrough the corporate intranet)?\nd) can the current management systems support the organization\u2019s needs? is it fully operational, well\nmaintained, and functioning as intended?\nexamples of management objectives that may be used as input to define the preliminary isms scope include:\na) facilitating business continuity and disaster recovery\nb) improving resilience to", "28fbc57c-1f66-4bc0-be5f-9f6e2cd9329f": "first\n\u201cannex sl\u201d standards. iso has made good progress in phasing annex sl in and all of the\nrelevant standards, including iso 22301 (business continuity) iso 9001 (quality management\nsystems) and iso 14001 (environmental management systems) now have it.\nthe good news for an organization implementing an isms based on iso/iec 27001 is that\nthey will by default be putting in place an \u201cannex sl\u201d management system. this will make it\nmuch easier for them to implement other standards such as iso 9001 later, if they wish to\n(see the section on integrating management systems within this document for more\ninformation). the iso/iec 27001 standard consists of major headings which will be common\nacross other standards (because they are the \u201cannex sl\u201d headings) which are:\nintroduction\nscope\nnormative references\nterms and definitions\ncontext of the organization\nleadership\nplanning\nsupport\noperation\nperformance evaluation\nimprovement\nwondunpwnr os\nyay\n\u00a9\n2.1.4 meeting the requirements of the standard\nclauses 0", "48e41801-6928-4ccb-a164-10a86f90ab9d": "numbers, current state of deployment (e.g. what software is installed on what\nsystems) and the person(s) within the organization responsible for the software.\nto identify technical vulnerabilities, the organization should consider:\na) defining and establishing the roles and responsibilities associated with technical vulnerability\nmanagement, including vulnerability monitoring, vulnerability risk assessment, updating, asset\ntracking and any coordination responsibilities required;\nb) for software and other technologies (based on the asset inventory list, see 5.9), identifying\ninformation resources that will be used for identifying relevant technical vulnerabilities and\nmaintaining awareness about them. updating the list of information resources based on changes in\nthe inventory or when other new or useful resources are found;\nc) requiring suppliers of information system (including their components) to ensure vulnerability\nreporting, handling and disclosure, including the requirements in applicable", "b958e9ea-af67-43f3-84dd-f2ec2ea01f2f": "individual obligations. examples of this are the policy for the use of mobile systems (for official purposes) and the home office policy.\nguidelines and policies should be regularly reviewed and, if necessary, adapted, with policies being changed more frequently based on experience.\nthe term \"security concept\" is not explicitly mentioned in iso 27001. however, if one wants to establish a connection, all documents and plans mentioned or required in chapters 2 and 3 are part of the security concept: context description, presentation of the scope and isms processes, risk assessment and treatment, soa and risk treatment plan (see isms-4 in chapter 2).\nliterature\n1. din en iso/iec 17021-1: conformity assessment - requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of management systems - part 1: requirements, 2015-11 and correction 2020-06\n2. din en iso 19011: guidelines for auditing management systems, 2018-10\n3. din iso 31000: risk management - guidelines, 2018-10\n\u00ae\ncheck for\nupdates\nrequirements", "37018bea-803e-436d-a30b-55062bc425a5": "addressed\nensure org is following processes that it has specified and documented\nensure org is upholding contractual requirements with third parties\naddress specific nonconformities identified by the iso 27001 auditor\nreceive auditor\u2019s formal validation following resolution of nonconformities\n15\nconduct regular management reviews\nplan reviews at least once per year; consider a quarterly review cycle\nensure the isms and its objectives continue to remain appropriate and\neffective\nensure that senior management remains informed\nensure adjustments to address risks or deficiencies can be promptly\nimplemented\n16\ncalendar iso 27001 audit schedule and surveillance audit schedules\nperform a full iso 27001 audit once every three years\nprepare to perform surveillance audits in the second and third years of the\ncertification cycle\n17\nconsider streamlining iso 27001 certification with automation\nexplore tools for automating security and compliance\ntransform manual data collection and observation", "8bfecd74-e9a5-4ec4-a2e5-fba87aecc59d": "employment\nobjective: to ensure that employees and contractors are aware of and fulfil their information security\nresponsibilities.\ncontrol\nmanagement responsi- | management shall require all employees and contractors to apply\na7.2.1 \u201cregs\nbilities information security in accordance with the established policies\nand procedures of the organization.\ncontrol\ninformation security | q}] employees of the organization and, where relevant, contrac-\na.7.2.2. |awareness, education |tors shall receive appropriate awareness education and training\nand training and regular updates in organizational policies and procedures, as\nrelevant for their job function.\ncontrol\na.7.2.3. |disciplinary process _ | there shall be a formal and communicated disciplinary process\nin place to take action against employees who have committed an\ninformation security breach.\na.7.3__ termination and change of employment\nobjective: to protect the organization's interests as part of the process of changing or", "2c21de0f-4e1c-4681-a612-a8a04cfd2fbf": "organization and whether it is compliant as per the iso\n27001 standards.\na.12.4 logging and monitoring\nobjective: to record events and generate evidence.\nexplanation/what is required: identify and implement controls to record the\nevents of employee/contractor systems who were attempting to gain unauthorized\naccess to files or systems. this is a security threat and may result in the loss of company\ninformation.\n173\nchapter 6 execution\na.12.4.1 event logging (iso 27001 control)\nevent logs recording user activities, exceptions, faults, and information security events\nshould be produced, kept, and regularly reviewed.\nexplanation/what is required: organizations must create the provisions and\nimplement security controls so that they can record all the user activities that they\nare doing on the organization systems allotted to them. this ensures that they are not\nmisusing or trying to gain any unauthorized access or sharing the information outside\nthe organization. this will be stored in the form of event", "41e81b3b-4bf1-43a0-85b8-7be9efaed79a": "is to create records of the actual course of a process, either automatically by participating technical systems or manually by participating personnel.\nrecords are created during the ongoing operation of processes. they serve monitoring and control as well as later analysis of the process in case of deviations or special incidents, but can also serve as evidence - for example, to supervisory authorities.\n16 1 the iso/iec 27000 series and its basic terms\nfor the scope of the isms\nprocesses in scope: process description 1 process description 2 process description 3\nsupporting processes: [supporting processes\npolicy 1\nguidelines to be observed for certain policy 2\nprocesses or all processes or\nprocess groups\nspecial policy 3\nfig. 1.4 overview of documentation\n10. documented information\nthe iso 27000 series uses the term \"documented information\" as a generic term for documents and records.\ndocumented information is mostly available electronically today, so the question arises where the corresponding", "76cb0bfe-11b8-4712-8f0a-fcdcae878b4b": "the author recommends that this requirement is interpreted as \u201c...risks\nassociated with the loss of confidentiality, integrity, and availability, and the use and\nmisuse of information and associated assets within scope of the isms\u201d.\niso/iec 27001 clause 6.1.2 c) requires organisations to identify the owners of\nthose risks. the term \u201crisk owner\u201d has a special meaning: a \u201cperson or entity with\nthe accountability and authority to manage a risk\u201d, see iso/iec 27000.\nanalyse risks\niso/iec 27001 clause 6.1.2 d) requires organisations to analyse their information\nsecurity risks. it requires organisations to assess the consequences and the realistic\nlikelihoods of those risks, and thereby determine the level of risk in each case.\nevaluate risks\niso/iec 27001 clause 6.1.2 e) requires organisations to evaluate their information\nsecurity risks. evaluation requires:\na) comparing the levels of risk with the risk criteria; and\nb) prioritising the risks for treatment.\nfor example, the risks with the greatest", "b0143689-3097-4163-b669-4ee2db6ce147": "disclosed?\u201d) and use the higher result for each\nconsequence.\ndetermination of likelihood\ncategories\nthere are three categories.\ncategory r: the organisation has no influence upon the likelihood of occurrence\nand has not experienced any incidents of this type. examples in this class include\nfires, floods, earthquakes, strikes, riots, and burglaries, etc. in these cases,\ndetermine the likelihood of occurrence through a consideration of recent historical\ndata obtained through research for the geographic region(s) in scope of the isms.\ncategory e: the organisation has little or no influence upon the likelihood of\noccurrence but does have experience of one or more incidents of this type.\nexamples of this class can include software and power failure. in these cases,\ndetermine the likelihood of occurrence through a consideration of organisational\nrecords.\ncategory o: the likelihood is dependent upon opportunities for event occurrence\ncreated by the organisation. for example, the likelihood of losing a laptop", "79564650-dbb2-4de0-b061-10cf8506454a": "cloud\nservice should be clearly identified and accepted by the appropriate management of the organization.\nan agreement between the cloud service provider and the organization, acting as the cloud service\ncustomer, should include the following provisions for the protection of the organization\u2019s data and\navailability of services:\na) providing solutions based on industry accepted standards for architecture and infrastructure;\nb) managing access controls of the cloud service to meet the requirements of the organization;\nc) implementing malware monitoring and protection solutions;\nd) processing and storing the organization\u2019s sensitive information in approved locations (e.g.\nparticular country or region) or within or subject to a particular jurisdiction;\ne}) providing dedicated support in the event of an information security incident in the cloud service\nenvironment;\nf) ensuring that the organization\u2019s information security requirements are met in the event of cloud\nservices being further sub-contracted to an", "18322c6c-dea4-4a91-ae08-afe292377907": "facilities (a lan) or using privately leased or owned\nfixed data links to connect lans in a number of different locations securely.\nvirtual private networks (vpns), extranets and wireless networks are now\nimportant parts of the networking universe.\nvirtual private networks (vpns)\nvpns are, in effect, alternative wans that replace or augment an existing\nfixed private network. there are two types of vpn: remote access vpns,\nwhich extend the network to telecommuters, home offices and mobile work-\ners, enabling them to log on securely to the corporate network across the\ninternet; and site-to-site vpns, which securely connect remote sites to a\ncorporate or central site, using service provider connections or the internet.\na vlan is a group of end stations which, independent of physical location,\nare networked by means of a vpns. vlans have the same attributes as a\nphysical lan but allow you to group end stations even if they are not\nlocated physically on the same lan.\nvpns utilize specific technologies, such as", "48db4b54-e8bc-4ea6-a841-5565890102b4": "will,\ngiven the complexity of the legislation and the potential liability, often do so.\nit is important to note that the gdpr forbids the appointment of dpos that\nmight have a conflict of interest; this tends to mean that those whose roles\nrequire them to determine the means and purposes of processing (such as,\nfor instance, an information security manager) cannot also be the dpo.\nin particular, organizations should be cognizant of the restrictions on\ntransferring personal data to countries that are not within the european\nunion. this restriction is particularly important for organizations \u2018offshor-\ning\u2019 any part of their customer support operations, or consolidating in a\nsingle location services previously delivered from multiple jurisdictions.\nthe eu-us privacy shield framework\nthis allows us corporations that are regulated by the federal trade\ncommission (ftc) and have operations in the eu to receive eu personal\ndata. the privacy shield provides us organizations with a way to demon-\nstrate a level of", "68b0cd70-cc9d-4a3c-a000-b200d541e84a": "the processes fully or at least partially documented? this also includes all aspects related to the purpose, scope, and operation of the it used. in the future, the newly established processes of the isms will also fall under the operational structure.\n- technical and administrative requirements, e.g. guidelines, work instructions, process manuals, possibly also standards: which of these are important for our activities or processes? is there an easily accessible directory of all such requirements?\n- existing risk management: many companies have a central risk management department that deals with enterprise risks as a whole. the procedure used there for identifying, estimating, and evaluating risks could (and should ideally) also be used for information risks and then influence our isms!\n- existing documents: are there still documents from previous approaches to information security, such as guidelines, security concepts, and risk analyses? what is relevant, current, or still valid?\n- existing", "eadf3578-448d-4f00-9c62-58446520c795": "third parties, you are treading in the space of nonconformity.\nyour iso auditor will utilize nonconformities to judge the compliance of your\ncompany\u2019s isms against the iso standard. an auditor will describe the\nnonconformity, provide evidence of the issue, reference by clause the\nrequirement that is not being adequately addressed, and summarize what must be\ndone to meet the stated requirement.\nboth major and minor nonconformities may be recorded in the process of your\ncompany\u2019s certification audit. the presence of a major nonconformity means\nthat a company cannot get certified. examples of major nonconformities\ninclude:\n * complete failure to fulfill a certain requirement of the standard\n * absence of mandatory documentation\n * breakdown of a process or procedure\n * the accumulation of minor nonconformities in relation to one process or element of your management system, illuminating a larger problem * misuse of a certification mark, thus misleading customers * minor nonconformities left", "a3f23c05-90ca-4f58-a78a-706eaf8e9281": "annex a.\nmanagement review meeting agenda include additional agenda items in existing agenda, for example\ninformation security policy.\ntable 1 - main toolkit documents to be merged in an integrated management system\nthe remaining documents will be |s027001-specific and so should generally be used as they\nare. an exercise to ensure that all documents in your integrated management system cover\nboth (or all) of the standards involved should also be carried out.\nremember that just because you operate an integrated management system this does not\nmean you must be audited for all standards at the same time. you can still choose to split\nyour audits and even use different certification bodies if that suits your needs better.\n2.6 where to start\nrelevant toolkit documents\ne 18027001 gap assessment tool\ne {15027001 assessment evidence\ne certikit 1s027001 toolkit index\ne /s027001 benefits presentation\noptional add-ons (available at additional cost via our website)\ne 18027001 enhanced gap assessment tool\nnote:", "4a7f2ddd-0885-4300-b395-682218c7448b": "information assets. * identify the threats and vulnerabilities that could impact those assets/scenarios. * assess the likelihood and impact of those threats and vulnerabilities. * implement controls to mitigate the risks. * regularly review and update the risk assessment process.\n### is iso 27001 risk based?\nyes, iso 27001 is a risk-based standard because it recognises that the level\nof risk that an organisation faces will vary depending on a number of factors,\nsuch as the type of information that it processes, the size and complexity of\nthe organisation, and the threats and vulnerabilities that it faces.\nthe risk-based approach of iso 27001 is reflected in a number of clauses in\nthe standard, including:\n * **clause 4.1**, which requires organisations to define their information security policy, which should be based on the organisation's risk assessment * **clause 6.1**, which requires organisations to identify their assets and their associated risks *", "4ca30cc4-4e75-413b-85a8-1480aeb207be": "services questionnaire\n page 46 of 79\niso/iec 27001 implementation guide\nnew in the 2022 version, this is the first time a control has specifically addressed the use of\ncloud services within the iso/iec 27001 standard. this control takes a lifecycle approach to\ncloud services, requiring that all stages are managed, including acquisition, use,\nmanagement and exit from them. key to achieving this is a clear understanding of the\nrespective roles and responsibilities undertaken by the csp (cloud service provider) and the\ncloud customer in areas such as access control, anti-malware, backups and incident\nmanagement.\n4.1.24 a.5.24 information security incident management planning and\npreparation\nrelevant toolkit documents\ne incident response plan ransomware\ne incident response plan denial of service\ne incident response plan data breach\ninformation security incident management is becoming increasingly important as\norganizations realize that preventing all breaches is virtually impossible. if you already", "826827c3-6878-4f2e-a833-c708ba980029": "adverse circumstances - e.g. technical problems (software errors, hardware failures, power outages) or problems in use (operational errors, incorrect configuration settings - and not to forget: manipulative actions up to sabotage). on the other hand, the isms processes are indispensable for the functioning of the isms: if individual processes are not available, the organization's information security may be significantly affected.\nfurthermore: in the course of risk treatment according to isms 6.1.3, a list of required controls was created to achieve the organization's security objectives. the associated security measures serve to address the risks to information security. it is fatal if individual security measures can no longer fulfill their function due to adverse circumstances - this will also reduce the organization's information security.\nlet's take access control to sensitive areas of the organization as an example. if its function is disturbed or fails (adverse circumstances such as power failure,", "366966c8-455c-409d-895b-d64ab4ecd241": "the safety of staff and the protection of information systems and\norganizational assets.\nbusiness and information security continuity management\n+ consider the purchase of insurance that covers the risks identified and\nensure that premiums are kept up to date.\n- formulate and agree with line managers, and everyone likely to be\naffected, a business continuity strategy that is consistent with the\norganization\u2019s documented objectives and strategy. this needs to be no\nmore than a single page that states clearly the overall approach to\ncontinuity, the prioritization of processes and the extent of training and\nreview.\n+ formulate and document detailed bcps that are consistent with the\nstrategy.\n\u00ab ensure that plans are regularly tested, lessons learned and plans updated.\n+ ensure that the management of business continuity is as embedded into\nthe organization\u2019s processes and culture as is information security\ngenerally, and that specific responsibilities for business continuity, and its\ninformation security", "ce4f2094-1753-4a2f-99f9-69387d9063e6": "risk assessment and treatment process\n * 6.1.3 information security risk treatment and assessment plan\n * 6.1.3 the statement of applicability\n * 6.2 information security objectives\n * 6.3 change management for the isms\n * 7.1 ressource planning\n * 7.3 awareness plan\n * 7.4 communication plan\n * 7.2 evidence of competence\n * 7.5 document control policy\n * 5.5.1 documented information determined by the organisation as being necessary for the effectiveness of the isms\n * 8.1 operational planning and control\n * 8.2 results of the information security risk assessment\n * 8.3 results of the information security risk treatment\n * 9.1 evidence of the monitoring and measurement of results\n * 9.2 a documented internal audit process\n * 9.2 evidence of the audit programmes and the audit results\n * 9.3 evidence of the results of management reviews\n * 10.1 evidence of the nature of the non-conformities and any subsequent actions taken\n * 10.1 evidence of the results of any corrective actions\nto get a", "bdc97b23-ba64-4dd3-83b1-9854c6c1cb4a": "current asset owners leave or change job roles.\nwner i\nthe asset owner should be responsible for the proper management of an asset over the whole asset life\ncycle, ensuring that:\na) information and other associated assets are inventoried;\nb) information and other associated assets are appropriately classified and protected;\nc) the classification is reviewed periodically;\nd) components supporting technology assets are listed and linked, such as database, storage, software\ncomponents and sub-components;\ne} requirements for the acceptable use of information and other associated assets (see 5.10) are\nestablished;\nf) access restrictions correspond with the classification and that they are effective and are reviewed\nperiodically;\ng) information and other associated assets, when deleted or disposed, are handled in a secure manner\nand removed from the inventory;\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved 19\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are", "121d0a1a-64e8-4263-8dd7-09495c740010": "the assets that will\nbe affected. as such, from at least an abstract level, the\ninformation security risk assessment operates at the asset\nlevel, and controls should only be selected and applied to\nthose risks where management has determined that the\npotential loss to the organisation is such that investment in\ncontrols is appropriate.\nthis is an obviously sensible approach: it ensures that limited\nfinancial and human resources are prioritised and allocated\nto counter the biggest risks to the organisation, rather than\napplied indiscriminately across all assets of the organisation.\nan information security risk assessment quite often enables\norganisations to identify areas in which their controls are in\nexcess of their real requirements and it, therefore, enables\nresources to be freed-up for reinvestment in more critical\nareas.\n49\n3: risk management objectives\ntypically, organisations attempt to simplify the risk\nassessment process by aggregating information assets and\nthen identifying generic threats to", "f7740249-ed18-45c8-9b30-5ba996cbf4c7": "rendered, completed checklists for important tasks in the isms, etc.\nfurthermore, legal regulations and contracts may require records of certain circumstances and events.\nrecords should make processes traceable and verifiable, enable the detection of violations of rules, and possibly even collect evidence for legal disputes.\nrecords only make sense if one can rely on the recorded data and if there is indeed a proof or evidence character. in general, it must be ensured that unauthorized persons do not tamper with records - for whatever purpose. if one has to admit that unauthorized access to certain records has occurred or cannot be ruled out, the recorded data lose their probative value.\nwe summarize some points to consider regarding records:\n- records should only be made if they serve a clear purpose (e.g. compliance with legal requirements, evaluation of security-related processes, monitoring of service providers' performance). this can be used to limit the amount of records to what is necessary. it", "365248d9-2434-4da5-8ee9-43d33608fb98": "is027002 points out, any compromise or loss of a crypto-\ngraphic key can lead to compromise of confidentiality, integrity or\navailability of information. clearly, therefore, the organization needs to put\nin place a management system that reflects the risk assessment and is appro-\npriate for the cryptographic technique that it uses. there are, as explained\nabove, two types of encryption, and the organization may use one or both\nof them.\na symmetric encryption technique will require the organization to keep\nsecret its key, as anyone who obtains the key will be able to decrypt any\ninformation encrypted with it. the private key for an asymmetric system\nmust also be kept secret, for the same reason, although the public key is\nobviously intended to be accessed by the public. all keys, both secret and\npublic, should be protected against unauthorized modification or destruc-\ntion. physical protection should be considered for any equipment used to\ngenerate or store cryptographic keys.\nthe isms should set out how", "140e56c5-3815-4e0f-92d3-0f9908927c29": "come to\nunderstand any area that poses challenges in safeguarding client information. if you drill\ndown to the root cause of these issues (whether you lack skill and or you have not used\nsuch tools/systems before), you\u2019ll see this is an important area of learning.\nnew tools/technology\nwhen a new, pertinent technology/tool is launched in the market, it becomes important\nto explore it. you need to determine whether it would be useful to the organizations you\nserve.\n261\nchapter 10 continual improvement\nyour clients may expect you to have experience with these new technologies. hence,\nyour organization must review them on a timely basis and determine whether they are\nuseful to invest time and money in them, in order to keep the organization on par with\nits competitors. if you are investing time and resources in this approach, it becomes part\nof the improvement implementation.\nregulatory/governmental laws\nany law mandated by the government must be adhered to; this cannot be avoided. you\nmust consider not", "4784cddf-1b8f-4139-a6be-98381fa2578d": "information security performance on a regular planned basis. * make information security a priority in the organisation's strategic planning. * connect the isms to the company-wide objectives, which can help gain momentum in the creation and maintenance of such isms. ## how to pass an audit of iso 27001 clause 5.1\nto pass an audit of iso 27001 clause 5.1, the organisation must demonstrate\nthat it has:\n * a documented isms that is aligned with the requirements of iso 27001.\n * senior management commitment to information security. * the necessary resources to implement and maintain the isms. * adequate companywide awareness training for all employees on information security.\n * effective processes for managing information security risks. * adequate monitoring and review of the isms. * corrective action taken to address any nonconformities that were identified during the audit.", "55886797-6867-4f55-af6f-f1b847a19c49": "message that should, in this\ncircumstance, underpin the change management and communication plans;\nthe smaller the perceived mountain, the more quickly will an organization\nset out to climb it.\nin circumstances where the organization does not already have an exist-\ning iso09001-certified management system and wishes for guidance on the\ndocumentation, document control (authorization, version control, status,\netc aspects of producing management system documents) and records issues\nof is027001, it should obtain and use the guidance in any current manual\non the implementation of iso9001:2015. note that the is027001 specifica-\ntions for document control (clause 7.5) include the control of records.\nthe organizations that are accredited to offer certification to is027001\nare usually listed on the websites of national accreditation bodies. not all of\nthem offer a truly integrated certification service. each organization\u2019s\nwebsite will set out what it does, and the links on the site should be followed\nto explore", "c4ca35e9-b882-42f1-a1e4-9f40367adc05": "16), virus\ncontrol (chapter 18) and access control (chapter 11). the two sub-clauses\ndeal, respectively, with mobile computing and teleworking.\nmobile computing\ncontrol 6.2.1 of is027002 says the organization should have in place a\nformal policy and appropriate controls to protect against the risks of work-\ning with mobile computing facilities, particularly in unprotected locations.\nif the organization has a byod (\u2018bring your own device\u2019) policy, this is\nwhere it would primarily occur within the isms.\nany organization that operates a mobile computer network \u2014 and a\nblackberry or smartphone network would count \u2014 should take specific steps\nto protect itself. these controls may also be relevant in respect of staff\naccessing organizational assets from their own private mobile devices. if it\nalso has teleworkers, this policy for mobile computers could be integrated\nwith that for the teleworkers. the first step is to design and adopt, within the\nisms, a mobile computing policy, which must be accepted in writing", "ec901222-3426-4a53-a378-836a27494f6b": "the type of storage media being disposed of (e.g.\ndegaussing hard disk drives and other magnetic storage media).\nwhere cloud services are used, the organization should verify if the deletion method provided by the\ncloud service provider is acceptable, and if it is the case, the organization should use it, or request that\nthe cloud service provider delete the information. these deletion processes should be automated in\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved 97\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\naccordance with topic-specific policies, when available and applicable. depending on the sensitivity of\ninformation deleted, logs can track or verify that these deletion processes have happened.\nto avoid the unintentional exposure of sensitive information when equipment is being sent back to\nvendors, sensitive information should be protected by removing auxiliary storages (e.g. hard disk\ndrives) and memory", "363e40b8-ab2c-4e9d-b9a0-b92b4c5cea35": "estimated impact,\nsuch that, for instance, all impacts with an estimated cost\nbetween \u00a315,000 and \u00a3150,000 might be classified as\n\u2018medium\u2019. these levels should be appropriate to the size of\nthe organisation, its appetite for risk and its current risk\ntreatment framework. they should be approved by\nmanagement, as part of its approval of the overall risk\nmanagement framework.\nwhile it is true that, in reality, there will be variations\nbetween the actual impact of different risks, there is no value\nin calculating these variations precisely: the range within\nwhich the impact value of similar risks might fall is such that\nthe same control decisions are likely to be made in respect of\neach. a qualitative methodology, which enables you to look\nat similar risk levels as though they were the same, is cost-\neffective and produces comparable and reproducible results.\nyou should note that, although you are using monetary\nvalues to make the boundary levels comprehensible to\nassessors, the reason for this is to ensure", "e8eb82b9-290f-45af-a738-51a7f0c2e121": "chapters, we will frequently refer to continuous improvement. at this point, we want to focus on a specific implementation of this process, namely the pdca = plan-do-check-act. (fig. 1.5)\nthe procedure involves regularly going through the four phases of planning (plan), implementation (do), verification (check), and improvement (act) to approach a specific goal:\n- plan phase: planning how to achieve the goal;\n- do phase: implementing the plan from the plan phase;\n- check phase: checking whether the planning and implementation have enabled the achievement of the goal in practice;\n- act phase: evaluating the results from the check phase to identify improvement opportunities and necessary changes.\nif improvement potential is identified in the act phase and necessary changes are defined, the process starts again with planning the required steps (plan), implementing the changes (do), and so on. by going through these four phases repeatedly, a closer approximation to the respective goal is achieved. in essence,", "ef84cbf6-52b3-4335-b14c-ef15fbb7335e": "evidence\n29. (a.5.29) information security during disruption\n30. (a.5.30) ict readiness for business continuity\n31. (a.5.31) legal, statutory, regulatory and contractual requirements\n32. (a.5.32) intellectual property rights\n33. (a.5.33) protection of records\n34. (a.5.34) privacy and protection of pii\n35. (a.5.35) independent review of information security\n36. (a.5.36) compliance with policies, rules and documented operating procedures standards for information security\n37. (a.5.37) documented operating procedures standards for information security\n**people controls:**\n38. (a.6.1) screening\n39. (a.6.2) terms and conditions of employment\n40. (a.6.3) information security awareness, education and training\n41. (a.6.4) disciplinary process\n42. (a.6.5) responsibilities after termination or change of employment\n43. (a.6.6) confidentiality or non-disclosure agreements\n44. (a.6.7) remote working\n45. (a.6.8) information security event reporting\n**physical controls:**\n46. (a.7.1) physical security perimeters\n47.", "9a968f44-fd4a-42da-9700-b3bdb6321d8e": "non-disclosure agreements\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational security domains\nsecurity properties concepts capabilities\n#preventive #confidentiality #protect #human_resource_security |#governance_and_\n#information_protection ecosystem\n#supplier_relationships\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved 63\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\ncontrol\nconfidentiality or non-disclosure agreements reflecting the organization\u2019s needs for the protection of\ninformation should be identified, documented, regularly reviewed and signed by personnel and other\nrelevant interested parties.\npurpose\nto maintain confidentiality of information accessible by personnel or external parties.\nguidance\nconfidentiality or non-disclosure agreements should address the requirement to protect confidential\ninformation using legally enforceable terms. confidentiality or non-disclosure agreements are\napplicable to", "e68b7815-20bf-4c0f-8691-d05d9d9fcb8b": "coordinated actions);\nb) use of incident forms to support personnel to perform all necessary actions when reporting\ninformation security incidents;\nc) suitable feedback processes to ensure that those persons reporting information security events are\nnotified, to the extent possible, of outcomes after the issue has been addressed and closed;\nd) creation of incident reports.\nany external requirements on reporting of incidents to relevant interested parties within the\ndefined time frame (e.g. breach notification requirements to regulators) should be considered when\nimplementing incident management procedures.\nother information\ninformation security incidents can transcend organizational and national boundaries. to respond to\nsuch incidents, it is beneficial to coordinate response and share information about these incidents with\nexternal organizations as appropriate.\ndetailed guidance on information security incident management is provided in the iso/iec 27035\nseries.\n44 \u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights", "31bdefa0-5851-46a1-9722-40ccc2e37a39": "determined not to be a high priority. if possible, explain why a particular risk was deemed unfit for inclusion. you will also need to document the reason for including annex a controls. typically, the reason for including annex a controls is because the control was determined to be necessary for mitigating a specific information security risk.\nplan annual updates\nonce you\u2019ve completed your statement of applicability and risk assessment, you\u2019ll need to keep a close eye on it. you should regularly review the document to ensure that you\u2019re still meeting the requirements described in the standard.\nadditionally, be sure to stay up to date with any technology changes that may impact your program and risk treatment plan.", "f1aa67f5-1a24-43fd-87d4-a68f7c4a15ea": "the creation of stable and\nsecure environments.\ne project management plan defines employees who will have access\npermissions to work on the different environments.\ne\u00ab separate environments should be created and maintained for\ndevelopment, testing, and operations.\nwho prepares it: the information security department, with the help of the subject\nmatter expects selected for the implementation team, should define the environment\ncreation guideline.\nproject managers should define all the access controls for all the different\nenvironments for their project team members. access control reviews must be\nperformed on a regular basis and records must be maintained.\n169\nchapter 6 execution\nthe it helpdesk team creates and maintains separate environments for\ndevelopment, testing, and operations.\nfor external audit: the external auditor conducting the iso 27001 certification\naudit will check for the environment creation guideline, to check how the environment is\ncreated and access control levels are planned,", "e0a42378-8ed0-43e0-ac9e-408ea23c8fba": "guidelines.\n3.3 organizational controls (group 5) 97\na-5.2 information security roles and responsibilities\nthis control complements the requirements of isms-5.3 as follows: isms-5.3 states that the management level must fill relevant roles for information security and equip them with the necessary competencies. control a-5.2 is more about the question of which roles could be relevant. apart from the two exceptions* in isms-5.3, the organization should decide which roles are relevant for them according to their own requirements - that is the statement of a-5.2.\nisms-5.3 already provides some examples of roles - how do they complement here?\n:\nfrom an organizational perspective, each business process should be assigned a (business) process owner.\nfor the isms processes discussed in chapter 2, process owners should be appointed.\nfor each asset in the asset inventory, an asset owner should be appointed according to a-5.9. here, assets can be grouped together and a shared responsibility for the group can be", "d300bcf9-ba59-4761-9fec-f5e25997e9d0": "process (particularly in\ncomplex organizations dealing with complex information security issues\nand/or multiple domains), and the final form of security policy that is\nadopted may therefore have to reflect the final risk assessment that has been\ncarried out and the statement of applicability that emerges from that.\nclause 5.2 sets out the requirements for the isms policy. the scope of the\nisms, and therefore the policy itself, must take into account the character-\nistics of the business, its organization, location, assets and technology. the\npolicy must include or reference a framework for setting information secu-\nrity objectives and establish the overall sense of direction. it must take into\naccount all relevant business, legal, regulatory and contractual security\nrequirements. it must establish the strategic context (for both organization\nand risk management) within which the isms will operate. it must establish\ncriteria for the evaluation of risk and the structure of the risk assessment. of\ncourse, top", "7225b044-f9bd-44bc-a003-4f62a0d1405f": "should already be taken into account in the planning of the isms and therefore are not really subject to measurement/monitoring during operation.\ntherefore, we focus more on the effectiveness of a measure. here, one must differentiate: is it generally effective enough against the considered risks? this question is answered positively during risk treatment and determination of the remaining risk, otherwise the measure would not be chosen - thus not suitable for ongoing measurements/monitoring.\nhowever, it is different regarding the effectiveness during the application of the measure. here are some examples:\n- if a complex, elaborate measure has a step-by-step plan for implementation, it must be assumed that the effectiveness of the measure during operation depends on the current level of implementation progress. this could be determined or measured by comparing it with the planning.\n- the correct application of a measure in practice can be measured/monitored based on records, provided that such records", "ff729845-048a-40c7-86a1-797232caf679": "within the development lifecycle shall be con-\ntrolled by the use of formal change control procedures.\ncontrol\nwhen operating platforms are changed, business critical applica-\ntions shall be reviewed and tested to ensure there is no adverse\nimpact on organizational operations or security.\ncontrol\nmodifications to software packages shall be discouraged, limited to\nnecessary changes and all changes shall be strictly controlled.\ncontrol\nprinciples for engineering secure systems shall be established,\ndocumented, maintained and applied to any information system\nimplementation efforts.\ncontrol\norganizations shall establish and appropriately protect secure\ndevelopment environments for system development and integra-\ntion efforts that cover the entire system development lifecycle.\ncontrol\nthe organization shall supervise and monitor the activity of out-\nsourced system development.\ncontrol\ntesting of security functionality shall be carried out during devel-\nopment.\ncontrol\nacceptance testing programs", "780bbfe5-4b44-4a1e-b81a-573939dd3acb": "be implemented in many ways as data and then stored. regarding confidentiality, not only such data but also the information itself, as a whole, must be considered.\n15 supplier is the term used in the standard for any type of service provider, including product suppliers, maintenance technicians, waste disposal service providers, consultants.\nregarding the mentioned objects, they can be information processing facilities, for which specific objectives are defined. typical are, for example, the security objectives:\n- availability of it applications, it systems, and networks\n- integrity of it applications, it systems, and other information processing systems\nregarding integrity, unauthorized and unauthorized changes to software or hardware are to be excluded.\nin addition to these three classic objectives, there are other security objectives such as data authenticity (verifiable source and possibly unchanged attributes such as creation date), person authenticity (verifiable identity), non-repudiation of", "f3a9b5a6-0539-4560-9f91-f59bb6ec0d76": "gives a good summary of\nwhat the iso sees as the key components of an isms; this is relevant and important when\nunderstanding where the auditor is coming from in discussing what might be called the\n\u201cspirit\u201d of the isms. the detail in other sections of the standard should be seen in the\ncontext of these overall principles and it\u2019s important not to lose sight of that when all\nattention is focussed on the exact wording of a requirement.\nthere are no requirements to be met in this section.\n3.2 clause 1 scope\nthis clause refers to the scope of the standard rather than the scope of your isms. it\nexplains the fact that the standard is a \u201cone size fits all\u201d document which is intended to\napply across business sectors, countries and organization sizes and can be used for a variety\nof purposes.\nthere are no requirements to be met in this section.\n3.3 clause 2 normative references\nsome standards are supported by other documents which provide further information and\nare very useful if not essential in using the", "53e5b138-a0e1-4547-97d6-242f9f5b8283": "intellectual property rights.\na.18.1.3 protection of records (iso 27001 control)\nrecords should be protected from loss, destruction, falsification, unauthorized access\nand unauthorized release, in accordance with legislative, regulatory, contractual, and\nbusiness requirements.\nexplanation/what is required: an organization must avoid breach of intellectual\nproperty rights. to do this, the organization must identify and implement all the required\nsecurity controls.\n215\nchapter 6 execution\nsome of the examples that could be considered are:\ne create a data retention policy and procedure\ne define the data retention period for each type of information/data/\nrecord\n\u00a2 define how the data is stored i.e. paper/files/electronic media\ne define how access is managed to the stored information\ne after the data retention period is over, how will the data be\ndisposed of.\nevidence that can be prepared: data retention policy and procedure, tools/files\nwhere data is stored, list of people with access, and review of", "a41311ae-c49f-4c82-8f7b-b5c1fc2976f6": "be refined and developed, or are do they need to be entirely replaced?\nrelevant and up to date documentation should be provided to every member of staff in scope. the information\nsecurity standards and procedures should apply to the entire organization or make it clear as to which roles,\nsystems and areas are covered. a first version should be produced in a timely manner\nthe revision and review process should be defined at an early stage. a strategy should then be drawn up for\nhow information on policy changes should be distributed.\noutput\na) the deliverable of this activity is a structured and detailed implementation plan for controls relating to\norganizational security as part of the final isms project plan, to include a documented framework of the\nset of information security standards\nb) information security standards including the baseline of the organization\nc) information security procedures achieving the information security standards\nother information\nannex d- information about policy", "b826779e-46cb-42aa-aeb5-c2a332f826c0": "https://www.electropedia.org/\n3.1\naccess control\nmeans to ensure that access to assets is authorized and restricted based on business and security\nrequirements (3.56)\n3.2\nattack\nattempt to destroy, expose, alter, disable, steal or gain unauthorized access to or make unauthorized\nuse of an asset\n3.3\naudit\nsystematic, independent and documented process (3.54) for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it\nobjectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilled\nnote 1 to entry: an audit can be an internal audit (first party) or an external audit (second party or third party),\nand it can be a combined audit (combining two or more disciplines).\nnote 2 to entry: an internal audit is conducted by the organization itself, or by an external party on its behalf.\nnote 3 to entry: \u201caudit evidence\u201d and \u201caudit criteria\u201d are defined in iso 19011.\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2018 - all rights reserved 1\niso/iec 27000:2018(e)\n3.4\naudit scope\nextent and boundaries of an audit (3.3)\n[source: iso 19011:2011,", "0d742da0-8e8a-4b73-a662-4992bc27a503": "occur without risk treatment (3.72) or during the process (3.54) of risk\ntreatment.\nnote 2 to entry: accepted risks are subject to monitoring (3.46) and review (3.58).\n[source: iso guide 73:2009, 3.7.1.6]\n3.63\nrisk analysis\nprocess (3.54) to comprehend the nature of risk (3.61) and to determine the level of risk (3.39)\nnote 1 to entry: risk analysis provides the basis for risk evaluation (3.67) and decisions about risk treatment (3.72).\nnote 2 to entry: risk analysis includes risk estimation.\n[source: iso guide 73:2009, 3.6.1]\n8 \u00a9 iso/iec 2018 - all rights reserved\niso/iec 27000:2018(e)\n3.64\nrisk assessment\noverall process (3.54) of risk identification (3.68), risk analysis (3.63) and risk evaluation (3.67)\n[source: iso guide 73:2009, 3.4.1]\n3.65\nrisk communication and consultation\nset of continual and iterative processes (3.54) that an organization conducts to provide, share or obtain\ninformation, and to engage in dialogue with stakeholders (3.37) regarding the management of risk (3.61)\nnote 1", "23cf7c59-4d1a-40a8-a794-77fbd5336f2d": "continual improvement is a key requirement of iso 27001. it means that\norganisations must be constantly striving to improve their isms and make it\nmore effective.\nthis article provides a comprehensive guide to continual improvement in iso\n27001. it covers the following topics:\n * what is continual improvement? * why is continual improvement important in iso 27001? * how to implement continual improvement in iso 27001 * common challenges to continual improvement in iso 27001 * best practices for continual improvement in iso 27001\n## what is the iso 27001 continual improvement policy?\nthe iso 27001 continual improvement policy is a statement of the\norganisation\u2019s commitment to improving its information security management\nsystem (isms) on an ongoing basis. the policy should describe the\norganisation\u2019s approach to continual improvement, including the following\nelements:\n * the process for identifying opportunities for improvement * the process for implementing", "0d444234-0138-486d-9336-57fc520ea7c1": "need to be able to\nshow that your source code is well protected and that access to it is managed carefully. this\nis likely to be achieved via the use of a source code repository which is either on premise or\nin the cloud (or in some cases both). make sure you consider other items associated with\n page 60 of 79\niso/iec 27001 implementation guide\nthe code, such as functional and technical specifications, development tools and test\nplatforms.\n4.4.5 a.8.5 secure authentication\nrelevant toolkit documents\ne this control is addressed by documents in other folders - see toolkit index\nrelated to control a.5.17 authentication information, this control is about the technology\nand process used for someone (or an entity such as a process) to prove who they are via the\nprovision of authentication information such as a password. for cots (commercial off the\nshelf) and saas (software as a service) applications, you will need to look carefully at the\nfacilities provided by the software vendor in this area, to ensure", "3f44a0e5-eacb-46cb-b822-3ce64b75e5f6": "session, it is important to prepare the meeting minutes by covering\nthe following:\ne participants\u2019 names\n\u00ab meeting agenda\ne points discussed\ne action items, with owners and target dates\nthe meeting\u2019s minutes should be circulated/shared with all the participants,\nincluding senior management, on the same day or the day after the meeting.\nfigure 8-1 shows a snapshot of some example isms meeting minutes. for better\nunderstanding, the agenda is filled in and the rest are blank.\n242\nchapter 8 management review\n1. presentation of management\nreview agenda and minutes\na. status of actions from\n\u00ae seeunity objective,\n= internal audit results_[_______ |__|\n\u00ae issues on/with external\nproviders / interested\nes\nd. effecuvenss of actions\nonedressing risks /\n2. [coiienien of continual\nimprovement actions\na continual improv ement\nae a\nisms implementation status\n5 closing sscs\nfigure 8-1. sample snapshot of meeting minutes\n243\nchapter 8 management review\nplan improvement\nif you refer to the meeting minutes", "ed24e269-f324-4f66-847e-c64bfe0f6546": "- gr\u00f6\u00dfter anzunehmender unfall (worst-case scenario)\ngps - global positioning system\nict - information and communication technology\nids - intrusion detection system\nikt - informations- und kommunikationstechnologie (information and communication technology)\nimap - internet message access protocol\nips - intrusion prevention system\nisms - information security management system\niso - international organization for standardization\nit - informationstechnik (information technology)\nitil - information technology infrastructure library\nit-sg - it-sicherheitsgesetz (it security act)\nki - k\u00fcnstliche intelligenz (artificial intelligence)\nkritis - kritische infrastrukturen (critical infrastructures)\nlan - local area network\nldap - lightweight directory access protocol\nmac - mandatory access control\nmdm - mobile device management\nnda - non disclosure agreement\nnea - netzersatzanlage (emergency power supply)\nntp - network time protocol\nola - operational level agreement\nota - over-the-air\npdca - plan-do-check-act\npim -", "394ea941-5be4-446b-a35f-9a382442e63f": "failed attempts and suspected lock-outs should be considered.\n * depending on the system, access may need to be restricted to specific hours of the day or days, or even to specific locations.\n * when it comes to log on and log off protocols, the demands of the business and the information at risk should be the primary considerations. if personnel are unable to do their work well and spend a disproportionate amount of time in this loop, having 25 steps to log on, rapid timeouts, etc. it is simply disproportional.\n#### **a.9.4.3 password management system**\nthis helps prevent the same login from being used across several sites by\nproviding a centralised method for password generation and administration.\nthe implementation of password generation and management systems must be done\nwith care, as with any other control mechanism, to provide acceptable and\nproportionate levels of security. passwords should be created by the user\nwhenever possible, but they must meet a particular level of security in order\nto", "1adc9e33-6930-4c3c-b4f7-15c7be46d3ca": "the organization\u2019s secure perimeter in situ-\nations where the organization has no direct control over the security of its\ninformation. it is critical, in these relationships, that the controls for security\nin third-party relationships discussed are carefully considered. all digital\ndata storage needs to be considered \u2014 and so do paper files.\nthe fact that data are stored in paper files or in other books does not\nmake them any less important to the organization than data in digital form.\na fire, a flood, an explosion or even simple straightforward theft can deprive\nan organization of its paper files. they need to be taken into account, and\nthose that are assessed as important to the organization need to be backed\nup in some manner; the great fire of alexandria destroyed many original\nmanuscripts of which there were no copies anywhere else in the world.\nonce the organization has identified all the data assets that need to be\nbacked up, it can decide on a method, and frequency, for carrying out the\nback-up.", "3b9e649f-755d-4c04-88ea-626b86513cb6": "information security adviser,\npay as much attention to the quality of the individual as to his or her quali-\nfications and formal experience. the nature of information security threats\nis always changing, and the technology and context within which an organ-\nization is maintaining its information are in constant flux. the information\nsecurity adviser needs to be able to respond to new threats and find and\nprotect vulnerabilities in new technologies that the organization wants to\ndeploy to improve its competitive advantage. this requires a flexibility of\nthought allied to a depth of experience and a structured, balanced - and\nopen-minded - approach to all the information security issues that the\norganization will encounter. of course, high-quality people need appropri-\nate compensation packages; this will be money well spent.\nsegregation of duties\nanother issue that has to be considered when setting up the isms is what\nthe approach to segregation of duties should be. control a.6.1.2 of\n1so27002 provides for", "1e31612d-d39d-4d08-af59-f1a71ce4f16e": "immediate action\nactions taken must bring down the risk to an acceptable level\np2 take actions mentioned in table 5-3\np3 take actions mentioned in table 5-3\np4 no action required\nafter analyzing the risk ranking for each risk, the focus should be to reduce the\npriority ranking of the risks to p4. it is not always possible to reduce the risk priority,\nas situations will not always be in your control. thus, in those scenarios, you should\ndocument the justifications for not being able to reduce the risk. it is important to present\nsuch scenarios to management and seek their approval to avoid any confusion later.\nrisk owner identification\nit is the responsibility of each department head to take ownership of their\ndepartmental risks. then they can assign further risk ownership to their team members.\nonce all the risk owners have been identified, they can start analyzing the risks and\nevaluate them based on the risk acceptance criteria defined in their organization.\nrisk treatment\nrisk owners and teams need", "c1946ea1-10c1-441e-a7d7-f402d7d7bf98": "security\ncontrol\na14.1.1 {requirements analysis |the information security related requirements shall be included in\nand specification the requirements for new information systems or enhancements to\nexisting information systems.\n; . control\nsecuring application , ; , ;\na.14.1.2 |services on public information involved in application services passing over public\nnetworks networks shall be protected from fraudulent activity, contract dis-\npute and unauthorized disclosure and modification.\ncontrol\ni icati information involved in application service transactions shall be\na14.1.3 | protecting application\nservices transactions\nprotected to prevent incomplete transmission, mis-routing, unau-\nthorized message alteration, unauthorized disclosure, unauthor-\nized message duplication or replay.\na.14.2 security in development and support processes\nobjective: to ensure that information security is designed and implemented within the development\nlifecycle of information systems.\nsecure development\npolicy\nsystem", "a906e9a6-70cf-4ee0-b032-68f8f086ed89": "should provide a mechanism for personnel to report observed or suspected\ninformation security events through appropriate channels in a timely manner.\npurpose\nto support timely, consistent and effective reporting of information security events that can be\nidentified by personnel.\nguidance\nall personnel and users should be made aware of their responsibility to report information security\nevents as quickly as possible in order to prevent or minimize the effect of information security incidents.\n66 \u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\nthey should also be aware of the procedure for reporting information security events and the point of\ncontact to which the events should be reported. the reporting mechanism should be as easy, accessible\nand available as possible. information security events include incidents, breaches and vulnerabilities.\nsituations to be considered", "cfb9a8b5-ec27-42f3-9c1b-1effff43f2ae": "https://www.\nitgovernance.co.uk/shop/product/iso27001-2013-assessments-without-\ntears-a-pocket-guide-second-edition) provides useful advice to those that\nare likely to be interviewed by an auditor. 5027007 and iso27008 set out\nguidelines for the is027001 auditor on how to conduct an audit. they are\nvaluable both to the organization\u2019s internal audit teams as part of their\ntraining and to the management information security forum so that they\nunderstand the approach that the auditors will take and can ensure that the\norganization is adequately prepared for the audit. the latter provides\ndetailed guidance on auditing annex a controls.\nthe outcome of the initial audit should, if the organization has diligently\nfollowed all the recommendations contained in this manual, be a positive\nrecommendation for certification of the isms to is027001 and the issue of\na certificate setting this out. the certificate should be appropriately displayed\nand the organization should start preparing for its first surveillance", "50f47a29-2c6b-468c-b966-17ba3c7219d4": "planned and\nconducted from time to time to ensure that various hardware and\nsoftware security controls are implemented in the right manner.\nthe purpose of explaining the controls from annex 5 to annex 18 is to help you easily\nunderstand them and be able to identify the gaps in your current practices,. which can\nfurther help you identify the initial risk assessment. you will read more about them in\ncoming chapters, where you will read the detailed control execution.\npreparing the analysis report\nso far, you have done the risk assessment exercise by meeting all the teams. now it is\ntime to prepare the report based on the identified gaps. this will tell you the level of\ncontrol you have already implemented and are following, but will also show the areas\nthat need work (gaps). the report acts as a picture of every department based on the\ninternational standard practices.\n73\nchapter 4 _ initial risk assessment\nfigure 4-1 illustrates a sample analysis report for human resource security. the", "b72cdde1-26f6-4f9e-9546-870b5625db8a": "following examples use numbers to describe qualitative assessments. users of these methods\nshould be aware that it can be invalid to perform further mathematical operations using the numbers\nthat are qualitative results produced by qualitative risk assessment methods.\ne.2.2 example 1 matrix with predefined values\nin risk assessment methods of this type, actual or proposed physical assets are valued in terms of\nreplacement or reconstruction costs (i.e. quantitative measurements). these costs are then converted\nonto the same qualitative scale as that used for information (see below). actual or proposed software\nassets are valued in the same way as physical assets, with purchase or reconstruction costs identified\nand then converted to the same qualitative scale as that used for information. additionally, if any\napplication software is found to have its own intrinsic requirements for confidentiality or integrity (for\nexample if source code is itself commercially sensitive}, it is valued in the same way as for", "483d729f-1c28-47b9-bcb6-46ffbf57b0b9": "information for the\norganisation should be stated and agreed upon. this section shows how to\ndefine and accept your responsibilities, as well as record them securely under\nan applicable policy. this policy may include:\n * the task at hand and the extent to which it extends\n * classification of sensitive data\n * requirements imposed by law and regulation\n * reports and evaluations\n * confidentiality\n * intellectual property rights (ipr)\n * incident management\n * subcontractors' obligations\n * screening of employees\nthis agreement also grants the organisation sole authority to audit the\nsupplier and its subcontractors.\n### **a.15.1.3: information and communication technology supply chain**\nsupplier agreements include requirements to reduce the security risks\nconnected with the it services and the product supply chain. this means that\nif there's a possibility of a data breach, the supplier and contractor will\nhave to get in touch. suppliers are required to describe how they dealt with\nminor risks,", "2ce06f84-1849-4577-861c-085b7582f82b": "27001:2022\n5 organizational controls\n5.1 policies for information security\ninformation security policy and topic-specific policies shall be defined, approved by\nmanagement, published, communicated to and acknowledged by relevant personnel and\nrelevant interested parties, and reviewed at planned intervals and if significant changes occur.\n5.2 information security roles and responsibilities\ninformation security roles and responsibilities shall be defined and allocated according to the\norganization needs.\n5.3 segregation of duties\nconflicting duties and conflicting areas of responsibility shall be segregated.\n5.4 management responsibilities\nmanagement shall require all personnel to apply information security in accordance with the\nestablished information security policy, topic-specific policies and procedures of the\norganization.\n5.5 contact with authorities\nthe organization shall establish and maintain contact with relevant authorities.\n5.6 contact with special interest groups\nthe organization shall", "c26bcfa1-0b3d-4ed6-8d3a-f218e3535624": "relevant documentation. of\ncourse, it also helps with the smooth progress of the project\nin general when all those who will contribute fall within the\nremit of one, dedicated management team.\nthe overall issue of scoping is certainly one where\nexperienced, professional support can be helpful in assessing\nthe best way forward.\n86\nchapter 7: the iso 27001 risk assessment\nwe\u2019ve already looked at the iso 27001 risk assessment in\nthe context of the erm framework and in relation to the\npdca process model. this chapter provides an overview of\nthe steps that iso 27001 specifically requires, identifies\nsome gaps, and introduces the additional best-practice\nguidance available in iso 27002, iso 27005 and bs 7799-\n337\nwe want to remind readers, at this point, that there is an\nimportant difference between a specification and a code of\npractice. a specification, such as iso 27001, sets out specific\nrequirements that, if followed, will allow a management\nsystem to receive a third-party certificate of conformity.", "7f0a9700-a087-4855-b0ef-aa7baffa2765": "security controls may require revisions and there\nmay be new controls to document. this policy should cover the following points:\ne define change management guidelines, including defining what a\nchange is.\ne determine who will be responsible for verifying the change and\nimplementing the changes.\ne manage the change record in the log sheet and change document for\nrecord purposes.\ne specify ifthe organization has any other sop for managing change.\n112\nchapter 6 execution\ndata retention and disposal policy\nthis policy tells you how securely the data is retained and how you dispose of data when\nit\u2019s no longer needed. this policy should document the lifespan of data. for example,\nhow long is the log file data kept for record purposes.\nthis policy should cover the following points:\n\u00a2\u00ab how the data is collected and kept securely in compliance with the\nlaw and with organizational policy.\ne the business should capture the minimum user data required for the\nbusiness operation after getting consent from", "0a377401-d803-46f8-bfd4-eef1a49e3650": "organizational\nboundaries the following factors should be considered:\na) isms management forum should consist of managers directly involved in the scope of the isms.\nb) the member of management responsible for the isms should be the one who is ultimately responsible for\nall the areas of responsibility affected (i.e. their role will usually be dictated by their span of control and\nresponsibility within an organization).\nc) inthe case where the role responsible for managing the isms is not a member of senior management, a\ntop management sponsor is essential to represent the interests of information security and act as the\nadvocate for the isms at the highest levels of the organization.\nd) scope and boundaries need to be defined to ensure that all relevant assets are taken into account in the\nrisk assessment, and to address the risks that might arise through these boundaries.\nbased on the approach, the organizational boundaries analyzed should identify all personnel affected by the\nisms, and this should be", "8d32ae7f-31d2-4162-9a39-845a01e0269f": "genuine\nreason for doing so and, where there is, all the risks associated with it\ngoing missing should be considered \u2014 dealing with these risks might\ninclude cryptography, alternate copies of media, secure storage of critical\nmedia and, finally, staff training: if a member of staff downloads\nconfidential information, such as pii to an unencrypted usb stick and\nthen drops it in a public car park, someone (usually a news reporter) will\nfind it and there will be problems!\ndisposal of media\ncontrol 8.3.2 of is027002 says the organization should have formal proce-\ndures for the secure and safe disposal of media when they are no longer\nrequired. careless disposal of media (which includes throwing disks or\ncd-roms into waste bins or losing usb sticks) could enable confidential\ninformation to leak to outside persons. there should be documented proce-\ndures in the isms that ensure disposal is done securely.\nthe items that should be considered for secure disposal under such a\nprocedure are paper documents, voice or", "9cff1f1c-7580-49f4-8e7d-4495e3497722": "assessment\nsince iso/iec 27001 clause 8.2 requires risk assessments to be performed at\nplanned intervals and when significant changes are proposed or occur, the\nperformance criteria must address planning and what constitutes a significant\nchange.\nthe results of a risk assessment, other than the first, can be that there is no change.\nvalidity\niso/iec 27001 clause 6.1.2 b) states that repeated risk assessment process must\nproduce consistent, valid, and comparable results. consistency implies repeated\nassessments will give the same results given the same inputs. validity and\ncomparability implies that the levels of risk determined by the assessment will be\nproportional to the likelihood and proportional to the consequence.\nidentify risks (and owners)\niso/iec 27001 clause 6.1.2 c) requires organisations to identify the risks\nassociated with the loss of confidentiality, integrity, and availability for information\nwithin scope of their isms. however, for the reasons given in chapter 1 (see section\non scope),", "c9747e01-d819-45bd-913b-43a707df01b9": "safely.\n * promising to keep your customer's data safe can become your brand's unique selling point.\n * reduced risk of data breaches: by having the proper measures in place \u2014 you can avoid the risk of a breach before it even happens.\n * setting up processes and procedures when it comes to how you handle data can also mean increased operational efficiency. because now you have a standard process instead of different methods.\n * enhanced brand reputation: customers want to know how you handle their information, and getting iso 27001 certified is the ultimate promise that you take information security seriously.\n### is iso 27001 compliance sufficient?\nif you\u2019re looking to establish an information security management system \u2014 iso\n27001 is the ultimate baseline that will cover most businesses' compliance and\ninformation security needs.\nwhat your customers and suppliers require will depend on where your business\noperates. iso 27001 is an internationally recognised standard known as the\ngold standard,", "9c636092-e17b-4ccd-9e42-8e2129fea9d9": "(continued)\ncontrol\na.14.2.6 secure development organizations shall establish and appropriately protect secure\nenvironment\ndevelopment environments for system development and integra-\ntion efforts that cover the entire system development lifecycle.\na.14.2.7\noutsourced develop-\nment\nsystem security test-\ning\ncontrol\nthe organization shall supervise and monitor the activity of out-\nsourced system development.\ncontrol\ntesting of security functionality shall be carried out during devel-\nopment.\na.14.2.9\nsystem acceptance\ntesting\ncontrol\nacceptance testing programs and related criteria shall be estab-\nlished for new information systems, upgrades and new versions.\na.14.3 test data\nobjective: to ensure the protection of data used for testing.\na.14,3.1\nprotection of test data\ncontrol\ntest data shall be selected carefully, protected and controlled.\na.15 supplier relationships\na.15.1 information security in supplier relationships\nobjective: to ensure protection of the organization's assets that is", "2baaadc3-fb1a-4948-8699-533d88c2f843": "#protec-\n#availability tion\ncontrol\nprocesses for acquisition, use, management and exit from cloud services should be established in\naccordance with the organization's information security requirements.\npurpose\nto specify and manage information security for the use of cloud services.\nguidance\nthe organization should establish and communicate topic-specific policy on the use of cloud services to\nall relevant interested parties.\nthe organization should define and communicate how it intends to manage information security risks\nassociated with the use of cloud services. it can be an extension or part of the existing approach for how\nan organization manages services provided by external parties (see 5.21 and 5.22).\nthe use of cloud services can involve shared responsibility for information security and collaborative\neffort between the cloud service provider and the organization acting as the cloud service customer. it\nis essential that the responsibilities for both the cloud service provider and the", "728eeb23-ee5d-4458-ad5f-a53a26bc4230": "appropriate documented information as evidence of competence.\nnote applicable actions can include, for example: the provision of training to, the mentoring of, or the re-\nassignment of current employees; or the hiring or contracting of competent persons.\n7.3 awareness\npersons doing work under the organization\u2019s contro] shall be aware of:\na) the information security policy;\nb) their contribution to the effectiveness of the information security management system, including\nthe benefits of improved information security performance; and\nc) the implications of not conforming with the information security management system\nrequirements.\n7.4 communication\nthe organization shall determine the need for internal and external communications relevant to the\ninformation security management system including:\na) on what to communicate;\nb) when to communicate;\nc) with whom to communicate;\nd) howto communicate.\n7.5 documented information\n7.5.1 general\nthe organization\u2019s information security management system shall", "676da715-88ea-4a9e-93ed-95eada29623c": "fact, risk assessment is so central to information security\nmanagement that we see it as the core competence of the\nisms.\npdca and the risk acceptance criteria\nwhile iso 27001 expects the board to finalise its risk\nacceptance criteria and risk assessment methodology before\nthe risk acceptance process itself is started, experience\nteaches that most organisations need to apply the pdca (or\nother process model) principle to this aspect of their isms\nas well.\n33\n3: risk management objectives\nin other words, senior management and the board should\ndetermine, initially, what the acceptance criteria and\nmethodology should be. it is not unusual for either excessive\ncaution or unexpected bravado to underpin this initial phase\nof development work \u2014 not least because the total value or\nfull nature of the organisation\u2019s information assets is not\nalways fully appreciated at this early stage.\nthe initial methodology and risk acceptance criteria should\nthen be applied in a test environment (the \u2018do\u2019 phase of", "35ca351f-bb1b-4251-acaf-0bac2c94ba19": "specific action by\nthe information security and it staff, and may require the use of back-\nups, uninterruptible power supplies (upss), and back-up sites and systems.\n- business information errors resulting from errors in input data (incomplete\nor inaccurate).\n\u00ab breaches of confidentiality or integrity.\n\u00ab misuse of information systems.\nthe incident response procedure (which should be a seamless continuation\nof the information security event reporting procedure and which should\ndove-tail into the non-conformity reporting and review procedures) should\nset out how to deal with each of these types of incidents and should include\ncontingency plans that help the organization continue functioning while the\nincident is being dealt with. it should reflect the organization\u2019s risk treat-\nment plan, and the criteria by which incidents are dealt with should be\nformally approved by the management information security forum. the\nboard may need to sign off on those response criteria that involved a signif-\nicant period", "b04e12bc-c680-4c8e-9bea-e2f075753361": "software tools available to help you with this task. these can use metadata to\nreflect classification level and then prevent certain types of documents being used in\nparticular ways according to a defined policy, for example confidential documents should\nnot be emailed outside the organization. in some cases, a home-grown solution using\nexisting facilities within office software etc. may work just as well.\n page 42 of 79\niso/iec 27001 implementation guide\n4.1.14 a.5.14 information transfer\nrelevant toolkit documents\ne information transfer procedure\ne information transfer agreement\nhaving classified and labelled our assets, we also need to make sure that they remain\nappropriately protected throughout their lives, particularly if they go beyond the\norganization\u2019s boundaries, for example to another location via courier or to a third party via\nelectronic transfer. this is about understanding the ways in which your information assets\nare used and ensuring that procedures are in place to keep them secure.", "4f8a05a0-4dff-4f66-9779-f1ea8d48c289": "aligning your isms scope with your risk appetite, you guarantee that the\nsystem effectively manages the risks associated with your valuable information\nassets.\n## how to set up the isms scope\nhere are the key steps involved in crafting an effective isms scope to meet\niso 27001:\nlay the groundwork. before you can start mapping out your scope, make sure you\nhave done the work for clause 4.1 and clause 4.2, 4.3 requires quite a bit of\ndecision-making from top management, so make sure they are heavily involved\nfrom the start.\nmap the scope. once you understand your risk appetite and tolerance, you can\nstart to map out the scope of your isms. this means identifying the\ninformation assets and activities that you need to protect.\nconsider your stakeholders. your stakeholders are the people who have a high\ninterest in your organisation's information security. these stakeholders may\ninclude customers, employees, partners, and regulators. you need to consider\ntheir needs and expectations when mapping out your", "91fbb4c9-55d1-4721-84a2-16c4a4692b6b": "implemented, care\nshould be taken so that the objects are not too numerous. if they are, it may be wise to divide the program into\ndifferent parts. the scope of these parts may be seen as separate measurements for comparison, but their\nmain purpose prevails: that a combination of the measurements provides an indication to evaluate isms\neffectiveness. these sub-scopes are normally an organizational unit that could be defined with clear\nboundaries. a combination of objects that serves many organization processes and the measurements of\nobjects within the sub-scopes may together form a proper scope for the information security measurement\nprogram. this could also be seen as a series of isms activities that can be regarded as constructed with two\nor more processes/objects. therefore, the effectiveness of the entire isms can be measured based on\nmeasuring the results of these two or more processes/objects.\nas the objectives are to measure the effectiveness of the isms, it is important to measure the", "1070e20c-343a-467c-abce-b5aa19b300de": "information systems\nobjective: to ensure that information security is an integral part of information systems\nacross the entire lifecycle. this includes the requirements for information systems that\nprovide services over public networks.\nexplanation: this control covers the lifecycle of the information system and it is an\nimportant part of isms. the next sections discuss each control one by one.\na.14,1.1 information security requirements analysis and specification\n(control iso 27001)\nthe information security-related requirements should be included in the requirements\nfor new information systems or enhancements to existing information systems.\nexplanation/what is required: you need to identify the security-related\nrequirements. for example, if you have a new requirement to build an ecommerce\nportal, the security requirements must be identified such as ssl certificate and payment\nusing secured tls (transport layer security). some points of the information security\nrequirement that you should consider", "88d0ea6e-093f-4e44-8c1f-173706d1c71a": "every command executed. plus, organizations can incorporate automated audits into your software\ndevelopment lifecycle and continuous integration/continuous delivery (ci/cd) pipeline to meet compliance\nneeds without slowing down devops workflows.\n08s\niso 27001 vs. soc 2 vs. iso 27002 vs. iso 2'7003\nvs. iso 17999\niso 27001 is far from the only standard that covers information security management best practices. in fact, the\niso has many standards that contribute to and support iso 27001 compliance, offering organizations more tips\nand recommendations to help them prepare for iso 27001 certification.\nit\u2019s important to understand the differences between these individual standards and how they may work\ntogether to help your organization strengthen its security posture.\nservice organization control 2\u2014or soc 2\u2014is a security framework developed\nby the american institute of certified public accountants (aicpa) that aims\nsoc 2 to control and secure data.\nlike iso 27001, soc 2 gives organizations a way to", "20a0dd38-2b94-4a4b-b47c-ba1f85407c64": "to a distributed network of desktop computers, laptop computers,\nmicrocomputers, and mobile devices, and this makes information security\nmuch more difficult to ensure.\n2 there is an unstoppable trend towards mobile computing. the use of\nlaptop computers, personal digital assistants (pdas), mobile and smart-\nphones, digital cameras, portable projectors, mp3 players and ipads has\nmade working from home and while travelling relatively straightforward,\nwith the result that network perimeters have become increasingly porous.\nthis means that the number of remote access points to networks, and the\nnumber of easily accessible endpoint devices, have increased dramatically,\nand this has increased the opportunities for those who wish to break into\nnetworks and steal or corrupt information.\n18\nit governance\n3 there has been a dramatic growth in the use of the internet for business\nand social media communication, and the development of wireless, voice\nover ip (voip) and broadband technologies is driving this even", "671f3039-5133-4923-b61f-5ecb7ce8ac9a": "investigated, and if appropriate authorization\nis not forthcoming, they should be deleted.\nall files from external sources, particularly from non-trusted, uncertain\nor unauthorized sources or over non-trusted networks, should be checked\nfor malware before use, and the organization should have a centralized,\nautomated process for carrying out and documenting this check. the\nprocess needs to be intelligent if it is to be business focused; simply\nblocking all unknown senders is not helpful.\nall e-mail attachments, download links and software downloads (where\npermitted) should be checked for malware at the point of entry to the\nnetwork: the firewall. further checks against malware could and should\nbe carried out on the desktop and on the servers as well. in other words,\nthe anti-malware software should be installed on the print and file servers,\nthe e-mail server and the workstations (integrating effectively with the\nendpoints), and all these should be kept up to date. a software package\nthat enables updating", "d917017e-e5cf-41de-a25e-d8cee06fe854": "management\nand information security specialists, physical security experts, legal department and other relevant\norganizations including legal bodies, weather authorities, insurance companies and government\nauthorities. aspects of environment and culture should also be considered when addressing threats.\ninternal experience from incidents and past threat assessments should be considered in the current\nassessment. it can be worthwhile to consult other threat catalogues (maybe specific to an organization\nor business) to complete the list of generic threats, where relevant. threat catalogues and statistics are\navailable from industry bodies, governments, legal bodies, insurance companies, etc.\nwhen using threat catalogues, or the results of earlier threat assessments, one should be aware that\nthere is continual change of relevant threats, especially if the business environment or information\nsystems change.\nmore information on threat types can be found in annex c.\noutput: a list of threats with the", "6054c455-dbfb-40dd-bd16-f2da86294d15": "75\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\npermanent installation of equipment outside the organization\u2019s premises [such as antennas and\nautomated teller machines (atms)] can be subject to higher risk of damage, theft or eavesdropping.\nthese risks can vary considerably between locations and should be taken into account in determining\nthe most appropriate measures. the following guidelines should be considered when siting this\nequipment outside of the organization\u2019s premises:\na) physical security monitoring (see 7.4);\nb) protecting against physical and environmental threats (see 7.5);\nc) physical access and tamper proofing controls;\nd) logical access controls.\nother information\nmore information about other aspects of protecting information storing and processing equipment and\nuser endpoint devices can be found in 8.1 and 6.7.\n7.10 storage media\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational", "261c47a7-5d58-4157-975e-60fa0a051ccf": "assessment tool provides a way to document and assess these, with\nresulting preparation actions.\n3.7.2 clause 6.2 information security objectives and planning to achieve\nthem\nwithin the planning section of the standard we need to set out what the isms is intended to\nachieve and how it will be done. in terms of the isms there are two main levels of\nobjectives. the first is the high-level objectives set out when defining the context of the\nisms. these tend to be quite broad and non-specific in order to describe why the isms is\nnecessary in the first place and these objectives probably won\u2019t change much.\nthe second level of objectives is more action-oriented and will refer to a fixed timeframe. in\nthe toolkit we have provided an information security management plan for a financial year\non the assumption that a one-year planning horizon will be used, but this could be a two or\nthree-year plan if that makes sense in your organization. the plan sets out specific\nobjectives, including how success will be", "ab430f42-0c15-4e54-a5b0-fd1adf35ac00": "risks: when managing identified risks, it is\nimportant to use the plan document. when a risk is identified, it\nshould be registered into the risk register and categorized based on\nthe organizational risk management plan. the asset owners should\nbe responsible for their asset risk; however, the standard does not tell\nyou how to deal with the risk.\ne select the control objectives and controls to be implemented: there is\na long list of controls in iso 27001. chapter 7 covers these controls in\ndetail.\n\u00a2 prepare a statement of applicability: a statement of applicability in\niso 27001 is also referred to as an soa document. it is one of the most\nimportant documents in the system and organizations generally tend\nto spend more time preparing it. this document will tell you how\nthey implement the controls. it also identifies any inclusions and\nexclusions.\nthis international standard provides requirements for establishing, implementing,\nmaintaining, and continually improving an information security management", "a3456bb7-5737-4d91-8f88-e440712872e0": "of the service relationship, differentiated by regular end and sudden end e.g. due to the business closure of the service provider - including storage and archiving obligations, return of organization assets (a-5.11)\ne monitoring of service provision throughout the duration of the contract and handling of identified deficiencies\npriority should be given to describing how the organization addresses the aforementioned points in terms of processes, rules, and roles involved.\nlet's also take a look at the measures before, during, and at the end of service provision: instead of setting measures individually for each supplier, it may be possible to form groups of suppliers and select a typical set of security measures for each group - this would make the work easier overall, especially for new suppliers. some examples: group of suppliers with access to the data center, group with access to offices (e.g. disposal, cleaning), group with direct access to organization data, etc.\nin connection with the policy, it", "52b60e90-dd27-454a-9a66-9b3f5e25bb4b": "for the use of cloud services (target group users)\n- creation of specific security concepts for cloud usage or expansion of existing security concepts\n- inclusion of security incidents in the sphere of the cloud provider into own incident management\n- requirements for the review/evaluation of cloud usage and corresponding security\n- defined procedures for migration to other providers, training for the application of these procedures\nregarding the last point on the list: the migration process should be established and trained as early as possible - not only when there is a failure of a contracted provider or for other reasons a change or switch is desired or necessary.\nwe want to comment on the following five controls together: they are also related to the topic of incident management, which we discussed in section 1.4 under the keywords events and incidents.\nin iso 27002, there are some key words about the provider contract, but this does not replace the involvement of legal expertise for contract design", "1e3cedf2-3bee-47f3-a140-859c0fd906c6": "entities that may necessitate slight adjustments to your current system \u2013 that is if you opt to incorporate them into your statement of applicability.\niso/iec 27001:2022 iso/iec 27001:2013 equivalent\na.5.7 threat intelligence a.6.1.4 contact with special interest groups\na.5.16 identity management a.9.2.1 user registration and de-registration\na.5.23 information security for use of cloud services a.15 supplier relationships\na.5.29 information security during disruption a.17.1 information security continuity\na.5.30 ict readiness for business continuity a.17.1.3 verify, review and evaluate information security continuity\na.7.4 physical security monitoring a.9.2.5 review of user access rights\na.8.9 configuration management a.14.2.5 secure system engineering principles\na.8.10 information deletion a.18.1.3 protection of records\na.8.11 data masking a.14.3.1 protection of test data\na.8.12 data leakage prevention a.12.6.1 management of technical vulnerabilities\na.8.16 monitoring activities a.12.4 logging and", "16e94d43-e0fe-42dd-adb2-c123182c4352": "always be done in an organized process in which the corresponding responsibilities are regulated. furthermore, evidence of reported incidents must be generated and retained. if such elements are missing and an incident occurs (no or delayed reporting), there is quickly suspicion of culpable delay.\nupcoming changes in essential services such as electricity and internet supply should be treated in the same way. the changes should be classified as incidents and processed within the framework of incident management (see also a-5.24 and following). often, the field of business continuity management is also affected (see a-5.30).\na-5.6 contacts with special interest groups\nthis primarily involves contacts with entities that have a certain expertise in information security and can inform, advise, and support the organization.\nthese can be, for example, industry associations that provide resources and expertise (e.g. best practices) or offer training and information events. the bsi (federal office for", "783313e8-f29f-45cd-a05c-a525ee338d93": "managers should try to identify a solution that satisfies\nperformance requirements while guaranteeing sufficient information security. the result of this step is\na list of possible controls, with their cost, benefit, and priority of implementation.\n18 \u00a9 iso/iec 2018 - all rights reserved\n\"920-142-714 15:33:52\nnormen-downloud-beuth-cumcave. college gait king 918472 -1d.dopgmakfessz2 tebidlzu\u00a9\niso/iec 27005:2018(e)\nvarious constraints should be taken into account when selecting controls and during implementation.\ntypically, the following are considered:\n\u2014 time constraints;\n\u2014 financial constraints;\n\u2014 technical constraints;\n\u2014 operational constrains;\n\u2014 cultural constraints;\n\u2014 ethical constraints;\n\u2014 environmental constraints;\n\u2014 ease of use;\n\u2014 personnel constraints;\n\u2014 constraints for integrating new and existing controls.\nmore information on the constraints for risk modification can be found in annex f.\n9.3 risk retention\naction: the decision on retaining the risk without further action should be", "8614908d-ab41-4545-8c59-68116022396a": "necessary for those doing work within the isms, and then\nto ensure (by assessment and evaluation) that these persons are actually\ncompetent, providing relevant education, training or experience, and to\nkeep appropriate documentary evidence. note that \u2018persons doing work\nunder organization\u2019s control\u2019 can extend to volunteers, associates and\ncontractors as well as full-time employees.\nsection 7 of is027002 is structured to deal with human resources secu-\nrity in a way that covers the three stages of employment: pre-employment,\nduring employment and post-employment. control 7.1 of the standard\ndeals with pre-employment security issues. the objective of this clause is to\nensure that employees and contractors are suitable for their roles, and\nunderstand their information security responsibilities. control 7.1.1 deals\nwith pre-employment screening, and 7.1.2 deals with contracts and roles\nand responsibilities in respect of the isms and information security within\nthe organization. this should include both general", "c3454744-eb21-4608-9b23-6979637631e5": "activities, for example general information management, ict, security, privacy or safety\ntraining.\n6.4 disciplinary process\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational security domains\nsecurity properties concepts capabilities\n#preventive #cor- |#confidentiality #protect #respond |#human_resource_ |#governance_and_\nrective #integrity ecosystem\n#availability\ncontrol\na disciplinary process should be formalized and communicated to take actions against personnel and\nother relevant interested parties who have committed an information security policy violation.\npurpose\nto ensure personnel and other relevant interested parties understand the consequences of information\nsecurity policy violation, to deter and appropriately deal with personnel and other relevant interested\nparties who committed the violation.\nguidance\nthe disciplinary process should not be initiated without prior verification that an information security\npolicy violation has occurred (see 5.28).\nthe formal disciplinary process should", "ef65d047-60bf-4b7b-823c-5efa3e626374": "because of the prescriptive nature outlined in the standard, and the\nneed for allocated resources that are both independent of the development and\nmaintenance of the isms, while still possessing the necessary competencies to\nperform the internal audit function.\n**unlike a certification review where you must use an external third-party to\nconduct the audit, the internal audit can be conducted either by staff within\nyour organization or by an independent third party, such as a consulting\nfirm.** when determining your approach to execution of an internal audit, your\ncompany must:\n * ensure that the auditor is objective and impartial, meaning that there are no conflicts of interest and that appropriate separation of duties are in place (i.e. the auditor has not implemented or does not operate or monitor any of the controls under audit).\n * ensure that the auditor is qualified and competent regarding auditing processes and procedures, as well as the iso 27001 standard.\nthe results of the internal audit,", "3c03d3fb-5c0d-4d4f-bad8-a95b5590bf45": "consistent understanding through all phases of\nthe implementation. it is also important to ensure that critical organization areas are included in the scope.\nit is possible to define the scope of an isms to encompass the entire organization, or a part thereof, such as a\ndivision or clearly bounded subsidiary element. for example, in the case of \"services\" provided to customers,\nthe scope of the isms can be a service, or a cross-functional management system (an entire division or part\nof a division). the requirements of iso/iec 27001:2005 shall be fulfilled for certification regardless of the\nexisting management systems in place within the organization.\norganizational scope and boundaries, ict scope and boundaries (6.3) and physical scope and boundaries\n(6.4) are not always to be carried out sequentially. however it is useful to reference already obtained scope\nand boundaries when defining other scope and boundaries.\n\u00a9 isonec 2010 \u2014 all rights reserved 13\niso/iec 27003:2010(e)\n6.2 define organizational", "7ab00bc6-c3c8-4d54-94c6-b41bf8d95dd6": "you can find a possible template for the change management policy from the annex a of iso 27001 in the local file system under: './../../inputdata/templates/template_files/processed/change management policy.docx'. it contains pre-written texts for purpose, scope, content, procedures, risk management and more for the change management policy.", "72b55322-400a-4ca9-913b-bbebebc3f642": "or\nrevocation of access rights. the idea here is that those who are allowed to\naccess specific information or information services should be formally\nauthorized to do so \u2014 both by the owner of the information asset in question\nand by management. this should link to the access control policy and the\nlogic that the business should determine access rights. system administra-\ntors should retain a record (a log) of access rights granted and should, on a\nperiodic basis, review allocated access rights to ensure they are still in with\nwhat has been authorized. the reality, of course, is that it is relatively\ncommon for an individual\u2019s access rights to need to change over time, in line\nwith the changing day-to-day requirements of the business and of their role;\nhowever, these variations are seldom captured in the formal records, and the\nresult is that there comes a time when no-one really knows what a given\nindividual is able to access. this is not ideal.\nit could, therefore, be a standard part of management checks", "e21434ad-75c1-4e4c-aa8a-f3712b9fccdd": "administrator or a fellow employee with an urgent problem that\ncan only be resolved by the employee providing confidential information\n(such as user name or password). alternatively, the hacker has a false\nbusiness card, claiming to be a key technical or business support\nrepresentative, or claims to be a new employee trying to get up to speed\nin the business. staff should not divulge their password to anyone, even\nit support staff. for emergency access to restricted systems and\nadministrative applications, the information security manager may want\nto hold administrator passwords in a central password manager. irregular\ntesting needs to occur so that should an administrator be dismissed for\nany reason, the system(s) to which he or she had access can be maintained,\nand the passwords changed.\nspoofing. ip spoofing gains unauthorized access to a system by\nmasquerading as a valid internet (ip) address. web spoofing (phishing\n165\n166\nit governance\nand pharming) involves the hacker redirecting traffic from a", "63bd1060-e9f4-4e00-bc5e-ba137d4c3618": "knowledge\nimprovement purposes.\ne identified and addressed risks in information security during the\nproject's lifecycle.\ne ensured proper mobile device use and safe telecommuting. check\nhow this policy has been defined and implemented.\nduring the assessment, you check the levels of implementation and assess what is\nmissing.\nannex 7: human resources security\ncheck whether the company has done the following:\n\u00a2 before employment\ne conduct employee background verification checks.\ne look for any report prepared in reference to background checks.\ne ensure that terms and conditions of employment are\ncommunicated properly to employees and contractors.\n61\nchapter 4 _ initial risk assessment\n\u00ab during employment\ne check how management responsibilities are implemented.\ne ensure that employee/contractor education and training has\nbeen conducted and recorded.\ne check how the disciplinary process is established and\ncommunicated to employees and contractors and whether\nany disciplinary action is taken once they", "3b6335a5-af55-476d-985e-43e85161ab16": "how do you begin your journey for iso 27001?\ninitiating the project usually involves a few steps. before conducting a readiness assessment or an internal audit, getting management buy-in for the project will be at the top of your list. steve recommends clearly defining the benefits of iso 27001, including ways strong cyber and information security can strengthen the brand, increase client trust, and save the organization millions of dollars by preventing data breaches.\nonce management signs off, it\u2019s always best to perform a readiness assessment or an internal audit to see which areas of your organization need improvement.\nwhat is the biggest mistake companies make when preparing for iso 27001?\nnot conducting a readiness assessment or internal audit beforehand can bring up a lot of problems down the road. steve points out that it\u2019s common for businesses to move forward with a project without actually assessing their implementation or usage of the controls they\u2019ve put in place. certification bodies want", "fd753d80-0431-40ee-bb12-306a68999908": "# 5 benefits of iso 27001 certification\n## **1\\. it will protect your reputation from security threats**\nthe most obvious reason to certify to iso 27001 is that it will help you avoid\nsecurity threats. this includes both cyber criminals breaking into your\norganisation and data breaches caused by internal actors making mistakes.\niso 27001\u2019s framework ensures that you have the tools in place to strengthen\nyour organisation across the three pillars of cyber security: people,\nprocesses and technology.\nyou can use the standard to identify the relevant policies you need to\ndocument, the technologies to protect you and the staff training to avoid\nmistakes.\n## **2\\. you\u2019ll avoid regulatory fines**\niso 27001 helps organisations to avoid the costly penalties associated with\nnon-compliance with data protection requirements such as the gdpr (general\ndata protection regulation).\nindeed, the standard\u2019s framework has much in common with the gdpr, and\norganisations can use its guidelines to achieve and maintain", "3eaf22f7-f7ee-45c8-a349-df75c0c39ed7": "or at least hinder physical access,\ne for high protection requirements, installation in steel pipes that trigger alarms through sensors when drilled into or otherwise physically affected,\ne cable barriers and distribution cabinets, patch panels, etc. protected against unauthorized access,\ne shielding against electromagnetic radiation, alternatively: use of fiber optic cabling (for data networks),\ne power and data cables should not be laid directly next to each other (possible transmission of interference signals from one cable to another),\ne regular inspection of cabling to detect changes, attacks, attachment of eavesdropping systems, etc.,\ne labeling of cables.\nthe mentioned labeling is usually done with adhesive strips on the cable, on which the start and end points of the cable are noted: e.g. cable from server s1 to client c15 is labeled \"s1-c15\". these designations should also be used in the asset inventory. another application arises in connection with emergency management - for example, when", "54f43ffe-3d99-4999-b202-562481af0f49": "should define policies and\nprocedures for implementing controls in safeguarding the transfer of information by\nemployees/contractors at work.\nthe points to consider for implementing controls are:\ne be able to detect malware that could be transmitted while using\nelectronic mode of communication.\n\u00a2 beable to protect sensitive information that is shared as an\nattachment.\ne frame policy or guideline that explains how to use communication\nfacilities in a secure manner at work.\n184\nchapter 6 execution\ne apply cryptographic techniques.\ne conduct awareness sessions for employees on a regular basis and tell\nthem to remain cautious while speaking at public places to prevent\nsharing of any confidential information.\norganizations can identify many more controls, by assessing the tools/equipment\nused for transferring the information. as tools/technologies keep changing, you need to\nalways assess risks to prevent mistakes and breaches while using them, as any security\nincident may also lead to legal", "823893b4-2fa8-49b5-8211-9aa2daa1190b": "and\nrecovery procedures that explain the steps to be followed for different types of situations\nthat may occur, and clear roles and responsibilities of employees/contractors/suppliers\netc. with authorization levels to avoid miscommunicating. preparing for business\ncontinuity is not a small task. it requires expertise with experienced skilled professionals\nwho do a lot of analysis and planning. it is advisable that the organization identify their\npredetermined levels of information security they need to maintain after an adverse\nsituation in order to run their business operations smoothly.\nevidence that can be prepared: disaster response and recovery procedure and\nbusiness continuity plan document\nwho prepares it: information security needs to get input from various departments\nincluding critical ones, such as the it helpdesk team, to prepare a business continuity\nand disaster recovery procedure and a business continuity plan document.\nfor external audit: the external auditor conducting the iso 27001", "febdc5b9-471e-4dcf-af4c-aa958b80390a": "machines (vms),\nfacilities, personnel, competence, capabilities and records.\neach asset should be classified in accordance with the classification of the information (see 5.12)\nassociated to that asset.\nthe granularity of the inventory of information and other associated assets should be at a level\nappropriate for the needs of the organization. sometimes specific instances of assets in the information\nlife cycle are not feasible to be documented due to the nature of the asset. an example of a short-lived\nasset is a vm instance whose life cycle can be of short duration.\nownership\nfor the identified information and other associated assets, ownership of the asset should be assigned\nto an individual or a group and the classification should be identified (see 5.12, 5.13). a process to\nensure timely assignment of asset ownership should be implemented. ownership should be assigned\nwhen assets are created or when assets are transferred to the organization. asset ownership should be\nreassigned as necessary when", "1e404319-f2e0-4b6b-8b07-ca0fb460f2f9": "your is027001 certi-\nfication body, and ensure that whoever you choose can and does offer an\nintegrated assessment service. however, the fact that a cb is accredited to\noffer iso9001 certification does not automatically mean it is accredited for\n1so027001; you will need to check with the cb. if you are currently using a\ncb that is not accredited for is027001, you will have to consider switching\nto one that is able to offer certification to both standards.\nthe 18027001 audit\nthe third issue that you should take into account when selecting your\nsupplier of certification services is their approach to certification itself. an\nisms is fundamentally designed to reflect the organization\u2019s assessment of\nrisks in and around information security. in other words, each isms will be\ndifferent. it is important therefore that each external assessment of an isms\ntakes that difference into account so that the client gets an assessment that\nadds value to its business (which includes positive feedback as well as", "d282bbf3-d871-419b-b735-6acd0dbc5aad": "this\ninformation is always helpful.\nevidence that can be prepared: the environment creation procedures.\nthe following are some points that can be used to create the guidelines:\n\u00a2 define the rules for how software would be transferred from one\nenvironment to another, for example, from the development to\noperation/production environment.\n\u00a2 define the access levels for each environment and how to monitor\nthem. for example, developer access to operation/production\nenvironment must be prohibited, as it can pose a threat of\nunauthorized changes or modification to the software code or\noperations/production data.\n\u00a2 different environments must be run on different systems or\ncomputers.\ne\u00ab changes to the operating systems or the applications must be tested\nin a testing or staging environment before implemented in the\noperation environment. testing must be avoided on the operation/\nproduction environment.\ne organizations based on their business needs should analyze and\ncover their required security controls for", "bc4be60a-d001-46e6-9c02-798fe2270f48": "information security incident occurs. this procedure should\ndescribe how authorities should be contacted and who will contact them from the\norganization. these authorities could be law/legal, regulatory bodies, etc.. whenever\n124\nchapter 6 execution\nany changes happen in acts/law or regulations, that needs to be implemented by the\norganization, and it must be communicated by the regulatory bodies. hence being in\ncontact with authorities is always useful.\nwhen incidents or attacks happen through internet sources, it might be required to\ncontact cyber-law bodies or relevant bodies to investigate and take appropriate action.\nthere are other authorities that an organization must be in contact with, such as fire\ndepartments, electricity suppliers, nearby hospitals, or any other emergency services. as\nthese all have an impact on your organization\u2019s business or operations.\nfor example, if a fire or electrical incident occurs, you may need to contact such\nauthorities, as such incidents may halt your operations", "ffd71e1b-7bb0-40c4-82f9-e12de47cfd80": "serious, catastrophic. based on the above risk table, a rating of entire risk classes can be made by marking individual fields (see figure 1.8), and the assessment of individual risks can be done in a similar way.\nrisks can be individually adjusted afterwards.\nthe three steps of risk identification, risk analysis, and risk evaluation are summarized in the standard as risk assessment.\nrisk level\n(1 negligible\noo limited\noc critical\ndamage class\ngb catastrophic\nfig.1.8 risk assessment\n24 1 the iso/iec 27000 series of standards and their basic concepts\n18. risk treatment\nrisks must be prioritized for processing and treated with appropriate measures.\nif risks are sorted according to their risk level, a natural order of processing emerges: risks with the highest level are processed first, then those of the second level, etc. at the lowest level, it should be considered whether there is anything to be processed at all: the term tolerable says it all - at least in our example.\nfor the treatment of risks,", "7c2be187-8f9e-4cef-8524-9818cccf131f": "to start witha\nsmaller scope for certification and then widen it out year by year as the isms matures and\neveryone becomes more familiar with what\u2019s involved. in fact, if you need to achieve\ncertification within a short timescale this may well be the best route. you must ensure\nhowever that your exclusions make sense and can be justified to the auditor.\none point to note is the difference between the scope of the isms and the scope of\ncertification to the iso/iec 27001 standard; they don\u2019t have to be the same. you can (if it\u2019s\nuseful to do so) have a wide isms scope but only ask for certification to a part of it initially.\nif the part in question meets all the requirements of the standard, then it should be\nacceptable.\nthe toolkit provides a template document that prompts for most of the information\ndescribed above and groups the documented information required for context,\nrequirements and scope into one place. it is perfectly acceptable to split this content into\nmore than one document if that works", "0f279b1c-fd15-4643-8410-5d0404a9ab85": "from them included in the input to the manage-\nment review meeting. clearly, information security as an organizational\nfunction needs to be measured against performance targets in just the same\nway as are other parts of the organization. in order to develop a useful set\nof metrics, an organization will have to identify what to measure, how to\nmeasure it and when to measure it.\nsome of the areas that should be considered for measurement include the\neffectiveness and value adding capability of the incident handling process,\nthe effectiveness and cost savings provided by staff training, the improve-\nment in efficiency generated by access controls and external contracts, and\nthe extent to which the current scope is meaningful and relevant in the\nchanging business environment.\norganizing information security\nit is both practical and sensible to consider the organization\u2019s information\nsecurity management structure at an early stage in the implementation\nprocess. this does, in fact, need to be thought through at", "c1ab6cca-485f-4b27-9ee4-17e5dbef9bc0": "major controls:\n### **annex a.15.1: information security in supplier relationships**\nannex a.15.1 focuses on the protection of organisation information in supplier\npartnerships. in this case, the goal is to protect the organisation\u2019s assets\nthat are accessible to its suppliers.\nit is recommended that you additionally evaluate other critical relationships\nhere, such as partners if they are not suppliers but have an impact on your\nassets that may not be covered by a contract alone. to acquire iso 27001\ncertification, this is an essential aspect of the information security\nmanagement system (isms).\n### **annex a.15.2: supplier service delivery management**\nthe goal of this control is to ensure that the degree of information security\nand service delivery agreed upon with suppliers is maintained.\nit is critical to ensure that service providers meet the requirements of\nthird-party contracts as soon as operations begin. this can include everything\nfrom the service's availability to more specific details, such", "32eb4213-48b7-4f5c-83df-72449a3064db": "preservation of privacy and\nprotection of pii according to applicable laws and regulations and contractual requirements.\npurpose\nto ensure compliance with legal, statutory, regulatory and contractual requirements related to the\ninformation security aspects of the protection of pii.\nguidance\nthe organization should establish and communicate a topic-specific policy on privacy and protection of\npii to all relevant interested parties.\nthe organization should develop and implement procedures for the preservation of privacy and\nprotection of pii. these procedures should be communicated to all relevant interested parties involved\nin the processing of personally identifiable information.\ncompliance with these procedures and all relevant legislation and regulations concerning the\npreservation of privacy and protection of pii requires appropriate roles, responsibilities and controls.\noften this is best achieved by the appointment of a person responsible, such as a privacy officer, who\nshould provide guidance to", "62a45993-a69f-43f0-bc72-7550f3f4c867": "## what are iso 27001 annex a controls?\n> **set by the international organization for standardization (iso) and the\n> international electrotechnical commission (iec), iso/iec 27001 annex a\n> defines the 14 categories with a toal of 114 information security controls an organization can address to\n> receive and maintain its iso 27001 certification. **\niso 27001 defines and audits these controls during stage two of the iso 27001\ncertification process. an external accredited certification body runs a series\nof evidentiary audits that confirm the organization's technology and processes\nare correctly deployed and working properly. the auditors also confirm the\nimplemented solutions align with the controls that were declared to be in use\nby the organization during part one, the documentation review stage of the\ncertification process. since industry compliance requirements, technology needs, and scope of\noperations are unique for each organization, the iso 27001 annex a control\nlist serves as a framework,", "73d5af3b-ce41-437f-aba4-fa23182d4d07": "incident management planning and\nrecovery meeting (but see below).\noverall, action to recover from security incidents and to correct system\nfailures should be under formal control:\n+ only identified and authorized personnel should have access to affected\nlive systems during the incident management period.\n- all emergency actions should be documented in as much detail as is\npossible at the time \u2014 which may require someone to be deputed to work\nalongside the information security adviser with the sole responsibility of\nrecording decisions and actions as they happen (or, if it can be done only\nafter the event, as soon as possible, while memories are still fresh).\n- the escalation procedure needs to be clear, and management should be\ninformed about events in line with a previously agreed set of criteria, so\nthat the most serious events are notified to the board, less serious ones to\nthe management information security forum only, etc. line managers and\nmonitoring and information security incident", "0cd145da-518d-4a01-b1d2-d9f95b97ee26": "online.\ne-learning is particularly cost-effective for training large numbers of\nstaff. small numbers of staff, particularly those who need detailed and\nextensive training, often involving feedback, questions and answers, coach-\ning, etc, are better dealt with in the classroom. the areas of information\nsecurity and the isms that are best dealt with through e-learning and that\nbegin as part of the induction process are as follows:\n- all-staff briefing - isms awareness, known threats and the importance of\ninformation security and the isms, including general controls;\n+ asset classification and control;\n+ reporting events and responding to security incidents and malfunctions;\n+ e-mail and web access awareness and rules;\n+ user access control and responsibilities;\n\u00ab mobile computing and teleworking;\n\u00ab legal compliance awareness and related issues;\n- business continuity awareness and procedures.\nany staff involved in handling payment card data, and working within a\ncardholder data environment as defined", "a3edf28c-ef82-4148-8e69-ff079e5f6138": "insufficient security training\nerror in use\n| incorrect use of software and hardware\nerror in use\n| lack of security awareness\nerror in use\n| lack of monitoring mechanisms\ni ilegal processing of data\nunsupervised work by outside or cleaning staff\ntheft of media or documents\nlack of policies for the correct use of telecommu-\n\\nications media and messaging\nunauthorized use of equipment\n| inadequate or careless use of physical access\n| control to buildings and rooms\ndestruction of equipment or media\n| location in an area susceptible to flood\nflood\n| unstable power grid\nloss of power supply\n| lack of physical protection of the building, doors\njand windows\ntheft of equipment\n| lack of formal procedure for user registration\n[and de-registration\nabuse of rights\n| lack of formal process for access right review\n| (supervision)\nabuse of rights\n| lack or insufficient provisions (concerning security}\njin contracts with customers and/or third parties\nabuse of rights\n| lack of procedure of", "890c2cdb-9223-4c63-b00a-e7bcda2b52b9": "unsecured internet link. the hacker intercepts\nand reads messages between the two parties and can alter them without\nthe intended recipient knowing what has happened. this is often\nrecognized as a form of masquerading (see below).\nmasquerading. a hacker will pretend to be a legitimate user trying to\naccess legitimate information, using a password or pin that was easily\nobtained or copied, and will then try to access more confidential\ninformation or execute commands that are not usually publicly accessible.\nnetwork monitoring. this is also known as \u2018sniffing\u2019 and involves\ndeploying some code on the internet to monitor all traffic, looking for\npasswords. these, and other ostensibly confidential information, are\noften sent \u2018in the clear\u2019, and therefore can easily be located and written to\nthe hacker\u2019s workstation for future use.\npassword cracking. this is actually, on balance, very easy. most users do\nnot set up passwords or, if they do, use very simple passwords that they\ncan easily remember, like \u2018secret\u2019", "dc795a31-ca82-41a4-8251-e9537f97f18e": "recipients.\nd assets sent overseas (including to uk posts) must be protected as\nindicated by the originator\u2019s marking and in accordance with any\ninternational agreement. particular care must be taken to protect assets\nfrom foreign freedom of information legislation by use of national\nprefixes and caveats or special handling instructions.\ne no official record, held on any media, can be destroyed unless it has\nbeen formally reviewed for historical interest under the provisions of\nthe public records act.\nf a file, or group of protectively marked documents or assets, must\ncarry the protective marking of the highest marked document or\nasset contained within it (eg a file containing confidential and\nrestricted material must be marked confidential).\nthe us government has a classification scheme that uses only three levels:\nconfidential, secret, and top secret.\ninformation lifecycle\ninformation does not always have to remain classified at the same level at all\ntimes. statutory accounts, for instance, are", "0ba68b76-9220-4206-b62e-234cc741905b": "adequate resources needed for the isms are available. they also need to assign responsibilities and promote continual improvement.\nclause 6: planning you must factor in all risks and opportunities before taking further steps. do a risk assessment and assess the realistic likelihood and occurrence of the risk identified and determine the level of risk. based on the risk assessment results, select appropriate risk treatment options and determine all controls necessary to implement the information security risk treatment options selected. you must create a statement of applicability (soa) that contains the necessary controls and justifications for inclusion, whether they are implemented and justification for exclusions of controls from annex a.\nclause 7: support for your team to conform to the iso 27001 standard, they need information to support their actions. this means establishing resources, training, and communication policies that keep everyone in the loop, as well as documenting key", "15fdcbce-7c66-4938-80e3-394016ea943c": "understanding the organization and its context\nrequirement isms-4.1 demands that we first identify all context information that is relevant to our activities (as an organization) and could have an impact on our isms. following the text of the standard, we make an initial distinction between internal and external aspects of the context (fig. 2.1).\nthe internal aspects are facts, expectations, and requirements that originate from our own organization and could influence our isms:\n- the organizational structure: are we organized in departments, divisions, etc.? or do we have a \"flat\" project or product organization? where is it located?\nfig. 2.1 organization and interested parties of our own organization\ncontext\nbusiness purpose requirements\nrequirements, goals, expectations\nprocesses |\ninternal context external context\nscope\nisms\n34 2 requirements for the isms\n- the operational structure: do we think in (business or administrative) processes? are the responsibilities for these processes defined? are", "5d06a661-bd59-4c97-9038-10788f287b84": "processes, a suitable grouping can of course be made, and the objectives and risks for such a group can be considered together.\none could also start - so to speak, at the lowest level - with the organization's information assets and assess all risks for them. however, this approach appears to be much more time-consuming: first, because of the large number of assets, and second, because of the frequent changes to the assets.\ntherefore, the starting point for risk assessment must first be determined.\nin the following, we assume the organization's business processes as the starting point. for other starting points, the corresponding work steps must be interpreted accordingly.\nfigure 1.6 provides an initial overview of the work steps.\n17. risk assessment\nwe will go through these necessary work steps in detail.\nrisk identification\nrelevant risks must be identified for each business process considered (or for a grouping).\nfor this purpose, a list of potential risks is compiled. initially, one uses their own", "dd714b15-f2df-49ed-b7c1-cd42e29d95f8": "at least for a defined period (e.g., during a fire, measured in hours) during which the data carriers must be \"saved.\" archive rooms could also be used, for example, to store backup media.\n- \"taking\" data carriers: who is allowed to take data carriers under what circumstances, and what permissions are required? the process of taking should be recorded overall.\n- any security incidents (e.g., loss/theft) should be reported when taking data carriers.\n- shipping/transport of data carriers:\n - it may be useful to use neutral labeling for the data carriers to be transported in order to avoid arousing the curiosity of unauthorized individuals.\n - secure packaging (possibly in sturdy transport containers) should be arranged, and additionally, the packaging/container should be sealed to at least detect unauthorized opening.\n - shipments should only be made through trustworthy service providers and with secure delivery methods: recipients must identify themselves, and transport and receipt should be documented.\n-", "65f58b46-1c7e-4729-b62f-9643afebc44d": "and project priorities are established.\na specific information system has to be acquired once the necessity for it has\nbeen recognised. in most cases, this is done within the context of the\norganisation\u2018s information systems architecture. either external sourcing or\ninternal development or modification can be used to obtain information\nsystems. once the need for a specific system has been recognised, system\ndevelopment can begin.\nsystem development is the process of defining, creating, testing, and\nimplementing a new software application or programme. customised solutions\nmight be built in-house or purchased from a third-party developer. during\nsystem development, you need to integrate security into every stage, from\nproject inception to deployment and disposal. it is the most effective\nstrategy to safeguard data and information systems.\nduring the system\u2019s life, it needs to be maintained constantly. the purpose of\nthe maintenance process is to sustain the capability of a system to provide a\nservice. this", "15bc53b2-62c2-4a72-97ff-17501c869709": "establish the information security risk criteria,\nconsisting of both the requirements that trigger the need\nfor an information security risk assessment to be\nconducted, and the risk acceptance criteria;\n2. identify the information security risks;\n3. analyse the information security risks; and\n4. evaluate the information security risks.\nthis process must be able to ensure that repeated risk\nassessments produce consistent, valid and comparable\nresults. it is important to note that these steps apply to the\ninformation security risk assessment, but iso 27001 also\nspecifies that the organisation needs to assess the risks to the\nmanagement system itself, including the risk of the isms not\nachieving its intended outcomes.\nclause 6.1.1 of the standard describes how risk assessments\nshould fit into the broader isms. remember that a risk\n't bs 7799-3, clause 4.\n29\n2: risk assessment methodologies\nassessment is not an end in itself: an iso 27001 risk\nassessment should not only help the organisation protect", "88c7d21b-d843-4820-b8ac-86bc830e0e93": "sensitive information to be effective. as an example, if not considered properly, a person can\nbe identified even if the data that can directly identify that person is anonymised, by the presence of\nfurther data which allows the person to be identified indirectly.\nadditional techniques for data masking include:\na) encryption (requiring authorized users to have a key);\nb) nulling or deleting characters (preventing unauthorized users from seeing full messages);\n98 \u00a9 iso/iec 2022 - all rights reserved\nhochschulbibliothekszentrum des landes nordrhein-westfalen (hbz)\n09/06/2023 15:30:34\nprinted copies are uncontrolled\niso/iec 27002:2022(e)\nc) varying numbers and dates;\nd) substitution (changing one value for another to hide sensitive data);\ne) replacing values with their hash.\nthe following should be considered when implementing data masking techniques:\na) not granting all users access to all data, therefore designing queries and masks in order to show\nonly the minimum required data to the user;\nb)", "3daa6649-cfb4-4108-bafa-ad9e95924205": "effective.\n19\na.15 compliance (iso 27001:2015, version 2015)\na.15.1 compliance with legal requirements ('so 27001:2015, version 2015)\nobjective: to avoid breaches of any law, statutory, regulatory or contractual obligations,\nand of any security requirements.\na.15.1.1 identification of applicable legislation\ncontrol\nall relevant statutory, regulatory and contractual requirements and the organization\u2019s\napproach to meet these requirements shall be explicitly defined, documented, and kept up\nto date for each information system and the organization.\na.15.1.2 intellectual property rights (ipr)\ncontrol\nappropriate procedures shall be implemented to ensure compliance with legislative,\nregulatory, and contractual requirements on the use of material in respect of which there\nmay be intellectual property rights and on the use of proprietary software products.\na.15.1.3 protection of organizational records\ncontrol\nimportant records shall be protected from loss, destruction and falsification, in\naccordance", "d210d257-55e4-40ce-8619-2bea8cf73efe": "services from unauthorized access. in particular, the following items should be considered:\na) the type and classification level of information that the network can support;\nb) establishing responsibilities and procedures for the management of networking equipment and\ndevices;\nc) maintaining up to date documentation including network diagrams and configuration files of\ndevices (e.g. routers, switches);\nd) separating operational responsibility for networks from ict system operations where appropriate\n(see 5.3);\ne) establishing controls to safeguard the confidentiality and integrity of data passing over public\nnetworks, third-party networks or over wireless networks and to protect the connected systems\nand applications (see 5.22, 8.24, 5.14 and 6.6). additional controls can also be required to maintain\nthe availability of the network services and computers connected to the network;\nf) appropriately logging and monitoring to enable recording and detection of actions that can affect,\nor are relevant to,", "2bc326cd-bded-4895-8e4a-6b993ab7ad8f": "to:\na) the size of organization and its type of activities, processes, products and services;\nb) the complexity of processes and their interactions; and\nc) the competence of persons.\n7.5.2 creating and updating\nwhen creating and updating documented information the organization shall ensure appropriate:\na) identification and description (e.g. a title, date, author, or reference number);\nb) format (e.g. language, software version, graphics) and media (e.g. paper, electronic); and\nc) review and approval for suitability and adequacy.\n7.5.3. control of documented information\ndocumented information required by the information security management system and by this\ninternational standard shall be controlled to ensure:\na) itis available and suitable for use, where and when it is needed; and\nb) itis adequately protected (e.g. from loss of confidentiality, improper use, or loss of integrity).\n6 \u00a9 iso/iec 2013 - all rights reserved\niso/iec 27001:2013(e)\nfor the control of documented information, the", "779a6cb7-8548-4ca7-b207-ea6a727eaf62": "established points of contact must evaluate information security\nevents using an agreed-upon classification scale to assess the impact and\nextent of the event, and whether it qualifies as a security incident. the\nresults of this assessment must be recorded for future reference and\nverification purposes. in summary, this process can be broken down into the\nfollowing stages:\n 1. identification, prioritisation and assessment\n 2. containment\n 3. investigation/ \u201croot cause\u201d analysis 4. response\n 5. follow up * **a.16.1.5 response to information security incidents** ** ** ** **the response to an information security incident should be in accordance\nwith documented procedures. a nominated point of contact, and other relevant\ninternal or external parties, should respond to information security\nincidents. the following should be done as part of the response:\n * promptly collecting evidence\n * conducting information security forensics analysis\n * escalating incidents as required\n *", "e9993289-b504-4b24-9121-31eb1f342fbd": "components of risk management:\nframing risk, assessing risk, responding to risk and\nmonitoring risk. it states that the purpose of framing risk is\nto: \u201cproduce a risk management strategy that addresses how\norganizations intend to assess risk, respond to risk, and\nmonitor risk\u2014making explicit and transparent the risk\nperceptions that organizations routinely use in making both\ninvestment and operational decisions. the risk management\nstrategy establishes a foundation for managing risk and\ndelineates the boundaries for risk-based decisions within\norganizations.\u201d\nin essence, one might say that an organisation\u2019s risk\nmanagement objective is to ensure that there is a proper\nbalance of safeguards against the risks of failing to meet\n46\n3: risk management objectives\nbusiness objectives: neither too much nor too little.2* by\nextension, the risk management objective for an isms is to\nlimit risk to an acceptable level across all information assets\nfor all information security risks.\ninformation security controls", "1b5b5905-1774-48c8-96a0-ae1c94ac1aea": "maintenance team, a good protection against unauthorized access is achieved.\nproblems related to risk management\nthe basis for a powerful and needs-based isms is laid in the risk analysis and with the risk treatment plan. most of the problems were the incompleteness of the risk analysis, the lack of assignment of identified risks to a risk owner who ensures appropriate treatment of the risk, and the identification of residual risk.\nby incompleteness of the risk analysis, we do not mean the absence of details that were not considered by the suppliers because no treatment seemed necessary based on experience. however, in the following example, the risk analysis was incomplete:\nan energy supplier has decided to gradually modernize its analog remote control technology and has purchased digital modules for this purpose. the connection to the control system is made via an lte modem. the mobile network is considered secure, and no risk analysis has been conducted. even if it is assumed that the assumption is", "be5c3910-e688-4194-a194-7dd0a17d7f14": "virtualized\nnetworks. virtualized networks also cover software-defined networking (sdn, sd-wan). virtualized\nnetworks can be desirable from a security viewpoint, since they can permit logical separation of\ncommunication taking place over physical networks, particularly for systems and applications that are\nimplemented using distributed computing.\nother information\nadditional information on network security can be found in the iso/iec 27033 series.\nmore information concerning virtualized networks can be found in iso/iec ts 23167.\n8.21 security of network services\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational security domains\nsecurity properties concepts capabilities\n#preventive #confidentiality #protect #system_and_net- #protection\n#integrity work_security\n#availability\ncontrol\nsecurity mechanisms, service levels and service requirements of network services should be identified,\nimplemented and monitored.\npurpose\nto ensure security in the use of network services.\nguidance\nthe security measures", "68aa75c9-8e84-4f9b-babf-6cfc811f6409": "approach might be better than cleaning up\nthe reputational and financial mess once something does happen.\nof course, you will need to take your unique roi of getting iso 27001\ncertified into account. speaking with an information security expert can give\nyou an idea of what you can expect cost-wise and whether it's worth investing\nin.\nat the same time, how you go about getting certified- e.g., using a process-\ndriven platform backed by experts or hiring a compliance manager in-house \u2014\nwill have a significant impact on just how much you need to invest and whether\nit will be worth it in the long run.\n* * *\n## how to get started with iso 27001 certification\nas you can see, there are plenty of aspects you need to think about when it\ncomes to achieving iso 27001 certification. but **the best time to get started\nis now**. let your isms grow and scale with you.\nthe recommended and common practice to start your iso 27001 journey is to:\n * **find a qualified consultant** and/or platform to get an initial", "398c3ac1-a9b0-4051-a32a-6b122ba092ce": "and deactivating active malicious content upon import, provided that the systems have been configured accordingly.\nthe situation can be improved by, for example, filtering web addresses - either to restrict access or to generally block websites that are not relevant to business purposes - or vice versa, to allow access only to known and useful websites. in short, working with blacklists or whitelists.\nin addition to web addresses, page content can be checked for \"suspicious\" keywords, and ai-based approaches are also conceivable in this regard.\nfilter lists can be installed locally on endpoints (e.g., during browser configuration) or centrally for an organization in firewalls or special web security gateways. central installation provides more comprehensive protection, especially because experienced users often try to bypass local filtering.\nblacklists and whitelists require a minimum level of management as they need to be updated regularly and frequently. insights from threat intelligence (a-5.7) as", "318d8132-7315-46b6-a436-c03df5944e4a": "to the organization. exploiting legitimately or illegitimately acquired high privileges is always at the top of the list of relevant reports.\na-8.4 access to source code\nsource code is always an object to be protected because it contains intellectual property rights, license rights have been granted, or it simply generates revenue.\nat the same time, source code is a target for many types of manipulation - with far-reaching consequences. those who are able to manipulate source code can build special features into a software product - e.g. functions known only to the manipulator, hidden passwords for later \"use\". manipulating a software library is particularly effective in this sense, as it affects any software that uses the library. the same applies to software development tools.\n3.6 technological controls (group 8) 189\nto prevent unauthorized activities of this kind, appropriate access control is first required, both in the sphere of the source code creator and possible suppliers, but also in the sphere", "13980dc0-4795-4cd1-a090-b1f72a7052ca": "consequences to the business and the likelihood of their\noccurrence;\n\u2014 the likelihood and consequences of these risks being communicated and understood;\n\u2014\u2014 priority order for risk treatment being established;\n\u2014 priority for actions to reduce risks occurring;\n-- stakeholders being involved when risk management decisions are made and kept informed of the\nrisk management status:\n\u2014 effectiveness of risk treatment monitoring;\n\u2014 risks and the risk management process being monitored and reviewed regularly;\n2 \u00a9 iso/iec 2018 - all rights reserved\n2o-fa-24 (53852\n7\n6\nnormen-download-beuth-comcuve college ginbl-kdnv. 6918371 -1d, dqpgm4ekffsszztebidlzud\"\niso/iec 27005:2018(e)\n\u2014 information being captured to improve the risk management approach;\n\u2014\u2014- managers and staff being educated about the risks and the actions taken to mitigate them.\nthe information security risk management process can be applied to the organization as a whole, any\ndiscrete part of the organization (e.g. a department, a physical location,", "1a9c8e42-5ac9-4681-a9eb-52423eabc43b": "the system software can be set to enforce\nchanges, say every 90 days, with a defined pre-change period during\nwhich a warning of the impending requirement is flagged so that someone\nwho will be out of the office at the point that the change is enforced can\nchange the password in advance. the system can also be set so that\npasswords cannot be recycled, and this should be done so that the user is\nforced always to have new ones. sequential passwords (so jamaica 1,\njamaica 2, etc) should not be possible.\n- to change temporary passwords at first log-on.\n- not to store passwords in any automated log-on process, unless expressly\nso permitted.\n+ not to share passwords under any conditions \u2014 and this includes not\nusing the same password for business and private affairs.\none technique for creating strong passwords is to use a pass phrase. for\nexample, if you were to use \u2018i eat three shredded wheat at breakfast time\u2019 as\na pass phrase, you would select the first character of each word (and perhaps\nreplace some of", "7c7ce4e6-fcfd-4f2c-8770-50fb0e22b4ee": "include technological\ncontrols such as digital watermarking or encryption and other crypto-\ngraphic techniques to protect confidentiality, integrity and authenticity,\netc. the organization\u2019s policy should link the method of protection to the\nlevel of classification and should have regard to any applicable legal\nrequirements.\n+ we have already discussed the need for procedures to protect against\nmalware, and the organizational policy on information exchange should\nreference the anti-malware policy and controls, just as it should reference\nthe acceptable use policies and the formal guidelines for the retention and\ndisposal of information. sensitive documents should not be printed to, or\nleft on, widely accessible printers or fax machines. the usual way to deal\nwith this is for there to be a small number of personal (or otherwise\nsupervised}, dedicated fax machines and printers to which sensitive infor-\nmation can be printed.\n- the dangers of wireless communications should be clearly identified and\nthe policy", "7f101933-bc2b-4f04-8203-4b7846deffa5": "to recover from. hence\ncritical gaps must not be hidden from the steering committee. for example, medical and\ndefense organizations cannot keep gaps open for very long.\nonce management sees this report, it will also act as an action tracker with target\ndates. the steering committee will be interested in knowing the timeline for each\ndepartment to close their gaps, as shown in figure 4-2. any concern at this time must be\ndiscussed openly with management, as any concern not discussed here can become an\nissue in the future and management may not support that.\nfigure 4-2. sample finding chart of control groups\n75\nchapter 4 _ initial risk assessment\nsummary\nthis chapter talked about how to conduct the initial risk assessment with all the teams\nand what to check for as a part of controls in the standard. you also learned that the\nanalysis report is important from a management perspective, as management wants to\nknow the areas with gaps. this report will also track actions for everyone.\n76\nchapter 5\nrisk", "648a404c-150b-4da0-8bab-e2610f879e7c": "because our method is mathematically sound.\na.3 risk treatment process\nintroduction\nthis \u00ab [rtp1] say what this is (e.g., document, (web) page) \u00bb describes our\napproach to risk treatment. it explains how we treat risk and formulate a risk\ntreatment plan; how we ensure we have not omitted any necessary controls,\nformulate a statement of applicability and gain approval for the risk\ntreatment plan and residual risks.\nthere is a risk treatment plan (rtp) for each event. however, in the real\nworld, controls do not know which rtp they belong to and they will come\nisoaec 27001:2013 \u2014 mastering risk assessment and the statement of applicability 57\nappendix a \u2014 documented information examples\ninto operation as soon as their preconditions for operation are satisfied.\nthus, in effect, rtps operate in parallel.\ntreating risk\nrisk treatment options\nwe treat risk by applying controls that modify the risk in such a way that it\nmeets our risk acceptance criteria. as risk is the product of likelihood", "75237454-97b7-4754-a8fa-c9a8b95d26cf": "fines, compensation payments), indirect financial loss (through\nleakage of confidential information or intellectual property, revenue leak-\nage), and reputation damage, with successful hack attacks and data losses\nboth attracting increasing media attention.\nit governance\nthere is a wide range of information available about the nature and aver-\nage cost of a breach. the annual verizon dbir gathers information from 61\ncountries and multiple industry sectors in order to conclude that no industry\nis immune from data breaches. in 60 per cent of cases, attackers are able to\ncompromise targets \u2018within minutes\u2019; it still takes longer to detect the\ncompromise than it does to complete the attack. verison\u2019s forecast average\nfinancial loss per breach of 1,000 records is between $52,000 and $87,000.\nmost importantly, they conclude that the consistently most significant factor\nin quantifying the cost of loss for an organization is not the nature of the\nbreach, but the number of records compromised.\nthe various", "762d1561-a71d-474f-a39a-0697f85f3aa1": "does, of course, also\nmean that there will be a wider and better understanding,\nacross the organisation, of the risks that are being dealt with,\nand of the practical business support budget that will be\nneeded to implement the required controls.\nwe recognise that there are many established risk assessment\nmethodologies. however, as we said earlier, an iso 27001\nrisk assessment has to contain, as a minimum, a specific set\nof steps and some currently recognised methodologies\nsimply do not meet the requirements of iso 27001. this is\nbecause they do not contain the required steps, or because\nthey do not include the criteria for performing information\nsecurity risk assessments and acceptance criteria, or even\n27\n2: risk assessment methodologies\nbecause they provide a primarily technology-focused\ninformation security risk assessment. we are not going to\naddress those methodologies here.\npublicly available risk assessment standards\nthere are three primary information \u00a7 security risk\nmanagement standards that", "ab3f8aaa-b210-43f9-aef9-006af519f1c0": "that process that affect information security (people,\nrules, network, applications, facilities etc.) are generally the objects of measure in order to see the\neffectiveness of protecting information.\nwhen implementing an information security measurement program, care should be taken to consider that the\nobjects of measure may serve many organization processes within the isms scope, and may therefore have a\nlarger impact on the effectiveness of the isms and control objectives. such objects should generally be\nprioritized with the scope of the program, such as the security organization and linked process, computer\nhall, co-workers regarding information security, etc.\nthe measurement interval may vary, but is preferable that the measurement is done or summarized at certain\nintervals in order to fit into the management review and the continual improvement process and ambitions of\nthe isms. the design of the program should state this.\nthe reporting of the results should be designed so that communication is", "69203757-3730-4912-8b5b-38bcb2d6dbf9": "exploit code-related security vulnerabili-\nties. some of the most common vulnerabilities (drawn from the owasp top\n10), which originate in inadequately secure coding practices, include:\n* cross-site scripting (css);\n\u00ab sql injection;\n\u00ab broken authentication and session management;\n286\nit governance\n+ insecure direct object reference;\n+ security misconfiguration.\nas the owasp websites says: \u2018adopting the owasp top ten is perhaps the\nmost effective first step towards changing the software development culture\nwithin your organization into one that produces secure code.\u2019 it is also the\nlogical starting point for the creation of a secure development policy.\ncontrol 14.2.1 identifies a number of issues that should be considered\nwithin a secure application development policy, ranging from dealing with\nsecurity at all aspects of the sdlc through to the adoption of secure coding\npractices. the key components of a secure development policy might be to\nset the objective of avoiding any of the owasp top ten", "13fe7a9f-f35c-42c1-bfd1-ef69a7c78224": "well-known document history, but should also include notes on the document status (draft, approved, in effect, under revision, withdrawn, etc.) and the level of confidentiality (e.g. public, confidential).\nor higher) are included.\nthe format under b) refers to the fact that only certain tools should be allowed for text creation, graphics integration, etc., in order to avoid readability and correct presentation problems with documented information within an organization (and possibly also with external recipients).\nwhen selecting media, it is important that:\nonly current types of media are used to ensure readability at all necessary locations,\nhigh-quality media is used on which the documented information can be stored and remain readable for a sufficient period of time.\nthe objectives of the review under c) are indicated by suitability (for the intended purpose) and appropriateness (regarding style and content, taking into account the target audience).\nsuch a review should always be conducted by a", "af0d9ad5-db88-44e8-9e9c-01c3db1d442a": "operational areas.\n\u00a9 iso/iec 2010 \u2014 all rights reserved 37\niso/iec 27003:2010(e)\nit is suggested to keep the editorial group as small as possible, with the option of appointing specialists to the\nteam on a temporary basis as required. each representative should liaise actively with their own area of the\norganization to provide seamless operational support. this then facilitates later refinement in the form of\nprocedures and routines at the operational level.\nsecurity standards and procedures should then be used as a basis for designing detailed technical or\noperational procedures.\na useful way to approach the development of information security standards and procedures is to consider\neach point of implementation guidance in iso/iec 27001:2005 and iso/iec 27002:2005 that is deemed\napplicable (based on the results of the risk assessment), and describe precisely how it should be applied.\nan evaluation of any existing information security standards and procedures should be reviewed. for example,\ncan they", "d5bf0220-2506-461b-acc6-6c503f3b43be": "title, date, author, or reference\nnumber.\nformatted and media: organisations must define the format (e.g., language,\nsoftware version, graphics) and media (e.g., paper, electronic) for their\ndocumented information.\nreviewed and approved for suitability and adequacy: all documented information\nmust undergo a rigorous review and approval process to ensure its suitability\nand adequacy.\ncontrolled: the control of documented information is pivotal. it involves\nensuring that this information is readily available when needed and adequately\nprotected against confidentiality breaches, improper use, or integrity loss.\nthis includes activities like distribution, access, storage, preservation,\nversion control, and retention.\n## what are the key elements of iso 27001:2022 clause 7.5?\nthe key elements of iso 27001:2022 clause 7.5 are:\n * identification and description of documented information * format and media of documented information * review and approval of documented information *", "3306511c-cdc0-4d61-b438-09d4df6c727c": "the\nsupplier\u2019s information security operations;\nimplementing a process for identifying and documenting product or service components that\nare critical for maintaining functionality and therefore require increased attention, scrutiny\nand further follow up required when built outside of the organization especially if the supplier\noutsources aspects of product or service components to other suppliers;\nobtaining assurance that critical components and their origin can be traced throughout the supply\nchain;\nobtaining assurance that the delivered ict products are functioning as expected without any\nunexpected or unwanted features;\nimplementing processes to ensure that components from suppliers are genuine and unaltered from\ntheir specification. example measures include anti-tamper labels, cryptographic hash verifications\nor digital signatures. monitoring for out of specification performance can be an indicator of\ntampering or counterfeits. prevention and detection of tampering should be implemented", "67ff0fec-11cf-4782-a029-0dbde166dcd6": "security can be found in annex a.12.3.\nit explains that organisations should back up sensitive information in case\nthat data is compromised.\norganisations often mistakenly think that the cloud is itself a backup,\nbecause it will be safe in the event that anything happens to the servers\nowned by the organisation.\nhowever, cloud servers are also vulnerable to compromise, so organisations\nmust maintain copies of valuable information in multiple locations.\nbackup regimes should be designed according to each organisation\u2019s\nrequirements and risk levels relating to the availability of information.\norganisations should also test their backups regularly to make sure that\ninformation can be restored fully and without corruption.\n## **remote working**\nthe increase in remote working amid the pandemic is one of the main motivators\nbehind the increase in cloud storage. with employees spread across the country\n\u2013 or in some cases across the globe \u2013 organisations need a central location\nthat allows employees to access", "ed6cf58f-79bd-465a-bfc0-d4618ee1c6e7": "be demonstrably documented. this is usually fulfilled by the policy, supplemented by documentation for breaking down the security objectives into subordinate organizational units (isms-6.2).\nisms-6.3 requires the organization to make any changes to its isms only in a planned manner.\nchanges to the design, documentation, implementation, monitoring of the isms, its processes, measures, rules, policies, etc., should be planned and then implemented.\nit is advisable to go one step further and subject such changes to formal change management. such management is already addressed in several controls in appendix a (e.g., a-5.22 and a-8.32). if a change management - e.g., tool-based - is already used for other purposes (such as it), it could also be used for the purpose mentioned in isms-6.3.\nrequired actions for isms-6\naction 6-a: if not yet in place, monitoring of the achievement of isms objectives should be established.\naction 6-b: it should be verified whether there is a demonstrable document containing an", "5c2eb5d0-1875-4e3e-8924-d841f9e48002": "information\nis validated.\ne log all the successful and unsuccessful attempts made.\n\u00a2 security incidents must be logged if a security breach is observed\nwhile logged on.\n152\nchapter 6 execution\ne while entering the password, it should not be visible.\ne terminate the inactive session after a certain period to minimize the\nrisk of unauthorized access.\nevidence that can be prepared: access control policy, secure log on procedure, and\nlist of secure log-on incidents\nwho prepares it: the it helpdesk team will prepare and maintain record/evidence.\nthe information security team would review and provide consulting on the process.\nfor external audit: an external auditor conducting the iso 27001 certification audit\nwill check the evidence in order to verify how the organization is managing secure log-\non procedure to ensure only valid authorized users gain access to the systems.\na.9.4.3 password management system (iso 27001 control)\npassword management systems should be interactive and should ensure", "ab254241-26ad-4c1f-b7d8-39b8d75e8bc3": "their own logging functions, for example, for transaction security in databases.\nsince date and time often play a role in recordings, it would be very inconvenient if the recording systems of an organization had different system times. this would make cross-system evaluations and analyses quite difficult - so: a common time basis or clock synchronization.\nbased on the examples, it is clear that logging is essential for an isms - because of its importance, it is recommended to create a corresponding guideline or plan. in the following, we will discuss points to consider during this process.\nfirst, it should be noted that some logs are manually generated by individuals, e.g. visitor lists, maintenance and equipment logs, memos on meetings and phone calls, etc. for these classic records, the following explanations apply in a similar way if applicable.\nrecordings of automatic nature must be configured and activated in the respective facilities, systems, and possibly it applications. not everything that is", "fa8e8bcf-88c9-42d1-82a2-518e5a76ae4c": "company\ncars), these assets fall into four categories: software, hardware, information\nand knowledge. subject to local employment law, the contract of employ-\nment should have a clause that allows the employer to withhold any\noutstanding payments of any description until all organizational assets are\nproven to have been returned and, after a suitable interval, to deduct from\nany such outstanding amounts the cost of replacing assets that have not\nbeen returned. of course, this will tend to push the majority of resignations\nto the day immediately after monthly or other substantial payments have\ncleared the employee\u2019s bank account, but such is life.\nthe first two asset types are best dealt with procedurally through a\ncentralized recording and authorization process; there should be a record\nfor each employee (maintained by the hr or it department) that lists all\nlaptops, smartphones and other hardware issued to employees. this list\ncould be linked to the asset inventory discussed in chapter 9, and the", "4a597be0-b691-46c1-8842-af1ec073409f": "user access statement (control a.8.1.3). copies of the aup should\nalso be prominently posted in any employee resource centre or staff internet\nexchanges of information\ncafe from where activity to which the aup applies will take place. of course,\nthe right filtering software, properly installed and dynamically managed,\nshould help the organization avoid needing to take disciplinary action in\nrespect of employee behaviour on the web.\nsocial media\nfacebook, linkedin, instagram, twitter and youtube are the world\u2019s most\npopular sites for people to share information, socialize and just hang\nout together, electronically. blogging, instant messaging and skype all play\na significant role in enabling people to keep in touch with one another,\nwherever they are in the world.\ncollectively, sites and internet services like these are known as social\nmedia. how should organizations regulate and manage the use, by their\nstaff, of social media during work hours? what sort of risks do organiza-\ntions face, in terms of", "6926e0c1-e5c8-456d-9d5d-a101f5606a58": "(including\niso/iec 2700312], iso/iec 2700413] and iso/iec 27005i4)), with related terms and definitions.\n0.2 compatibility with other management system standards\nthis international standard applies the high-level structure, identical sub-clause titles, identical text,\ncommon terms, and core definitions defined in annex sl of iso/iec directives, part 1, consolidated iso\nsupplement, and therefore maintains compatibility with other management system standards that have\nadopted the annex sl.\nthis common approach defined in the annex sl will be useful for those organizations that choose to operate\na single management system that meets the requirements of two or more management system standards.\n\u00a9 iso/tec 2013 - all rights reserved v\nfinal draft international standard iso/iec 27001:2013(e)\ninformation technology \u2014 security techniques \u2014\ninformation security management systems \u2014 requirements\n1 scope\nthis international standard specifies the requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining\nand", "bda2421a-08c8-48f9-9545-124a503fd5e3": "operational software\ncontrol 12.5.1 of is027002 says the organization should apply controls to\nthe implementation of software in operational systems. this is an obvious\nneed: organizations are vulnerable where unauthorized software is installed\nor updated, and the result could be loss of data or loss of integrity. major\nnew software packages should be rolled out only after they have been exten-\nsively tested against predetermined criteria, deployed by trained system\nadministrators and authorized by management; underlying this should be a\nrisk assessment. it is usually sensible to have planned fall-backs in place,\nincluding extensive copies of data, for roll-outs that affect the most critical\nof the organization\u2019s functions. beware \u2018big bang\u2019 roll-outs where a whole\nnew system is rolled out and goes live without having been extensively tested\nand stress-tested.\nthis book is written primarily for systems based on the microsoft soft-\nware suite, and therefore the best practice contained within", "5a8ea7a8-db5e-468b-a557-8f808e450f4a": "iso/iec 27001:2013 to the energy utility industry-sector-specific guidance provided in\nthis document.\npurpose: in addition to the security objectives and measures that are set forth in iso/iec 27002, this\ndocument provides guidelines for systems used by energy utilities and energy suppliers on information\nsecurity controls which address further, special requirements.\n5.5.6 iso 27799\nhealth informatics \u2014 information security management in health using iso/iec 27002\nscope: this document gives guidelines for organizational information security standards and\ninformation security management practices including the selection, implementation and management\nof controls taking into consideration the organization\u2019s information security risk environment(s).\nthis document provides implementation guidance for the controls described in iso/iec 27002\nand supplements them where necessary, so that they can be effectively used for managing health\ninformation security.\npurpose: iso 27799 provides health organizations with", "ec9cb66b-2b4a-41fd-b816-29cb02c75102": "a different design, i.e., to perform its tasks faster (in less time), more efficiently (using fewer resources), more accurately (better task fulfillment, e.g., fewer errors). corresponding measurements are helpful here: attributes such as faster, more efficient,\nmore precisely, they can usually be quantified, classified, and condensed into indicators for the performance of the considered isms process.\nlet's move on to the controls or measures: regarding the correct implementation, the same applies as for the isms processes. often, adequacy of measures is also discussed - for example, the adequacy in relation to the sensitivity of the processed data: using a highly complex, expensive measure for minimal security requirements does not make sense, whereas a weak, cost-saving measure would be inappropriate for high security requirements. inadequate security can have a negative impact on staff motivation, leading to errors and negligence, and thus affecting overall information security. however, these aspects", "049d6ea4-ac6a-436a-ad89-709af32563db": "solutions to data protection problems.\n## **what is annex a.5?**\nthis annex describes the concepts, requirements and recommendations related to\ninformation security policies. the purpose of this annex is to describe the\nconcepts, requirements and recommendations related to information security\npolicies. it covers policy definition, implementation and review.\nin addition to providing guidance on the implementation of information\nsecurity policies, annex a.5 also addresses how to report on information\nsecurity policies and how they relate to other corporate policies.\nthe implementation of information security policies is a continuous process.\nas new technologies emerge, threats evolve, and business operations change, it\nis crucial to update your information security policies on a regular basis.\nadded to this, the government regularly pass new requirements for\norganisations to follow to protect against loss of data, with failure to do so\nresulting in large fines.\nit is also advised to review your", "f57882c5-16bf-44d3-aadf-b7b1b59fe0b2": "performed periodically.\n5. new areas not discovered during the planning stage may remain\nuncovered.\nwhen you look at these points, it will give you an overall picture that you might have\nto improve. if you don\u2019t want to improve them, what can happen? if you allow the gaps\nto remain in the system, they will grow further and create new problems. you cannot\npredict the impact of the new problems unless and until you are aware of the actual\nroot causes. hence, it is important to eliminate these gaps from the system as early as\npossible.\neliminating gaps\nnow it\u2019s time to prepare an action plan for the identified improvements and gaps. you\nneed to list all the identified areas for improvement, in the order of largest impact to least\nimpact. the goal is to eliminate big problems first. okay, so it may not be possible to\nexecute all large impact improvements first. at the same time, it is important to update\nmanagement, so that they are aware and informed about such improvements/decisions.\nonce the improvement", "d532b8b6-b914-45f0-b129-0a9f9887ebf3": "is to run on (laptop, server, asp\nserver, the cloud, etc.);\ne the scope of compliance of the standard (iso/iec\n27001:2013, iso/tec 27002:2013, nist sp 800-30, the\npci dss, etc.);\ne scalability (to the needs of the organisation and to the\nnumber of users);\ne flexibility (the ability to divide the process into various\nsections and run them as discrete assessments in their\nown right, e.g. for business units, or for specific it\nsystems, or after change to an asset, and then the option\nto analyse the wider impact on full assessment);\ne import (of, for instance, asset lists) and export facility;\ne customisable reporting, to suit organisational\nstructures;\n70\n5; risk assessment software\ne degree of alignment with iso 27001 or with\nestablishing an isms (especially any support in\nproducing an soa);\ne licence model;\ne ease of use (because the more training that is required,\nthe higher the total cost of ownership, particularly when\nyou consider backup expertise);\ne price; and\ne any requirements for", "48eed1ac-9af2-411a-88ca-e5e8fec2d10d": "in this edition of iso/iec 27002 and the\nprevious 2013 edition.\n4.2 themes and attributes\nthe categorization of controls given in clauses 5 to 8 are referred to as themes.\ncontrols are categorized as:\na) people, if they concern individual people;\nb) physical, if they concern physical objects;\nc) technological, if they concern technology;\nd) otherwise they are categorized as organizational.\nthe organization can use attributes to create different views which are different categorizations of\ncontrols as seen from a different perspective to the themes. attributes can be used to filter, sort or\npresent controls in different views for different audiences. annex a explains how this can be achieved\nand provides an example of a view.\nby way of example, each control in this document has been associated with five attributes with\ncorresponding attribute values (preceded by \"#\" to make them searchable), as follows:\na) control type\ncontrol type is an attribute to view controls from the perspective of when and", "88d4110e-db6a-4371-ac6f-08fd9a1c6f74": "larger organisations to\nindependently pursue certification. the critical factor is the\nextent to which they can be practically differentiated from\nother divisions of the same parent organisation, and can\nexercise practical control over their information assets and\nover the implementation of controls that their risk\nassessment determines are necessary to protect those assets.\nfor larger organisations with a multiplicity of systems and\nextensive geographic spread, it is, as a general rule, often\nsimpler to tackle iso 27001 and, in particular, risk\nassessment, on the basis of smaller business units that meet\nthe general description set out above. on the other hand,\nlarger organisations that have a single business culture and\nlargely common systems throughout are probably better off\ncreating a single isms.\n83\n6: information security policy and scoping\nonce the organisational scope is identified, it is necessary to\nlist the physical premises that the chosen organisation\noccupies and to identify its network", "3d74d807-e1be-4d58-8d60-d00330202055": "identities, user interface\nsettings or even specific equipment;\nf) authentication requirements for privileged access rights can be higher than the requirements for\nnormal access rights. re-authentication or authentication step-up can be necessary before doing\nwork with privileged access rights;\ng) regularly, and after any organizational change, reviewing users working with privileged access\nrights in order to verify if their duties, roles, responsibilities and competence still qualify them for\nworking with privileged access rights (see 5.18);\nh) establishing specific rules in order to avoid the use of generic administration user ids (such as\n\u201croot\u201d), depending on systems\u2019 configuration capabilities. managing and protecting authentication\ninformation of such identities (see 5.17);\ni) granting temporary privileged access just for the time window necessary to implement approved\nchanges or activities (e.g. for maintenance activities or some critical changes), rather than\npermanently granting privileged", "cb760195-f73f-4395-84e2-a2360f453517": "management structure; the key\nrequirement is management\u2019s active support for and commitment through-\nout the organization to the isms project. without this, neither certification\nnor the project itself will be successful. clause a.6.1.1 of iso27002, says\nthat information security responsibilities should be defined and allocated\n(which reflects also the requirement of is027001 clause 5.3) and explains,\nwhat best practice expects in terms of the allocation of roles and responsi-\nbilities. at the same time, the competence requirements of clause 7.2 should\nalso be considered.\n56\nit governance\ninternal organization\n1so27002 echoes the requirement that managers should actively support\nsecurity within the organization through \u2018clear direction, demonstrated\ncommitment, explicit assignment and acknowledgement of information\nsecurity responsibilities\u2019. in practical terms, this means that managers should\nset up a top-level forum or steering group to ensure that there is clear direc-\ntion and visible management", "156d723f-684a-4deb-85e5-d36c4f473ab9": "support it.\nthese documents are then reviewed by an approved, objective auditor during the stage 1 documentation\nreview. during this first stage, the auditor ensures that a company\u2019s documentation aligns with iso 27001\nstandards and may recommend them for certification.\npart 2 of iso 27001\nduring stage 2 of the initial certification process, an approved auditor from an accredited certifying body\nreviews your organization\u2019s isms processes and controls in action. this audit includes finding evidence that\nshows controls in place work effectively, efficiently, and in alignment with the documented processes reviewed\nin stage 1.\nthe second part of iso 27001 is referred to as annex a. this section details 114 controls across 14 domains that\norganizations should implement or follow, depending on the scope of their isms certification.\nnot every control will apply to every company's implementation. instead, the company defines which controls\nare relevant based on their scope in a statement of applicability (soa).", "7699f552-c0eb-4f4d-a84b-fb02c2e2298a": "as to what will be included in the scope from a business perspective, this includes the following areas: * activities\n * products\n * services\n * interfaces\n * boundaries (both digital and physical) * in addition to this, you will also want to state if there are any exclusions which can be stated in both the soa and the scope policy. ## why is it important to determine the scope of your isms?\ndefining the scope of your information security management system (isms) is of\nparamount importance, as it establishes the extent to which the standard\napplies.\nnot all information assets and activities are covered by this standard. by\ndefining your isms scope, you ensure that the system is only implemented for\nthe information assets and activities that are important to your organisation.\nfurthermore, the scope should be aligned with your organisation's risk\nappetite, also known as your risk tolerance. this reflects the level of risk\nthat your organisation is comfortable with.\nby", "de1be9e0-777d-48f9-bd10-5b203701d7d8": "products.\nexplanation/what is required: an organization must protect information/software/\ntools/source code or any other material that could be considered intellectual property.\nintellectual property protection is important because it is something created by your\norganization. if it is copied or stolen then it would be considered a breach of intellectual\nproperty rights.\n214\nchapter 6 execution\nit is something created by your client or supplier, but your organization is accessing/\nusing it, so your organization must comply with all the laws and contractual obligations.\nhence, your organization can create a documented procedure that can be followed to\nensure compliance is always achieved. all the impacted teams/managers/stakeholders\nmust be aware of all the legal and contractual obligations related to their departments, as\nfailing to comply may result in legal penalties and impact the organization\u2019s image.\nto protect intellectual property, the organization must analyze and identify security\ncontrols", "9806d774-1203-42d3-8aaf-a288f666d659": "listed in the standard, they must\nbe implemented to become certified. this is not necessarily the case.\nthe 93 controls within annex a are effectively a menu to be chosen from when creating\nyour risk treatment plan. some of them may not be required because they address a risk\nyou don\u2019t have. similarly, you may decide to address a risk using a different control than the\nsuggested one from annex a; this is acceptable. however, it may also be the case that you\nneed to introduce more controls than those in annex a if your level of risk in a certain area\nis high.\nthe key is to adopt a considered, sensible approach based on what your risk assessment is\ntelling you. if you feel you can justify your actions to an auditor, then varying the controls\nfrom those in annex a is not a barrier to certification.\nhaving said this, the controls within annex a are very sensible measures which, taken\ntogether, allow many different areas of risk to be addressed in a comprehensive way so\nthink hard before you decide to do", "adcfb3a2-9ded-4114-b16c-c886548a2b08": "critical\nassets in any organization, whether it is in it/software, it/call center, manufacturing, or\nany other industry.\nmanaging risks\nin the previous chapter, you performed an initial risk assessment. if you remember,\neach department risk owner analyzed key questions about the information assets\nto determine \u201cthe current/existing controls which are already in place\u201d for the risks\nidentified. if you stop there, you see from figure 5-5 what it takes to fill this information\ninto the risk assessment tracker.\nfigure 5-5 shows the risk assessment tracker\u2019s columns. let\u2019s look at the columns\ncovered in more detail:\ne\u00ab department: enter the name of the department for which the tracker\nis being filled, such as hr.\ne asset: the name of the asset being tracked, such as laptop.\ne category: the category of the asset. the laptop category, for example,\nis hardware-physical.\ne asset value: the value of the asset, as explained earlier in the chapter.\nthe laptop\u2019s asset value, for example, is 9, which is more than", "7b181d5e-4fdf-4ae7-99a8-f5d3061d0e99": "information processing facilities\ncontrol type information cybersecurity operational security domains\nsecurity properties concepts capabilities\n#preventive #availability #protect #continuity #protection\n#asset_management |#resilience\ncontrol\ninformation processing facilities should be implemented with redundancy sufficient to meet availability\nrequirements.\npurpose\nto ensure the continuous operation of information processing facilities.\nguidance\nthe organization should identify requirements for the availability of business services and information\nsystems. the organization should design and implement systems architecture with appropriate\nredundancy to meet these requirements.\nredundancy can be introduced by duplicating information processing facilities in part or in their\nentirety (i.e. spare components or having two of everything). the organization should plan and\nimplement procedures for the activation of the redundant components and processing facilities.\nthe procedures should establish if the", "12d5214f-a527-4b56-99d4-0e1312e41c96": "effectively?\n### iso 27001:2022: eleven new controls\nsince 2022, eleven new controls have been added to iso 27001, which are\nassigned to different categories. organisations are required to:\na.5.7 threat intelligence\ncollect and analyse data on potential threats to maintain information security\na.5.23 information security for the use of cloud services\ndefine and monitor information security for the use of cloud services.\na.5.30 ict readiness for business continuity\ncreate an ict (information and communications technology) continuity plan to\nmaintain business resilience.\na.7.4 physical security monitoring\nimplement appropriate monitoring tools to detect and prevent external and\ninternal intrusions.\na.8.9 configuration management\nestablish policies for documenting, implementing, monitoring and auditing\nconfigurations across their network.\na.8.10 information deletion\nmanage data deletion to comply with laws and regulations.\na.8.11 data masking\nuse data masking techniques for personal identifiable", "c73a97fa-4bb0-4895-b9ba-b1fd5e4a82fd": "information about location, deployment environment, and specific technical characteristics.\n- data about computers and mobile systems (tablets, mobile phones, etc.) issued to employees by it support - e.g., for workplace equipment, remote work, or home office.\n- information about systems in a demilitarized zone, as part of a security/network concept.\nsuch lists or plans are a good starting point for an inventory list according to a-5.9.\nit is worth noting that not all data is contained in a single directory. often, it is spread across multiple subdirectories that are under the responsibility of different entities. the iso 27002 explicitly allows this, but it requires clear organizational guidelines to avoid duplicate or inconsistent entries, different names, etc. in practice, due to expected challenges, it is often concluded that it is better to have a single central inventory list of information assets.\nif existing (older) inventories of the organization are discovered, it is necessary to check whether", "c5011256-b983-4740-8e19-48f096623bd9": "systems and communications\nnetworks need to be identified and documented, if they have not already been included as part of the isms\nscope.\nthe following should be addressed to get the detailed information security requirements for the isms:\na) preliminary identification of important information assets and their current information security protection.\nb) identify visions of the organization and determine the effect of identified visions on future information\nprocessing requirements.\nc) analyze the current forms of information processing, system applications, communication networks,\nlocation of activities and it resources, etc.\nd) identify all essential requirements (e.g. legal and regulatory requirements, contractual obligations,\norganization requirements, industry standards, customer and supplier agreements, insurance conditions\netc.).\ne) identify the level of information security awareness and, from that, derive the training and education\nrequirements, in terms of each operational and administrative", "297d45e0-10d3-4fa1-aa72-dabc66d977a4": "complete this process\nbefore someone joins the company, and to do it as quickly as possible,\nas otherwise there will be pressure to give the person access to systems\nthat might then be compromised.\na copy of the signed document should be placed on the employee\u2019s\n(or contractor\u2019s) individual hr file. the network administrator who is\nissuing the user name should also be able to access the central record so\nthat he or she is at any time able to evidence that the listed user names\non his or her system are all authorized.\nthe access rights of people who change jobs or leave the organization\nshould be immediately removed. there should be an appropriate docu-\nment that sets this out, which is triggered by hr, signed off by all the\npeople concerned and used to authorize the removal of a user name. all\nof this is most important in situations when people are informed that\nthey are to (or are about to) lose their job; it is not unknown for a\ndisgruntled person at this point to take destructive action against", "bc0ea3e5-59c5-4c1d-ae43-d5be30fce7ea": "require-\nments and that, from a security perspective, it won\u2019t introduce security\nissues into the operational environment. this does mean that it should be\ntested in an environment which is as close as possible to the operational one;\nit also means that deployment of automated tools and vulnerability scanners\ncould form part of the testing strategy.\nwhile control 14.2.9 of iso027002 is a short clause \u2014 it says the organiza-\ntion should establish acceptance criteria for new information systems, for\nupgrades and for new versions, and to carry out appropriate tests prior to\nacceptance \u2014 it has a number of implications. this is a clause that is more\nimportant for an organization that uses bespoke software or relies on a third\nparty (or internal supplier) to deliver a large it project than for an organiza-\ntion that uses commercial off-the-shelf software. nevertheless, it is important,\neven for such an organization, to establish the basis on which it will accept\nupgrades and new versions. the key requirement", "95649f6d-42ff-4335-8aa4-9d6281d1df0b": "that enable different\npeople in different parts of the organisation to use it on a\nconsistent basis.\nthe usual way of doing this is to allocate specific ranges to\neach band. for instance, the impact bands might be:\na from \u00a30 to \u00a399,999\nb from \u00a3100,000 to \u00a3999,999\nc from \u00a31 million to \u00a35 million (anything in excess of \u00a35\nmillion is rejected)\nthe likelihood bands might be:\ni less than once every year (very infrequent)\nii between once a month and once a year (often)\n14]\n13: risk level\niii more than once a month (very often)\nthese bands enable different people, in different parts of the\norganisation, to assess risks in a similar way. automated\nhacking attacks on an online bank, for instance, would be\nplaced in impact category b (between \u00a3100,000 and\n\u00a3999,999) and likelihood category iii (very often); the\nassessed risk level would therefore be \u2018high\u2019. similarly,\nmanual hack attacks might be placed in impact level c (more\nthan \u00a31 million) but only at likelihood level ii (often).\nintersection of these two", "cf2f7fb5-25ff-40c3-99f0-b7db0be0fd11": "and requires this selection to be\n150\n14: risk treatment and the selection of controls\njustified. while it is implicit that the organisation will select\nthese from the reference list in annex a of iso 27001, this\nis not a strict requirement.\nit may be that the organisation needs, in the light of its risk\nassessment, to implement controls other than those listed in\nannex a. it might, for instance, have specialist processes\nthat require additional security measures, or highly sensitive\nequipment that needs added protection. additional controls\ncan be added to the 114 that are already listed in annex a. it\nwould be sensible for an organisation that is adding controls\nto choose them from a reputable source (and to document the\nreasons for the choice), such as the hardware or software\nvendor (e.g. microsoft or cisco), nist,\u00b0! the isf,\u00b0?\ncobit\u00ae> or some other source of good-practice guidance.\nregardless of the source, iso 27001 invites organisations to\napproach this exhaustively and says, quite clearly, that" }, "relevant_docs": { "9d8a698f-f785-482a-b0d0-433c2817b708": [ "60c3ebac-1216-4b36-88cb-18628f3f3529" ], "40be813e-1db5-4f44-9777-ce80f37649b9": [ "60c3ebac-1216-4b36-88cb-18628f3f3529" ], "f4e6bb13-8f72-45fd-829b-07675112d277": [ "33a72055-9792-4e36-87b8-d751be973d4d" ], "16156dbd-1556-4ce7-9da7-4eee21e99c28": [ "33a72055-9792-4e36-87b8-d751be973d4d" ], "c7adcc0f-7342-4cf2-acea-7c2e34295fc0": [ "8614d037-377f-4659-8149-130f3c48a951" ], "6fb810de-6169-4bb3-8550-824e998e4cc9": [ "8614d037-377f-4659-8149-130f3c48a951" ], "688f1545-306c-4401-a1b4-d4784529eb12": [ "97f8aa21-4dc4-4a71-92df-07524f77d1f1" ], "d48d8bcd-4eff-41ab-8318-62f3396f4bb8": [ "97f8aa21-4dc4-4a71-92df-07524f77d1f1" ], "504b5c5c-acc0-4829-9d9f-d9df094739dc": [ "f15cc5e3-6acf-448e-b837-1fe82afc4ec0" ], "6fb63fdd-2067-450b-94cf-78fc325e9c4c": [ "f15cc5e3-6acf-448e-b837-1fe82afc4ec0" ], 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