---
language:
- eng
- hin
library_name: sentence-transformers
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
widget:
- source_sentence: प्रणव ने कानून की पढ़ाई की और ३० की उम्र में राजनीति से जुड़ गए
  sentences:
  - प्रणव ने कानून की पढ़ाई की और ३० की उम्र में राजनीति से जुड़ गए
  - Pranav studied law and became a politician at the age of 30.
  - Pranav ne kanoon ki padhai kari aur 30 ki umar mein rajneeti se jud gaye.
  - Pranav ne law ki padhai kari aur 30 ki umar mein politics se jud gaye.
  - प्रणव का जन्म राजनीतिज्ञों के परिवार में हुआ था
  - Pranav was born in a family of politicians
  - Pranav ka janm rajneetigyon ke parivar mein hua tha
  - Pranav ka janm politicians ki family mein hua tha
- source_sentence: Is baar diwali par main 15 din ke liye ghar ja rahi hoon
  sentences:
  - october mein deepawali ki chhutiyan hai sabhi ke.
  - Mere parivaar mein tyoharon pe devi puja ki parampara hai
  - Pavan ne kanoon ki padhai ki aur 30 ki umar mein rajneeti se jud gaye
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
license: apache-2.0
---

## <font color="#488AC7"> Bhasha embed v0 model  </font>

This is an embedding model that can embed texts in Hindi (Devanagari script), English and  Romanized Hindi. 
There are many multilingual embedding models which work well for Hindi and English texts individually, but lack the following capabilities.  

1. **Romanized Hindi support**: This is the first embedding model to support Romanized Hindi (transliterated Hindi / hin_Latn).
2. **Cross-lingual alignment**: This model outputs language-agnostic embedding. This enables querying a multilingual candidate pool containing a mix of Hindi, English and Romanised Hindi texts.



## <font color="#488AC7"> Model Details </font>
- **Supported Languages:** Hindi, English, Romanised Hindi
- **Base model:** [google/muril-base-cased](https://huggingface.co/google/muril-base-cased)
- **Training GPUs:** 1xRTX4090
- **Training methodology:** Distillation from English embedding model and Fine-tuning on triplet data.
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 768 tokens
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity


### Model Sources

- **Repository:** [github_link](https://github.com/akshita-sukhlecha/bhasha-embed)
- **Developer:** [Akshita Sukhlecha](https://www.linkedin.com/in/akshita-sukhlecha/)

---

## <font color="#488AC7"> Results </font>

<img src="assets/results_model_legend.png" width=350 height=100>

<b>Results for English-Hindi cross-lingual alignment</b> : Tasks with corpus containing texts in Hindi as well as English 
<img src="assets/results_cross_lingual_alignment.png" width=1200 height=200>

<b>Results for Romanised Hindi tasks</b> : Tasks with texts in Romanised Hindi 
<img src="assets/results_hin_latn.png" width=600 height=200>

<b>Results for retrieval tasks with multilingual corpus</b> : Retrieval task with corpus containing texts in Hindi, English as well as Romanised Hindi 
<img src="assets/results_retrieval_belebele.png" width=400 height=200>

<b>Results for Hindi tasks</b> : Tasks with texts in Hindi (Devanagari script)
<img src="assets/results_hindi.png" width=1000 height=300>


### Additional information
- Some task dataset links: [Belebele](https://huggingface.co/datasets/facebook/belebele), [MLQA](https://huggingface.co/datasets/facebook/mlqa), [XQuAD](https://huggingface.co/datasets/google/xquad), [SemRel24](https://huggingface.co/datasets/SemRel/SemRel2024)
- hin_Latn tasks: Most hin_Latn tasks have been created by transliterating hindi texts using [indic-trans library](https://github.com/libindic/indic-trans)
- Detailed results: [github_link](https://github.com/akshita-sukhlecha/bhasha-embed/blob/main/eval/results/eval_results.csv)
- Script to reproduce the results: [github_link](https://github.com/akshita-sukhlecha/bhasha-embed/blob/main/eval/evaluator.py)

---

## <font color="#488AC7"> Sample outputs </font>

### Example 1

<img src="assets/example_1.png" width=1200 height=200>


### Example 2

<img src="assets/example_2.png" width=1200 height=200>

### Example 3

<img src="assets/example_3.png" width=1200 height=200>

### Example 4 

<img src="assets/example_4.png" width=1200 height=200>


---

## <font color="#488AC7"> Usage </font>

Below are examples to encode queries and passages and compute similarity scores using Sentence Transformers and 🤗 Transformers.

### Using Sentence Transformers

First install the Sentence Transformers library (`pip install -U sentence-transformers`) and then run the following code:

```python
import numpy as np
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

model = SentenceTransformer("AkshitaS/bhasha-embed-v0")

queries = [
    "प्रणव ने कानून की पढ़ाई की और ३० की उम्र में राजनीति से जुड़ गए",
    "Pranav studied law and became a politician at the age of 30.",
    "Pranav ne kanoon ki padhai kari aur 30 ki umar mein rajneeti se jud gaye"
]
documents = [
    "प्रणव ने कानून की पढ़ाई की और ३० की उम्र में राजनीति से जुड़ गए",
    "Pranav studied law and became a politician at the age of 30.",
    "Pranav ne kanoon ki padhai kari aur 30 ki umar mein rajneeti se jud gaye",
    "प्रणव का जन्म राजनीतिज्ञों के परिवार में हुआ था",
    "Pranav was born in a family of politicians",
    "Pranav ka janm rajneetigyon ke parivar mein hua tha"
]

query_embeddings = model.encode(queries, normalize_embeddings=True)
document_embeddings = model.encode(documents, normalize_embeddings=True)

similarity_matrix = (query_embeddings @ document_embeddings.T)
print(similarity_matrix.shape)
# (3, 6)
print(np.round(similarity_matrix, 2))
#[[1.00  0.97  0.97  0.92  0.90  0.91]
# [0.97  1.00  0.96  0.90  0.91  0.91]
# [0.97  0.96  1.00  0.89  0.90  0.92]]
```

### Using 🤗 Transformers

```python
import numpy as np
from torch import Tensor
import torch.nn.functional as F
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel


def average_pool(last_hidden_states: Tensor, attention_mask: Tensor) -> Tensor:
    last_hidden = last_hidden_states.masked_fill(~attention_mask[..., None].bool(), 0.0)
    return last_hidden.sum(dim=1) / attention_mask.sum(dim=1)[..., None]


model_id = "AkshitaS/bhasha-embed-v0"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained(model_id)

queries = [
    "प्रणव ने कानून की पढ़ाई की और ३० की उम्र में राजनीति से जुड़ गए",
    "Pranav studied law and became a politician at the age of 30.",
    "Pranav ne kanoon ki padhai kari aur 30 ki umar mein rajneeti se jud gaye"
]
documents = [
    "प्रणव ने कानून की पढ़ाई की और ३० की उम्र में राजनीति से जुड़ गए",
    "Pranav studied law and became a politician at the age of 30.",
    "Pranav ne kanoon ki padhai kari aur 30 ki umar mein rajneeti se jud gaye",
    "प्रणव का जन्म राजनीतिज्ञों के परिवार में हुआ था",
    "Pranav was born in a family of politicians",
    "Pranav ka janm rajneetigyon ke parivar mein hua tha"
]

input_texts = queries + documents
batch_dict = tokenizer(input_texts, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt')
outputs = model(**batch_dict)
embeddings = average_pool(outputs.last_hidden_state, batch_dict['attention_mask'])

embeddings = F.normalize(embeddings, p=2, dim=1)
similarity_matrix = (embeddings[:len(queries)] @ embeddings[len(queries):].T).detach().numpy()
print(similarity_matrix.shape)
# (3, 6)
print(np.round(similarity_matrix, 2))
#[[1.00  0.97  0.97  0.92  0.90  0.91]
# [0.97  1.00  0.96  0.90  0.91  0.91]
# [0.97  0.96  1.00  0.89  0.90  0.92]]
```



### Citation
To cite this model:
```
@misc{sukhlecha_2024_bhasha_embed_v0,
  author = {Sukhlecha, Akshita},
  title = {Bhasha-embed-v0},
  howpublished = {Hugging Face},
  month = {June},
  year = {2024},
  url = {https://huggingface.co/AkshitaS/bhasha-embed-v0}
}
```