{"lines":[{"page":3,"text":"PREFACE","rect":[275.2200012207031,85.09574127197266,336.70191894253107,75.29576110839844]},{"page":3,"text":"1. Scope","rect":[90.0,113.85598754882813,134.99153567028047,103.05598449707031]},{"page":3,"text":"This publication provides fundamental principles and guidance ","rect":[111.59986114501953,139.5599822998047,449.35119754076006,128.531982421875]},{"page":3,"text":"executing, and assessing close air support during joint operations.","rect":[90.0,153.35997009277345,405.22338992357256,142.31996154785157]},{"page":3,"text":"for ","rect":[454.6966552734375,137.0,471.6362927556038,128.54397583007813]},{"page":3,"text":"planning,","rect":[476.9817810058594,139.5599822998047,521.9912732243538,128.531982421875]},{"page":3,"text":"2. Purpose","rect":[89.99880981445313,179.25595092773438,146.98680544567109,168.46795654296876]},{"page":3,"text":"This publication has been prepared under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint","rect":[111.59867095947266,204.93600463867188,521.9841083254814,193.9320068359375]},{"page":3,"text":"Chiefs of Staff (CJCS). It sets forth joint doctrine to govern the activities and performance","rect":[89.99880981445313,218.75999450683595,521.9409680433273,207.71998596191407]},{"page":3,"text":"of the Armed Forces of the United States in joint operations, and it provides considerations","rect":[89.99880981445313,232.5599822998047,522.017629144907,221.5199737548828]},{"page":3,"text":"for military interaction with governmental and nongovernmental agencies, multinational","rect":[89.99880981445313,246.35997009277345,522.0056537356377,235.33197021484376]},{"page":3,"text":"forces, and other interorganizational partners. It provides military guidance for the exercise","rect":[89.99880981445313,260.1599426269531,522.043934351921,249.1319580078125]},{"page":3,"text":"of authority by combatant commanders and other joint force commanders (JFCs), and","rect":[89.99883270263672,273.9599914550781,521.9780908823013,262.9200134277344]},{"page":3,"text":"prescribes joint doctrine for operations and training. It provides military guidance for use","rect":[89.99883270263672,287.75994873046877,522.0020031995773,276.719970703125]},{"page":3,"text":"by the Armed Forces in preparing and executing their plans and orders. It is not the intent","rect":[89.99880981445313,301.5599365234375,521.9768451418877,290.5319519042969]},{"page":3,"text":"of this publication to restrict the authority of the JFC from organizing the force and","rect":[89.99880981445313,315.3599548339844,522.0056177377701,304.33197021484377]},{"page":3,"text":"executing the mission in a manner the JFC deems most appropriate to ensure unity of effort","rect":[89.99880981445313,329.1599426269531,521.9853290286064,318.1319580078125]},{"page":3,"text":"in the accomplishment of objectives.","rect":[89.99880981445313,342.9599304199219,266.3524792790413,331.9199523925781]},{"page":3,"text":"3. Application","rect":[89.99880981445313,368.8559265136719,164.98628305721284,358.0439147949219]},{"page":3,"text":"a. Joint doctrine established in this publication applies to the Joint Staff, commanders","rect":[111.59867095947266,394.5359191894531,522.0032858831883,383.53192138671877]},{"page":3,"text":"of combatant commands, subordinate unified commands, joint task forces, subordinate","rect":[89.99883270263672,408.35992431640627,522.0032849378586,397.3199462890625]},{"page":3,"text":"components of these commands, the Services, the National Guard Bureau, and combat","rect":[89.99883270263672,422.13592529296877,522.0057147707939,411.1319274902344]},{"page":3,"text":"support agencies.","rect":[89.99883270263672,435.95989990234377,173.40634280443192,424.9319152832031]},{"page":3,"text":"b. This doctrine constitutes official advice concerning the enclosed subject matter;","rect":[111.59869384765625,461.7599182128906,521.9924701418877,450.7199401855469]},{"page":3,"text":"however, the judgment of the commander is paramount in all situations. ","rect":[89.99762725830078,475.5599060058594,441.3517468571663,464.5199279785156]},{"page":3,"text":"c. If conflicts arise between the contents of this publication and the contents of Service","rect":[111.5975112915039,501.3359069824219,521.9901623792648,490.3319091796875]},{"page":3,"text":"publications, this publication will take precedence unless the CJCS, normally in","rect":[89.99883270263672,515.1599731445313,521.9853540658951,504.1319580078125]},{"page":3,"text":"coordination with the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, has provided more current","rect":[90.0000228881836,528.9359741210938,522.0200580325127,517.9319458007813]},{"page":3,"text":"and specific guidance. Commanders of forces operating as part of a multinational (alliance","rect":[90.0000228881836,542.7599487304688,522.0128064222336,531.73193359375]},{"page":3,"text":"or coalition) military command should follow multinational doctrine and procedures","rect":[90.0000228881836,556.5599975585938,521.9876608831883,545.531982421875]},{"page":3,"text":"ratified by the United States. For doctrine and procedures not ratified by the United States,","rect":[90.0000228881836,570.3600463867188,522.0691540837288,559.33203125]},{"page":3,"text":"commanders should evaluate and follow the multinational command’s doctrine and","rect":[90.00004577636719,581.7360229492188,522.0535913705826,573.1320190429688]},{"page":3,"text":"procedures, where applicable and consistent with US law, regulations, and doctrine.","rect":[90.00004577636719,597.9600219726563,492.56189090013506,586.9320068359375]},{"page":3,"text":"For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:","rect":[303.36126708984377,621.3480834960938,521.9373553957939,612.7320556640625]},{"page":3,"text":" ","rect":[90.00006866455078,716.0,92.99439364671707,715.0]},{"page":3,"text":"DANIEL J. O’DONOHUE","rect":[342.00128173828127,674.7601318359375,472.2220609204769,666.3361206054688]},{"page":3,"text":"Lieutenant General, USMC","rect":[342.00128173828127,688.5601196289063,474.2785624215603,679.93212890625]},{"page":3,"text":"Director, Joint Force Development","rect":[342.00128173828127,704.7361450195313,509.32053410673145,693.7321166992188]},{"page":3,"text":"i","rect":[518.6399536132813,753.2999877929688,521.9696429934502,744.8519897460938]},{"page":4,"text":"Preface","rect":[90.0,47.25597381591797,125.95440380859376,38.66397476196289]},{"page":4,"text":"ii ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,99.6719970703125,744.8519287109375]},{"page":4,"text":"Intentionally Blank","rect":[259.5,346.67999267578127,352.4963684082031,335.6520080566406]},{"page":4,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6520080566406,753.4679565429688,521.9976196289063,745.0679321289063]},{"page":5,"text":"•","rect":[108.05000305175781,140.37796020507813,112.97000305175782,137.365966796875]},{"page":5,"text":"•","rect":[108.05000305175781,170.37796020507813,112.97000305175782,167.365966796875]},{"page":5,"text":"•","rect":[108.05000305175781,200.61801147460938,112.97000305175782,197.60601806640626]},{"page":5,"text":"•","rect":[108.05000305175781,230.63803100585938,112.97000305175782,227.62603759765626]},{"page":5,"text":"•","rect":[108.05000305175781,260.6380310058594,112.97000305175782,257.62603759765627]},{"page":5,"text":"•","rect":[108.05000305175781,290.6679992675781,112.97000305175782,287.656005859375]},{"page":5,"text":"•","rect":[108.05000305175781,320.6679992675781,112.97000305175782,317.656005859375]},{"page":5,"text":"•","rect":[108.05000305175781,350.90802001953127,112.97000305175782,347.8960266113281]},{"page":5,"text":"•","rect":[108.05000305175781,394.6080017089844,112.97000305175782,391.59600830078127]},{"page":5,"text":"•","rect":[108.05000305175781,424.8479919433594,112.97000305175782,421.83599853515627]},{"page":5,"text":"•","rect":[108.05000305175781,454.8479919433594,112.97000305175782,451.83599853515627]},{"page":5,"text":"•","rect":[108.05000305175781,484.8680114746094,112.97000305175782,481.85601806640627]},{"page":5,"text":"•","rect":[108.05000305175781,528.7880249023438,112.97000305175782,525.7760009765625]},{"page":5,"text":"•","rect":[108.05000305175781,558.8180541992188,112.97000305175782,555.8060302734375]},{"page":5,"text":"•","rect":[108.05000305175781,588.8180541992188,112.97000305175782,585.8060302734375]},{"page":5,"text":"•","rect":[108.05000305175781,632.7579956054688,112.97000305175782,629.7459716796875]},{"page":5,"text":"SUMMARY OF CHANGES","rect":[224.22999572753907,84.94879150390625,387.3723935775757,75.31614685058594]},{"page":5,"text":"REVISION OF JOINT PUBLICATION 3-09.3","rect":[185.8300018310547,99.32001495361328,426.3680114746094,91.0160140991211]},{"page":5,"text":"DATED 25 NOVEMBER 2014","rect":[227.13999938964845,113.22799682617188,385.0119934082031,104.93599700927735]},{"page":5,"text":"This publication was validated without change on 07 June 2021.","rect":[126.05000305175781,145.6699676513672,452.053955078125,134.95396423339845]},{"page":5,"text":"Modified definition of close air support (CAS).","rect":[126.05000305175781,175.64596557617188,364.5799865722656,164.95396423339845]},{"page":5,"text":"Replaced “weapon release authority” with “target engagement authority.”","rect":[126.05000305175781,205.91001892089845,507.07000732421877,195.0860137939453]},{"page":5,"text":"Removed redundancies.","rect":[126.05000305175781,233.50604248046876,248.62001037597657,225.2140350341797]},{"page":5,"text":"Modified terminal guidance operations discussion.","rect":[126.05000305175781,265.9300231933594,383.7799987792969,255.2140350341797]},{"page":5,"text":"Updated situation updates supporting information.","rect":[126.05000305175781,295.9599914550781,387.0039978027344,285.2440185546875]},{"page":5,"text":"Updated remarks and restrictions in CAS 5- and 9-line briefs.","rect":[126.05000305175781,325.9360046386719,441.8899841308594,315.2440185546875]},{"page":5,"text":"Updated digitally aided CAS operations and Appendix D, “Digitally Aided","rect":[126.05000305175781,356.20001220703127,506.672,345.364013671875]},{"page":5,"text":"Close Air Support Planning and Execution Considerations.”","rect":[126.05000305175781,369.8799743652344,434.137939453125,359.0439758300781]},{"page":5,"text":"Added rotary-wing keyhole procedures.","rect":[126.05000305175781,399.8999938964844,329.7039794921875,389.18402099609377]},{"page":5,"text":"Modified laser discussions.","rect":[126.05000305175781,427.71600341796877,262.7799987792969,419.42401123046877]},{"page":5,"text":"Updated US Army rotary-wing discussion.","rect":[126.05000305175781,460.1399841308594,343.67999267578127,449.42401123046877]},{"page":5,"text":"Updated brevity terms, airspace coordinating measures, and fire support","rect":[126.05000305175781,490.1600036621094,498.77193994140625,479.44403076171877]},{"page":5,"text":"coordination measures.","rect":[126.05000305175781,501.4159851074219,245.12600708007813,493.1239929199219]},{"page":5,"text":"Deleted reference to specific aircraft and weapons when appropriate.","rect":[126.05000305175781,534.0560302734375,478.8499755859375,523.364013671875]},{"page":5,"text":"Added crosswind considerations to final attack heading discussion.","rect":[126.05000305175781,564.1100463867188,467.5040283203125,553.39404296875]},{"page":5,"text":"Updated line 8, remarks section, of Department of Defense Form 1972, Joint","rect":[126.05000305175781,594.0860595703125,516.3340126953125,583.39404296875]},{"page":5,"text":"Tactical Air Strike Request.","rect":[126.05000305175781,607.7660522460938,269.0780029296875,597.0740356445313]},{"page":5,"text":"Updated reference publications.","rect":[126.05000305175781,638.0260009765625,289.4540100097656,627.333984375]},{"page":5,"text":"iii","rect":[512.1099853515625,753.3359985351563,522.1659560546875,745.0079956054688]},{"page":6,"text":"Summary of Changes","rect":[90.0,49.67997741699219,193.95599438476564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":6,"text":"iv ","rect":[90.0,753.4559326171875,102.34320068359375,744.8519287109375]},{"page":6,"text":"Intentionally Blank","rect":[259.5,338.6399841308594,352.4963684082031,327.61199951171877]},{"page":6,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6231689453125,753.4679565429688,521.9940795898438,745.0679321289063]},{"page":7,"text":"TABLE OF CONTENTS","rect":[234.4199981689453,85.09574127197266,377.56957164001468,75.29576110839844]},{"page":7,"text":"EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................... xi","rect":[90.0,111.36011505126953,521.9760146484375,102.73211669921875]},{"page":7,"text":"CHAPTER I","rect":[90.0,137.14810180664063,151.65121240234377,128.73609924316407]},{"page":7,"text":"OVERVIEW AND FUNDAMENTALS","rect":[111.5999984741211,150.9600830078125,305.6111784667969,142.5360870361328]},{"page":7,"text":"","rect":[90.0,175.5478973388672,94.60920021057129,171.90061950683595]},{"page":7,"text":"","rect":[90.0,189.3479461669922,94.60920021057129,185.70066833496095]},{"page":7,"text":"","rect":[90.0,203.14793395996095,94.60920021057129,199.5006561279297]},{"page":7,"text":"","rect":[90.0,216.9479217529297,94.60920021057129,213.30064392089845]},{"page":7,"text":"","rect":[90.0,230.74790954589845,94.60920021057129,227.1006317138672]},{"page":7,"text":"","rect":[90.0,244.5478973388672,94.60920021057129,240.90061950683595]},{"page":7,"text":"","rect":[90.0,258.3479309082031,94.60920021057129,254.70066833496095]},{"page":7,"text":"","rect":[90.0,272.1479187011719,94.60920021057129,268.5006408691406]},{"page":7,"text":"","rect":[90.0,285.94793701171877,94.60920021057129,282.3006591796875]},{"page":7,"text":"Introduction ................................................................................................................. I-1","rect":[108.0,176.7359619140625,522.0599975585938,168.1319580078125]},{"page":7,"text":"Use of Close Air Support ............................................................................................ I-3","rect":[108.0,192.93600463867188,522.0120239257813,181.9320068359375]},{"page":7,"text":"Close Air Support Integration ..................................................................................... I-4","rect":[108.0,206.75999450683595,522.0120239257813,195.73199462890626]},{"page":7,"text":"Manned Aircraft Employment ................................................................................... I-5","rect":[108.0,220.5599822998047,522.0120239257813,209.531982421875]},{"page":7,"text":"Unmanned Aircraft Employment ................................................................................ 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A-1","rect":[154.82400512695313,111.45596313476563,522.0,100.45196533203125]},{"page":9,"text":"Sample Close Air Support Aircrew Mission Planning Guide ....................B-1","rect":[154.8251953125,125.27995300292969,522.0,114.251953125]},{"page":9,"text":"Planning Considerations for Close Air Support Using Night-","rect":[154.82040405273438,139.0800018310547,445.69198388671875,128.052001953125]},{"page":9,"text":"Vision Devices and Infrared (Laser) Pointers ............................................C-1","rect":[154.79998779296876,152.85598754882813,522.0,141.85198974609376]},{"page":9,"text":"Digitally Aided Close Air Support Planning and Execution ","rect":[154.82516479492188,166.6799774169922,440.77081298828127,155.6519775390625]},{"page":9,"text":"Considerations ........................................................................................... 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","rect":[126.0000228881836,233.43600463867188,392.25714111328127,222.62400817871095]},{"page":13,"text":"Examines preparation activities by units before execution to improve their","rect":[126.0000228881836,263.5199890136719,506.400021484375,252.6840057373047]},{"page":13,"text":"ability to conduct operations, including rehearsals, movement, and","rect":[126.00004577636719,277.3199768066406,466.6824370117188,266.4839782714844]},{"page":13,"text":"observations.","rect":[126.00004577636719,288.69598388671877,193.6632537841797,280.2839660644531]},{"page":13,"text":"Outlines close air support execution.","rect":[126.00004577636719,321.1559753417969,312.3060302734375,310.3439636230469]},{"page":13,"text":"Provides standard formats used in passing key information between close air","rect":[126.00004577636719,351.1799621582031,518.7564057617187,340.3439636230469]},{"page":13,"text":"support participants.","rect":[126.00004577636719,364.9559631347656,233.988037109375,354.1439514160156]},{"page":13,"text":"Close air support is air","rect":[95.4000015258789,429.5760192871094,208.1471717529297,418.8960266113281]},{"page":13,"text":"action by aircraft against","rect":[95.4000015258789,443.3999938964844,219.71998742675783,432.6960144042969]},{"page":13,"text":"hostile targets that are in","rect":[95.4000015258789,457.20001220703127,218.76959521484376,446.49603271484377]},{"page":13,"text":"close proximity to friendly","rect":[95.4000015258789,471.0,224.41201489257814,460.2960205078125]},{"page":13,"text":"forces and requires","rect":[95.4000015258789,484.8000183105469,190.78558422851564,474.0960388183594]},{"page":13,"text":"detailed integration of ","rect":[95.4000015258789,498.6000061035156,207.76919555664063,487.8960266113281]},{"page":13,"text":"each air mission with the","rect":[95.4000015258789,509.97601318359377,219.41878979492189,501.6960144042969]},{"page":13,"text":"fire and movement of ","rect":[95.4000015258789,526.2000122070313,204.1416015625,515.4959716796875]},{"page":13,"text":"those forces.","rect":[95.4000015258789,540.0000610351563,157.38961791992188,529.2960205078125]},{"page":13,"text":"Overview and Fundamentals","rect":[231.96005249023438,401.3879699707031,380.0400397949219,392.9639587402344]},{"page":13,"text":"Close air support (CAS) is planned and executed to","rect":[239.39999389648438,429.4560241699219,516.6264038085938,418.4520263671875]},{"page":13,"text":"support ground tactical units. The air apportionment","rect":[239.39999389648438,443.2799987792969,516.6611953125,432.25201416015627]},{"page":13,"text":"recommendation and allocation process for joint air","rect":[239.39999389648438,457.0799865722656,516.6181313476562,446.0400085449219]},{"page":13,"text":"operations, which includes CAS, occurs at the operational","rect":[239.39999389648438,470.85601806640627,516.64801171875,459.8520202636719]},{"page":13,"text":"level. CAS planning focuses on providing timely and","rect":[239.39999389648438,484.67999267578127,516.6145324707031,473.6520080566406]},{"page":13,"text":"accurate fires in support of friendly forces in close","rect":[239.39999389648438,498.4800109863281,516.6720246582031,487.4520263671875]},{"page":13,"text":"proximity to the enemy.","rect":[239.39999389648438,512.280029296875,354.6299743652344,501.25201416015627]},{"page":13,"text":"CAS can be conducted at any place and time friendly","rect":[239.39999389648438,538.0800170898438,516.5928344726563,527.052001953125]},{"page":13,"text":"forces are in close proximity to enemy forces. The word","rect":[239.39999389648438,551.8800659179688,516.5592956542969,540.85205078125]},{"page":13,"text":"“close” does not imply a specific distance; rather, it is","rect":[239.39999389648438,565.6799926757813,516.6601264648438,554.6519775390625]},{"page":13,"text":"situational. The requirement for detailed integration","rect":[239.39999389648438,579.4800415039063,516.5977172851563,568.4520263671875]},{"page":13,"text":"because ","rect":[239.39999389648438,591.0,280.43878173828127,582.2520141601563]},{"page":13,"text":"of ","rect":[287.6387939453125,591.0,300.5387878417969,582.2640380859375]},{"page":13,"text":"proximity, ","rect":[307.7388000488281,593.280029296875,360.9924011230469,582.2520141601563]},{"page":13,"text":"fires, ","rect":[368.1923828125,591.0,395.5668029785156,582.2520141601563]},{"page":13,"text":"or ","rect":[402.7668151855469,591.0,415.7112121582031,585.0]},{"page":13,"text":"movement ","rect":[422.91119384765627,591.0,476.521240234375,583.4639892578125]},{"page":13,"text":"is ","rect":[483.72125244140627,591.0,494.7600402832031,582.2520141601563]},{"page":13,"text":"the","rect":[501.9000549316406,591.0,516.5808381347656,582.2520141601563]},{"page":13,"text":"determining factor. At times, CAS may be the best","rect":[239.39999389648438,607.0800170898438,516.649232421875,596.052001953125]},{"page":13,"text":"available means to exploit tactical opportunities in the","rect":[239.39999389648438,620.8560180664063,516.6023530273437,609.8519897460938]},{"page":13,"text":"offense or defense by providing fires to destroy, disrupt,","rect":[239.39999389648438,634.6799926757813,516.5711669921875,623.6519775390625]},{"page":13,"text":"suppress, fix, harass, neutralize, or delay enemy ground","rect":[239.39999389648438,648.4800415039063,516.5928344726563,637.4520263671875]},{"page":13,"text":"forces.","rect":[239.39999389648438,659.85595703125,271.7375793457031,651.2639770507813]},{"page":13,"text":"Terminal attack control (TAC) is the authority to","rect":[239.39999389648438,688.2000122070313,516.9936218261719,677.364013671875]},{"page":13,"text":"control the maneuver of, and grant weapons release","rect":[239.39999389648438,702.0,516.6072663574219,691.1759643554688]},{"page":13,"text":"clearance to, attacking aircraft. A certified and","rect":[239.39999389648438,715.6799926757813,516.906005859375,704.6519775390625]},{"page":13,"text":"xi","rect":[512.6399536132813,753.2999877929688,521.9891372070313,744.8519897460938]},{"page":14,"text":"Executive Summary","rect":[90.0,49.67997741699219,187.59478759765626,38.651973724365237]},{"page":14,"text":"Use of Close Air Support","rect":[95.39999389648438,152.99998474121095,218.70239404296877,142.29598999023438]},{"page":14,"text":"Close Air Support","rect":[95.39999389648438,371.9759216308594,184.1592116699219,361.2959289550781]},{"page":14,"text":"Integration","rect":[95.39999389648438,385.7999267578125,151.42799670410157,375.095947265625]},{"page":14,"text":"Responsibilities","rect":[95.39999389648438,466.7759094238281,172.69799877929689,456.0959167480469]},{"page":14,"text":"xii ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,105.66839599609375,744.8519287109375]},{"page":14,"text":"qualified joint terminal attack controller (JTAC) or","rect":[239.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,516.6947915039062,74.63997650146485]},{"page":14,"text":"forward air controller (airborne) (FAC[A]) will be","rect":[239.39999389648438,99.45596313476563,516.6935395507812,88.45196533203125]},{"page":14,"text":"recognized across the Department of Defense as capable","rect":[239.39999389648438,113.27995300292969,516.6072663574219,102.251953125]},{"page":14,"text":"and authorized to perform TAC.","rect":[239.39999389648438,127.05599975585938,394.40283203125,116.052001953125]},{"page":14,"text":"CAS is used to attack the enemy, day or night, in all","rect":[239.39999389648438,152.87998962402345,516.59771875,141.85198974609376]},{"page":14,"text":"weather conditions, and to augment other supporting fires. ","rect":[239.39999389648438,166.6799774169922,519.614501953125,155.6519775390625]},{"page":14,"text":"The speed, range, and maneuverability of aircraft","rect":[239.39999389648438,180.47996520996095,516.5784584960937,169.45196533203126]},{"page":14,"text":"allow them to attack targets that other supporting","rect":[239.39999389648438,194.3999481201172,516.6095275878906,183.56394958496095]},{"page":14,"text":"arms may not be able to effectively engage due to","rect":[239.39999389648438,208.0800018310547,516.5975646972656,197.052001953125]},{"page":14,"text":"limiting factors such as target type, range, terrain, or the","rect":[239.39999389648438,221.87998962402345,516.6383637695312,210.85198974609376]},{"page":14,"text":"ground scheme of maneuver. Ground commanders have","rect":[239.39999389648438,235.6799774169922,516.5711640625,224.6519775390625]},{"page":14,"text":"the authority to decide the target priority, effects, and","rect":[239.39999389648438,249.59996032714845,516.6840239257813,238.7639617919922]},{"page":14,"text":"timing of CAS and other supporting fires in their","rect":[239.39999389648438,263.3999328613281,516.5951203613281,252.56394958496095]},{"page":14,"text":"respective ","rect":[239.39999389648438,277.0559997558594,293.74798583984377,266.2439880371094]},{"page":14,"text":"operational ","rect":[302.0279846191406,277.0559997558594,363.6575927734375,266.2439880371094]},{"page":14,"text":"areas. ","rect":[371.9376220703125,275.0,405.239990234375,268.0]},{"page":14,"text":" ","rect":[413.5199890136719,273.0,416.5199890136719,268.0]},{"page":14,"text":"For ","rect":[424.79998779296877,274.656005859375,444.4512023925781,266.4360046386719]},{"page":14,"text":"decentralized","rect":[452.731201171875,274.656005859375,516.6299743652344,266.052001953125]},{"page":14,"text":"execution, the ground commander at the lowest level with","rect":[239.39999389648438,290.87994384765627,516.6431884765625,279.8519592285156]},{"page":14,"text":"the ability to coordinate should be responsible for the","rect":[239.39999389648438,304.679931640625,516.5699738769531,293.6519470214844]},{"page":14,"text":"employment of CAS assets unless specifically retained by","rect":[239.39999389648438,318.4799499511719,516.6276245117188,307.45196533203127]},{"page":14,"text":"a higher-level commander in the ground force chain of","rect":[239.39999389648438,332.2799377441406,516.645658203125,321.251953125]},{"page":14,"text":"command.","rect":[239.39999389648438,343.65594482421877,289.7447814941406,335.05194091796877]},{"page":14,"text":"For joint air operations, the integration of CAS starts","rect":[239.39999389648438,371.9999084472656,516.614533203125,361.1639099121094]},{"page":14,"text":"at the operational level during the joint air tasking","rect":[239.39999389648438,385.7999267578125,516.6358642578125,374.96392822265627]},{"page":14,"text":"cycle. The joint force air component commander (JFACC)","rect":[239.39999389648438,399.47991943359377,516.5975625,388.43994140625]},{"page":14,"text":"(if established) provides the joint force commander (JFC)","rect":[239.39999389648438,413.2799072265625,516.6024453125,402.23992919921877]},{"page":14,"text":"an air apportionment recommendation, after consultation","rect":[239.39999389648438,427.055908203125,516.6300048828125,416.0519104003906]},{"page":14,"text":"with other affected component commanders.","rect":[239.39999389648438,440.8559265136719,453.62640380859377,429.8519287109375]},{"page":14,"text":"JFC. The JFC establishes the guidance and priorities for","rect":[239.39999389648438,466.6199035644531,516.6311928710937,455.5919189453125]},{"page":14,"text":"CAS in concept of operations, operation or campaign","rect":[239.39999389648438,480.419921875,516.6552429199219,469.3919372558594]},{"page":14,"text":"plans, the air apportionment decision, and when assigning","rect":[239.39999389648438,494.2199401855469,516.6479797363281,483.19195556640627]},{"page":14,"text":"capabilities and forces to the components.","rect":[239.39999389648438,507.9959716796875,440.7035827636719,496.9919738769531]},{"page":14,"text":"JFACC. ","rect":[239.39999389648438,531.4080200195313,284.6376037597656,522.9959716796875]},{"page":14,"text":"For CAS, JFACC responsibilities are to","rect":[298.6199951171875,533.7960205078125,516.5951232910156,522.7919921875]},{"page":14,"text":"recommend ","rect":[239.39999389648438,545.196044921875,299.02557373046877,536.592041015625]},{"page":14,"text":"air ","rect":[309.28558349609377,545.0400390625,324.9707946777344,536.592041015625]},{"page":14,"text":"apportionment ","rect":[335.23077392578127,547.5960693359375,408.15716552734377,536.592041015625]},{"page":14,"text":"decisions, ","rect":[418.41717529296877,545.196044921875,469.05596923828127,536.592041015625]},{"page":14,"text":"allocate","rect":[479.31597900390627,545.112060546875,516.6263703613281,536.592041015625]},{"page":14,"text":"forces/capabilities made available from the JFC and","rect":[239.39999389648438,561.3960571289063,516.6647033691406,550.3920288085938]},{"page":14,"text":"components, create and execute the air tasking order","rect":[239.39999389648438,575.2200317382813,516.651517578125,564.1920166015625]},{"page":14,"text":"(ATO), and other applicable actions associated with CAS","rect":[239.39999389648438,588.99609375,516.5975981445313,577.9920654296875]},{"page":14,"text":"execution.","rect":[239.39999389648438,600.3961181640625,289.08837890625,591.7921142578125]},{"page":14,"text":"Service Component Commanders. These commanders","rect":[239.39999389648438,628.5961303710938,516.62161328125,617.5921020507813]},{"page":14,"text":"ensure their assets are capable of executing CAS missions","rect":[239.39999389648438,642.4201049804688,516.6073615722656,631.39208984375]},{"page":14,"text":"within Service roles and as directed by the JFC.","rect":[239.39999389648438,656.2201538085938,468.3095703125,645.192138671875]},{"page":14,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64837646484377,753.4679565429688,521.974853515625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":15,"text":"Minimizing Friendly Fire","rect":[95.4000015258789,85.79997253417969,222.73321240234376,75.0959701538086]},{"page":15,"text":"Minimizing Civilian","rect":[95.40000915527344,166.7999725341797,195.12961108398438,156.09597778320313]},{"page":15,"text":"Casualties","rect":[95.40000915527344,178.18795776367188,146.8128211669922,169.89596557617188]},{"page":15,"text":"Air Force Command and","rect":[95.4000015258789,460.7878723144531,219.79678344726563,452.4958801269531]},{"page":15,"text":"Control","rect":[95.4000015258789,474.5879211425781,133.45199731445315,466.2959289550781]},{"page":15,"text":"Army Command and","rect":[95.40000915527344,654.5401000976563,198.72482299804688,643.8360595703125]},{"page":15,"text":"Control","rect":[95.40000915527344,665.9281005859375,133.4520125732422,657.6360473632813]},{"page":15,"text":"Executive Summary","rect":[424.3799743652344,49.67997741699219,521.9747314453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":15,"text":"Responsibility. All participants in CAS are responsible","rect":[239.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,516.6227998046875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":15,"text":"for effective and safe planning and execution. Each","rect":[239.4000244140625,99.47996520996094,516.6935424804688,88.45196533203125]},{"page":15,"text":"participant must make every effort to identify friendly","rect":[239.4000244140625,113.27995300292969,516.7393798828125,102.251953125]},{"page":15,"text":"units, enemy forces, and civilians prior to targeting,","rect":[239.4000244140625,127.08000183105469,516.6157836914063,116.052001953125]},{"page":15,"text":"clearing fires, and weapons release.","rect":[239.4000244140625,140.87998962402345,409.82769775390627,129.85198974609376]},{"page":15,"text":"Responsibility. All participants in the CAS employment","rect":[239.4000244140625,166.6799774169922,516.613099609375,155.6519775390625]},{"page":15,"text":"process are responsible for the effective and safe planning","rect":[239.39999389648438,180.47996520996095,516.8016967773438,169.45196533203126]},{"page":15,"text":"and execution of CAS and must make decisions on the basis","rect":[239.39999389648438,191.86795043945313,516.6814887695313,183.251953125]},{"page":15,"text":"of information available to them and in good faith,","rect":[239.39999389648438,208.0800018310547,516.701904296875,197.052001953125]},{"page":15,"text":"including, ","rect":[239.39999389648438,221.8799285888672,289.656005859375,210.8519287109375]},{"page":15,"text":"when ","rect":[296.6748046875,219.2999267578125,325.2828063964844,210.8519287109375]},{"page":15,"text":"directed, ","rect":[332.2416076660156,219.4559326171875,375.9696350097656,210.8519287109375]},{"page":15,"text":"application ","rect":[382.9284362792969,221.85592651367188,438.129638671875,210.8519287109375]},{"page":15,"text":"of ","rect":[445.08843994140627,219.2999267578125,457.868408203125,210.86392211914063]},{"page":15,"text":"heightened","rect":[464.88720703125,221.8799285888672,516.6323547363281,210.8519287109375]},{"page":15,"text":"standards of identification, such as positive identification. ","rect":[239.39999389648438,235.65597534179688,519.5748291015625,224.6519775390625]},{"page":15,"text":"CAS must comply with the law of war and applicable rules","rect":[239.39999389648438,249.47996520996095,516.623810546875,238.45196533203126]},{"page":15,"text":"of engagement (ROE).","rect":[239.39999389648438,263.2799377441406,346.48919677734377,252.251953125]},{"page":15,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[246.29998779296876,286.7879333496094,365.66162255859379,278.3759460449219]},{"page":15,"text":"CAS requires an integrated, flexible, and responsive","rect":[239.39999389648438,314.8799133300781,516.6264313964844,303.8519287109375]},{"page":15,"text":"command and control (C2) structure to process CAS","rect":[239.39999389648438,328.6559143066406,516.6672087402344,317.65191650390627]},{"page":15,"text":"requirements and a dependable, interoperable, and secure","rect":[239.39999389648438,342.4559020996094,516.6552399902344,331.451904296875]},{"page":15,"text":"communications architecture to exercise control.","rect":[239.39999389648438,353.8559265136719,473.0879821777344,345.2519226074219]},{"page":15,"text":"The JFC normally exercises operational control (OPCON)","rect":[239.39999389648438,382.07989501953127,516.56387109375,371.0519104003906]},{"page":15,"text":"through component commanders. Most CAS in support","rect":[239.39999389648438,395.8798828125,516.6012587890625,384.8518981933594]},{"page":15,"text":"of joint operations is allocated and tasked via the JFACC’s","rect":[239.39999389648438,409.6799011230469,516.5400092773438,398.6399230957031]},{"page":15,"text":"staff located in the joint air operations center, using host-","rect":[239.39999389648438,423.4798889160156,516.6120278320312,412.4399108886719]},{"page":15,"text":"component organic C2 architecture.","rect":[239.39999389648438,437.2798767089844,411.421142578125,426.25189208984377]},{"page":15,"text":"Theater Air Control System (TACS). The TACS is the","rect":[239.39999389648438,463.07989501953127,516.6383942871094,452.0519104003906]},{"page":15,"text":"commander, ","rect":[239.39999389648438,474.4559326171875,302.0639953613281,465.8519287109375]},{"page":15,"text":"Air ","rect":[312.864013671875,474.2999267578125,331.83599853515627,465.8519287109375]},{"page":15,"text":"Force ","rect":[342.6360168457031,474.2999267578125,372.950439453125,466.2359313964844]},{"page":15,"text":"forces’ ","rect":[383.75042724609377,474.2999267578125,420.07086181640627,465.8639221191406]},{"page":15,"text":"(COMAFFOR’s),","rect":[430.870849609375,476.8559265136719,516.5531005859375,465.8519287109375]},{"page":15,"text":"mechanism for commanding and controlling component","rect":[239.39999389648438,490.6199035644531,516.628724609375,479.5919189453125]},{"page":15,"text":"air and space operations. ","rect":[239.39999389648438,504.3959655761719,371.7359924316406,493.3919677734375]},{"page":15,"text":"The TACS provides the","rect":[381.7799987792969,504.3959655761719,516.6144074707031,493.5839538574219]},{"page":15,"text":"COMAFFOR the capability to plan and conduct joint","rect":[239.4000244140625,518.3399658203125,516.6167885742187,507.5039367675781]},{"page":15,"text":"air operations. ","rect":[239.4000244140625,531.9959716796875,321.2640380859375,521.1839599609375]},{"page":15,"text":"The COMAFFOR’s focal point for","rect":[332.6400146484375,531.9959716796875,516.6047646484375,520.991943359375]},{"page":15,"text":"tasking and exercising OPCON over Air Force forces at","rect":[239.39999389648438,545.8200073242188,516.6036391601563,534.7919921875]},{"page":15,"text":"the operational level is the Air Force air operations center,","rect":[239.4000244140625,559.5960083007813,516.740478515625,548.5919799804688]},{"page":15,"text":"which is the senior element of the TACS. Subordinate","rect":[239.4000244140625,571.0079956054688,516.6432465820312,562.3919677734375]},{"page":15,"text":"TACS agencies perform the decentralized tasks of","rect":[239.4000244140625,587.2200317382813,516.724759765625,576.1920166015625]},{"page":15,"text":"planning, ","rect":[239.4000244140625,601.0200805664063,286.0272216796875,589.9920654296875]},{"page":15,"text":"coordinating, ","rect":[302.58721923828127,601.0200805664063,369.2784423828125,589.9920654296875]},{"page":15,"text":"monitoring, ","rect":[386.07843017578127,601.0200805664063,445.44488525390627,589.9920654296875]},{"page":15,"text":"surveilling,","rect":[462.244873046875,601.0200805664063,516.614501953125,589.9920654296875]},{"page":15,"text":"controlling, reporting, and executing CAS at the tactical","rect":[239.4000244140625,614.820068359375,516.6851821289063,603.7920532226563]},{"page":15,"text":"level.","rect":[239.4000244140625,626.196044921875,265.8180236816406,617.592041015625]},{"page":15,"text":"The Army’s control system for synchronizing,","rect":[239.4000244140625,654.4201049804688,516.612060546875,643.39208984375]},{"page":15,"text":"coordinating, and integrating air operations with the","rect":[239.4000244140625,668.2201538085938,516.6504182128906,657.192138671875]},{"page":15,"text":"commander’s scheme of maneuver is the Army air-ground","rect":[239.4000244140625,682.0201416015625,516.66845703125,670.9921264648438]},{"page":15,"text":"system (AAGS). 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","rect":[239.4000244140625,166.65597534179688,519.6936645507813,155.6519775390625]},{"page":16,"text":"When appropriate, Air Force TACS may be clearly","rect":[239.4000244140625,180.47996520996095,516.5880737304688,169.45196533203126]},{"page":16,"text":"interconnected with the AAGS. At the division level, this","rect":[239.4000244140625,192.0,516.6817329101563,183.251953125]},{"page":16,"text":"interconnection of TACS/AAGS is found within the","rect":[239.4000244140625,205.66799926757813,516.6313447265625,197.052001953125]},{"page":16,"text":"JAGIC. The JAGIC is a mix of Army and Air Force","rect":[239.4000244140625,221.87998962402345,516.5952119140625,210.85198974609376]},{"page":16,"text":"personnel within the current operations integration cell.","rect":[239.4000244140625,235.6799774169922,505.5203857421875,224.6519775390625]},{"page":16,"text":"The Navy tactical air control system is the principal air","rect":[239.40000915527345,261.4799499511719,516.6611000976562,250.45196533203126]},{"page":16,"text":"control system afloat.","rect":[239.40000915527345,275.2799377441406,343.03082275390627,264.251953125]},{"page":16,"text":"Navy Tactical Air Control Center (Navy TACC). The","rect":[239.40000915527345,301.0799560546875,516.530392578125,290.0519714355469]},{"page":16,"text":"Navy TACC is the primary air control agency within the","rect":[239.39999389648438,314.87994384765627,516.6094636230469,303.8519592285156]},{"page":16,"text":"operational area from which all air operations supporting","rect":[239.39999389648438,328.679931640625,516.5760803222656,317.6519470214844]},{"page":16,"text":"the amphibious task force are controlled. Ideally, the","rect":[239.39999389648438,342.4799499511719,516.6312531738281,331.45196533203127]},{"page":16,"text":"Navy TACC is collocated with the supporting arms","rect":[239.39999389648438,356.2799377441406,516.5220954589844,345.251953125]},{"page":16,"text":"coordination center (SACC) onboard amphibious warfare","rect":[239.39999389648438,370.0559387207031,516.560421875,359.05194091796877]},{"page":16,"text":"ships. The SACC is the naval counterpart to the landing","rect":[239.39999389648438,383.8799133300781,515.7743835449219,372.8519287109375]},{"page":16,"text":"force’s fire support coordination center.","rect":[239.39999389648438,397.6559143066406,438.5136413574219,386.65191650390627]},{"page":16,"text":"The Marine air command and control system (MACCS)","rect":[239.39999389648438,423.47991943359377,516.6239296875,412.4519348144531]},{"page":16,"text":"consists of various air C2 agencies that provide the Marine","rect":[239.39999389648438,437.2799072265625,516.6264008789062,426.2519226074219]},{"page":16,"text":"air-ground task force aviation combat element commander","rect":[239.39999389648438,451.07989501953127,516.66250390625,440.0519104003906]},{"page":16,"text":"with the ability to monitor, supervise, and influence the","rect":[239.39999389648438,464.8799133300781,516.6622895507812,453.8519287109375]},{"page":16,"text":"application of Marine Corps aviation. The Marine air","rect":[239.39999389648438,478.5959167480469,516.6719033203125,467.5919189453125]},{"page":16,"text":"control group is responsible for providing, operating, and","rect":[239.39999389648438,492.419921875,516.6816101074219,481.3919372558594]},{"page":16,"text":"maintaining principal MACCS agencies. The Marine","rect":[239.39999389648438,506.2199401855469,516.7200593261719,495.19195556640627]},{"page":16,"text":"Corps tactical air command center is the focal point for","rect":[239.39999389648438,519.9959716796875,516.6697060546875,508.991943359375]},{"page":16,"text":"tasking and exercising OPCON over Marine Corps air","rect":[239.39999389648438,533.8200073242188,516.5713173828125,522.7919921875]},{"page":16,"text":"assets.","rect":[239.39999389648438,545.196044921875,270.4823913574219,537.8040161132813]},{"page":16,"text":"Both the Navy and the Marine Corps air control systems","rect":[239.39999389648438,573.4200439453125,516.6528022460938,562.3920288085938]},{"page":16,"text":"are capable of independent operations; however, in the","rect":[239.39999389648438,587.196044921875,516.6024445800781,576.1920166015625]},{"page":16,"text":"conduct of an amphibious operation, elements of both","rect":[239.39999389648438,600.99609375,516.6634826660156,589.9920654296875]},{"page":16,"text":"systems are used to different degrees, from the beginning","rect":[239.39999389648438,614.8201293945313,516.6814880371094,603.7921142578125]},{"page":16,"text":"of the operation until the C2 of aircraft and missiles is","rect":[239.39999389648438,628.5961303710938,516.6600959472656,617.5921020507813]},{"page":16,"text":"phased ashore.","rect":[239.39999389648438,642.3961181640625,309.86639404296877,631.39208984375]},{"page":16,"text":"Special Operations Air-ground System. Theater special","rect":[239.39999389648438,668.2201538085938,516.6215834960938,657.192138671875]},{"page":16,"text":"operations are normally under the control of the joint force","rect":[239.39999389648438,682.0202026367188,516.580685546875,670.9801635742188]},{"page":16,"text":"special operations component commander (JFSOCC). ","rect":[239.39999389648438,695.7962036132813,519.65771484375,684.7921752929688]},{"page":16,"text":"Control of special operations forces (SOF) air is normally","rect":[239.39999389648438,709.6201782226563,516.6526794433594,698.5921630859375]},{"page":16,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.62677001953127,753.4679565429688,521.99169921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":17,"text":"Intelligence","rect":[95.39999389648438,166.7999725341797,154.14719860839845,156.09597778320313]},{"page":17,"text":"Close Air Support","rect":[95.39999389648438,368.3759460449219,184.1592116699219,357.6959533691406]},{"page":17,"text":"Integration Model","rect":[95.39999389648438,382.1999206542969,185.71200708007815,371.4959411621094]},{"page":17,"text":"Command Responsibilities","rect":[95.39999389648438,620.6160278320313,227.0735633544922,609.9359741210938]},{"page":17,"text":"Executive Summary","rect":[424.3799743652344,49.67997741699219,521.9747314453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":17,"text":"exercised by a joint special operations air component","rect":[239.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,516.6852431640625,74.63997650146485]},{"page":17,"text":"(JSOAC), if designated by the JFSOCC. 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The CAS","rect":[239.39999389648438,395.8799133300781,516.5987272949219,384.8519287109375]},{"page":17,"text":"integration model assists the commander and staff in","rect":[239.39999389648438,409.6799011230469,516.6298522949219,398.65191650390627]},{"page":17,"text":"making CAS fire support plan decisions by integrating the","rect":[239.39999389648438,423.47991943359377,516.6001252441406,412.4519348144531]},{"page":17,"text":"planning and preparation of the supported and supporting","rect":[239.39999389648438,437.2799072265625,516.6047973632813,426.2519226074219]},{"page":17,"text":"components. The planning phase ends in a published","rect":[239.39999389648438,451.07989501953127,516.6359587402344,440.243896484375]},{"page":17,"text":"order to subordinate units.","rect":[239.39999389648438,462.575927734375,378.7392578125,454.1639099121094]},{"page":17,"text":"Five steps to CAS planning phase: ","rect":[239.39999389648438,490.6199035644531,408.0719909667969,479.5919189453125]},{"page":17,"text":"• Step 1: receipt of mission/prepare ","rect":[250.1999969482422,508.6559143066406,451.1423645019531,497.65191650390627]},{"page":17,"text":"analysis.","rect":[261.0,522.47998046875,302.6976013183594,511.45196533203127]},{"page":17,"text":"for ","rect":[457.4423828125,506.09991455078127,473.52239990234377,497.6639099121094]},{"page":17,"text":"mission","rect":[479.3424072265625,506.09991455078127,516.5868530273438,497.65191650390627]},{"page":17,"text":"• Step 2: mission analysis.","rect":[250.1999969482422,540.5399780273438,379.5863952636719,529.511962890625]},{"page":17,"text":"• Step 3: course of action (COA) development.","rect":[250.1999969482422,558.5759887695313,477.42364501953127,547.5719604492188]},{"page":17,"text":"• Step 4: COA analysis/war game.","rect":[250.1999969482422,576.6599731445313,417.92401123046877,565.6319580078125]},{"page":17,"text":"• Step 5: orders production.","rect":[250.1999969482422,594.696044921875,385.56597900390627,583.6920166015625]},{"page":17,"text":"Supported commanders should ensure CAS planners","rect":[239.39999389648438,620.4960327148438,516.5975959472656,609.4920043945313]},{"page":17,"text":"understand the objectives, scheme of maneuver, scheme","rect":[239.39999389648438,634.320068359375,516.5459870605469,623.280029296875]},{"page":17,"text":"of fires, C2 requirements, and criteria for specific ROE. ","rect":[239.39999389648438,648.0960693359375,519.6312255859375,637.092041015625]},{"page":17,"text":"Commanders also provide the risk assessment guidance","rect":[239.39999389648438,661.9201049804688,516.5567902832031,650.89208984375]},{"page":17,"text":"for types of TAC.","rect":[239.39999389648438,675.7200927734375,324.6575927734375,664.7041015625]},{"page":17,"text":"xv","rect":[509.9999694824219,753.4559326171875,522.0,747.8639526367188]},{"page":18,"text":"Executive Summary","rect":[90.0,49.67997741699219,187.59478759765626,38.651973724365237]},{"page":18,"text":"Essential Planning","rect":[95.4000015258789,85.79997253417969,189.748779296875,75.0959701538086]},{"page":18,"text":"Factors for Effective Close","rect":[95.4000015258789,99.59996032714844,228.46438305664064,88.89595794677735]},{"page":18,"text":"Air Support","rect":[95.4000015258789,113.37594604492188,153.79919580078127,102.6959457397461]},{"page":18,"text":"Types of Terminal Attack","rect":[95.4000015258789,263.3999328613281,221.06399536132813,252.69595336914063]},{"page":18,"text":"Control and Methods of ","rect":[95.4000015258789,277.1999206542969,216.80160522460938,266.4959411621094]},{"page":18,"text":"Attack","rect":[95.4000015258789,288.5759582519531,127.4520034790039,280.29595947265627]},{"page":18,"text":"Integrating Close Air","rect":[95.4000015258789,427.19989013671877,200.82479931640627,416.49591064453127]},{"page":18,"text":"Support Planning","rect":[95.4000015258789,440.9999084472656,183.80157470703126,430.2959289550781]},{"page":18,"text":"Considerations","rect":[95.4000015258789,452.3879089355469,170.10360791015627,444.0959167480469]},{"page":18,"text":"Digital Information","rect":[95.4000015258789,577.1400146484375,193.13759143066407,566.4359741210938]},{"page":18,"text":"Networks and Systems","rect":[95.4000015258789,590.9400634765625,206.15759350585939,580.2360229492188]},{"page":18,"text":"Considerations","rect":[95.4000015258789,602.3280639648438,170.10360791015627,594.0360107421875]},{"page":18,"text":"xvi ","rect":[90.0,753.4559326171875,108.3468017578125,744.8519287109375]},{"page":18,"text":"It is critical for JTACs, FAC(A)s, and combat operations","rect":[239.39999389648438,85.65597534179688,516.6287849121094,74.6519775390625]},{"page":18,"text":"center/tactical operations center elements to coordinate","rect":[239.39999389648438,99.45596313476563,516.6805085449219,88.45196533203125]},{"page":18,"text":"their efforts in the planning stage. Their plans consider","rect":[239.39999389648438,113.27995300292969,516.7116982421875,102.251953125]},{"page":18,"text":"such key issues as communications, battle tracking, target","rect":[239.39999389648438,127.08000183105469,516.7357192382813,116.052001953125]},{"page":18,"text":"nomination, tactical risk assessment, target engagement","rect":[239.39999389648438,140.87998962402345,516.7872939453125,129.85198974609376]},{"page":18,"text":"authority, methods of attack, types of TAC, airspace","rect":[239.39999389648438,154.6799774169922,516.879513671875,143.6519775390625]},{"page":18,"text":"deconfliction and coordination, synchronization of CAS","rect":[239.39999389648438,168.47996520996095,516.7800322265625,157.45196533203126]},{"page":18,"text":"with fires and movement of the supported ground forces,","rect":[239.39999389648438,182.2799530029297,516.70556640625,171.251953125]},{"page":18,"text":"and which JTAC/(FAC[A]) will provide TAC. Only","rect":[239.39999389648438,196.0800018310547,516.6959838867188,185.052001953125]},{"page":18,"text":"through effective coordination can the CAS team","rect":[239.39999389648438,209.99998474121095,516.6863381347656,199.1639862060547]},{"page":18,"text":"successfully ","rect":[239.39999389648438,223.7999725341797,301.1519775390625,212.97596740722657]},{"page":18,"text":"achieve ","rect":[309.4919738769531,221.219970703125,349.7424011230469,212.96397399902345]},{"page":18,"text":"the ","rect":[358.14239501953127,221.27996826171876,376.81201171875,213.15597534179688]},{"page":18,"text":"supported ","rect":[385.15203857421877,223.77597045898438,439.2852478027344,213.15597534179688]},{"page":18,"text":"commander’s","rect":[447.625244140625,221.3759765625,516.6144721679688,213.15597534179688]},{"page":18,"text":"objectives for CAS.","rect":[239.39999389648438,237.59996032714845,336.61920166015627,226.7639617919922]},{"page":18,"text":"Types of TAC. There are three types of TAC (1, 2, and","rect":[239.39999389648438,263.2799377441406,516.698486328125,252.251953125]},{"page":18,"text":"3). Types of TAC are tools that give the ground","rect":[239.39999389648438,277.0799255371094,516.5903930664063,266.05194091796877]},{"page":18,"text":"commander the greatest chance of accomplishing the","rect":[239.39999389648438,290.87994384765627,516.7944611816406,279.8519592285156]},{"page":18,"text":"mission while mitigating friendly fire and collateral","rect":[239.39999389648438,304.679931640625,516.6503310546875,293.6519470214844]},{"page":18,"text":"damage. Type of TAC shall be passed as part of the game","rect":[239.39999389648438,318.47991943359377,516.6155061035156,307.4519348144531]},{"page":18,"text":"plan before the attack brief for aircrew situational","rect":[239.39999389648438,332.2559509277344,516.6468520507813,321.251953125]},{"page":18,"text":"awareness but imposes no requirement on the aircrew. ","rect":[239.39999389648438,346.0559387207031,519.6527099609375,335.05194091796877]},{"page":18,"text":"The type of TAC conveys the JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s intent on","rect":[239.39999389648438,359.8799133300781,516.6527709960938,348.8519287109375]},{"page":18,"text":"how best to control individual attacks based on the tactical","rect":[239.39999389648438,371.25592041015627,516.6264052734375,362.65191650390627]},{"page":18,"text":"risk assessment. ","rect":[239.39999389648438,385.055908203125,320.33038330078127,376.451904296875]},{"page":18,"text":"Specific levels of risk should not be","rect":[330.3000183105469,387.4559020996094,516.8676118164062,376.6438903808594]},{"page":18,"text":"associated with each type of TAC.","rect":[239.39999389648438,401.39990234375,412.74127197265627,390.56390380859377]},{"page":18,"text":"Successful employment of both aircraft operations and","rect":[239.39999389648438,427.19989013671877,516.5904265136719,416.3638916015625]},{"page":18,"text":"surface fires requires careful planning combined with","rect":[239.39999389648438,440.9999084472656,516.5785246582032,430.1639099121094]},{"page":18,"text":"an ability to rapidly coordinate during changing","rect":[239.39999389648438,454.7398986816406,516.6082763671875,443.9039001464844]},{"page":18,"text":"conditions. JTACs, FAC(A)s, airspace control, and fire","rect":[239.39999389648438,468.3959045410156,516.5975922851562,457.39190673828127]},{"page":18,"text":"support personnel must integrate airspace users to provide","rect":[239.39999389648438,482.21990966796877,516.7630891113281,471.1919250488281]},{"page":18,"text":"a reasonably safe operating environment for aircraft to","rect":[239.39999389648438,496.0199279785156,516.7306823730469,484.991943359375]},{"page":18,"text":"maneuver and attack targets. JTACs/FAC(A)s and fire","rect":[239.39999389648438,509.8199462890625,516.6119965820312,498.7919616699219]},{"page":18,"text":"support personnel should select separation techniques","rect":[239.4000244140625,523.7160034179688,516.6577155761719,512.9039916992188]},{"page":18,"text":"that require the least coordination without adversely","rect":[239.4000244140625,537.5399780273438,516.6769409179688,526.7039794921875]},{"page":18,"text":"affecting the ability to safely complete the mission.","rect":[239.4000244140625,551.3400268554688,496.653564453125,540.5040283203125]},{"page":18,"text":"During planning phases, ensure network architectures,","rect":[239.39999389648438,577.0200805664063,516.6780395507813,565.9920654296875]},{"page":18,"text":"with or without gateways, are properly constructed. The","rect":[239.39999389648438,590.820068359375,516.614376953125,579.7920532226563]},{"page":18,"text":"coordination with communications network authorities","rect":[239.39999389648438,602.196044921875,516.5521247558594,593.592041015625]},{"page":18,"text":"must begin early in the planning process, as some elements","rect":[239.39999389648438,618.4201049804688,516.5855415039063,607.39208984375]},{"page":18,"text":"(satellite training time availability for example) require a","rect":[239.39999389648438,632.2201538085938,516.6552094726562,621.192138671875]},{"page":18,"text":"significant lead-time prior to execution. Data links","rect":[239.39999389648438,646.0201416015625,516.6647041015625,634.9921264648438]},{"page":18,"text":"information should be coordinated at the joint-Service","rect":[239.39999389648438,659.8201293945313,516.5687836914062,648.7800903320313]},{"page":18,"text":"level by the joint interface control officer with assistance","rect":[239.39996337890626,673.6201782226563,516.6480988769531,662.5801391601563]},{"page":18,"text":"from the ASOC/Direct Air Support Center.","rect":[239.39996337890626,687.396240234375,446.657958984375,676.3922119140625]},{"page":18,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.62677001953127,753.4679565429688,521.9976806640625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":19,"text":"Multinational Operations","rect":[95.4000015258789,85.77597045898438,221.79718090820314,75.08396911621094]},{"page":19,"text":"Requesting Close Air","rect":[95.4000473022461,235.7999725341797,200.10961987304689,225.09597778320313]},{"page":19,"text":"Support","rect":[95.4000473022461,249.57595825195313,134.77685693359377,238.89596557617188]},{"page":19,"text":"Rehearsals","rect":[95.40000915527344,543.5159301757813,150.06121899414064,535.2359008789063]},{"page":19,"text":"Executive Summary","rect":[424.3799743652344,49.67997741699219,521.9747314453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":19,"text":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization and partner nations","rect":[239.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,516.6480109863281,74.6519775390625]},{"page":19,"text":"have and continue to use Joint Publication 3-09.3 as a","rect":[239.4000244140625,97.06796264648438,516.6024445800781,88.45196533203125]},{"page":19,"text":"basis for conducting CAS. See also Allied Joint","rect":[239.4000244140625,113.27995300292969,516.6828017578125,102.251953125]},{"page":19,"text":"Publication-3.3.2, Air Interdiction and Close Air Support,","rect":[239.4000244140625,127.05599975585938,516.5771484375,116.052001953125]},{"page":19,"text":"and Allied Tactical Publication-3.3.2.1(C),","rect":[239.4000244140625,140.85598754882813,468.2400207519531,129.85198974609376]},{"page":19,"text":"Tactics,","rect":[478.9800109863281,138.43199157714845,516.6624145507813,130.35598754882813]},{"page":19,"text":"Techniques, and Procedures for Close Air Support and Air","rect":[239.40005493164063,154.73997497558595,516.6036689453125,143.83197021484376]},{"page":19,"text":"Interdiction. Some differences still remain between US","rect":[239.40005493164063,166.0799560546875,516.6504545898438,157.45196533203126]},{"page":19,"text":"joint doctrine and US-ratified Allied joint doctrine, but","rect":[239.40005493164063,182.2799530029297,516.5388198242188,171.2399444580078]},{"page":19,"text":"these differences have minimal impact when conducting","rect":[239.40005493164063,196.0800018310547,516.6360778808594,185.052001953125]},{"page":19,"text":"CAS.","rect":[239.40005493164063,207.46792602539063,265.6788635253906,199.05592346191407]},{"page":19,"text":"Air support requests are used to identify the supported","rect":[239.40005493164063,235.6799774169922,516.5904541015625,224.6519775390625]},{"page":19,"text":"commander’s requirements for CAS and other supporting","rect":[239.4000244140625,249.47996520996095,516.5652160644531,238.45196533203126]},{"page":19,"text":"air missions. ","rect":[239.4000244140625,260.85595703125,305.23681640625,252.251953125]},{"page":19,"text":"There are two types of CAS requests:","rect":[312.5400390625,263.2799377441406,516.6384560546875,252.45594787597657]},{"page":19,"text":"preplanned and immediate. Preplanned air support","rect":[239.4000244140625,277.1759338378906,516.4944130859375,266.3639221191406]},{"page":19,"text":"requests may be resourced with either scheduled or on-","rect":[239.4000244140625,290.99993896484377,516.6013466796875,280.1639404296875]},{"page":19,"text":"call air missions. Immediate air support requests are","rect":[239.4000244140625,304.77593994140627,516.5761384277344,293.96392822265627]},{"page":19,"text":"supported with on-call missions or by redirecting","rect":[239.4000244140625,318.5999450683594,516.5880432128906,307.7639465332031]},{"page":19,"text":"scheduled air missions that are already on the ATO.","rect":[239.4000244140625,332.3999328613281,505.7568359375,321.5639343261719]},{"page":19,"text":"Preparation","rect":[274.9800109863281,358.1759338378906,336.9600249023438,347.3639221191406]},{"page":19,"text":"Preparation consists of activities by the unit before","rect":[239.4000244140625,383.8799133300781,516.7200288085937,372.8519287109375]},{"page":19,"text":"execution to improve its ability to conduct operations,","rect":[239.4000244140625,397.6799011230469,516.5615234375,386.65191650390627]},{"page":19,"text":"including, but not limited to, rehearsals, movement, and","rect":[239.4000244140625,411.4798889160156,516.5892333984375,400.451904296875]},{"page":19,"text":"observations.","rect":[239.4000244140625,422.8559265136719,303.0600280761719,414.2519226074219]},{"page":19,"text":"Preparation includes concept of employment (COE)","rect":[239.4000244140625,451.07989501953127,516.6935708007812,440.0519104003906]},{"page":19,"text":"briefs, COE mission rehearsals, operation orders, brief-","rect":[239.4000244140625,464.85589599609377,516.6240517578125,453.8518981933594]},{"page":19,"text":"backs, equipment and communications checks, standard","rect":[239.4000244140625,478.59588623046877,516.6251831054688,467.5918884277344]},{"page":19,"text":"operating procedure reviews, load plan verification, pre-","rect":[239.4000244140625,492.4198913574219,516.60976953125,481.39190673828127]},{"page":19,"text":"combat checks/pre-combat inspections, and weapons test-","rect":[239.4000244140625,506.1959228515625,516.7752358398437,495.1919250488281]},{"page":19,"text":"fire.","rect":[239.4000244140625,517.595947265625,259.0644226074219,508.991943359375]},{"page":19,"text":"The rehearsal is one of the most overlooked aspects of","rect":[239.4000244140625,545.9159545898438,516.595365234375,535.1039428710938]},{"page":19,"text":"maneuver ","rect":[239.4000244140625,557.0,293.71441650390627,551.0]},{"page":19,"text":"and fire support ","rect":[301.5744323730469,559.595947265625,394.31640625,548.783935546875]},{"page":19,"text":"planning. ","rect":[402.1763916015625,559.6199340820313,451.3128356933594,548.783935546875]},{"page":19,"text":"It provides","rect":[461.52001953125,559.595947265625,516.5952155761719,548.5919189453125]},{"page":19,"text":"attendees the opportunity to visualize the battle; ensure","rect":[239.4000244140625,573.4199829101563,516.7188081054687,562.3919677734375]},{"page":19,"text":"total comprehension of the plan; promote responsiveness;","rect":[239.4000244140625,587.1959838867188,516.8737197265625,576.1919555664063]},{"page":19,"text":"and identify areas of confusion, friction, or conflict that","rect":[239.4000244140625,601.02001953125,516.659974609375,589.9920043945313]},{"page":19,"text":"may have been overlooked. Moreover, the repetition of","rect":[239.4000244140625,614.8200073242188,516.62148828125,603.7919921875]},{"page":19,"text":"combat tasks during the rehearsal leaves a lasting mental","rect":[239.4000244140625,628.6200561523438,516.6601577148438,617.592041015625]},{"page":19,"text":"picture ","rect":[239.4000244140625,642.3960571289063,275.74920654296877,631.3920288085938]},{"page":19,"text":"of the sequence ","rect":[283.4892272949219,642.3960571289063,368.112060546875,631.3920288085938]},{"page":19,"text":"of key actions ","rect":[375.85205078125,642.4200439453125,453.2388916015625,631.3920288085938]},{"page":19,"text":"within ","rect":[460.9788818359375,640.0,494.6424255371094,631.3920288085938]},{"page":19,"text":"the","rect":[502.3824157714844,640.0,516.77282421875,631.3920288085938]},{"page":19,"text":"operation. ","rect":[239.4000244140625,656.1961059570313,290.760009765625,645.1920776367188]},{"page":19,"text":"The types of rehearsals include combined","rect":[303.1800231933594,656.2200927734375,516.549685546875,645.3840942382813]},{"page":19,"text":"arms rehearsal and fire support rehearsal.","rect":[239.4000244140625,670.1160888671875,456.6588134765625,659.3040771484375]},{"page":19,"text":"xvii","rect":[503.3399658203125,753.4559326171875,521.9867568359375,744.8519287109375]},{"page":20,"text":"Executive Summary","rect":[90.0,49.67997741699219,187.59478759765626,38.651973724365237]},{"page":20,"text":"Close Air Support Target","rect":[95.39997863769531,261.5999450683594,219.87597802734377,250.89596557617188]},{"page":20,"text":"Engagement","rect":[95.39997863769531,275.3999328613281,158.0975661621094,264.8759460449219]},{"page":20,"text":"xviii ","rect":[90.0,753.4559326171875,115.02000427246094,744.8519287109375]},{"page":20,"text":"Execution","rect":[280.3199768066406,83.37596893310547,331.675173828125,74.96397399902344]},{"page":20,"text":"CAS execution begins with a target nomination from the","rect":[239.3999786376953,111.47996520996094,516.6456879882812,100.45196533203125]},{"page":20,"text":"supported commander and involves two processes that are","rect":[239.3999786376953,125.25595092773438,516.7163666992187,114.251953125]},{"page":20,"text":"continuous and overlapping in nature: JTAC/FAC(A),","rect":[239.3999786376953,139.0800018310547,516.8244018554688,128.052001953125]},{"page":20,"text":"operations center coordination and CAS target engagement. ","rect":[239.3999786376953,152.87998962402345,519.6913452148438,141.85198974609376]},{"page":20,"text":"Key issues such as battle tracking, target nomination,","rect":[239.3999786376953,166.6799774169922,516.7559814453125,155.6519775390625]},{"page":20,"text":"airspace ","rect":[239.3999786376953,180.45596313476563,280.4159851074219,169.45196533203126]},{"page":20,"text":"deconfliction ","rect":[287.135986328125,178.05596923828126,351.42236328125,169.45196533203126]},{"page":20,"text":"and","rect":[358.142333984375,178.05596923828126,375.1463623046875,169.45196533203126]},{"page":20,"text":"coordination, ","rect":[384.719970703125,178.05596923828126,449.39996337890627,169.45196533203126]},{"page":20,"text":"tactical ","rect":[456.0599670410156,178.05596923828126,492.5855712890625,169.45196533203126]},{"page":20,"text":"risk","rect":[499.2455749511719,178.05596923828126,516.7752075195313,169.45196533203126]},{"page":20,"text":"assessment, types of TAC, and which JTAC/FAC(A) will","rect":[239.3999786376953,194.2799530029297,516.7919326171875,183.251953125]},{"page":20,"text":"provide TAC must be clearly understood. Only through","rect":[239.39996337890626,208.0800018310547,516.8015747070313,197.052001953125]},{"page":20,"text":"effective coordination can the CAS “team” achieve the","rect":[239.39996337890626,219.46792602539063,516.8326997070312,210.8519287109375]},{"page":20,"text":"supported commander’s objectives for CAS successfully.","rect":[239.39996337890626,235.6799774169922,506.7528076171875,224.6399688720703]},{"page":20,"text":"While theaters or specific commands may have unique","rect":[239.3999786376953,261.4799499511719,516.6744965820312,250.45196533203126]},{"page":20,"text":"requirements, JTACs, FAC(A)s, CAS aircrews, and fire","rect":[239.3999786376953,275.2559509277344,516.6504487304687,264.251953125]},{"page":20,"text":"supporters should be familiar with the standard formats","rect":[239.3999786376953,289.0559387207031,516.6334541015625,278.05194091796877]},{"page":20,"text":"used ","rect":[239.3999786376953,300.4559631347656,264.4103698730469,291.8519592285156]},{"page":20,"text":"in ","rect":[273.650390625,300.2999572753906,286.0163879394531,291.8519592285156]},{"page":20,"text":"passing ","rect":[295.1963806152344,302.87994384765627,334.2215576171875,291.8519592285156]},{"page":20,"text":"key ","rect":[343.4615478515625,302.87994384765627,363.8003845214844,291.8519592285156]},{"page":20,"text":"information ","rect":[373.0404052734375,300.3719482421875,432.7296447753906,291.8519592285156]},{"page":20,"text":"between ","rect":[441.9696044921875,300.4559631347656,484.9787902832031,291.8519592285156]},{"page":20,"text":"CAS","rect":[494.21875,300.46795654296877,516.908328125,292.05596923828127]},{"page":20,"text":"participants.","rect":[239.3999786376953,316.65594482421877,298.4639587402344,305.6519470214844]},{"page":20,"text":"CONCLUSION","rect":[265.3199768066406,340.199951171875,346.64517065429689,331.7759704589844]},{"page":20,"text":"CAS is an element of joint fire support. Although simple","rect":[239.39996337890626,368.2799377441406,516.5951813964844,357.2399597167969]},{"page":20,"text":"in concept, CAS requires knowledge, detailed planning,","rect":[239.39996337890626,382.0799255371094,516.5903930664063,371.05194091796877]},{"page":20,"text":"coordination, and training for effective and safe execution.","rect":[239.39996337890626,395.8799133300781,516.704345703125,384.8519287109375]},{"page":20,"text":"This publication provides fundamental principles and","rect":[239.3999786376953,421.6559143066406,516.5999145507813,410.65191650390627]},{"page":20,"text":"guidance for planning, executing, and assessing CAS","rect":[239.3999786376953,435.4798889160156,516.6887846679688,424.451904296875]},{"page":20,"text":"during joint operations.","rect":[239.3999786376953,449.2799072265625,351.6767883300781,438.23992919921877]},{"page":20,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6400146484375,753.4679565429688,522.0022583007813,745.0679321289063]},{"page":21,"text":"CHAPTER I","rect":[270.0,85.09574127197266,341.85440600967407,75.29576110839844]},{"page":21,"text":"OVERVIEW AND FUNDAMENTALS","rect":[205.32000732421876,99.47998809814453,406.537234375,91.05598449707031]},{"page":21,"text":"“Among military men it is commonplace that interallied and interservice","rect":[119.04000091552735,139.93482971191407,492.9283660736084,129.77833557128907]},{"page":21,"text":"operations inescapably pose grave difficulties in execution. Differences in","rect":[119.04000091552735,152.59474182128907,492.87178648376467,142.30648803710938]},{"page":21,"text":"equipment, in doctrine, in attitude and outlook stemming from contrasting past","rect":[119.04000091552735,165.23275756835938,492.8320419235229,154.96646118164063]},{"page":21,"text":"experience all inhibit and complicate harmonious interaction. Past successes,","rect":[119.04000091552735,177.79385375976563,492.8723251266479,167.7581329345703]},{"page":21,"text":"however, have shown that these difficulties can be overcome where","rect":[119.04000091552735,188.4005584716797,492.8408111419678,180.28634643554688]},{"page":21,"text":"determination is present and effective procedures have been applied by","rect":[119.04000091552735,203.1741485595703,492.89902687072756,192.88589477539063]},{"page":21,"text":"properly trained troops. Experience also shows that armed forces . . . have","rect":[119.04000091552735,215.8340606689453,492.9178680267334,205.54580688476563]},{"page":21,"text":"been slow to hammer out the necessary procedures. Often corrective steps","rect":[119.04000091552735,228.49403381347657,492.96607398986819,218.20578002929688]},{"page":21,"text":"have been achieved only after many failures in battle. In no area of ","rect":[119.04000091552735,241.15394592285157,495.98697966766357,230.86569213867188]},{"page":21,"text":"interservice operations has this phenomenon been more pronounced than in","rect":[119.04000091552735,253.69314575195313,492.852102645874,243.6574249267578]},{"page":21,"text":"the matter of close air support.” ","rect":[119.04000091552735,266.2926940917969,274.3115035934448,256.1252136230469]},{"page":21,"text":"Professor I. B. Holley, Jr.,","rect":[371.8199768066406,277.9141845703125,492.95871686553957,268.41522216796877]},{"page":21,"text":"Case Studies in the Development of Close Air Support","rect":[235.14015197753907,289.3740539550781,492.90166259384156,280.1055603027344]},{"page":21,"text":"Office of Air Force History, 1990","rect":[340.6798095703125,300.95416259765627,492.95475672912598,291.4552001953125]},{"page":21,"text":"1. Introduction","rect":[90.0,325.5959777832031,170.41200549316407,317.1839599609375]},{"page":21,"text":"a. Close air support (CAS) is air action by aircraft against hostile targets that are in","rect":[111.60000610351563,353.699951171875,522.0479736328125,342.6719665527344]},{"page":21,"text":"close proximity to friendly forces and that require detailed integration of each air mission","rect":[90.0,367.4999694824219,522.0083618164063,356.47198486328127]},{"page":21,"text":"with the fire and movement of those forces.","rect":[90.0,378.8759765625,299.32080078125,370.27197265625]},{"page":21,"text":"b. CAS is a critical element of joint fire support that requires detailed planning,","rect":[111.60000610351563,407.0999450683594,522.0263671875,396.0599670410156]},{"page":21,"text":"coordination, and training of ground and supporting air forces for safe and effective","rect":[90.0000228881836,420.8999328613281,522.0600556640625,409.8719482421875]},{"page":21,"text":"execution. Based on threats and the availability of other means of fire support or supporting","rect":[90.0000228881836,434.6999206542969,521.9904174804688,423.67193603515627]},{"page":21,"text":"arms, synchronizing CAS in time, space, and purpose with supported ground forces may","rect":[90.0000228881836,448.49993896484377,521.9616088867188,437.4719543457031]},{"page":21,"text":"be the most detailed and continuous integration task performed by the joint force,","rect":[90.0000228881836,462.23992919921877,522.0768432617188,451.199951171875]},{"page":21,"text":"component commanders, and staffs. The supported commander establishes the target","rect":[90.0000228881836,476.0399475097656,522.0119643554688,465.011962890625]},{"page":21,"text":"priority, effects, and timing of CAS fires within the boundaries of the land or maritime","rect":[90.0000228881836,489.8399353027344,521.997677734375,478.81195068359377]},{"page":21,"text":"areas of operations, joint special operations areas, or amphibious objective areas (AOAs). ","rect":[90.0000228881836,503.6399841308594,524.990478515625,492.6000061035156]},{"page":21,"text":"CAS is a key capability for the component commanders to employ fires that destroy,","rect":[90.0000228881836,517.4400024414063,522.0192260742188,506.4119873046875]},{"page":21,"text":"suppress, or neutralize enemy forces and, in turn, permit movement and maneuver and","rect":[90.0,531.2400512695313,522.0311889648438,520.2120361328125]},{"page":21,"text":"enable control of territory, populations, and key waters.","rect":[90.0,545.0400390625,356.46722412109377,534.0120239257813]},{"page":21,"text":"c. While the focus of this publication is on CAS, the tactics, techniques, and","rect":[111.59999084472656,570.8161010742188,522.0203857421875,559.8120727539063]},{"page":21,"text":"procedures (TTP) for terminal attack control (TAC) may be used for other missions that do","rect":[90.0,584.6400756835938,522.0263671875,573.612060546875]},{"page":21,"text":"not require detailed integration with the fire and movement of ground force assets. All fires","rect":[90.0,598.4401245117188,521.9699409179688,587.412109375]},{"page":21,"text":"should support the joint force commander’s (JFC’s) objectives, guidance, and priorities.","rect":[90.0,612.2401123046875,512.3088073730469,601.2000732421875]},{"page":21,"text":"d. CAS is planned and executed to support ground tactical units. The air apportionment","rect":[111.5999984741211,637.456787109375,522.0587612991333,626.869873046875]},{"page":21,"text":"recommendation and allocation process for joint air operations, which includes CAS, occurs at","rect":[90.00001525878906,650.71630859375,522.0380703811645,640.117919921875]},{"page":21,"text":"the operational level. CAS planning focuses on providing timely and accurate fires in support","rect":[90.00001525878906,663.9159545898438,522.108260810852,653.3290405273438]},{"page":21,"text":"of friendly forces in close proximity to the enemy. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,677.1155395507813,324.4758253097534,666.5286254882813]},{"page":21,"text":"e. CAS can be conducted at any place and time friendly forces are in close","rect":[111.60000610351563,702.9600219726563,522.04919140625,692.1240234375]},{"page":21,"text":"proximity to enemy forces. The word “close” does not imply a specific distance; rather,","rect":[90.00001525878906,716.760009765625,521.9927368164063,705.7319946289063]},{"page":21,"text":"I-1","rect":[508.0199890136719,753.2999267578125,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":22,"text":"Chapter I","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,134.97840661621096,38.651973724365237]},{"page":22,"text":"it is situational. The requirement for detailed integration because of proximity, fires, or","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.903958984375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":22,"text":"movement is the determining factor. At times, CAS may be the best available means to","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0899658203125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":22,"text":"exploit tactical opportunities in the offense or defense by providing fires to destroy, disrupt,","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,521.9484252929688,102.251953125]},{"page":22,"text":"suppress, fix, harass, neutralize, or delay enemy ground forces.","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,392.22003173828127,116.052001953125]},{"page":22,"text":"f. Digitally aided close air support (DACAS) is CAS augmented by machine-to-","rect":[111.60001373291016,152.87998962402345,521.99160546875,141.85198974609376]},{"page":22,"text":"machine exchange of situational awareness (SA) and targeting messages that can include","rect":[90.0000228881836,166.6799774169922,521.9904145507812,155.6519775390625]},{"page":22,"text":"CAS briefs; friendly, threat, and target locations; battle damage assessment (BDA);","rect":[90.0000228881836,180.47996520996095,521.9147963867188,169.45196533203126]},{"page":22,"text":"clearance of fires; and command and control (C2). DACAS utilizes datalink(s) to exchange","rect":[90.0000228881836,194.2799530029297,522.0264252929687,183.251953125]},{"page":22,"text":"both text and/or visual cueing information to enhance SA of the battlefield, minimize","rect":[90.0000228881836,208.07994079589845,522.0120209960937,197.05194091796876]},{"page":22,"text":"transcription error, make correlation easier, and potentially decrease the engagement","rect":[90.0000228881836,221.8799285888672,521.9928603515625,210.8519287109375]},{"page":22,"text":"timeline.","rect":[90.0000228881836,233.2559814453125,132.3768310546875,224.6519775390625]},{"page":22,"text":"g. Each Service organizes, trains, and equips to employ CAS within its roles as","rect":[111.60002136230469,261.4799499511719,522.0792548828125,250.45196533203126]},{"page":22,"text":"part of the joint force. As a result, a variety of aircraft are capable of performing CAS. ","rect":[90.0,275.2799377441406,525.0,264.2399597167969]},{"page":22,"text":"The JFC and component commanders integrate available CAS capabilities into the concept","rect":[90.0,289.0799255371094,521.9940200195313,278.05194091796877]},{"page":22,"text":"of operations (CONOPS).","rect":[90.0,302.8559265136719,214.372802734375,291.8519287109375]},{"page":22,"text":"h. TAC is the authority to control the maneuver of, and grant weapons release","rect":[111.5999984741211,328.6799011230469,521.9987763671875,317.65191650390627]},{"page":22,"text":"clearance to, attacking aircraft. A certified and qualified joint terminal attack controller","rect":[90.0,342.47991943359377,522.0839516601562,331.43994140625]},{"page":22,"text":"(JTAC) or forward air controller (airborne) (FAC[A]) will be recognized across the","rect":[90.0,356.2799072265625,522.0023774414062,345.2519226074219]},{"page":22,"text":"Department of Defense (DOD) as capable and authorized to perform TAC. There are three","rect":[90.0,370.055908203125,522.066037109375,359.0519104003906]},{"page":22,"text":"types of control (Types 1, 2, and 3). ","rect":[90.0000228881836,383.8799133300781,264.9720458984375,372.8519287109375]},{"page":22,"text":"(1) Type 1 control is used when the JTAC/FAC(A)requires control of individual","rect":[133.20001220703126,409.6799011230469,521.912416015625,398.65191650390627]},{"page":22,"text":"attacks and the situation requires the JTAC/FAC(A) to visually acquire the attacking","rect":[90.0000228881836,423.4798889160156,521.9783935546875,412.451904296875]},{"page":22,"text":"aircraft and visually acquire the target for each attack.","rect":[90.0000228881836,437.2798767089844,348.89520263671877,426.25189208984377]},{"page":22,"text":"(2) Type 2 control is used when the JTAC/FAC(A)requires control of individual","rect":[133.2000274658203,463.0798645019531,521.912416015625,452.0518798828125]},{"page":22,"text":"attacks and is unable to visually acquire the attacking aircraft at weapons release or is","rect":[90.00004577636719,476.8799133300781,522.0360419921875,465.8519287109375]},{"page":22,"text":"unable to visually acquire the target.","rect":[90.00004577636719,490.6799011230469,264.62884521484377,479.65191650390627]},{"page":22,"text":"(3) Type 3 control is used when the JTAC/FAC(A)requires the ability to provide","rect":[133.20004272460938,516.4199829101563,522.0205048828125,505.3919677734375]},{"page":22,"text":"clearance for multiple attacks within a single engagement subject to specific attack","rect":[90.00004577636719,530.219970703125,522.0576171875,519.179931640625]},{"page":22,"text":"restrictions.","rect":[90.00006103515625,541.595947265625,146.41445922851563,532.991943359375]},{"page":22,"text":"For additional information, see Chapter III, “Planning and Requesting,” paragraph 10,","rect":[90.00006103515625,569.8799438476563,522.0192260742188,558.971923828125]},{"page":22,"text":"“Types of Terminal Attack Control and Methods of Attack.”","rect":[90.00006103515625,583.6799926757813,378.98889453125,572.77197265625]},{"page":22,"text":"i. Terminal Guidance Operations (TGO). TGO are those actions that provide","rect":[111.60005950927735,609.39599609375,522.024044921875,598.3919677734375]},{"page":22,"text":"electronic, mechanical, voice, or visual communications that provide approaching aircraft","rect":[90.00006866455078,623.2200317382813,521.9664931640625,612.1920166015625]},{"page":22,"text":"and/or weapons additional information regarding a specific target location. As specifically","rect":[90.00006866455078,637.02001953125,522.0216674804688,625.9920043945313]},{"page":22,"text":"pertaining to CAS, TGO are most often used to either mark or designate a target. A number","rect":[90.00006866455078,650.820068359375,521.9364296875,639.7920532226563]},{"page":22,"text":"of systems may be used to conduct TGO, such as Global Positioning System (GPS), laser","rect":[90.00006866455078,664.6200561523438,522.0204750976562,653.592041015625]},{"page":22,"text":"designator/range finder, or aircraft targeting pods. While a variety of personnel may","rect":[90.00006866455078,678.4201049804688,521.9964599609375,667.39208984375]},{"page":22,"text":"provide TGO to guide a weapon to impact, only certified JTACs/FAC(A)s may conduct","rect":[90.00006866455078,692.2200927734375,522.0192275390625,681.1920776367188]},{"page":22,"text":"TAC. For additional information, see Joint Publication (JP) 3-09, Joint Fire Support.","rect":[90.00006866455078,705.9961547851563,500.74566650390627,694.9921264648438]},{"page":22,"text":"I-2 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,106.99200439453125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":22,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6520080566406,753.4679565429688,521.9976196289063,745.0679321289063]},{"page":23,"text":"Overview and Fundamentals","rect":[384.05999755859377,47.267974853515628,521.9808051757813,38.651973724365237]},{"page":23,"text":"2. Use of Close Air Support","rect":[90.0,85.77597045898438,232.97999353027346,74.96397399902344]},{"page":23,"text":"CAS is used to attack the enemy, day or night, in all weather conditions, and to","rect":[111.5999984741211,111.47996520996094,522.0263671875,100.45196533203125]},{"page":23,"text":"augment other supporting fires. The speed, range, and maneuverability of aircraft allow","rect":[90.0,125.27995300292969,521.964048828125,114.251953125]},{"page":23,"text":"them to attack targets that other supporting arms may not be able to effectively","rect":[90.0,139.1999969482422,522.0803833007813,128.36399841308595]},{"page":23,"text":"engage due to limiting factors such as target type, range, terrain, or the ground scheme of ","rect":[90.0,152.87998962402345,524.9903564453125,141.85198974609376]},{"page":23,"text":"maneuver. ","rect":[89.9999771118164,164.2559814453125,143.2871856689453,158.48397827148438]},{"page":23,"text":"Ground commanders have the authority to decide the target priority,","rect":[150.23997497558595,166.6799774169922,521.9807739257813,155.84397888183595]},{"page":23,"text":"effects, and timing of CAS and other supporting fires in their respective operational","rect":[90.0,180.59996032714845,522.0288100585938,169.7639617919922]},{"page":23,"text":"areas. For decentralized execution, the ground commander at the lowest level with the","rect":[90.0,194.2799530029297,522.0023774414062,183.251953125]},{"page":23,"text":"ability to coordinate should be responsible for the employment of CAS assets unless","rect":[90.0,208.0800018310547,521.9244086914063,197.052001953125]},{"page":23,"text":"specifically retained by a higher-level commander in the ground force chain of command. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,221.8799285888672,525.0408325195313,210.8519287109375]},{"page":23,"text":"Responsible ground force commanders make CAS decisions with the advice and guidance","rect":[90.0000228881836,235.6799774169922,521.9844331054687,224.6519775390625]},{"page":23,"text":"of specially trained members of the tactical air control party (TACP) such as the air liaison","rect":[90.0000228881836,249.47996520996095,522.0167846679688,238.45196533203126]},{"page":23,"text":"officer (ALO), air officer (AO), JTAC, or FAC(A).","rect":[90.0000228881836,263.2559509277344,336.1668701171875,252.251953125]},{"page":23,"text":"a. Battlefield Utility. CAS provides commanders with flexible and responsive","rect":[111.60002136230469,289.0799255371094,521.9940766601562,278.2439270019531]},{"page":23,"text":"fire support. Using CAS, commanders can create and take full advantage of battlefield","rect":[90.00004577636719,302.87994384765627,521.988037109375,291.8519592285156]},{"page":23,"text":"opportunities by massing fires to gain or maintain the momentum of an offensive action or","rect":[90.00004577636719,316.679931640625,522.006009765625,305.6519470214844]},{"page":23,"text":"reduce operational and tactical risks. The mobility and speed of aviation provide","rect":[90.00006866455078,330.47991943359377,522.0144624023437,319.4519348144531]},{"page":23,"text":"commanders with a means to strike the enemy swiftly, unexpectedly, and decisively in","rect":[90.00006866455078,344.2799377441406,521.9688720703125,333.251953125]},{"page":23,"text":"direct support of ground forces.","rect":[90.00006866455078,358.0799255371094,241.632080078125,347.05194091796877]},{"page":23,"text":"b. Usage Criteria. Commanders consider the following criteria in planning for CAS:","rect":[111.60006713867188,383.8799133300781,522.0434584960938,372.8519287109375]},{"page":23,"text":"(1) Mission and CONOPS.","rect":[133.2000274658203,409.6559143066406,265.4808349609375,398.65191650390627]},{"page":23,"text":"(2) Enemy disposition, composition, and strength.","rect":[133.2000274658203,435.4798889160156,376.220458984375,424.451904296875]},{"page":23,"text":"(3) Capabilities and limitations of available aircraft and available ordnance (e.g.,","rect":[133.2000274658203,461.2799072265625,522.0480346679688,450.2519226074219]},{"page":23,"text":"on-station time, onboard precision targeting, ordnance circular error probable, and net","rect":[90.0000228881836,475.07989501953127,522.0216689453125,464.0519104003906]},{"page":23,"text":"explosive weight).","rect":[90.00004577636719,488.8799133300781,178.63563537597657,477.8519287109375]},{"page":23,"text":"(4) Locations, communications, and special equipment available to JTACs (e.g.,","rect":[133.20004272460938,514.6199340820313,521.9640502929688,503.5919189453125]},{"page":23,"text":"mounted/dismounted, very high frequency [VHF]/ultrahigh frequency [UHF]/satellite","rect":[90.00004577636719,528.4199829101563,522.0563935546875,517.3919677734375]},{"page":23,"text":"communications [SATCOM], laser designators, infrared [IR] pointers, and laser range","rect":[90.00004577636719,542.219970703125,522.0444306640625,531.1919555664063]},{"page":23,"text":"finders [LRFs]).","rect":[90.0000228881836,555.9960327148438,168.00601196289063,544.9920043945313]},{"page":23,"text":"(5) Rules of engagement (ROE).","rect":[133.20001220703126,581.8200073242188,292.4543762207031,570.7919921875]},{"page":23,"text":"(6) Special instructions (SPINS).","rect":[133.20001220703126,607.5960693359375,294.1920166015625,596.592041015625]},{"page":23,"text":"(7) Enemy air defenses and the joint force’s ability to counter them.","rect":[133.20001220703126,633.4200439453125,461.4072570800781,622.3800048828125]},{"page":23,"text":"(8) Location of friendly troops; requirements necessary to integrate CAS with the","rect":[133.20004272460938,659.2200927734375,522.0564545898437,648.1920776367188]},{"page":23,"text":"fire and maneuver schemes.","rect":[90.00006866455078,670.5960693359375,223.9776611328125,661.9920654296875]},{"page":23,"text":"(9) Apportionment decision and allocation of CAS sorties.","rect":[133.2000732421875,698.796142578125,416.82244873046877,687.7921142578125]},{"page":23,"text":"I-3","rect":[508.0199890136719,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":24,"text":"Chapter I","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,134.97840661621096,38.651973724365237]},{"page":24,"text":"(10) Location of civilians; collateral damage estimate.","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,395.83441162109377,74.6519775390625]},{"page":24,"text":"c. Targeting. Targeting is a continuous, analytic process to identify, develop, and","rect":[111.5999984741211,111.48002624511719,522.02880859375,100.4520263671875]},{"page":24,"text":"affect targets to meet commander objectives. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,125.28001403808594,311.2921142578125,114.2400131225586]},{"page":24,"text":"(1) Joint targeting is conducted through the joint targeting cycle. However, land","rect":[133.20001220703126,151.0800018310547,521.959228515625,140.0399932861328]},{"page":24,"text":"component commanders normally use an interrelated process to enhance joint fire support","rect":[90.00001525878906,164.8800506591797,522.0528579101563,153.8400421142578]},{"page":24,"text":"planning and interface with the joint targeting cycle for targets within their areas of ","rect":[90.00001525878906,178.68003845214845,525.0167846679688,167.64002990722657]},{"page":24,"text":"operations. That process is the decide, detect, deliver, and assess (D3A) methodology,","rect":[90.0,192.4800262451172,522.0108032226563,181.4520263671875]},{"page":24,"text":"which tactical units use to directly engage enemy ground forces with organic and","rect":[90.0,206.28001403808595,522.0,195.25201416015626]},{"page":24,"text":"supporting fires such as CAS. D3A incorporates the same fundamental functions of the","rect":[90.0,220.0800018310547,522.0383881835937,209.052001953125]},{"page":24,"text":"joint targeting cycle and functions within phase 5 of the joint targeting cycle. The D3A","rect":[90.0,233.8800506591797,521.9771713867187,222.8400421142578]},{"page":24,"text":"methodology facilitates synchronizing maneuver, intelligence, and fire support.","rect":[90.0,247.68003845214845,471.17999267578127,236.65203857421876]},{"page":24,"text":"(2) While conducting CAS, targeting may equate to the ground force commander","rect":[133.20001220703126,273.4800109863281,522.0360390625,262.4520263671875]},{"page":24,"text":"or JTAC/FAC(A) selecting a particular target in a target array. When selecting targets,","rect":[90.00001525878906,287.2799987792969,521.9964599609375,276.25201416015627]},{"page":24,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s begin with the supported ground commander’s guidance for conducting","rect":[90.00003051757813,301.0799865722656,522.0059814453125,290.052001953125]},{"page":24,"text":"a CAS attack and then should consider details such as target type, mission, enemy air","rect":[90.00001525878906,314.8800048828125,522.019193359375,303.8520202636719]},{"page":24,"text":"defenses, terrain and weather, available ordnance, and response time. Other considerations","rect":[90.00001525878906,328.656005859375,522.01321484375,317.6520080566406]},{"page":24,"text":"include attack geometry, proximity of friendly forces, potential for collateral damage,","rect":[90.00003051757813,342.47998046875,522.0059814453125,331.4519958496094]},{"page":24,"text":"capability of available sensors, and other available fire support. Aircrews may provide","rect":[90.00003051757813,356.2799987792969,522.008419921875,345.25201416015627]},{"page":24,"text":"weaponeering recommendations and aircraft employment tactics, while the JTAC/FAC(A)","rect":[90.00003051757813,370.0799865722656,522.0407998046875,359.052001953125]},{"page":24,"text":"focuses on target effects. (See Chapter III, “Planning and Requesting,” for aircraft","rect":[90.00003051757813,383.8799743652344,522.0311904296875,372.85198974609377]},{"page":24,"text":"employment ","rect":[90.00003051757813,397.6799621582031,152.9496307373047,386.6519775390625]},{"page":24,"text":"tactics.) ","rect":[159.42962646484376,397.6559753417969,200.1600341796875,386.6519775390625]},{"page":24,"text":" ","rect":[206.5800323486328,395.0,209.5800323486328,389.0]},{"page":24,"text":"Additionally, ","rect":[216.06002807617188,397.6799621582031,282.777587890625,386.6519775390625]},{"page":24,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s ","rect":[289.257568359375,397.6559753417969,373.6715393066406,386.6519775390625]},{"page":24,"text":"and ","rect":[380.1515197753906,395.2559814453125,400.5658874511719,386.6519775390625]},{"page":24,"text":"CAS ","rect":[407.0458984375,395.2679748535156,433.40386962890627,386.8559875488281]},{"page":24,"text":"aircrews ","rect":[439.8838806152344,395.2559814453125,483.5184326171875,386.6519775390625]},{"page":24,"text":"should","rect":[489.9984436035156,395.2559814453125,521.9664306640625,386.6519775390625]},{"page":24,"text":"expeditiously obtain and report BDA information. Commanders, JTACs/FAC(A)s, and","rect":[90.00004577636719,411.4799499511719,522.016845703125,400.45196533203127]},{"page":24,"text":"CAS aircrews can use BDA to determine if attack objectives have been met or whether a","rect":[90.00004577636719,425.27996826171877,521.9832734375,414.239990234375]},{"page":24,"text":"reattack is necessary.","rect":[90.00004577636719,439.0799560546875,191.66404724121095,428.0519714355469]},{"page":24,"text":"3. Close Air Support Integration ","rect":[90.00004577636719,464.9999694824219,262.33203125,454.1639709472656]},{"page":24,"text":"For joint air operations, the integration of CAS starts at the operational level","rect":[111.60003662109375,490.7399597167969,522.0204482421875,479.9039611816406]},{"page":24,"text":"during the joint air tasking cycle. The joint force air component commander (JFACC)","rect":[90.00004577636719,504.4199523925781,522.0251748046875,493.3799743652344]},{"page":24,"text":"(if established) provides the JFC an air apportionment recommendation, after consultation","rect":[90.00004577636719,518.196044921875,521.9820556640625,507.1920166015625]},{"page":24,"text":"with other affected component commanders. Each component has the opportunity to","rect":[90.00004577636719,532.02001953125,521.9652709960938,520.9920043945313]},{"page":24,"text":"influence the JFC’s air apportionment decision that impacts aircraft allocation for various","rect":[90.00004577636719,545.7960205078125,522.0684516601563,534.7919921875]},{"page":24,"text":"joint air missions (e.g., CAS, air interdiction [AI]), and sorties for a given period of time. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,559.6200561523438,525.058837890625,548.5800170898438]},{"page":24,"text":"The JFC’s air apportionment decision aligns the use of joint air assets with targeting","rect":[90.00004577636719,573.4201049804688,522.0684814453125,562.3800659179688]},{"page":24,"text":"priorities, guidance, and objectives. The JFACC allocates and tasks air capabilities/forces","rect":[90.00004577636719,587.2200927734375,522.1260688476563,576.1800537109375]},{"page":24,"text":"made available based on the JFC’s air apportionment decision. Commensurate with","rect":[90.00006103515625,600.99609375,522.0540161132813,589.9920043945313]},{"page":24,"text":"mission requirements, the JFACC positions joint air capabilities/forces to optimize CAS to","rect":[90.0,614.8200073242188,521.9927978515625,603.7799682617188]},{"page":24,"text":"requesting units. The JFC’s CONOPS and the supported component’s joint air","rect":[90.0,628.6200561523438,522.0095498046875,617.5800170898438]},{"page":24,"text":"requirements provide the framework to integrate joint air operations (e.g., CAS and AI) in","rect":[90.0,642.4199829101563,522.016845703125,631.3799438476563]},{"page":24,"text":"the JFC’s operation order (OPORD) and the JFACC’s air operations directive, air tasking","rect":[89.99996948242188,656.2200317382813,522.0263671875,645.1920166015625]},{"page":24,"text":"order (ATO), airspace control order (ACO), SPINS, and operations task links","rect":[89.99996948242188,669.9960327148438,522.0431831054688,658.9920043945313]},{"page":24,"text":"(OPTASKLINKs). The CAS integration model is presented in Chapter III, “Planning and","rect":[90.0,683.8200073242188,521.9927978515625,672.7919921875]},{"page":24,"text":"Requesting,” paragraph 2, “Close Air Support Integration Model.”","rect":[90.0,697.6200561523438,409.24801342773437,686.592041015625]},{"page":24,"text":"I-4 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,106.99200439453125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":24,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6520080566406,753.4679565429688,521.9976196289063,745.0679321289063]},{"page":25,"text":"Overview and Fundamentals","rect":[384.05999755859377,47.267974853515628,521.9808051757813,38.651973724365237]},{"page":25,"text":"4. Manned Aircraft Employment ","rect":[90.0,85.79997253417969,264.75604248046877,74.96397399902344]},{"page":25,"text":"The organizational structure, primary missions, and capabilities of CAS-capable","rect":[111.5999984741211,111.59996032714844,522.0156220703125,100.76396179199219]},{"page":25,"text":"aircraft determine CAS employment methods. In a joint force, the integration of CAS-","rect":[89.9999771118164,125.27995300292969,521.9448525390625,114.23995208740235]},{"page":25,"text":"capable aircraft allows commanders to take advantage of the distinctly different, but","rect":[89.9999771118164,139.0800018310547,521.9759536132813,128.052001953125]},{"page":25,"text":"complementary, capabilities of each platform. Although fixed-wing (FW) and rotary-","rect":[89.9999771118164,152.87998962402345,521.9735390625,141.85198974609376]},{"page":25,"text":"wing (RW) aircraft can both conduct CAS, the employment considerations of each","rect":[89.9999771118164,166.7999725341797,521.991580078125,155.96397399902345]},{"page":25,"text":"differ and may vary among the Services. ","rect":[89.9999771118164,180.59996032714845,302.969970703125,169.7639617919922]},{"page":25,"text":"a. Sorties and Formations. Commanders and planners typically measure FW and","rect":[111.5999755859375,206.2799530029297,522.0036040039063,195.251953125]},{"page":25,"text":"RW aircraft employment in sorties. A sortie is one flight by one aircraft. Normally,","rect":[89.99995422363281,220.0800018310547,521.9339599609375,209.052001953125]},{"page":25,"text":"CAS fighter/attack aircraft fly in groups of two to four aircraft, thus equaling two to four","rect":[89.99995422363281,233.8799285888672,522.0251137695312,222.8519287109375]},{"page":25,"text":"sorties. Bombers normally fly as single aircraft or two-aircraft formations, thus one or two","rect":[89.99995422363281,247.6799774169922,521.985595703125,236.6519775390625]},{"page":25,"text":"sorties. The United States Air Force (USAF) calls these aircraft flights, while the United","rect":[89.9999771118164,261.4799499511719,522.080322265625,250.45196533203126]},{"page":25,"text":"States Navy (USN) and United States Marine Corps (USMC) call them either sections (two","rect":[89.99995422363281,275.2799377441406,521.9999389648438,264.251953125]},{"page":25,"text":"aircraft) or divisions (three to four aircraft).","rect":[89.99990844726563,289.0559387207031,298.1819152832031,278.05194091796877]},{"page":25,"text":"b. FW Considerations. Due to inherent speed and range, FW aircraft offer the JFC","rect":[111.59991455078125,314.87994384765627,522.09726171875,303.8519592285156]},{"page":25,"text":"enhanced versatility and flexibility in delivering combat power when and where directed. ","rect":[89.99990844726563,328.679931640625,525.021484375,317.6519470214844]},{"page":25,"text":"FW assets equipped to employ a wide variety of both general-purpose weapons and","rect":[89.99990844726563,342.47991943359377,522.007080078125,331.4519348144531]},{"page":25,"text":"precision-guided munitions (PGMs). All of the free fall and forward-firing ordnance can","rect":[89.99990844726563,356.2799377441406,521.9735107421875,345.251953125]},{"page":25,"text":"be optimized to effectively attack any CAS target. Advanced targeting pods enhance the","rect":[89.99990844726563,370.0799255371094,521.9915131835937,359.05194091796877]},{"page":25,"text":"FW aircrew’s ability to acquire targets and guide weapons to impact day or night and in a","rect":[89.99990844726563,383.8799133300781,522.0095185546875,372.8519287109375]},{"page":25,"text":"variety of terrain and weather conditions.","rect":[89.99990844726563,397.6799011230469,287.9027099609375,386.65191650390627]},{"page":25,"text":"c. RW Considerations. RW attack assets provide the ability to maneuver and","rect":[111.59990692138672,423.4798889160156,522.016845703125,412.451904296875]},{"page":25,"text":"reposition to provide immediate and persistent fires in response to changing situations. ","rect":[89.99990844726563,437.2799072265625,525.0286865234375,426.2519226074219]},{"page":25,"text":"They carry a wide variety of forward-firing and off-axis firing munitions, are equipped","rect":[89.99993133544922,451.07989501953127,521.9855346679688,440.0519104003906]},{"page":25,"text":"with advanced sensors, and have quick response and extended loiter times. RW assets can","rect":[89.99993133544922,464.85589599609377,522.0215454101563,453.8518981933594]},{"page":25,"text":"conduct low-altitude or nap-of-the-Earth (NOE) ingress, attacks, and egress and have the","rect":[89.99993133544922,478.619873046875,522.0623139648437,467.5918884277344]},{"page":25,"text":"capability to conduct CAS in diverse terrain and while accompanying other transport,","rect":[89.99993133544922,492.4198913574219,521.9759521484375,481.39190673828127]},{"page":25,"text":"medical evacuation, or personnel recovery assets. ","rect":[89.99993133544922,506.21990966796877,333.60833740234377,495.1919250488281]},{"page":25,"text":"(1) Army RW assets are organic; assigned or attached to corps, divisions, and","rect":[133.19992065429688,532.0199584960938,522.0119018554688,520.991943359375]},{"page":25,"text":"brigades; and perform air-ground operations as part of the Army combined arms team.","rect":[89.99993133544922,545.8200073242188,522.0119018554688,534.7919921875]},{"page":25,"text":"Army aviation assets (RW and unmanned aircraft system [UAS]) normally receive","rect":[89.99993133544922,559.6199951171875,522.0082978515625,548.5919799804688]},{"page":25,"text":"mission-type orders and execute them as an integral unit or maneuver element. Special","rect":[89.99993133544922,573.4199829101563,522.0358901367188,562.3919677734375]},{"page":25,"text":"situations may arise where attack aviation assets are employed in smaller units. The Army","rect":[89.99993133544922,587.2200317382813,522.0287475585938,576.1920166015625]},{"page":25,"text":"does not consider its attack helicopters (AHs) as CAS systems, although they can","rect":[89.99993133544922,601.1400146484375,522.046755859375,590.3040161132813]},{"page":25,"text":"conduct attacks employing CAS TTP when operating in support of other forces. ","rect":[89.99993133544922,614.9400634765625,524.9998779296875,604.1040649414063]},{"page":25,"text":"Although some Army aircrews may be proficient in CAS TTP, JTACs/FAC(A)s should","rect":[89.99990844726563,628.6200561523438,522.0574951171875,617.592041015625]},{"page":25,"text":"not routinely expect Army attack aviation assets to perform CAS TTP without further","rect":[89.99990844726563,642.4200439453125,521.9950844726562,631.3920288085938]},{"page":25,"text":"coordination and training. ","rect":[89.99990844726563,656.2200927734375,217.35113525390626,645.1920776367188]},{"page":25,"text":"(2) Marine Corps CAS helicopters are organized in squadrons and typically","rect":[133.1999053955078,682.0200805664063,522.0275268554688,670.9920654296875]},{"page":25,"text":"operate in sections and divisions. These units are assigned to and integral to the Marine air-","rect":[89.99990844726563,695.8201293945313,522.003568359375,684.7921142578125]},{"page":25,"text":"ground task force (MAGTF). Marine Corps AHs and utility helicopters (UHs) are trained","rect":[89.99990844726563,709.6201171875,522.0623168945313,698.5921020507813]},{"page":25,"text":"I-5","rect":[508.0199890136719,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.2359008789063]},{"page":26,"text":"Chapter I","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,134.97840661621096,38.651973724365237]},{"page":26,"text":"and equipped for CAS missions to support the ground commander’s objectives and may be","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0119599609375,74.63997650146485]},{"page":26,"text":"tasked accordingly. Sections of AHs and UHs fly in either a pure section (AH/AH or","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,521.979642578125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":26,"text":"UH/UH) or in a mixed section (AH/UH). Mixed sections provide the RW CAS element","rect":[90.0,113.25595092773438,521.881166015625,102.251953125]},{"page":26,"text":"with the most flexible mix of sensors, communications capabilities, maneuverability,","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,522.0911865234375,116.052001953125]},{"page":26,"text":"munitions, and mutual support.","rect":[90.0,140.85598754882813,239.647216796875,129.85198974609376]},{"page":26,"text":"d. Special Operations Forces (SOF) FW and RW Considerations. US Special","rect":[111.5999984741211,166.65597534179688,522.0144057617188,155.6519775390625]},{"page":26,"text":"Operations Command operates both FW and RW aircraft, which employ CAS, gunship,","rect":[89.9999771118164,180.47996520996095,521.9519653320313,169.45196533203126]},{"page":26,"text":"and FAC(A) procedures in support of SOF. Conventional force aircraft will also routinely","rect":[89.9999771118164,194.2799530029297,522.095947265625,183.251953125]},{"page":26,"text":"support SOF with CAS and Army attack aviation capabilities. ","rect":[89.9999771118164,208.0800018310547,389.90875244140627,197.052001953125]},{"page":26,"text":"5. Unmanned Aircraft Employment ","rect":[89.9999771118164,233.99998474121095,278.6400146484375,223.1639862060547]},{"page":26,"text":"a. The Services operate a variety of FW and RW UASs with weapons and sensor","rect":[111.5999755859375,259.6799621582031,522.0059487304687,248.6519775390625]},{"page":26,"text":"capabilities similar to manned aircraft. Unmanned aircraft (UA) in this JP applies to armed,","rect":[89.9999771118164,273.4559631347656,522.051513671875,262.45196533203127]},{"page":26,"text":"CAS-capable assets. Not all UA platforms train to CAS procedures. UA offer the ground","rect":[89.9999771118164,287.2799377441406,522.0287475585938,276.251953125]},{"page":26,"text":"commander additional joint fire support assets that complement FW/RW assets. Some UA","rect":[89.9999771118164,301.0799560546875,522.0155625,290.03997802734377]},{"page":26,"text":"have very long on-station times and can offer increased reachback capability to ground C2","rect":[89.9999771118164,314.87994384765627,522.0143432617188,303.8519592285156]},{"page":26,"text":"personnel. UA normally fly individually and at relatively slow speeds, so some UA may","rect":[89.9999771118164,328.679931640625,521.9387817382813,317.6519470214844]},{"page":26,"text":"take longer than FW CAS aircraft to reposition in response to changing situations. In the","rect":[89.9999771118164,342.4799499511719,521.935177734375,331.45196533203127]},{"page":26,"text":"simplest scenario of UA integration into CAS, the UA aircrew and the JTAC/FAC(A) use","rect":[89.9999771118164,356.2799377441406,521.9975556640625,345.251953125]},{"page":26,"text":"UA sensor data to build SA of the target area and to locate targets. Once a target has been","rect":[90.0,370.0799255371094,522.1176147460938,359.05194091796877]},{"page":26,"text":"found, the JTAC/FAC(A) can direct an armed UA to engage the target using CAS","rect":[90.0,383.8799133300781,522.0300322265625,372.8519287109375]},{"page":26,"text":"procedures; use the UA sensor data to talk a CAS aircraft onto the target and give","rect":[90.0,397.6799011230469,522.0023774414062,386.65191650390627]},{"page":26,"text":"corrections to follow-on CAS aircraft; or direct the UA aircrew to conduct the target talk-","rect":[90.0,411.47991943359377,522.14883203125,400.4519348144531]},{"page":26,"text":"on or laser spot hand off or use their laser target designator (LTD) to designate the target","rect":[90.0,425.2799072265625,522.0504775390625,414.2519226074219]},{"page":26,"text":"for laser-guided munitions from other CAS aircraft, as appropriate. When available,","rect":[90.0,439.07989501953127,522.0371704101563,428.0519104003906]},{"page":26,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s can use UA communications relay and multiple intelligence sensors. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,452.8799133300781,506.2380065917969,441.8519287109375]},{"page":26,"text":"b. Planning is critical to the integration of UA into CAS and requires a thorough","rect":[111.60003662109375,478.6199035644531,521.961669921875,467.5919189453125]},{"page":26,"text":"understanding of specific UA capabilities to make sound, tactical decisions. UA operators","rect":[90.00004577636719,492.419921875,521.9760444335938,481.3919372558594]},{"page":26,"text":"must understand the tactical situation and be integrated into mission planning. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,506.3399353027344,525.0000610351563,495.5039367675781]},{"page":26,"text":"Liaison officers (LNOs) operating between the UAS element and the supported unit are","rect":[90.00004577636719,520.0199584960938,522.047970703125,508.991943359375]},{"page":26,"text":"critical to effective mission planning and execution. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,533.8199462890625,344.91607666015627,522.7919311523438]},{"page":26,"text":"6. Conditions for Effective Close Air Support","rect":[90.00004577636719,559.7159423828125,324.08285302734375,548.9039306640625]},{"page":26,"text":"The conditions for effective CAS are depicted in Figure I-1. Although not a","rect":[111.60004425048828,585.4199829101563,522.0480317382812,574.3919677734375]},{"page":26,"text":"requirement for CAS employment, favorable environmental conditions improve CAS","rect":[90.00006866455078,599.219970703125,522.0144682617188,588.1919555664063]},{"page":26,"text":"effectiveness. Additionally, successful DACAS requires thorough system training,","rect":[90.00006866455078,613.0199584960938,522.0072631835938,601.991943359375]},{"page":26,"text":"effective network planning, and properly configured systems.","rect":[90.00006866455078,626.8200073242188,385.3344421386719,615.7919921875]},{"page":26,"text":"a. Effective Training and Proficiency. CAS training should integrate all maneuver","rect":[111.60006713867188,652.6200561523438,522.024076171875,641.592041015625]},{"page":26,"text":"and fire support elements involved in executing CAS. Maintaining proficiency allows","rect":[90.00006866455078,666.4200439453125,521.9832465820313,655.3920288085938]},{"page":26,"text":"aircrews and JTACs/FAC(A)s to adapt to rapidly changing conditions in the operational","rect":[90.00006866455078,680.2200317382813,522.0625014648438,669.1920166015625]},{"page":26,"text":"environment.","rect":[90.00009155273438,691.5960693359375,153.65049743652345,682.9920654296875]},{"page":26,"text":"I-6 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,106.99200439453125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":26,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6520080566406,753.4679565429688,521.9976196289063,745.0679321289063]},{"page":27,"text":"Overview and Fundamentals","rect":[384.05999755859377,47.267974853515628,521.9808051757813,38.651973724365237]},{"page":27,"text":"Conditions for Effective Close Air Support","rect":[99.77999877929688,95.246337890625,356.29322706209686,82.06059265136719]},{"page":27,"text":"","rect":[159.3000030517578,121.94097900390625,165.26225823173599,117.21263122558594]},{"page":27,"text":"","rect":[159.3000030517578,140.481201171875,165.26225823173599,135.7528533935547]},{"page":27,"text":"","rect":[159.3000030517578,159.021484375,165.26225823173599,154.2931365966797]},{"page":27,"text":"","rect":[159.3000030517578,177.561767578125,165.26225823173599,172.8334197998047]},{"page":27,"text":"","rect":[159.3000030517578,196.10198974609376,165.26225823173599,191.37364196777345]},{"page":27,"text":"","rect":[159.3000030517578,214.6422119140625,165.26225823173599,209.9138641357422]},{"page":27,"text":"","rect":[159.3000030517578,233.1824951171875,165.26225823173599,228.4541473388672]},{"page":27,"text":"","rect":[159.3000030517578,251.7227783203125,165.26225823173599,246.9944305419922]},{"page":27,"text":"Effective training and proficiency","rect":[170.27999877929688,125.85086822509766,328.4558447618565,115.36892700195313]},{"page":27,"text":"Planning and integration","rect":[170.27999877929688,144.45079040527345,288.8664223244032,134.10153198242188]},{"page":27,"text":"Command and control","rect":[170.27999877929688,160.74205017089845,278.48604302348306,152.44937133789063]},{"page":27,"text":"Control of the air (e.g., air superiority)","rect":[170.27999877929688,181.53123474121095,352.50209004791989,171.04928588867188]},{"page":27,"text":"Target marking","rect":[170.27999877929688,200.07139587402345,243.00677266620006,189.72213745117188]},{"page":27,"text":"Streamlined and flexible procedures","rect":[170.27999877929688,218.4302978515625,345.76718509388777,208.06997680664063]},{"page":27,"text":"Appropriate ordnance","rect":[170.27999877929688,237.03021240234376,276.0660072853407,226.80258178710938]},{"page":27,"text":"Environmental conditions","rect":[170.27999877929688,253.44309997558595,293.1659582872471,245.28311157226563]},{"page":27,"text":"Figure I-1. Conditions for Effective Close Air Support","rect":[179.04037475585938,285.3547668457031,432.8589990196228,275.8558044433594]},{"page":27,"text":"b. Planning and Integration. Effective CAS relies on thorough, coherent planning","rect":[111.5999984741211,308.70001220703127,522.009521484375,297.6720275878906]},{"page":27,"text":"and detailed integration of air support into ground operations. The ability to mass joint fire","rect":[90.0,322.5,522.0983857421875,311.46002197265627]},{"page":27,"text":"support at a decisive point and to provide the supporting fires needed to achieve the","rect":[89.99998474121094,336.3000183105469,522.021603515625,325.27203369140627]},{"page":27,"text":"commander’s objectives is made possible through detailed integration with ground forces. ","rect":[90.00000762939453,350.1000061035156,525.0180053710938,339.0600280761719]},{"page":27,"text":"From a planner’s perspective, the preferred use of a CAS asset is to have it preplanned and","rect":[90.00003051757813,363.8760070800781,522.02880859375,352.87200927734377]},{"page":27,"text":"prebriefed. Rehearsals provide participants an opportunity to walk through the scheme of ","rect":[90.00003051757813,377.70001220703127,524.964111328125,366.6720275878906]},{"page":27,"text":"maneuver; gain familiarity with terrain, airspace restrictions, and procedures; and identify","rect":[90.00007629394531,391.5000305175781,522.0576171875,380.4720458984375]},{"page":27,"text":"shortfalls.","rect":[90.00007629394531,402.87603759765627,137.72528076171876,394.27203369140627]},{"page":27,"text":"c. C2. CAS requires an integrated, flexible C2 structure to identify requirements,","rect":[111.6000747680664,431.1000061035156,522.0048828125,420.072021484375]},{"page":27,"text":"request support, prioritize competing requirements, task units, move CAS forces to the","rect":[90.0000991821289,444.8999938964844,521.9617280273437,433.87200927734377]},{"page":27,"text":"target area, provide threat warning updates, and enhance combat identification (CID)","rect":[90.0000991821289,458.6999816894531,522.0144936523437,447.6719970703125]},{"page":27,"text":"procedures. Accordingly, C2 requires dependable and interoperable communications","rect":[90.0000991821289,472.5,522.03372265625,461.4720153808594]},{"page":27,"text":"between aircrews, air control agencies, JTACs/FAC(A)s, ground forces, the supported","rect":[90.0000991821289,486.29998779296877,522.006103515625,475.2720031738281]},{"page":27,"text":"commander, and fire support agencies. Proper planning and C2 of CAS mission aircraft is","rect":[90.0000991821289,500.1000061035156,522.019318359375,489.072021484375]},{"page":27,"text":"essential to achieve air-ground integration. Through the balanced use of maneuver and","rect":[90.0000991821289,513.9000244140625,521.9737548828125,502.87200927734377]},{"page":27,"text":"movement control, airspace coordinating measures (ACMs), and fire support coordination","rect":[90.0000991821289,527.7000122070313,522.0277099609375,516.6719970703125]},{"page":27,"text":"measures (FSCMs), commanders can facilitate effective and timely use of joint military","rect":[90.0000991821289,541.5,521.9736328125,530.4599609375]},{"page":27,"text":"assets employed in a CAS role in support of ground forces.","rect":[90.0000991821289,555.2999877929688,373.6321105957031,544.27197265625]},{"page":27,"text":"For further guidance on ACMs, see JP 3-52, Joint Airspace Control. For further guidance","rect":[90.0000991821289,581.1000366210938,521.9880952148437,570.072021484375]},{"page":27,"text":"on FSCMs, see JP 3-09, Joint Fire Support. For further guidance on the C2 of joint air","rect":[90.0000991821289,594.8999633789063,522.1213081054688,583.8719482421875]},{"page":27,"text":"operations, see JP 3-30, Joint Air Operations.","rect":[90.0000991821289,608.676025390625,310.3968811035156,597.6719970703125]},{"page":27,"text":"d. Control of the Air. Typically, the desired degree of control of the air that permits","rect":[111.60009002685547,634.5,521.9809272460938,623.4719848632813]},{"page":27,"text":"CAS to function without prohibitive interference is air superiority. Suppression of enemy","rect":[90.0000991821289,648.2999877929688,522.0001220703125,637.27197265625]},{"page":27,"text":"air defenses (SEAD) may be an integral part of control of the air and may also be required","rect":[90.0000991821289,662.0999755859375,522.0120849609375,651.0719604492188]},{"page":27,"text":"during CAS attacks.","rect":[90.0000991821289,675.8999633789063,186.9744873046875,664.8719482421875]},{"page":27,"text":"e. Target Marking. Providing timely and accurate target marks can improve CAS","rect":[111.60009765625,701.7000122070313,521.956912109375,690.6719970703125]},{"page":27,"text":"effectiveness. Target marking builds SA, identifies specific targets in an array, reduces the","rect":[90.0000991821289,715.5000610351563,521.9328583984375,704.4720458984375]},{"page":27,"text":"I-7","rect":[508.0199890136719,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.2359008789063]},{"page":28,"text":"Chapter I","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,134.97840661621096,38.651973724365237]},{"page":28,"text":"possibility of friendly fire and collateral damage, and facilitates TAC. When the","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.9999970703125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":28,"text":"commander employing CAS foresees a shortfall in ability to mark for CAS, the commander","rect":[90.0000228881836,99.47996520996094,522.0240151367187,88.45196533203125]},{"page":28,"text":"should request that capability during the planning phase. See Chapter III, “Planning and","rect":[90.0000228881836,113.27995300292969,522.0372314453125,102.251953125]},{"page":28,"text":"Requesting,” for further details.","rect":[90.0000228881836,127.08000183105469,242.30404663085938,116.052001953125]},{"page":28,"text":"f. Streamlined and Flexible Procedures. Responsive fire support allows a","rect":[111.60002136230469,152.85598754882813,521.9520844726562,141.85198974609376]},{"page":28,"text":"commander to respond to rapid changes on the battlefield and exploit fleeting","rect":[90.00004577636719,166.6799774169922,522.0816650390625,155.6519775390625]},{"page":28,"text":"opportunities. Because the modern battlefield can be extremely dynamic, CAS procedures","rect":[90.00004577636719,180.47996520996095,522.0024116210938,169.45196533203126]},{"page":28,"text":"should also be flexible enough to change targets, tactics, or weapons rapidly. The requester","rect":[90.00004577636719,194.2799530029297,522.0120522460937,183.251953125]},{"page":28,"text":"is usually in the best position to determine fire support requirements, and like all fire","rect":[90.00004577636719,208.07994079589845,521.95446484375,197.05194091796876]},{"page":28,"text":"support, CAS must be responsive to be effective. Techniques to improve responsiveness","rect":[90.00006866455078,221.85592651367188,521.9640815429688,210.8519287109375]},{"page":28,"text":"include:","rect":[90.00006866455078,233.2559814453125,128.63046411132815,224.6519775390625]},{"page":28,"text":"(1) Place CAS assets (aircraft and aircrews) at forward operating bases (FOBs)","rect":[133.2000732421875,261.4799499511719,521.8872963867187,250.45196533203126]},{"page":28,"text":"or forward operating locations near the operational area. Place CAS holding points/orbits","rect":[90.00006866455078,275.2799377441406,522.021759765625,264.251953125]},{"page":28,"text":"at optimum locations near the operational area that facilitate rapid responses to immediate","rect":[90.00009155273438,289.0559387207031,521.98571484375,278.05194091796877]},{"page":28,"text":"needs. ","rect":[90.00009155273438,300.4559326171875,123.36009216308594,291.8519287109375]},{"page":28,"text":"(2) Place aircrew in a designated ground or airborne alert status. Airborne alert","rect":[133.20008850097657,328.6799011230469,521.972474609375,317.65191650390627]},{"page":28,"text":"aircraft will normally be more responsive. ","rect":[90.00011444091797,342.47991943359377,294.9036865234375,331.4519348144531]},{"page":28,"text":"(3) Delegate launch authority to subordinate units. ","rect":[133.20010375976563,368.2799072265625,383.78887939453127,357.2519226074219]},{"page":28,"text":"(4) Retask aircraft in response to target updates and higher-priority emerging","rect":[133.20010375976563,394.07989501953127,521.974853515625,383.0519104003906]},{"page":28,"text":"targets.","rect":[90.00011444091797,407.8799133300781,125.04490661621094,398.0639343261719]},{"page":28,"text":"(5) Authorize the role revision of scheduled aircraft on the ATO in response to a","rect":[133.20010375976563,433.6559143066406,522.0024995117187,422.65191650390627]},{"page":28,"text":"higher-priority aircraft mission type. ","rect":[90.00011444091797,447.4798889160156,268.2841491699219,436.451904296875]},{"page":28,"text":"(6) Redirect aircraft on scheduled CAS missions in response to higher-priority","rect":[133.20010375976563,473.2799072265625,522.00732421875,462.2519226074219]},{"page":28,"text":"mission requirements.","rect":[90.00011444091797,487.0559387207031,196.02249145507813,476.05194091796877]},{"page":28,"text":"(7) Delegate authorities to the lowest tactical level feasible.","rect":[133.20010375976563,512.8799438476563,421.0801086425781,501.8519592285156]},{"page":28,"text":"(8) Place JTACs and AOs, or ALOs, with ground units to facilitate continuous","rect":[133.20010375976563,538.6199951171875,522.0289008789063,527.5919799804688]},{"page":28,"text":"coordination, communication with aircraft, and observation of enemy locations.","rect":[90.00009155273438,552.4199829101563,472.87689208984377,541.3919677734375]},{"page":28,"text":"g. Appropriate Ordnance. To create the desired effects, planners, JTACs/FAC(A)s,","rect":[111.60010528564453,578.2200317382813,522.105712890625,567.1920166015625]},{"page":28,"text":"and aircrews must match the weapons and fuze settings to the target. For example, cluster","rect":[90.00009155273438,592.02001953125,521.9185463867187,580.9920043945313]},{"page":28,"text":"and general-purpose munitions are effective against area targets, such as troops and","rect":[90.00009155273438,605.820068359375,522.0205078125,594.7920532226563]},{"page":28,"text":"vehicles in the open, but not against hardened targets or when friendly troops may be","rect":[90.00009155273438,619.6200561523438,521.9472626953125,608.592041015625]},{"page":28,"text":"affected by the immediate strike or by unexploded ordnance. In all cases, the supported","rect":[90.00009155273438,633.4201049804688,522.0432739257813,622.39208984375]},{"page":28,"text":"commander needs to know the type of ordnance expended, if it will create the weapon","rect":[90.00009155273438,647.2200927734375,522.0504760742188,636.1920776367188]},{"page":28,"text":"effects desired, the probability for collateral damage, and the possible impact on the unit’s","rect":[90.00009155273438,661.0201416015625,521.990509765625,649.9921264648438]},{"page":28,"text":"current or subsequent mission.","rect":[90.00009155273438,674.796142578125,236.65931701660157,663.7921142578125]},{"page":28,"text":"I-8 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,106.99200439453125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":28,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6520080566406,753.4679565429688,521.9976196289063,745.0679321289063]},{"page":29,"text":"Overview and Fundamentals","rect":[384.05999755859377,47.267974853515628,521.9808051757813,38.651973724365237]},{"page":29,"text":"h. Environmental Conditions. Favorable environmental conditions improve aircrew","rect":[111.5999984741211,85.65597534179688,522.0576767578125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":29,"text":"effectiveness regardless of aircraft or weapon capability. Tactical decision aids (e.g., target","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,521.9927993164063,88.45196533203125]},{"page":29,"text":"acquisition ","rect":[89.99998474121094,113.25595092773438,145.65478515625,102.251953125]},{"page":29,"text":"weather ","rect":[152.0747833251953,111.0,193.13037109375,102.251953125]},{"page":29,"text":"software, ","rect":[199.49038696289063,111.0,246.87242126464845,102.26395416259766]},{"page":29,"text":"night-vision ","rect":[253.29241943359376,113.27995300292969,314.2884521484375,102.251953125]},{"page":29,"text":"device ","rect":[320.70843505859377,111.0,355.09326171875,102.251953125]},{"page":29,"text":"[NVD] ","rect":[361.5133056640625,113.0759506225586,398.45770263671877,102.45594787597656]},{"page":29,"text":"planning ","rect":[404.877685546875,113.27995300292969,449.8847961425781,102.251953125]},{"page":29,"text":"software, ","rect":[456.3048095703125,111.0,503.66400146484377,102.26395416259766]},{"page":29,"text":"IR","rect":[510.0840148925781,110.699951171875,522.0888388671875,102.63594818115235]},{"page":29,"text":"target/scene simulation software, and integrated weather analysis aid) assist planners and","rect":[89.99998474121094,127.08000183105469,522.0911865234375,116.052001953125]},{"page":29,"text":"operators by providing target and background detection data. Before CAS missions are","rect":[89.99998474121094,140.87998962402345,522.0156220703125,129.85198974609376]},{"page":29,"text":"executed, minimum weather conditions must be considered. Targets located solely by","rect":[89.99998474121094,154.6799774169922,522.0960083007813,143.6519775390625]},{"page":29,"text":"radar or geographic coordinates may not offer the aircrew or JTAC adequate information","rect":[90.00000762939453,168.47996520996095,521.9652099609375,157.45196533203126]},{"page":29,"text":"to ensure positive target identification (ID) or to mitigate the risk of friendly fire. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,182.2799530029297,524.974853515625,171.251953125]},{"page":29,"text":"Environmental conditions may also limit the operations of one type of platform without","rect":[90.00003051757813,196.0800018310547,522.0024428710938,185.052001953125]},{"page":29,"text":"affecting another. For example, RW aircraft can often operate effectively under low","rect":[90.00003051757813,209.87998962402345,521.9712509765625,198.85198974609376]},{"page":29,"text":"ceilings that might render some FW CAS aircraft ineffective. Conversely, FW aircraft can","rect":[90.00003051757813,223.6799774169922,522.0648193359375,212.6519775390625]},{"page":29,"text":"operate above blowing surface dust that might render RW CAS ineffective. Environmental","rect":[90.00003051757813,237.47996520996095,522.0060439453125,226.45196533203126]},{"page":29,"text":"conditions also significantly impact the ability to use target marking devices. In addition","rect":[90.00003051757813,251.2799530029297,522.0528564453125,240.251953125]},{"page":29,"text":"CLOSE AIR SUPPORT IN WORLD WAR I","rect":[200.8800048828125,285.4317626953125,411.0470687789917,277.1857604980469]},{"page":29,"text":"Despite the losses inflicted on attacking aircraft, aerial attack of front-line","rect":[111.60052490234375,312.2547912597656,500.39790953063967,301.8457336425781]},{"page":29,"text":"troops appeared, on the whole, to be quite effective. On November 23,","rect":[111.60053253173828,324.77197265625,500.3342391891479,314.50567626953127]},{"page":29,"text":"1917, for example, Royal Flying Corps De Havilland 5 fighters (a type used","rect":[111.60053253173828,337.5746765136719,500.391305355072,327.1656188964844]},{"page":29,"text":"almost exclusively for ground-attack duties) cooperated with advancing","rect":[111.60053253173828,350.1742248535156,500.39356365585328,339.7651672363281]},{"page":29,"text":"British tanks, attacking artillery positions at Bourlon Woods as the tanks","rect":[111.60053253173828,362.83416748046877,500.447317489624,352.556884765625]},{"page":29,"text":"advanced. Subsequent analysis concluded that “the aeroplane pilots often","rect":[111.60053253173828,375.4941101074219,500.40232220077515,365.0850524902344]},{"page":29,"text":"made advance possible when the attacking troops would otherwise have","rect":[111.60053253173828,388.154052734375,500.44624937438967,377.87677001953127]},{"page":29,"text":"been pinned to the ground.” The critical problem affecting the quality of","rect":[111.60053253173828,400.8139953613281,500.38146802139286,390.4049377441406]},{"page":29,"text":"air support in the First World War was, interestingly, one that has appeared","rect":[111.60053253173828,413.4135437011719,500.39026775741578,403.1362609863281]},{"page":29,"text":"continuously since that time as well: communication between the air forces","rect":[111.60053253173828,426.0734558105469,500.3990386810303,415.6643981933594]},{"page":29,"text":"and the land forces. During these early operations, communication was","rect":[111.60053253173828,438.7333984375,500.45393980407717,428.3243408203125]},{"page":29,"text":"virtually one-way. Infantry would fire flares or smoke signals indicating","rect":[111.60053253173828,451.3933410644531,500.35401287460328,440.9842834472656]},{"page":29,"text":"their position, or lay out panel messages to liaison aircraft requesting","rect":[111.60053253173828,464.0533142089844,500.33643474960328,453.6442565917969]},{"page":29,"text":"artillery support or reporting advances or delays. For their part, pilots and","rect":[111.60053253173828,476.7132263183594,500.40671673202515,466.4359436035156]},{"page":29,"text":"observers would scribble messages and send them overboard (on larger","rect":[111.60053253173828,489.3127746582031,500.39463290786747,478.9037170410156]},{"page":29,"text":"aircraft, crews carried messenger pigeons for the same purpose). Though","rect":[111.60053253173828,501.9726867675781,500.40671673202515,491.5636291503906]},{"page":29,"text":"by 1918 radio communication was beginning to make an appearance in","rect":[111.60053253173828,514.6326293945313,500.39353313827515,504.3224182128906]},{"page":29,"text":"front-line air operations—as evidenced by its employment on German","rect":[111.60053253173828,527.2925415039063,500.3837064781189,516.883544921875]},{"page":29,"text":"ground-attack aircraft such as the Junker J1 and on Colonel William","rect":[111.60053253173828,539.9525146484375,500.39137706375126,529.5435180664063]},{"page":29,"text":"Mitchell’s Spad XVI command airplane—it was still of such an uncertain","rect":[111.60053253173828,552.4093017578125,500.32322063827515,542.1430053710938]},{"page":29,"text":"nature that, by and large, once an airplane had taken off it was out of","rect":[111.60053253173828,565.2119750976563,500.3979169960022,554.802978515625]},{"page":29,"text":"communication with the ground until it had landed. Thus, attack flights—","rect":[111.60053253173828,577.8719482421875,500.4055976867676,567.4629516601563]},{"page":29,"text":"both Allied and German—tended to operate on what would now be termed","rect":[111.60053253173828,590.38916015625,500.32215252304078,580.1228637695313]},{"page":29,"text":"a “prebriefed” basis: striking targets along the front on the basis of","rect":[111.60053253173828,603.1917724609375,500.4605085487366,592.7827758789063]},{"page":29,"text":"intelligence information available to the pilots before the commencement","rect":[111.60053253173828,615.8516845703125,500.38146802139286,605.4426879882813]},{"page":29,"text":"of the mission. The “on-call” and “divert” close air support operations","rect":[111.60053253173828,628.30859375,500.39131773376467,618.0422973632813]},{"page":29,"text":"associated with the Second World War and subsequent conflicts were not","rect":[111.60053253173828,640.968505859375,500.3956892127991,630.7022094726563]},{"page":29,"text":"a feature of First World War air command and control, though attack flights","rect":[111.60053253173828,653.7711181640625,500.3924468841553,643.3621215820313]},{"page":29,"text":"often loitered over the front watching for suitable targets of opportunity, as","rect":[111.60053253173828,666.4310302734375,500.3693755950928,656.0220336914063]},{"page":29,"text":"would their successors in the Second World War.","rect":[111.60053253173828,676.927978515625,370.1409713668823,668.6820068359375]},{"page":29,"text":"SOURCE: Richard P. Hallion, Strike From The Sky,","rect":[236.94052124023438,703.6905517578125,500.3869125289917,693.2815551757813]},{"page":29,"text":"The History of Battlefield Air Attack 1911-1945, 1989","rect":[228.96026611328126,716.3505249023438,500.3847564544678,706.0403442382813]},{"page":29,"text":"I-9","rect":[508.0199890136719,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":30,"text":"Chapter I","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,134.97840661621096,38.651973724365237]},{"page":30,"text":"to the terrestrial environmental impacts, the space environment must also be considered, as","rect":[90.0,85.65597534179688,522.0755927734375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":30,"text":"it can affect space assets and the supporting capabilities those assets provide. This could","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,521.9483642578125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":30,"text":"impact GPS-guided/aided weapons, aircraft navigation systems, and ground targeting","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,521.956787109375,102.251953125]},{"page":30,"text":"equipment. Communication and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR)","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,522.0251748046875,116.052001953125]},{"page":30,"text":"collection assets can also be affected by both the terrestrial and space environment","rect":[90.0,140.87998962402345,521.9868178710938,129.85198974609376]},{"page":30,"text":"anomalies.","rect":[90.0,152.2559814453125,141.65280151367188,143.6519775390625]},{"page":30,"text":"7. Responsibilities","rect":[90.0,180.57595825195313,185.0843818359375,169.7639617919922]},{"page":30,"text":"a. JFC. The JFC establishes the guidance and priorities for CAS in CONOPS,","rect":[111.5999984741211,206.2799530029297,521.9351806640625,195.251953125]},{"page":30,"text":"operation or campaign plans, the air apportionment decision, and when assigning","rect":[90.0,220.0800018310547,522.0023803710938,209.052001953125]},{"page":30,"text":"capabilities and forces to the components.","rect":[90.0,233.85592651367188,291.3035888671875,222.8519287109375]},{"page":30,"text":"b. JFACC. The JFACC is given the authority necessary to accomplish missions and","rect":[111.5999984741211,259.6799621582031,521.9820556640625,248.6519775390625]},{"page":30,"text":"tasks assigned by the establishing commander. For CAS, these responsibilities are to","rect":[90.0,273.4799499511719,522.05517578125,262.45196533203127]},{"page":30,"text":"recommend air apportionment decisions, allocate forces/capabilities made available from","rect":[90.0000228881836,287.2559509277344,522.0360732421875,276.251953125]},{"page":30,"text":"the JFC and components, create and execute the ATO, and other applicable actions","rect":[90.0000228881836,301.0559387207031,522.068390625,290.05194091796877]},{"page":30,"text":"associated with CAS execution. The JFACC maintains close coordination with the other","rect":[90.0000228881836,312.4679260253906,522.0575844726562,303.8519287109375]},{"page":30,"text":"component commanders to ensure CAS requirements are being met in accordance with","rect":[90.0000228881836,328.6799011230469,522.014404296875,317.65191650390627]},{"page":30,"text":"JFC guidance.","rect":[90.0000228881836,342.47991943359377,158.70721435546876,331.4519348144531]},{"page":30,"text":"c. Service Component Commanders. These commanders ensure their assets are","rect":[111.60002136230469,368.25592041015627,522.0805024414062,357.2519226074219]},{"page":30,"text":"capable of executing CAS missions within Service roles and as directed by the JFC.","rect":[90.0000228881836,382.07989501953127,492.56158447265627,371.0519104003906]},{"page":30,"text":"8. Minimizing Friendly Fire ","rect":[90.0000228881836,407.9999084472656,238.6343994140625,397.1639099121094]},{"page":30,"text":"a. General. Casualties to friendly forces caused by friendly fire incidents are the","rect":[111.60002136230469,433.6799011230469,522.0552338867187,422.65191650390627]},{"page":30,"text":"occasional tragic consequence of warfare. However, these incidents can be significantly","rect":[90.00004577636719,447.4798889160156,522.0144653320313,436.451904296875]},{"page":30,"text":"reduced when all parties involved in the planning and execution of CAS missions make","rect":[90.00004577636719,461.2798767089844,521.9280366210937,450.25189208984377]},{"page":30,"text":"every effort to mitigate the associated risks. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,475.0798645019531,302.6880798339844,464.0518798828125]},{"page":30,"text":"b. Causes. Although occasionally the result of malfunctioning weapons, friendly fire","rect":[111.60004425048828,500.8799133300781,522.009640625,489.8519287109375]},{"page":30,"text":"has often been the result of confusion on the battlefield. Causes include misidentification","rect":[90.00004577636719,512.2079467773438,522.0096435546875,503.5919189453125]},{"page":30,"text":"of targets; inaccurate target locations or descriptions; target locations incorrectly","rect":[90.00004577636719,528.4199829101563,522.0552368164063,517.3919677734375]},{"page":30,"text":"transmitted or received; and loss of SA by JTACs/FAC(A)s, CAS aircrews, requestors,","rect":[90.00004577636719,542.219970703125,522.001220703125,531.1919555664063]},{"page":30,"text":"battle staff, or commanders. Items such as detailed mission planning; standardized","rect":[90.00004577636719,556.0199584960938,522.016845703125,544.991943359375]},{"page":30,"text":"procedures for supporting immediate air requests; realistic training/mission rehearsal; use","rect":[90.00004577636719,569.8200073242188,521.9952973632812,558.7919921875]},{"page":30,"text":"of friendly tagging or tracking devices (such as blue force tracker and tactical data links","rect":[90.00004577636719,583.6200561523438,522.0684516601563,572.592041015625]},{"page":30,"text":"[TDLs]); effective staff, JTAC/FAC(A), and/or AO and ALO coordination; and sound","rect":[90.00006866455078,597.3960571289063,522.0108642578125,586.3920288085938]},{"page":30,"text":"clearance of fires procedures can significantly reduce the likelihood of friendly fire.","rect":[90.00006866455078,611.2200317382813,491.7684326171875,600.1920166015625]},{"page":30,"text":"c. Responsibility. ","rect":[111.60003662109375,637.0200805664063,204.64804077148438,626.18408203125]},{"page":30,"text":"All participants in CAS are responsible for effective and safe","rect":[211.6200408935547,636.99609375,522.0673188476562,625.9920654296875]},{"page":30,"text":"planning and execution. Each participant must make every effort to identify friendly units,","rect":[90.00006866455078,650.8201293945313,521.97607421875,639.7921142578125]},{"page":30,"text":"enemy forces, and civilians prior to targeting, clearing fires, and weapons release. CID is","rect":[90.00009155273438,664.6201171875,521.9352729492188,653.5921020507813]},{"page":30,"text":"the process of attaining an accurate characterization of detected objects in the operational","rect":[90.00009155273438,678.4201049804688,522.0385146484375,667.3800659179688]},{"page":30,"text":"environment sufficient to support an engagement decision. Depending on the situation and","rect":[90.00009155273438,692.2201538085938,522.0144653320313,681.192138671875]},{"page":30,"text":"the needed operational decisions, this characterization may be limited to friend, enemy,","rect":[90.00009155273438,706.0202026367188,522.0145263671875,694.9921875]},{"page":30,"text":"neutral, noncombatant, or civilian and include additional characterizations such as class,","rect":[90.00009155273438,717.3961791992188,521.9833374023438,708.7921752929688]},{"page":30,"text":"I-10 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,112.97760009765625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":30,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.63763427734377,753.4679565429688,521.9447021484375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":31,"text":"Overview and Fundamentals","rect":[384.05999755859377,47.267974853515628,521.9808051757813,38.651973724365237]},{"page":31,"text":"type, nationality, or mission configuration. CID characterizations, when applied with","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.03125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":31,"text":"ROE, enable engagement decisions to use or prohibit weapons that create lethal and/or","rect":[90.0000228881836,99.47996520996094,522.0660073242187,88.45196533203125]},{"page":31,"text":"nonlethal effects to support achievement of military objectives. CID is also used for force","rect":[90.0000228881836,113.27995300292969,521.9447602539062,102.23995208740235]},{"page":31,"text":"posturing, C2, SA, and shoot/no-shoot employment decisions.","rect":[90.0000228881836,127.08000183105469,388.05242919921877,116.052001953125]},{"page":31,"text":"d. Training. The joint force, components, and units must conduct regular joint","rect":[111.60002136230469,152.87998962402345,522.0119912109375,141.85198974609376]},{"page":31,"text":"training and rehearsals. These exercises simulate situations joint forces will encounter","rect":[90.0000228881836,166.6799774169922,522.0840126953125,155.6399688720703]},{"page":31,"text":"in the operational environment, to develop the skill sets and familiarity required for","rect":[90.00004577636719,180.47996520996095,522.105619140625,169.45196533203126]},{"page":31,"text":"success.","rect":[90.00004577636719,191.85595703125,129.0636444091797,186.08395385742188]},{"page":31,"text":"9. Minimizing Civilian Casualties ","rect":[90.00004577636719,220.1999969482422,266.6471862792969,209.36399841308595]},{"page":31,"text":"a. General. The law of war requires commanders to take all feasible precautions to","rect":[111.60004425048828,245.85592651367188,522.0072021484375,234.8519287109375]},{"page":31,"text":"reduce the risk of harm to civilians and civilian objects, consistent with mission","rect":[89.99995422363281,259.6799621582031,521.9987182617188,248.6399688720703]},{"page":31,"text":"accomplishment and the security of the force. In addition, the US military’s operational ","rect":[89.99995422363281,273.4799499511719,525.0155639648438,262.45196533203127]},{"page":31,"text":"environment is increasingly open to scrutiny. This is particularly true for incidents","rect":[89.99995422363281,287.2799377441406,522.0695502929688,276.251953125]},{"page":31,"text":"involving civilian casualties. These events are tragic and can have lasting, negative","rect":[89.99995422363281,301.0799255371094,521.9663056640625,290.05194091796877]},{"page":31,"text":"operational and strategic effects. ","rect":[89.99993133544922,314.8799133300781,248.9927978515625,303.8519287109375]},{"page":31,"text":"b. Responsibility. All participants in the CAS employment process are responsible","rect":[111.59992980957031,340.6799011230469,522.047970703125,329.65191650390627]},{"page":31,"text":"for the effective and safe planning and execution of CAS and must make decisions on the","rect":[89.99995422363281,354.47991943359377,521.9735078125,343.4519348144531]},{"page":31,"text":"basis of information available to them and in good faith, including, when directed,","rect":[89.99995422363281,368.2799072265625,522.0143432617188,357.2519226074219]},{"page":31,"text":"application of heightened standards of ID, such as positive identification (PID). CAS must","rect":[89.99995422363281,382.07989501953127,522.01910546875,371.0519104003906]},{"page":31,"text":"comply with the law of war and applicable ROE.","rect":[89.99995422363281,395.8799133300781,324.9119567871094,384.8519287109375]},{"page":31,"text":"c. Training. Minimizing civilian casualties should be an inherent part of all training","rect":[111.59996032714844,421.6799011230469,522.0719604492188,410.65191650390627]},{"page":31,"text":"scenarios. Predeployment preparation and review of current CAS ROE, vignettes,","rect":[89.99995422363281,435.4798889160156,522.0023803710938,424.451904296875]},{"page":31,"text":"scenarios, and lessons learned can help minimize civilian casualties.","rect":[89.99995422363281,449.2558898925781,417.2459411621094,438.25189208984377]},{"page":31,"text":" ","rect":[89.9999771118164,473.0,92.9999771118164,472.0]},{"page":31,"text":"I-11","rect":[502.0199890136719,753.2999267578125,522.0587768554688,745.0679321289063]},{"page":32,"text":"Chapter I","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,134.97840661621096,38.651973724365237]},{"page":32,"text":"I-12 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,112.97760009765625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":32,"text":"Intentionally Blank","rect":[259.5,361.6799011230469,352.4963684082031,350.65191650390627]},{"page":32,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.63763427734377,753.4679565429688,521.9447021484375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":33,"text":"CHAPTER II","rect":[267.7200012207031,85.09574127197266,344.2940422401428,75.29576110839844]},{"page":33,"text":"COMMAND AND CONTROL","rect":[226.32000732421876,99.46798706054688,385.55520849609379,91.05598449707031]},{"page":33,"text":"“C2 [command and control] is the means by which a JFC [joint force commander]","rect":[111.5999984741211,130.0948028564453,500.3743698043823,119.80654907226563]},{"page":33,"text":"synchronizes and/or integrates joint force activities.” ","rect":[111.5999984741211,142.7547149658203,367.19254607391357,132.46646118164063]},{"page":33,"text":"Joint Publication 1, Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States","rect":[164.82000732421876,164.27024841308595,500.40885829162598,156.84542846679688]},{"page":33,"text":"1. Introduction","rect":[90.0,193.115966796875,170.41200549316407,184.70396423339845]},{"page":33,"text":"a. CAS requires an integrated, flexible, and responsive C2 structure to process CAS","rect":[111.60000610351563,221.2200164794922,522.0000029296875,210.1920166015625]},{"page":33,"text":"requirements and a dependable, interoperable, and secure communications architecture to","rect":[90.00001525878906,234.99594116210938,522.0624389648438,223.991943359375]},{"page":33,"text":"exercise control. This chapter outlines the joint and component airspace control agencies","rect":[89.99996948242188,248.8199920654297,522.0623481445313,237.7799835205078]},{"page":33,"text":"involved and joint force connectivity required for integrated CAS.","rect":[89.99996948242188,262.6199645996094,407.5151672363281,251.57997131347657]},{"page":33,"text":"b. The JFC normally exercises operational control (OPCON) through component","rect":[111.5999755859375,288.4199523925781,522.0023818359375,277.3919677734375]},{"page":33,"text":"commanders. Most CAS in support of joint operations is allocated and tasked via the","rect":[89.99996948242188,302.2199401855469,522.0239838867187,291.1799621582031]},{"page":33,"text":"JFACC’s staff located in the joint air operations center (JAOC), using host-component","rect":[89.99996948242188,316.0199279785156,522.0047622070313,304.9799499511719]},{"page":33,"text":"organic C2 architecture. Figure II-1 graphically illustrates joint force CAS connectivity. ","rect":[89.99996948242188,329.8199462890625,525.035888671875,318.77996826171877]},{"page":33,"text":"Reliable, secure communications are required to exchange information among all","rect":[89.99996948242188,343.61993408203127,521.9628310546875,332.5919494628906]},{"page":33,"text":"participants. In joint operations, components provide and operate the C2 systems, which","rect":[89.99996948242188,357.419921875,522.0335693359375,346.37994384765627]},{"page":33,"text":"have similar functions at each level of command. The JFACC tasks capabilities/forces","rect":[89.99998474121094,371.1959533691406,522.0167548828125,360.19195556640627]},{"page":33,"text":"made available for joint tasking through the JAOC and appropriate Service component C2","rect":[90.0,385.0199279785156,522.0443725585938,373.9799499511719]},{"page":33,"text":"systems. Figure II-2 depicts functional equivalents among the USAF theater air control","rect":[90.0,398.8199157714844,522.0156264648438,387.79193115234377]},{"page":33,"text":"system (TACS), Army air-ground system (AAGS), Navy tactical air control system","rect":[90.0,412.6199035644531,522.03961328125,401.5919189453125]},{"page":33,"text":"(NTACS), Marine air command and control system (MACCS), and special operations air-","rect":[90.00003051757813,426.4198913574219,521.979642578125,415.39190673828127]},{"page":33,"text":"ground system (SOAGS). When elements of the TACS, AAGS, MACCS, NTACS, and","rect":[90.00003051757813,440.21990966796877,521.9796142578125,429.1919250488281]},{"page":33,"text":"SOAGS integrate, the entire system is labeled the theater air-ground system (TAGS).","rect":[90.00003051757813,454.0198974609375,499.01885986328127,442.9919128417969]},{"page":33,"text":"2. Close Air Support for Joint Force and Multinational Operations","rect":[90.00003051757813,479.9159240722656,434.40243603515628,469.1039123535156]},{"page":33,"text":"a. If a command relationship is established between elements of two components,","rect":[111.60005950927735,505.5959167480469,521.9976196289063,494.7839050292969]},{"page":33,"text":"the supporting component uses the CAS C2 system of the supported component. For","rect":[90.00004577636719,519.419921875,522.0252358398437,508.5838928222656]},{"page":33,"text":"example, if an Army brigade is OPCON to a MAGTF, the Army brigade submits CAS","rect":[90.00009155273438,533.219970703125,521.9928618164063,522.1919555664063]},{"page":33,"text":"requests through the brigade fires cell (FC) to the Marine Corps fires and effects","rect":[90.00009155273438,547.0199584960938,522.076935546875,535.991943359375]},{"page":33,"text":"coordination center (FECC) or fire support coordination center (FSCC) in the MAGTF’s","rect":[90.00009155273438,560.7960205078125,522.0120551757813,549.7919921875]},{"page":33,"text":"combat operations center (COC). The CAS request is handled the same as any other CAS","rect":[90.00009155273438,574.6199951171875,522.0012846679688,563.5919799804688]},{"page":33,"text":"request in the MACCS system.","rect":[90.00009155273438,588.4200439453125,238.98007202148438,577.3920288085938]},{"page":33,"text":"b. If a command relationship is not established between elements of two","rect":[111.60009765625,614.196044921875,521.961669921875,603.1920166015625]},{"page":33,"text":"components (and the commander of one component does not have sufficient organic","rect":[90.00009155273438,628.1400146484375,521.9808930664062,617.3040161132813]},{"page":33,"text":"CAS available), each component forwards CAS requests utilizing its respective CAS","rect":[90.00009155273438,641.9400634765625,522.0000639648438,631.1040649414063]},{"page":33,"text":"process to the JAOC for consideration. For example, if a MAGTF and an Army division","rect":[90.00009155273438,655.6200561523438,522.0360717773438,644.592041015625]},{"page":33,"text":"are operating as adjacent units under the JFC, each component would direct CAS requests","rect":[90.00009155273438,669.4200439453125,521.9689033203125,658.3800048828125]},{"page":33,"text":"through its respective CAS process to the JAOC.","rect":[90.00009155273438,683.2200927734375,324.5904541015625,672.1920776367188]},{"page":33,"text":"II-1","rect":[504.0,753.2999267578125,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":34,"text":"Chapter II","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,138.94918603515627,38.651973724365237]},{"page":34,"text":"Figure II-1. Notional Joint Force Close Air Support Connectivity","rect":[154.32003784179688,659.69384765625,457.67054652404786,650.1948852539063]},{"page":34,"text":"c. There is no single C2 structure for CAS when participating in multinational","rect":[111.5999984741211,683.0400390625,522.0059829101563,672.0120239257813]},{"page":34,"text":"operations. US joint doctrine should be the basis for CAS actions, but modifications due","rect":[90.00000762939453,696.8400268554688,522.019162109375,685.7999877929688]},{"page":34,"text":"to multinational operations will need to be identified early and promulgated clearly to all","rect":[90.00000762939453,710.6400146484375,522.0311904296875,699.6119995117188]},{"page":34,"text":"II-2 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,110.95320129394531,745.0679321289063]},{"page":34,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.5932312011719,753.4679565429688,521.997802734375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":35,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[412.0199890136719,47.267974853515628,521.96637109375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":35,"text":"Figure II-2. Component Air Command and Control Agencies for Close Air Support","rect":[110.99957275390625,659.69384765625,500.9840295372009,650.1948852539063]},{"page":35,"text":"US participants. When the Armed Forces of the United States participate in multinational","rect":[90.0,683.0160522460938,522.0419936523438,672.0120239257813]},{"page":35,"text":"operations, US commanders should follow multinational doctrine and procedures that were","rect":[90.0,696.8160400390625,522.005978515625,685.81201171875]},{"page":35,"text":"ratified by the US. For multinational doctrine and procedures not ratified by the US,","rect":[90.0,710.6400146484375,522.0311889648438,699.6119995117188]},{"page":35,"text":"II-3","rect":[504.0,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":36,"text":"Chapter II","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,138.94918603515627,38.651973724365237]},{"page":36,"text":"commanders should evaluate and follow the multinational command’s doctrine and","rect":[90.0,83.25597381591797,522.0780029296875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":36,"text":"procedures, where applicable and consistent with US law, policy, and doctrine.","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,469.1615905761719,88.45196533203125]},{"page":36,"text":"3. Air Force Command and Control","rect":[90.0000228881836,122.98794555664063,276.9575515136719,114.56394958496094]},{"page":36,"text":"a. TACS. The TACS is the commander, Air Force forces’ (COMAFFOR’s),","rect":[111.60002136230469,151.05599975585938,521.996337890625,140.052001953125]},{"page":36,"text":"mechanism for commanding and controlling component air and space operations. The","rect":[90.00001525878906,164.87998962402345,521.9255952148437,153.85198974609376]},{"page":36,"text":"TACS provides the COMAFFOR the capability to plan and conduct joint air","rect":[90.0,178.7999725341797,522.0120209960937,167.96397399902345]},{"page":36,"text":"operations. The COMAFFOR’s focal point for tasking and exercising OPCON over Air","rect":[90.0,192.47996520996095,521.9988076171875,181.45196533203126]},{"page":36,"text":"Force forces at the operational level is the Air Force air operations center (AOC), which is","rect":[90.0,206.25595092773438,522.0911567382813,195.251953125]},{"page":36,"text":"the senior element of the TACS. Subordinate TACS agencies (described below) perform","rect":[90.0,220.0800018310547,522.069642578125,209.052001953125]},{"page":36,"text":"the decentralized tasks of planning, coordinating, monitoring, surveilling, controlling,","rect":[90.0000228881836,233.8799285888672,522.0240478515625,222.8519287109375]},{"page":36,"text":"reporting, and executing CAS at the tactical level. Figure II-3 depicts the TACS/AAGS","rect":[90.00004577636719,247.6799774169922,521.9209013671875,236.6519775390625]},{"page":36,"text":"systems.","rect":[90.00006866455078,261.4799499511719,130.97527313232423,251.66395568847657]},{"page":36,"text":"b. Entities within the TACS","rect":[111.60006713867188,284.87994384765627,250.228884765625,276.251953125]},{"page":36,"text":"(1) Air Force AOC. The AOC is the COMAFFOR’s senior agency that provides","rect":[133.2000732421875,313.0799255371094,521.9737250976563,302.05194091796877]},{"page":36,"text":"C2 of Air Force air and space operations and coordinates with other components and","rect":[90.00009155273438,326.8559265136719,522.0672607421875,315.8519287109375]},{"page":36,"text":"Services. It develops an air operations plan to meet the JFC’s guidance. ","rect":[90.00009155273438,340.6799011230469,461.04010009765627,329.65191650390627]},{"page":36,"text":"It allocates","rect":[467.76007080078127,338.25592041015627,522.0084541015625,329.65191650390627]},{"page":36,"text":"resources and tasks forces through ATOs. When the COMAFFOR is also designated the","rect":[90.00009155273438,354.47991943359377,521.9736298828125,343.4519348144531]},{"page":36,"text":"JFACC, they will request that the JFC provide staff augmentees to the AOC, with elements","rect":[90.00009155273438,368.2799072265625,522.0204780273438,357.2519226074219]},{"page":36,"text":"from other components, to create a JAOC. ","rect":[90.00009155273438,382.055908203125,299.2200927734375,371.0519104003906]},{"page":36,"text":"For further information on a JAOC, see JP 3-30, Joint Air Operations.","rect":[90.00009155273438,407.8799133300781,429.37689208984377,396.8519287109375]},{"page":36,"text":"(2) Wing Operations Center (WOC). The WOC is the air expeditionary wing’s","rect":[133.20010375976563,433.6799011230469,522.0385444335938,422.65191650390627]},{"page":36,"text":"operations center. It provides C2 of unit forces and ensures sorties are generated to","rect":[90.00006866455078,447.4798889160156,522.0277099609375,436.451904296875]},{"page":36,"text":"accomplish CAS missions as directed by the ATO. The WOC may recommend weapons","rect":[90.00006866455078,461.2798767089844,522.0204780273438,450.25189208984377]},{"page":36,"text":"load changes based on factors including weapons availability and desired effects.","rect":[90.00006866455078,475.0798645019531,479.59564208984377,464.0518798828125]},{"page":36,"text":"(3) Control and Reporting Center (CRC). CRCs are ground-based airspace","rect":[133.2000732421875,500.8799133300781,521.9520234375,489.8519287109375]},{"page":36,"text":"control/air defense, battle management centers that provide the COMAFFOR with a","rect":[90.00004577636719,514.7399291992188,521.8992309570313,503.9039001464844]},{"page":36,"text":"decentralized C2 execution capability. Critical core competencies of the CRC include","rect":[90.00004577636719,528.419921875,522.0144624023437,517.3919067382813]},{"page":36,"text":"air battle execution, surveillance, CID, data link management, and air defense. The CRC","rect":[90.00004577636719,542.2199096679688,522.037203125,531.19189453125]},{"page":36,"text":"provides a robust systems/communications hub capability that connects lateral and","rect":[90.00004577636719,556.0199584960938,522.016845703125,544.991943359375]},{"page":36,"text":"subordinate joint and TACS C2 nodes to the JAOC. CRCs provide safe passage and radar","rect":[90.00004577636719,569.8199462890625,522.0251748046875,558.7799072265625]},{"page":36,"text":"control and surveillance for CAS aircraft transiting to and from target areas. CRC supports","rect":[90.00004577636719,583.6199951171875,521.943634765625,572.5919799804688]},{"page":36,"text":"the CAS mission by providing coordination with the JAOC, air support operations center","rect":[90.00004577636719,597.4199829101563,522.0288369140625,586.3919677734375]},{"page":36,"text":"(ASOC), direct air support center (DASC), Airborne Warning and Control System","rect":[90.00004577636719,611.2200317382813,522.0264296875,600.1920166015625]},{"page":36,"text":"(AWACS), and the Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS). This","rect":[90.00006866455078,625.02001953125,522.003693359375,613.9920043945313]},{"page":36,"text":"includes airspace and fires integration.","rect":[90.00006866455078,638.820068359375,274.96563720703127,627.7920532226563]},{"page":36,"text":"(4) ASOC. The ASOC is the principal air control agency within the TACS","rect":[133.2000732421875,664.6200561523438,521.994265625,653.592041015625]},{"page":36,"text":"responsible for controlling joint air operations that directly support ground forces. ","rect":[90.00006866455078,678.4201049804688,525.0120849609375,667.3800659179688]},{"page":36,"text":"Utilizing the procedural method of airspace control, the ASOC functions as an extension","rect":[90.00006866455078,692.2200927734375,522.0216674804688,681.1920776367188]},{"page":36,"text":"II-4 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,110.95320129394531,745.0679321289063]},{"page":36,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.5932312011719,753.4679565429688,521.997802734375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":37,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[412.0199890136719,47.267974853515628,521.96637109375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":37,"text":"Figure II-3. Theater Air Control System / Army Air-Ground System","rect":[149.03948974609376,573.353759765625,463.0462691764832,563.8547973632813]},{"page":37,"text":"of the JFACC’s JAOC. As such, the ASOC is directly subordinate to the JAOC and is ","rect":[90.0,596.7000122070313,525.015625,585.6719970703125]},{"page":37,"text":"responsible for the coordination and control of air component missions within division-","rect":[89.9999771118164,610.4760131835938,521.9807412109375,599.4719848632813]},{"page":37,"text":"assigned airspace, which require integration with other supporting arms and ground forces","rect":[89.9999771118164,624.2999877929688,522.011994140625,613.27197265625]},{"page":37,"text":"(e.g., AI, ISR, SEAD, and personnel recovery). The ASOC processes include handling","rect":[89.9999771118164,638.1000366210938,522.0780029296875,627.072021484375]},{"page":37,"text":"immediate air support requests, coordinating the execution of scheduled and on-call CAS","rect":[89.9999771118164,651.9000244140625,522.0659208984375,640.8720092773438]},{"page":37,"text":"sorties, and coordinating manned/unmanned aircraft transiting through the assigned","rect":[89.9999771118164,665.7000122070313,522.0311279296875,654.6719970703125]},{"page":37,"text":"airspace. When delegated the authority, the ASOC retargets/re-roles/redirects airborne","rect":[89.9999771118164,679.5,522.0095795898437,668.4719848632813]},{"page":37,"text":"assets, provides target updates, and launches ground alert aircraft on call in support of the","rect":[89.9999771118164,693.2999877929688,522.0239228515625,682.27197265625]},{"page":37,"text":"ground maneuver commander, as required. The ASOC’s configuration is flexible and can","rect":[89.9999771118164,707.1000366210938,522.025146484375,696.072021484375]},{"page":37,"text":"II-5","rect":[504.0,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.2359008789063]},{"page":38,"text":"Chapter II","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,138.94918603515627,38.651973724365237]},{"page":38,"text":"be task-organized to support a variety of tactical control requirements. The ASOC assigns","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.9759833984375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":38,"text":"and directs attack aircraft to JTACs, serves as the net control station (NCS) for the joint air","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0431801757812,88.4399642944336]},{"page":38,"text":"request net (JARN) and tactical air direction (TAD) net, and performs other functions to","rect":[90.0000228881836,113.25595092773438,522.011962890625,102.251953125]},{"page":38,"text":"facilitate air-ground operations. The ASOC, as a tactical-level element, normally","rect":[90.0000228881836,127.08000183105469,522.0252075195313,116.052001953125]},{"page":38,"text":"collocates with the division’s FC, airspace element, air and missile defense, and aviation","rect":[90.00004577636719,140.85598754882813,522.0671997070313,129.85198974609376]},{"page":38,"text":"elements to form the joint air-ground integration center (JAGIC). ","rect":[90.00004577636719,154.6799774169922,408.89044189453127,143.6399688720703]},{"page":38,"text":"(5) TACP. The TACP is the principal air liaison unit collocated with ground","rect":[133.20004272460938,180.47996520996095,522.0000610351563,169.45196533203126]},{"page":38,"text":"maneuver units. TACPs are organized into expeditionary air support operations groups or","rect":[90.00004577636719,194.2799530029297,522.0048500976562,183.251953125]},{"page":38,"text":"squadrons that are aligned with their respective Army corps, divisions, or brigades. The","rect":[90.00004577636719,208.07994079589845,522.0132416992187,197.05194091796876]},{"page":38,"text":"TACP has two primary missions: advise ground commanders on the capabilities and","rect":[90.00004577636719,221.8799285888672,522.0840454101563,210.8519287109375]},{"page":38,"text":"limitations of air operations and provide the primary TAC of CAS. TACPs coordinate","rect":[90.00004577636719,235.6799774169922,522.0120209960937,224.6519775390625]},{"page":38,"text":"ACMs/FSCMs and deconflict the aircraft with other fire support. TACPs may employ","rect":[90.00004577636719,249.47996520996095,522.0660400390625,238.45196533203126]},{"page":38,"text":"JTACs at any echelon but will most often place them in a forward position (i.e., the","rect":[90.00004577636719,263.2799377441406,522.0360688476562,252.251953125]},{"page":38,"text":"company/team level). The following are members of a TACP:","rect":[90.00004577636719,277.0799255371094,391.2108779296875,266.05194091796877]},{"page":38,"text":"(a) ALO. The ALO is the senior TACP member attached to a ground unit","rect":[154.800048828125,302.8799133300781,522.1130385742188,291.8519287109375]},{"page":38,"text":"who functions as the primary advisor to the ground commander on air operations. An ALO","rect":[90.00004577636719,316.6799011230469,521.9736313476562,305.65191650390627]},{"page":38,"text":"is an expert in the capabilities and limitations of air operations. The ALO plans and","rect":[90.00004577636719,330.4559326171875,521.9976806640625,319.4519348144531]},{"page":38,"text":"executes CAS in accordance with the ground commander’s guidance and intent. At","rect":[90.00004577636719,344.2799072265625,521.9244399414063,333.2519226074219]},{"page":38,"text":"battalion (BN) level, the senior member of the TACP is called a BN ALO—a specially","rect":[90.00004577636719,358.07989501953127,522.0252075195313,347.0519104003906]},{"page":38,"text":"trained and experienced noncommissioned officer or officer.","rect":[90.00004577636719,371.8559265136719,380.8404541015625,360.8519287109375]},{"page":38,"text":"(b) JTAC. The JTAC is a Service member, who, most often from a forward","rect":[154.800048828125,397.6559143066406,522.0299072265625,386.65191650390627]},{"page":38,"text":"position, directs the action of combat aircraft engaged in CAS and other air operations. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,411.4798889160156,525.0383911132813,400.451904296875]},{"page":38,"text":"The JTAC provides the ground commander recommendations on the use of CAS and its","rect":[90.00004577636719,425.2798767089844,522.001251953125,414.25189208984377]},{"page":38,"text":"integration with ground maneuver. The JTAC must:","rect":[90.00004577636719,439.0798645019531,342.67932275390629,428.0518798828125]},{"page":38,"text":"1. Know the enemy situation and location of friendly units and civilians.","rect":[176.40003967285157,464.8798828125,522.0120239257813,453.8518981933594]},{"page":38,"text":"timing of fires.","rect":[90.0,504.41998291015627,161.73240661621095,493.3919982910156]},{"page":38,"text":"2. Know the supported commander’s target priority, desired effects, and","rect":[176.39999389648438,490.6199951171875,522.0599975585938,479.5920104980469]},{"page":38,"text":"3. Know the commander’s intent and applicable ROE.","rect":[176.39999389648438,530.196044921875,439.6920166015625,519.1920166015625]},{"page":38,"text":"4. Validate targets of opportunity.","rect":[176.39999389648438,556.02001953125,341.9639892578125,544.9920043945313]},{"page":38,"text":"5. Advise the commander on proper employment of air assets.","rect":[176.39999389648438,581.8200073242188,477.68157958984377,570.7919921875]},{"page":38,"text":"6. Submit immediate requests for CAS.","rect":[176.39999389648438,607.5960693359375,368.36639404296877,596.592041015625]},{"page":38,"text":"7. Provide TAC with supported commander’s approval.","rect":[176.39999389648438,633.39599609375,446.7239990234375,622.3919677734375]},{"page":38,"text":"8. Deconflict aircraft and fires from CAS sorties.","rect":[176.39999389648438,656.8080444335938,414.29998779296877,648.1920166015625]},{"page":38,"text":"9. Provide initial BDA report.","rect":[176.39999389648438,684.9960327148438,322.7640380859375,673.9920043945313]},{"page":38,"text":"II-6 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,110.95320129394531,745.0679321289063]},{"page":38,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.5932312011719,753.4679565429688,521.997802734375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":39,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[412.0199890136719,47.267974853515628,521.96637109375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":39,"text":"(c) Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Liaison Officer","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,521.9926728515625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":39,"text":"(ISRLO). The ISRLO is an Air Force intelligence professional assigned to an air support","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,521.9639296875,88.45196533203125]},{"page":39,"text":"operations group or air support operations squadron to advise, assist, and educate the","rect":[89.99996185302735,113.27995300292969,521.935177734375,102.251953125]},{"page":39,"text":"aligned supported unit and TACP on USAF ISR, both in garrison and deployed.","rect":[89.99996185302735,127.08000183105469,474.011962890625,116.052001953125]},{"page":39,"text":"(d) Space LNO. The space LNO is an Air Force space professional assigned","rect":[154.79998779296876,152.87998962402345,522.0025024414063,141.85198974609376]},{"page":39,"text":"to an air support operations group or air support operations squadron to advise, assist, and","rect":[89.9999771118164,166.6799774169922,521.9951171875,155.6519775390625]},{"page":39,"text":"educate the aligned supported unit and TACP on the integration of space support to","rect":[89.99998474121094,180.47996520996095,522.014404296875,169.45196533203126]},{"page":39,"text":"operations.","rect":[89.99998474121094,194.25595092773438,142.93199157714845,183.251953125]},{"page":39,"text":"(6) Airborne C2 Elements. Airborne C2 platforms supporting CAS include the","rect":[133.19998168945313,220.0800018310547,522.045529296875,209.052001953125]},{"page":39,"text":"E-3 AWACS and the E-8C JSTARS.","rect":[89.99998474121094,231.46792602539063,268.021240234375,222.8519287109375]},{"page":39,"text":"(a) AWACS. The AWACS provides safe passage information and radar","rect":[154.79998779296876,259.6799621582031,522.0347573242187,248.6519775390625]},{"page":39,"text":"control and surveillance for aircraft transiting from bases/ships to the target area and back. ","rect":[89.99998474121094,273.4799499511719,525.0216064453125,262.45196533203127]},{"page":39,"text":"The E-3 AWACS provides the COMAFFOR with a decentralized execution capability. ","rect":[89.99998474121094,287.2799377441406,524.9735717773438,276.251953125]},{"page":39,"text":"The AWACS supports the CAS mission by providing the coordination link with the JAOC,","rect":[89.99996185302735,301.0799255371094,522.05517578125,290.05194091796877]},{"page":39,"text":"ASOC, DASC, and JSTARS. The AWACS provides imminent threat warning for assets","rect":[89.99996185302735,314.8799133300781,522.0047919921875,303.8519287109375]},{"page":39,"text":"under its control, via voice or data links. The AWACS air weapon officers have the ability","rect":[89.99996185302735,328.6799011230469,522.0504150390625,317.65191650390627]},{"page":39,"text":"to provide initial holding instructions to CAS aircrews prior to hand-off to the","rect":[89.99998474121094,342.47991943359377,521.9904145507812,331.4519348144531]},{"page":39,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A).","rect":[89.99998474121094,356.25592041015627,165.0035858154297,345.2519226074219]},{"page":39,"text":"(b) JSTARS. The JSTARS provides ground and air commanders with","rect":[154.79998779296876,382.07989501953127,522.0552368164063,371.0519104003906]},{"page":39,"text":"situation development, targeting, attack planning and limited post-attack assessment","rect":[90.0,395.8799133300781,522.02398828125,384.8519287109375]},{"page":39,"text":"information. The JSTARS supports CAS by providing targeting information to the ASOC,","rect":[90.00000762939453,409.6799011230469,522.0383911132813,398.65191650390627]},{"page":39,"text":"FSCC/FC, tactical operations centers (TOCs), and DASC. When requested, the JSTARS","rect":[90.00000762939453,423.4559020996094,522.0155668945313,412.451904296875]},{"page":39,"text":"provides ground surveillance SA and targeting information directly to CAS aircraft, the","rect":[90.00000762939453,437.2798767089844,522.0288056640625,426.25189208984377]},{"page":39,"text":"FAC(A), TACPs, or individual JTACs. As part of its airborne C2 mission, the JSTARS","rect":[90.00000762939453,451.0558776855469,521.99280078125,440.0518798828125]},{"page":39,"text":"provides tactical air coordinator (airborne) (TAC[A]) functions, including ASOC/DASC","rect":[90.00000762939453,464.8798828125,522.0216391601563,453.8518981933594]},{"page":39,"text":"extension, ground moving target indicator support, and CAS battle management for a","rect":[90.00000762939453,478.6198425292969,522.005978515625,467.59185791015627]},{"page":39,"text":"brigade-sized operation when no ASOC/DASC is available.","rect":[90.00000762939453,492.4198913574219,377.53558349609377,481.39190673828127]},{"page":39,"text":"(c) FAC(A). A FAC(A) is authorized to perform TAC and is normally an","rect":[154.80001831054688,518.2199096679688,522.014404296875,507.19189453125]},{"page":39,"text":"airborne extension of the TACP. The FAC(A) can serve as another terminal attack","rect":[90.00003051757813,531.9959716796875,522.0936279296875,520.991943359375]},{"page":39,"text":"controller for the TACP or augment and extend the acquisition range to work with joint","rect":[90.00003051757813,545.8199462890625,521.9904189453125,534.7799072265625]},{"page":39,"text":"fires observers (JFOs). USAF FAC(A)s operate from FW (fighter or attack) aircraft in","rect":[90.00005340576172,559.6199951171875,522.1224365234375,548.5919799804688]},{"page":39,"text":"either single or two-aircraft formations. FAC(A) aircraft can be equipped with targeting","rect":[90.00005340576172,573.4199829101563,522.016845703125,562.3919677734375]},{"page":39,"text":"pods that aid in finding and fixing potential targets, an IR pointer for night operations, laser","rect":[90.00005340576172,587.2200317382813,522.0288979492187,576.1920166015625]},{"page":39,"text":"spot search (LSS)/track capability, and the ability to transmit full-motion video","rect":[90.00005340576172,601.02001953125,521.9760131835938,589.9920043945313]},{"page":39,"text":"(FMV)/video downlink (VDL) to the ground-based VDL systems. Targeting pods aid the","rect":[90.00005340576172,614.820068359375,522.0060395507812,603.7920532226563]},{"page":39,"text":"FAC(A) with target coordinate generation for the JTAC. Target location error (TLE) for","rect":[90.00005340576172,628.6200561523438,521.9184853515625,617.592041015625]},{"page":39,"text":"FAC(A)-derived coordinates will vary based on platform, software suite, sensors","rect":[90.00007629394531,642.4201049804688,521.9976508789063,631.39208984375]},{"page":39,"text":"employed, and aircraft position in relation to the target. Munitions that aid the FAC(A) in","rect":[90.00007629394531,656.2200927734375,522.021728515625,645.1920776367188]},{"page":39,"text":"the marking of targets for CAS aircraft include white phosphorus (WP) and red phosphorus","rect":[90.00007629394531,670.0201416015625,521.9413154296875,658.9921264648438]},{"page":39,"text":"(RP) rockets. For night missions, FAC(A) platforms can carry overt or IR illumination","rect":[90.00007629394531,683.8201293945313,521.990478515625,672.7921142578125]},{"page":39,"text":"rockets and LUU-series flares (LUU 2/19). FAC(A)s are capable of performing radio","rect":[90.00007629394531,697.6201782226563,521.9857177734375,686.5921630859375]},{"page":39,"text":"relay, ","rect":[90.0,711.4200439453125,120.02400207519531,700.3920288085938]},{"page":39,"text":"reconnaissance, ","rect":[126.86399841308594,709.0,205.4580078125,700.3920288085938]},{"page":39,"text":"indirect ","rect":[212.35800170898438,709.0,252.08639526367188,700.3920288085938]},{"page":39,"text":"fires ","rect":[258.98638916015627,709.0,283.2383728027344,700.3920288085938]},{"page":39,"text":"(IDFs) ","rect":[290.078369140625,711.3960571289063,325.10638427734377,700.3920288085938]},{"page":39,"text":"call-for-fire, ","rect":[332.00634765625,709.0,394.0583190917969,700.3920288085938]},{"page":39,"text":"asset ","rect":[400.95831298828127,709.0,427.27679443359377,701.60400390625]},{"page":39,"text":"coordination ","rect":[434.1767883300781,708.9960327148438,497.7515869140625,700.3920288085938]},{"page":39,"text":"and","rect":[504.651611328125,708.9960327148438,521.972412109375,700.3920288085938]},{"page":39,"text":"II-7","rect":[504.0,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.2359008789063]},{"page":40,"text":"Chapter II","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,138.94918603515627,38.651973724365237]},{"page":40,"text":"deconfliction, BDA, target marking, designation and coordinate","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,422.34118359375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":40,"text":"coordination and deconfliction, and TAC.","rect":[90.0,97.06796264648438,290.6616516113281,88.45196533203125]},{"page":40,"text":"generation, SEAD","rect":[429.5999755859375,85.67997741699219,522.0215439453125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":40,"text":"(d) TAC(A). Within the TACS, a TAC(A) provides communications relay","rect":[154.8000030517578,125.27995300292969,522.038330078125,114.251953125]},{"page":40,"text":"between the TACP and attack aircraft, as well as other agencies of the TACS, in the absence","rect":[90.00001525878906,139.0800018310547,522.0203828125,128.052001953125]},{"page":40,"text":"of the JSTARS or a FAC(A). Air Force two-aircraft FAC(A) flights, especially in higher-","rect":[90.0,152.87998962402345,522.1283852539062,141.85198974609376]},{"page":40,"text":"threat environments, may divide responsibilities so one aircraft fills the normal FAC(A)","rect":[89.9999771118164,166.6799774169922,522.03115625,155.6519775390625]},{"page":40,"text":"role while the second becomes a TAC(A). The TAC(A) expedites CAS aircraft-to-JTAC","rect":[89.9999771118164,180.45596313476563,522.051607421875,169.45196533203126]},{"page":40,"text":"hand off during “heavy traffic” CAS. TAC(A) tasks may include coordination of CAS","rect":[89.9999771118164,194.2799530029297,522.017947265625,183.251953125]},{"page":40,"text":"briefs and attack times; CAS and FAC(A) hand offs to terminal attack controllers; relay of ","rect":[89.9999771118164,208.0800018310547,524.9807739257813,197.052001953125]},{"page":40,"text":"threat updates and BDA to C2 agencies; coordination of aircraft and surface fire support;","rect":[89.9999771118164,221.87998962402345,522.0275893554688,210.85198974609376]},{"page":40,"text":"coordination of FW and RW operations; visual reconnaissance; coordination of IDF","rect":[90.0,235.65597534179688,522.021609375,224.6519775390625]},{"page":40,"text":"support, to include naval surface fire support (NSFS); and assisting strike coordination and","rect":[90.0000228881836,249.47996520996095,522.0480346679688,238.45196533203126]},{"page":40,"text":"reconnaissance missions.","rect":[90.0000228881836,260.85595703125,210.65643310546876,252.251953125]},{"page":40,"text":"(7) Joint Air Component Coordination Element (JACCE). When the","rect":[133.20001220703126,289.05596923828127,521.9843720703125,278.0519714355469]},{"page":40,"text":"COMAFFOR is designated as the JFACC, a JACCE may be established to liaise with a","rect":[90.0,302.87994384765627,522.062375,291.8519592285156]},{"page":40,"text":"functional component commander (e.g., the joint force land component commander), other","rect":[90.0000228881836,316.679931640625,522.019193359375,305.63995361328127]},{"page":40,"text":"component commanders, or other Service commanders (e.g., commander, Army forces, or","rect":[90.0000228881836,330.4799499511719,521.992826171875,319.45196533203127]},{"page":40,"text":"commander, Navy forces [COMNAVFOR]). The JACCE is the senior joint air operations","rect":[90.0000228881836,344.2799377441406,522.0204169921875,333.2399597167969]},{"page":40,"text":"element assisting a supported commander’s staff in planning air component supporting and","rect":[90.0000228881836,358.0799255371094,521.9747924804688,347.05194091796877]},{"page":40,"text":"supported requirements. Normally, the JACCE is composed primarily of personnel who","rect":[90.0000228881836,371.8799133300781,522.0360107421875,360.8519287109375]},{"page":40,"text":"have a working relationship with the component commanders or Service commanders. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,385.6799011230469,525.0180053710938,374.65191650390627]},{"page":40,"text":"Additional ","rect":[90.0000228881836,397.0559387207031,144.3480224609375,388.4519348144531]},{"page":40,"text":"manning ","rect":[158.38803100585938,399.47991943359377,203.3148193359375,388.4519348144531]},{"page":40,"text":"should ","rect":[217.29483032226563,397.0559387207031,252.3060302734375,388.4519348144531]},{"page":40,"text":"include ","rect":[266.2860412597656,397.0559387207031,304.6224060058594,388.4519348144531]},{"page":40,"text":"personnel ","rect":[318.6023864746094,399.4559326171875,368.3135986328125,388.4519348144531]},{"page":40,"text":"who ","rect":[382.2936096191406,397.0,405.9792175292969,388.4519348144531]},{"page":40,"text":"have ","rect":[420.01922607421877,397.0,445.7040100097656,388.4519348144531]},{"page":40,"text":"a ","rect":[459.68402099609377,397.0,468.0263977050781,391.0]},{"page":40,"text":"working","rect":[482.00640869140627,399.47991943359377,522.011962890625,388.4519348144531]},{"page":40,"text":"relationship/understanding of the associated JAOC. The JACCE facilitates integration by","rect":[90.0000228881836,413.2799072265625,522.0120239257813,402.2519226074219]},{"page":40,"text":"exchanging operational data and support requirements and by coordinating the integration","rect":[90.0000228881836,427.07989501953127,521.9832153320313,416.0519104003906]},{"page":40,"text":"of JFACC requirements for ACMs, joint FSCMs, CAS, air mobility, and space","rect":[90.00004577636719,440.8799133300781,521.9928559570312,429.8399353027344]},{"page":40,"text":"requirements, as well as COMAFFOR requirements of force protection, logistics,","rect":[90.00004577636719,454.6199035644531,522.0108642578125,443.5919189453125]},{"page":40,"text":"sustainment, and personnel. It must be emphasized that the JACCE is a liaison element","rect":[90.00004577636719,468.3959045410156,521.914857421875,457.39190673828127]},{"page":40,"text":"not a C2 node, nor is the JACCE director a commander (unless designated); thus, the","rect":[90.00004577636719,482.2198791503906,521.9580659179687,471.19189453125]},{"page":40,"text":"JACCE normally has no authority to direct or employ forces.","rect":[90.00004577636719,496.0199279785156,383.25482177734377,484.991943359375]},{"page":40,"text":"(8) Air Force Liaison Element (AFLE). The AFLE provides an interface","rect":[133.20004272460938,521.7959594726563,522.0024384765625,510.79193115234377]},{"page":40,"text":"between the COMAFFOR and the JFACC for coordinating and synchronizing Air Force","rect":[90.00004577636719,535.6199951171875,522.0180634765625,524.5919799804688]},{"page":40,"text":"units in support of joint air operations if the JFACC is not also the COMAFFOR. AFLE","rect":[90.00004577636719,549.4199829101563,521.9292900390625,538.3799438476563]},{"page":40,"text":"manning is based on a cadre concept with personnel selected for their battle management","rect":[90.00004577636719,563.2200317382813,522.0456557617188,552.1920166015625]},{"page":40,"text":"expertise and knowledge of C2 authorities and procedures. The cadres are augmented by","rect":[90.00004577636719,577.02001953125,522.0216674804688,565.9920043945313]},{"page":40,"text":"additional personnel who are specialists knowledgeable in the capabilities and tactics of ","rect":[90.00004577636719,590.820068359375,525.0384521484375,579.7920532226563]},{"page":40,"text":"the aircraft, intelligence, or weapons systems being employed. The AFLE can be tailored","rect":[90.00004577636719,604.6200561523438,522.08642578125,593.592041015625]},{"page":40,"text":"to perform a variety of missions and management functions to match the contingency or","rect":[90.00004577636719,618.4201049804688,522.0384194335937,607.39208984375]},{"page":40,"text":"operation.","rect":[90.00004577636719,632.1961059570313,138.31326293945313,621.1920776367188]},{"page":40,"text":"4. Army Command and Control","rect":[90.00004577636719,658.1400756835938,257.36047509765629,647.3160400390625]},{"page":40,"text":"a. The Army’s control system for synchronizing, coordinating, and integrating air","rect":[111.60004425048828,683.8201293945313,521.9856850585937,672.7921142578125]},{"page":40,"text":"operations with the commander’s scheme of maneuver is the AAGS. The AAGS initiates,","rect":[90.00006866455078,697.5961303710938,521.9412841796875,686.5921020507813]},{"page":40,"text":"receives, processes, and executes requests for air support and disseminates information and","rect":[90.00006866455078,711.3961181640625,522.032470703125,700.39208984375]},{"page":40,"text":"II-8 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,110.95320129394531,745.0679321289063]},{"page":40,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.5932312011719,753.4679565429688,521.997802734375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":41,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[412.0199890136719,47.267974853515628,521.96637109375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":41,"text":"intelligence produced by aerial assets. The AAGS (see Figure II-3) begins at the field army","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.8883666992188,74.6519775390625]},{"page":41,"text":"level and extends down through all echelons to the maneuver BN. Although some elements","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0108344726563,88.45196533203125]},{"page":41,"text":"within the AAGS, such as the TACP, belong to different Services or other nations, they","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,522.0311889648438,102.251953125]},{"page":41,"text":"function as a single entity in planning, coordinating, deconflicting, and integrating air","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,521.8847939453125,116.052001953125]},{"page":41,"text":"support operations with ground operations. The AAGS consists of airspace element, FC,","rect":[90.0,140.87998962402345,521.9903564453125,129.85198974609376]},{"page":41,"text":"air and missile defense, aviation elements, and coordination/liaison elements. Teamed with","rect":[90.0,152.2559814453125,522.0732421875,143.6519775390625]},{"page":41,"text":"the Air Force ASOC and TACP, they form the JAGIC for coordination and deconfliction","rect":[90.0000228881836,168.47996520996095,522.0732421875,157.45196533203126]},{"page":41,"text":"of joint fires in the division operational area and assigned airspace. Division-assigned","rect":[90.0000228881836,182.2799530029297,522.0120239257813,171.2399444580078]},{"page":41,"text":"airspace is assigned by the airspace control authority and is normally that airspace between","rect":[90.0,196.0800018310547,522.0671997070313,185.052001953125]},{"page":41,"text":"the rear boundary and the fire support coordination line (FSCL), between the lateral","rect":[90.0,209.87998962402345,522.0167861328125,198.85198974609376]},{"page":41,"text":"boundaries up to the coordinating altitude (CA). The AAGS coordinates and integrates","rect":[90.0,223.6799774169922,522.00003125,212.6519775390625]},{"page":41,"text":"both Army component aviation support and joint air support with Army ground","rect":[90.0,237.59996032714845,521.9952421875,226.7639617919922]},{"page":41,"text":"maneuver.","rect":[90.0,248.9759521484375,144.30479431152345,243.095947265625]},{"page":41,"text":"b. Entities within the AAGS. Army commanders cross-functionally organize","rect":[111.5999984741211,277.0799865722656,522.0815400390625,266.052001953125]},{"page":41,"text":"elements of staff sections in command posts for effective C2 through mission command. ","rect":[90.0,290.87994384765627,524.9495849609375,279.8519592285156]},{"page":41,"text":"In operations, the command post promotes effective mission command that requires","rect":[90.0,304.65594482421877,522.0204169921875,293.6519470214844]},{"page":41,"text":"continuous, close coordination, synchronization, and information sharing across staff ","rect":[90.0,318.4799499511719,524.9771728515625,307.45196533203127]},{"page":41,"text":"sections.","rect":[90.0,329.85595703125,131.702392578125,321.251953125]},{"page":41,"text":"(1) Command Post. A command post is a unit headquarters (HQ) where the","rect":[133.1999969482422,358.0559387207031,522.0935029296875,347.05194091796877]},{"page":41,"text":"commander and staff perform their activities. The HQ’s design of the modular force,","rect":[89.99998474121094,371.8799133300781,521.9736328125,360.8519287109375]},{"page":41,"text":"combined with robust communications, gives commanders a flexible mission command","rect":[89.9999771118164,385.6799011230469,522.0155639648438,374.65191650390627]},{"page":41,"text":"structure consisting of a main command post, a tactical command post, and a command","rect":[89.9999771118164,399.47991943359377,522.0179443359375,388.4519348144531]},{"page":41,"text":"group for brigades, divisions, and corps. Combined arms BNs are also resourced with a","rect":[89.99995422363281,413.2799072265625,521.9891328125,402.2519226074219]},{"page":41,"text":"combat trains command post and a field trains command post. Theater army HQs are","rect":[89.99995422363281,427.07989501953127,522.0551118164062,416.0519104003906]},{"page":41,"text":"resourced with a main command post and a contingency command post.","rect":[89.99995422363281,440.8799133300781,436.2431640625,429.8519287109375]},{"page":41,"text":"(2) Main Command Post. The main command post is the unit’s principal","rect":[133.19998168945313,466.5959167480469,522.00836328125,455.5919189453125]},{"page":41,"text":"command post and contains the majority of the staff. The main command post is designed","rect":[90.0,480.419921875,521.9423828125,469.37994384765627]},{"page":41,"text":"to control current operations, conduct detailed analysis, and plan future operations. It","rect":[90.0,494.2199401855469,521.94000390625,483.19195556640627]},{"page":41,"text":"includes representatives of all staff sections and a full suite of information systems to plan,","rect":[90.0,508.01995849609377,522.1116333007813,496.9919738769531]},{"page":41,"text":"prepare, execute, and assess operations. Functions of the main command post include, but","rect":[90.0,521.7960205078125,522.0360732421875,510.7919921875]},{"page":41,"text":"are not limited to:","rect":[90.0,533.196044921875,175.7171950683594,524.592041015625]},{"page":41,"text":"(a) Providing a facility for the commander to control operations, issue orders,","rect":[154.8000030517578,561.4200439453125,521.96875,550.3920288085938]},{"page":41,"text":"and conduct rehearsals.","rect":[89.9999771118164,572.7960205078125,202.19036865234376,564.1920166015625]},{"page":41,"text":"operations.","rect":[89.99995422363281,640.5961303710938,142.9319610595703,629.5921020507813]},{"page":41,"text":"(b) Controlling and synchronizing operations.","rect":[154.79998779296876,601.0200805664063,377.3519592285156,589.9920654296875]},{"page":41,"text":"(c) Monitoring and assessing operations for ","rect":[154.7999725341797,626.8201293945313,393.7439880371094,615.7921142578125]},{"page":41,"text":"their ","rect":[399.7439880371094,624.3121337890625,424.76641845703127,615.7921142578125]},{"page":41,"text":"impact ","rect":[430.76641845703127,626.796142578125,466.36322021484377,615.7921142578125]},{"page":41,"text":"on ","rect":[472.36322021484377,624.0,487.36322021484377,618.0]},{"page":41,"text":"future","rect":[493.36322021484377,624.3961181640625,522.0035981445312,615.8041381835938]},{"page":41,"text":"(d) Planning operations, including branches and sequels.","rect":[154.79995727539063,666.4201049804688,428.969970703125,655.39208984375]},{"page":41,"text":"(e) Issuing directives and orders.","rect":[154.79995727539063,692.2201538085938,314.7191162109375,681.192138671875]},{"page":41,"text":"(f) Allocating resources.","rect":[154.79995727539063,718.0202026367188,274.76397705078127,706.9921875]},{"page":41,"text":"II-9","rect":[504.0,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":42,"text":"Chapter II","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,138.94918603515627,38.651973724365237]},{"page":42,"text":"(3) Tactical Command Post. The tactical command post is a facility containing","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.124755859375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":42,"text":"a tailored portion of a unit HQ designed to control portions of an operation for a limited","rect":[89.99999237060547,99.47996520996094,522.0347900390625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":42,"text":"time. Commanders employ the tactical command post as an extension of the main","rect":[89.99999237060547,113.27995300292969,522.001220703125,102.251953125]},{"page":42,"text":"command post to help control the execution of an operation; direct the operations of units","rect":[89.99999237060547,127.05599975585938,522.067169921875,116.052001953125]},{"page":42,"text":"close to each other; or conduct a specific, complex task. The tactical command post is fully","rect":[89.99999237060547,140.87998962402345,522.0216064453125,129.85198974609376]},{"page":42,"text":"mobile and includes only essential soldiers and equipment. The tactical command post","rect":[89.99999237060547,154.6799774169922,521.949525390625,143.6519775390625]},{"page":42,"text":"relies on the main command post for planning, detailed analysis, and coordination.","rect":[89.99999237060547,168.47996520996095,486.56640625,157.45196533203126]},{"page":42,"text":"(4) Fire Support Team (FIST). A FIST is a field artillery team with a habitual","rect":[133.20001220703126,194.2799530029297,522.0216689453125,183.251953125]},{"page":42,"text":"relationship to a maneuver company and selected units to plan and coordinate all available","rect":[90.00003814697266,208.0800018310547,522.0311860351562,197.052001953125]},{"page":42,"text":"company supporting fires, including mortars, field artillery, NSFS, and CAS integration. ","rect":[90.00003814697266,221.87998962402345,524.998779296875,210.85198974609376]},{"page":42,"text":"FISTs employed at company/troop level provide maneuver companies and reconnaissance","rect":[90.00003814697266,235.6799774169922,522.0324677734375,224.6519775390625]},{"page":42,"text":"troops with fire support coordination, targeting, input for TAC, and assessment capabilities. ","rect":[90.00003814697266,249.47996520996095,525.0624389648438,238.45196533203126]},{"page":42,"text":"The BN commander can task-organize within the BN and employ according to the","rect":[90.00003814697266,263.2799377441406,521.9459809570312,252.251953125]},{"page":42,"text":"observation plan. Each FIST vehicle possesses a target acquisition/communications suite","rect":[90.00003814697266,277.0799255371094,522.0383881835937,266.05194091796877]},{"page":42,"text":"with the capability to designate for laser-guided munitions.","rect":[90.00003814697266,290.87994384765627,373.16278076171877,279.8519592285156]},{"page":42,"text":"(5) JFO. JFOs are typically found on FISTs but may also be trained to fill","rect":[133.2000274658203,316.679931640625,521.9808364257813,305.6519470214844]},{"page":42,"text":"positions in scout platoons, teams, or others as identified by commanders. JFOs are","rect":[90.00006103515625,330.4799499511719,521.940060546875,319.45196533203127]},{"page":42,"text":"positioned to support CAS and employed in the same manner as forward observers, and","rect":[90.00006103515625,344.2799377441406,521.932861328125,333.251953125]},{"page":42,"text":"they are normally positioned at the lower tactical levels (e.g., company or platoon). They","rect":[90.00006103515625,358.0799255371094,521.932861328125,347.05194091796877]},{"page":42,"text":"normally report to the company fire support officer (FSO) or fire support noncommissioned","rect":[90.00008392333985,371.8799133300781,521.9640502929688,360.8519287109375]},{"page":42,"text":"officer. The JFO may be collocated with the platoon leader or with the scouts. During","rect":[90.00008392333985,385.6799011230469,522.00244140625,374.65191650390627]},{"page":42,"text":"planning, commanders must evaluate options for integration of joint fires, provide clear","rect":[90.00008392333985,399.47991943359377,521.9641396484375,388.43994140625]},{"page":42,"text":"guidance on fires, and provide a risk assessment determination identifying guidance for","rect":[90.00010681152344,413.2799072265625,521.8897377929687,402.2519226074219]},{"page":42,"text":"types of CAS TAC. Units that have a reasonable expectation to conduct CAS have a","rect":[90.00010681152344,427.07989501953127,522.0024995117187,416.0519104003906]},{"page":42,"text":"responsibility to employ JTACs/FAC(A)s. JFOs support CAS by providing targeting data","rect":[90.00010681152344,440.8799133300781,522.0097016601562,429.8519287109375]},{"page":42,"text":"to JTACs/FAC(A)s. JFOs cannot perform TAC of CAS missions and do not replace a","rect":[90.00008392333985,454.5959167480469,522.0012788085937,443.5919189453125]},{"page":42,"text":"trained and certified JTAC/FAC(A). ","rect":[90.00008392333985,468.3959045410156,276.58209228515627,457.39190673828127]},{"page":42,"text":"(6) Army Aviation Liaison. Army aviation commanders establish liaison","rect":[133.20008850097657,494.2198791503906,521.9904814453125,483.19189453125]},{"page":42,"text":"with supported brigade combat teams (BCTs) during specified operations. The aviation","rect":[90.00008392333985,508.0199279785156,522.0697021484375,496.991943359375]},{"page":42,"text":"LNO team will normally work for the brigade aviation officer as a functioning addition to","rect":[90.00006103515625,521.8199462890625,522.0816650390625,510.79193115234377]},{"page":42,"text":"the brigade aviation element (BAE) staff section. Often, aviation LNO teams will","rect":[90.00008392333985,535.6199951171875,521.961732421875,524.5919799804688]},{"page":42,"text":"coordinate with the BAE and then embed in a lower echelon during mission execution. ","rect":[90.00008392333985,549.4199829101563,513.2065124511719,538.3919677734375]},{"page":42,"text":"(7) Battlefield Coordination Detachment (BCD). The BCD is an Army liaison","rect":[133.20008850097657,575.2200317382813,522.0013427734375,564.1920166015625]},{"page":42,"text":"provided by the Army component or force commander to the COMAFFOR for duties with","rect":[90.00008392333985,589.02001953125,521.992919921875,577.9920043945313]},{"page":42,"text":"the AOC or to the JFACC for duties in the JAOC based on the scenario. The BCD","rect":[90.00008392333985,600.4080810546875,522.0025009765625,591.7920532226563]},{"page":42,"text":"processes Army requests for air support and monitors and interprets the land battle","rect":[90.00008392333985,616.6200561523438,521.9760712890625,605.592041015625]},{"page":42,"text":"situation. This interface includes exchanging current intelligence and operational data;","rect":[90.00008392333985,630.4201049804688,522.0421157226563,619.39208984375]},{"page":42,"text":"support requirements; and coordinating the integration of Army forces requirements for","rect":[90.00008392333985,644.2200927734375,521.9856850585937,633.1920776367188]},{"page":42,"text":"ACMs, FSCMs, and airlift. The BCD is not an FC; however, it can perform many fire","rect":[90.00008392333985,658.02001953125,522.0192231445312,646.9920043945313]},{"page":42,"text":"support functions.","rect":[90.0,671.7960205078125,176.60281372070313,660.7919921875]},{"page":42,"text":"(8) Airspace Elements. The division’s airspace element oversees airspace control","rect":[133.20001220703126,697.5960083007813,522.21246484375,686.5919799804688]},{"page":42,"text":"for division-assigned airspace, regardless of whether the operational area has been further","rect":[90.0,711.4199829101563,522.06240625,700.3919677734375]},{"page":42,"text":"II-10 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,116.95199584960938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":42,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.59197998046877,753.4679565429688,521.9759521484375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":43,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[412.0199890136719,47.267974853515628,521.96637109375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":43,"text":"assigned to the BCT. When a division allocates part of its operational area to a BCT, it may","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.030029296875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":43,"text":"delegate airspace management authorities to the BCT. As the airspace functional lead for","rect":[90.0000228881836,99.47996520996094,522.061185546875,88.45196533203125]},{"page":43,"text":"the division staff, the airspace element develops standard operating procedures (SOPs) and","rect":[90.0000228881836,113.27995300292969,522.1200561523438,102.251953125]},{"page":43,"text":"airspace control annexes that help standardize airspace control operations among subordinate","rect":[90.0000228881836,127.08000183105469,522.03844921875,116.052001953125]},{"page":43,"text":"units. These procedures and annexes ensure consistency with joint airspace procedures and","rect":[90.00004577636719,140.87998962402345,522.1572875976563,129.83998107910157]},{"page":43,"text":"associated plans and orders. The airspace element coordinates with the TACP and the ASOC","rect":[90.00004577636719,154.65597534179688,522.0696127929688,143.6519775390625]},{"page":43,"text":"at the Army command post and may coordinate with a CRC, the AWACS, a DASC/tactical","rect":[90.00004577636719,168.47996520996095,522.0888686523438,157.45196533203126]},{"page":43,"text":"air operations center (TAOC), and other airspace control elements for rapid resolution of ","rect":[90.00004577636719,182.25595092773438,524.9772338867188,171.251953125]},{"page":43,"text":"airspace issues. Air defense airspace management (ADAM)/BAE supports the brigade","rect":[90.00004577636719,196.0800018310547,522.0432099609375,185.052001953125]},{"page":43,"text":"commander by providing situational understanding of the airspace and early warning via","rect":[90.00004577636719,209.87998962402345,522.0588349609375,198.85198974609376]},{"page":43,"text":"connectivity with airspace users and with multinational partner’s sensors and command","rect":[90.00004577636719,223.6799774169922,522.1824340820313,212.6519775390625]},{"page":43,"text":"networks. The ADAM/BAE coordinates closely with the brigade TACP to identify CAS","rect":[90.00004577636719,237.47996520996095,522.0768461914063,226.45196533203126]},{"page":43,"text":"airspace requirements and facilitate air-ground integration. The ADAM/BAE is responsible","rect":[90.00004577636719,251.2799530029297,522.0960053710937,240.251953125]},{"page":43,"text":"for integrating airspace requirements in the BCT unit airspace plan and submits airspace","rect":[90.00004577636719,265.0799255371094,522.0612153320312,254.05194091796876]},{"page":43,"text":"requirements to the division airspace element.","rect":[90.00004577636719,278.8559265136719,306.09368896484377,267.8519287109375]},{"page":43,"text":"5. Air Force and Army Command and Control in Land Operations","rect":[90.00004577636719,304.7999572753906,429.87606884765628,293.9639587402344]},{"page":43,"text":"a. Air-ground integration is achieved through the operations processes to coordinate","rect":[111.60005187988281,330.4799499511719,522.052853515625,319.45196533203127]},{"page":43,"text":"with each echelon of command, with other components, and with multinational partners. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,344.2559509277344,524.9976196289063,333.251953125]},{"page":43,"text":"When appropriate, USAF TACS may be clearly interconnected with the AAGS. At the","rect":[90.00004577636719,358.0799255371094,522.1668671875,347.05194091796877]},{"page":43,"text":"division level, this interconnection of TACS/AAGS is found within the JAGIC. The JAGIC","rect":[90.0000228881836,369.4679260253906,522.0791953125,360.8519287109375]},{"page":43,"text":"is a mix of Army and Air Force personnel within the current operations integration cell. The","rect":[90.0000228881836,385.6799011230469,522.0576142578125,374.65191650390627]},{"page":43,"text":"JAGIC may contain participants such as the Army fire support coordinator (FSCOORD);","rect":[90.0000228881836,399.47991943359377,522.0348525390625,388.4519348144531]},{"page":43,"text":"USMC fire support coordinator (FSC); Army or Marine Corps component operations staff ","rect":[90.0000228881836,413.2799072265625,524.9988403320313,402.2519226074219]},{"page":43,"text":"officer (Army division or higher staff, Marine Corps brigade or higher staff) (G-3); or","rect":[90.0000228881836,427.07989501953127,522.0960366210937,416.0519104003906]},{"page":43,"text":"battalion or brigade operations staff officer (Army) or operations and training officer (Marine","rect":[90.0000228881836,440.8799133300781,522.1871918945312,429.8519287109375]},{"page":43,"text":"Corps) (S-3). If Navy or Marine Corps CAS is available, the air-naval gunfire liaison","rect":[90.0000228881836,454.6199035644531,522.1404418945313,443.5919189453125]},{"page":43,"text":"company (ANGLICO) may provide the division, brigade, and BN FCs with supporting arms","rect":[90.0000228881836,468.4198913574219,522.1296088867188,457.39190673828127]},{"page":43,"text":"liaison. The TACP is essential to integrating CAS during the Army’s operations process and","rect":[90.0000228881836,482.2198791503906,522.132080078125,471.19189453125]},{"page":43,"text":"military decision-making process. The ASOC is essential to the conduct of CAS during the","rect":[90.0000228881836,496.0199279785156,522.2136201171875,484.991943359375]},{"page":43,"text":"execution of operations and resourcing immediate air support requests. The collocation of ","rect":[90.0000228881836,509.8199157714844,524.9759521484375,498.79193115234377]},{"page":43,"text":"the appropriate personnel from the FC, the Army aviation element, TACP, and the ASOC in","rect":[90.0000228881836,523.6199951171875,521.9904174804688,512.5919799804688]},{"page":43,"text":"the current operations integration cell facilitates joint air and ground integration.","rect":[90.0000228881836,537.4199829101563,467.1456298828125,526.3799438476563]},{"page":43,"text":"b. FC and ASOC/TACP Interface within the JAGIC. The FC is the link for the CAS","rect":[111.60003662109375,560.8200073242188,522.2376127929688,552.1920166015625]},{"page":43,"text":"mission area between the Army unit and the ASOC/TACP. The FC is responsible for fire","rect":[90.0000228881836,577.02001953125,522.009640625,565.9920043945313]},{"page":43,"text":"support planning, coordination, integration, and synchronization of fires delivered on surface","rect":[90.0000228881836,590.820068359375,522.0888642578125,579.7920532226563]},{"page":43,"text":"targets by all fire-support assets under the control, or in support, of the ground maneuver","rect":[90.00004577636719,604.6200561523438,522.0096108398437,593.592041015625]},{"page":43,"text":"commander. As part of this responsibility, the FC, Army air and missile defense cell, and","rect":[90.00004577636719,618.4201049804688,522.0144653320313,607.39208984375]},{"page":43,"text":"airspace and aviation elements teamed with ASOC/TACP coordinate the airspace use within","rect":[90.00006866455078,632.1961059570313,522.1092529296875,621.1920776367188]},{"page":43,"text":"the JAGIC. Within the assigned airspace, the JAGIC integrates CAS, fires, airspace control,","rect":[90.00006866455078,646.0201416015625,522.165771484375,634.9921264648438]},{"page":43,"text":"interdiction coordination, friendly force ID, and information collection for the unit. CAS","rect":[90.00009155273438,659.8201293945313,522.1320830078125,648.7921142578125]},{"page":43,"text":"coordination occurs through the ASOC and the unit’s ALO/ASOC director.","rect":[90.00009155273438,673.6201782226563,445.67291259765627,662.5921630859375]},{"page":43,"text":"II-11","rect":[498.0,753.2999267578125,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":44,"text":"Chapter II","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,138.94918603515627,38.651973724365237]},{"page":44,"text":"c. Figure II-4 depicts USAF and United States Army (USA) agencies and","rect":[111.5999984741211,85.67997741699219,522.079345703125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":44,"text":"communications nets that provide supporting components, normal control agencies, and","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0924072265625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":44,"text":"frequency band connectivity requirements for CAS.","rect":[90.00000762939453,113.27995300292969,338.52960205078127,102.251953125]},{"page":44,"text":"6. Navy Command and Control","rect":[90.00000762939453,139.1999969482422,254.036439453125,128.37599182128907]},{"page":44,"text":"a. The NTACS is the principal air control system afloat. Figure II-5 shows typical","rect":[111.60000610351563,164.87998962402345,522.0060439453125,153.85198974609376]},{"page":44,"text":"Navy and Marine Corps CAS connectivity.","rect":[90.00000762939453,178.6799774169922,297.31201171875,167.6519775390625]},{"page":44,"text":"b. Entities within NTACS","rect":[111.60000610351563,202.0799560546875,245.3496123046875,193.45196533203126]},{"page":44,"text":"Figure II-4. United States Air Force and United States Army Communications Nets","rect":[110.10003662109375,718.6137084960938,500.7508077545166,709.11474609375]},{"page":44,"text":"II-12 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,116.95199584960938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":44,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.59197998046877,753.4679565429688,521.9759521484375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":45,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,732.0,93.0,731.0]},{"page":45,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[412.0199890136719,47.267974853515628,521.96637109375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":45,"text":"Figure II-5. Navy and Marine Corps Close Air Support Connectivity","rect":[146.51962280273438,710.2738647460938,464.3169698638916,700.77490234375]},{"page":46,"text":"Chapter II","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,138.94918603515627,38.651973724365237]},{"page":46,"text":"(1) Navy Tactical Air Control Center (Navy TACC). The Navy TACC is the","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.0264252929687,74.6519775390625]},{"page":46,"text":"primary air control agency within the operational area from which all air operations","rect":[89.99999237060547,99.47996520996094,522.0528266601563,88.45196533203125]},{"page":46,"text":"supporting the amphibious task force are controlled. When designated as the JFACC,","rect":[89.99999237060547,113.27995300292969,521.9891357421875,102.251953125]},{"page":46,"text":"COMNAVFOR will augment the Navy TACC with elements from other components to","rect":[89.99999237060547,127.08000183105469,521.9951782226563,116.052001953125]},{"page":46,"text":"create a JAOC. A key function of the Navy TACC is to provide CAS and other air support","rect":[89.99999237060547,140.87998962402345,522.064759765625,129.85198974609376]},{"page":46,"text":"requested by the landing force (LF). Ideally, the Navy TACC is collocated with the","rect":[89.99999237060547,154.6799774169922,522.0083588867187,143.6519775390625]},{"page":46,"text":"supporting arms coordination center (SACC) onboard amphibious warfare ships. The","rect":[89.99996948242188,168.47996520996095,522.0095795898437,157.45196533203126]},{"page":46,"text":"SACC is the naval counterpart to the LF’s FSCC. Two sections within the Navy TACC","rect":[89.99996948242188,182.2799530029297,522.0107749023438,171.251953125]},{"page":46,"text":"specifically support the CAS function:","rect":[89.99996948242188,196.0800018310547,274.70041040039066,185.052001953125]},{"page":46,"text":"(a) Air Traffic Control Section (ATCS). The ATCS provides initial safe","rect":[154.7999725341797,221.85598754882813,522.0070771484375,210.85198974609376]},{"page":46,"text":"passage, radar control, and surveillance for aircraft in the AOA. The ATCS can also","rect":[89.99996948242188,235.6799774169922,522.067138671875,224.6519775390625]},{"page":46,"text":"provide early detection, ID, and warning of enemy aircraft.","rect":[89.99996948242188,249.47996520996095,373.629638671875,238.45196533203126]},{"page":46,"text":"(b) Air Support Control Section (ASCS). The ASCS is designed to","rect":[154.7999725341797,275.2799377441406,521.9987182617188,264.251953125]},{"page":46,"text":"coordinate and control overall CAS employment. The primary task of the ASCS is to","rect":[89.99994659423828,289.0799560546875,522.0023193359375,278.0519714355469]},{"page":46,"text":"provide fast reaction to CAS requests from the LF. The ASCS coordinates with the SACC","rect":[89.99994659423828,302.85595703125,522.05038671875,291.8519592285156]},{"page":46,"text":"to integrate CAS and other supporting arms, provide aircrews with the most current","rect":[89.99994659423828,316.679931640625,522.0299697265625,305.6519470214844]},{"page":46,"text":"intelligence and target briefings, pass CAS control to the JTAC, execute the CAS portion","rect":[89.99994659423828,330.4799499511719,521.9639892578125,319.45196533203127]},{"page":46,"text":"of the ATO, and act as the agency for immediate CAS requests.","rect":[89.99994659423828,344.2799377441406,395.54632568359377,333.251953125]},{"page":46,"text":"(2) Tactical Air Direction Center (TADC). The TADC is a control agency","rect":[133.199951171875,370.0799255371094,522.1536254882813,359.05194091796877]},{"page":46,"text":"subordinate to either the Navy TACC or Marine tactical air command center (Marine","rect":[89.99994659423828,383.8799133300781,522.0299653320312,372.8519287109375]},{"page":46,"text":"TACC), smaller in area of control, seen during advance force or sector operations. Once","rect":[89.99994659423828,397.6799011230469,522.0359467773437,386.65191650390627]},{"page":46,"text":"the Navy passes control of aviation assets ashore to the commander, LF, the Marine TADC","rect":[89.99994659423828,411.47991943359377,522.0323203125,400.4519348144531]},{"page":46,"text":"becomes the Marine TACC and the Navy TACC reverts to a Navy TADC.","rect":[89.99994659423828,425.2799072265625,448.21197509765627,414.2519226074219]},{"page":46,"text":"(3) SACC. Although not part of the NTACS, the SACC is integral to supporting","rect":[133.199951171875,451.07989501953127,521.9903564453125,440.0519104003906]},{"page":46,"text":"arms C2. The SACC is a single location onboard an amphibious warfare ship in which all","rect":[89.99992370605469,464.8799133300781,522.0563369140625,453.8519287109375]},{"page":46,"text":"communications facilities incident to the coordination of fire support of the artillery, air,","rect":[89.99992370605469,478.6199035644531,522.0430908203125,467.5919189453125]},{"page":46,"text":"and naval gunfire are centralized. The SACC processes joint tactical air strike requests","rect":[89.99992370605469,492.419921875,522.0143134765625,481.37994384765627]},{"page":46,"text":"(JTARs) and determines which supporting arm is best suited to engage targets. The SACC","rect":[89.99994659423828,506.2199401855469,522.0539267578125,495.19195556640627]},{"page":46,"text":"maintains radio contact on tactical air request (TAR) nets with TACP to coordinate CAS","rect":[89.99994659423828,519.9959716796875,521.9747954101563,508.991943359375]},{"page":46,"text":"requests. The SACC is generally in control until the LF is firmly established ashore, at","rect":[89.99994659423828,533.8200073242188,522.0047622070313,522.7919921875]},{"page":46,"text":"which time some or all coordination may be shifted to the FSCC ashore.","rect":[89.99994659423828,547.6200561523438,436.9703674316406,536.592041015625]},{"page":46,"text":"(4) JTAC. The Navy has JTACs assigned to riverine and Navy special warfare","rect":[133.19998168945313,573.4200439453125,521.9879731445312,562.3920288085938]},{"page":46,"text":"units. ","rect":[89.99994659423828,584.7960205078125,119.33995056152344,576.1920166015625]},{"page":46,"text":"(5) Airborne C2 Elements","rect":[133.199951171875,612.99609375,268.4687507324219,601.9920654296875]},{"page":46,"text":"(a) The E-2 Hawkeye is the Navy’s carrier-based tactical battle management","rect":[154.79994201660157,638.8201293945313,522.005921875,627.7921142578125]},{"page":46,"text":"airborne early warning and C2 aircraft. When executing an airborne battlefield C2 mission,","rect":[89.99992370605469,652.6201171875,522.0286865234375,641.5921020507813]},{"page":46,"text":"the E-2 functions as an extension of the JAOC, Marine TACC, ASOC, DASC, or Navy","rect":[89.99992370605469,666.4201049804688,521.9459228515625,655.39208984375]},{"page":46,"text":"TACC. In this overland mission, the E-2 provides battle management in the area of ISR","rect":[89.99992370605469,680.2201538085938,521.9842856445313,669.192138671875]},{"page":46,"text":"integration, electronic attack, tanking, airspace control, and communication relay. Because","rect":[89.99992370605469,694.0202026367188,522.0574921875,682.9921875]},{"page":46,"text":"II-14 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,116.95199584960938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":46,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.59197998046877,753.4679565429688,521.9759521484375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":47,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[412.0199890136719,47.267974853515628,521.96637109375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":47,"text":"airborne battlefield C2 is a dedicated mission for the E-2, it should not be assigned to","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0347900390625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":47,"text":"perform additional missions simultaneously.","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,303.4080505371094,88.45196533203125]},{"page":47,"text":"(b) FAC(A). The Navy has FAC(A)s assigned to operational fighter","rect":[154.8000030517578,125.27995300292969,522.0373818359375,114.251953125]},{"page":47,"text":"squadrons attached to carrier air wings. Some Navy FAC(A)s are also trained as JTACs. ","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,523.2191772460938,128.052001953125]},{"page":47,"text":"(c) TAC(A). The TAC(A) can serve as a communications relay between the","rect":[154.79998779296876,164.87998962402345,522.019162109375,153.85198974609376]},{"page":47,"text":"terminal attack controller and the supporting assets, deconflict aircraft at the direction of ","rect":[89.99998474121094,178.6799774169922,525.0372314453125,167.6519775390625]},{"page":47,"text":"the JTAC/FAC(A), and serve as the tactical lead for coordinated attacks.","rect":[90.0,192.45596313476563,438.61199951171877,181.45196533203126]},{"page":47,"text":"(6) Naval and Amphibious Liaison Element (NALE). The COMNAVFOR","rect":[133.20001220703126,218.25595092773438,522.0719931640625,207.251953125]},{"page":47,"text":"provides a NALE to the JFACC’s JAOC. The NALE communicates all matters pertaining to","rect":[90.0,232.0800018310547,522.1187744140625,221.052001953125]},{"page":47,"text":"Navy and Marine amphibious operations to the JAOC. The NALE processes COMNAVFOR","rect":[90.0,245.8799285888672,522.0480063476563,234.8519287109375]},{"page":47,"text":"requests for air support and monitors and interprets the maritime battle situation for the JAOC. ","rect":[90.0,259.6559753417969,524.9615478515625,248.6519775390625]},{"page":47,"text":"An amphibious task force representative at the JAOC will facilitate the following:","rect":[90.0,273.4799499511719,471.2987685546875,262.45196533203127]},{"page":47,"text":"(a) Processing of ACM requests.","rect":[154.79998779296876,299.2799377441406,314.77197265625,288.251953125]},{"page":47,"text":"(b) Integration of amphibious force air missions into the ATO.","rect":[154.79998779296876,325.0799255371094,457.7064208984375,314.05194091796877]},{"page":47,"text":"(c) Resolution of current operations issues such as ATO change requests,","rect":[154.7999725341797,350.8799133300781,522.0095825195313,339.8519287109375]},{"page":47,"text":"ACM activation, and re-role of existing ATO missions.","rect":[90.0,364.6799011230469,355.640380859375,353.65191650390627]},{"page":47,"text":"(d) Coordination of air defense requirements with the area air defense","rect":[154.79998779296876,390.4559326171875,521.9892548828125,379.4519348144531]},{"page":47,"text":"commander.","rect":[90.0,401.8559265136719,149.65200805664063,393.2519226074219]},{"page":47,"text":"7. Marine Corps Command and Control","rect":[90.0,430.1759338378906,299.6639724121094,419.3639221191406]},{"page":47,"text":"a. The MACCS consists of various air C2 agencies that provide the MAGTF aviation","rect":[111.5999984741211,455.8799133300781,522.0299682617188,444.8519287109375]},{"page":47,"text":"combat element (ACE) commander with the ability to monitor, supervise, and influence","rect":[90.0,469.6799011230469,522.0048188476562,458.65191650390627]},{"page":47,"text":"the application of Marine Corps aviation’s six functions (antiair warfare, offensive air","rect":[90.0,483.4559020996094,522.076810546875,472.451904296875]},{"page":47,"text":"support, electronic warfare [EW], air reconnaissance, control of aircraft and missiles, and","rect":[90.0,497.25592041015627,521.9736328125,486.2519226074219]},{"page":47,"text":"assault support). The Marine air control group is responsible for providing, operating, and","rect":[90.0000228881836,511.0799255371094,522.00244140625,500.05194091796877]},{"page":47,"text":"maintaining principal MACCS agencies. Marine Corps aviation’s philosophy is one of ","rect":[90.0000228881836,524.8799438476563,525.0240478515625,513.8519287109375]},{"page":47,"text":"centralized command and decentralized control. The Marine TACC is the focal point for","rect":[90.0000228881836,538.5960083007813,521.9424111328125,527.5919799804688]},{"page":47,"text":"tasking and exercising OPCON over Marine Corps air assets.","rect":[90.0000228881836,552.4199829101563,384.18603515625,541.3919677734375]},{"page":47,"text":"b. Entities Within the MACCS","rect":[111.60002136230469,575.8200073242188,270.8784208984375,567.1920166015625]},{"page":47,"text":"(1) Marine TACC. The Marine TACC is the senior agency of the MACCS. It","rect":[133.2000274658203,604.02001953125,521.9111953125,592.9920043945313]},{"page":47,"text":"provides the facilities for the ACE commander and the battlestaff to command, supervise,","rect":[90.0000228881836,617.7960815429688,522.00244140625,606.7920532226563]},{"page":47,"text":"and direct MAGTF air operations. When the commander, Marine Corps forces, is also the","rect":[90.0000228881836,631.5960693359375,521.9760102539062,620.592041015625]},{"page":47,"text":"JFACC, the Marine TACC will be augumented with elements from other components to","rect":[90.0000228881836,645.4201049804688,522.0228271484375,634.39208984375]},{"page":47,"text":"create a JAOC. Other Services’ comparable agencies include the AOC and the Navy","rect":[90.0000228881836,659.2200927734375,522.0167846679688,648.1920776367188]},{"page":47,"text":"TACC.","rect":[90.0000228881836,670.608154296875,124.9176254272461,662.1961059570313]},{"page":47,"text":"II-15","rect":[498.0,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":48,"text":"Chapter II","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,138.94918603515627,38.651973724365237]},{"page":48,"text":"(2) TADC. The Marine TADC is an air operations agency subordinate to the","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.0574921875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":48,"text":"Navy TACC. The Marine TADC is normally utilized during the phasing of the MACCS","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,521.9375639648438,88.45196533203125]},{"page":48,"text":"ashore.","rect":[89.99996948242188,110.85594940185547,124.384765625,102.251953125]},{"page":48,"text":"(3) TAOC. The TAOC is subordinate to the Marine TACC and performs three","rect":[133.19996643066407,139.05599975585938,522.0047578125,128.052001953125]},{"page":48,"text":"primary functions within the MACCS. These functions include air surveillance, air","rect":[89.99996948242188,152.87998962402345,522.003568359375,141.85198974609376]},{"page":48,"text":"direction, and air control. As the MAGTF’s primary air surveillance agency, the TAOC","rect":[89.99996948242188,166.6799774169922,522.0143759765625,155.6519775390625]},{"page":48,"text":"uses its organic radars and TDLs to create a recognized air picture within its assigned","rect":[89.99996948242188,180.47996520996095,522.0767211914063,169.45196533203126]},{"page":48,"text":"sector. That air picture, which is shared through various data links to a wide variety of C2","rect":[89.99996948242188,194.2799530029297,522.0191650390625,183.251953125]},{"page":48,"text":"systems, is managed through detailed coordination with higher and adjacent MAGTF and","rect":[89.99996948242188,208.0800018310547,522.0767822265625,197.0399932861328]},{"page":48,"text":"joint surveillance platforms. The TAOC can also perform a variety of delegated air","rect":[89.99996948242188,221.87998962402345,522.0347573242187,210.83998107910157]},{"page":48,"text":"direction functions, including coordination and deconfliction of airspace, tanker","rect":[89.99996948242188,235.6799774169922,521.9712197265625,224.6519775390625]},{"page":48,"text":"management, antiair warfare asset management, and coordination and control of fires in","rect":[89.99996948242188,249.47996520996095,522.1079711914063,238.45196533203126]},{"page":48,"text":"the deep area. The TAOC utilizes positive and procedural air control to ensure mission-","rect":[89.99996948242188,263.2559509277344,522.0478798828125,252.251953125]},{"page":48,"text":"tasked aircraft and itinerant aircraft are routed and deconflicted.","rect":[89.99996948242188,274.65594482421877,396.15716552734377,266.05194091796877]},{"page":48,"text":"(4) DASC. The DASC is the principal air control agency responsible for the","rect":[133.19998168945313,302.87994384765627,522.047970703125,291.8519592285156]},{"page":48,"text":"procedural control and direction of air operations that directly support ground forces. It","rect":[89.99996948242188,316.679931640625,522.0479750976563,305.6519470214844]},{"page":48,"text":"functions in a decentralized mode of operation but is directly supervised by the Marine","rect":[89.99996948242188,330.4799499511719,522.0119599609375,319.45196533203127]},{"page":48,"text":"TACC. The DASC processes immediate air support requests, coordinates the execution of ","rect":[89.99996948242188,344.2559509277344,524.9615478515625,333.251953125]},{"page":48,"text":"preplanned and immediate CAS, directs assigned and itinerant aircraft, and controls UA","rect":[89.99996948242188,358.0799255371094,521.9903549804687,347.05194091796877]},{"page":48,"text":"transiting through DASC-controlled airspace. When delegated authority, the DASC","rect":[89.99996948242188,371.8799133300781,522.021578125,360.8519287109375]},{"page":48,"text":"adjusts preplanned schedules, diverts airborne assets, and launches aircraft, as required. ","rect":[89.99996948242188,385.6799011230469,525.0096435546875,374.6399230957031]},{"page":48,"text":"The DASC’s configuration is flexible and can be task-organized to meet a variety of ","rect":[89.99999237060547,399.47991943359377,525.0023803710938,388.4519348144531]},{"page":48,"text":"requirements. The DASC normally collocates with the senior FSCC. When there are","rect":[89.99999237060547,413.2799072265625,521.9831513671875,402.2519226074219]},{"page":48,"text":"multiple ground combat elements (GCEs), the DASC may collocate with the MAGTF’s","rect":[89.99999237060547,427.07989501953127,521.9880073242188,416.0519104003906]},{"page":48,"text":"FECC. Synchronization between the DASC and the FECC/FSCC is vital to the effective","rect":[89.99999237060547,440.8799133300781,522.0012177734375,429.8519287109375]},{"page":48,"text":"coordination of direct air support missions and the employment of other supporting arms. ","rect":[89.99999237060547,454.6799011230469,524.94482421875,443.65191650390627]},{"page":48,"text":"(5) TACP (USMC). Marine TACPs are organic to Marine infantry divisions,","rect":[135.00001525878907,480.4198913574219,522.0322875976563,469.39190673828127]},{"page":48,"text":"regiments, and BNs. The TACP provides a way for ground commanders to access the","rect":[90.00003051757813,494.2198791503906,522.0048188476562,483.19189453125]},{"page":48,"text":"MACCS to satisfy their direct air support requirements. It provides the ground commander","rect":[90.00003814697266,508.0199279785156,522.0433022460937,496.991943359375]},{"page":48,"text":"with aviation advisory personnel and the means to integrate tactical air operations with","rect":[90.00003814697266,521.8199462890625,522.0216674804688,510.79193115234377]},{"page":48,"text":"supporting arms. TACPs provide TAC capability down to the company level. ","rect":[90.00003814697266,535.6199951171875,470.8824768066406,524.5919799804688]},{"page":48,"text":"(a) Forward Air Controller (FAC). In the Marine Corps, the FAC is an","rect":[154.800048828125,561.39599609375,522.0625,550.3919677734375]},{"page":48,"text":"aviation officer certified and qualified as a JTAC who, from a forward ground or airborne","rect":[90.00003814697266,575.2200317382813,521.9460419921875,564.1920166015625]},{"page":48,"text":"position, coordinates, integrates, and directs actions of combat aircraft engaged in support","rect":[90.00003814697266,589.02001953125,522.0360732421875,577.9920043945313]},{"page":48,"text":"of ground combat operations. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,602.820068359375,234.31201171875,591.7920532226563]},{"page":48,"text":"(b) JTAC. The JTAC is a certified and qualified individual, usually with a","rect":[154.80001831054688,628.6200561523438,521.995236328125,617.592041015625]},{"page":48,"text":"ground combat arms background.","rect":[89.99999237060547,642.4201049804688,251.34954833984376,631.39208984375]},{"page":48,"text":"(c) JFO. JFOs may be assigned or attached to maneuver units down to the","rect":[154.79998779296876,668.2200927734375,522.028927734375,657.1920776367188]},{"page":48,"text":"squad level. JFO responsibilities may be either a primary or collateral duty. It is necessary","rect":[89.99999237060547,682.0201416015625,522.1199951171875,670.9920043945313]},{"page":48,"text":"for the supported maneuver commander and TACP to specify the relationship between the","rect":[90.00003051757813,695.8200073242188,522.03356640625,684.7919921875]},{"page":48,"text":"II-16 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,116.95199584960938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":48,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.59197998046877,753.4679565429688,521.9759521484375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":49,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[412.0199890136719,47.267974853515628,521.96637109375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":49,"text":"JFO, JTAC, FAC(A), and maneuver element. If aviation support is required (e.g., CAS","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.036013671875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":49,"text":"and/or assault support), the JFO will serve as the key enabler. ","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,388.20001220703127,88.45196533203125]},{"page":49,"text":"(d) AO. The AO serves as the primary advisor to the ground commander for","rect":[154.79998779296876,125.27995300292969,522.019193359375,114.251953125]},{"page":49,"text":"integration of all functions of aviation with ground combat operations. Marine AOs are","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,521.9712495117187,128.052001953125]},{"page":49,"text":"fully integrated at the division, regimental, and BN staff levels, as well as within the","rect":[90.0000228881836,152.87998962402345,522.005978515625,141.85198974609376]},{"page":49,"text":"MAGTF.","rect":[90.0000228881836,164.26797485351563,134.93402099609376,155.85597229003907]},{"page":49,"text":"(6) Air Support Element. An air support element is a task-organized element","rect":[133.20001220703126,192.47996520996095,521.9292006835938,181.45196533203126]},{"page":49,"text":"employed by the Marine air support squadron to perform various air support control","rect":[90.0000228881836,206.2799530029297,521.9784560546875,195.251953125]},{"page":49,"text":"functions. Employment options can range from Marine expeditionary unit-level operations","rect":[90.0000228881836,220.0800018310547,521.9928291015625,209.052001953125]},{"page":49,"text":"typically characterized by limited assets and endurance to a multi-division operation where","rect":[90.0000228881836,233.8799285888672,522.0204438476562,222.8519287109375]},{"page":49,"text":"the echelon is almost, if not completely, identical in capability but set apart in","rect":[90.00006866455078,247.6799774169922,522.0048217773438,236.6519775390625]},{"page":49,"text":"responsibilities and subordinate to the DASC. The echelon can function as an extension","rect":[90.00006866455078,261.4559631347656,521.9988403320313,250.45196533203126]},{"page":49,"text":"of the Navy TACC in conjunction with the BN TACP. In support of a major subordinate","rect":[90.00006866455078,275.2799377441406,522.0504731445312,264.2399597167969]},{"page":49,"text":"command scenario, the echelon may be augmented with assets and personnel to support","rect":[90.00006866455078,289.0799255371094,522.0048232421875,278.05194091796877]},{"page":49,"text":"continuous control of direct air support over an extended period.","rect":[90.00006866455078,302.8559265136719,399.1800842285156,291.8519287109375]},{"page":49,"text":"(7) Air Support Liaison Team (ASLT). The ASLT is task-organized by the","rect":[133.20010375976563,328.6799011230469,522.00133984375,317.65191650390627]},{"page":49,"text":"Marine air support squadron to maintain face-to-face liaison between the DASC and the","rect":[90.00009155273438,342.4559326171875,522.039669921875,331.4519348144531]},{"page":49,"text":"FSCC and is normally employed where the DASC cannot remain physically collocated","rect":[90.00009155273438,356.2799072265625,522.1044921875,345.2519226074219]},{"page":49,"text":"with the senior FSCC or subordinate FSCCs during Marine expeditionary force-level","rect":[90.00009155273438,370.07989501953127,522.0120864257813,359.0519104003906]},{"page":49,"text":"operations. Depending on the nature of operations, the Marine air support squadron","rect":[90.00009155273438,383.8799133300781,522.0108642578125,372.8519287109375]},{"page":49,"text":"commander or the supported commander could determine that it is in their best interest to","rect":[90.00009155273438,397.6559143066406,522.0625,386.65191650390627]},{"page":49,"text":"have an ASLT collocated with the supported unit. In these instances, the DASC will","rect":[90.00009155273438,411.4559020996094,521.9953017578125,400.451904296875]},{"page":49,"text":"provide an ASLT to maintain face-to-face liaison with the supported unit to enhance direct","rect":[90.00009155273438,425.2558898925781,522.0349135742188,414.25189208984377]},{"page":49,"text":"air support for those forces. Mission requirements identified during planning determine","rect":[90.00009155273438,439.0798645019531,521.9821137695312,428.0518798828125]},{"page":49,"text":"the size of this entity. ","rect":[90.00009155273438,452.8798828125,198.99607849121095,441.8518981933594]},{"page":49,"text":"(8) Airborne C2 Entities","rect":[133.20008850097657,478.6558837890625,260.4768836669922,467.6518859863281]},{"page":49,"text":"(a) FAC(A). The FAC(A) is a specifically trained and qualified aviation","rect":[154.8000946044922,504.4198913574219,522.1118774414063,493.39190673828127]},{"page":49,"text":"officer who exercises control from the air of aircraft engaged in CAS of ground troops. ","rect":[90.00009155273438,518.2199096679688,525.00732421875,507.19189453125]},{"page":49,"text":"The FAC(A) is normally an airborne extension of the TACP.","rect":[90.00009155273438,532.0199584960938,382.632080078125,520.991943359375]},{"page":49,"text":"1. The FAC(A) can serve as another terminal attack controller for the","rect":[176.40008544921876,557.7959594726563,522.0228852539062,546.7919311523438]},{"page":49,"text":"TACP and extend the acquisition range of a TACP. FAC(A) tasks include detecting and","rect":[90.0,571.6200561523438,522.0311889648438,560.592041015625]},{"page":49,"text":"destroying enemy targets, coordinating target marking, providing TAC of CAS missions,","rect":[90.0,585.4200439453125,521.9832153320313,574.3920288085938]},{"page":49,"text":"conducting air reconnaissance, providing artillery and naval gunfire air spotting, providing","rect":[90.0,599.2200317382813,522.0599975585938,588.1920166015625]},{"page":49,"text":"radio relay for the TACP or JTAC, and passing BDA. ","rect":[90.0,613.02001953125,351.3216552734375,601.9920043945313]},{"page":49,"text":"2. FAC(A)s coordinate supporting arms missions and CAS missions. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,638.8200073242188,524.9927978515625,627.7919921875]},{"page":49,"text":"FAC(A)s conduct detailed planning with supported maneuver units to achieve the","rect":[90.0,652.6200561523438,522.0360078125,641.592041015625]},{"page":49,"text":"commander’s objectives. To accomplish this, the FAC(A) must integrate with the","rect":[89.9999771118164,666.4200439453125,522.0671967773437,655.3800048828125]},{"page":49,"text":"supported maneuver element.","rect":[89.9999771118164,680.196044921875,231.56393432617188,669.1920166015625]},{"page":49,"text":"3. The FAC(A)’s mission is different from the TAC(A)’s mission. The","rect":[176.3999786376953,705.9960327148438,521.9699677734375,694.9920043945313]},{"page":49,"text":"FAC(A) provides TAC of CAS aircraft, while a TAC(A) aids in the coordination of ","rect":[90.0,719.7960205078125,524.9808349609375,708.7919921875]},{"page":49,"text":"II-17","rect":[498.0,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":50,"text":"Chapter II","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,138.94918603515627,38.651973724365237]},{"page":50,"text":"available supporting arms. FAC(A) and TAC(A) missions are not normally conducted","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.9628295898438,74.6519775390625]},{"page":50,"text":"simultaneously by the same aircrew.","rect":[90.0000228881836,99.47996520996094,264.9335632324219,88.45196533203125]},{"page":50,"text":"(b) TAC(A). The TAC(A) is an airborne coordinator that can manage","rect":[154.80001831054688,125.27995300292969,522.02868359375,114.251953125]},{"page":50,"text":"supporting arms such as CAS, FAC(A), and other assets, to include assault support. The","rect":[90.0000228881836,139.0800018310547,522.037228515625,128.052001953125]},{"page":50,"text":"TAC(A) is an airborne extension of the DASC, Marine TACC, and/or FSCC. The ACE","rect":[90.0000228881836,152.85598754882813,521.9496147460938,141.85198974609376]},{"page":50,"text":"commander will identify and delegate specific TAC(A) authority. The TAC(A)","rect":[90.0000228881836,166.6799774169922,522.037259765625,155.6519775390625]},{"page":50,"text":"coordinates with TACPs, FSCCs, subordinate FAC(A)s, artillery units, NSFS ships, and","rect":[90.0000228881836,180.47996520996095,521.97607421875,169.45196533203126]},{"page":50,"text":"other elements of the MACCS. TAC(A) duties include coordinating CAS briefs and","rect":[90.0,194.2799530029297,521.9747924804688,183.251953125]},{"page":50,"text":"timing, providing CAS aircraft hand off to terminal attack controllers, relaying threat","rect":[90.0,208.0800018310547,522.0347915039063,197.052001953125]},{"page":50,"text":"updates and BDA, integrating CAS with other supporting arms, and coordinating FW and","rect":[90.0,221.87998962402345,521.9832153320313,210.85198974609376]},{"page":50,"text":"RW operations. ","rect":[90.0,235.65597534179688,168.310791015625,224.6519775390625]},{"page":50,"text":"1. The relationship between the TAC(A) and DASC is established by","rect":[176.39999389648438,261.4799499511719,522.0,250.45196533203126]},{"page":50,"text":"the ACE commander. Within the MACCS, the TAC(A) is the senior air coordinator and","rect":[90.0,275.2560119628906,522.0096435546875,264.25201416015627]},{"page":50,"text":"has air authority over all aircraft operating in an assigned area. The TAC(A) works closely","rect":[90.0,289.0799865722656,522.0648193359375,278.052001953125]},{"page":50,"text":"with the senior FSCC. The TAC(A) facilitates information flow and solves problems that","rect":[90.0,302.85601806640627,521.9927993164063,291.8520202636719]},{"page":50,"text":"arise during execution. This information is used by the ACE commander to make timely","rect":[90.0000228881836,316.67999267578127,522.0504150390625,305.6520080566406]},{"page":50,"text":"and informed decisions. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,328.0560302734375,207.96481323242188,319.4520263671875]},{"page":50,"text":"2. Planning a TAC(A) mission has some similarities to planning a","rect":[176.4000244140625,356.2799987792969,521.9880341796875,345.25201416015627]},{"page":50,"text":"FAC(A) mission. The primary difference is, the FAC(A) is an extension of the TACP,","rect":[90.0,370.0799865722656,522.0096435546875,359.052001953125]},{"page":50,"text":"while the TAC(A) is an extension of the DASC or Marine TACC. Many of the C2 and","rect":[90.0,383.8799743652344,521.9783935546875,372.85198974609377]},{"page":50,"text":"communication and information planning considerations are the same, but the focus and","rect":[90.0,397.67999267578127,522.0552368164063,386.6520080566406]},{"page":50,"text":"scope of what the TAC(A) must know is generally broader, with much less emphasis on","rect":[90.0,411.47998046875,522.0084228515625,400.4519958496094]},{"page":50,"text":"target-area tactics and more emphasis on information management and flow. ","rect":[90.0,425.2799987792969,460.8599853515625,414.25201416015627]},{"page":50,"text":"(9) FECC/FSCC. To conduct CAS, detailed coordination is required between","rect":[133.20001220703126,451.0559997558594,522.0623168945313,440.052001953125]},{"page":50,"text":"the MACCS and the FECC/FSCC. The MAGTF FECC plans, coordinates, and executes","rect":[90.00001525878906,464.8559875488281,522.0035712890625,453.85198974609377]},{"page":50,"text":"fires that create lethal and/or nonlethal effects in support of the MAGTF commander’s","rect":[90.0000228881836,478.59600830078127,521.99758984375,467.5920104980469]},{"page":50,"text":"objectives. The FECC is the senior fire support coordination agency. The FSCC is a single","rect":[90.0000228881836,492.41998291015627,521.953244140625,481.3800048828125]},{"page":50,"text":"location in which there are centralized communications facilities and personnel incident to","rect":[90.0000228881836,506.19598388671877,521.9927978515625,495.1919860839844]},{"page":50,"text":"the coordination of all forms of fire support. An FSCC exists from division to BN levels. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,519.9960327148438,525.0216674804688,508.99200439453127]},{"page":50,"text":"The objective is integrating fire support assets and maneuver to create the desired effects","rect":[90.0000228881836,533.8200073242188,521.98684765625,522.7799682617188]},{"page":50,"text":"from the air attack without suspending the use of the other supporting arms or unnecessarily","rect":[90.0000228881836,547.6199951171875,521.990478515625,536.5919799804688]},{"page":50,"text":"delaying the scheme of maneuver. An additional objective is to offer a reasonable measure","rect":[90.0000228881836,561.4199829101563,522.0720185546875,550.3799438476563]},{"page":50,"text":"of protection to the aircraft from our own surface fires and enemy fires.","rect":[90.0000228881836,575.219970703125,432.8556213378906,564.1919555664063]},{"page":50,"text":"(10) ANGLICO. ANGLICO is a BN-level command that provides the MAGTF","rect":[133.20004272460938,600.9959716796875,522.0397368164063,589.991943359375]},{"page":50,"text":"commander with a liaison capability to plan, coordinate, and employ fires, as well as","rect":[90.00004577636719,614.8200073242188,522.0096137695313,603.7919921875]},{"page":50,"text":"conduct TAC of CAS in support of joint, allied, and multinational forces. Each echelon of ","rect":[90.00004577636719,628.6199340820313,525.003662109375,617.5798950195313]},{"page":50,"text":"the ANGLICO command structure provides the same fire support and terminal control","rect":[90.00004577636719,642.39599609375,522.0168471679688,631.3919677734375]},{"page":50,"text":"services found in organic Marine Corps maneuver units to joint and multinational forces. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,656.219970703125,524.9952392578125,645.179931640625]},{"page":50,"text":"ANGLICO support is normally broken down as follows:","rect":[90.00004577636719,670.0199584960938,361.68115380859379,658.991943359375]},{"page":50,"text":"II-18 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,116.95199584960938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":50,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.59197998046877,753.4679565429688,521.9759521484375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":51,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[412.0199890136719,47.267974853515628,521.96637109375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":51,"text":"(a) Company HQ. The company HQ provides a fire support cell to a","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,521.9880341796875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":51,"text":"division. This cell contains approximately 50 personnel to coordinate ANGLICO","rect":[90.00000762939453,99.47996520996094,522.043150390625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":51,"text":"operations and support in the supported division’s area of operations.","rect":[90.00000762939453,113.25595092773438,421.8887939453125,102.251953125]},{"page":51,"text":"(b) Brigade Platoon. The brigade platoon provides fire support","rect":[154.8000030517578,139.0800018310547,522.012025390625,128.052001953125]},{"page":51,"text":"coordination to a brigade/regiment. It is normally led by an artillery officer (O-4) with a","rect":[90.0,152.87998962402345,522.0311860351562,141.85198974609376]},{"page":51,"text":"staff that includes an AO and naval gunfire liaison officer (NGLO), who are also qualified","rect":[89.99998474121094,166.6799774169922,522.0263671875,155.6519775390625]},{"page":51,"text":"JTACs. There are two brigade platoons per ANGLICO.","rect":[89.99998474121094,180.47996520996095,359.896728515625,169.45196533203126]},{"page":51,"text":"(c) Supporting Arms Liaison Team (SALT). The SALT provides fire","rect":[154.79998779296876,206.2799530029297,521.9951752929687,195.251953125]},{"page":51,"text":"support coordination to a BN. A SALT contains 10 members and is normally led by a FAC","rect":[89.99998474121094,220.0800018310547,522.0035727539063,209.052001953125]},{"page":51,"text":"(O-3). A SALT is capable of providing a 24-hour FSCC for a limited amount of time. The","rect":[89.99998474121094,233.87998962402345,521.9771088867187,222.85198974609376]},{"page":51,"text":"SALT chief is also a designated JTAC. There are two SALTs per brigade platoon.","rect":[89.99998474121094,247.6799774169922,487.27203369140627,236.6519775390625]},{"page":51,"text":"(d) Firepower Control Team (FCT). The FCT provides TAC for CAS and","rect":[154.79998779296876,273.4559631347656,522.0648193359375,262.45196533203127]},{"page":51,"text":"surface fires employment for a joint/combined company. An FCT contains up to five","rect":[90.0,287.2799377441406,521.9663666992187,276.2399597167969]},{"page":51,"text":"members, which include, at a minimum, one JTAC (O-3), a forward observer/JFO, and two","rect":[90.00000762939453,301.05596923828127,522.0095825195313,290.0519714355469]},{"page":51,"text":"field radio operators. FCT leaders are usually ground combat officers who have earned the","rect":[90.00000762939453,314.87994384765627,522.024044921875,303.8519592285156]},{"page":51,"text":"JTAC qualification. There are two FCTs in each SALT.","rect":[90.00000762939453,328.65594482421877,360.90960693359377,317.6519470214844]},{"page":51,"text":"(11) Marine Liaison Element (MARLE). The MARLE is responsive to the","rect":[133.1999969482422,354.4559631347656,522.0839204101562,343.45196533203127]},{"page":51,"text":"JFACC on matters pertaining to Marine Corps operations. The MARLE provides feedback","rect":[89.99998474121094,368.2799377441406,522.067138671875,357.251953125]},{"page":51,"text":"to organizations in the JAOC on current and future joint air operations concerning","rect":[89.99998474121094,382.0799255371094,522.0216064453125,371.0399475097656]},{"page":51,"text":"integration of force requirements.","rect":[90.00000762939453,395.8799133300781,251.25006103515626,384.8519287109375]},{"page":51,"text":"8. Navy and Marine Corps Command and Control in Amphibious Operations","rect":[90.00000762939453,421.7999267578125,490.7303779296875,410.96392822265627]},{"page":51,"text":"a. Both the Navy and the Marine Corps air control systems are capable of independent","rect":[111.60002136230469,447.47991943359377,521.9783950195313,436.4519348144531]},{"page":51,"text":"operations; however, in the conduct of an amphibious operation, elements of both systems","rect":[90.00003051757813,461.2799072265625,521.9519965820313,450.2519226074219]},{"page":51,"text":"are used to different degrees, from the beginning of the operation until the C2 of aircraft","rect":[90.00003051757813,475.0799255371094,522.0372939453125,464.05194091796877]},{"page":51,"text":"and missiles is phased ashore. Figure II-6 depicts Navy and Marine Corps air C2 agencies","rect":[90.00003051757813,488.87994384765627,522.0024116210938,477.8519592285156]},{"page":51,"text":"and the amphibious tactical air control system communications network.","rect":[90.00003051757813,502.6799621582031,438.239990234375,491.6519775390625]},{"page":51,"text":"b. Under the commander, amphibious task force, the Navy TACC, typically onboard","rect":[111.60002136230469,528.4199829101563,522.0180053710938,517.3919677734375]},{"page":51,"text":"the amphibious warfare ship, will normally be established as the agency responsible for","rect":[90.00003051757813,542.2200317382813,521.9520546875,531.1920166015625]},{"page":51,"text":"controlling all air operations within an allocated airspace regardless of mission or origin,","rect":[90.00003051757813,556.02001953125,522.0,544.9920043945313]},{"page":51,"text":"to include supporting arms. As the amphibious operation proceeds, C2 of aviation","rect":[90.00003051757813,569.820068359375,521.9676513671875,558.7920532226563]},{"page":51,"text":"operations is phased ashore as MACCS agencies are established on the ground. Air C2","rect":[90.00003051757813,583.6200561523438,521.9784545898438,572.592041015625]},{"page":51,"text":"functions are traditionally sequenced ashore in five phases:","rect":[90.00003051757813,597.4201049804688,373.65124658203129,586.39208984375]},{"page":51,"text":"(1) Phase one is characterized by the arrival of various “supporting arms","rect":[133.20004272460938,623.2200927734375,521.9784248046875,612.1920776367188]},{"page":51,"text":"controllers” ashore, namely the TACP, forward observers, ASLTs, and naval surface fire","rect":[90.00003051757813,637.0201416015625,522.0000581054687,625.9921264648438]},{"page":51,"text":"spotting teams.","rect":[90.00003051757813,650.8201293945313,162.62521362304688,639.7921142578125]},{"page":51,"text":"(2) In phase two, the DASC is normally the first principal air control agency","rect":[133.2000274658203,676.6201782226563,522.1043701171875,665.5921630859375]},{"page":51,"text":"ashore. When control is afloat, the Navy TACC supervises the DASC’s operations.","rect":[90.00003051757813,690.420166015625,492.2976379394531,679.3921508789063]},{"page":51,"text":"II-19","rect":[498.0,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":52,"text":"Chapter II","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,138.94918603515627,38.651973724365237]},{"page":52,"text":"Figure II-6. Amphibious Tactical Air Control System Communications Network","rect":[118.68020629882813,538.0137329101563,492.1136007232666,528.5147705078125]},{"page":52,"text":" (3) The movement of the TAOC ashore, although not directly related to CAS, is","rect":[133.1999969482422,561.5400390625,522.0024116210938,550.5120239257813]},{"page":52,"text":"the principal event in phase three.","rect":[89.99999237060547,575.3160400390625,256.66558837890627,564.31201171875]},{"page":52,"text":"(4) In phase four, the senior organization of the Marine air control group is","rect":[133.1999969482422,601.1400146484375,522.0478828125,590.1119995117188]},{"page":52,"text":"established ashore and functions as the Marine TADC under control of the Navy TACC.","rect":[90.0,614.9400024414063,514.5635986328125,603.9119873046875]},{"page":52,"text":"(5) Phase five is characterized by the passage of command responsibility ashore. ","rect":[133.1999969482422,640.7400512695313,524.9951782226563,629.7120361328125]},{"page":52,"text":"The Marine TADC assumes the role of the Marine TACC, and once the Marine TACC","rect":[90.00001525878906,652.1279907226563,522.0336630859375,643.511962890625]},{"page":52,"text":"receives control of all LF air operations, the Navy TACC becomes a TADC supporting the","rect":[90.00001525878906,668.3400268554688,521.9891328125,657.31201171875]},{"page":52,"text":"land-based air control agency.","rect":[90.00001525878906,682.1400146484375,234.6240234375,671.1119995117188]},{"page":52,"text":"II-20 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,116.95199584960938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":52,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.59197998046877,753.4679565429688,521.9759521484375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":53,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[412.0199890136719,47.267974853515628,521.96637109375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":53,"text":"For more information, see Navy Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (NTTP) 3-02.1.3,","rect":[90.0,85.74003601074219,522.053955078125,74.83203125]},{"page":53,"text":"Amphibious/Expeditionary Operations Air Control.","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,337.994384765625,88.4520263671875]},{"page":53,"text":"9. Special Operations Command and Control","rect":[90.0,125.37600708007813,324.3971572265625,114.56401062011719]},{"page":53,"text":"a. SOAGS. Theater special operations are normally under the control of the joint","rect":[111.5999984741211,151.0800018310547,522.1043715820313,140.0399932861328]},{"page":53,"text":"force special operations component commander (JFSOCC). Control of SOF air is normally","rect":[89.99995422363281,164.8800506591797,521.9615478515625,153.85205078125]},{"page":53,"text":"exercised by a joint special operations air component (JSOAC), if designated by the","rect":[89.99995422363281,178.68003845214845,522.005978515625,167.64002990722657]},{"page":53,"text":"JFSOCC. If a JSOAC has not been designated, then the SOF air is controlled by its Service","rect":[89.99995422363281,192.4800262451172,521.9519624023437,181.4520263671875]},{"page":53,"text":"component within the joint force special operations command. Principal organizations and","rect":[89.99995422363281,206.28001403808595,522.0143432617188,195.24000549316407]},{"page":53,"text":"personnel that support coordination of CAS for SOF are the special operations liaison","rect":[89.99995422363281,220.05599975585938,522.0360107421875,209.052001953125]},{"page":53,"text":"element (SOLE), the special operations C2 element, and JTAC-certified and qualified SOF","rect":[90.0,233.85604858398438,522.0263701171875,222.85205078125]},{"page":53,"text":"personnel (see Figure II-7).","rect":[90.0,247.6799774169922,221.29200744628907,236.6519775390625]},{"page":53,"text":"b. Entities within SOAGS","rect":[111.5999984741211,271.08001708984377,245.2511778564453,262.4520263671875]},{"page":53,"text":"(1) Joint Air Coordination Element (JACE). The JACE typically locates with","rect":[133.1999969482422,299.2799987792969,522.1199951171875,288.25201416015627]},{"page":53,"text":"the joint fires element at the joint special operations task force (JSOTF). The JACE","rect":[90.0,313.0799865722656,522.029998046875,302.0400085449219]},{"page":53,"text":"provides the JSOTF with air operations expertise. The JSOAC and JACE will exchange","rect":[90.0,326.8799743652344,522.0576142578125,315.85198974609377]},{"page":53,"text":"the necessary liaisons and information to maintain a common operational picture. The","rect":[90.0,340.67999267578127,522.0360078125,329.6520080566406]},{"page":53,"text":"JACE functions as the focal point for preplanned air support requests and advises the","rect":[90.0,354.45599365234377,521.9831513671875,343.4519958496094]},{"page":53,"text":"commander, JSOTF, on effective use of air operations.","rect":[90.0,368.2559814453125,353.23681640625,357.2519836425781]},{"page":53,"text":"(2) JTAC. All four Service components of US Special Operations Command","rect":[133.20001220703126,394.0559997558594,522.0072021484375,383.052001953125]},{"page":53,"text":"have JTACs.","rect":[90.0000228881836,405.4679870605469,151.9800262451172,396.85198974609377]},{"page":53,"text":"(3) FAC(A). A specifically trained and qualified SOF aviator who exercises","rect":[133.20001220703126,433.6799621582031,522.0480048828125,422.6519775390625]},{"page":53,"text":"control from the air of aircraft engaged in CAS in support of ground troops. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,447.4799499511719,456.23162841796877,436.45196533203127]},{"page":53,"text":"(4) SOLE. A SOLE is a team provided by the JFSOCC that is attached to the","rect":[133.20004272460938,473.2799377441406,521.9880341796875,462.251953125]},{"page":53,"text":"JFACC to coordinate, deconflict, and integrate special operations air and surface operations","rect":[90.0,487.0799865722656,522.027619140625,476.052001953125]},{"page":53,"text":"with conventional air operations. The SOLE is the focal point in the JAOC for all air","rect":[90.0,500.8559875488281,521.9855629882812,489.85198974609377]},{"page":53,"text":"support requests for SOF, to include CAS.","rect":[90.0,514.6560668945313,293.3279724121094,503.65203857421877]},{"page":53,"text":"(5) Special Operations C2 Element. A special operations C2 element performs","rect":[133.1999969482422,540.3960571289063,521.9664619140625,529.3920288085938]},{"page":53,"text":"C2 or liaison functions according to mission requirements and as directed by the JFSOCC. ","rect":[90.0,554.2200317382813,524.9976196289063,543.1920166015625]},{"page":53,"text":"Its level of authority and responsibility may vary widely. It is the C2 focal point for CAS","rect":[90.0,568.0200805664063,522.0192290039063,556.9920654296875]},{"page":53,"text":"requests for SOF units in support of a conventional joint or Service force.","rect":[90.0,581.8201293945313,443.0063781738281,570.7800903320313]},{"page":53,"text":"For more information see JP 3-05, Special Operations.","rect":[90.0,607.6201171875,354.3672180175781,596.5921020507813]},{"page":53,"text":"10. Communications Systems","rect":[90.0000228881836,633.5401000976563,242.63278271484377,622.7041015625]},{"page":53,"text":"a. Control and Flexibility. CAS missions require a high degree of control exercised","rect":[111.60002136230469,659.2200927734375,522.0035400390625,648.1920776367188]},{"page":53,"text":"through effective communications. Communications must be flexible and responsive ","rect":[90.00001525878906,673.0201416015625,525.0311889648438,661.9921264648438]},{"page":53,"text":"(mission-tailored and robust) to ensure links between aircraft and ground units are maintained,","rect":[90.0,686.8201293945313,522.1463623046875,675.7921142578125]},{"page":53,"text":"reducing the chance of friendly fire and enhancing mission effectiveness. The flexibility and","rect":[90.0,700.6201782226563,522.2471923828125,689.5921630859375]},{"page":53,"text":"responsiveness of joint force CAS communications are made possible using a variety of ","rect":[90.0,714.420166015625,525.014404296875,703.380126953125]},{"page":53,"text":"II-21","rect":[498.0,753.2999267578125,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":54,"text":"Chapter II","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,138.94918603515627,38.651973724365237]},{"page":54,"text":"Figure II-7. Special Operations Air-Ground System","rect":[184.80014038085938,616.0138549804688,425.9996383171082,606.514892578125]},{"page":54,"text":"techniques, including electromagnetic spectrum management, countermeasures, and emission","rect":[90.0,639.5400390625,522.0803833007813,628.5120239257813]},{"page":54,"text":"control (EMCON), and through the interoperable communications nets of the components.","rect":[90.0000228881836,653.3400268554688,512.7143859863281,642.31201171875]},{"page":54,"text":"b. Secure Voice/Frequency-Agile Communications. ","rect":[111.60001373291016,679.1400146484375,386.2152099609375,668.1119995117188]},{"page":54,"text":"The preferred means of ","rect":[397.3800048828125,679.1160278320313,525.040771484375,668.1119995117188]},{"page":54,"text":"communication during CAS missions is either using secure voice or frequency-agile radio","rect":[90.0,692.9400024414063,522.01318359375,681.9119873046875]},{"page":54,"text":"systems. Data link should also be used to transmit information whenever possible. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,706.7400512695313,525.0335693359375,695.7120361328125]},{"page":54,"text":"II-22 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,116.95199584960938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":54,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.59197998046877,753.4679565429688,521.9759521484375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":55,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[412.0199890136719,47.267974853515628,521.96637109375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":55,"text":"However, the nonavailability of these methods should not hinder the application of","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.9951455078125,74.84397888183594]},{"page":55,"text":"CAS, especially in emergency situations or in the case of fleeting targets.","rect":[89.9999771118164,99.47996520996094,442.2659606933594,88.45196533203125]},{"page":55,"text":"c. Countermeasures. Enemy communications jamming, monitoring, and imitative","rect":[111.59996795654297,125.27995300292969,522.1008271484375,114.44395446777344]},{"page":55,"text":"deception interfere with the air C2 system and can jeopardize the use of CAS. Proper","rect":[90.00004577636719,139.0800018310547,522.0264565429687,128.24400329589845]},{"page":55,"text":"radio procedures are critical. There are a number of techniques to counter jamming","rect":[90.00004577636719,152.87998962402345,522.03955078125,141.85198974609376]},{"page":55,"text":"and deception. They include natural terrain masking, burn through, brevity, chattermarks,","rect":[90.00004577636719,166.6799774169922,522.08642578125,155.6519775390625]},{"page":55,"text":"frequency-agile radios, secure communications, authentication, and visual signals. No","rect":[90.00004577636719,180.47996520996095,521.9400634765625,169.45196533203126]},{"page":55,"text":"single technique is completely effective by itself. The tactical environment, available","rect":[90.00006866455078,194.2799530029297,522.02770703125,183.251953125]},{"page":55,"text":"communications equipment, and mission determine the proper technique.","rect":[90.00006866455078,208.05599975585938,442.220458984375,197.052001953125]},{"page":55,"text":"d. EMCON. Emphasize EMCON throughout the planning and training cycles. As","rect":[111.60005950927735,233.87998962402345,522.0336616210938,222.85198974609376]},{"page":55,"text":"the enemy increases the use of EW, traditional air support communications may","rect":[90.00004577636719,247.7999725341797,522.0540161132813,236.96397399902345]},{"page":55,"text":"become impossible. This may reduce an aircrew’s ability to conduct immediate missions. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,261.4799499511719,525.0096435546875,250.45196533203126]},{"page":55,"text":"A preplanned mission, however, can be accomplished with minimum communication","rect":[90.00004577636719,275.3759460449219,521.996462890625,264.5639343261719]},{"page":55,"text":"between the JTAC/FAC(A) and CAS assets. The DASC, ASOC, Marine TACC, Navy","rect":[90.00004577636719,289.0799560546875,522.0768432617188,278.0519714355469]},{"page":55,"text":"TACC, or TAC(A) transmits the CAS brief to the aircrew as early as possible and prior to","rect":[90.00004577636719,302.87994384765627,521.9928588867188,291.8519592285156]},{"page":55,"text":"initial contact with the JTAC. The aircrew contacts the JTAC, transmits the abort code and","rect":[90.00004577636719,314.2679443359375,521.9808349609375,305.6519470214844]},{"page":55,"text":"the required readback items, and receives the time to target (TTT) or time on target (TOT).","rect":[90.00004577636719,330.4799499511719,522.0144653320313,319.45196533203127]},{"page":55,"text":"e. Joint Communications Requirements","rect":[111.60003662109375,356.2559509277344,317.26803662109378,345.4439392089844]},{"page":55,"text":"(1) CAS participants will use the communications nets and architecture of the","rect":[133.20004272460938,382.0559387207031,522.0769013671875,371.05194091796877]},{"page":55,"text":"requesting component.","rect":[90.00004577636719,395.8799133300781,199.3632354736328,384.8519287109375]},{"page":55,"text":"(2) When CAS is executed in joint operations, all participants involved must","rect":[133.20004272460938,421.6799011230469,521.9988076171875,410.6399230957031]},{"page":55,"text":"have the appropriate signal operating instructions/joint communications-electronics","rect":[90.00004577636719,435.59991455078127,522.0684516601563,424.763916015625]},{"page":55,"text":"operating instructions data to communicate effectively and successfully. The JFACC","rect":[90.00004577636719,449.2799072265625,522.076998046875,438.2519226074219]},{"page":55,"text":"(or the JFC’s staff if a JFACC is not established) identifies the communications","rect":[90.00004577636719,463.055908203125,522.02395703125,452.0519104003906]},{"page":55,"text":"requirements associated with CAS. The communications system directorate of a joint staff ","rect":[90.00004577636719,476.8799133300781,525.03369140625,465.8399353027344]},{"page":55,"text":"satisfies these requirements (e.g., providing frequencies, call signs, cryptographic key","rect":[90.00004577636719,490.6199035644531,521.9376831054688,479.5919189453125]},{"page":55,"text":"information) and produces the signal operating instructions/joint communications","rect":[90.00006866455078,504.419921875,522.02883984375,493.37994384765627]},{"page":55,"text":"electronics operating instructions. The JFACC ensures required communications data for","rect":[90.00006866455078,518.219970703125,521.8872353515625,507.19195556640627]},{"page":55,"text":"CAS is published in the joint ATO/SPINS.","rect":[90.00006866455078,532.0199584960938,295.6032409667969,520.9799194335938]},{"page":55,"text":"(3) Specifically, CAS-capable units and aircrews will need radio frequencies","rect":[133.2000732421875,557.8200073242188,521.9725043945313,546.7919921875]},{"page":55,"text":"and call signs for airspace control agencies, ground forces, and the JTACs/FAC(A)s","rect":[90.00009155273438,571.739990234375,522.0289008789063,560.9039916992188]},{"page":55,"text":"they will need to contact during the course of their missions. They will also need","rect":[90.00009155273438,585.4199829101563,522.0144653320313,574.3919677734375]},{"page":55,"text":"identification, friend or foe codes and authentication materials. The component","rect":[90.00009155273438,599.196044921875,521.928041015625,588.1920166015625]},{"page":55,"text":"communications manager should establish direct liaison with the joint force","rect":[90.00009155273438,613.02001953125,522.0192841796875,601.97998046875]},{"page":55,"text":"communications system directorate to coordinate the necessary CAS communications data","rect":[90.00011444091797,626.820068359375,521.973751953125,615.7920532226563]},{"page":55,"text":"to all elements in the CAS process.","rect":[90.00011444091797,640.5960693359375,258.32171630859377,629.592041015625]},{"page":55,"text":"f. Component ","rect":[111.60011291503906,666.3961181640625,187.62490844726563,655.4041137695313]},{"page":55,"text":"Communications ","rect":[195.9049072265625,664.0081176757813,286.26007080078127,655.5841064453125]},{"page":55,"text":"Nets. ","rect":[294.54010009765627,664.0081176757813,323.2200927734375,655.7760620117188]},{"page":55,"text":" ","rect":[331.5000915527344,664.0,334.5000915527344,658.0]},{"page":55,"text":"This ","rect":[342.78009033203127,664.0,367.12091064453127,655.39208984375]},{"page":55,"text":"subparagraph ","rect":[375.40087890625,666.4201049804688,443.10247802734377,655.39208984375]},{"page":55,"text":"describes ","rect":[451.3824768066406,664.0,499.07763671875,655.39208984375]},{"page":55,"text":"the","rect":[507.3576354980469,664.0,522.0312470703125,655.39208984375]},{"page":55,"text":"communications nets used by air control agencies and tactical aircraft in the conduct of ","rect":[90.00011444091797,680.2200927734375,525.0493774414063,669.1920776367188]},{"page":55,"text":"CAS. In addition to these nets, there are numerous others within the C2 systems that could","rect":[90.00011444091797,694.0201416015625,521.990478515625,682.9921264648438]},{"page":55,"text":"be used in extreme situations. These nets are designed to provide communications","rect":[90.00011444091797,707.8201293945313,521.9784858398438,696.7921142578125]},{"page":55,"text":"II-23","rect":[498.0,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":56,"text":"Chapter II","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,138.94918603515627,38.651973724365237]},{"page":56,"text":"redundancy. See Figures II-4 and II-6 for a listing of the communications nets associated","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0216064453125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":56,"text":"with CAS.","rect":[90.0,97.06796264648438,140.74319458007813,88.45196533203125]},{"page":56,"text":"(1) Air Force and Army Communications Nets","rect":[133.1999969482422,125.27995300292969,374.2080085449219,114.251953125]},{"page":56,"text":"(a) Army Interface. The ASOC and TACPs are key liaison points between","rect":[154.8000030517578,151.0800018310547,522.0192260742188,140.052001953125]},{"page":56,"text":"Air Force and Army elements. They have communications equipment for entry into Army","rect":[90.0,164.87998962402345,522.1080322265625,153.85198974609376]},{"page":56,"text":"voice and digital communications nets.","rect":[90.0,178.6799774169922,277.5623779296875,167.6519775390625]},{"page":56,"text":"(b) Army Command/Operations Net (voice). This net is used for C2 of all","rect":[154.8000030517578,204.47996520996095,521.9868178710938,193.45196533203126]},{"page":56,"text":"maneuver elements within the maneuver force. TACPs may access this net to obtain","rect":[90.0,218.2799530029297,521.988037109375,207.251953125]},{"page":56,"text":"commander’s final release authority or to coordinate with key staff agencies for","rect":[90.0,232.0800018310547,521.974759765625,221.052001953125]},{"page":56,"text":"information such as the disposition and location of forward friendly units or elements.","rect":[90.0,245.8799285888672,502.8756103515625,234.8519287109375]},{"page":56,"text":"(c) Fire Support Net (voice). The primary purpose of this net is to call for","rect":[154.80001831054688,271.6799621582031,521.9243447265625,260.6519775390625]},{"page":56,"text":"fire and facilitate coordination between maneuver, FCs, field artillery, mortars, and non-","rect":[90.0000228881836,285.4799499511719,522.0552041015625,274.45196533203127]},{"page":56,"text":"field artillery observers. Army aviation may also use this net to coordinate fires. TACPs","rect":[90.0000228881836,299.2799377441406,522.01565625,288.251953125]},{"page":56,"text":"may access this net to activate or deactivate airspace coordination areas (ACAs) or for","rect":[90.0000228881836,313.0799255371094,521.9136025390625,302.05194091796877]},{"page":56,"text":"coordinating target marks and/or suppression fire missions. This net may also be used to","rect":[90.0000228881836,326.8799133300781,522.016845703125,315.8519287109375]},{"page":56,"text":"contact forward observers or facilitate control of CAS missions. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,339.0,402.9000244140625,329.65191650390627]},{"page":56,"text":"(d) Operations and Intelligence (O&I) Net (voice). Various human","rect":[154.800048828125,366.47991943359377,521.9424438476563,355.4519348144531]},{"page":56,"text":"sources, such as scouts, advanced liaison, multinational force LNOs, reconnaissance","rect":[90.00004577636719,378.0,521.9760712890625,369.2519226074219]},{"page":56,"text":"elements, and other human interactions or intelligence gathering entities, use this net to","rect":[90.00004577636719,394.07989501953127,521.9976196289063,383.0519104003906]},{"page":56,"text":"pass routine operational information and intelligence. The O&I net connects observers","rect":[90.00004577636719,407.8799133300781,522.011994140625,396.8519287109375]},{"page":56,"text":"with their corresponding C2 nodes. Additionally, this net may be used to determine if ","rect":[90.00004577636719,421.6799011230469,525.0239868164063,410.65191650390627]},{"page":56,"text":"specific triggers for CAS have been met to synchronize CAS with ground fire and","rect":[90.00004577636719,435.4798889160156,522.00244140625,424.451904296875]},{"page":56,"text":"maneuver. TACPs may access this net to report or obtain forward operational environment","rect":[90.00004577636719,449.2798767089844,522.014466796875,438.25189208984377]},{"page":56,"text":"information or facilitate TAC.","rect":[90.00004577636719,460.6678771972656,234.68882751464845,452.0518798828125]},{"page":56,"text":"(e) C2 Net. Interfaces with other TACS units (AOC, CRC, AWACS,","rect":[154.800048828125,488.8559265136719,522.23291015625,477.8519287109375]},{"page":56,"text":"JSTARS, and WOC) are accomplished via high frequency (HF)/single sideband, tropo-","rect":[90.00003051757813,502.6199035644531,522.1260048828125,491.5919189453125]},{"page":56,"text":"microwave links, and SATCOM systems. All of these systems should normally be encrypted. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,516.4199829101563,524.9412231445313,505.3919677734375]},{"page":56,"text":"These communications nets are used for command communications traffic, including","rect":[90.00004577636719,530.219970703125,522.158447265625,519.1919555664063]},{"page":56,"text":"operations and scramble orders, coordination, intelligence, and air defense warning. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,544.0199584960938,525.06005859375,532.991943359375]},{"page":56,"text":"Whenever possible, reliability and survivability are enhanced by using multiple systems and","rect":[90.00004577636719,557.8200073242188,522.0708618164063,546.7919921875]},{"page":56,"text":"redundant switches.","rect":[90.00004577636719,569.196044921875,182.59445190429688,560.592041015625]},{"page":56,"text":"(f) Digital Means for Air Support Requests.","rect":[154.800048828125,597.4200439453125,393.51123046875,586.3920288085938]},{"page":56,"text":"method for transmitting/receiving air support requests","rect":[90.0000228881836,611.2200317382813,349.05123974609378,600.1920166015625]},{"page":56,"text":" Digital is the preferred","rect":[399.2400207519531,597.4200439453125,521.9927978515625,586.3920288085938]},{"page":56,"text":"1. Air Support Request Forms. The authorized formats used to submit","rect":[176.4000244140625,636.99609375,521.938783203125,625.9920654296875]},{"page":56,"text":"air support requests are:","rect":[90.0,650.7960205078125,204.97200158691408,639.7919921875]},{"page":56,"text":"a. United States Message Text Format (USMTF) D670, Air","rect":[198.0,676.6200561523438,521.9279755859375,665.7840576171875]},{"page":56,"text":"Support Request. USMTF D670 is used to process both preplanned and immediate air","rect":[90.0,690.3960571289063,521.977201171875,679.3920288085938]},{"page":56,"text":"support requests. USMTF D670 digitally parses into theater battle management core","rect":[89.99995422363281,704.2200317382813,521.987912109375,693.1920166015625]},{"page":56,"text":"systems (TBMCSs) from the Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS).","rect":[89.9999771118164,718.02001953125,518.26318359375,706.9920043945313]},{"page":56,"text":"II-24 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,116.95199584960938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":56,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.59197998046877,753.4679565429688,521.9759521484375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":57,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[412.0199890136719,47.267974853515628,521.96637109375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":57,"text":"b. Department of Defense (DD) Form 1972, Joint Tactical Air","rect":[198.0,85.65597534179688,522.08630078125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":57,"text":"Strike Request. Used for immediate air support requests via SECRET Internet Protocol","rect":[90.0,99.45602416992188,521.9855971679688,88.4520263671875]},{"page":57,"text":"Router Network, Tactical Air Control Party Close Air Support System, or voice over the","rect":[90.0,113.28001403808594,522.0108002929687,102.25201416015625]},{"page":57,"text":"JARN.","rect":[90.0,124.66799926757813,123.03359985351563,116.25599670410156]},{"page":57,"text":"2. Transmission Media. The methods of processing air support","rect":[176.39999389648438,152.8800506591797,522.0191665039063,141.85205078125]},{"page":57,"text":"requests include:","rect":[90.0,166.65597534179688,170.9304061279297,155.6519775390625]},{"page":57,"text":"a. AFATDS. Air mission information window (that consists of ","rect":[198.0,192.45596313476563,524.9581298828125,181.45196533203126]},{"page":57,"text":"USMTF D670 and DD Form 1972) is the Army’s preferred method for processing air","rect":[90.0,206.28001403808595,521.9831826171875,195.25201416015626]},{"page":57,"text":"support requests. Only the USMTF D670 portion digitally parses into the TBMCS for","rect":[90.0,220.0800018310547,522.0227944335937,209.052001953125]},{"page":57,"text":"sourcing.","rect":[90.0,233.87998962402345,134.3376007080078,222.85198974609376]},{"page":57,"text":"b. JARN.","rect":[198.0,257.2680358886719,247.90560913085938,248.65203857421876]},{"page":57,"text":"c. TBMCS.","rect":[198.0,283.0799865722656,257.94000244140627,274.656005859375]},{"page":57,"text":"(g) JARN. The JARN is the link between the ASOC and subordinate TACPs","rect":[154.8000030517578,311.2799987792969,522.06253125,300.25201416015627]},{"page":57,"text":"for aircraft coordination and sending immediate air support requests. The ASOC is the NCS. ","rect":[90.0,325.0799865722656,525.0084228515625,314.052001953125]},{"page":57,"text":"The ASOC will activate and operate as many nets as necessary, contingent with needs,","rect":[90.00000762939453,338.8800048828125,522.1824340820313,327.8520202636719]},{"page":57,"text":"equipment available, and frequencies allocated. The primary means for requesting immediate","rect":[90.00003051757813,352.67999267578127,522.1284760742187,341.6520080566406]},{"page":57,"text":"air support requests is the digital DD Form 1972. The primary JARN may be a tactical","rect":[90.00005340576172,366.4800109863281,522.100892578125,355.4520263671875]},{"page":57,"text":"SATCOM net or HF/single sideband. ","rect":[90.00005340576172,380.2799987792969,267.65533447265627,369.25201416015627]},{"page":57,"text":"(h) Air Control Net. The purpose of this net is to coordinate mission direction","rect":[154.800048828125,406.0559997558594,522.1417236328125,395.052001953125]},{"page":57,"text":"of airborne aircraft under control of the CRC. The ASOC interfaces with the tactical air","rect":[90.00004577636719,417.4679870605469,522.1752602539062,408.85198974609377]},{"page":57,"text":"control net through the USA/USAF C2 net.","rect":[90.00005340576172,433.67999267578127,292.4353332519531,422.6520080566406]},{"page":57,"text":"(i) TAD Net. The TAD net provides a means for the control of aircraft. TAD","rect":[154.800048828125,459.45599365234377,522.1873154296875,448.4519958496094]},{"page":57,"text":"nets are used by all of the C2 nodes. The TACPs/JTACs use their UHF-amplitude modulation","rect":[90.00005340576172,473.27996826171877,522.0768432617188,462.2519836425781]},{"page":57,"text":"(AM) net for the direction and control of aircraft engaged in CAS. The TACP and JTAC are","rect":[90.00005340576172,487.0799865722656,522.1320771484375,476.052001953125]},{"page":57,"text":"the prime users of this net and are allocated specific frequencies to conduct tactical operations. ","rect":[90.00005340576172,500.8559875488281,525.0216674804688,489.85198974609377]},{"page":57,"text":"The ASOC is also authorized to enter this net to pass time-sensitive information. Due to the","rect":[90.00005340576172,514.5960083007813,522.2040375976562,503.59197998046877]},{"page":57,"text":"extremely time-sensitive information passed on this net, the TAD net assigned to the JTAC","rect":[90.00005340576172,528.4199829101563,522.1908286132813,517.3919677734375]},{"page":57,"text":"or FAC(A) should be reserved for TAC only.","rect":[90.00005340576172,542.2200317382813,301.16888427734377,531.1920166015625]},{"page":57,"text":"(j) Inflight Report (INFLTREP) Net. This UHF-AM net is for the airborne","rect":[154.80006408691407,568.0199584960938,521.9904145507812,556.9799194335938]},{"page":57,"text":"transmission of INFLTREPs to the elements of the TACS. Reports are normally passed to","rect":[90.00007629394531,581.8200073242188,522.0240478515625,570.7919921875]},{"page":57,"text":"the CRC, AWACS, or JSTARS and relayed to the AOC and/or ASOC/DASC. The ASOC","rect":[90.00007629394531,595.6199951171875,521.9592612304688,584.5919799804688]},{"page":57,"text":"and AOC monitor this net when in range.","rect":[90.00007629394531,609.4199829101563,288.73931884765627,598.3919677734375]},{"page":57,"text":"(k) Guard Net. The guard net provides an emergency distress net for","rect":[154.80007934570313,635.219970703125,521.9412514648437,624.1919555664063]},{"page":57,"text":"aircraft. Guard further serves as a means for air control agencies to advise aircraft of ","rect":[90.00008392333985,649.0199584960938,525.0528564453125,637.991943359375]},{"page":57,"text":"emergency conditions or serious hazards to flight safety. If able, all aircraft continuously","rect":[90.00007629394531,662.8199462890625,522.0697021484375,651.7919311523438]},{"page":57,"text":"monitor guard.","rect":[90.00007629394531,676.6199340820313,161.3436737060547,665.5919189453125]},{"page":57,"text":"II-25","rect":[498.0,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":58,"text":"Chapter II","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,138.94918603515627,38.651973724365237]},{"page":58,"text":"(l) TACP Administrative Net. This net is used to pass urgent","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,522.037171875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":58,"text":"administrative, logistic, and command information between the ASOC and TACP","rect":[90.00000762939453,99.47996520996094,521.9699736328125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":58,"text":"elements.","rect":[90.00000762939453,110.85594940185547,135.65040588378907,102.251953125]},{"page":58,"text":"(m) Squadron Common Net. The squadron common net provides a means","rect":[154.8000030517578,139.05599975585938,522.011994140625,128.052001953125]},{"page":58,"text":"of communication between squadron aircraft and/or with the squadron HQ. Each aircraft","rect":[90.00000762939453,152.85598754882813,522.0168471679688,141.85198974609376]},{"page":58,"text":"squadron has its own common net.","rect":[90.00003051757813,166.65597534179688,256.6188049316406,155.6519775390625]},{"page":58,"text":"(n) Secure Internet Relay Chat (IRC). Secure IRC provides a means of ","rect":[154.80003356933595,192.47996520996095,524.9963989257813,181.45196533203126]},{"page":58,"text":"communication between intelligence activities, selected aircraft, ASOC, and IRC-equipped","rect":[90.00003051757813,206.2799530029297,522.001220703125,195.251953125]},{"page":58,"text":"TACPs and JTACS.","rect":[90.00003051757813,217.66799926757813,187.00802612304688,209.052001953125]},{"page":58,"text":"(o) Data link nets provide digital communications, increased SA, targeting,","rect":[154.80003356933595,245.8799285888672,522.0144653320313,234.8519287109375]},{"page":58,"text":"and deconfliction. The joint interface control officer (JICO) is responsible for establishing","rect":[90.00003051757813,259.6799621582031,521.959228515625,248.6399688720703]},{"page":58,"text":"the network architecture in the OPTASKLINK.","rect":[90.00005340576172,271.0679626464844,317.9400634765625,262.45196533203127]},{"page":58,"text":"(2) Navy and Marine Corps Communications Nets","rect":[133.20004272460938,299.2799377441406,393.536408203125,288.251953125]},{"page":58,"text":"(a) USMC Command Net. This net is used for C2 of all USMC maneuver","rect":[154.800048828125,325.0559387207031,522.01211328125,314.05194091796877]},{"page":58,"text":"elements within the maneuver force. AOs and JTACs may access this net to obtain","rect":[90.00003051757813,338.8799133300781,521.9520263671875,327.8519287109375]},{"page":58,"text":"commander’s final release authority or to coordinate with key staff agencies for","rect":[90.00003051757813,352.6799011230469,521.974759765625,341.65191650390627]},{"page":58,"text":"information such as the disposition and location of forward friendly units or elements.","rect":[90.00003051757813,366.47991943359377,502.8756103515625,355.4519348144531]},{"page":58,"text":"(b) USMC Fire Support Coordination Net. This net provides a means for","rect":[154.800048828125,392.25592041015627,522.0408608398437,381.2519226074219]},{"page":58,"text":"overall fire support coordination. TACPs and JTACs may access this net to request","rect":[90.00005340576172,406.07989501953127,521.9868178710938,395.0519104003906]},{"page":58,"text":"activation or deactivation of ACAs or for coordinating target marks and/or suppression fire","rect":[90.00005340576172,419.8799133300781,522.0360078125,408.8519287109375]},{"page":58,"text":"missions.","rect":[90.00005340576172,431.25592041015627,134.98805236816407,422.65191650390627]},{"page":58,"text":"(c) USMC Artillery Conduct of Fire (COF) Net. This net provides a","rect":[154.800048828125,459.4798889160156,521.9976166992187,448.451904296875]},{"page":58,"text":"means to directly request and adjust artillery fire.","rect":[90.00005340576172,473.2799072265625,325.9560546875,462.23992919921877]},{"page":58,"text":"(d) Direct Air Support Net. The direct air support net provides a means for","rect":[154.800048828125,499.0559387207031,522.0204140625,488.05194091796877]},{"page":58,"text":"the DASC to request direct air support aircraft from the Navy TACC/TADC. Information","rect":[90.00005340576172,512.8799438476563,522.03125,501.8519592285156]},{"page":58,"text":"pertaining to aircraft status and progress of direct air support missions may also be passed","rect":[90.00005340576172,526.6199951171875,522.00244140625,515.5919799804688]},{"page":58,"text":"over this net.","rect":[90.00005340576172,537.9959716796875,152.34365844726563,529.3919677734375]},{"page":58,"text":"(e) Group Common Net. ","rect":[154.800048828125,566.196044921875,289.46405029296877,555.1920166015625]},{"page":58,"text":"The group common net provides a means of ","rect":[296.4600830078125,566.2200317382813,525.0084838867188,555.1920166015625]},{"page":58,"text":"communication between inflight group aircraft and/or with the aircraft group HQ. Each","rect":[90.00006103515625,580.02001953125,522.0372314453125,568.9920043945313]},{"page":58,"text":"aircraft group has its own common net.","rect":[90.00007629394531,593.820068359375,278.26092529296877,582.7920532226563]},{"page":58,"text":"(f) Guard Net. The guard net provides an emergency distress net for","rect":[154.80007934570313,619.6200561523438,522.0011879882812,608.592041015625]},{"page":58,"text":"aircraft. Guard further serves as a means for air control agencies to advise aircraft of ","rect":[90.00007629394531,633.4201049804688,525.0528564453125,622.39208984375]},{"page":58,"text":"emergency conditions or serious hazards to flight safety. All aircraft continuously monitor","rect":[90.00007629394531,647.2200927734375,522.048001953125,636.1920776367188]},{"page":58,"text":"guard.","rect":[90.00007629394531,661.0201416015625,120.26407623291016,649.9921264648438]},{"page":58,"text":"(g) Helicopter Direction Net. The helicopter direction net provides positive","rect":[154.80007934570313,686.8201293945313,522.0720185546875,675.7921142578125]},{"page":58,"text":"control of helicopters in the AOA or area of operations with a high-density airspace control","rect":[90.00007629394531,700.6201782226563,522.0289321289063,689.5921630859375]},{"page":58,"text":"II-26 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,116.95199584960938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":58,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.59197998046877,753.4679565429688,521.9759521484375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":59,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[412.0199890136719,47.267974853515628,521.96637109375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":59,"text":"zone (HIDACZ) inbound to and outbound from USN ships. It is a backup net available to","rect":[90.0,85.65597534179688,522.0396118164063,74.6519775390625]},{"page":59,"text":"coordinate RW CAS.","rect":[90.0,97.06796264648438,192.3143768310547,88.45196533203125]},{"page":59,"text":"(h) Squadron Common Net. The squadron common net provides a means","rect":[154.8000030517578,125.25595092773438,521.9999702148438,114.251953125]},{"page":59,"text":"of communication between squadron aircraft and/or with the squadron HQ. Each aircraft","rect":[89.9999771118164,139.05599975585938,521.9879775390625,128.052001953125]},{"page":59,"text":"squadron has its own common net.","rect":[90.0,152.85598754882813,256.6187744140625,141.85198974609376]},{"page":59,"text":"(i) Tactical Air Command Net. The tactical air command net is the primary","rect":[154.8000030517578,178.6799774169922,522.0599365234375,167.6519775390625]},{"page":59,"text":"means by which the tactical air commander provides operational tasking to subordinate","rect":[90.0,192.47996520996095,522.0239838867187,181.45196533203126]},{"page":59,"text":"units/agencies, to include tasking to aviation groups/squadrons to provide aircraft for","rect":[90.0,206.2799530029297,521.9100014648437,195.251953125]},{"page":59,"text":"missions.","rect":[90.0,217.656005859375,134.98800659179688,209.052001953125]},{"page":59,"text":"(j) TACP Local Net. The TACP local net provides a means for coordination","rect":[154.8000030517578,245.8799285888672,522.0577392578125,234.8399200439453]},{"page":59,"text":"between the AO and the JTACs. Coordination with TAC(A)s and FAC(A)s may also be","rect":[90.0,259.6799621582031,521.9807709960937,248.6519775390625]},{"page":59,"text":"conducted over this net.","rect":[90.0,271.05596923828127,204.67562866210938,262.45196533203127]},{"page":59,"text":"(k) TAD Net. The TAD net provides a means for the control of aircraft","rect":[154.8000030517578,299.2559509277344,522.0526748046875,288.251953125]},{"page":59,"text":"conducting CAS and for the Navy TACC/Marine TACC, TADC, and DASC to brief CAS","rect":[90.0,313.0799255371094,522.036013671875,302.05194091796877]},{"page":59,"text":"aircraft on target information or assignment to the FAC or FAC(A). Multiple TAD nets","rect":[90.0000228881836,326.8799133300781,522.02883984375,315.8519287109375]},{"page":59,"text":"are required and are utilized by various air control agencies afloat and ashore. This net is","rect":[90.00004577636719,340.6799011230469,522.0504462890625,329.65191650390627]},{"page":59,"text":"primarily secure UHF, with a secondary VHF capability available in some cases. Due to","rect":[90.00004577636719,354.47991943359377,522.0276489257813,343.4519348144531]},{"page":59,"text":"the extremely time-sensitive information passed on this net, the TAD net assigned to the","rect":[90.00004577636719,368.2799072265625,521.9760102539062,357.2519226074219]},{"page":59,"text":"FAC or FAC(A) should be reserved for TAC only.","rect":[90.00004577636719,382.07989501953127,333.6228332519531,371.0519104003906]},{"page":59,"text":"(l) TAR Net. The TAR net provides a means for ground maneuver units to","rect":[154.800048828125,407.8799133300781,521.9999389648438,396.8519287109375]},{"page":59,"text":"request immediate air support from the DASC or Marine TACC/Navy TACC/SACC. The","rect":[90.00004577636719,421.6799011230469,522.0048188476562,410.65191650390627]},{"page":59,"text":"SACCs/FSCCs monitor this net and may modify or disapprove a specific request. The","rect":[90.00006866455078,435.4798889160156,521.9064912109375,424.451904296875]},{"page":59,"text":"DASC uses the net to brief the requesting unit on the status of the mission. Additionally,","rect":[90.00006866455078,449.2798767089844,521.9424438476563,438.25189208984377]},{"page":59,"text":"BDA may be passed over the net. Multiple TAR nets may be required depending on the","rect":[90.00006866455078,463.0798645019531,522.0024384765625,452.0518798828125]},{"page":59,"text":"scope of CAS. A secondary VHF capability may be available.","rect":[90.00006866455078,476.8799133300781,390.6553955078125,465.8519287109375]},{"page":59,"text":"(m) Tactical Air Traffic Control (TATC) Net. The TATC net provides a","rect":[154.80007934570313,502.5959167480469,521.9928559570312,491.5919189453125]},{"page":59,"text":"means for the Navy TACC/Marine TACC/TAOC and DASC to exercise control of all","rect":[90.00004577636719,516.4199829101563,522.0384536132813,505.3919677734375]},{"page":59,"text":"tactical and itinerant aircraft in the AOA or area of operations with a HIDACZ. Types of ","rect":[90.00004577636719,530.219970703125,525.0001220703125,519.1919555664063]},{"page":59,"text":"information passed over the TATC net include reporting aircraft launches by mission","rect":[90.00006866455078,544.0199584960938,522.00244140625,532.991943359375]},{"page":59,"text":"number, clearing aircraft to their assigned control agencies, diverting aircraft as necessary,","rect":[90.00006866455078,557.8200073242188,522.0672607421875,546.7919921875]},{"page":59,"text":"and relaying INFLTREPs and BDA. Multiple TATC nets are often required.","rect":[90.00009155273438,571.6200561523438,460.2745056152344,560.592041015625]},{"page":59,"text":"(n) Naval Gunfire Ground Spot Net. The naval gunfire ground spot net","rect":[154.80007934570313,597.4200439453125,522.0121474609375,586.3920288085938]},{"page":59,"text":"provides a means for shore fire control parties to directly request and adjust naval surface","rect":[90.00009155273438,611.2200317382813,522.013302734375,600.1799926757813]},{"page":59,"text":"fires.","rect":[90.00009155273438,622.5960693359375,114.29289245605469,613.9920654296875]},{"page":59,"text":"(o) Naval Gunfire Air Spot Net. The naval gunfire air spot net provides a","rect":[154.8000946044922,650.8201293945313,522.0408295898437,639.7921142578125]},{"page":59,"text":"means for aircraft to directly request and adjust naval surface fires.","rect":[90.00011444091797,664.6201171875,410.7505187988281,653.580078125]},{"page":59,"text":"(p) Shore Fire Control Party, Local Net. The shore fire control party, local","rect":[154.80014038085938,690.4201049804688,522.0349135742188,679.39208984375]},{"page":59,"text":"net, provides a means for coordination between the NGLO and the shore fire control party.","rect":[90.00016021728516,704.2201538085938,522.0565795898438,693.192138671875]},{"page":59,"text":"II-27","rect":[498.0,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":60,"text":"Chapter II","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,138.94918603515627,38.651973724365237]},{"page":60,"text":"(3) Special ","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.65597534179688,192.848388671875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":60,"text":"Operations ","rect":[202.56838989257813,85.65597534179688,262.89837646484377,74.84397888183594]},{"page":60,"text":"Communications ","rect":[272.6183776855469,83.26797485351563,362.98193359375,74.84397888183594]},{"page":60,"text":"Nets. ","rect":[372.7019348144531,83.26797485351563,401.387939453125,75.03597259521485]},{"page":60,"text":"Special operations","rect":[423.89996337890627,85.65597534179688,522.0359809570313,74.6519775390625]},{"page":60,"text":"communications nets provide a means for both SOF air assets to provide","rect":[89.99999237060547,99.45596313476563,522.009640625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":60,"text":"preplanned/immediate CAS and SOF surface teams to request immediate CAS. ","rect":[89.99999237060547,113.25595092773438,476.5799560546875,102.251953125]},{"page":60,"text":"(a) SOF Air. Communications between the aircraft and the JSOAC","rect":[154.79998779296876,139.05599975585938,522.0480673828125,128.052001953125]},{"page":60,"text":"commander are used to coordinate preplanned/immediate CAS requests. For preplanned","rect":[89.99999237060547,152.85598754882813,521.9639892578125,141.85198974609376]},{"page":60,"text":"CAS missions in support of another component, SOF air accesses the established network","rect":[90.00001525878906,166.65597534179688,522.0744018554688,155.6519775390625]},{"page":60,"text":"of the requesting component. For immediate CAS (after JFSOCC approval), SOF air","rect":[90.00001525878906,180.47996520996095,521.9328286132812,169.45196533203126]},{"page":60,"text":"accesses the requesting Service communications net to provide the requested CAS.","rect":[90.00003814697266,194.2799530029297,488.23443603515627,183.251953125]},{"page":60,"text":"(b) SOF Surface Units. SOF surface units have a variety of ","rect":[154.80003356933595,220.0800018310547,525.045654296875,209.052001953125]},{"page":60,"text":"communications capabilities that can be used for CAS. For CAS requests not supported","rect":[90.00003814697266,233.85598754882813,521.9712524414063,222.85198974609376]},{"page":60,"text":"via organic SOF assets, the JFSOCC (by means of the JSOAC) forwards the request to the","rect":[90.00006103515625,247.6799774169922,521.9448212890625,236.6519775390625]},{"page":60,"text":"JFACC via established communication links (through the SOLE). Once the asset is","rect":[90.00006103515625,261.4799499511719,522.0096137695313,250.45196533203126]},{"page":60,"text":"assigned, that information is passed to the requester via the JFSOCC (again, by means of ","rect":[90.00006103515625,275.2799377441406,524.9844360351563,264.251953125]},{"page":60,"text":"the JSOAC). The requesting unit communicates with the CAS aircraft via the established","rect":[90.00006103515625,289.0799560546875,522.0241088867188,278.0519714355469]},{"page":60,"text":"providing component net.","rect":[90.00006103515625,302.87994384765627,213.6324462890625,291.8519592285156]},{"page":60,"text":"g. Alternate Nets. When communications are lost on the primary nets, CAS can still","rect":[111.60005950927735,328.679931640625,522.0382705078125,317.6519470214844]},{"page":60,"text":"be conducted through alternate modes of communication. Communications may be","rect":[90.00006103515625,342.4799499511719,521.99645703125,331.45196533203127]},{"page":60,"text":"restored using alternate air support nets or non-air support communications nets.","rect":[90.00008392333985,356.2799377441406,476.1949157714844,345.251953125]},{"page":60,"text":"h. Communications Equipment. ","rect":[111.6000747680664,382.0559387207031,283.7904357910156,371.05194091796877]},{"page":60,"text":"See Army Techniques Publication (ATP) 3-","rect":[293.7000732421875,382.0799255371094,522.1032998046875,371.05194091796877]},{"page":60,"text":"09.32/Marine Corps Reference Publication (MCRP) 3-31.6/NTTP 3-09.2/Air Force","rect":[90.00009155273438,395.8559265136719,522.0217255859375,384.8519287109375]},{"page":60,"text":"Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (AFTTP) 3-2.6, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques,","rect":[90.00008392333985,409.6559143066406,522.046875,398.65191650390627]},{"page":60,"text":"and Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower, for a listing of radios found on","rect":[90.00008392333985,423.47991943359377,521.9832763671875,412.4519348144531]},{"page":60,"text":"CAS-capable aircraft and ground units. The figures and tables in that publication describe","rect":[90.00010681152344,437.2799072265625,522.0457124023437,426.2519226074219]},{"page":60,"text":"communication frequency ranges and capabilities.","rect":[90.00010681152344,451.07989501953127,330.9841003417969,440.0519104003906]},{"page":60,"text":"i. Communications Networks and Systems. A collection of networks and systems","rect":[111.60011291503906,476.8799133300781,522.006134765625,465.8519287109375]},{"page":60,"text":"are connected specifically to enable the exchange of data between the terminals that are","rect":[90.00010681152344,490.6199035644531,522.0769013671875,479.5919189453125]},{"page":60,"text":"committed to DACAS or used to support DACAS. Their use is planned and coordinated","rect":[90.00010681152344,504.39593505859377,521.992919921875,493.3919372558594]},{"page":60,"text":"in advance to ensure capacity and interoperability.","rect":[90.00010681152344,518.219970703125,331.579345703125,507.19195556640627]},{"page":60,"text":"(1) Operational Network Integration and Interface. In support of a joint task","rect":[133.2001190185547,544.0199584960938,521.97607421875,532.9799194335938]},{"page":60,"text":"force (JTF) or multinational force, the supported JFC (or US-multinational force","rect":[90.00008392333985,557.7960205078125,522.0097016601562,546.7919921875]},{"page":60,"text":"commander) typically delegates responsibilities for joint networks for air support to the","rect":[90.00008392333985,571.6200561523438,522.025265625,560.5800170898438]},{"page":60,"text":"JFACC at a JAOC (or director of the Air Force AOC). That responsibility includes","rect":[90.00010681152344,585.4200439453125,522.01565625,574.3920288085938]},{"page":60,"text":"choosing existing networks and link designs and disseminating information related to the","rect":[90.00010681152344,599.2200317382813,521.9641694335937,588.1920166015625]},{"page":60,"text":"TDLs employed in the region. In support of the JFC/JFACC, the JICO, in concert with the","rect":[90.00010681152344,613.0200805664063,522.04333203125,601.9920654296875]},{"page":60,"text":"joint data networks officer, develops network plans and helps issue appropriate tasking","rect":[90.00010681152344,626.8201293945313,522.0265502929688,615.7800903320313]},{"page":60,"text":"orders to subordinate JTFs and the components for support. Theater-level C2 assets","rect":[90.00010681152344,640.5961303710938,522.0816962890625,629.5921020507813]},{"page":60,"text":"between the JAOC and the JTACs, such as the ASOC or the DASC, establish network","rect":[90.00010681152344,652.0081176757813,522.0072631835938,643.39208984375]},{"page":60,"text":"requirements and submit them for inclusion in the tasking message. With the introduction","rect":[90.00010681152344,668.2201538085938,521.9749755859375,657.192138671875]},{"page":60,"text":"of systems such as the Master Air Attack Planner Toolkit, theater planners can generate","rect":[90.00010681152344,682.0202026367188,522.0373505859375,670.9921875]},{"page":60,"text":"the updated tasking messages that specifically call out the DACAS combat net radio (CNR)","rect":[90.0,695.8200073242188,522.0456215820312,684.7919921875]},{"page":60,"text":"II-28 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,116.95199584960938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":60,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.59197998046877,753.4679565429688,521.9759521484375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":61,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[412.0199890136719,47.267974853515628,521.96637109375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":61,"text":"design and other tactically important information (e.g., call signs, frequencies, and roles)","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.8872353515625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":61,"text":"that can be parsed at the unit level.","rect":[90.0,99.45596313476563,256.6391906738281,88.45196533203125]},{"page":61,"text":"(2) Digital Systems. Digital systems in aircraft and ground kits provide several","rect":[133.20001220703126,125.27995300292969,522.0073256835938,114.251953125]},{"page":61,"text":"benefits that aid in the conduct of CAS planning and execution. Although voice","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,521.9999970703125,128.052001953125]},{"page":61,"text":"transmissions remain the principal means of communication during CAS, technological","rect":[90.0,152.87998962402345,522.0264296875,141.85198974609376]},{"page":61,"text":"advances have allowed for greater use of digital messages to expedite communications and","rect":[90.0,166.6799774169922,522.0287475585938,155.6519775390625]},{"page":61,"text":"target acquisition, quickly build SA through the use of digital reference points (DRPs),","rect":[90.0,180.47996520996095,522.0239868164063,169.45196533203126]},{"page":61,"text":"enhance target correlation, and shorten the engagement timeline. DRP is a generic term","rect":[90.0,194.2799530029297,522.0480361328125,183.251953125]},{"page":61,"text":"for any digital point (e.g., target point, mark point, sensor point).","rect":[90.0000228881836,208.0800018310547,400.6320495605469,197.052001953125]},{"page":61,"text":"(3) Communication Pathways. Digital aids for CAS use line of sight (LOS),","rect":[133.20004272460938,233.87998962402345,522.00732421875,222.85198974609376]},{"page":61,"text":"extended line-of-sight (ELOS), and beyond line-of-sight (BLOS)","rect":[90.00006866455078,247.6799774169922,434.2776467285156,236.6519775390625]},{"page":61,"text":"communications","rect":[442.62005615234377,245.2559814453125,521.901642578125,236.6519775390625]},{"page":61,"text":"systems. When combined, LOS, ELOS, and BLOS digital capabilities provide aircrews","rect":[90.00009155273438,261.4799499511719,521.9376533203125,250.45196533203126]},{"page":61,"text":"greater SA of the battlefield layout (e.g., location of JTAC, friendly forces, hostile forces,","rect":[90.00009155273438,275.2799377441406,521.9893188476563,264.251953125]},{"page":61,"text":"and targets) earlier in the CAS mission process and over extended ranges.","rect":[90.00009155273438,289.0799560546875,443.87890625,278.0519714355469]},{"page":61,"text":"(4) TDLs. A data link is the means of connecting one location to another for","rect":[133.2001190185547,314.87994384765627,522.0169350585937,303.8519592285156]},{"page":61,"text":"transmitting and receiving digital information. A TDL used by US or North Atlantic Treaty","rect":[90.00013732910156,328.679931640625,522.0432739257813,317.6519470214844]},{"page":61,"text":"Organization (NATO) armed forces is regulated by a military standard (MIL-STD) or","rect":[90.00013732910156,342.4799499511719,522.0145546875,331.45196533203127]},{"page":61,"text":"NATO standardization agreement (STANAG) to standardize communication. All military","rect":[90.00013732910156,356.2799377441406,522.09375,345.251953125]},{"page":61,"text":"C2 systems use standardized TDLs to transmit, relay, and receive tactical data, ensuring","rect":[90.00013732910156,370.0799255371094,521.906494140625,359.05194091796877]},{"page":61,"text":"interoperability. The three most common TDLs used for DACAS are CNR using variable","rect":[90.00013732910156,383.8799133300781,522.0193452148437,372.8519287109375]},{"page":61,"text":"message format (VMF), situation awareness data link (SADL), and Link 16.","rect":[90.00016021728516,397.6799011230469,456.3097839355469,386.65191650390627]},{"page":61,"text":"(5) CNR. The CNR standard enables digital communications over a variety of ","rect":[133.20016479492188,423.47991943359377,524.9810180664063,412.4519348144531]},{"page":61,"text":"radio frequency (RF) waveforms and wired networks with common message formatting","rect":[90.00018310546875,437.2799072265625,522.078125,426.2519226074219]},{"page":61,"text":"and network access methods. CNR is a key enabling technology for the exchange of ","rect":[90.00018310546875,451.07989501953127,525.026611328125,440.0519104003906]},{"page":61,"text":"information via digital messages. The two most common types of messages that can be","rect":[90.00018310546875,464.8799133300781,522.0049409179687,453.8519287109375]},{"page":61,"text":"used are K-series (VMF) and J-series (Link 16 and SADL) messages. CNR’s greatest","rect":[90.00018310546875,478.6199035644531,521.97613671875,467.5919189453125]},{"page":61,"text":"benefit is that it transmits and receives digital messaging over RF voice frequencies, which","rect":[90.00018310546875,492.419921875,522.0146484375,481.3919372558594]},{"page":61,"text":"means a ground user does not require an additional radio to employ CNR. When coupled","rect":[90.00018310546875,506.2199401855469,522.0098266601563,495.19195556640627]},{"page":61,"text":"with VMF, CNR is considered a TDL and is commonly referred to as VMF over CNR.","rect":[90.00018310546875,520.0199584960938,507.5978088378906,508.991943359375]},{"page":61,"text":"(6) VMF. VMF is a message protocol described in MIL-STD-6017, Variable","rect":[133.20021057128907,545.8200073242188,521.9570283203125,534.7919921875]},{"page":61,"text":"Message Format (VMF). The VMF message set can be transmitted and received over a","rect":[90.00018310546875,559.6200561523438,522.0027436523437,548.592041015625]},{"page":61,"text":"wide variety of networks but is most commonly implemented in DACAS using the CNR","rect":[90.00018310546875,573.4200439453125,521.9953940429688,562.3920288085938]},{"page":61,"text":"standard on single-channel UHF voice frequencies. A benefit of using VMF for DACAS","rect":[90.00018310546875,587.2200317382813,521.9641752929688,576.1920166015625]},{"page":61,"text":"is that the message set is designed to support common CAS information exchanges such","rect":[90.00018310546875,601.0200805664063,522.0073852539063,589.9920654296875]},{"page":61,"text":"as the on-station report (OSR)/aircraft on station (AOS), standardized 9-line, and the","rect":[90.00018310546875,614.796142578125,521.9953583984375,603.7921142578125]},{"page":61,"text":"aircraft target designation.","rect":[90.00020599365235,628.6201171875,216.25701904296876,617.5921020507813]},{"page":61,"text":"(7) SADL. SADL is a TDL that has been customized from the US Army","rect":[133.20021057128907,654.4201049804688,522.0652465820313,643.39208984375]},{"page":61,"text":"Enhanced Position Location Reporting System to meet USAF mission requirements. ","rect":[90.00020599365235,668.2201538085938,524.9882202148438,657.192138671875]},{"page":61,"text":"SADL provides air-to-air, air-to-ground, and ground-to-air data links that are robust,","rect":[90.00020599365235,682.0202026367188,522.057861328125,670.9921875]},{"page":61,"text":"secure, jam-resistant, and contention-free. ","rect":[90.00022888183594,695.8201904296875,297.1922302246094,684.7801513671875]},{"page":61,"text":"II-29","rect":[498.0,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":62,"text":"Chapter II","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,138.94918603515627,38.651973724365237]},{"page":62,"text":"(8) Link 16. Link 16 is a communication, navigation, and ID system governed","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.0,74.6519775390625]},{"page":62,"text":"by MIL-STD-6016, Department of Defense Interoperability Standard: Tactical Data Link","rect":[90.00001525878906,99.47996520996094,521.8608369140625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":62,"text":"(TDL) Link-16 Message Standard, that supports supporting near real time information","rect":[90.00006103515625,113.27995300292969,522.0515747070313,102.251953125]},{"page":62,"text":"exchange between tactical communications systems. It is a frequency-hopping, jam-","rect":[90.00006103515625,127.08000183105469,521.8908364257812,116.04000091552735]},{"page":62,"text":"resistant network that allows participants to share the battlespace picture, greatly enhancing","rect":[90.00006103515625,140.87998962402345,522.0264892578125,129.85198974609376]},{"page":62,"text":"SA. Link 16 is the fastest, most reliable, and most widely employed TDL on-air platforms. ","rect":[90.00006103515625,154.6799774169922,524.9964599609375,143.6519775390625]},{"page":62,"text":"Link 16 networks can be accessed by JTACs via handheld Link 16 radios and tactical","rect":[90.00006103515625,168.47996520996095,522.02887109375,157.45196533203126]},{"page":62,"text":"gateways.","rect":[90.00008392333985,182.2799530029297,137.594482421875,172.4639434814453]},{"page":62,"text":"(9) Network-Tactical. Network-tactical is a hub and spoke, high-bandwidth","rect":[133.20008850097657,208.0800018310547,522.03369140625,197.052001953125]},{"page":62,"text":"network that leverages VDL and uplink frequencies to pass digital messages between","rect":[90.00007629394531,221.87998962402345,522.0864868164063,210.85198974609376]},{"page":62,"text":"aircraft advanced targeting pods/sensor-enhanced pods and ground/surface video receivers. ","rect":[90.00006103515625,235.6799774169922,524.9832763671875,224.6519775390625]},{"page":62,"text":"The aircraft sensor pod acts as a central hub of the network with the ground users as the","rect":[90.00010681152344,249.47996520996095,522.028927734375,238.45196533203126]},{"page":62,"text":"spokes. Airborne pods typically provide streaming video and metadata from various","rect":[90.00010681152344,263.2799377441406,522.0001533203125,252.251953125]},{"page":62,"text":"onboard sensors via downlink. Utilizing the network, users are able to share messages such","rect":[90.00012969970703,277.0799255371094,521.9545288085938,266.05194091796877]},{"page":62,"text":"as DRPs and video to enhance SA to all users on the network.","rect":[90.00012969970703,288.46795654296877,387.0193786621094,279.8519592285156]},{"page":62,"text":"(10) Adaptive Networking Wideband Waveform (ANW2). The ANW2 is a","rect":[133.20013427734376,316.679931640625,521.9905366210937,305.6519470214844]},{"page":62,"text":"self-healing, Internet protocol networking waveform. When nodes move in and out of ","rect":[90.00015258789063,330.4799499511719,524.98095703125,319.45196533203127]},{"page":62,"text":"range, they are automatically added to or removed from the network. The ANW2 can","rect":[90.00015258789063,344.2799377441406,522.0374145507813,333.251953125]},{"page":62,"text":"facilitate transmission of video or image, chat, SA and mapping data, text messaging, and","rect":[90.00015258789063,358.0799255371094,522.0133666992188,347.05194091796877]},{"page":62,"text":"e-mail. The ANW2 is not a true mobile ad hoc network because it requires planning. ","rect":[90.00015258789063,371.8799133300781,524.9617309570313,360.8519287109375]},{"page":62,"text":"However, ANW2’s operational behavior is utilized for DACAS as an option for achieving","rect":[90.00015258789063,385.6799011230469,522.03857421875,374.65191650390627]},{"page":62,"text":"the benefits of a mobile ad hoc network for ground networks because of its wide","rect":[90.00015258789063,399.47991943359377,521.989376953125,388.4519348144531]},{"page":62,"text":"bandwidths and ability to combine multiple ANW2 sub-networks for sharing SA.","rect":[90.00015258789063,413.2799072265625,480.957763671875,402.2519226074219]},{"page":62,"text":"(11) Gateways. Gateway is a generic term for a network node designed to","rect":[133.20016479492188,439.07989501953127,522.0962524414063,428.0519104003906]},{"page":62,"text":"provide interoperability by interfacing between incompatible systems or networks. ","rect":[90.00015258789063,452.8799133300781,524.9833984375,441.8519287109375]},{"page":62,"text":"Gateways provide data/information sharing and battlespace visualization between isolated","rect":[90.00015258789063,466.6199035644531,522.0757446289063,455.5919189453125]},{"page":62,"text":"network environments. Gateways have two functions, data forwarding and/or message","rect":[90.00015258789063,480.419921875,522.0086030273437,469.3919372558594]},{"page":62,"text":"translation. ","rect":[90.00017547607422,491.79595947265627,149.64857482910157,483.19195556640627]},{"page":62,"text":"(a) Data forwarding moves data from one network to another, can occur","rect":[154.8001708984375,520.0199584960938,521.960599609375,508.991943359375]},{"page":62,"text":"between similar or dissimilar networks, and may or may not require message translation.","rect":[90.00015258789063,533.8200073242188,515.8861694335938,522.7919921875]},{"page":62,"text":"(b) Gateway ","rect":[154.80014038085938,559.6200561523438,220.46893310546876,548.592041015625]},{"page":62,"text":"message ","rect":[226.94894409179688,559.6200561523438,270.5257568359375,551.0]},{"page":62,"text":"translation, ","rect":[276.94573974609377,557.112060546875,333.6721496582031,548.592041015625]},{"page":62,"text":"dictated ","rect":[340.0921630859375,557.196044921875,381.08416748046877,548.592041015625]},{"page":62,"text":"by ","rect":[387.504150390625,559.6200561523438,402.504150390625,548.592041015625]},{"page":62,"text":"MIL-STD-6020,","rect":[408.92413330078127,557.2080688476563,488.58013916015627,548.7960205078125]},{"page":62,"text":"Data","rect":[498.00018310546877,557.1720581054688,522.0001831054688,549.0960083007813]},{"page":62,"text":"Forwarding Between Tactical Data Links, allows dissimilar or incompatible systems to","rect":[90.00015258789063,573.4200439453125,522.0589599609375,562.3920288085938]},{"page":62,"text":"communicate with each other by translating message formats.","rect":[90.00015258789063,587.2200317382813,386.6307373046875,576.1920166015625]},{"page":62,"text":"Note: Due to different message formats, translations from one message to another","rect":[111.60015106201172,613.0200805664063,521.9953286132812,601.9920654296875]},{"page":62,"text":"(e.g., K-series to J-series) may result in some of the information not being received by the","rect":[90.00012969970703,626.8201293945313,522.026486328125,615.7921142578125]},{"page":62,"text":"recipient.","rect":[90.00012969970703,640.5961303710938,135.0805206298828,629.5921020507813]},{"page":62,"text":"(12) Ground Kits. Ground kits are designed to facilitate mission planning,","rect":[133.20013427734376,666.4201049804688,522.0133056640625,655.39208984375]},{"page":62,"text":"execution, and integration of JTAC/JFO devices, including, but not limited to, VDL, LRFs,","rect":[90.00012969970703,680.2201538085938,522.0432739257813,669.192138671875]},{"page":62,"text":"GPS, and radios. Ground kit software enables users to build SA, acquire targeting data,","rect":[90.00012969970703,694.0202026367188,522.0444946289063,682.9921875]},{"page":62,"text":"and expedite communications through use of various digital message sets and map/imagery","rect":[90.00012969970703,707.8201904296875,522.10693359375,696.7921752929688]},{"page":62,"text":"II-30 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,116.95199584960938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":62,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.59197998046877,753.4679565429688,521.9759521484375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":63,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[412.0199890136719,47.267974853515628,521.96637109375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":63,"text":"capabilities. These kits can connect across various TDLs that reach both CAS aircraft and","rect":[90.0,85.65597534179688,521.96875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":63,"text":"engagement approval authorities. Services have adopted different digital ground kits with","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,521.9736328125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":63,"text":"unique interfaces but similar functionality.","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,294.3767395019531,102.251953125]},{"page":63,"text":"11. Intelligence","rect":[90.0,139.1999969482422,170.36639111328126,128.36399841308595]},{"page":63,"text":"a. Joint intelligence preparation of the operational environment (JIPOE) is the","rect":[111.5999984741211,164.87998962402345,521.9904145507812,153.85198974609376]},{"page":63,"text":"analytical process used by joint intelligence organizations to produce intelligence","rect":[89.99995422363281,178.6799774169922,522.0911225585937,167.6399688720703]},{"page":63,"text":"assessments, estimates, and other intelligence products in support of the JFC’s decision-","rect":[89.99995422363281,192.47996520996095,522.0647255859375,181.45196533203126]},{"page":63,"text":"making process. It is a continuous process that involves four major steps: defining the","rect":[89.99995422363281,206.2799530029297,522.0695161132812,195.2399444580078]},{"page":63,"text":"total operational environment; describing the impact of the operational environment;","rect":[89.99995422363281,220.0800018310547,522.0455336914063,209.052001953125]},{"page":63,"text":"evaluating the adversary; and determining and describing adversary potential courses of ","rect":[89.99995422363281,233.8799285888672,525.0311279296875,222.8519287109375]},{"page":63,"text":"action (COAs), particularly the adversary’s most likely COA and the COA most dangerous","rect":[89.99995422363281,247.6799774169922,521.92434765625,236.6519775390625]},{"page":63,"text":"to friendly forces and mission accomplishment. The JIPOE process assists JFCs and their","rect":[89.99995422363281,261.4799499511719,521.98672265625,250.45196533203126]},{"page":63,"text":"staffs in achieving information superiority by identifying adversary centers of gravity,","rect":[89.99995422363281,275.2799377441406,522.0851440429688,264.251953125]},{"page":63,"text":"focusing intelligence collection at the right time and place, and analyzing the impact of the","rect":[89.99995422363281,289.0799255371094,522.0214814453125,278.05194091796877]},{"page":63,"text":"operational environment on military operations.","rect":[89.99995422363281,302.8799133300781,319.73992919921877,291.8519287109375]},{"page":63,"text":"The JIPOE process is described in detail in JP 2-01.3, Joint Intelligence Preparation of the","rect":[89.99995422363281,328.6799011230469,521.9760102539062,317.65191650390627]},{"page":63,"text":"Operational Environment.","rect":[89.99995422363281,342.4559326171875,215.34475708007813,331.4519348144531]},{"page":63,"text":"b. Intelligence preparation at all levels in the CAS process is largely dependent","rect":[111.5999526977539,368.2799072265625,521.8715493164062,357.2519226074219]},{"page":63,"text":"on mission and planning time available. Optimum ISR support to CAS begins early in","rect":[89.99995422363281,382.07989501953127,522.0216064453125,371.0519104003906]},{"page":63,"text":"the planning process, to include JIPOE and the targeting process. While it is impossible to","rect":[89.99995422363281,395.8799133300781,522.0167846679688,384.8519287109375]},{"page":63,"text":"account for every conceivable possibility, this early integration can assist in better target","rect":[89.99995422363281,409.6799011230469,521.9855361328125,398.65191650390627]},{"page":63,"text":"selection, intelligence collection requirements, force allocation, and follow-on assessment. ","rect":[89.99995422363281,423.4798889160156,525.0203857421875,412.451904296875]},{"page":63,"text":"In turn, this will assist in preparing for immediate retasking. While preplanned CAS","rect":[89.9999771118164,437.2798767089844,522.0131865234375,426.25189208984377]},{"page":63,"text":"benefits most from advanced planning, immediate CAS can still realize the same benefits. ","rect":[89.9999771118164,451.0798645019531,525.0479736328125,440.0518798828125]},{"page":63,"text":"At a minimum, tactical-level forces should analyze the operational environment in terms","rect":[89.9999771118164,464.8798828125,522.007111328125,453.8518981933594]},{"page":63,"text":"of military objectives; air, land, and maritime avenues of approach; and the effects of ","rect":[89.9999771118164,478.6198425292969,525.053955078125,467.5798645019531]},{"page":63,"text":"weather and geography on personnel, CAS, and weapons systems. The tactical-level","rect":[89.9999771118164,492.4198913574219,522.037171875,481.39190673828127]},{"page":63,"text":"evaluation for CAS should concentrate on standard order of battle factors such as","rect":[90.0,503.8078918457031,522.011994140625,495.19189453125]},{"page":63,"text":"composition, strength, morale, tactics, and training status of specific tactical units that can","rect":[90.0,520.0199584960938,522.08642578125,508.991943359375]},{"page":63,"text":"interfere with mission accomplishment.","rect":[90.0,533.7959594726563,280.1231994628906,522.7919311523438]},{"page":63,"text":"c. Human Intelligence (HUMINT). Tactical information of potential intelligence or","rect":[111.5999984741211,559.6199951171875,522.0432412109375,548.5919799804688]},{"page":63,"text":"targeting value can be derived from many different types of human sources. Aside from","rect":[90.00004577636719,573.4199829101563,522.0384536132813,562.3919677734375]},{"page":63,"text":"dedicated HUMINT collectors, teams like the TACP, LNOs, reconnaissance teams, SOF,","rect":[90.00004577636719,585.0,522.045654296875,576.1920166015625]},{"page":63,"text":"and FISTs may have the most current disposition of the enemy. All have the capability to","rect":[90.00004577636719,601.02001953125,522.030029296875,589.9920043945313]},{"page":63,"text":"relay critical information such as post-attack BDA that will aid in the effectiveness of CAS. ","rect":[90.00006866455078,614.820068359375,525.0120849609375,603.7920532226563]},{"page":63,"text":"CAS aircrews are often in a position to provide and pass critical reconnaissance","rect":[90.00006866455078,628.5960693359375,522.0336884765625,617.592041015625]},{"page":63,"text":"information. ","rect":[90.00006866455078,639.99609375,155.65687561035157,631.39208984375]},{"page":63,"text":"d. CAS-Related ISR Systems","rect":[111.60006713867188,668.2200927734375,261.22564770507815,657.1920776367188]},{"page":63,"text":"(1) UASs and the JSTARS, discussed previously. ","rect":[133.2000732421875,694.0201416015625,376.5240783691406,682.9921264648438]},{"page":63,"text":"II-31","rect":[498.0,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":64,"text":"Chapter II","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,138.94918603515627,38.651973724365237]},{"page":64,"text":"(2) A variety of ISR platforms (e.g., USAF RC-135 Rivet Joint, EC-130, USN","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.0095810546875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":64,"text":"EP-3 Aries, USA RC-12 Guardrail, MC-12W Liberty) provide classified communications","rect":[89.99999237060547,99.47996520996094,522.011994140625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":64,"text":"intelligence and electronic intelligence (ELINT) information, which may be used","rect":[90.00001525878906,113.27995300292969,522.0167846679688,102.251953125]},{"page":64,"text":"independently or cross-cued with other ISR platforms to augment or complete the overall","rect":[89.99999237060547,127.08000183105469,522.0000014648438,116.052001953125]},{"page":64,"text":"intelligence picture. ","rect":[89.99999237060547,140.87998962402345,191.37957763671876,129.85198974609376]},{"page":64,"text":"(3) Tactical Reconnaissance Systems. Some aircraft are equipped with sensors","rect":[133.1999969482422,166.6799774169922,522.1271674804688,155.6519775390625]},{"page":64,"text":"and targeting pods that enable tactical airborne reconnaissance.","rect":[90.00001525878906,180.47996520996095,393.1800537109375,169.45196533203126]},{"page":64,"text":"For more information, see ATP 3-09.32/MCRP 3-31.6/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP 3-2.6, Multi-","rect":[90.00003814697266,206.2799530029297,522.0420815429687,195.251953125]},{"page":64,"text":"Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower.","rect":[90.00003814697266,220.05599975585938,493.4556884765625,209.052001953125]},{"page":64,"text":"(4) Ground Surveillance Systems. ","rect":[133.20004272460938,245.87998962402345,318.20166015625,234.85198974609376]},{"page":64,"text":"Ground surveillance radar provides a","rect":[328.86004638671877,245.85598754882813,522.0480927734375,234.85198974609376]},{"page":64,"text":"mobile, near all-weather ability to detect objects and provide target locations. The radars","rect":[90.00006103515625,259.6799621582031,522.043244140625,248.6399688720703]},{"page":64,"text":"are capable of performing a variety of tasks, including searching avenues of approach,","rect":[90.00008392333985,273.4799499511719,522.0240478515625,262.45196533203127]},{"page":64,"text":"possible enemy attack positions, assembly areas, or other sectors or areas on a time","rect":[90.00008392333985,287.2799377441406,521.9772919921875,276.251953125]},{"page":64,"text":"schedule, at random, or continuously, to report location, size, composition, and nature of ","rect":[90.00008392333985,301.0799560546875,525.0564575195313,290.0519714355469]},{"page":64,"text":"enemy activity. Counterfire radars can also provide targeting information on enemy","rect":[90.00008392333985,314.87994384765627,522.03369140625,303.8519592285156]},{"page":64,"text":"artillery, mortar, and rocket systems locations.","rect":[90.00008392333985,328.679931640625,312.66485595703127,317.6519470214844]},{"page":64,"text":"For additional information on intelligence support to military operations, intelligence","rect":[90.00008392333985,354.5399475097656,522.0336884765625,343.6319580078125]},{"page":64,"text":"processes (e.g., planning, collection, dissemination), and federated intelligence support,","rect":[90.00008392333985,368.3399353027344,521.9965209960938,357.43194580078127]},{"page":64,"text":"see JP 2-01, Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations.","rect":[90.00008392333985,382.0799560546875,453.912109375,371.0519714355469]},{"page":64,"text":"(5) Distributed Common Ground/Surface System (DCGS). One of the","rect":[133.20008850097657,407.87994384765627,521.9497041015625,396.8519592285156]},{"page":64,"text":"Services’ key responsibilities is to analyze data collected by airborne ISR sensors. This is","rect":[90.00008392333985,421.679931640625,522.0049140625,410.6519470214844]},{"page":64,"text":"accomplished through the DCGS ISR family of systems. Through synchronization and","rect":[90.00006103515625,435.4799499511719,522.0144653320313,424.45196533203127]},{"page":64,"text":"control of organic sensors, intelligence analysts process, exploit, and disseminate data","rect":[90.00006103515625,449.2799377441406,521.9772309570312,438.251953125]},{"page":64,"text":"generated by airborne and national collection sensors of imagery, FMV, signals, and","rect":[90.00006103515625,463.0799255371094,521.9736328125,452.05194091796877]},{"page":64,"text":"measurement and signature intelligence. DCGS provides real-time sensor data fusion,","rect":[90.00008392333985,476.87994384765627,522.016845703125,465.8519592285156]},{"page":64,"text":"corroboration, and visualization through the common operational picture for planners and","rect":[90.00008392333985,490.6199645996094,521.992919921875,479.59197998046877]},{"page":64,"text":"decision makers. DCGS can also provide reachback support to CAS missions.","rect":[90.00010681152344,504.3959655761719,467.55377197265627,493.3919677734375]},{"page":64,"text":"II-32 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,116.95199584960938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":64,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.59197998046877,753.4679565429688,521.9759521484375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":65,"text":"CHAPTER III","rect":[265.3799743652344,85.09574127197266,346.63174975967407,75.29576110839844]},{"page":65,"text":"PLANNING AND REQUESTING","rect":[217.97999572753907,101.45999145507813,394.02002099609379,91.04399108886719]},{"page":65,"text":"“Planning is everything—Plans are nothing.” ","rect":[111.5999984741211,139.87477111816407,329.2554733200073,129.71827697753907]},{"page":65,"text":"Field Marshal Helmuth Graf von Moltke ","rect":[315.3599853515625,161.33018493652345,503.1728892288208,153.815185546875]},{"page":65,"text":"Chief of the Prussian General Staff (1800-1891)","rect":[278.099609375,174.83416748046876,500.4012353477478,165.335205078125]},{"page":65,"text":"1. Introduction","rect":[89.99998474121094,199.23602294921876,170.411990234375,190.8240203857422]},{"page":65,"text":"This chapter outlines the CAS integration model and the five steps for CAS planning,","rect":[111.59999084472656,227.3400115966797,521.9844360351563,216.31201171875]},{"page":65,"text":"identifies specific CAS-related command and staff responsibilities, outlines basic CAS","rect":[90.00000762939453,241.11599731445313,522.0300322265625,230.11199951171876]},{"page":65,"text":"planning considerations (i.e., mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support","rect":[90.00001525878906,254.9399871826172,522.0311904296875,243.9119873046875]},{"page":65,"text":"available-time available [METT-T]), and identifies procedures for requesting CAS and","rect":[90.00001525878906,268.7399597167969,522.014404296875,257.71197509765627]},{"page":65,"text":"CAS-related air support. The focus will be at the brigade level and below, with the joint","rect":[90.00001525878906,282.5399475097656,522.0623793945313,271.4999694824219]},{"page":65,"text":"fires team consisting of TACP personnel and the FC/FSCC. The FC is the USA","rect":[90.00001525878906,296.3399353027344,521.9567856445312,285.31195068359377]},{"page":65,"text":"representative to the team and the FSCC is the USMC representative. The joint fires team","rect":[90.00003051757813,310.13995361328127,522.14996484375,299.0999755859375]},{"page":65,"text":"is the primary tactical staff agency responsible for CAS planning, which begins when the","rect":[90.00003051757813,323.93994140625,521.9352387695312,312.9119567871094]},{"page":65,"text":"unit receives an order from higher headquarters (HHQ). This chapter also discusses the","rect":[90.00003051757813,337.73992919921877,522.021603515625,326.7119445800781]},{"page":65,"text":"methods of attack and types of control, as well as specific platform and weapon","rect":[90.00003051757813,351.5399475097656,522.0000610351563,340.511962890625]},{"page":65,"text":"considerations that form a baseline of understanding for the preparation and execution of ","rect":[90.00003051757813,365.3399353027344,525.0480346679688,354.31195068359377]},{"page":65,"text":"CAS. Finally, while the chapter focuses on the tasks planners must perform during major","rect":[90.00005340576172,379.1399230957031,522.02285546875,368.0999450683594]},{"page":65,"text":"ground operations, the same tasks may apply to CAS performed in support of tactical","rect":[90.00006103515625,392.9399108886719,522.02887109375,381.91192626953127]},{"page":65,"text":"recovery of aircraft and personnel, combat search and rescue missions, and joint security","rect":[90.00007629394531,406.7398986816406,522.0912475585938,395.6999206542969]},{"page":65,"text":"area (JSA) activities that may not have the formal staff agencies discussed in the chapter. ","rect":[90.00007629394531,420.5399169921875,520.5144653320313,409.5119323730469]},{"page":65,"text":"2. Close Air Support Integration Model","rect":[90.00007629394531,446.45989990234377,295.0416884765625,435.6239013671875]},{"page":65,"text":"The CAS integration model in Figure III-1 is a continuous, three-phase cycle (i.e.,","rect":[111.60008239746094,472.0799255371094,521.978515625,461.05194091796877]},{"page":65,"text":"plan, prepare, and execute) tailored for joint fire support and focused specifically on CAS. ","rect":[90.0000991821289,485.8799133300781,524.99658203125,474.8399353027344]},{"page":65,"text":"The CAS integration model assists the commander and staff in making CAS fire support","rect":[90.0000991821289,499.6799011230469,521.9857192382813,488.65191650390627]},{"page":65,"text":"plan decisions by integrating the planning and preparation of the supported and supporting","rect":[90.0000991821289,513.4799194335938,521.964111328125,502.4519348144531]},{"page":65,"text":"components. The Army FSO and USMC FSC play a crucial role in the process, both as","rect":[90.0000991821289,527.2799682617188,521.9137275390625,516.251953125]},{"page":65,"text":"the staff fire support experts and as members of the targeting team. For the purpose of this","rect":[90.0000991821289,541.0800170898438,522.0240180664063,530.052001953125]},{"page":65,"text":"publication, the fire support staff officers, AOs/ALOs, and the BN/brigade/division S-3s","rect":[90.0000991821289,554.8800048828125,521.99173046875,543.8519897460938]},{"page":65,"text":"are CAS planners. CAS planners actively participate with the ground commander to","rect":[90.0000991821289,568.6799926757813,522.0001220703125,557.6519775390625]},{"page":65,"text":"provide CAS-related input to the plan or OPORD. The planning phase (see Figure III-","rect":[90.0000991821289,582.4800415039063,522.1250283203125,571.4520263671875]},{"page":65,"text":"2) ends in a published order to subordinate units.","rect":[90.0000991821289,596.3760375976563,341.6448974609375,585.5640258789063]},{"page":65,"text":"a. Orders (Basics and Annexes). Orders are the means by which the commander","rect":[111.60009765625,622.0800170898438,521.95449609375,611.052001953125]},{"page":65,"text":"expresses to subordinates the objectives, intent, and decisive points, which focuses the staff ","rect":[90.0000991821289,635.8800659179688,524.9976806640625,624.8400268554688]},{"page":65,"text":"on the commander’s end state. FC/FSCC members and AOs/ALOs should pay particular","rect":[90.0000991821289,649.6800537109375,521.940091796875,638.6520385742188]},{"page":65,"text":"attention to the CAS-related portion of HHQ orders. Planners must understand the","rect":[90.0000991821289,663.4561157226563,522.024044921875,652.4520874023438]},{"page":65,"text":"commander’s objectives for CAS and the utilization of CAS to best support the overall","rect":[90.00007629394531,677.2800903320313,522.00250390625,666.2400512695313]},{"page":65,"text":"mission objective(s).","rect":[90.00007629394531,691.0801391601563,189.97206115722657,680.0401000976563]},{"page":65,"text":"III-1","rect":[500.03997802734377,753.2999267578125,522.0719604492188,745.0679321289063]},{"page":66,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":66,"text":"III-2 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,114.97799682617188,745.0679321289063]},{"page":66,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.65802001953127,753.4679565429688,521.9953002929688,745.0679321289063]},{"page":67,"text":"Close Air Support Planning Phase","rect":[102.54000091552735,94.3217544555664,309.0840702866156,81.25045013427735]},{"page":67,"text":"Receipt of","rect":[113.34000396728516,115.13920593261719,148.41746158835793,107.76033020019531]},{"page":67,"text":"Mission","rect":[117.59994506835938,121.58644104003906,144.15438118452836,115.77468872070313]},{"page":67,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":67,"text":"Legend","rect":[101.63999938964844,317.055908203125,134.30806782936285,307.84857177734377]},{"page":67,"text":"ACM ","rect":[108.35957336425781,331.0349426269531,125.42634823523466,325.8747253417969]},{"page":67,"text":"AGM ","rect":[108.35957336425781,339.0,125.8722100516409,333.6150817871094]},{"page":67,"text":"CAS ","rect":[108.35957336425781,347.0,124.36818936072294,341.29486083984377]},{"page":67,"text":"CDR ","rect":[108.35957336425781,354.1348876953125,125.08047726355497,348.97467041015627]},{"page":67,"text":"COA ","rect":[108.35957336425781,361.81536865234377,125.0839028616995,356.64825439453127]},{"page":67,"text":"EFST ","rect":[108.35957336425781,370.0,127.7138848563284,364.394775390625]},{"page":67,"text":"EW ","rect":[108.35957336425781,377.15911865234377,121.3053612967581,372.1571350097656]},{"page":67,"text":"FAC(A) ","rect":[108.35957336425781,386.277587890625,132.67727902136748,379.75506591796877]},{"page":67,"text":"FS ","rect":[108.35957336425781,393.0,119.04659512244169,387.49468994140627]},{"page":67,"text":"FSCM ","rect":[108.35957336425781,401.0,129.66102078162138,395.1751708984375]},{"page":67,"text":"FSEM ","rect":[108.35957336425781,408.01519775390627,129.28022244177763,402.85498046875]},{"page":67,"text":"HPT ","rect":[275.5199890136719,331.0,291.1615014334769,325.9586486816406]},{"page":67,"text":"HPTL ","rect":[275.5199890136719,339.0,294.9434838553519,333.69830322265627]},{"page":67,"text":"HVT ","rect":[275.5199890136719,347.0,291.1574120780081,341.37811279296877]},{"page":67,"text":"ID ","rect":[275.5199890136719,354.05987548828127,284.2708153983206,349.0]},{"page":67,"text":"JIPOE ","rect":[275.5199890136719,362.0,297.22690060339877,356.64892578125]},{"page":67,"text":"JTAR ","rect":[275.5199890136719,370.0,294.01681759558627,364.47802734375]},{"page":67,"text":"NSFS ","rect":[275.5199890136719,378.0,295.7242455741019,372.0759582519531]},{"page":67,"text":"OPORD ","rect":[275.5199890136719,385.0,302.576571013555,379.74884033203127]},{"page":67,"text":"S-2 ","rect":[275.5199890136719,393.0,288.0986657401175,387.49609375]},{"page":67,"text":"SEAD ","rect":[275.5199890136719,401.0,296.0831322928519,395.1758728027344]},{"page":67,"text":"TSM ","rect":[275.5199890136719,408.015869140625,291.9087243338675,402.85565185546877]},{"page":67,"text":"Figure III-2. Close Air Support Planning Phase","rect":[195.42034912109376,436.3138427734375,416.59977626037598,426.81488037109377]},{"page":67,"text":"b. Five Steps to CAS Planning Phase","rect":[111.5999984741211,459.3599853515625,300.9479951171875,448.3320007324219]},{"page":67,"text":"(1) Step 1: Receipt of Mission/Prepare for Mission Analysis. As integral","rect":[133.1999969482422,485.15997314453127,522.0360122070313,474.1319885253906]},{"page":67,"text":"members of the planning team, AOs and ALOs should understand the mission details and","rect":[90.00000762939453,498.9599914550781,521.9568481445313,487.9320068359375]},{"page":67,"text":"be prepared to provide pertinent CAS-related information to the ground force commander’s","rect":[90.00000762939453,512.760009765625,521.9892280273438,501.73199462890627]},{"page":67,"text":"staff from the following sources, at a minimum:","rect":[90.00000762939453,526.5599975585938,319.9319167480469,515.531982421875]},{"page":67,"text":"(a) Air order of battle (apportionment, allocation, and distribution decision).","rect":[154.80001831054688,552.3360595703125,522.0120239257813,541.33203125]},{"page":67,"text":"(b) ATO.","rect":[154.800048828125,578.135986328125,202.44244384765626,567.1319580078125]},{"page":67,"text":"(c) ACO.","rect":[154.800048828125,603.93603515625,202.44244384765626,592.9320068359375]},{"page":67,"text":"(d) SPINS.","rect":[154.800048828125,629.7360229492188,210.46804809570313,618.7319946289063]},{"page":67,"text":"(e) OPORD. ","rect":[154.800048828125,655.5360107421875,220.78805541992188,644.531982421875]},{"page":67,"text":"(f) SOP.","rect":[154.800048828125,681.3359985351563,197.85365295410157,670.3319702148438]},{"page":67,"text":"III-3","rect":[500.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.072021484375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":68,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":68,"text":"(2) Step 2: Mission Analysis. CAS planner responsibilities for mission analysis","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.0419624023438,74.6519775390625]},{"page":68,"text":"actually begin before the new mission is received. As part of the ongoing staff estimate,","rect":[90.00003051757813,99.47996520996094,521.9664306640625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":68,"text":"they continuously monitor and track the status of fire support systems, to include available","rect":[90.00003814697266,113.27995300292969,522.0024384765625,102.251953125]},{"page":68,"text":"air support. Specifically, during mission analysis, CAS planners perform the following","rect":[90.00003814697266,127.08000183105469,521.9520263671875,116.052001953125]},{"page":68,"text":"actions:","rect":[90.00003814697266,138.45599365234376,127.2936416015625,129.85198974609376]},{"page":68,"text":"(a) Update latest products (e.g., ATO, ACO, SPINS).","rect":[154.80003356933595,166.6799774169922,413.3784484863281,155.6519775390625]},{"page":68,"text":"(b) Estimate air combat capability to support the operation.","rect":[154.80003356933595,192.47996520996095,441.53985595703127,181.45196533203126]},{"page":68,"text":"(c) Determine capabilities and limitations of assigned personnel and","rect":[154.80003356933595,218.2799530029297,522.0396728515625,207.251953125]},{"page":68,"text":"equipment (e.g., number of JTACs, systems, equipment status, communications status).","rect":[90.00006103515625,232.0800018310547,510.6120300292969,221.052001953125]},{"page":68,"text":"(d) Provide input to the ground commander’s initial guidance.","rect":[154.80007934570313,257.8799133300781,455.4169006347656,246.8519287109375]},{"page":68,"text":"(e) Determine specified, implied, and mission-essential tasks.","rect":[154.80007934570313,283.65594482421877,452.83203125,272.6519470214844]},{"page":68,"text":"(f) Consider METT-T.","rect":[154.80007934570313,309.4559631347656,266.1120910644531,298.45196533203127]},{"page":68,"text":"(g) Assist in developing the mission statement.","rect":[154.80007934570313,335.2799377441406,382.7952575683594,324.251953125]},{"page":68,"text":"(h) Anticipate air requirements to support the mission based on:","rect":[154.80007934570313,361.0559387207031,464.0892653808594,350.05194091796877]},{"page":68,"text":"1. HHQ priority of fires (POF).","rect":[176.4000701904297,386.8799133300781,329.7120666503906,375.8519287109375]},{"page":68,"text":"2. Facts and assumptions.","rect":[176.39999389648438,412.656005859375,302.38922119140627,401.6520080566406]},{"page":68,"text":"3. Weight of effort decisions.","rect":[176.39999389648438,438.47998046875,319.982421875,427.4519958496094]},{"page":68,"text":"(i) Provide the following products:","rect":[154.8000030517578,464.2799987792969,324.3720107421875,453.25201416015627]},{"page":68,"text":"1. AO/ALO estimate.","rect":[176.39999389648438,487.6679992675781,282.69122314453127,479.052001953125]},{"page":68,"text":"2. Available CAS assets.","rect":[176.39999389648438,513.468017578125,298.4495849609375,504.85198974609377]},{"page":68,"text":"3. CAS constraints and restraints (e.g., ground alert CAS and airborne","rect":[176.39999389648438,541.6799926757813,522.005978515625,530.6519775390625]},{"page":68,"text":"alert CAS response times, weather limitations, tactical directives, ROE).","rect":[90.0,555.4560546875,437.28118896484377,544.4520263671875]},{"page":68,"text":"4. Warning order(s) to subordinate units.","rect":[176.40000915527345,581.280029296875,374.969970703125,570.2520141601563]},{"page":68,"text":"5. Verification that subordinate TACP elements understand the warning","rect":[176.39999389648438,607.0800170898438,521.9591674804688,596.052001953125]},{"page":68,"text":"order and have the ability to support the mission.","rect":[90.0,620.8800048828125,324.97314453125,609.8519897460938]},{"page":68,"text":"(j) Key Considerations. During the mission analysis step, CAS planners","rect":[154.8000030517578,646.6200561523438,521.9916083984375,635.5800170898438]},{"page":68,"text":"should be familiar with the following elements of the HHQ order:","rect":[90.0,660.4199829101563,405.9359755859375,649.3919677734375]},{"page":68,"text":"1. CONOPS/Scheme of Maneuver. What is the commander’s intent? ","rect":[176.40000915527345,683.8200073242188,524.9783935546875,675.1920166015625]},{"page":68,"text":"Is this an offensive or defensive operation? What type of offensive or defensive operation","rect":[90.0,700.02001953125,522.05517578125,688.9920043945313]},{"page":68,"text":"(e.g., deliberate attack, hasty defense)? How do ROE impact CAS?","rect":[90.0,713.8200073242188,415.1855744628906,702.7919921875]},{"page":68,"text":"III-4 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,114.97799682617188,745.0679321289063]},{"page":68,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.65802001953127,753.4679565429688,521.9953002929688,745.0679321289063]},{"page":69,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":69,"text":"2. Scheme of Fires/Fire Support Tasks (FSTs). What is the","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.65597534179688,521.9975556640625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":69,"text":"commander’s desired task, purpose, method, and effect for fires? How can CAS contribute? ","rect":[90.0,99.45602416992188,524.9940185546875,88.4520263671875]},{"page":69,"text":"What joint functions (i.e., C2, information, intelligence, fires, movement and maneuver,","rect":[90.0,113.28001403808594,522.0,102.2400131225586]},{"page":69,"text":"protection, sustainment) are affected? Have all CAS assets been properly integrated?","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,499.93200390625,116.052001953125]},{"page":69,"text":"3. JIPOE. What is the enemy order of battle? What impact will time","rect":[176.39999389648438,152.8800506591797,522.1404389648437,141.85205078125]},{"page":69,"text":"of day, terrain, and weather have on CAS? What are the likely enemy avenues of approach?","rect":[90.0,166.6799774169922,521.9688081054687,155.6519775390625]},{"page":69,"text":"4. ISR. What ISR assets are available? Where are ISR assets positioned? ","rect":[176.40000915527345,192.45596313476563,525.0036010742188,181.45196533203126]},{"page":69,"text":"How can CAS operators communicate directly/indirectly with ISR assets? What are the","rect":[90.0,206.28001403808595,522.1127900390625,195.25201416015626]},{"page":69,"text":"commander’s critical information requirements (CCIRs)? ","rect":[90.0,220.05599975585938,363.5039978027344,209.052001953125]},{"page":69,"text":"5. Observation Plan. How can CAS take advantage of available","rect":[176.39999389648438,245.87998962402345,522.1596650390625,234.85198974609376]},{"page":69,"text":"battlefield ","rect":[90.0,257.2559814453125,140.01959228515626,248.6519775390625]},{"page":69,"text":"sensors/observers? ","rect":[146.37838745117188,257.2559814453125,236.69766235351563,248.6519775390625]},{"page":69,"text":" ","rect":[243.0564727783203,256.0,246.0564727783203,250.0]},{"page":69,"text":"Are ","rect":[252.47528076171876,257.0999755859375,272.89678955078127,248.85597229003907]},{"page":69,"text":"the ","rect":[279.2568054199219,257.1719665527344,296.4599914550781,248.6519775390625]},{"page":69,"text":"types ","rect":[302.82000732421877,259.6799621582031,330.38397216796877,249.8639678955078]},{"page":69,"text":"of ","rect":[336.7439880371094,257.0999755859375,349.40399169921877,248.66397094726563]},{"page":69,"text":"TAC ","rect":[355.823974609375,257.2679748535156,382.3631591796875,248.85597229003907]},{"page":69,"text":"considered? ","rect":[388.7831726074219,257.2559814453125,447.54241943359377,248.6519775390625]},{"page":69,"text":" ","rect":[453.90240478515627,256.0,456.90240478515627,250.0]},{"page":69,"text":"Where ","rect":[463.3224182128906,257.2679748535156,497.46722412109377,248.6519775390625]},{"page":69,"text":"will","rect":[503.88720703125,257.2559814453125,522.0455947265625,248.6519775390625]},{"page":69,"text":"JTACs/JFOs/FAC(A)s be required?","rect":[90.0,273.4559631347656,257.4299592285156,262.45196533203127]},{"page":69,"text":"6. Communications Plan. How will maneuver elements, fire support,","rect":[176.39999389648438,299.2559814453125,522.1464233398438,288.2519836425781]},{"page":69,"text":"and TACP personnel communicate? Are JTACs integrated into the ground force","rect":[90.0,313.0799865722656,522.0864228515625,302.052001953125]},{"page":69,"text":"communications plan? Are communications plans reliable and redundant?","rect":[90.0,326.8559875488281,438.1824006347656,315.85198974609377]},{"page":69,"text":"(k) Preplanned Air Support Request. Once CAS planners have analyzed","rect":[154.79998779296876,352.67999267578127,522.0384521484375,341.6520080566406]},{"page":69,"text":"the mission and are familiar with CAS requirements, initial CAS requests should be drafted","rect":[90.0,366.45599365234377,521.9639892578125,355.4519958496094]},{"page":69,"text":"and submitted. See Appendix A, “Joint Tactical Air Strike Request.” Further refinements","rect":[90.0,380.2560119628906,522.0215766601563,369.25201416015627]},{"page":69,"text":"to these initial requests can be forwarded as details become available. Adherence to the","rect":[90.0,394.0559997558594,522.050412109375,383.052001953125]},{"page":69,"text":"joint air tasking cycle time constraints is critical. Preplanned requests in support of USA","rect":[90.0000228881836,407.8799743652344,522.019224609375,396.8399963378906]},{"page":69,"text":"operations will be submitted through the AAGS.","rect":[90.0000228881836,421.67999267578127,322.98004150390627,410.6520080566406]},{"page":69,"text":"(3) Step 3: COA Development. After receiving planning guidance, the staff ","rect":[133.20001220703126,447.47998046875,525.0804443359375,436.4519958496094]},{"page":69,"text":"develops COAs to provide a potential way (solution, method) to accomplish the assigned","rect":[90.0000228881836,461.2799987792969,522.0060424804688,450.25201416015627]},{"page":69,"text":"mission. Guidance and intent focus staff creativity on producing a comprehensive, flexible","rect":[90.0000228881836,475.0799865722656,521.9916352539062,464.052001953125]},{"page":69,"text":"plan within available time constraints. During this step, CAS planners:","rect":[90.0000228881836,488.8799743652344,431.899232421875,477.85198974609377]},{"page":69,"text":"(a) Obtain latest products (e.g., ATO, ACO, SPINS).","rect":[154.80001831054688,514.6799926757813,411.3984680175781,503.6519775390625]},{"page":69,"text":"(b) Analyze relative combat power. This is typically accomplished by","rect":[154.80001831054688,540.4199829101563,522.001220703125,529.3919677734375]},{"page":69,"text":"weighing the individual effectiveness of friendly air platforms against anticipated enemy","rect":[90.00004577636719,554.2200317382813,522.015625,543.1920166015625]},{"page":69,"text":"surface forces and air defense threats.","rect":[90.0000228881836,565.5960083007813,270.5880432128906,556.9920043945313]},{"page":69,"text":"(c) Generate options used to develop possible COAs. Options are activities","rect":[154.80001831054688,593.7960205078125,522.0899970703125,582.7919921875]},{"page":69,"text":"within a COA that may be executed to enable achieving an objective. Options, and groups","rect":[90.0000228881836,607.6199951171875,522.0096137695313,596.5799560546875]},{"page":69,"text":"of options comprised of branches, enable the commander to act rapidly and transition as","rect":[90.0000228881836,621.4199829101563,522.0084541015625,610.3919677734375]},{"page":69,"text":"conditions change through the campaign or operation.","rect":[90.0000228881836,635.219970703125,348.94561767578127,624.1919555664063]},{"page":69,"text":"(d) Determine CAS requirements as the scheme of maneuver is developed.","rect":[154.80003356933595,660.9959716796875,516.6216430664063,649.991943359375]},{"page":69,"text":"(e) Develop a fire support plan and unit airspace plan; coordinate activation","rect":[154.80001831054688,686.7960205078125,522.014404296875,675.7919921875]},{"page":69,"text":"of FSCM/ACMs.","rect":[90.0000228881836,698.2080078125,173.3232421875,689.5919799804688]},{"page":69,"text":"III-5","rect":[500.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.072021484375,745.2359008789063]},{"page":70,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":70,"text":"(f) Develop the CAS integration plan by examining opportunities for the best","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,522.0407729492188,74.6519775390625]},{"page":70,"text":"use of air and TACP assets.","rect":[90.00000762939453,97.06796264648438,222.61685180664063,88.45196533203125]},{"page":70,"text":"(g) The AO/ALO assists in developing engagement areas, target areas of ","rect":[154.8000030517578,125.27995300292969,525.0048217773438,114.251953125]},{"page":70,"text":"interest (TAIs), triggers, objective areas, obstacle plan, and movement plan.","rect":[90.00000762939453,139.0800018310547,453.90838623046877,128.0399932861328]},{"page":70,"text":"(h) Prepare COA statements and sketches (e.g., battle graphics). This part","rect":[154.80001831054688,164.87998962402345,522.0000625,153.85198974609376]},{"page":70,"text":"involves brainstorming to mass the most effective combat power against the enemy (e.g.,","rect":[90.00003051757813,178.6799774169922,522.001220703125,167.6519775390625]},{"page":70,"text":"CAS, EW, ISR, and surface fire support).","rect":[90.00003051757813,192.45596313476563,289.364501953125,181.45196533203126]},{"page":70,"text":"(i) Key Considerations. For each COA, CAS planners should consider:","rect":[154.80003356933595,218.2799530029297,507.16089013671879,207.251953125]},{"page":70,"text":"1. Commander’s Intent. How does the commander intend to use","rect":[176.4000244140625,241.66799926757813,522.0215424804687,233.052001953125]},{"page":70,"text":"CAS? What are the objectives? Does CAS facilitate the commander’s ability to","rect":[90.0,257.8799743652344,522.0047607421875,246.83998107910157]},{"page":70,"text":"accomplish the mission?","rect":[90.0,271.6559753417969,207.968380859375,260.6519775390625]},{"page":70,"text":"2. CCIRs. What CCIR can CAS assets fulfill? Will TACPs, JFOs,","rect":[176.39999389648438,295.0679931640625,522.01318359375,286.4519958496094]},{"page":70,"text":"and/or FAC(A)s be able to provide critical battlefield information? How will this","rect":[90.0,311.2560119628906,522.0647895507813,300.25201416015627]},{"page":70,"text":"information be relayed to the maneuver unit?","rect":[90.0,325.0799865722656,306.5844697265625,314.052001953125]},{"page":70,"text":"3. Enemy Situation. Where are the enemies and how do they fight","rect":[176.39999389648438,350.8800048828125,522.064759765625,339.8520202636719]},{"page":70,"text":"(enemy order of battle)? Where are they going? Where can they be killed or their actions","rect":[90.0,364.67999267578127,522.01565625,353.6520080566406]},{"page":70,"text":"be affected? When will they be there? What can they do to kill or hamper others? How","rect":[90.00004577636719,378.47998046875,521.9880356445312,367.4519958496094]},{"page":70,"text":"can they be killed/influenced?","rect":[90.00004577636719,392.2799987792969,234.3348817138672,381.25201416015627]},{"page":70,"text":"4. Statements and Sketches. Once COA development has started,","rect":[176.40003967285157,418.0559997558594,522.0252685546875,407.052001953125]},{"page":70,"text":"sketches of each COA should be made with notes for the staff to better understand what","rect":[90.0,429.4679870605469,522.0443740234375,420.85198974609377]},{"page":70,"text":"each can offer the unit. Where are preplanned CAS holding points/orbits located and how","rect":[90.0,445.6799621582031,522.03362890625,434.6519775390625]},{"page":70,"text":"will CAS aircraft enter/exit the operational area? Does the CAS overlay reflect artillery","rect":[90.0,459.47998046875,522.015625,448.4519958496094]},{"page":70,"text":"positioning areas and azimuths of fire (AOFs)? Does the plan promote simultaneous","rect":[90.0,473.27996826171877,522.0299995117188,462.2519836425781]},{"page":70,"text":"engagement of targets by CAS and surface fires? Has the CAS overlay been shared with","rect":[90.0,487.0799865722656,521.98681640625,476.052001953125]},{"page":70,"text":"all battlefield operating system elements? Where will JTACs/JFOs be positioned on the","rect":[90.0,500.8799743652344,522.00231640625,489.85198974609377]},{"page":70,"text":"battlefield? What ACMs and FSCMs are needed to support the COA?","rect":[90.0,514.656005859375,428.2080048828125,503.6519775390625]},{"page":70,"text":"5. Priority of CAS Fires. POF for each COA must be identified. As","rect":[176.39999389648438,540.4199829101563,522.0623481445313,529.3919677734375]},{"page":70,"text":"part of the POF, priority of CAS fires must also be identified. The ground maneuver","rect":[90.0,554.2200317382813,521.994046875,543.1920166015625]},{"page":70,"text":"commander establishes which element will receive POF and priority of CAS. It is also","rect":[90.0,568.02001953125,522.0408325195313,556.9920043945313]},{"page":70,"text":"important to make the commander and the commander’s staff aware of their unit’s priority","rect":[90.0,581.8200073242188,522.0803833007813,570.7919921875]},{"page":70,"text":"for CAS relative to other units in the operational area. Does the element with priority of ","rect":[90.0,595.6199951171875,525.0527954101563,584.5919799804688]},{"page":70,"text":"CAS fires have a designated JTAC? What if priorities change or CAS is unavailable for","rect":[90.0,609.4199829101563,522.0263955078125,598.3919677734375]},{"page":70,"text":"the planned COA? How will changes in priority be communicated with forward elements","rect":[90.0,623.2200317382813,522.0227973632813,612.1920166015625]},{"page":70,"text":"and JTACs? Does the priority of CAS fires support the commander’s intent for each COA?","rect":[90.0,637.02001953125,521.990353515625,625.9920043945313]},{"page":70,"text":"(j) TACP. The TACP provides the following inputs during COA","rect":[154.79998779296876,662.8200073242188,522.0371689453125,651.7799682617188]},{"page":70,"text":"development:","rect":[89.99998474121094,676.5960083007813,155.26918176269533,665.5919799804688]},{"page":70,"text":"1. Specific TACP portions of the following plans:","rect":[176.39999389648438,702.4199829101563,418.6320205078125,691.3919677734375]},{"page":70,"text":"III-6 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,114.97799682617188,745.0679321289063]},{"page":70,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.65802001953127,753.4679565429688,521.9953002929688,745.0679321289063]},{"page":71,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":71,"text":"a. Observation ","rect":[198.0,83.26797485351563,274.00201416015627,74.6519775390625]},{"page":71,"text":"management, and BDA).","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,210.04559326171876,88.4520263671875]},{"page":71,"text":"plan ","rect":[280.00201416015627,85.65597534179688,303.6708068847656,74.6519775390625]},{"page":71,"text":"(to ","rect":[309.6708068847656,85.65597534179688,326.0292053222656,74.6519775390625]},{"page":71,"text":"include ","rect":[332.0292053222656,83.25597381591797,370.39080810546877,74.6519775390625]},{"page":71,"text":"target ","rect":[376.330810546875,85.67997741699219,406.6739807128906,75.86397552490235]},{"page":71,"text":"area, ","rect":[412.6739807128906,83.0,438.6600036621094,77.0]},{"page":71,"text":"aircraft, ","rect":[444.65997314453127,83.1719741821289,485.3148193359375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":71,"text":"b. Employment plan (e.g., ACAs).","rect":[198.0,125.28001403808594,366.0444030761719,114.25201416015625]},{"page":71,"text":"c. Communications plan.","rect":[198.0,151.05599975585938,320.9568176269531,140.052001953125]},{"page":71,"text":"2. Evaluation of overall TACP capabilities/limitations:","rect":[176.39999389648438,176.85598754882813,442.01635888671879,165.85198974609376]},{"page":71,"text":"a. Personnel.","rect":[198.0,200.2559814453125,262.68719482421877,191.6519775390625]},{"page":71,"text":"sensor","rect":[491.3148193359375,83.0,521.98086328125,77.0]},{"page":71,"text":"available.","rect":[90.0,291.45599365234377,136.40640258789063,282.85198974609377]},{"page":71,"text":"b. Equipment.","rect":[198.0,228.45602416992188,268.6847839355469,217.4520263671875]},{"page":71,"text":"3. Consideration of the most effective TAC procedures.","rect":[176.39999389648438,254.25601196289063,446.2873229980469,243.25201416015626]},{"page":71,"text":"4. Update initial or submit new JTARs with all information currently","rect":[176.39999389648438,280.0799865722656,522.0180053710938,269.052001953125]},{"page":71,"text":"5. Current geospatial intelligence.","rect":[176.39999389648438,319.6799621582031,341.731201171875,308.6519775390625]},{"page":71,"text":"(4) Step 4: COA Analysis/War Game. The planning staff “fights the battle” to","rect":[133.1999969482422,345.47998046875,522.0408935546875,334.4519958496094]},{"page":71,"text":"determine the advantages and disadvantages of each COA and to identify which COA best","rect":[90.00001525878906,359.27996826171877,522.0311904296875,348.2519836425781]},{"page":71,"text":"achieves the commander’s objectives. CAS planners should:","rect":[90.00001525878906,373.0799865722656,383.2391982421875,362.0400085449219]},{"page":71,"text":"(a) Identify strengths and weaknesses for CAS in each COA.","rect":[154.80001831054688,398.8799743652344,449.7696533203125,387.85198974609377]},{"page":71,"text":"(b) Conduct an initial tactical risk assessment for each COA. (See paragraph","rect":[154.80001831054688,424.6799621582031,522.014404296875,413.6519775390625]},{"page":71,"text":"9.d., “Tactical Risk Assessment.”)","rect":[90.00001525878906,438.45599365234377,254.95921105957033,427.4519958496094]},{"page":71,"text":"(c) Recommend TAC criteria for commander approval. Type of control to","rect":[154.80001831054688,464.27996826171877,521.9879760742188,453.2519836425781]},{"page":71,"text":"use where and under what conditions. ","rect":[89.99999237060547,475.656005859375,274.3392333984375,467.052001953125]},{"page":71,"text":"1. Determine best locations for JTACs/FAC(A)s.","rect":[176.39999389648438,503.8559875488281,414.976806640625,492.85198974609377]},{"page":71,"text":"requirements.","rect":[90.0,543.4560546875,155.64479064941407,532.4520263671875]},{"page":71,"text":"2. Plan use of JFOs/other observers and assess communications","rect":[176.39999389648438,527.2680053710938,522.00003125,518.6519775390625]},{"page":71,"text":"(d) Evaluate CAS integration with other fire support assets. ","rect":[154.8000030517578,569.280029296875,445.7447814941406,558.2520141601563]},{"page":71,"text":"(e) Assess effectiveness of ACA and other FSCMs/ACMs.","rect":[154.8000030517578,595.0560302734375,439.7940673828125,584.052001953125]},{"page":71,"text":"(f) Gather war gaming tools.","rect":[154.8000030517578,620.8800048828125,294.79443359375,609.8519897460938]},{"page":71,"text":"1. Updated ATO/SPINS information.","rect":[176.40000915527345,646.656005859375,358.38726806640627,635.6519775390625]},{"page":71,"text":"2. Decision-making matrices/devices.","rect":[176.39999389648438,672.4200439453125,360.0611572265625,661.3920288085938]},{"page":71,"text":"3. Briefing cards/CAS briefs.","rect":[176.39999389648438,698.2200317382813,319.6463623046875,687.1920166015625]},{"page":71,"text":"III-7","rect":[500.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.072021484375,745.2359008789063]},{"page":72,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":72,"text":"III-8 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,114.97799682617188,745.0679321289063]},{"page":72,"text":"4. Standard conventional load listings.","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,363.39599609375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":72,"text":"5. Aircraft and weapons capabilities information.","rect":[176.39999389648438,111.45602416992188,415.05841064453127,100.4520263671875]},{"page":72,"text":"(g) List all friendly forces.","rect":[154.8000030517578,137.28001403808595,284.7720031738281,126.25201416015625]},{"page":72,"text":"1. CAS aircraft.","rect":[176.39999389648438,160.66799926757813,255.42237854003907,152.052001953125]},{"page":72,"text":"2. FAC(A).","rect":[176.39999389648438,188.85598754882813,234.40798950195313,177.85198974609376]},{"page":72,"text":"3. Airborne C2.","rect":[176.39999389648438,212.26797485351563,254.70599365234376,203.6519775390625]},{"page":72,"text":"4. Ground forces, including fire support assets.","rect":[176.39999389648438,240.4800262451172,404.364013671875,229.4520263671875]},{"page":72,"text":"5. JTACs.","rect":[176.39999389648438,263.8680114746094,227.80079650878907,255.4560089111328]},{"page":72,"text":"6. JFOs/other observers.","rect":[176.39999389648438,289.6679992675781,295.994384765625,281.052001953125]},{"page":72,"text":"7. Other aviation and support assets.","rect":[176.39999389648438,317.8559875488281,353.66754150390627,306.85198974609377]},{"page":72,"text":"(h) List assumptions.","rect":[154.8000030517578,343.656005859375,258.82440185546877,332.6520080566406]},{"page":72,"text":"1. Aircraft operating altitudes.","rect":[176.39999389648438,369.47998046875,324.37200927734377,358.4519958496094]},{"page":72,"text":"2. Enemy surface-to-air threat posture.","rect":[176.39999389648438,395.2799987792969,364.7459716796875,384.25201416015627]},{"page":72,"text":"3. CAS tactics.","rect":[176.39999389648438,418.6679992675781,251.39999389648438,410.052001953125]},{"page":72,"text":"4. JTAC procedures in effect.","rect":[176.39999389648438,446.8559875488281,321.3251953125,435.85198974609377]},{"page":72,"text":"5. How terrain and weather affect CAS.","rect":[176.39999389648438,470.26800537109377,370.0992431640625,461.6520080566406]},{"page":72,"text":"6. Aircraft fuel requirements. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,498.45599365234377,322.58160400390627,487.4519958496094]},{"page":72,"text":"(i) List known critical events and decision points.","rect":[154.8000030517578,524.2560424804688,395.10601806640627,513.2520141601563]},{"page":72,"text":"1. Line of departure or defend not later than times.","rect":[176.40000915527345,550.0560302734375,421.700439453125,539.052001953125]},{"page":72,"text":"2. CAS triggers (named areas of interest [NAIs]/TAIs).","rect":[176.39999389648438,575.8800048828125,444.25201416015627,564.8519897460938]},{"page":72,"text":"3. ACM/FSCM requirements.","rect":[176.39999389648438,601.656005859375,322.79876708984377,590.6519775390625]},{"page":72,"text":"4. SEAD/marking round requirements.","rect":[176.39999389648438,627.4800415039063,365.7023620605469,616.4520263671875]},{"page":72,"text":"(j) Determine evaluation criteria.","rect":[154.8000030517578,653.280029296875,315.8232116699219,642.239990234375]},{"page":72,"text":"1. Timeliness.","rect":[176.40000915527345,676.656005859375,247.09921264648438,668.052001953125]},{"page":72,"text":"2. Accuracy.","rect":[176.39999389648438,704.8800048828125,240.3719940185547,694.0559692382813]},{"page":72,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.65802001953127,753.4679565429688,521.9953002929688,745.0679321289063]},{"page":73,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":73,"text":"3. Flexibility.","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,244.39797973632813,74.6519775390625]},{"page":73,"text":"4. Mass.","rect":[176.39999389648438,109.05602264404297,219.71279907226563,100.66802215576172]},{"page":73,"text":"5. Desired effects.","rect":[176.39999389648438,134.85601806640626,266.70001220703127,126.25201416015625]},{"page":73,"text":"(k) Select the war game method.","rect":[154.8000030517578,163.0800018310547,313.8192138671875,152.052001953125]},{"page":73,"text":"1. Rehearsal of Concept (ROC)/Terrain Model/Sand Table. Commanders","rect":[176.39999389648438,188.85598754882813,522.0480048828125,177.85198974609376]},{"page":73,"text":"and staffs may use a form of rehearsal called a “ROC drill.” A ROC drill is a leader and staff ","rect":[90.0,202.6799774169922,525.05517578125,191.6519775390625]},{"page":73,"text":"rehearsal that usually uses a sand table or similar training aid. Its primary purpose is to","rect":[90.0,216.47996520996095,522.156005859375,205.45196533203126]},{"page":73,"text":"synchronize the actions of all seven joint functions.","rect":[90.0,230.2799530029297,328.75677490234377,219.2399444580078]},{"page":73,"text":"2. Map.","rect":[176.39999389648438,256.0559997558594,216.4127960205078,245.26800537109376]},{"page":73,"text":"3. Radio.","rect":[176.39999389648438,279.45599365234377,223.07879638671876,270.85198974609377]},{"page":73,"text":"4. Other.","rect":[176.39999389648438,305.26800537109377,221.65919494628907,296.6520080566406]},{"page":73,"text":"(l) Select a method to record and display results.","rect":[154.8000030517578,333.47998046875,390.0299987792969,322.4519958496094]},{"page":73,"text":"1. Event logs.","rect":[176.39999389648438,359.27996826171877,245.39999389648438,348.2519836425781]},{"page":73,"text":"2. Timetables.","rect":[176.39999389648438,382.656005859375,247.75918579101563,374.052001953125]},{"page":73,"text":"3. Reaction times.","rect":[176.39999389648438,408.45599365234377,266.0447998046875,399.85198974609377]},{"page":73,"text":"(m) War game the battle and assess the results. Did CAS support the","rect":[154.8000030517578,436.67999267578127,521.935177734375,425.6520080566406]},{"page":73,"text":"commander’s intent for fires? Was CAS effectively integrated with ground scheme of ","rect":[89.99998474121094,450.47998046875,525.0263671875,439.4519958496094]},{"page":73,"text":"maneuver? Was C2 of CAS reliable and effective? Were FSCMs and ACMs effective in","rect":[89.99998474121094,461.8680114746094,521.969970703125,453.25201416015627]},{"page":73,"text":"supporting the COA?","rect":[90.00000762939453,478.0799865722656,192.57360546875,467.052001953125]},{"page":73,"text":"(n) Fires Paragraph. CAS and other fire support planners begin to refine","rect":[154.8000030517578,503.8799743652344,521.9868134765625,492.85198974609377]},{"page":73,"text":"the fires paragraph to the OPORD by further developing FSTs. The essential elements of ","rect":[90.00001525878906,517.6799926757813,525.045654296875,506.6519775390625]},{"page":73,"text":"a fire support plan include, but are not limited to, clear and concise articulation for the use","rect":[90.00005340576172,531.4560546875,522.0060395507812,520.4520263671875]},{"page":73,"text":"of CAS by identifying the task, purpose, method, and effect of each FST.","rect":[90.00003051757813,545.280029296875,441.2400207519531,534.2520141601563]},{"page":73,"text":"1. Task. Describes the targeting objectives fires must achieve against a","rect":[176.40003967285157,571.0800170898438,522.0480317382812,560.0399780273438]},{"page":73,"text":"specific enemy formation’s function or capability. Examples include:","rect":[90.0,584.8800048828125,425.513978515625,573.8519897460938]},{"page":73,"text":"a. Disrupt movement of third Guards Tank Regiment.","rect":[198.0,610.6799926757813,458.652099609375,599.6519775390625]},{"page":73,"text":"b. Delay Advanced Guard Main Body movement by two hours.","rect":[198.0,636.4199829101563,505.9813232421875,625.3919677734375]},{"page":73,"text":"c. Limit advance of 32nd Motorized Rifle Regiment.","rect":[198.0,662.2200317382813,454.0127868652344,651.1920166015625]},{"page":73,"text":"d. Destroy lead elements of the Forward Security Element.","rect":[198.0,688.02001953125,483.0528564453125,676.9920043945313]},{"page":73,"text":"III-9","rect":[500.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.072021484375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":74,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":74,"text":"2. Purpose. Describes the maneuver or operational purpose for the task. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.65597534179688,525.13427734375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":74,"text":"Examples include:","rect":[90.0,99.45602416992188,178.9703994140625,88.4520263671875]},{"page":74,"text":"a. To allow 2nd BN to advance to phase line Smith.","rect":[198.0,125.25601196289063,449.03033447265627,114.25201416015625]},{"page":74,"text":"b. To seize and hold Objective Panther.","rect":[198.0,151.0800018310547,390.34686279296877,140.0399932861328]},{"page":74,"text":"Pass.","rect":[90.0,188.2559814453125,114.35040283203125,180.03598022460938]},{"page":74,"text":"c. To enable Task Force 2-69 Armor to secure access to Brown’s","rect":[198.0,174.45599365234376,522.0191352539063,165.85198974609376]},{"page":74,"text":"3. Method. Describes how the task and purpose will be accomplished. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,216.45596313476563,525.0120849609375,205.45196533203126]},{"page":74,"text":"It ties the detect function to the deliver function in time and space and describes how to","rect":[90.0,230.25601196289063,522.0647583007813,219.25201416015626]},{"page":74,"text":"accomplish the task. Normally described in terms of priority, allocation, and restriction.","rect":[90.0,244.0800018310547,522.0792236328125,233.052001953125]},{"page":74,"text":"Examples include:","rect":[90.0,257.8559875488281,178.9703994140625,246.85198974609376]},{"page":74,"text":"than 1400L.","rect":[90.0,295.031982421875,147.9239959716797,286.4519958496094]},{"page":74,"text":"a. CAS engages armored targets vicinity of Brown’s Pass, not later","rect":[198.0,283.67999267578127,522.0024086914062,272.6520080566406]},{"page":74,"text":"defensive belt.","rect":[90.0,360.45599365234377,159.96719360351563,351.85198974609377]},{"page":74,"text":"b. CAS attacks defensive positions at point of penetration at 1300Z.","rect":[198.0,323.2559814453125,522.030029296875,312.2519836425781]},{"page":74,"text":"c. CAS available to engage targets of opportunity entering the main","rect":[198.0,349.0799865722656,521.9472045898438,338.052001953125]},{"page":74,"text":"4. Effects of Fires. Attempts to quantify the successful accomplishment","rect":[176.39999389648438,388.6799621582031,522.052796875,377.6519775390625]},{"page":74,"text":"of the task. Examples:","rect":[90.0,402.45599365234377,197.3760085449219,391.4519958496094]},{"page":74,"text":"a. CAS destroys 8-10 vehicles vicinity Brown’s Pass; 2-69 Armor","rect":[198.0,428.27996826171877,521.97598046875,417.2519836425781]},{"page":74,"text":"secured Brown’s Pass.","rect":[90.0,439.656005859375,198.36599731445313,431.052001953125]},{"page":74,"text":"b. CAS disables enemy engineer platoon at point of penetration;","rect":[198.0,467.8799743652344,521.9760146484375,456.85198974609377]},{"page":74,"text":"2nd BN advanced to phase line Smith, seized and held Objective Panther.","rect":[90.0,481.67999267578127,443.589599609375,470.6400146484375]},{"page":74,"text":"c. CAS destroys 10 T-80s/T-72s in main defensive belt; 2nd BN","rect":[198.00003051757813,507.47998046875,522.0456528320312,496.4519958496094]},{"page":74,"text":"advanced to phase line Smith, seized and held Objective Panther.","rect":[90.0,521.280029296875,402.9599914550781,510.2400207519531]},{"page":74,"text":"(5) Step 5: Orders Production. The staff prepares the order or plan to","rect":[133.19998168945313,547.0560302734375,522.085205078125,536.052001953125]},{"page":74,"text":"implement the selected COA and provides a clear, concise CONOPS; a scheme of ","rect":[89.9999771118164,560.8560791015625,525.0360107421875,549.85205078125]},{"page":74,"text":"maneuver; and a scheme of fires. Orders and plans provide all necessary information that","rect":[89.9999771118164,574.6200561523438,522.0000014648438,563.592041015625]},{"page":74,"text":"subordinates require for execution without unnecessary constraints that would inhibit","rect":[90.0000228881836,588.4200439453125,521.9592299804688,577.3920288085938]},{"page":74,"text":"subordinate initiative. TACPs should produce the CAS-specific portion of the appropriate","rect":[90.00004577636719,602.196044921875,521.9568452148437,591.1920166015625]},{"page":74,"text":"fire support appendix and annex as required.","rect":[90.00004577636719,615.9960327148438,303.6636962890625,604.9920043945313]},{"page":74,"text":"(a) Fire Support Annex. Fire support and CAS planners also produce a fire","rect":[154.800048828125,641.7960205078125,522.0480317382812,630.7919921875]},{"page":74,"text":"support annex to expand upon the fire support information in paragraph 3 of the OPORD. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,655.6200561523438,524.9352416992188,644.592041015625]},{"page":74,"text":"A fire support execution matrix (FSEM) may also be developed as part of, or used in place","rect":[90.00004577636719,669.4199829101563,522.0492524414062,658.3919677734375]},{"page":74,"text":"of, a standard fire support annex. Regardless of format, further expansion of fire support","rect":[90.00004577636719,683.2200317382813,522.0300307617188,672.1920166015625]},{"page":74,"text":"information includes:","rect":[90.00004577636719,694.5960083007813,192.96965173339846,685.9920043945313]},{"page":74,"text":"III-10 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":74,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":75,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":75,"text":"1. Purpose. Addresses exactly what is to be accomplished by fire","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,522.0432709960937,74.6519775390625]},{"page":75,"text":"support during each phase of the battle. It should be specific in addressing attack guidance","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,522.0444306640625,88.4520263671875]},{"page":75,"text":"and engagement criteria. This is the most important part of the fires paragraph. The","rect":[90.0,113.28001403808594,522.0095795898437,102.25201416015625]},{"page":75,"text":"fire support annex articulates how fires, as a joint function, will be synchronized with the","rect":[89.99995422363281,127.08000183105469,522.0227021484375,116.04000091552735]},{"page":75,"text":"other joint functions.","rect":[89.99995422363281,140.8800506591797,190.283935546875,129.8400421142578]},{"page":75,"text":"2. Priority. Designates POF and when or if it shifts for each phase. ","rect":[176.3999481201172,166.68003845214845,525.0514526367188,155.65203857421876]},{"page":75,"text":"Include all fire support systems, to include CAS when assigning POFs.","rect":[90.0,180.4800262451172,430.6199951171875,169.4520263671875]},{"page":75,"text":"3. Allocation. Designates the allocation of fire support assets, to","rect":[176.4000244140625,206.28001403808595,522.0215454101563,195.25201416015626]},{"page":75,"text":"include the following: targets allocated to units for planning; CAS sorties for planning;","rect":[90.0,220.0800018310547,521.9940200195313,209.052001953125]},{"page":75,"text":"smoke, expressed in minutes and size; priority targets, final protective fires (FPFs), and","rect":[90.0,233.87998962402345,521.9940185546875,222.85198974609376]},{"page":75,"text":"special munition priority targets; and laser-equipped observation teams.","rect":[90.0,247.6799774169922,433.80120849609377,236.6519775390625]},{"page":75,"text":"4. Restrictions. Addresses FSCMs and the use of specific munitions. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,273.4560241699219,525.0323486328125,262.4520263671875]},{"page":75,"text":"Some examples are critical FSCMs and specific munition restrictions such as those placed","rect":[90.0,287.2560119628906,522.0120239257813,276.25201416015627]},{"page":75,"text":"on the employment of illumination; smoke; dual-purpose, improved, conventional","rect":[90.0000228881836,301.0799865722656,521.9808364257813,290.052001953125]},{"page":75,"text":"munitions; family of scatterable mines; and cluster bomb units.","rect":[90.0000228881836,314.8800048828125,392.96160888671877,303.8520202636719]},{"page":75,"text":"(b) ACM Annex. This addresses ACMs required to support the CAS and","rect":[154.800048828125,340.656005859375,521.97607421875,329.6520080566406]},{"page":75,"text":"fire support plans.","rect":[90.00003051757813,354.4560241699219,177.0096435546875,343.4520263671875]},{"page":75,"text":"3. Command and Staff Responsibilities","rect":[90.00003051757813,380.3760070800781,292.0200202636719,369.5639953613281]},{"page":75,"text":"a. Supported Commander. The commander’s intent and desired end state must be","rect":[111.60003662109375,406.0559997558594,522.0385102539062,395.052001953125]},{"page":75,"text":"clearly articulated and promulgated. Commanders should ensure CAS planners understand","rect":[90.00003051757813,419.8799743652344,522.0000610351563,408.85198974609377]},{"page":75,"text":"the objectives, scheme of maneuver, scheme of fires, C2 requirements, and criteria for","rect":[90.00006866455078,433.67999267578127,522.0132119140625,422.6400146484375]},{"page":75,"text":"specific ROE. Commanders also provide the risk assessment guidance for types of TAC.","rect":[90.00006866455078,447.47998046875,518.8884887695313,436.4519958496094]},{"page":75,"text":"b. Intelligence Officer. The intelligence officer is the principal staff officer for all","rect":[111.60010528564453,473.27996826171877,522.0084853515625,462.2519836425781]},{"page":75,"text":"matters concerning military intelligence and counterintelligence. In this capacity, the","rect":[90.00004577636719,487.0799865722656,522.0168427734375,476.052001953125]},{"page":75,"text":"intelligence officer provides current and timely CAS targeting information, as well as","rect":[90.00004577636719,500.8799743652344,522.0420844726563,489.85198974609377]},{"page":75,"text":"projected enemy actions. The intelligence officer serves as the focal point for ISR systems","rect":[90.00004577636719,514.6199951171875,521.8944404296875,503.5799865722656]},{"page":75,"text":"that feed real-time or near real time battlefield intelligence. The intelligence officer is the","rect":[90.00004577636719,528.4199829101563,522.0408295898437,517.3919677734375]},{"page":75,"text":"source of targeting data (e.g., subordination or suspected maneuver unit identification,","rect":[90.00004577636719,542.2200317382813,522.0576171875,531.1920166015625]},{"page":75,"text":"measurable target locations, collateral damage risks) and other JIPOE information.","rect":[90.00004577636719,556.0199584960938,486.85687255859377,544.991943359375]},{"page":75,"text":"c. Operations Officer. The operations officer is the principal staff officer that assists","rect":[111.60005950927735,581.7960205078125,522.016876953125,570.7919921875]},{"page":75,"text":"the commander in the direction and control of operations, beginning with planning and","rect":[90.00004577636719,595.6199951171875,522.006103515625,584.5919799804688]},{"page":75,"text":"through completion of specific operations. The operations officer integrates CAS into the","rect":[90.00004577636719,609.4199829101563,522.0000581054687,598.3919677734375]},{"page":75,"text":"OPORD and fire support plan.","rect":[90.00006866455078,623.1959838867188,236.28363037109376,612.1919555664063]},{"page":75,"text":"d. FSC/FSO. The FSC/FSO is the staff officer in charge of the FSCC/FC. The","rect":[111.60006713867188,649.0199584960938,521.9952973632812,637.991943359375]},{"page":75,"text":"FSC/FSO works in conjunction with the AO/ALO and other fire support representatives to","rect":[90.00009155273438,662.8199462890625,522.0288696289063,651.7799072265625]},{"page":75,"text":"ensure CAS is fully integrated into the fire support plan. The FSC/FSO prepares the fire","rect":[90.00011444091797,676.6199951171875,521.9772919921875,665.5919799804688]},{"page":75,"text":"support paragraph and the fire support annex. If the fire support paragraph and annex need","rect":[90.00011444091797,690.4199829101563,522.0384521484375,679.3919677734375]},{"page":75,"text":"amplification, the FSC/FSO prepares an FSEM.","rect":[90.00011444091797,704.196044921875,319.6753845214844,693.1920166015625]},{"page":75,"text":"III-11","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.2999267578125,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":76,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":76,"text":"e. NGLO. NGLOs are Navy officers provided by the USMC supporting artillery","rect":[111.5999984741211,85.67997741699219,522.0048217773438,74.6519775390625]},{"page":76,"text":"units to GCE FSCC/FC. The NGLO assists the FSC/FC in planning NSFS.","rect":[90.00000762939453,99.47996520996094,452.7024230957031,88.45196533203125]},{"page":76,"text":"f. AO/ALO. The AO/ALO advises the respective ground commanders on the","rect":[111.5999984741211,125.27995300292969,521.9846162109375,114.251953125]},{"page":76,"text":"capabilities and limitations of CAS. The AO/ALO should maintain awareness of the","rect":[90.0,139.05599975585938,521.9975556640625,128.052001953125]},{"page":76,"text":"proposed sortie distribution for the respective ground element. AOs/ALOs should work","rect":[89.99998474121094,152.87998962402345,521.96044921875,141.85198974609376]},{"page":76,"text":"closely with other members of the staff, such as the FSC, to ensure the smooth and effective","rect":[89.99998474121094,166.6799774169922,521.948361328125,155.6519775390625]},{"page":76,"text":"integration of CAS into the planning process. The AO/ALO is responsible for the specific","rect":[89.99998474121094,180.47996520996095,522.0204438476562,169.45196533203126]},{"page":76,"text":"planning tasks as indicated in each step of the CAS planning process.","rect":[90.00000762939453,194.2799530029297,422.70001220703127,183.251953125]},{"page":76,"text":"g. Ground LNO. The ground LNO is the primary ground officer assigned to air","rect":[111.60002136230469,220.0800018310547,521.9280678710937,209.052001953125]},{"page":76,"text":"commanders’ staffs, such as fighter wings, AOCs, and related HQs. They provide expert","rect":[90.0000228881836,233.87998962402345,522.0168471679688,222.85198974609376]},{"page":76,"text":"advice and information and interface on all matters pertaining to ground operations to","rect":[90.00003051757813,247.6799774169922,522.0048217773438,236.6519775390625]},{"page":76,"text":"enable more effective air planning in support of ground operations.","rect":[90.00003051757813,261.4799499511719,411.8232421875,250.45196533203126]},{"page":76,"text":"h. ISRLO. The ISRLO translates JFACC ISR capabilities, limitations, and processes","rect":[111.60004425048828,287.2559509277344,522.00247265625,276.251953125]},{"page":76,"text":"into terms that ground forces can understand, while interpreting and breaking down the","rect":[90.00003051757813,301.0799560546875,521.9580659179687,290.0519714355469]},{"page":76,"text":"ground unit’s requirements for the supporting organizations, which can then more","rect":[90.00003051757813,314.87994384765627,521.9424409179687,303.8519592285156]},{"page":76,"text":"effectively request and employ JFACC ISR capabilities in support of their operations, to","rect":[90.00003051757813,328.679931640625,522.001220703125,317.6519470214844]},{"page":76,"text":"include CAS.","rect":[90.00003051757813,340.0679626464844,154.61044311523438,331.45196533203127]},{"page":76,"text":"i. Legal Advisor. The legal adviser advises on the law of war and applicable policy","rect":[111.60002899169922,368.2799377441406,522.103271484375,357.251953125]},{"page":76,"text":"when considering collateral damage risk associated with CAS attacks.","rect":[90.00003051757813,382.0799255371094,426.16802978515627,371.05194091796877]},{"page":76,"text":"See JP 3-60, Joint Targeting, for more information on the role of the legal advisor in","rect":[90.00005340576172,407.8799133300781,522.0240478515625,396.8519287109375]},{"page":76,"text":"targeting. ","rect":[90.00007629394531,421.73992919921877,142.9620819091797,411.5279541015625]},{"page":76,"text":"j. Joint Meteorological and Oceanographic Officer (JMO). The JMO’s duties","rect":[111.6000747680664,447.4799499511719,521.959259765625,436.4399719238281]},{"page":76,"text":"typically include, but are not limited to, integrating meteorological and oceanographic","rect":[90.00005340576172,461.2799377441406,522.025265625,450.251953125]},{"page":76,"text":"(METOC) impacts into JIPOE, the joint planning process, commander’s SA, C2, and","rect":[90.00005340576172,475.0799255371094,521.9868774414063,464.0399475097656]},{"page":76,"text":"decision making. The JMO assists the JFC, staff, and components to understand the","rect":[90.00005340576172,488.87994384765627,522.0072602539062,477.8519592285156]},{"page":76,"text":"METOC environment in which friendly and enemy weapon systems and/or their","rect":[90.00005340576172,502.6199645996094,521.8944375,491.59197998046877]},{"page":76,"text":"supporting infrastructure will operate.","rect":[90.00005340576172,516.4199829101563,271.99688720703127,505.3919677734375]},{"page":76,"text":"4. Considerations—Mission","rect":[90.00005340576172,539.9280395507813,234.43808276367188,531.5040283203125]},{"page":76,"text":"CAS is coordinated with other maneuver, combat support, and joint forces as part of ","rect":[111.60005187988281,568.0199584960938,525.02880859375,556.9799194335938]},{"page":76,"text":"the combined arms team. CAS delivers joint fire support in offensive and defensive","rect":[90.00005340576172,581.8200073242188,521.968869140625,570.7799682617188]},{"page":76,"text":"operations to destroy, neutralize, disrupt, suppress, fix, or delay enemy forces. ","rect":[90.00005340576172,595.6200561523438,525.0240478515625,584.592041015625]},{"page":76,"text":"Commanders should plan for the employment of CAS throughout the depth of their","rect":[90.00005340576172,609.4200439453125,521.9868447265625,598.3920288085938]},{"page":76,"text":"assigned operational area.","rect":[90.00005340576172,623.2200317382813,214.32608032226563,612.1920166015625]},{"page":76,"text":"a. CAS can support shaping, close combat, and JSA operations.","rect":[111.60005187988281,649.0200805664063,419.5236511230469,637.9920654296875]},{"page":76,"text":"(1) Shaping Operations. Commanders may employ CAS to support operations","rect":[133.20005798339845,674.8201293945313,522.0132758789063,663.7921142578125]},{"page":76,"text":"deep within the operational area, which may include SOF or conventional forces with a","rect":[90.00007629394531,688.6201171875,522.0792817382812,677.5921020507813]},{"page":76,"text":"deep operation mission. In this case, CAS will normally be limited in scope and","rect":[90.00007629394531,702.4201049804688,522.0385161132813,691.39208984375]},{"page":76,"text":"duration to supporting maneuver forces or special operations activities against","rect":[90.00007629394531,716.3401489257813,521.9712807617187,705.504150390625]},{"page":76,"text":"III-12 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":76,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":77,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":77,"text":"targets in the vicinity of their assigned operational areas. Shaping operations involving","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0023803710938,74.6519775390625]},{"page":77,"text":"CAS may require additional coordination to deconflict with other missions such as AI","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0168129882812,88.45196533203125]},{"page":77,"text":"(refer to the joint ATO).","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,206.3040008544922,102.23995208740235]},{"page":77,"text":"(2) Close ","rect":[133.1999969482422,139.05599975585938,184.25999450683595,128.052001953125]},{"page":77,"text":"Combat ","rect":[191.1599884033203,137.0,235.5167999267578,128.25599670410157]},{"page":77,"text":"Operations. ","rect":[242.476806640625,139.05599975585938,305.8800048828125,128.24400329589845]},{"page":77,"text":" ","rect":[312.7799987792969,137.0,315.7799987792969,131.0]},{"page":77,"text":"A ","rect":[322.739990234375,137.0,334.4088134765625,128.25599670410157]},{"page":77,"text":"commander ","rect":[341.3688049316406,137.0,401.06402587890627,128.052001953125]},{"page":77,"text":"generally ","rect":[408.02398681640627,139.0800018310547,455.71917724609377,128.052001953125]},{"page":77,"text":"assigns ","rect":[462.6791687011719,139.0800018310547,500.3807373046875,128.052001953125]},{"page":77,"text":"the","rect":[507.34075927734377,137.0,522.0143403320312,128.052001953125]},{"page":77,"text":"preponderance of available CAS to the unit designated as the main effort. CAS aircraft","rect":[89.9999771118164,152.87998962402345,522.0287758789062,141.85198974609376]},{"page":77,"text":"and fire support assets can mass with surface forces to support the commander’s","rect":[90.0,166.77597045898438,522.040802734375,155.96397399902345]},{"page":77,"text":"objectives. The speed, range, and combat power of CAS also make it a valuable asset for","rect":[90.0,180.47996520996095,522.0276162109375,169.45196533203126]},{"page":77,"text":"exploiting friendly success, disrupting rapid enemy maneuver, and attacking a retreating","rect":[90.0,194.2799530029297,521.9783935546875,183.251953125]},{"page":77,"text":"enemy.","rect":[90.0,208.07994079589845,124.9655990600586,199.88394165039063]},{"page":77,"text":"(3) JSA Operations. CAS is effective for countering enemy penetrations. The","rect":[133.1999969482422,233.8799285888672,522.1464814453125,222.8519287109375]},{"page":77,"text":"responsiveness of CAS greatly augments the combat power of forces, including those in a","rect":[89.99998474121094,247.6799774169922,521.9963349609375,236.6519775390625]},{"page":77,"text":"JSA. However, the potential for friendly fire is high in a JSA because of the larger number","rect":[90.0,261.4799499511719,521.9255654296875,250.45196533203126]},{"page":77,"text":"of support personnel and activities located there. CAS aircrews and JTACs/FAC(A)s must","rect":[90.0,275.2559509277344,521.9232192382813,264.251953125]},{"page":77,"text":"take special care to identify friendly forces and ensure they are not subject to direct attack","rect":[90.0,289.0799255371094,522.1235961914063,278.0399475097656]},{"page":77,"text":"or weapons effects from CAS ordnance delivered against enemy forces operating in","rect":[90.0,302.8799133300781,522.0084228515625,291.8519287109375]},{"page":77,"text":"friendly JSAs.","rect":[90.0000228881836,316.6799011230469,158.69522094726563,305.65191650390627]},{"page":77,"text":"b. CAS can support offensive and defensive operations.","rect":[111.60002136230469,342.4559326171875,381.55206298828127,331.4519348144531]},{"page":77,"text":"(1) CAS in Support of Offensive Operations. CAS supports offensive","rect":[133.20001220703126,368.25592041015627,522.0072602539062,357.2519226074219]},{"page":77,"text":"operations with scheduled or on-call missions to destroy, disrupt, suppress, fix, or delay","rect":[90.0000228881836,382.07989501953127,521.9520263671875,371.0519104003906]},{"page":77,"text":"enemy forces. Commanders employ CAS depending on the type of offensive operation","rect":[90.0000228881836,395.8799133300781,522.0132446289063,384.8519287109375]},{"page":77,"text":"being conducted (e.g., movement to contact, attack, exploitation, or pursuit).","rect":[90.0000228881836,409.6799011230469,457.2144470214844,398.65191650390627]},{"page":77,"text":"(a) Movement to Contact. CAS can be employed to support maneuver","rect":[154.800048828125,435.4798889160156,521.9773232421875,424.451904296875]},{"page":77,"text":"forces providing forward and flank security. Once contact is made, employing CAS","rect":[90.00004577636719,449.2798767089844,521.99280078125,438.25189208984377]},{"page":77,"text":"aircraft can overwhelm and force the enemy to prematurely deploy forces. The ground","rect":[90.00004577636719,463.0798645019531,521.9927978515625,452.0518798828125]},{"page":77,"text":"commander should rapidly augment organic combat power with CAS to secure time and","rect":[90.00004577636719,476.8799133300781,521.9952392578125,465.8519287109375]},{"page":77,"text":"space to maneuver forces, gain positional advantage, and seize the initiative. CAS assets","rect":[90.00004577636719,490.6199035644531,522.0420234375,479.5919189453125]},{"page":77,"text":"might be the first friendly force to make contact with the enemy. When planning for CAS","rect":[90.00004577636719,504.419921875,521.9868803710938,493.3919372558594]},{"page":77,"text":"integration in a movement to contact, consider possible CAS engagement areas along","rect":[90.00004577636719,518.3399658203125,522.0120239257813,507.5039367675781]},{"page":77,"text":"the entire axis of advance and friendly force vulnerable flanks.","rect":[90.00004577636719,532.1399536132813,409.98004150390627,521.303955078125]},{"page":77,"text":"(b) Attack. Commanders plan for and use CAS to support attacks against","rect":[154.80006408691407,557.8199462890625,521.9879775390625,546.7919311523438]},{"page":77,"text":"enemy forces. CAS can destroy critical enemy units or capabilities before the enemy can","rect":[90.00006866455078,571.6199951171875,522.0360717773438,560.5919799804688]},{"page":77,"text":"concentrate or establish a defense. CAS can also help fix the enemy in space or time to","rect":[90.00006866455078,585.4199829101563,522.0216064453125,574.3919677734375]},{"page":77,"text":"support the movement and assault of ground forces. CAS may add to the concentration of ","rect":[90.00006866455078,599.2200317382813,525.0360717773438,588.1920166015625]},{"page":77,"text":"fires and the violence against the enemy. CAS can be utilized to isolate enemy forces on","rect":[90.00006866455078,613.02001953125,522.0000610351563,601.9920043945313]},{"page":77,"text":"the battlefield and force them to defend in a direction from which they are unprepared to","rect":[90.00006866455078,626.820068359375,522.0156860351563,615.7920532226563]},{"page":77,"text":"fight. CAS is incorporated into the detailed planning and coordination involved in a","rect":[90.00006866455078,640.6200561523438,522.0048798828125,629.592041015625]},{"page":77,"text":"deliberate attack.","rect":[90.00006866455078,651.99609375,172.03326416015626,643.39208984375]},{"page":77,"text":"(c) Exploitation. Exploitation is an offensive action that usually follows a","rect":[154.80007934570313,680.2200927734375,522.093625,669.1920776367188]},{"page":77,"text":"successful attack and is designed to disorganize the enemy and erode cohesion. In","rect":[90.00007629394531,694.0201416015625,522.046875,682.9921264648438]},{"page":77,"text":"III-13","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":78,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":78,"text":"exploitation, CAS is used to sever escape routes, destroy fleeing forces, and strike","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.953244140625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":78,"text":"unprotected enemy targets that present themselves as enemy cohesion deteriorates.","rect":[90.0000228881836,99.47996520996094,487.10284423828127,88.45196533203125]},{"page":78,"text":"(d) Pursuit. In the pursuit, the commander attempts to destroy the combat","rect":[154.800048828125,125.27995300292969,522.02887109375,114.251953125]},{"page":78,"text":"effectiveness of the fleeing enemy force as the enemy becomes demoralized and cohesion","rect":[90.00004577636719,139.0800018310547,522.00244140625,128.052001953125]},{"page":78,"text":"and control disintegrate. Because the objective of the pursuit is destruction of the enemy,","rect":[90.00004577636719,152.87998962402345,522.0648803710938,141.83998107910157]},{"page":78,"text":"CAS can keep direct pressure on the enemy to prevent them from reorganizing or","rect":[90.00004577636719,166.7999725341797,522.0156220703125,155.96397399902345]},{"page":78,"text":"reconstituting.","rect":[90.00004577636719,180.59996032714845,164.3448486328125,169.7639617919922]},{"page":78,"text":"(2) CAS in Support of Defensive Operations. In defensive operations,","rect":[133.20004272460938,206.25595092773438,521.9712524414063,195.251953125]},{"page":78,"text":"commanders employ CAS to interdict, disrupt, or delay attacking enemy forces. CAS can","rect":[90.00004577636719,220.0800018310547,522.0096435546875,209.052001953125]},{"page":78,"text":"be distributed to support specific forces in the JSA or main battle area depending on the","rect":[90.00004577636719,233.8799285888672,522.03844921875,222.8519287109375]},{"page":78,"text":"type of defense (mobile or area). Commanders may use CAS to:","rect":[90.00004577636719,247.6799774169922,401.23217919921879,236.6519775390625]},{"page":78,"text":"(a) Support Maneuver. CAS can complement maneuver forces and","rect":[154.800048828125,273.4559631347656,522.0720825195313,262.45196533203127]},{"page":78,"text":"integrate with surface-delivered fires as part of a combined arms spoiling attack.","rect":[90.00006103515625,287.2799377441406,475.81207275390627,276.251953125]},{"page":78,"text":"(b) Support Movement. CAS can support the movement of friendly forces","rect":[154.800048828125,313.0799255371094,522.00003125,302.05194091796877]},{"page":78,"text":"between positions. Commanders use CAS to augment protection to the front, flank, and","rect":[90.00003051757813,326.8799133300781,522.0625,315.8519287109375]},{"page":78,"text":"rear of the moving force.","rect":[90.00004577636719,340.6799011230469,209.65687561035157,329.65191650390627]},{"page":78,"text":"(c) Attack Penetrations. CAS can engage enemy units that have bypassed","rect":[154.800048828125,366.47991943359377,522.0719604492188,355.4519348144531]},{"page":78,"text":"main battle area forces or penetrated friendly positions. CAS participants must take","rect":[90.00004577636719,380.2799072265625,521.997677734375,369.2519226074219]},{"page":78,"text":"special care to identify the location and movement of friendly forces and civilians to","rect":[90.00004577636719,394.07989501953127,521.9424438476563,383.243896484375]},{"page":78,"text":"ensure they are not subject to direct attack or weapons effects.","rect":[90.00004577636719,407.8799133300781,388.2000427246094,396.8399353027344]},{"page":78,"text":"5. Considerations—Enemy","rect":[90.00004577636719,433.7998962402344,230.3172607421875,422.9638977050781]},{"page":78,"text":"CAS planners account for the enemy’s disposition, composition, order of battle, and","rect":[111.60004425048828,459.4798889160156,522.0791625976563,448.451904296875]},{"page":78,"text":"likely COAs.","rect":[90.0000228881836,473.2799072265625,153.3576202392578,462.2519226074219]},{"page":78,"text":"a. Other enemy considerations include:","rect":[111.60002136230469,499.0799255371094,302.23202661132816,488.05194091796877]},{"page":78,"text":"(1) What are the enemy’s offensive/defensive capabilities?","rect":[133.20001220703126,524.8799438476563,418.130490234375,513.8519287109375]},{"page":78,"text":"(2) What is enemy capability regarding surface-to-air threats, deception, decoys,","rect":[133.20001220703126,550.6199951171875,522.0612182617188,539.5919799804688]},{"page":78,"text":"and camouflage? Note: High-payoff and high-value targets are usually defended by","rect":[90.0000228881836,564.4199829101563,522.0239868164063,553.3919677734375]},{"page":78,"text":"surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), air defense artillery (ADA), and/or automatic weapons. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,578.2200317382813,524.947265625,567.1920166015625]},{"page":78,"text":"Joint force use of “standoff weapons” and varying initial point (IP) location/attack","rect":[90.00004577636719,592.02001953125,522.0408325195313,580.9920043945313]},{"page":78,"text":"geometry will enhance aircraft survivability by reducing exposure and predictability.","rect":[90.00004577636719,605.820068359375,497.1324462890625,594.7920532226563]},{"page":78,"text":"(3) What is the enemy capability to conduct EW or affect C2 systems (e.g.,","rect":[133.20004272460938,631.6200561523438,521.9496459960938,620.592041015625]},{"page":78,"text":"communications, navigational aids, and targeting)?","rect":[90.00004577636719,645.4201049804688,335.3136567382812,634.39208984375]},{"page":78,"text":"b. From this information, CAS planners anticipate the enemy’s ability to affect the","rect":[111.60005187988281,671.2200927734375,522.010861328125,660.1920776367188]},{"page":78,"text":"mission and the potential influence enemy actions may have on flight tactics. As the threat","rect":[90.00006866455078,685.0201416015625,522.0216689453125,673.9921264648438]},{"page":78,"text":"level increases, prebriefing of aircrews and detailed mission planning become more","rect":[90.00006866455078,698.8201293945313,522.0228852539062,687.7921142578125]},{"page":78,"text":"important. The potential for the threat situation to change during the course of the mission","rect":[90.00009155273438,712.6201782226563,521.9520874023438,701.5921630859375]},{"page":78,"text":"III-14 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":78,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":79,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":79,"text":"makes communications and close coordination between the aircrew, control agencies, and","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0192260742188,74.6519775390625]},{"page":79,"text":"the supported ground force crucial. In-flight updates on enemy activity and disposition","rect":[90.0000228881836,99.47996520996094,521.9124145507813,88.45196533203125]},{"page":79,"text":"along the flight route and in the target area may require the aircrew to alter their original","rect":[90.0000228881836,113.27995300292969,522.0072036132813,102.251953125]},{"page":79,"text":"plan and tactics. Therefore, alternatives are planned to ensure mission accomplishment in","rect":[90.0000228881836,127.05599975585938,521.985595703125,116.052001953125]},{"page":79,"text":"a contested communications environment. Secure voice equipment and frequency-agile","rect":[90.0000228881836,140.87998962402345,522.021603515625,129.85198974609376]},{"page":79,"text":"radios can overcome some enemy interference.","rect":[90.0000228881836,154.6799774169922,315.8628234863281,143.6519775390625]},{"page":79,"text":"6. Considerations—Troops (Close Air Support Assets)","rect":[90.0000228881836,180.57595825195313,370.2095314941406,169.7639617919922]},{"page":79,"text":"CAS planners must consider available C2, ISR, EW, and CAS aircraft assets.","rect":[111.60002136230469,206.25595092773438,482.5848083496094,195.251953125]},{"page":79,"text":"a. C2 Assets. A detailed, flexible, and redundant C2 plan is essential. Airborne C2","rect":[111.60001373291016,232.05599975585938,521.988037109375,221.052001953125]},{"page":79,"text":"support systems may alleviate some of the challenges in C2, but each platform has inherent","rect":[90.0,245.8799285888672,522.0312514648438,234.8519287109375]},{"page":79,"text":"capabilities and limitations that are considered in planning. Unique or high-demand C2","rect":[90.0,259.6799621582031,522.015625,248.6519775390625]},{"page":79,"text":"assets in support of the mission may generate specific request requirements. At a","rect":[90.0,273.4799499511719,522.0239838867187,262.45196533203127]},{"page":79,"text":"minimum, planners should consider the following C2 capabilities and answer these","rect":[90.0,287.2799377441406,522.0060395507812,276.251953125]},{"page":79,"text":"important questions:","rect":[90.0000228881836,301.0559387207031,188.332826171875,290.05194091796877]},{"page":79,"text":"(1) Airborne C2 Assets. Consider integrating airborne C2 assets to enhance the","rect":[133.20001220703126,326.8799133300781,522.0276459960937,315.8519287109375]},{"page":79,"text":"plan. Are these assets critical and do they warrant specific requests to HHQ? What is the","rect":[90.00003051757813,340.6799011230469,522.0168427734375,329.65191650390627]},{"page":79,"text":"specific role and function of each? Have provisions been made to ensure adequate, low-","rect":[90.0000228881836,354.4559326171875,521.906400390625,343.4519348144531]},{"page":79,"text":"level communications for C2 of RW attack assets? At a minimum, review the following:","rect":[90.0000228881836,368.2799072265625,518.3568740234375,357.2519226074219]},{"page":79,"text":"(a) JSTARS. The JSTARS provides C2 of strike resources in support of a","rect":[154.80001831054688,394.055908203125,521.9988984375,383.0519104003906]},{"page":79,"text":"ground conflict. The JSTARS can support a brigade-sized operation with battle","rect":[90.0000228881836,407.8799133300781,522.0120209960937,396.8519287109375]},{"page":79,"text":"management when no ASOC/DASC is available. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,421.6799011230469,331.982421875,410.65191650390627]},{"page":79,"text":"(b) TAC(A). The TAC(A) extends the ASOC’s/DASC’s range and ability","rect":[154.800048828125,447.4798889160156,522.0108642578125,436.451904296875]},{"page":79,"text":"to send and receive tactical information. For SOF, a TAC(A) provides that same extension","rect":[90.00006866455078,461.2558898925781,521.9880981445313,450.25189208984377]},{"page":79,"text":"for their joint operations center. The TAC(A) acts as a communications relay between the","rect":[90.00006866455078,475.0798645019531,522.024044921875,464.0398864746094]},{"page":79,"text":"JTAC and attack aircraft, as well as other agencies of the TAGS. It also expedites CAS","rect":[90.00006866455078,488.8799133300781,522.025271484375,477.8519287109375]},{"page":79,"text":"aircraft-to-JTAC hand off during “heavy traffic” CAS operations by providing information","rect":[90.00006866455078,502.6199035644531,521.961669921875,491.5919189453125]},{"page":79,"text":"to CAS assets such as situation updates and CAS briefs, as well as managing pre-hand off ","rect":[90.00006866455078,516.4199829101563,525.0408935546875,505.3919677734375]},{"page":79,"text":"deconfliction. At the discretion of the Service, the TAC(A) mission can be performed by","rect":[90.00006866455078,530.219970703125,522.0001220703125,519.1919555664063]},{"page":79,"text":"a variety of platforms with training and appropriate communication equipment.","rect":[90.00009155273438,544.0199584960938,470.4720764160156,532.991943359375]},{"page":79,"text":"(c) Army Aviation Unit Commander. The Army aviation unit commander","rect":[154.80010986328126,569.8200073242188,522.0132119140625,558.7919921875]},{"page":79,"text":"controls aviation maneuver and fires and provides reports to the command group. Is there","rect":[90.00011444091797,583.6200561523438,521.9905366210937,572.592041015625]},{"page":79,"text":"an Army aviation unit commander involved in the mission? How will the commander","rect":[90.00013732910156,597.4200439453125,522.02773828125,586.3920288085938]},{"page":79,"text":"integrate with the JTAC?","rect":[90.00013732910156,611.2200317382813,210.9841279296875,600.1920166015625]},{"page":79,"text":"(2) Ground C2 Assets. Integrating ground C2 assets into the plan is critical and","rect":[133.20013427734376,637.0200805664063,522.0169067382813,625.9920654296875]},{"page":79,"text":"warrants specific consideration by HHQ. What is the specific role and function of each? ","rect":[90.00013732910156,650.8201293945313,525.037353515625,639.7921142578125]},{"page":79,"text":"Have provisions been made to ensure adequate communications for C2 of all attack assets? ","rect":[90.00013732910156,664.5961303710938,525.0445556640625,653.5921020507813]},{"page":79,"text":"At a minimum, review the following:","rect":[90.00013732910156,678.4201049804688,269.30175927734379,667.39208984375]},{"page":79,"text":"(a) TACP/JTAC. While corps through brigade TACPs act primarily as","rect":[154.80014038085938,704.2201538085938,522.0746162109375,693.192138671875]},{"page":79,"text":"liaisons, BN TACPs and company JTACs have primary TAC responsibility. As such, it is","rect":[90.00013732910156,718.0202026367188,522.0877387695313,706.9921875]},{"page":79,"text":"III-15","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":80,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":80,"text":"important to consider TACP capabilities and limitations, including those of subordinate or","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.9856240234375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":80,"text":"adjacent unit TACPs. This consideration should include personnel levels of training and","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.1032104492188,88.4399642944336]},{"page":80,"text":"qualification, as well as equipment serviceability and availability. How will the TACP","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,522.021609375,102.251953125]},{"page":80,"text":"move, shoot, and communicate? Which units will the TACP support?","rect":[90.0,127.05599975585938,426.6743745117187,116.052001953125]},{"page":80,"text":"(b) A JFO may support the JTAC/FAC(A) by acquiring and/or marking","rect":[154.79998779296876,152.87998962402345,522.0240478515625,141.85198974609376]},{"page":80,"text":"targets. Communication is required between a JFO contributing to a CAS mission and the","rect":[89.9999771118164,166.6799774169922,521.9399384765625,155.6519775390625]},{"page":80,"text":"controlling JTAC/FAC(A). This communication may be direct or indirect","rect":[89.9999771118164,180.47996520996095,446.4791579589844,169.45196533203126]},{"page":80,"text":"(c) ASOC/DASC. ","rect":[154.7999725341797,206.25595092773438,249.39956665039063,195.251953125]},{"page":80,"text":"The USAF ASOC or USMC","rect":[256.1999816894531,203.87994384765626,401.14077978515629,195.251953125]},{"page":80,"text":"DASC functions as the","rect":[406.0199890136719,203.86795043945313,521.9123505859375,195.251953125]},{"page":80,"text":"primary control agency of the TACS and/or MACCS for the execution of CAS in direct","rect":[90.0,220.0800018310547,522.040833984375,209.052001953125]},{"page":80,"text":"support of ground operations. The ASOC/DASC facilitates CAS, AI, SEAD, mobility,","rect":[90.0,233.8799285888672,522.04931640625,222.8519287109375]},{"page":80,"text":"and ISR missions within its assigned operational area. The ASOC/DASC is the NCS for","rect":[90.0,247.6799774169922,521.9256264648437,236.6519775390625]},{"page":80,"text":"immediate air support requests and monitors aircraft check-in/check-out. Use DD Form","rect":[90.0,261.4559631347656,522.0335708007813,250.45196533203126]},{"page":80,"text":"1972, Joint Tactical Air Strike Request, (Section I, Block 8, “Remarks”) to ensure the","rect":[90.0000228881836,275.2559509277344,522.0696381835937,264.251953125]},{"page":80,"text":"ASOC/DASC has all the pertinent information concerning the mission for transmittal to","rect":[90.00004577636719,289.0799255371094,522.0924682617188,278.05194091796877]},{"page":80,"text":"supporting aircrew.","rect":[90.00004577636719,302.8799133300781,183.3120574951172,291.8519287109375]},{"page":80,"text":"b. ISR Assets. Use all sources of ISR. Assets that may be used, including UAS and","rect":[111.60004425048828,328.6799011230469,521.9688720703125,317.65191650390627]},{"page":80,"text":"JSTARS feeds, JSTARS voice link, ELINT sources, scout reconnaissance troop reports,","rect":[90.00004577636719,342.4559326171875,522.045654296875,331.4519348144531]},{"page":80,"text":"FAC(A) and JTAC observations, O&I reports, feeds from elements of the","rect":[90.00006866455078,356.25592041015627,522.0084809570312,345.2519226074219]},{"page":80,"text":"TACS/AAGS/MACCS, and strike aircraft with targeting pods, are all viable sources of ","rect":[90.00004577636719,370.07989501953127,524.9880981445313,359.0519104003906]},{"page":80,"text":"information. There are many human sources of CAS targeting information available in the","rect":[90.00004577636719,383.8799133300781,522.01208203125,372.8519287109375]},{"page":80,"text":"operational environment. These elements are specifically tailored for ISR roles and","rect":[90.00004577636719,397.6799011230469,522.0000610351563,386.65191650390627]},{"page":80,"text":"normally report through established intelligence channels. Nontraditional ISR assets","rect":[90.00004577636719,411.4798889160156,521.9976508789063,400.451904296875]},{"page":80,"text":"should also be considered on an as-needed basis. For example, many strike aircraft contain","rect":[90.00004577636719,425.2798767089844,522.1056518554688,414.25189208984377]},{"page":80,"text":"organic ISR capabilities for imaging, ELINT, and ground moving-target indicator tracking. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,439.0798645019531,525.0097045898438,428.0518798828125]},{"page":80,"text":"Resultant sensor data can be passed to and used by JTACs/FAC(A)s via electronic, digital,","rect":[90.00004577636719,452.8798828125,522.0408325195313,441.8518981933594]},{"page":80,"text":"or voice links to complement the operational environment picture. Although possibly","rect":[90.00004577636719,466.619873046875,521.94482421875,455.5918884277344]},{"page":80,"text":"limited in field of view (FOV) resolution, or scope of operations when compared to","rect":[90.00004577636719,480.3959045410156,522.00244140625,469.39190673828127]},{"page":80,"text":"traditional sources, nontraditional ISR data from strike aircraft has the advantage of being","rect":[90.00004577636719,494.2198791503906,522.015625,483.19189453125]},{"page":80,"text":"focused, flexible, and more readily adjusted to suit the JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s immediate needs. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,508.0199279785156,525.01806640625,496.9799499511719]},{"page":80,"text":"Aircrews, JTACs/FAC(A)s, and CAS planners should make every effort to become","rect":[90.00004577636719,521.8199462890625,522.0432709960937,510.79193115234377]},{"page":80,"text":"familiar with the capabilities and limitations of traditional and nontraditional methods,","rect":[90.00006866455078,535.5960083007813,522.0360107421875,524.5919799804688]},{"page":80,"text":"particularly in reference to their ability to distinguish between individual combatants,","rect":[90.00006866455078,549.4199829101563,522.0144653320313,538.3919677734375]},{"page":80,"text":"noncombatants, and civilians on the battlefield.","rect":[90.00006866455078,561.0,316.9416809082031,552.1920166015625]},{"page":80,"text":"c. CAS Aircraft Weapons and Capabilities. The weapons and capabilities of FW","rect":[111.60006713867188,588.9960327148438,522.0468720703125,577.9920043945313]},{"page":80,"text":"and RW aircraft can be found in ATP 3-09.32/MCRP 3-31.6/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP 3-2.6,","rect":[90.00004577636719,600.4080810546875,521.988037109375,591.7920532226563]},{"page":80,"text":"Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,616.6200561523438,525.030029296875,605.7120361328125]},{"page":80,"text":"CAS planners should select those combinations of munitions and aircraft offering the","rect":[90.00004577636719,630.4201049804688,522.0144013671875,619.39208984375]},{"page":80,"text":"required accuracy, effects, and flexibility. The weapons load, arming, and fuze settings are","rect":[90.00004577636719,644.2200927734375,521.9292573242187,633.1920776367188]},{"page":80,"text":"tailored for the desired level of destruction, neutralization, or suppression of enemy CAS","rect":[90.00004577636719,658.0201416015625,521.994021484375,646.9921264648438]},{"page":80,"text":"targets. Cluster and general-purpose munitions are very effective against troops and","rect":[90.00004577636719,671.8201293945313,522.0012817382813,660.7921142578125]},{"page":80,"text":"stationary vehicles. However, hardened, mobile, or point targets may require specialized","rect":[90.00004577636719,685.6201782226563,521.9676513671875,674.5921630859375]},{"page":80,"text":"weapons, such as laser-guided, electro-optical (EO), and IR munitions; PGMs; or special","rect":[90.00004577636719,699.420166015625,522.0719619140625,688.3920288085938]},{"page":80,"text":"equipment or capabilities. The requesting commander should provide sufficient","rect":[90.0,713.2200317382813,521.9855361328125,702.1920166015625]},{"page":80,"text":"III-16 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":80,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":81,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":81,"text":"information outlining the desired effects, plus any external or self-initiated tactical","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0347915039063,74.6519775390625]},{"page":81,"text":"restrictions or limitations. This allows CAS to best support the commander’s intent, while","rect":[90.0,99.45596313476563,522.021603515625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":81,"text":"simultaneously giving them as much flexibility as possible. Ground commanders should","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,521.9603881835938,102.251953125]},{"page":81,"text":"be aware that immediate CAS requests might have to be filled by aircraft loaded with less-","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,522.0168129882812,116.052001953125]},{"page":81,"text":"than-optimum munitions.","rect":[90.0,140.85598754882813,212.08798217773438,129.85198974609376]},{"page":81,"text":"7. Considerations—Terrain","rect":[90.0,164.38796997070313,234.3959990234375,155.96397399902345]},{"page":81,"text":"a. How Terrain Affects CAS. Terrain can affect communications and visual LOS for","rect":[111.5999984741211,190.0799560546875,522.1416298828125,181.45196533203126]},{"page":81,"text":"identifying the target and/or aircraft. RW attack assets are extremely vulnerable to LOS","rect":[90.0000228881836,206.2799530029297,522.17639453125,195.251953125]},{"page":81,"text":"limitations. Planners overcome this shortfall by leveraging other C2 capabilities (e.g., other","rect":[90.0000228881836,220.0800018310547,522.146390625,209.052001953125]},{"page":81,"text":"airborne C2, remote relay) or accept this condition as part of the mission environment. SA-","rect":[90.0000228881836,233.8799285888672,522.0492836914062,222.8519287109375]},{"page":81,"text":"enhancing systems (e.g., synthetic aperture radar and data link-type systems) and coordinate-","rect":[90.0000228881836,247.6799774169922,522.0359780273437,236.6519775390625]},{"page":81,"text":"seeking weapons improve the ability to execute CAS in certain tactical situations despite","rect":[90.0000228881836,261.4799499511719,522.1536225585937,250.45196533203126]},{"page":81,"text":"weather limitations. Regardless, favorable visibility normally improves CAS effectiveness. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,275.2799377441406,524.9196166992188,264.251953125]},{"page":81,"text":"Ceiling and visibility may affect the decision to employ low-, medium-, or high-altitude tactics","rect":[90.00004577636719,289.0799255371094,522.213654296875,278.05194091796877]},{"page":81,"text":"or whether to employ FW or RW assets. These conditions will also affect the","rect":[90.00004577636719,302.8799133300781,522.1176118164062,291.8519287109375]},{"page":81,"text":"JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s ability to see the target. Weather conditions may also determine the attack","rect":[90.0000228881836,316.6799011230469,522.1056518554688,305.65191650390627]},{"page":81,"text":"profile of the aircraft. If enemy vehicles are moving, exhaust smoke, dust trails, and","rect":[90.0,330.47991943359377,522.1752319335938,319.4519348144531]},{"page":81,"text":"movement can indicate their location. Visibility is more critical for long-range deliveries","rect":[90.0,344.2799072265625,522.10208203125,333.2519226074219]},{"page":81,"text":"(e.g., free-fall bombs/rockets) than it is for short-range deliveries (e.g., retarded bombs and","rect":[89.9999771118164,358.07989501953127,522.1727294921875,347.0519104003906]},{"page":81,"text":"guns). Thick haze or smoke has a greater effect on low-level attacks than on steep-dive attacks","rect":[89.9999771118164,371.8799133300781,522.0875556640625,360.8519287109375]},{"page":81,"text":"because horizontal visibility is usually lower than oblique visibility. Reduced visibility and","rect":[89.9999771118164,385.6799011230469,522.0660400390625,374.65191650390627]},{"page":81,"text":"cloud layers restrict laser- and EO-guided ordnance. Target acquisition is usually easier when","rect":[89.9999771118164,399.4798889160156,522.1943969726563,388.451904296875]},{"page":81,"text":"the sun is behind the aircraft. However, when the sun is behind the target, it may create a","rect":[89.9999771118164,413.2798767089844,522.0263642578125,402.25189208984377]},{"page":81,"text":"noticeable shadow detectable by aircrews. ","rect":[89.9999771118164,427.0798645019531,289.0535888671875,416.0518798828125]},{"page":81,"text":"For examples of terrain verbiage and visual depictions, see Appendix F, “Terrain","rect":[89.9999771118164,452.93988037109377,522.0706787109375,442.0318908691406]},{"page":81,"text":"Examples.”","rect":[89.9999771118164,466.7159118652344,146.33877856445313,455.8319091796875]},{"page":81,"text":"(1) Target Masking. A target screened by terrain, urban development, or natural","rect":[133.19998168945313,492.4198913574219,522.017884765625,481.39190673828127]},{"page":81,"text":"cover may be difficult to see on low-level attacks. An increase in altitude may be necessary","rect":[89.9999771118164,506.2198791503906,522.095947265625,495.19189453125]},{"page":81,"text":"to find the target.","rect":[89.9999771118164,520.0199584960938,172.63436889648438,508.991943359375]},{"page":81,"text":"(2) Thermal Significance. Many variables can affect a target’s vulnerability to","rect":[133.19998168945313,545.8199462890625,522.1007690429688,534.7919311523438]},{"page":81,"text":"detection and attack by thermal systems. Recent operating conditions, time of day (thermal","rect":[89.99996948242188,559.6199951171875,522.0167861328125,548.5919799804688]},{"page":81,"text":"crossover), and target composition and background should all be considered.","rect":[89.9999771118164,573.4199829101563,458.290771484375,562.3919677734375]},{"page":81,"text":"(3) Contrast and Brightness. A major factor in target detection is the contrast","rect":[133.19998168945313,599.2200317382813,522.0407729492188,588.1799926757813]},{"page":81,"text":"of the target against its background. Camouflaged targets against a background of similar","rect":[90.0,613.02001953125,522.0263955078125,601.9920043945313]},{"page":81,"text":"color may be impossible to detect from high altitudes or significant distances. All targets,","rect":[90.0000228881836,626.820068359375,522.0228271484375,615.7920532226563]},{"page":81,"text":"regardless of contrast differences, are more difficult to locate under poor light conditions.","rect":[90.0000228881836,640.6200561523438,519.2471923828125,629.592041015625]},{"page":81,"text":"(4) Mountainous Environments. Mountainous terrain may force the enemy to","rect":[133.2000274658203,666.4201049804688,522.0191650390625,655.39208984375]},{"page":81,"text":"concentrate forces along roads, valleys, reverse slopes, and deep defiles, where CAS is","rect":[90.00004577636719,680.2200927734375,521.9364326171875,669.1920776367188]},{"page":81,"text":"very effective. However, the terrain also restricts the attack direction of the CAS strikes. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,694.0201416015625,524.9688720703125,682.9921264648438]},{"page":81,"text":"CAS planners should assume the enemy will concentrate air defenses along the most likely","rect":[90.00004577636719,707.8201293945313,522.074462890625,696.7921142578125]},{"page":81,"text":"III-17","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":82,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":82,"text":"routes CAS aircraft will fly. CAS planners should thoroughly identify the air defense","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.9951752929687,74.6519775390625]},{"page":82,"text":"systems and target them to enhance the survivability of CAS assets.","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,415.018798828125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":82,"text":"(5) Desert Environment. CAS aircraft may be more vulnerable in the desert","rect":[133.20001220703126,125.27995300292969,522.046693359375,114.251953125]},{"page":82,"text":"because of the lack of covered approaches, and both friendly and enemy units are often","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,522.0,128.052001953125]},{"page":82,"text":"widely dispersed.","rect":[90.0,152.87998962402345,173.94961547851563,141.85198974609376]},{"page":82,"text":"(a) Target Acquisition. In general, if good contrast exists between the","rect":[154.8000030517578,178.6799774169922,522.034787109375,167.6519775390625]},{"page":82,"text":"target and the background, target detection will be possible at extended ranges. Deserts","rect":[90.0000228881836,192.47996520996095,521.9988715820313,181.45196533203126]},{"page":82,"text":"that have vegetation will reduce target detection capabilities from standoff ranges. In a","rect":[90.0000228881836,206.2799530029297,522.050412109375,195.251953125]},{"page":82,"text":"desert environment, target ID by aircrews may be hampered by enemy capability to cover","rect":[90.00004577636719,220.0800018310547,522.034818359375,209.052001953125]},{"page":82,"text":"and conceal potential targets. Camouflage and decoys have proven to be effective","rect":[90.00004577636719,233.8799285888672,522.021603515625,222.8519287109375]},{"page":82,"text":"countermeasures in the desert environment and will also delay target acquisition. In the","rect":[90.00004577636719,247.6799774169922,522.0120209960937,236.6519775390625]},{"page":82,"text":"absence of timely or accurate battlefield tracking information, the ability to detect potential","rect":[90.00004577636719,261.4799499511719,522.0697036132813,250.45196533203126]},{"page":82,"text":"targets beyond the range where PID is possible could lead to friendly fire incidents. The","rect":[90.00004577636719,275.2799377441406,521.968869140625,264.251953125]},{"page":82,"text":"same is true considering the speed at which forces are able to move. What was an enemy","rect":[90.00004577636719,289.0799255371094,522.0420532226563,278.05194091796877]},{"page":82,"text":"element at the time of target nomination could easily be a friendly element soon thereafter.","rect":[90.00004577636719,302.8799133300781,522.0408935546875,291.8519287109375]},{"page":82,"text":"(b) Weapons Employment. In most cases, the desert environment will","rect":[154.800048828125,328.6799011230469,522.0432143554688,317.65191650390627]},{"page":82,"text":"allow weapons to be employed at maximum ranges and will provide increased weapons","rect":[90.00004577636719,342.47991943359377,522.00247265625,331.4519348144531]},{"page":82,"text":"effectiveness due to lack of obstructions. Targets in prepared defensive positions (e.g.,","rect":[90.00004577636719,356.2799072265625,522.0203857421875,345.2519226074219]},{"page":82,"text":"revetments) may only be visible from the air. JTACs may have trouble designating these","rect":[90.00004577636719,370.07989501953127,521.926876953125,359.0519104003906]},{"page":82,"text":"types of targets.","rect":[90.00004577636719,383.8799133300781,166.28164672851563,372.8639221191406]},{"page":82,"text":"(c) Communications. Greater communication ranges may be possible due","rect":[154.800048828125,409.6799011230469,522.0480927734375,398.65191650390627]},{"page":82,"text":"to increased LOS ranges. Some non-LOS communications may be adversely affected by","rect":[90.00004577636719,423.4798889160156,522.014404296875,412.451904296875]},{"page":82,"text":"nonconductive soil. Repeaters and relay stations may be necessary. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,437.2798767089844,420.8460388183594,426.25189208984377]},{"page":82,"text":"(d) Threat Avoidance. ","rect":[154.800048828125,463.0558776855469,274.5863952636719,452.0518798828125]},{"page":82,"text":"longer ranges.","rect":[90.00004577636719,476.8799133300781,157.98004150390626,465.8519287109375]},{"page":82,"text":"Enemy threats may be able to acquire aircraft at","rect":[280.4400634765625,463.0798645019531,521.930482421875,452.0518798828125]},{"page":82,"text":"(e) Lack of Geographic References (GEOREFs). In flat, desert terrain,","rect":[154.800048828125,502.6199035644531,522.0097045898438,491.5919189453125]},{"page":82,"text":"the lack of visual references makes target talk-on techniques more difficult in the absence","rect":[90.00006866455078,516.4199829101563,521.984494140625,505.3919677734375]},{"page":82,"text":"of target marking aids. Also, flat, desert terrain increases the difficulty in selecting points","rect":[90.00006866455078,530.219970703125,522.016876953125,519.1919555664063]},{"page":82,"text":"that will be visible from the air, impacting IP and contact point (CP) selection.","rect":[90.00006866455078,544.0199584960938,466.263671875,532.991943359375]},{"page":82,"text":"(6) Jungle/Forested Environment. In jungle or forested terrain, most contact","rect":[133.2000732421875,569.8200073242188,522.016908203125,558.7799682617188]},{"page":82,"text":"with the enemy is at extremely close range. If the friendly force has a substantial advantage","rect":[90.00006866455078,583.6200561523438,522.0312470703125,572.592041015625]},{"page":82,"text":"in fire support, the enemy will most likely try to close with the friendly force and maintain","rect":[90.00006866455078,597.4200439453125,521.988037109375,586.3920288085938]},{"page":82,"text":"that close contact. Thus, the friendly force commander might not be able to use a fire","rect":[90.00006866455078,611.2200317382813,521.9064912109375,600.1920166015625]},{"page":82,"text":"support advantage without increasing the risk of inflicting friendly casualties. Therefore,","rect":[90.00006866455078,625.0200805664063,522.0408935546875,613.9920654296875]},{"page":82,"text":"knowledge of the type of munitions best suited for jungle/forested terrain and how to","rect":[90.00006866455078,638.8201293945313,521.9724731445313,627.7800903320313]},{"page":82,"text":"employ them is vital.","rect":[90.00006866455078,652.6201171875,191.31484985351563,641.5921020507813]},{"page":82,"text":"(a) Target Acquisition. Target acquisition may be difficult or impossible","rect":[154.80007934570313,678.4201049804688,522.068478515625,667.39208984375]},{"page":82,"text":"under dense, jungle canopies, for both the JTAC and aircraft. In these cases, every effort","rect":[90.00006866455078,692.2201538085938,522.0133071289063,681.1801147460938]},{"page":82,"text":"should be made to mark the target by any effective means. Colored smoke or WP rounds","rect":[90.00006866455078,706.0202026367188,521.9628608398438,694.9921875]},{"page":82,"text":"may be effective. In thick forest or double and triple canopy jungles, smoke tends to","rect":[90.00006866455078,719.8201904296875,521.9664916992188,708.7801513671875]},{"page":82,"text":"III-18 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":82,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":83,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":83,"text":"disperse as it rises, creating an ambiguous mark. There may also be a significant delay","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0443725585938,74.6519775390625]},{"page":83,"text":"before smoke breeches thick canopy cover and is visible to aircraft. Ground-burst artillery","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0120239257813,88.45196533203125]},{"page":83,"text":"illumination flares may be effective in this type of terrain. FAC(A) aircraft that can remain","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,522.0455932617188,102.251953125]},{"page":83,"text":"on station may aid the targeting process due to their increased SA.","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,407.930419921875,116.052001953125]},{"page":83,"text":"(b) Munitions Effects. ","rect":[154.80001831054688,152.85598754882813,273.54962158203127,141.85198974609376]},{"page":83,"text":"Ordnance and fuzing may have to be tailored to","rect":[279.84002685546877,152.87998962402345,522.0468139648438,141.85198974609376]},{"page":83,"text":"penetrate dense forest or jungle canopies. Because combat in these environments is usually","rect":[90.00001525878906,166.6799774169922,521.9616088867188,155.6399688720703]},{"page":83,"text":"of such close nature, the delivery of the munitions must be closely controlled to avoid","rect":[90.0000228881836,180.47996520996095,522.082763671875,169.45196533203126]},{"page":83,"text":"friendly fire.","rect":[90.0000228881836,194.2799530029297,150.66363525390626,183.251953125]},{"page":83,"text":"(c) Observation/TAC. ","rect":[154.80001831054688,220.05599975585938,272.1072082519531,209.052001953125]},{"page":83,"text":"The dense vegetation of most jungles makes","rect":[283.6200256347656,220.0800018310547,522.0504462890625,209.0399932861328]},{"page":83,"text":"observation beyond 25 to 50 meters very difficult. The jungle also makes navigation, self-","rect":[90.0000228881836,233.8799285888672,522.0383583984375,222.8399200439453]},{"page":83,"text":"location, target location, and friendly unit location very difficult.","rect":[90.0000228881836,247.6799774169922,400.2768249511719,236.6519775390625]},{"page":83,"text":"(d) Communications. Communications will suffer between the JTAC and","rect":[154.80001831054688,273.4559631347656,522.0767822265625,262.45196533203127]},{"page":83,"text":"aircraft in dense jungles and forests due to limited LOS. Communications may improve at","rect":[90.0000228881836,287.2799377441406,521.9880385742188,276.2399597167969]},{"page":83,"text":"reduced ranges. Use FAC(A)/TAC(A) or airborne C2 platforms as relay stations.","rect":[90.0000228881836,301.0799255371094,481.5096435546875,290.05194091796877]},{"page":83,"text":"(7) CAS in Urban Environments. The compressed urban environment creates","rect":[133.20004272460938,326.8559265136719,522.02395703125,315.8519287109375]},{"page":83,"text":"unique considerations for planning and conducting CAS. These include operations in","rect":[90.00004577636719,340.6799011230469,522.0624389648438,329.65191650390627]},{"page":83,"text":"urban canyons, deconfliction in confined airspace, restrictive ROE, difficulty in threat","rect":[90.00004577636719,354.47991943359377,522.01324609375,343.4519348144531]},{"page":83,"text":"analysis, the presence of civilians, the potential for collateral damage, and the increased","rect":[90.0000228881836,368.2799072265625,522.0036010742188,357.2519226074219]},{"page":83,"text":"risk of friendly fire. Urban considerations may include:","rect":[90.0000228881836,382.07989501953127,358.24801782226566,371.0519104003906]},{"page":83,"text":"(a) Threats. Urban terrain provides excellent cover and concealment for a","rect":[154.80001831054688,407.8559265136719,522.0288666992187,396.8519287109375]},{"page":83,"text":"variety of weapons systems. The urban environment also affects the employment of ","rect":[90.0000228881836,421.6799011230469,525.0192260742188,410.65191650390627]},{"page":83,"text":"antiaircraft weapons, including ADA, man-portable air defense systems (MANPADSs),","rect":[90.0000228881836,435.4798889160156,521.9940185546875,424.451904296875]},{"page":83,"text":"and SAM systems. Light to medium ADA may be employed from ground sites, the tops","rect":[90.0000228881836,449.2798767089844,521.9232490234375,438.25189208984377]},{"page":83,"text":"of buildings, or weapons mounted on civilian vehicles. The terrain may limit suppression","rect":[90.0000228881836,463.0798645019531,522.030029296875,452.0518798828125]},{"page":83,"text":"options. The cluttered environment with lights, fires, and smoke will make threat and target","rect":[90.0000228881836,476.8799133300781,522.0960708007813,465.8519287109375]},{"page":83,"text":"acquisition difficult. Proper placement of holding airspace is made difficult by widespread","rect":[90.00004577636719,490.6199035644531,522.0408325195313,479.5919189453125]},{"page":83,"text":"threats within large urban areas. RW aircraft require a safe sector or area to hold and roam","rect":[90.00004577636719,504.419921875,521.9953017578125,493.3919372558594]},{"page":83,"text":"to remain less predictable and adjust for attack timing and geometry. FW aircraft should","rect":[90.00004577636719,518.219970703125,521.9616088867188,507.1799621582031]},{"page":83,"text":"hold in airspace over nonhostile terrain yet still be positioned closely enough to the fight","rect":[90.00004577636719,532.0199584960938,522.027650390625,520.991943359375]},{"page":83,"text":"to allow the aircrew to build SA and deliver timely support.","rect":[90.00006866455078,545.8200073242188,376.2984924316406,534.7919921875]},{"page":83,"text":"(b) IR and NVD Use ","rect":[154.80007934570313,571.5960693359375,267.0936584472656,560.592041015625]},{"page":83,"text":"1. IR signatures are affected by the proximity of other buildings and","rect":[176.4000701904297,597.4200439453125,521.9953002929688,586.3920288085938]},{"page":83,"text":"structures. Urban temperatures are generally higher than rural areas and can be 10 to 20","rect":[90.0,611.2200317382813,522.0755615234375,600.1920166015625]},{"page":83,"text":"degrees higher than the surrounding environment. Thermal heating can adversely affect","rect":[90.0,625.02001953125,522.021546875,613.9920043945313]},{"page":83,"text":"thermal sights and other IR sensors. In many cases unaided vision is sufficient for some","rect":[90.0,638.8200073242188,521.94958203125,627.7919921875]},{"page":83,"text":"portions of target acquisition and/or engagement. ","rect":[90.0,652.6199951171875,328.92718505859377,641.5919799804688]},{"page":83,"text":"2. Urban lights may overwhelm aircrew NVDs and render them useless","rect":[176.39999389648438,678.4199829101563,521.983185546875,667.3919677734375]},{"page":83,"text":"for standard night formation tactics. Plans may have to be adapted to allow for additional","rect":[90.0,692.2200317382813,522.0335708007813,681.1920166015625]},{"page":83,"text":"deconfliction. The presence of urban lighting may preclude the use of IR strobe lights as","rect":[90.0,706.02001953125,521.996369140625,694.9920043945313]},{"page":83,"text":"III-19","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":84,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":84,"text":"effective marking tools, as it can be difficult for aircrew to discern one particular light","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0036025390625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":84,"text":"source from a multitude of others.","rect":[90.0,97.05596160888672,253.32485961914063,88.45196533203125]},{"page":84,"text":"(c) C2. Urban terrain presents severe problems in maintaining communications","rect":[154.8000030517578,125.27995300292969,522.2040107421875,114.251953125]},{"page":84,"text":"due to man-made structures that inhibit LOS and absorb or reflect transmitted signals. While","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,522.1320161132812,128.052001953125]},{"page":84,"text":"these problems will force a higher degree of decentralization, the combat force should make","rect":[90.0,152.87998962402345,522.2544526367187,141.85198974609376]},{"page":84,"text":"every attempt to minimize them. The use of aircraft such as JSTARS, TAC(A), FAC(A),","rect":[90.0,166.6799774169922,522.2327880859375,155.6519775390625]},{"page":84,"text":"attack aircraft, UA, and rooftop communicators can minimize the ground-based LOS","rect":[90.0,180.47996520996095,522.2028227539063,169.45196533203126]},{"page":84,"text":"communication limitations. A detailed, flexible, and redundant C2 plan is essential.","rect":[90.0,194.25595092773438,476.7359619140625,183.251953125]},{"page":84,"text":"(d) JTAC Considerations. ","rect":[154.79998779296876,220.05599975585938,294.43798828125,209.052001953125]},{"page":84,"text":"Tall buildings make it difficult for pilots to","rect":[301.55999755859377,220.0800018310547,522.0359497070313,209.052001953125]},{"page":84,"text":"identify targets and may require specific attack headings to achieve LOS with the target. ","rect":[90.0,233.87998962402345,525.0048217773438,222.85198974609376]},{"page":84,"text":"Observers may be placed on upper floors of buildings to improve visibility. There will be","rect":[90.0,247.6799774169922,522.0192231445312,236.6519775390625]},{"page":84,"text":"an increased need for marking and designating CAS targets. The JTAC must plan for","rect":[90.0,261.4799499511719,521.919583984375,250.45196533203126]},{"page":84,"text":"redundant communication and marking tools. A single tool will not work in all urban","rect":[90.0,275.2799377441406,522.0360107421875,264.251953125]},{"page":84,"text":"environments. A JTAC will only be able to utilize a ground laser target designator (GLTD)","rect":[90.0,289.0799560546875,522.0552041015625,278.0519714355469]},{"page":84,"text":"when in a stationary position and preferably from an elevated position. In brightly lit","rect":[90.0,302.87994384765627,522.0587783203125,291.8519592285156]},{"page":84,"text":"objective areas, a JTAC may consider shooting out street lights to darken the area for use","rect":[90.0,316.679931640625,522.063595703125,305.63995361328127]},{"page":84,"text":"of IR pointers or, if directed by the commander, to optimize friendly NVDs. The ability of ","rect":[90.0,330.4799499511719,524.9927978515625,319.45196533203127]},{"page":84,"text":"FW and RW aircraft to provide fires may be limited by the structural makeup of the urban","rect":[90.0,344.2799377441406,522.0167846679688,333.251953125]},{"page":84,"text":"location.","rect":[90.0,355.65594482421877,131.65440368652345,347.05194091796877]},{"page":84,"text":"1. Proficiency. Training in an urban environment is necessary for","rect":[176.39999389648438,383.8799133300781,522.03359765625,372.8519287109375]},{"page":84,"text":"continued JTAC/FAC(A) and aircrew CAS proficiency in urban environments. All CAS","rect":[90.0,397.67999267578127,522.004763671875,386.6520080566406]},{"page":84,"text":"participants should keep in mind the differences between the ground and airborne","rect":[90.0,411.47998046875,522.0120209960937,400.4519958496094]},{"page":84,"text":"perspectives. The JTAC/FAC(A) may not be in a position to observe all buildings","rect":[90.0,425.2799987792969,522.0503852539063,414.25201416015627]},{"page":84,"text":"containing friendly forces due to intervening buildings and battlefield confusion. It’s likely","rect":[90.0,439.0799865722656,521.9544677734375,428.052001953125]},{"page":84,"text":"a JTAC/FAC(A) will be marking and engaging targets within 100 meters of their own or","rect":[90.0000228881836,452.8799743652344,521.9255654296875,441.85198974609377]},{"page":84,"text":"friendly positions, within danger close parameters. Historical studies prove, 90 percent","rect":[90.0,466.6199951171875,521.9941079101562,455.5920104980469]},{"page":84,"text":"of all urban engagements occur where friendly and enemy forces are within 50 meters","rect":[90.0000228881836,480.5400085449219,521.9759833984375,469.7040100097656]},{"page":84,"text":"of each other and urban engagements using supporting arms occur with less than 250","rect":[90.0000228881836,494.3399963378906,521.9783935546875,483.5039978027344]},{"page":84,"text":"meters between the same. The JTAC/FAC(A) must select the appropriate ordnance","rect":[90.0000228881836,508.1159973144531,521.92565625,497.3039855957031]},{"page":84,"text":"to limit the potential of friendly fire incidents, particularly in an urban environment. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,521.9400024414063,525.0120849609375,511.1039733886719]},{"page":84,"text":"The friendly and enemy situation will be changing rapidly, even if only from building to","rect":[90.00004577636719,535.6199951171875,521.9736328125,524.5919799804688]},{"page":84,"text":"building or room to room inside a building. The CAS aircraft or FAC(A) on station may","rect":[90.00004577636719,549.4199829101563,522.0408325195313,538.3919677734375]},{"page":84,"text":"be required to do aerial reconnaissance to find and report targets or enemy movement. For","rect":[90.00004577636719,563.2200317382813,521.995267578125,552.1920166015625]},{"page":84,"text":"aircrew survivability, every effort should be made to exploit standoff capabilities with","rect":[90.0000228881836,577.0199584960938,522.0120849609375,565.991943359375]},{"page":84,"text":"optics and weapons systems; however, pilots may need to get very close to see what the","rect":[90.00004577636719,590.8200073242188,522.0432099609375,579.7919921875]},{"page":84,"text":"maneuver force is experiencing. JTACs/FAC(A)s will judiciously use FW ordnance when","rect":[90.00004577636719,604.6199951171875,521.9736328125,593.5799560546875]},{"page":84,"text":"troops are in contact, due to blast and fragmentation dangers. Historically, 80 percent of ","rect":[90.00004577636719,618.4199829101563,524.9892578125,607.3919677734375]},{"page":84,"text":"urban combat injuries result from glass shards from blast and overpressure. JTACs may","rect":[90.00004577636719,632.219970703125,521.9713134765625,621.179931640625]},{"page":84,"text":"use FAC(A)s or CAS aircraft to reconnoiter and attack enemy forces outside the area of ","rect":[90.00004577636719,646.0199584960938,525.015625,634.991943359375]},{"page":84,"text":"immediate engagement to prevent further reinforcement. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,659.8200073242188,385.89849853515627,648.7919921875]},{"page":84,"text":"2. Navigation. Navigation over urban terrain can be more difficult than","rect":[176.40005493164063,685.6199340820313,522.06005859375,674.5919189453125]},{"page":84,"text":"over natural terrain. Navigation is more difficult because maps do not show the vertical","rect":[90.0,699.4200439453125,521.9975600585938,688.3920288085938]},{"page":84,"text":"development of urban terrain. Rapid movement from position to position can often","rect":[89.99995422363281,713.196044921875,521.9159545898438,702.1920166015625]},{"page":84,"text":"III-20 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":84,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":85,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":85,"text":"create confusion between aerial and ground observers with regard to friendly and enemy","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0311889648438,74.6519775390625]},{"page":85,"text":"locations. Familiarity with the characteristics of urban terrain allows aircrews to discern","rect":[89.9999771118164,99.47996520996094,522.02880859375,88.45196533203125]},{"page":85,"text":"key features in this environment. Navigational aids, such as GPS, have reduced, but not","rect":[89.9999771118164,113.27995300292969,521.9627700195313,102.251953125]},{"page":85,"text":"eliminated, this challenge. The use of the gridded reference graphic (GRG), GPS, and","rect":[89.9999771118164,127.08000183105469,521.9759521484375,116.052001953125]},{"page":85,"text":"handheld pointers or designators eases the problems associated with night navigation,","rect":[89.9999771118164,140.87998962402345,522.1187744140625,129.85198974609376]},{"page":85,"text":"orientation, and target ID. Navigation systems may be degraded due to interference induced","rect":[89.9999771118164,154.6799774169922,522.1224365234375,143.6519775390625]},{"page":85,"text":"by buildings and enemy GPS jamming equipment. Aircrews and ground controllers should","rect":[89.9999771118164,168.47996520996095,522.1187744140625,157.43995666503907]},{"page":85,"text":"perform detailed mission planning to maximize the effectiveness of all available assets. ","rect":[89.9999771118164,182.2799530029297,512.0711669921875,171.251953125]},{"page":85,"text":"3. GRG/Urban Grid System. Detailed gridded maps or imagery shall","rect":[176.39996337890626,208.0800018310547,522.0358901367188,197.052001953125]},{"page":85,"text":"have a military grid reference system (MGRS) grid and may contain information including","rect":[90.0,221.87998962402345,522.1031494140625,210.85198974609376]},{"page":85,"text":"building numbers, FSCMs, phase lines, helicopter landing zones, NAIs, and other","rect":[90.0,235.6799774169922,522.0935341796875,224.6519775390625]},{"page":85,"text":"coordination measures (see Figure III-3). It is the responsibility of the ground unit that owns","rect":[90.0,249.47996520996095,522.0576484375,238.45196533203126]},{"page":85,"text":"a particular operational area to produce GRGs for that area; ensure dissemination to","rect":[90.0,263.2560119628906,522.0323486328125,252.25201416015626]},{"page":85,"text":"subordinate, adjacent, and higher echelons; and maintain version control on the products as","rect":[90.0,277.0799865722656,522.0755927734375,266.0400085449219]},{"page":85,"text":"they are updated or revised. The developing unit should consider selecting grid sectors","rect":[90.0,290.8799743652344,522.1008002929688,279.85198974609377]},{"page":85,"text":"based on what the aircrew/aircraft sensors can most easily see such as rivers, road","rect":[90.0000228881836,304.7999572753906,522.09241015625,293.9639587402344]},{"page":85,"text":"junctions, buildings, bridges, and other terrain features. Below are recommendations","rect":[90.0000228881836,318.47998046875,522.07083203125,307.4519958496094]},{"page":85,"text":"for GRG creation.","rect":[90.0000228881836,329.86798095703127,175.37283325195313,321.2519836425781]},{"page":85,"text":"a. Imagery should contain a north arrow and the picture should be","rect":[198.00003051757813,358.0799865722656,522.108029296875,347.052001953125]},{"page":85,"text":"oriented north-up whenever possible.","rect":[90.0,371.8559875488281,265.14715576171877,360.85198974609377]},{"page":85,"text":"b. Easting and northing lines should be labeled at the top and left side","rect":[198.0,397.6799621582031,522.0551728515625,386.6519775390625]},{"page":85,"text":"of the GRG, respectively.","rect":[90.0,411.47998046875,210.52798461914063,400.4519958496094]},{"page":85,"text":"c. Buildings may be numbered from northwest to southeast for large-","rect":[198.0,437.27996826171877,522.0456215820312,426.2519836425781]},{"page":85,"text":"area GRGs or from the objective building clockwise for smaller-scale, single-objective","rect":[90.0,451.0799865722656,522.1163911132812,440.0400085449219]},{"page":85,"text":"GRGs.","rect":[90.0000228881836,462.4679870605469,122.57282257080078,454.0559997558594]},{"page":85,"text":"For more information on GRG production, refer to AFTTP 3-3.JTAC, Combat Aircraft","rect":[90.0000228881836,490.6199951171875,522.0168471679688,479.5920104980469]},{"page":85,"text":"Fundamentals–Joint Terminal Attack Controller, or the USMC TACP TAC SOP.","rect":[90.0000228881836,502.0199890136719,480.94561767578127,493.3919982910156]},{"page":85,"text":"4. Target Reference Points (TRPs). TRPs are generated by labeling","rect":[176.40005493164063,530.2200317382813,522.1836547851563,519.1920166015625]},{"page":85,"text":"buildings or distinctive urban structures in and around the objective area. TRPs should be","rect":[90.0,544.02001953125,522.1271333007812,532.97998046875]},{"page":85,"text":"visually significant and distinct from both the ground and aerial perspectives. These can be","rect":[90.0,557.8200073242188,522.0887421875,546.7919921875]},{"page":85,"text":"labeled sequentially (e.g., TRP#1, TRP#2). TRPs are useful in expediting the transmission","rect":[90.0,571.6200561523438,522.127197265625,560.592041015625]},{"page":85,"text":"of a call for fire or conducting a talk on.","rect":[90.0,585.4199829101563,277.7400207519531,574.3919677734375]},{"page":85,"text":"5. Urban Talk-On. Due to the uncertainty of urban warfare, it is possible","rect":[176.39999389648438,611.2200317382813,522.23766796875,600.1920166015625]},{"page":85,"text":"to receive fire from a position that cannot be covered by one of the sectoring methods","rect":[90.0,625.02001953125,522.0372016601563,613.9920043945313]},{"page":85,"text":"discussed. Describing the target location as it relates to surrounding structures is essential. ","rect":[90.0,638.8200073242188,524.9496459960938,627.7919921875]},{"page":85,"text":"Plain language descriptions will greatly assist the CAS aircrew in locating the target. ","rect":[90.0,652.6200561523438,524.998779296875,641.592041015625]},{"page":85,"text":"Describing building features (e.g., color, type of roofing, window structure), as it relates to","rect":[90.0,666.4199829101563,522.0624389648438,655.3919677734375]},{"page":85,"text":"surrounding structures, can greatly assist aircrews in locating the correct target. However,","rect":[90.0,680.2200317382813,522.0575561523438,669.1920166015625]},{"page":85,"text":"do not proceed with a talk-on without establishing a common reference point for both the","rect":[90.0,694.02001953125,522.0419892578125,682.9920043945313]},{"page":85,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) and aircrew. Adapt the talk-on for nighttime or sensor use, as NVDs and IR","rect":[90.0,707.8200073242188,522.0827963867188,696.7919921875]},{"page":85,"text":"III-21","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.2999267578125,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":86,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":86,"text":"Urban Grid","rect":[100.0199966430664,92.55406951904297,168.22304746283846,82.05113983154297]},{"page":86,"text":"Figure III-3. Urban Grid","rect":[249.83999633789063,659.453857421875,360.9778111000061,649.9548950195313]},{"page":86,"text":"systems can display shapes but not colors. Items that provide contrast will allow for faster","rect":[90.0,683.0400390625,522.1260048828125,672.0120239257813]},{"page":86,"text":"target acquisition. Even with preplanned control measure graphics, JTACs/FAC(A)s may","rect":[90.0,696.8400268554688,522.0960083007813,685.81201171875]},{"page":86,"text":"select the most prominent structure nearby for initial orientation between themselves and the","rect":[90.0,710.6400146484375,522.02282421875,699.6119995117188]},{"page":86,"text":"III-22 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":86,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":87,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":87,"text":"aircrew. The time to transmit a brief and then conduct a talk-on will decrease as the level","rect":[90.0,83.25597381591797,522.0336318359375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":87,"text":"of pre-mission planning increases.","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,254.64723205566407,88.45196533203125]},{"page":87,"text":"(e) Ground Unit Control Measures. ","rect":[154.8000030517578,125.25595092773438,347.62078857421877,114.251953125]},{"page":87,"text":"Establishing objectives and phase","rect":[354.4800109863281,125.27995300292969,522.0072602539062,114.23995208740235]},{"page":87,"text":"lines assists in understanding the ground scheme of maneuver and is one method to","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,521.9976196289063,128.052001953125]},{"page":87,"text":"integrate air and ground operations. Consider all types of maps and charts, ranging from","rect":[90.0000228881836,152.87998962402345,521.9964614257813,141.85198974609376]},{"page":87,"text":"joint operations graphic charts and aerial photos to tourist maps, for use in urban","rect":[90.0000228881836,166.6799774169922,522.016845703125,155.6399688720703]},{"page":87,"text":"environments.","rect":[90.0000228881836,178.05596923828126,158.31240844726563,169.45196533203126]},{"page":87,"text":"(f) Weapons Selection. The considerations for weapons in the urban","rect":[154.80001831054688,206.25595092773438,521.96155078125,195.251953125]},{"page":87,"text":"environment focus on rapid employment, the target set, avoidance of excessive","rect":[90.00004577636719,220.1999969482422,522.0144013671875,209.36399841308595]},{"page":87,"text":"collateral damage, rubbling, the ability to employ in proximity to ground forces, and","rect":[90.00004577636719,233.99998474121095,522.0180693359375,223.1639862060547]},{"page":87,"text":"high precision. The potential for friendly fire or collateral damage is considered whenever","rect":[90.00004577636719,247.6799774169922,522.0024086914062,236.6519775390625]},{"page":87,"text":"ordnance is employed. Detailed planning of weapons and delivery tactics minimizes the","rect":[90.0000228881836,261.4799499511719,522.0912446289062,250.45196533203126]},{"page":87,"text":"risk to friendly forces, civilians, and adjacent buildings/structures. Consider combining","rect":[90.0000228881836,275.2799377441406,522.0047607421875,264.2399597167969]},{"page":87,"text":"FW and RW platform capabilities in an urban environment. For example, take advantage","rect":[90.0000228881836,289.0799560546875,521.9999970703125,278.0519714355469]},{"page":87,"text":"of FW capability to target/designate within urban areas to employ low-yield PGMs fired","rect":[90.0000228881836,302.87994384765627,521.9760131835938,291.8519592285156]},{"page":87,"text":"from an RW attack asset holding in a relatively safe battle position (BP). CAS weapons","rect":[90.0000228881836,316.679931640625,521.9928291015625,305.6519470214844]},{"page":87,"text":"should minimize rubbling and be precise enough for delivery in very close proximity to","rect":[90.0000228881836,330.4799499511719,521.9951782226563,319.45196533203127]},{"page":87,"text":"friendly forces. To achieve the desired level of destruction, neutralization, or suppression","rect":[90.0000228881836,344.2799377441406,522.00244140625,333.251953125]},{"page":87,"text":"of enemy targets, it is necessary to tailor the weapons load and fuzing to create the desired","rect":[90.0,358.0799255371094,522.0816040039063,347.05194091796877]},{"page":87,"text":"effects. For example, cluster and general-purpose munitions would be effective against","rect":[90.0,371.8799133300781,521.9904189453125,360.8519287109375]},{"page":87,"text":"troops and vehicles in the open, whereas hardened, mobile, or point targets may require","rect":[90.0,385.6799011230469,522.0288056640625,374.65191650390627]},{"page":87,"text":"specialized weapons such as laser-guided, EO, and inertially aided munitions (IAMs) or","rect":[90.0,399.47991943359377,521.9820229492187,388.4519348144531]},{"page":87,"text":"aircraft with special equipment or capabilities. JTACs/FAC(A)s need a working","rect":[90.0,413.2799072265625,522.0072021484375,402.2519226074219]},{"page":87,"text":"knowledge of commonly used aviation ordnance and fuzing to make appropriate decisions. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,427.07989501953127,528.0167846679688,416.0519104003906]},{"page":87,"text":"(g) SEAD Requirements. ","rect":[154.80001831054688,452.8799133300781,289.4808349609375,441.8519287109375]},{"page":87,"text":"If the enemy air defense threat is significant,","rect":[295.9800109863281,452.8799133300781,522.0900268554688,441.8519287109375]},{"page":87,"text":"CAS may be limited until the threat is reduced. SEAD support may be required against","rect":[90.0000228881836,466.6199035644531,521.9927993164063,455.5919189453125]},{"page":87,"text":"enemy air defenses, both inside and outside the urban area. SEAD targets embedded in the","rect":[90.0000228881836,480.419921875,521.8727998046875,469.3919372558594]},{"page":87,"text":"urban environment may be more difficult to find and anticipate. An aggressive, proactive","rect":[90.0000228881836,494.2199401855469,521.9580048828125,483.19195556640627]},{"page":87,"text":"SEAD effort may be necessary during the early stages of urban operations.","rect":[90.0000228881836,508.01995849609377,449.2320251464844,496.9919738769531]},{"page":87,"text":"b. Limited Visibility, Night, and Adverse Weather. Limited visibility may occur","rect":[111.60001373291016,533.8200073242188,521.94473046875,522.7919921875]},{"page":87,"text":"due to fog, smoke, or dust on the battlefield but occurs most frequently due to operations","rect":[90.0000228881836,547.6200561523438,521.916046875,536.592041015625]},{"page":87,"text":"extending into hours of darkness. See Appendix C, “Planning Considerations for Close","rect":[90.0000228881836,561.4200439453125,521.8680390625,550.3920288085938]},{"page":87,"text":"Air Support Using Night-Vision Devices and Infrared (Laser) Pointers.” Fundamental","rect":[90.0000228881836,575.2200317382813,521.8872084960938,564.1920166015625]},{"page":87,"text":"CAS procedures do not go away at night. However, limited-visibility and adverse-","rect":[90.0000228881836,589.0200805664063,521.9447915039062,577.9920654296875]},{"page":87,"text":"weather CAS demands a higher level of proficiency that can only come about through","rect":[90.0000228881836,602.8201293945313,521.9063720703125,591.7921142578125]},{"page":87,"text":"dedicated, realistic CAS training. JTACs/FAC(A)s, AOs/ALOs, ground units, and","rect":[90.0000228881836,616.6201171875,521.904052734375,605.5921020507813]},{"page":87,"text":"aircrews should routinely train together during these conditions. In addition to","rect":[90.0000228881836,630.4201049804688,521.9520263671875,619.39208984375]},{"page":87,"text":"training, limited-visibility CAS relies heavily on systems and sensors due to an aircrew’s","rect":[90.00004577636719,644.2201538085938,521.9076240234375,633.192138671875]},{"page":87,"text":"limited ability to visually ascertain friendly positions and targets. Aircrews and","rect":[90.00004577636719,658.0202026367188,521.8872680664063,646.9921875]},{"page":87,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s can perform night CAS using artificial illumination or with NVDs. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,671.8201904296875,525.0516967773438,660.7921752929688]},{"page":87,"text":"Specific attack and delivery techniques vary depending on the amount of illumination,","rect":[90.0,685.6199951171875,521.9267578125,674.5919799804688]},{"page":87,"text":"the specific capability of the CAS aircraft, and equipment available to the JTAC/FAC(A). ","rect":[90.0,699.4199829101563,524.9879760742188,688.3919677734375]},{"page":87,"text":"For these reasons, limited visibility operations require additional coordination and","rect":[90.0,713.2200317382813,521.8992309570313,702.1920166015625]},{"page":87,"text":"III-23","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":88,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":88,"text":"equipment. ","rect":[90.0,85.65597534179688,147.72720336914063,74.6519775390625]},{"page":88,"text":"There are three general categories of limited visibility employment:","rect":[154.86000061035157,85.67997741699219,521.9136025390625,74.84397888183594]},{"page":88,"text":"visual, system-aided, and NVD.","rect":[89.99995422363281,99.59996032714844,252.85195922851563,88.76396179199219]},{"page":88,"text":"(1) Visual Employment. During night visual employment, JTACs/FAC(A)s and","rect":[133.199951171875,125.27995300292969,522.069580078125,114.251953125]},{"page":88,"text":"aircrews must contend with lower ambient light conditions and must use cultural lighting,","rect":[89.9999771118164,139.0800018310547,521.9867553710938,128.052001953125]},{"page":88,"text":"battlefield fires, or artificial illumination to successfully attack targets. Threat-permitting","rect":[90.0,152.87998962402345,522.0396728515625,141.85198974609376]},{"page":88,"text":"and type of TAC-dependent, the JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s requirement to see the CAS aircraft","rect":[90.0,166.6799774169922,522.012025390625,155.6519775390625]},{"page":88,"text":"may require use of aircraft lights or flares.","rect":[90.0,180.47996520996095,292.572021484375,169.45196533203126]},{"page":88,"text":"(a) Visual Employment Mission Planning","rect":[154.8000030517578,206.2799530029297,367.8443603515625,195.251953125]},{"page":88,"text":"1. Weather and Reduced Visibility. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,232.0800018310547,374.8860168457031,221.24400329589845]},{"page":88,"text":"Target weather can affect","rect":[386.70001220703127,232.0800018310547,522.0623793945313,221.052001953125]},{"page":88,"text":"illumination. If the weather is clear and a bright moon is available, additional artificial","rect":[90.0,245.87998962402345,522.0888076171875,234.85198974609376]},{"page":88,"text":"illumination may not be necessary. Smoke, haze, and precipitation in the target area may","rect":[90.0,259.6799621582031,522.04443359375,248.6519775390625]},{"page":88,"text":"cause reduced visibility and force the aircraft to maneuver closer to the threat to maintain","rect":[90.0,273.4799499511719,522.014404296875,262.45196533203127]},{"page":88,"text":"visual contact with the target. On the other hand, flares employed under an overcast sky","rect":[90.0,287.27996826171877,522.0360107421875,276.2519836425781]},{"page":88,"text":"will highlight the aircraft for enemy defenses. Heavy haze will cause a “milk bowl”","rect":[90.0,301.0799865722656,522.0695771484375,290.052001953125]},{"page":88,"text":"effect—the absence of visual cues that allow aircrews to distinguish between the","rect":[90.0,314.8799743652344,522.0288056640625,303.85198974609377]},{"page":88,"text":"ground/water and the sky—which severely limits slant-range visibility and may cause","rect":[89.9999771118164,328.6799621582031,521.9651459960937,317.6519775390625]},{"page":88,"text":"spatial disorientation. Avoid allowing such conditions to drive the aircrew into flying a","rect":[89.9999771118164,342.47998046875,522.047970703125,331.4519958496094]},{"page":88,"text":"more predictable flight path close to a threat. Illumination flares can increase the effects","rect":[90.0,356.27996826171877,522.0131538085938,345.2519836425781]},{"page":88,"text":"of smoke and haze and further reduce the visibility.","rect":[90.0,370.0799865722656,337.031982421875,359.052001953125]},{"page":88,"text":"2. Low Ceilings. Low ceilings may force the aircraft to maintain lower","rect":[176.39999389648438,395.8799743652344,522.0288369140625,384.85198974609377]},{"page":88,"text":"altitudes. Flares dropped below low ceilings may not produce the desired effects. Low","rect":[90.0,409.67999267578127,521.9579453125,398.6520080566406]},{"page":88,"text":"ceilings will further complicate deconfliction between aircraft holding at control points.","rect":[90.0,423.47998046875,510.8495788574219,412.4519958496094]},{"page":88,"text":"3. Terrain. Knowledge of the terrain is a crucial aspect of any night","rect":[176.40000915527345,449.2799987792969,522.0108046875,438.25201416015627]},{"page":88,"text":"CAS mission. Be thoroughly familiar with the general terrain, as well as the highest terrain,","rect":[90.0,463.0799865722656,522.083984375,452.052001953125]},{"page":88,"text":"and obstructions in the immediate target area.","rect":[90.0,476.8799743652344,308.95318603515627,465.85198974609377]},{"page":88,"text":"4. Non-Illuminated. The capability to attack targets without artificial","rect":[176.39999389648438,502.6199951171875,522.1068740234375,491.5920104980469]},{"page":88,"text":"illumination depends on several variables:","rect":[90.0,516.39599609375,292.63433984375,505.3919677734375]},{"page":88,"text":"a. The need to attack a point target (e.g., a person, vehicle, or","rect":[198.0,542.2200317382813,521.9760415039062,531.1920166015625]},{"page":88,"text":"location) or an area target (e.g., set of buildings, troops in the open).","rect":[90.0,556.02001953125,416.84161376953127,544.9920043945313]},{"page":88,"text":"b. Total ambient and cultural lighting in the target area.","rect":[197.99998474121095,581.8200073242188,466.4783935546875,570.7919921875]},{"page":88,"text":"c. Contrast between targets and their background.","rect":[198.0,607.6200561523438,438.8999938964844,596.592041015625]},{"page":88,"text":"d. Lighted versus unlighted targets.","rect":[198.0,633.4199829101563,370.2312316894531,622.3919677734375]},{"page":88,"text":"e. Minimum acceptable slant range to the target due to threats.","rect":[198.0,659.2200317382813,500.2799987792969,648.1920166015625]},{"page":88,"text":"f. Theater restrictions.","rect":[198.0,682.5960083007813,306.9144287109375,673.9920043945313]},{"page":88,"text":"III-24 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":88,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":89,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":89,"text":"5. Rapidly Changing Ambient Lighting Conditions (Dusk/Dawn). ","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,524.9712524414063,74.84397888183594]},{"page":89,"text":"At dawn and dusk, the JTAC/FAC(A) and aircrew adapt to rapidly changing light","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,521.99762109375,88.4520263671875]},{"page":89,"text":"conditions and visual acuity limitations when transitioning from NVDs to unaided vision","rect":[90.0000228881836,113.28001403808594,521.9976196289063,102.25201416015625]},{"page":89,"text":"(or vice versa). Aircrews and JTACs/FAC(A)s should use all available means to ensure","rect":[90.0000228881836,127.05599975585938,522.079220703125,116.052001953125]},{"page":89,"text":"correct target ID. These means include, but not be limited to, referencing significant terrain","rect":[90.0000228881836,140.8800506591797,522.0372314453125,129.85205078125]},{"page":89,"text":"features, using external marks such as smoke or illumination rounds, and employing","rect":[90.0000228881836,154.68003845214845,521.9544067382813,143.65203857421876]},{"page":89,"text":"targeting pods and/or other on-board sensors and navigation systems. If necessary,","rect":[90.0,168.4800262451172,522.0696411132813,157.4520263671875]},{"page":89,"text":"controllers and aircrews may need to alter attack geometry or change timing to mitigate the","rect":[90.0000228881836,182.28001403808595,522.09118359375,171.25201416015626]},{"page":89,"text":"negative effects of increasing or decreasing ambient light conditions. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,196.0800018310547,426.8448181152344,185.052001953125]},{"page":89,"text":"6. Artificial Illumination. In most cases, CAS aircrew will be using","rect":[176.4000244140625,221.8800506591797,522.076904296875,210.85205078125]},{"page":89,"text":"night-vision goggles (NVGs) or forward-looking infrared (FLIR) equipment and will not","rect":[90.0,235.6799774169922,521.9760146484375,224.6519775390625]},{"page":89,"text":"require overt illumination of the target area. However, battlefield illumination (BI)","rect":[89.9999771118164,249.47996520996095,522.0263955078125,238.45196533203126]},{"page":89,"text":"employment may be required in certain circumstances. Any use of BI must be coordinated","rect":[90.0,263.2799377441406,522.0167846679688,252.251953125]},{"page":89,"text":"with the ground commander and should be employed in such a way that friendly positions","rect":[90.0,277.0799865722656,522.06594921875,266.052001953125]},{"page":89,"text":"are not illuminated.","rect":[90.0,288.45599365234377,183.63719177246095,279.85198974609377]},{"page":89,"text":"a. Artillery, mortars, and NSFS can provide BI.","rect":[198.0,316.6799621582031,431.6304016113281,305.6519775390625]},{"page":89,"text":"b. FW and RW aircraft can also provide BI.","rect":[198.0,342.45599365234377,410.8824157714844,331.4519958496094]},{"page":89,"text":"For more information, see ATP 3-09.32/MCRP 3-31.6/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP 3-2.6, Multi-","rect":[90.0,368.2799987792969,522.0420205078125,357.25201416015627]},{"page":89,"text":"Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower.","rect":[90.0,382.0559997558594,493.569580078125,371.052001953125]},{"page":89,"text":"7. Marks. WP or RP rockets/shells are widely used marking devices. ","rect":[176.40000915527345,407.8800048828125,525.00732421875,396.8520202636719]},{"page":89,"text":"The detonation is an obvious flash with a one- to five-second afterglow. The WP/RP bloom","rect":[90.0,421.67999267578127,522.0539565429688,410.6520080566406]},{"page":89,"text":"will cast a visible shadow with good moon-like illumination. Flares, explosive ordnance,","rect":[90.0,435.47998046875,522.0167846679688,424.4519958496094]},{"page":89,"text":"burning targets, enemy muzzle flashes, tracers, and various marking rounds can be","rect":[90.0,449.2799987792969,521.963986328125,438.25201416015627]},{"page":89,"text":"employed to provide target ID.","rect":[90.0,463.0799865722656,238.24803161621095,452.052001953125]},{"page":89,"text":"(b) Visual Employment Mission Execution. Friendly positions, winds, and","rect":[154.8000030517578,488.8799743652344,522.0192260742188,477.85198974609377]},{"page":89,"text":"the threat will determine the position and direction of the weapons delivery pattern. Prior","rect":[90.0,502.6199951171875,522.0143715820312,491.5920104980469]},{"page":89,"text":"to allowing aircraft to illuminate or mark a target at night, coordinate with the commander","rect":[90.0,516.4199829101563,521.9712197265625,505.3919677734375]},{"page":89,"text":"so precautions are made to preserve own-troop night vision or prevent enemy observation","rect":[90.0,530.2200317382813,522.0191650390625,519.1920166015625]},{"page":89,"text":"of own-troop locations.","rect":[90.0,543.9960327148438,202.2672119140625,532.9920043945313]},{"page":89,"text":"(2) System-Aided Employment. System-aided target acquisition and weapons","rect":[133.1999969482422,569.8200073242188,522.152375,558.7919921875]},{"page":89,"text":"delivery methods are relied on more heavily during night and adverse weather. While these","rect":[90.0,583.6199951171875,522.0839814453125,572.5919799804688]},{"page":89,"text":"system-aided employment options can be used independently, combining the systems","rect":[89.9999771118164,597.4199829101563,522.1403510742188,586.3919677734375]},{"page":89,"text":"increases the probability of mission success. These systems include laser, EO/IR (to include","rect":[89.9999771118164,611.219970703125,522.1079072265625,600.1919555664063]},{"page":89,"text":"targeting pods), radar, GPS and/or IAMs, and helmet-mounted cueing systems (HMCSs).","rect":[89.9999771118164,625.0199584960938,511.08599853515627,613.991943359375]},{"page":89,"text":"(a) Laser. Night procedures for target marking or designation by laser are","rect":[154.79998779296876,650.8200073242188,522.047970703125,639.7919921875]},{"page":89,"text":"the same as those used during daytime operations. However, adverse weather may limit","rect":[89.99995422363281,664.6199951171875,521.9603896484375,653.5919799804688]},{"page":89,"text":"the use of lasers. Cloud cover and precipitation, as well as battlefield conditions (smoke,","rect":[89.99995422363281,678.39599609375,522.0167846679688,667.3919677734375]},{"page":89,"text":"dust, haze, and other obscurants), can seriously degrade laser effectiveness.","rect":[89.99995422363281,692.219970703125,451.5755615234375,681.1919555664063]},{"page":89,"text":"III-25","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":90,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":90,"text":"(b) EO/IR Systems.","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,262.202392578125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":90,"text":" Cloud cover, humidity, precipitation, thermal","rect":[271.20001220703127,85.67997741699219,521.881166015625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":90,"text":"crossover, and battlefield conditions (smoke, dust, or other obscurants) may degrade IR","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0455649414063,88.45196533203125]},{"page":90,"text":"and low-light-level television effectiveness.","rect":[89.99998474121094,113.27995300292969,299.90277099609377,102.251953125]},{"page":90,"text":"(c) Radar. During severe weather or when the target cannot be marked, this","rect":[154.79998779296876,139.0800018310547,521.9879462890625,128.052001953125]},{"page":90,"text":"type of weapons delivery may be the only option available. Advances in synthetic aperture","rect":[90.00000762939453,152.87998962402345,522.0383881835937,141.85198974609376]},{"page":90,"text":"radar systems have significantly increased the target ID and employment capabilities of ","rect":[90.00003051757813,166.6799774169922,525.0396118164063,155.6519775390625]},{"page":90,"text":"aircraft equipped with a synthetic aperture radar system. To perform a radar delivery, the","rect":[90.00003051757813,180.47996520996095,522.0120209960937,169.45196533203126]},{"page":90,"text":"target or offset aimpoint(s) must be radar significant.","rect":[90.00003051757813,194.2799530029297,343.83123779296877,183.251953125]},{"page":90,"text":"(d) IAMs. Weapons can be delivered at night or through the weather at a set","rect":[154.80003356933595,220.0800018310547,522.0360122070313,209.052001953125]},{"page":90,"text":"of coordinates by properly equipped aircraft. The effectiveness of an IAM depends upon","rect":[90.00003051757813,233.87998962402345,521.9808349609375,222.85198974609376]},{"page":90,"text":"the tactical situation (e.g., type of target, desired weapons effects, target movement) and","rect":[90.00005340576172,247.6799774169922,521.9664916992188,236.6519775390625]},{"page":90,"text":"the accuracy or TLE of the target coordinates (to include elevation). Datum planes should","rect":[90.00007629394531,261.4799499511719,522.0096435546875,250.45196533203126]},{"page":90,"text":"be verified prior to deployment/mission as part of deployment/mission checklist and","rect":[90.00007629394531,275.2799377441406,522.0072631835938,264.251953125]},{"page":90,"text":"coordinated or confirmed with the ASOC/DASC and/or higher echelons. ","rect":[90.00007629394531,289.0799560546875,459.4776611328125,278.0519714355469]},{"page":90,"text":"Significant","rect":[466.6800537109375,289.0799560546875,522.052884765625,278.24395751953127]},{"page":90,"text":"errors can result if different datums or excessive TLEs are used. These errors","rect":[90.00007629394531,300.5759582519531,521.9940498046875,292.1639404296875]},{"page":90,"text":"increase the risk of friendly fire, collateral damage, and civilian casualties.","rect":[90.00007629394531,316.7999572753906,469.56610107421877,305.9639587402344]},{"page":90,"text":"For further guidance on coordinate datum planes, refer to Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of ","rect":[90.0000991821289,342.5399475097656,525.0216674804688,331.6319580078125]},{"page":90,"text":"Staff Instruction (CJCSI) 3900.01, Position (Point and Area) Reference Procedures.","rect":[90.0000991821289,356.2799377441406,491.13128662109377,345.251953125]},{"page":90,"text":"(e) HMCS. In an air-to-ground role, the HMCS is used in conjunction with","rect":[154.8000946044922,382.0799560546875,521.9401245117188,371.03997802734377]},{"page":90,"text":"targeting sensors (e.g., radar, FLIR) to accurately and precisely attack surface targets. ","rect":[90.00007629394531,395.87994384765627,525.0264892578125,384.8519592285156]},{"page":90,"text":"HMCS provides the pilot with aircraft performance, targeting, weapons, and threat warning","rect":[90.00007629394531,409.679931640625,521.9989013671875,398.6519470214844]},{"page":90,"text":"information, regardless of where the pilot is looking, significantly enhancing pilot SA","rect":[90.00007629394531,423.4799499511719,521.9929184570312,412.45196533203127]},{"page":90,"text":"throughout the mission.","rect":[90.0000991821289,437.2799377441406,203.63287353515626,426.251953125]},{"page":90,"text":"(3) NVD Employment. NVDs are an additional sensor for aircrews to use","rect":[133.20010375976563,463.0799255371094,522.0673798828125,452.05194091796877]},{"page":90,"text":"together with other systems to find and attack targets. Maneuver forces and aircrews","rect":[90.0000991821289,476.87994384765627,522.01565625,465.8519592285156]},{"page":90,"text":"should ensure there is no confusion between conventional and NVD terms. ","rect":[90.00007629394531,488.2079772949219,524.9844970703125,479.59197998046877]},{"page":90,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s use IR marking devices to fully integrate with supported maneuver forces","rect":[90.00007629394531,504.4199523925781,522.0361030273438,493.3919677734375]},{"page":90,"text":"and exploit the potential of NVDs.","rect":[90.0000991821289,518.196044921875,256.10296630859377,507.1920166015625]},{"page":90,"text":"(a) NVD Mission Preparation","rect":[154.8000946044922,543.9960327148438,308.0401030273438,532.9920043945313]},{"page":90,"text":"1. Weather. Target area weather can affect illumination. An overcast","rect":[176.4001007080078,569.820068359375,522.068421875,558.7920532226563]},{"page":90,"text":"sky can decrease effective illumination but may also highlight an attacking aircraft to the","rect":[90.0,583.6200561523438,522.1043671875,572.592041015625]},{"page":90,"text":"threat, especially night-vision-capable threats. Smoke, haze, and precipitation will degrade","rect":[90.0,597.4200439453125,522.0300263671875,586.3920288085938]},{"page":90,"text":"NVD capabilities; however, NVDs still increase the pilot’s awareness of the battlefield.","rect":[90.0,611.196044921875,510.19195556640627,600.1920166015625]},{"page":90,"text":"2. Artificial Illumination. Aerially delivered illumination can be used","rect":[176.39996337890626,637.02001953125,522.0072021484375,625.9920043945313]},{"page":90,"text":"effectively at night with NVDs. They provide a very accurate reference for target area ID","rect":[90.0,650.8200073242188,522.11761328125,639.7919921875]},{"page":90,"text":"and can establish run-in lines. Log illumination is funneled skyward and does not","rect":[90.0,664.6200561523438,522.02398828125,653.592041015625]},{"page":90,"text":"illuminate the surrounding terrain. Due to the halo effect of the flare, it is best to place the","rect":[90.0,678.4200439453125,522.0551728515625,667.3920288085938]},{"page":90,"text":"log away from the actual target to prevent it from reducing NVD effectiveness.","rect":[90.0,692.2200317382813,469.5203857421875,681.1920166015625]},{"page":90,"text":"III-26 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":90,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":91,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":91,"text":"3. Marks. IR-marking devices provide the perfect complement to NVDs","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,522.10696484375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":91,"text":"and allow the aircrew to identify both friendly and enemy positions. As a result, the","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,522.0299653320312,88.4520263671875]},{"page":91,"text":"combination of NVDs and IR marking devices allows safe, accurate employment in close","rect":[90.0,113.28001403808594,522.0647553710937,102.25201416015625]},{"page":91,"text":"proximity to friendly ground forces. Particular care is taken, and detailed coordination","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,522.1043701171875,116.052001953125]},{"page":91,"text":"between ground forces and aircrews is essential, to ensure friendly location is not confused","rect":[90.0,140.8800506591797,522.0767822265625,129.85205078125]},{"page":91,"text":"with target location. Both the friendly IR position-marking devices and the IR marking","rect":[90.0,154.68003845214845,522.142822265625,143.65203857421876]},{"page":91,"text":"pointer devices used to identify enemy positions can be set to flashing, programmable, or","rect":[90.0,168.4800262451172,522.0995766601562,157.4520263671875]},{"page":91,"text":"steady.","rect":[90.0000228881836,182.28001403808595,123.04082489013672,171.25201416015626]},{"page":91,"text":"4. Artillery. ","rect":[176.4000244140625,208.0800018310547,243.4920196533203,197.24400329589845]},{"page":91,"text":"Artillery marking round effects are enhanced with","rect":[254.1600341796875,208.0800018310547,521.8776245117188,197.052001953125]},{"page":91,"text":"NVDs. The WP/RP round is obvious upon detonation and will be visible for one to two","rect":[90.0,221.85598754882813,521.8836059570313,210.85198974609376]},{"page":91,"text":"minutes. Burning embers may be seen up to 10 minutes after impact. Overt artillery","rect":[90.0000228881836,235.6799774169922,521.8848266601563,224.6519775390625]},{"page":91,"text":"illumination that provides bright, visible light is not normally used due to the negative","rect":[90.0000228881836,249.47996520996095,521.89684765625,238.45196533203126]},{"page":91,"text":"impacts on NVD performance. However, IR illumination rounds may be available for","rect":[90.00004577636719,263.2799987792969,521.8848549804687,252.25201416015626]},{"page":91,"text":"use by the firing element. The 155 millimeter smoke round provides smoke and burning","rect":[90.00006866455078,277.0799865722656,521.9160766601563,266.052001953125]},{"page":91,"text":"embers that can be seen for several miles.","rect":[90.00009155273438,288.45599365234377,294.0649108886719,279.85198974609377]},{"page":91,"text":"5. WP/RP Rockets. WP/RP rockets produce a brilliant flash lasting","rect":[176.40008544921876,316.6799621582031,521.9400634765625,305.6519775390625]},{"page":91,"text":"one to five seconds. The radiated heat from the rocket can usually be seen for one to five","rect":[90.0,330.47998046875,521.8871430664062,319.4519958496094]},{"page":91,"text":"minutes after impact, depending on the terrain.","rect":[90.0,344.27996826171877,319.19281005859377,333.2519836425781]},{"page":91,"text":"6. IR Marking Devices. There are numerous IR pointers in use by","rect":[176.40000915527345,370.0799865722656,522.0107421875,359.052001953125]},{"page":91,"text":"ground units. These pointers vary in intensity and are all visible with NVDs but not with","rect":[90.0,383.8799743652344,521.9375610351563,372.85198974609377]},{"page":91,"text":"the naked eye.","rect":[90.0000228881836,397.6799621582031,160.30084228515626,386.6519775390625]},{"page":91,"text":"(b) NVD Mission Execution","rect":[154.80001831054688,423.45599365234377,300.686404296875,412.4519958496094]},{"page":91,"text":"1. Aircraft Ordnance. In general, all explosive munitions will cause","rect":[176.4000244140625,449.27996826171877,521.98083203125,438.2519836425781]},{"page":91,"text":"an initial flash and may cause fires that are useful as marks. Depending on terrain, these","rect":[90.0,463.0799865722656,521.9387788085937,452.052001953125]},{"page":91,"text":"weapons will heat up the ground in the impact area that will be detectable even in the","rect":[90.0,476.8799743652344,521.9699677734375,465.85198974609377]},{"page":91,"text":"absence of fire. This is usable as a mark for a short period of time and can also be used","rect":[90.0,490.59600830078127,521.8943481445313,479.5920104980469]},{"page":91,"text":"for adjustments.","rect":[90.0,504.41998291015627,168.83038330078126,493.3800048828125]},{"page":91,"text":"2. Ground Unit IR Marking Devices. The effective range of ground","rect":[176.39999389648438,530.2200317382813,521.943603515625,519.1920166015625]},{"page":91,"text":"marking devices will vary depending on their power and the amount of illumination that","rect":[90.0,544.02001953125,521.9508071289063,532.9920043945313]},{"page":91,"text":"is present. Depending on environmental conditions, the entire IR beam or just a","rect":[90.0000228881836,557.8200073242188,521.9160126953125,546.7799682617188]},{"page":91,"text":"flashlight-type spot around the target may be seen. High-illumination levels will","rect":[90.00004577636719,571.6200561523438,521.8956313476563,560.592041015625]},{"page":91,"text":"decrease the effectiveness of IR marks but will not negate them completely. During low-","rect":[90.00004577636719,585.4199829101563,521.8703896484375,574.3919677734375]},{"page":91,"text":"illumination conditions, the entire IR beam may be visible to both aircrew and ground","rect":[90.00004577636719,599.2200317382813,521.904052734375,588.1920166015625]},{"page":91,"text":"personnel with NVDs. The shape of the IR beam will appear narrow or pencil-like at the","rect":[90.00006866455078,612.9960327148438,521.898068359375,601.9920043945313]},{"page":91,"text":"JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s position, while the beam will be mushroomed at the target. When","rect":[90.00006866455078,626.8200073242188,521.9664916992188,615.7919921875]},{"page":91,"text":"working with IR pointers, try to minimize the target illumination time. This will","rect":[90.00006866455078,640.6200561523438,521.9088759765625,629.592041015625]},{"page":91,"text":"minimize the chance of the friendly position being compromised, especially if the enemy","rect":[90.00006866455078,654.4199829101563,521.9124755859375,643.3919677734375]},{"page":91,"text":"is night-vision-capable. ","rect":[90.00006866455078,668.2200317382813,211.17605590820313,657.1920166015625]},{"page":91,"text":"3. Airborne IR Marking Devices. Airborne marking devices include","rect":[176.4000701904297,694.02001953125,521.8369111328125,682.9920043945313]},{"page":91,"text":"advanced targeting pods and weapon-mounted, as well as hand-held, pointing devices. ","rect":[90.0,707.8200073242188,524.9232177734375,696.7919921875]},{"page":91,"text":"III-27","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":92,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":92,"text":"Effective range will vary depending on their power and the amount of illumination and","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.972412109375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":92,"text":"environmental conditions present, but usually these devices function extremely well in","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,521.956787109375,88.45196533203125]},{"page":92,"text":"good conditions from medium altitude. They may be set to pulse or maintain a steady","rect":[90.0000228881836,113.27995300292969,521.9016723632813,102.251953125]},{"page":92,"text":"beam. High-illumination levels will decrease the effectiveness of IR marks but will not","rect":[90.00004577636719,127.08000183105469,521.925599609375,116.052001953125]},{"page":92,"text":"negate them completely. These devices may be used to increase JTAC/FAC(A) and","rect":[90.00006866455078,140.87998962402345,521.8692626953125,129.85198974609376]},{"page":92,"text":"aircrew SA by marking the target or matching the JTAC/FAC(A) sparkle for target","rect":[90.00006866455078,154.6799774169922,521.9580703125,143.6519775390625]},{"page":92,"text":"confirmation (see Figure III-22 for IR brevity codes). Aircraft equipped with these devices","rect":[90.00006866455078,168.47996520996095,522.0168159179688,157.45196533203126]},{"page":92,"text":"must coordinate with the JTAC/FAC(A) prior to their use.","rect":[90.00006866455078,182.25595092773438,369.612060546875,171.251953125]},{"page":92,"text":"(c) Friendly Marking. Ground forces can illuminate their position with","rect":[154.80006408691407,208.0800018310547,522.012087890625,197.052001953125]},{"page":92,"text":"IR devices or other friendly tagging devices. The current battlefield is rife with pointing","rect":[90.00009155273438,221.87998962402345,522.124755859375,210.85198974609376]},{"page":92,"text":"and marking devices due to their low cost and wide availability. Ground forces should","rect":[90.00009155273438,235.6799774169922,522.0408935546875,224.6519775390625]},{"page":92,"text":"always be prepared to provide distinguishing marker characteristics to supporting aircrews. ","rect":[90.00009155273438,249.47996520996095,524.97607421875,238.45196533203126]},{"page":92,"text":"IR lights should be placed where aircrews overhead can visually acquire and maintain sight","rect":[90.00009155273438,263.2799377441406,522.0541396484375,252.251953125]},{"page":92,"text":"of friendly positions. ","rect":[90.00009155273438,277.0799255371094,196.38247680664063,266.05194091796877]},{"page":92,"text":"1. IR Position Markers. There are numerous IR position markers used","rect":[176.40008544921876,302.85595703125,521.994140625,291.8519592285156]},{"page":92,"text":"by ground forces. These devices can be flashing, programmable, or steady. The majority","rect":[90.0,316.67999267578127,522.0659790039063,305.6400146484375]},{"page":92,"text":"of these devices operate in the near-IR spectrum and are visible with NVDs but not with","rect":[89.9999771118164,330.45599365234377,522.0143432617188,319.4519958496094]},{"page":92,"text":"unaided vision or targeting pods. Flashing devices are easier to visually acquire. When","rect":[89.9999771118164,344.2799987792969,522.0516357421875,333.25201416015627]},{"page":92,"text":"possible, ID of marking devices should be verbally confirmed with the aircrew to avoid","rect":[89.9999771118164,358.0799865722656,522.0900268554688,347.052001953125]},{"page":92,"text":"misidentification with other ground lighting. As with IR pointers, the higher the ambient","rect":[89.9999771118164,371.8799743652344,522.0671401367188,360.85198974609377]},{"page":92,"text":"illumination, the more difficult it will be to acquire these devices.","rect":[89.99995422363281,385.656005859375,404.64593505859377,374.6520080566406]},{"page":92,"text":"2. IR Pointers. Used alone or in conjunction with other IR marking","rect":[176.39993286132813,411.47998046875,521.9974365234375,400.44000244140627]},{"page":92,"text":"devices, IR pointers are very effective for identifying both friendly and enemy positions. ","rect":[90.0,425.2799987792969,525.0623779296875,414.25201416015627]},{"page":92,"text":"These devices can be flashing, programmable, or steady. Depending on environmental","rect":[90.0,439.0799865722656,522.01324609375,428.052001953125]},{"page":92,"text":"conditions, pilots (and enemy personnel) may see the entire beam or just the flickering of ","rect":[90.0,452.8800048828125,525.0648193359375,441.84002685546877]},{"page":92,"text":"the IR pointer source on the ground. ","rect":[90.0,466.67999267578127,269.5955810546875,455.6520080566406]},{"page":92,"text":"3. Gated Laser Intensifier (GLINT) Tape. Ground forces with","rect":[176.39999389648438,492.3960266113281,521.9616088867188,481.39202880859377]},{"page":92,"text":"GLINT tape may be seen by the SOF gunship or UAS low-light-level television, depending","rect":[90.0,506.2200012207031,522.0480346679688,495.1920166015625]},{"page":92,"text":"on the amount of environmental or artificial illumination in the area. ID of friendly forces","rect":[90.0,520.02001953125,521.99758984375,508.99200439453127]},{"page":92,"text":"by this manner should be verified by other means to avoid misidentification. Do not use","rect":[90.0,533.8200073242188,521.937619140625,522.7919921875]},{"page":92,"text":"more than a 1/2-inch square for an individual or four 1-inch squares per vehicle.","rect":[90.0,547.5960693359375,474.49920654296877,536.592041015625]},{"page":92,"text":"(d) Clearance Parameters for Ground-Based IR Marking Devices for a","rect":[154.79998779296876,573.4200439453125,522.0238037109375,562.3920288085938]},{"page":92,"text":"Bomb on Target (BOT) Employment. ","rect":[89.99999237060547,587.2200317382813,291.5159912109375,576.39599609375]},{"page":92,"text":"Any time IR pointers are employed from the","rect":[297.65997314453127,587.2200317382813,522.0336884765625,576.1920166015625]},{"page":92,"text":"ground to mark the target, attacking aircrews will call “VISUAL” for confirmation of the","rect":[90.0,601.02001953125,521.9891938476562,589.9920043945313]},{"page":92,"text":"friendly position and either “TALLY” for the target or “CONTACT SPARKLE” on each","rect":[90.0000228881836,614.8200073242188,522.0096435546875,603.7919921875]},{"page":92,"text":"and every pass/attack prior to receiving clearance. In either case, this communications","rect":[90.0000228881836,628.6200561523438,521.9376533203125,617.592041015625]},{"page":92,"text":"brevity provides confirmation that the CAS aircrew has distinguished the source end","rect":[90.0000228881836,642.4199829101563,522.014404296875,631.3919677734375]},{"page":92,"text":"(friendly) from the target end (enemy) of the mark. Standard IR pointer communications","rect":[90.0000228881836,656.2200317382813,522.001251953125,645.1920166015625]},{"page":92,"text":"should still be followed until a “CEASE SPARKLE” command is given. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,670.02001953125,441.29522705078127,658.9920043945313]},{"page":92,"text":"III-28 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":92,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":93,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":93,"text":"(e) CAS Brief. ","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.65597534179688,235.3776092529297,74.6519775390625]},{"page":93,"text":"When using IR pointer/illuminators, indicate the target","rect":[242.6999969482422,85.67997741699219,521.9892250976562,74.6519775390625]},{"page":93,"text":"mark type with “IR” or “IR pointer.” Additionally, include the pointer-to-target line","rect":[89.99998474121094,99.47996520996094,522.05993359375,88.45196533203125]},{"page":93,"text":"(PTL), in degrees magnetic, in the remarks section of the CAS brief.","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,418.5552062988281,102.251953125]},{"page":93,"text":"(f) Friendly Tagging Devices. Units equipped with tagging devices can use","rect":[154.8000030517578,139.0800018310547,521.990353515625,128.052001953125]},{"page":93,"text":"their capability to relay the latest position to C2 nodes equipped to receive and display data. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,152.87998962402345,525.04443359375,141.85198974609376]},{"page":93,"text":"If airborne CAS forces are equipped to receive and/or display this information, they can","rect":[90.00003051757813,166.6799774169922,521.9616088867188,155.6519775390625]},{"page":93,"text":"use it to help confirm or update friendly locations. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,180.47996520996095,334.02001953125,169.45196533203126]},{"page":93,"text":"(4) Advantages. The most important advantage of night and adverse weather","rect":[133.20004272460938,206.2799530029297,521.962796875,195.251953125]},{"page":93,"text":"CAS is the limitation it imposes on enemy optically directed ADA and optical/IR-guided","rect":[90.00007629394531,220.0800018310547,521.988037109375,209.052001953125]},{"page":93,"text":"SAMs. Selectively placed airborne and ground illumination may further degrade enemy","rect":[90.00007629394531,233.87998962402345,522.074462890625,222.85198974609376]},{"page":93,"text":"night vision capabilities while preserving or enhancing those of friendly forces. ","rect":[90.00007629394531,247.6799774169922,476.8812561035156,236.6519775390625]},{"page":93,"text":"(5) Disadvantages. ","rect":[133.2000732421875,273.4799499511719,233.21287536621095,262.45196533203127]},{"page":93,"text":"Darkness and weather can impose several limitations on","rect":[239.82008361816407,273.4559631347656,522.090087890625,262.45196533203127]},{"page":93,"text":"CAS employment. During periods of low illumination and reduced visibility, both CAS","rect":[90.00009155273438,287.2799377441406,522.038455078125,276.251953125]},{"page":93,"text":"aircrews and ground forces may have difficulty in acquiring targets and accurately locating","rect":[90.0000991821289,301.0799560546875,522.0216674804688,290.0519714355469]},{"page":93,"text":"enemy and friendly forces. Accurate target marking plays a vital role in target acquisition. ","rect":[90.0000991821289,314.87994384765627,525.0576171875,303.8519592285156]},{"page":93,"text":"Low ceilings may require CAS aircraft to operate in the low to very-low-altitude","rect":[90.0000991821289,328.679931640625,522.0169038085937,317.6519470214844]},{"page":93,"text":"environment, with additional consideration given to target marking, SEAD, and fires","rect":[90.0000991821289,342.4799499511719,521.9544990234375,331.45196533203127]},{"page":93,"text":"deconfliction. CAS aircraft operating in the low to very-low environment will also have","rect":[90.0000991821289,356.2799377441406,521.9929169921875,345.251953125]},{"page":93,"text":"reduced target acquisition times.","rect":[90.0000991821289,370.0799255371094,245.99774169921876,359.05194091796877]},{"page":93,"text":"(6) Friendly Force Location and CID. The challenges of identifying friendly","rect":[133.20010375976563,395.8799133300781,522.0049438476563,384.8519287109375]},{"page":93,"text":"locations, enemy locations, and targets and maintaining SA become acute in the night or","rect":[90.0000991821289,409.6799011230469,522.0493447265625,398.65191650390627]},{"page":93,"text":"adverse weather CAS environment. Effective training, equipping, planning, tasking, and","rect":[90.0000991821289,423.47991943359377,522.0120849609375,412.4519348144531]},{"page":93,"text":"execution processes will recognize these challenges.","rect":[90.0000991821289,437.2799072265625,341.3041076660156,426.2519226074219]},{"page":93,"text":"8. Considerations—Time ","rect":[90.0000991821289,460.7879333496094,223.92129516601563,452.3639221191406]},{"page":93,"text":"a. Time Available for Planning. Time is the critical element in coordinating events","rect":[111.60009765625,488.8799133300781,521.947296875,477.8519287109375]},{"page":93,"text":"and massing fires to create the desired effects. Planners estimate the amount of time","rect":[90.0000991821289,502.6199035644531,521.9448823242187,491.5919189453125]},{"page":93,"text":"necessary to plan, coordinate, and execute the mission to support the ground commander. ","rect":[90.0000991821289,516.4199829101563,524.9725341796875,505.3919677734375]},{"page":93,"text":"Inadequate planning time will result in reduced effectiveness and increased risk to aircrews","rect":[90.0000991821289,530.219970703125,521.950958984375,519.1919555664063]},{"page":93,"text":"and ground troops alike.","rect":[90.0000991821289,544.0199584960938,206.596923828125,532.991943359375]},{"page":93,"text":"b. Joint Air Tasking Cycle. The specific theater or joint operations area supporting","rect":[111.60009765625,569.8200073242188,522.0241088867188,558.7799682617188]},{"page":93,"text":"the JAOC will establish cut-off times to receive preplanned air support requests for","rect":[90.0000991821289,583.5960693359375,522.0288979492187,572.592041015625]},{"page":93,"text":"inclusion in the ATO. CAS requirements that do not meet the established cut-off times are","rect":[90.0000991821289,597.3960571289063,522.0121430664062,586.3920288085938]},{"page":93,"text":"treated as immediate air support requests and processed by the ASOC/DASC. If time","rect":[90.0000991821289,611.2200317382813,521.8944672851562,600.1920166015625]},{"page":93,"text":"permits, changes to the ATO through the combat operations division of the JAOC are","rect":[90.0000991821289,625.0200805664063,521.9953583984375,613.9920654296875]},{"page":93,"text":"published and disseminated per theater/joint operations area SOPs.","rect":[90.0000991821289,638.8201293945313,410.5177001953125,627.7800903320313]},{"page":93,"text":"c. Synchronization. Synchronization of maneuver and fires is critical. Whenever","rect":[111.60011291503906,664.6201171875,522.0602700195312,653.5921020507813]},{"page":93,"text":"possible, use GPS time to synchronize actions.","rect":[90.00011444091797,678.4201049804688,313.9489440917969,667.39208984375]},{"page":93,"text":"III-29","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":94,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":94,"text":"9. Essential Planning Factors for Effective Close Air Support","rect":[90.0,85.79997253417969,404.66637963867188,74.96397399902344]},{"page":94,"text":"It is critical for JTACs and COC/TOC elements to coordinate their efforts in the","rect":[111.60000610351563,109.06796264648438,522.0456513671875,100.45196533203125]},{"page":94,"text":"planning stage. Their plans consider such key issues as communications, battle tracking,","rect":[90.0000228881836,125.27995300292969,522.0792236328125,114.251953125]},{"page":94,"text":"target nomination, tactical risk assessment, target engagement authority, methods of attack,","rect":[90.0000228881836,139.0800018310547,521.9544677734375,128.052001953125]},{"page":94,"text":"types of TAC, airspace deconfliction and coordination, synchronization of CAS with fires","rect":[90.0000228881836,152.87998962402345,522.08645703125,141.85198974609376]},{"page":94,"text":"and movement of the supported ground forces, and which JTAC/FAC(A) will provide","rect":[90.0000228881836,166.6799774169922,522.0552338867187,155.6519775390625]},{"page":94,"text":"TAC. Only through effective coordination can the CAS team successfully achieve the","rect":[90.0000228881836,180.47996520996095,521.995236328125,169.6439666748047]},{"page":94,"text":"supported commander’s objectives for CAS.","rect":[90.0000228881836,194.3999481201172,316.9680480957031,183.56394958496095]},{"page":94,"text":"a. Support Relationships. For CAS, the ground commander is the supported","rect":[111.60002136230469,220.0800018310547,521.95458984375,209.052001953125]},{"page":94,"text":"commander inside the boundaries of an assigned operational area. CAS aircraft, the TACP,","rect":[90.0000228881836,233.87998962402345,521.9495849609375,222.85198974609376]},{"page":94,"text":"FAC(A)s, JTACs, and JFOs are supporting elements. The JTAC or FAC(A) is the ground","rect":[90.0000228881836,247.6799774169922,521.9964599609375,236.6519775390625]},{"page":94,"text":"commander’s direct representative, and information passed by the JTAC/FAC(A) with","rect":[90.0000228881836,261.4799499511719,522.0072021484375,250.45196533203126]},{"page":94,"text":"regard to commander’s intent and approval of fires should be viewed as coming directly","rect":[90.0000228881836,275.2799377441406,521.959228515625,264.251953125]},{"page":94,"text":"from the ground commander. The execution of a CAS engagement is a two-way dialogue","rect":[90.0000228881836,289.0799255371094,522.0120209960937,278.05194091796877]},{"page":94,"text":"and agreement between the aircrew and the supported commander’s representative—the","rect":[90.00004577636719,302.87994384765627,521.9472626953125,291.8519592285156]},{"page":94,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A). The terminal attack controller/aircrew team work together to achieve the","rect":[90.00006866455078,316.679931640625,522.025265625,305.6519470214844]},{"page":94,"text":"ground commander’s objectives. At the end of the day, the two individuals on either end","rect":[90.00011444091797,330.47991943359377,522.0264892578125,319.43994140625]},{"page":94,"text":"of the radio are working to assist the ground commander who needs aviation fires. ","rect":[90.00011444091797,344.2799377441406,525.0145263671875,333.251953125]},{"page":94,"text":"Aircrews should interpret a CAS brief as an order. Supporting units, including aircrews,","rect":[90.00011444091797,358.0799255371094,522.0277709960938,347.05194091796877]},{"page":94,"text":"should provide the supported commander with as much information as necessary for the","rect":[90.00013732910156,371.8799133300781,522.0553559570312,360.8519287109375]},{"page":94,"text":"commander to make an engagement decision. It is the supported commander’s decision","rect":[90.00013732910156,385.6799011230469,522.0122099609375,374.65191650390627]},{"page":94,"text":"to employ ordnance. ","rect":[90.00013732910156,399.59991455078127,197.3509521484375,388.9559326171875]},{"page":94,"text":"b. Battle Tracking. Battle tracking is the process of building and maintaining an","rect":[111.60013580322266,425.2799072265625,522.0230102539063,414.2519226074219]},{"page":94,"text":"overall tactical picture of the operational environment that is accurate, timely, and relevant","rect":[90.00016021728516,439.07989501953127,522.0302138671875,428.0519104003906]},{"page":94,"text":"for joint fire support and other combat support. Effective battle tracking increases the","rect":[90.00016021728516,452.8798828125,522.0385712890625,441.83990478515627]},{"page":94,"text":"probability for successful CAS by ensuring its application at the proper time and place. ","rect":[90.00016021728516,466.6199035644531,525.0853271484375,455.5919189453125]},{"page":94,"text":"The level of detail required and scope of the tactical picture will depend on the mission and","rect":[90.00016021728516,480.3959045410156,522.0289306640625,469.39190673828127]},{"page":94,"text":"information requirements of the joint force. At the tactical level, the simplest form of battle","rect":[90.00016021728516,494.21990966796877,522.015744140625,483.179931640625]},{"page":94,"text":"tracking is the mental and graphic picture built and maintained by using maps,","rect":[90.00016021728516,508.0199279785156,522.0157470703125,496.991943359375]},{"page":94,"text":"observations, and battle updates. At higher levels, battle tracking is more complex and","rect":[90.00016021728516,521.8200073242188,522.0001831054688,510.7919921875]},{"page":94,"text":"takes advantage of digital information systems using multiple sources to generate a","rect":[90.00016021728516,535.6199951171875,522.002560546875,524.5919799804688]},{"page":94,"text":"coherent picture of the operational environment. Effective battle tracking will aid in","rect":[90.00016021728516,549.4199829101563,522.0565185546875,538.3919677734375]},{"page":94,"text":"maintaining an understanding of friendly and enemy progress, reduce redundant targeting,","rect":[90.00016021728516,563.2200317382813,522.0409545898438,552.1920166015625]},{"page":94,"text":"and reduce the possibility of friendly fire incidents. Effective methods of battle tracking","rect":[90.00016021728516,577.0200805664063,522.00732421875,565.9920654296875]},{"page":94,"text":"include ","rect":[90.00016021728516,588.3960571289063,128.37015533447267,579.7920532226563]},{"page":94,"text":"maintaining ","rect":[134.85015869140626,590.820068359375,195.15257263183595,579.7920532226563]},{"page":94,"text":"up-to-date ","rect":[201.632568359375,590.7960815429688,254.01254272460938,579.7920532226563]},{"page":94,"text":"maps, ","rect":[260.43255615234377,590.7960815429688,291.6553649902344,582.0]},{"page":94,"text":"imagery, ","rect":[298.1353759765625,590.820068359375,343.5445556640625,579.7920532226563]},{"page":94,"text":"and ","rect":[350.0245361328125,588.3960571289063,370.36334228515627,579.7920532226563]},{"page":94,"text":"status ","rect":[376.7833557128906,588.3120727539063,407.1409912109375,581.0040283203125]},{"page":94,"text":"boards ","rect":[413.6209716796875,588.3960571289063,448.62017822265627,579.7920532226563]},{"page":94,"text":"and ","rect":[455.1001892089844,588.3960571289063,475.46417236328127,579.7920532226563]},{"page":94,"text":"utilizing","rect":[481.9441833496094,590.820068359375,522.03857421875,579.7920532226563]},{"page":94,"text":"computerized tracking and display methods (e.g., friendly force tracking). It is imperative","rect":[90.00016021728516,604.6200561523438,521.9929780273437,593.592041015625]},{"page":94,"text":"that TACP personnel remain part of the information flow (e.g., battle drills, spot","rect":[90.00018310546875,618.5401000976563,521.976224609375,607.7041015625]},{"page":94,"text":"reports, targeting). Additionally, the JTAC, FAC(A), and COC/TOC require the most","rect":[90.00018310546875,632.2200927734375,522.0458388671875,621.1920776367188]},{"page":94,"text":"current information:","rect":[90.00018310546875,643.5960693359375,186.98658898925783,634.9920654296875]},{"page":94,"text":"(1) FSCMs/ACMs,","rect":[133.20018005371095,671.796142578125,231.54017639160157,660.7921142578125]},{"page":94,"text":"as applicable: IPs, CPs, holding areas (HAs), BPs,","rect":[240.3601837158203,671.8201293945313,522.0242919921875,660.7921142578125]},{"page":94,"text":"ingress/egress routes, minimum-risk routes (MRRs), ACAs, no-fire areas (NFAs),","rect":[90.00018310546875,685.6201171875,521.99658203125,674.5921020507813]},{"page":94,"text":"restricted operations zones (ROZs), coordinated fire lines (CFLs), restrictive fire lines","rect":[90.00018310546875,699.3961791992188,521.992951171875,688.3921508789063]},{"page":94,"text":"(RFLs), and FSCLs.","rect":[90.00018310546875,713.1961669921875,187.42579650878907,702.192138671875]},{"page":94,"text":"III-30 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":94,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":95,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":95,"text":"(2) Friendly Unit Information. Unit boundaries, phase lines, friendly locations,","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.0552978515625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":95,"text":"scout locations, objectives, engagement areas, and obstacles.","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,381.1368103027344,88.4399642944336]},{"page":95,"text":"(3) Artillery. Current and planned artillery locations and gun-target lines","rect":[133.1999969482422,125.27995300292969,522.049103515625,114.251953125]},{"page":95,"text":"(GTLs).","rect":[89.99999237060547,139.05599975585938,128.99518585205079,128.052001953125]},{"page":95,"text":"(4) Enemy Locations (including surface-to-air threats).","rect":[133.1999969482422,164.87998962402345,404.20440673828127,153.85198974609376]},{"page":95,"text":"(5) Targeting. Planned target locations, CAS target triggers, air support","rect":[133.19998168945313,190.6799774169922,522.0072036132813,179.6519775390625]},{"page":95,"text":"requests, observation plan, fire support plan, immediate target locations/coordinates, and","rect":[89.99998474121094,204.47996520996095,522.011962890625,193.45196533203126]},{"page":95,"text":"associated TLE.","rect":[89.99996948242188,215.85595703125,167.29315185546876,207.251953125]},{"page":95,"text":"(6) Fragmentary Orders, Spot Reports, and ATO Updates.","rect":[133.19996643066407,244.07994079589845,436.20947265625,233.05194091796876]},{"page":95,"text":"(7) Communications/Data-Link Plan.","rect":[133.19996643066407,269.8559265136719,326.5343322753906,258.8519287109375]},{"page":95,"text":"c. Targeting and TLE","rect":[111.59996795654297,295.679931640625,225.99354772949219,284.84393310546877]},{"page":95,"text":"(1) Target coordinates (preplanned and immediate) and associated TLE only need","rect":[133.19996643066407,321.4799499511719,522.0167846679688,310.45196533203127]},{"page":95,"text":"to be of sufficient fidelity to create the desired effects on target through efficient battle","rect":[89.99999237060547,335.2799377441406,522.0024384765625,324.251953125]},{"page":95,"text":"tracking and effective fire support integration. The level of accuracy/TLE required for the","rect":[90.00001525878906,349.0799255371094,522.0180024414062,338.05194091796877]},{"page":95,"text":"target coordinate will depend on the tactical scenario. TTT/TOT should not be delayed to","rect":[90.00001525878906,362.8799133300781,522.0060424804688,351.8519287109375]},{"page":95,"text":"generate more coordinate precision and/or accuracy if the current coordinates, TLE, CAS","rect":[90.00003814697266,376.6799011230469,522.02405078125,365.65191650390627]},{"page":95,"text":"asset, ordnance, and mark plan will create the desired effects. Target coordinates and TLE","rect":[90.00006103515625,390.47991943359377,522.0288383789063,379.4519348144531]},{"page":95,"text":"must be sufficient to provide an accurate and timely operational picture at the","rect":[90.00006103515625,404.2799072265625,521.99645703125,393.2519226074219]},{"page":95,"text":"TOC/COC/FSCC. Examples include:","rect":[90.00006103515625,418.055908203125,272.65438989257816,407.0519104003906]},{"page":95,"text":"(a) A dense urban environment with friendly ground units working cross","rect":[154.80006408691407,443.8799133300781,522.0072333984375,432.8519287109375]},{"page":95,"text":"boundaries with no easily defined forward line of own troops (FLOT) or forward edge of ","rect":[90.00006103515625,457.6799011230469,525.0108642578125,446.65191650390627]},{"page":95,"text":"the battle area (FEBA) will likely require a very precise and accurate target location with","rect":[90.00006103515625,471.4798889160156,522.030029296875,460.451904296875]},{"page":95,"text":"low TLE. Target mensuration may provide this level of accuracy.","rect":[90.00006103515625,485.2799072265625,407.28009033203127,474.2519226074219]},{"page":95,"text":"(b) In a conventional, linear battlefield, less coordinate accuracy and/or","rect":[154.800048828125,511.0799255371094,522.0192543945312,500.05194091796877]},{"page":95,"text":"precision may be required for successful target engagement. The target coordinate serves","rect":[90.00003814697266,524.8799438476563,521.9520576171875,513.8519287109375]},{"page":95,"text":"as an anchor point for COC/TOC/appropriate-level fires approval agency, and FSCCs/FCs,","rect":[90.00003814697266,538.6199951171875,522.0048217773438,527.5919799804688]},{"page":95,"text":"to provide an accurate, timely, and relevant operational picture. ","rect":[90.00006103515625,552.4199829101563,398.49005126953127,541.3919677734375]},{"page":95,"text":"(c) Target coordinate mensuration is the process of measurement of a feature","rect":[154.800048828125,578.2200317382813,521.9784516601562,567.1920166015625]},{"page":95,"text":"or location on the Earth to determine an absolute latitude, longitude, and elevation. ","rect":[90.00006103515625,592.02001953125,525.0001220703125,580.9920043945313]},{"page":95,"text":"Targeting applications require the errors inherent in both the source for measurement, as","rect":[90.00008392333985,605.820068359375,522.1213081054688,594.7920532226563]},{"page":95,"text":"well as the measurement processes, be understood and reported. Mensuration tools can","rect":[90.00008392333985,619.5960693359375,522.0721435546875,608.592041015625]},{"page":95,"text":"employ a variety of techniques to derive coordinates. These may include, but are not","rect":[90.00008392333985,633.4201049804688,522.0264296875,622.39208984375]},{"page":95,"text":"limited to, direct read from a digital point positioning database (DPPDB) stereo-pairs in","rect":[90.00008392333985,647.2200927734375,522.0841064453125,636.1920776367188]},{"page":95,"text":"stereo or dual mono mode, multi-image geopositioning, or indirect imagery correlation to","rect":[90.00008392333985,661.0201416015625,522.090087890625,649.9921264648438]},{"page":95,"text":"a DPPDB. Target coordinate mensuration occurs at the strategic (national agency),","rect":[90.00008392333985,674.8201293945313,522.0421142578125,663.7921142578125]},{"page":95,"text":"operational (theater HQ and components), and tactical levels of warfare. Due to its","rect":[90.00010681152344,688.59619140625,521.9952705078125,677.5921630859375]},{"page":95,"text":"importance as a critical function in the targeting process, supporting precision fires","rect":[90.00010681152344,702.420166015625,522.0097358398438,691.3921508789063]},{"page":95,"text":"personnel who conduct target coordinate mensuration must be certified to do so. The","rect":[90.00010681152344,716.22021484375,522.0084809570312,705.1921997070313]},{"page":95,"text":"III-31","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":96,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":96,"text":"targeting process requires due diligence in all facets, to include target coordinate","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.04919140625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":96,"text":"mensuration. Individuals who mensurate points to support employment of coordinate-","rect":[90.0000228881836,99.47996520996094,522.1535927734375,88.45196533203125]},{"page":96,"text":"seeking weapons, and/or are tasked to provide points for the Modernized Integrated","rect":[90.0000228881836,113.27995300292969,522.0960083007813,102.251953125]},{"page":96,"text":"Database for targeting, require certification by the National Geospatial-Intelligence","rect":[90.0000228881836,127.08000183105469,522.0288666992187,116.052001953125]},{"page":96,"text":"Agency or certification by a National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency-accredited Service,","rect":[90.00004577636719,140.87998962402345,522.1056518554688,129.85198974609376]},{"page":96,"text":"combatant command, or combat support agency program.","rect":[90.00004577636719,154.6799774169922,367.24102783203127,143.6519775390625]},{"page":96,"text":"For additional information on certification, see CJCSI 3505.01, Target Coordinate","rect":[90.00004577636719,180.47996520996095,522.024044921875,169.45196533203126]},{"page":96,"text":"Mensuration Certification and Program Accreditation.","rect":[90.00004577636719,194.2799530029297,350.35687255859377,183.251953125]},{"page":96,"text":"(2) LRFs and Target Locating Devices. LRFs use low-power laser pulses to","rect":[133.20004272460938,220.0800018310547,522.011962890625,209.052001953125]},{"page":96,"text":"measure range to an object. Target locating devices are devices that incorporate an LRF,","rect":[90.00004577636719,233.8799285888672,522.0648193359375,222.8399200439453]},{"page":96,"text":"magnetic or gyroscopic compass, tilt measurement devices, and GPS. These systems","rect":[90.00004577636719,247.6799774169922,521.88723828125,236.6519775390625]},{"page":96,"text":"measure the range and angles from their positions provided by the GPS to mathematically","rect":[90.00004577636719,261.4799499511719,522.016845703125,250.45196533203126]},{"page":96,"text":"derive a target location. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,275.2799377441406,209.30404663085938,264.251953125]},{"page":96,"text":"(3) TLE is the difference between the coordinates generated for a target and the","rect":[133.20004272460938,301.0799255371094,522.0672578125,290.05194091796877]},{"page":96,"text":"actual location of that target. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,314.8799133300781,233.65684509277345,303.8519287109375]},{"page":96,"text":"(a) TLE is expressed primarily in terms of circular error (CE) and vertical","rect":[154.800048828125,340.6799011230469,522.0348525390625,329.65191650390627]},{"page":96,"text":"error (VE) or, infrequently, as spherical error (SE). ","rect":[90.00006866455078,354.47991943359377,337.58050537109377,343.4519348144531]},{"page":96,"text":"circular).","rect":[90.0,394.0559997558594,133.7028045654297,383.052001953125]},{"page":96,"text":"1. CE is the error of the coordinates in the horizontal ground plane (i.e.,","rect":[176.40008544921876,380.2799072265625,522.1116333007813,369.2519226074219]},{"page":96,"text":"2. VE is the error of the coordinates in the vertical plane (i.e., elevation).","rect":[176.39999389648438,419.8559875488281,522.1368408203125,408.85198974609377]},{"page":96,"text":"3. SE is the error of the coordinates in three-dimensional spherical space","rect":[176.39999389648438,445.656005859375,521.9987763671875,434.6520080566406]},{"page":96,"text":"(i.e., the combined error of CE and VE).","rect":[90.0,459.45599365234377,283.6199951171875,448.4519958496094]},{"page":96,"text":"(b) These errors are expressed as CE90, VE90, and SE90 distances, which","rect":[154.8000030517578,485.2559814453125,522.0576171875,474.2519836425781]},{"page":96,"text":"means there is a 90 percent chance that the actual target will be within these circular,","rect":[90.0,499.0799865722656,521.9376220703125,488.052001953125]},{"page":96,"text":"vertical, and spherical distances.","rect":[90.0000228881836,512.8560180664063,245.64962768554688,501.85198974609377]},{"page":96,"text":"(c) TLE should be communicated when it will significantly affect the","rect":[154.80001831054688,538.6199951171875,522.010861328125,527.5919799804688]},{"page":96,"text":"likelihood of mission success or failure. In general, TLE category (CAT) is not required","rect":[90.00004577636719,552.4199829101563,522.0096435546875,541.3919677734375]},{"page":96,"text":"to either approve a mission or successfully engage a target with CAS. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,566.2200317382813,429.95166015625,555.1920166015625]},{"page":96,"text":"(d) To ","rect":[154.80006408691407,591.9960327148438,191.15765380859376,580.9920043945313]},{"page":96,"text":"facilitate ","rect":[197.45767211914063,589.5120239257813,242.49365234375,580.9920043945313]},{"page":96,"text":"the ","rect":[248.73365783691407,589.5120239257813,266.41204833984377,580.9920043945313]},{"page":96,"text":"communication ","rect":[272.65203857421877,590.0,350.29205322265627,580.9920043945313]},{"page":96,"text":"of ","rect":[356.592041015625,590.0,369.5880432128906,581.0040283203125]},{"page":96,"text":"targeting ","rect":[375.8880615234375,592.02001953125,421.574462890625,580.9920043945313]},{"page":96,"text":"accuracy, ","rect":[427.87445068359377,592.02001953125,476.5104675292969,583.0]},{"page":96,"text":"TLE ","rect":[482.8104553222656,589.4400024414063,507.7200622558594,581.3759765625]},{"page":96,"text":"is","rect":[514.0200805664063,589.5960083007813,522.0504462890625,580.9920043945313]},{"page":96,"text":"characterized in six CATs. The first row presents the CATs of TLE which range from best","rect":[90.00004577636719,605.8200073242188,522.009583984375,594.7919921875]},{"page":96,"text":"(CAT I) to worst (CAT VI) and are used to classify the accuracy of any coordinate-","rect":[90.00004577636719,619.6199951171875,522.021634765625,608.5919799804688]},{"page":96,"text":"generating system. See Figure III-4.","rect":[90.00004577636719,633.4199829101563,265.6920166015625,622.3919677734375]},{"page":96,"text":"(e) Follow proper coordinate generation procedures when stating that a given","rect":[154.800048828125,659.2200317382813,522.074462890625,648.1920166015625]},{"page":96,"text":"system is capable of a specific TLE CAT. In reality, variables such as DPPDB errors, slant","rect":[90.00004577636719,673.0199584960938,521.9352431640625,661.991943359375]},{"page":96,"text":"range, altitude, beam divergence of the laser spot, and aim point on the target all have","rect":[90.00004577636719,686.8200073242188,522.01208203125,675.7919921875]},{"page":96,"text":"significant effects on the accuracy of the coordinate generated.","rect":[90.00004577636719,700.6199951171875,390.7800598144531,689.5919799804688]},{"page":96,"text":"III-32 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":96,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":97,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":97,"text":"Figure III-4. Target Location Error Categories","rect":[197.57968139648438,307.19384765625,413.19706629943848,297.69488525390627]},{"page":97,"text":"(f) Aim point is a significant factor in the TLE of all coordinate generation","rect":[154.8000030517578,330.53997802734377,522.1439819335938,319.5119934082031]},{"page":97,"text":"systems. As an example, portable, tactical target mensuration tools may be capable of ","rect":[90.00000762939453,344.3399658203125,524.985595703125,333.3119812011719]},{"page":97,"text":"generating CAT I coordinates, but a JTAC will not be able to produce a CAT I solution for","rect":[90.00000762939453,358.1399841308594,522.06240625,347.11199951171877]},{"page":97,"text":"a vehicle that is not depicted in the imagery data. Likewise, an FW aircraft/targeting pod","rect":[90.00000762939453,371.9399719238281,522.129638671875,360.9119873046875]},{"page":97,"text":"combination may be capable of CAT II coordinates but not able to generate a CAT II solution","rect":[90.00000762939453,385.7399597167969,522.1788330078125,374.71197509765627]},{"page":97,"text":"for a target/aim point that is not sensor-significant such as a bunker, trench line, or","rect":[90.00000762939453,399.53997802734377,521.99160546875,388.5119934082031]},{"page":97,"text":"emplacement with overhead cover and concealment. ","rect":[90.00000762939453,413.3160095214844,342.95758056640627,402.31201171875]},{"page":97,"text":"Note: If the JTAC/FAC(A) desires to communicate the TLE of a coordinate prior to","rect":[111.60000610351563,439.1159973144531,522.0108032226563,428.11199951171877]},{"page":97,"text":"transmitting 10-digit grid coordinates or a latitude/longitude in a CAS brief, the","rect":[90.00003051757813,452.9399719238281,521.9963959960937,441.9119873046875]},{"page":97,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) could state the TLE CAT and the coordinate format to expect in the game","rect":[90.00003051757813,466.7399597167969,521.9340180664062,455.71197509765627]},{"page":97,"text":"plan. TLE can also be communicated in the remarks section of the CAS brief (e.g., “CAT","rect":[90.00003051757813,480.5399475097656,522.01803515625,469.511962890625]},{"page":97,"text":"II, 10-digit grid to follow, advise when ready for 9-line”). ","rect":[90.00003051757813,494.3399658203125,372.5448303222656,483.3119812011719]},{"page":97,"text":"d. Tactical Risk Assessment. In addition to proper battle tracking, the supported","rect":[111.60003662109375,520.1399536132813,521.9675903320313,509.1119384765625]},{"page":97,"text":"commander and staff make continuous tactical risk assessments. Risk assessments involve","rect":[90.00003051757813,531.5159912109375,521.9976166992187,522.9119873046875]},{"page":97,"text":"the processing of available information to ascertain a level of acceptable risk to friendly","rect":[90.00003051757813,547.739990234375,522.0480346679688,536.7119750976563]},{"page":97,"text":"forces or civilians. Based on the current risk assessment, the supported commander","rect":[90.00003051757813,561.5159912109375,522.0180634765625,550.511962890625]},{"page":97,"text":"will weigh the benefits and liabilities of authorizing CAS employment.","rect":[90.00003051757813,575.4600219726563,457.0272216796875,564.6240234375]},{"page":97,"text":"CAS is not","rect":[465.17999267578127,573.0599975585938,522.0312172851562,564.6240234375]},{"page":97,"text":"always the best option. Specific levels of risk should not be associated with each type of ","rect":[90.00003051757813,589.0800170898438,525.0000610351563,578.052001953125]},{"page":97,"text":"control or method of attack. Information to consider when assessing risk includes:","rect":[90.00003051757813,602.8799438476563,486.961244140625,591.8519287109375]},{"page":97,"text":"(1) Confidence in, and the training of, the unit, staff, and key personnel.","rect":[133.20005798339845,628.6799926757813,481.0872497558594,617.6519775390625]},{"page":97,"text":"(2) Timeliness of information.","rect":[133.20005798339845,654.4559936523438,281.5092468261719,643.4519653320313]},{"page":97,"text":"(3) Absence of information.","rect":[133.20005798339845,680.2559814453125,270.20166015625,669.251953125]},{"page":97,"text":"(4) Information flow and communications.","rect":[133.20005798339845,706.0559692382813,341.0472412109375,695.0519409179688]},{"page":97,"text":"III-33","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":98,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":98,"text":"(5) Confidence in battle tracking.","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,295.8263854980469,74.6519775390625]},{"page":98,"text":"(a) Friendly force locations.","rect":[154.8000030517578,111.47996520996094,291.8028564453125,100.45196533203125]},{"page":98,"text":"(b) Civilian locations.","rect":[154.8000030517578,137.25595092773438,262.89117431640627,126.251953125]},{"page":98,"text":"(c) Enemy locations.","rect":[154.8000030517578,163.0800018310547,257.3544006347656,152.052001953125]},{"page":98,"text":"(6) Threat information.","rect":[133.1999969482422,188.85598754882813,247.21678161621095,177.85198974609376]},{"page":98,"text":"(a) Threat to ground forces.","rect":[154.8000030517578,214.6799774169922,289.9871826171875,203.6519775390625]},{"page":98,"text":"(b) Threat to aircraft.","rect":[154.8000030517578,240.45596313476563,259.0920104980469,229.45196533203126]},{"page":98,"text":"(7) Confidence in targeting information.","rect":[133.1999969482422,266.2799377441406,329.18402099609377,255.251953125]},{"page":98,"text":"(a) Targeting information source and accuracy (e.g., HUMINT, signals","rect":[154.8000030517578,292.0799560546875,522.00003125,281.0519714355469]},{"page":98,"text":"intelligence, geospatial intelligence, visual).","rect":[90.00006103515625,305.87994384765627,301.3681335449219,294.8519592285156]},{"page":98,"text":"(b) Stationary or moving.","rect":[154.80006408691407,331.679931640625,279.78485107421877,320.6519470214844]},{"page":98,"text":"(c) Ability to mark the target.","rect":[154.80006408691407,357.4799499511719,299.1373291015625,346.45196533203127]},{"page":98,"text":"(d) Level of difficulty for aircrews to acquire mark/target.","rect":[154.80006408691407,383.2799377441406,435.4116516113281,372.251953125]},{"page":98,"text":"(8) Ordnance available for attack.","rect":[133.20005798339845,409.0559387207031,297.86163330078127,398.05194091796877]},{"page":98,"text":"(a) Capabilities.","rect":[154.800048828125,434.8559265136719,234.56881713867188,423.8519287109375]},{"page":98,"text":"(b) Limitations.","rect":[154.800048828125,460.6559143066406,233.16842651367188,449.65191650390627]},{"page":98,"text":"(c) Restrictions.","rect":[154.800048828125,486.4559631347656,234.496826171875,475.45196533203127]},{"page":98,"text":"(d) Proximity of friendly forces and civilians.","rect":[154.800048828125,512.2799682617188,376.039306640625,501.251953125]},{"page":98,"text":"(e) Risk of collateral damage.","rect":[154.800048828125,538.0800170898438,300.1512451171875,527.052001953125]},{"page":98,"text":"(9) Troops in Contact. JTACs/FAC(A)s and aircrews should regard friendly","rect":[133.20005798339845,563.8800048828125,521.9364013671875,552.8519897460938]},{"page":98,"text":"ground forces receiving effective fire as troops in contact. JTACs/FAC(A)s and aircrews","rect":[90.00004577636719,577.6800537109375,522.0036323242188,566.6520385742188]},{"page":98,"text":"must carefully weigh the choice of munitions and types of TAC against the risk of friendly","rect":[90.00006103515625,591.4800415039063,522.0,580.4520263671875]},{"page":98,"text":"fire (e.g., troops in contact does not necessarily dictate a specific type of control). Troops","rect":[90.00006103515625,605.2800903320313,522.0121162109375,594.2520751953125]},{"page":98,"text":"in contact is an advisory call to increase awareness and to highlight the urgency of the","rect":[90.00006103515625,619.080078125,522.0720795898437,608.0520629882813]},{"page":98,"text":"ground situation; however, the call does not remove the CAS participants responsibility to","rect":[90.00006103515625,632.880126953125,522.0241088867188,621.8521118164063]},{"page":98,"text":"avoid civilian and friendly troop casualties. Troops in contact requires the supported","rect":[90.00008392333985,646.6201171875,522.0000610351563,635.5921020507813]},{"page":98,"text":"commander to determine priority of CAS with respect to other mission impacts. ","rect":[90.00008392333985,660.4201049804688,479.2200927734375,649.39208984375]},{"page":98,"text":"(10) Risk Estimate Distance","rect":[133.20010375976563,686.1961669921875,277.8589143066406,675.192138671875]},{"page":98,"text":"III-34 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":98,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":99,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":99,"text":"(a) Risk estimate distances allow the supported commander to estimate","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.65597534179688,521.8128022460937,74.6519775390625]},{"page":99,"text":"the potential danger to friendly troops from the CAS attack. They are discussed as 0.1","rect":[89.99998474121094,99.47996520996094,521.7960205078125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":99,"text":"percent probability of incapacitation (Pi) (i.e., 1 in 1,000 Pi). ","rect":[89.99998474121094,113.27995300292969,395.02801513671877,102.251953125]},{"page":99,"text":"For further information on risk estimate distances and computations and casualty","rect":[90.00003051757813,139.13999938964845,521.9448212890625,128.23199462890626]},{"page":99,"text":"criterion, refer to ATP 3-09.32/MCRP 3-31.6/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP 3-2.6, Multi-Service","rect":[90.00003051757813,152.87998962402345,522.062375,141.85198974609376]},{"page":99,"text":"Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower.","rect":[90.00003051757813,166.65603637695313,454.56243896484377,155.65203857421876]},{"page":99,"text":"(b) Danger Close. Ordnance delivery inside the 0.1 percent Pi distance will","rect":[154.80003356933595,192.4800262451172,522.012025390625,181.4520263671875]},{"page":99,"text":"be considered “danger close.” The supported commander must accept responsibility for","rect":[90.0,206.28001403808595,521.90762109375,195.25201416015626]},{"page":99,"text":"the risk to friendly forces when targets are inside the 0.1 percent Pi distance. Risk","rect":[90.0,220.0800018310547,522.0239868164063,209.052001953125]},{"page":99,"text":"acceptance is confirmed when the supported commander passes their initials to the","rect":[90.0,233.85598754882813,521.966427734375,222.85198974609376]},{"page":99,"text":"attacking CAS aircraft through the JTAC/FAC(A), signifying they accept the risk inherent","rect":[90.0,247.6799774169922,522.0047622070313,236.6519775390625]},{"page":99,"text":"in ordnance delivery inside the 0.1 percent Pi distance. ","rect":[90.0,261.4800109863281,357.43798828125,250.4520263671875]},{"page":99,"text":"(11) Collateral Effects. Avoidance of collateral effects during CAS begins in","rect":[133.1999969482422,287.2799987792969,522.0323486328125,276.25201416015627]},{"page":99,"text":"the planning phase and is then continuous throughout the preparation and execution phases. ","rect":[90.0,301.08001708984377,525.0167846679688,290.0520324707031]},{"page":99,"text":"Collateral effects are unintentional or incidental effects to objects that would not be lawful","rect":[90.0,314.8800048828125,522.02887109375,303.84002685546877]},{"page":99,"text":"military targets in the circumstances ruling at the time. Collateral damage is a narrower","rect":[90.0,328.6800231933594,521.9364296875,317.65203857421877]},{"page":99,"text":"term used to refer to a form of collateral effect that is unintentional injury to persons or","rect":[90.0,342.4800109863281,522.0840126953125,331.4400329589844]},{"page":99,"text":"damage to objects that would not be lawful military targets in the circumstances ruling at","rect":[90.0,356.2799987792969,522.0336318359375,345.2400207519531]},{"page":99,"text":"the time. Discussion in this publication will be focused on minimizing collateral effects","rect":[90.0,370.08001708984377,522.0359809570313,359.0520324707031]},{"page":99,"text":"and damage during CAS.","rect":[90.0,383.8800048828125,211.33200073242188,372.8520202636719]},{"page":99,"text":"(a) Impacts and Importance. The failure to mitigate collateral effects","rect":[154.79998779296876,409.6800231933594,522.1296088867188,398.65203857421877]},{"page":99,"text":"below acceptable risk levels may expose national and military leadership to adverse","rect":[90.0,423.4800109863281,521.962765625,412.4520263671875]},{"page":99,"text":"consequences in assigned military missions and national security goals. Excessive","rect":[90.0,437.2799987792969,522.00719921875,426.25201416015627]},{"page":99,"text":"collateral effects can lead to reduced public support for operations, more restrictive ROE,","rect":[90.0,451.0559997558594,522.0,440.052001953125]},{"page":99,"text":"and prolonged reconstruction operations. Generally, excessive collateral effects can turn a","rect":[90.0,464.8800048828125,522.0047578125,453.8520202636719]},{"page":99,"text":"tactical success into a significant strategic setback, particularly in counterinsurgency and","rect":[90.0,478.6199951171875,521.9783935546875,467.5920104980469]},{"page":99,"text":"other operations where support of a relevant population can be a decisive point or center","rect":[90.0,492.3960266113281,522.0000283203125,481.39202880859377]},{"page":99,"text":"of gravity.","rect":[90.0,506.2200012207031,139.9320068359375,495.1920166015625]},{"page":99,"text":"(b) Methodology. Per CJCSI 3160.01, No-Strike and the Collateral","rect":[154.79998779296876,532.02001953125,522.02398828125,520.9920043945313]},{"page":99,"text":"Damage Estimation Methodology, a formal collateral damage estimation (CDE) can only","rect":[90.00003051757813,545.8200073242188,522.083984375,534.7919921875]},{"page":99,"text":"be accomplished by a certified/qualified CDE analyst and must be approved by the","rect":[90.00003051757813,559.6199951171875,521.995236328125,548.5919799804688]},{"page":99,"text":"appropriate-level commander delineated in the ROE. CDE may not be required for certain","rect":[90.00003051757813,573.4199829101563,522.016845703125,562.3919677734375]},{"page":99,"text":"air-to-surface, direct-fire weapon systems. ROE and SPINS must be considered when","rect":[90.00003051757813,587.2200317382813,522.0,576.1920166015625]},{"page":99,"text":"determining if formal CDE is required. The law of war principles of military necessity,","rect":[90.00003051757813,601.0199584960938,522.0767822265625,589.991943359375]},{"page":99,"text":"humanity, proportionality, distinction, and honor will still be considered for employment","rect":[90.00003051757813,614.8200073242188,521.9388442382813,603.7919921875]},{"page":99,"text":"of these direct-fire weapon systems. The collateral damage methodology (CDM) does not","rect":[90.00003051757813,628.6199951171875,521.9388442382813,617.5919799804688]},{"page":99,"text":"account for weapon malfunctions, unknown delivery errors, altered delivery tactics based","rect":[90.00003051757813,642.4199829101563,522.0936279296875,631.3919677734375]},{"page":99,"text":"on operator judgment, unknown transients, individual marking, or adjusting rounds when","rect":[90.00003051757813,656.2200317382813,521.9664306640625,645.1799926757813]},{"page":99,"text":"employing surface-to-surface ballistic munitions or secondary explosions. Whether during","rect":[90.00003051757813,670.02001953125,521.9556274414063,658.9920043945313]},{"page":99,"text":"deliberate or dynamic targeting, and especially for time-sensitive target nominations, if the","rect":[90.00003051757813,683.8200073242188,522.108029296875,672.7919921875]},{"page":99,"text":"CDM indicates possible presence of military chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear","rect":[90.00003051757813,697.6200561523438,522.03359765625,686.592041015625]},{"page":99,"text":"materials, or toxic industrial materials, the chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear","rect":[90.0,711.4201049804688,521.9880043945312,700.39208984375]},{"page":99,"text":"III-35","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":100,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":100,"text":"cell in the JAOC/AOC and/or joint operations center should be coordinated. The joint","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.925599609375,74.63997650146485]},{"page":100,"text":"CDE does not limit or supersede a commander’s responsibility to respond to time-sensitive","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0263642578125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":100,"text":"targets or inherent right and obligation of self-defense. However, an understanding of the","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,521.9880341796875,102.251953125]},{"page":100,"text":"CDM can assist the CAS planner in making targeting decision.","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,391.8984069824219,116.052001953125]},{"page":100,"text":"1. Has PID of the target been established? (PID is a type of ID derived","rect":[176.39999389648438,152.87998962402345,522.0731811523438,141.85198974609376]},{"page":100,"text":"from observation and analysis of target characteristics, including visual recognition; EW","rect":[90.0,166.6799774169922,522.0023774414062,155.6519775390625]},{"page":100,"text":"support systems; non-cooperative target recognition techniques; identification, friend or","rect":[90.0000228881836,180.47996520996095,522.03848046875,169.45196533203126]},{"page":100,"text":"foe systems; or other physics-based ID techniques.)","rect":[90.00004577636719,194.2799530029297,337.6416298828125,183.251953125]},{"page":100,"text":"2. Are there collateral objects, including civilian and noncombatant","rect":[176.40005493164063,220.0800018310547,521.9940200195313,209.0399932861328]},{"page":100,"text":"personnel; ","rect":[90.0,233.85598754882813,143.0279998779297,222.85198974609376]},{"page":100,"text":"chemical, ","rect":[149.92799377441407,231.29998779296876,199.216796875,222.85198974609376]},{"page":100,"text":"biological, ","rect":[206.11680603027345,233.87998962402345,260.1564636230469,222.85198974609376]},{"page":100,"text":"and ","rect":[267.05645751953127,231.45599365234376,287.40240478515627,222.85198974609376]},{"page":100,"text":"radiological ","rect":[294.3623962402344,233.87998962402345,354.7008056640625,222.85198974609376]},{"page":100,"text":"plume ","rect":[361.6607971191406,233.85598754882813,394.583984375,222.85198974609376]},{"page":100,"text":"hazards; ","rect":[401.54400634765627,233.2919921875,444.5111999511719,222.85198974609376]},{"page":100,"text":"or ","rect":[451.47119140625,231.0,464.45758056640627,225.0]},{"page":100,"text":"significant","rect":[471.35760498046877,233.87998962402345,521.9879775390625,222.85198974609376]},{"page":100,"text":"environmental concerns, within the effects range of the weapon selected to attack the","rect":[90.0,247.6799774169922,522.019162109375,236.6519775390625]},{"page":100,"text":"target?","rect":[90.0,261.4799499511719,122.63519757080079,250.6559600830078]},{"page":100,"text":"3. Can damage to those collateral objects be mitigated by engaging the","rect":[176.39999389648438,287.27996826171877,521.9711884765625,276.239990234375]},{"page":100,"text":"target with a different weapon or method of employment yet still accomplish the mission?","rect":[90.0,301.0799865722656,522.0108002929687,290.052001953125]},{"page":100,"text":"4. If not, how many civilian and noncombatant casualties will the attack","rect":[176.40000915527345,326.8799743652344,522.0767822265625,315.85198974609377]},{"page":100,"text":"be expected to cause?","rect":[90.0,340.656005859375,194.19599621582032,329.6520080566406]},{"page":100,"text":"5. Would the collateral effects exceed the guidance published by the","rect":[176.39999389648438,366.47998046875,521.9855927734375,355.4519958496094]},{"page":100,"text":"combatant commander, requiring elevation of this decision?","rect":[90.0,380.2799987792969,378.3468293457031,369.25201416015627]},{"page":100,"text":"(c) JTAC/FAC(A) Responsibilities. All CAS planners employ available","rect":[154.8000030517578,406.0799865722656,521.9975556640625,395.052001953125]},{"page":100,"text":"resources, within the constraints of mission accomplishment, time, and friendly force","rect":[90.0,419.8800048828125,521.937619140625,408.8520202636719]},{"page":100,"text":"protection, to minimize collateral damage. The primary cause of collateral damage is PID","rect":[90.0,433.67999267578127,522.0239853515625,422.6520080566406]},{"page":100,"text":"failure. Therefore, JTACs physically present at the point of air weapons employment have","rect":[90.0,447.4800109863281,522.0756196289062,436.4520263671875]},{"page":100,"text":"a responsibility to work with the supported ground commander to ensure PID is attained","rect":[90.0,461.2799987792969,521.99755859375,450.25201416015627]},{"page":100,"text":"and SA accounts for both friendly and civilian locations. JTACs/FAC(A)s can help","rect":[90.0,475.0799865722656,522.0264282226563,464.052001953125]},{"page":100,"text":"minimize and mitigate collateral damage in the following ways:","rect":[90.0000228881836,488.8800048828125,396.57727197265629,477.8520202636719]},{"page":100,"text":"1. Understand the major causes of collateral damage.","rect":[176.4000244140625,514.6799926757813,433.7352294921875,503.6399841308594]},{"page":100,"text":"a. Failure to positively identify targets as hostile and geospatially","rect":[198.0,540.4199829101563,522.0803833007813,529.3919677734375]},{"page":100,"text":"define their location or failure to identify civilians in the vicinity of the target.","rect":[90.0,554.2200317382813,463.95599365234377,543.1920166015625]},{"page":100,"text":"b. Improper ","rect":[198.0,579.9960327148438,260.618408203125,568.9920043945313]},{"page":100,"text":"weapon-to-target ","rect":[267.2184143066406,580.02001953125,352.286376953125,570.2039794921875]},{"page":100,"text":"match ","rect":[358.8863830566406,578.0,391.1531677246094,568.9920043945313]},{"page":100,"text":"in ","rect":[397.7531433105469,578.0,410.10113525390627,568.9920043945313]},{"page":100,"text":"a ","rect":[416.70111083984377,578.0,425.04351806640627,571.0]},{"page":100,"text":"given ","rect":[431.6435241699219,580.02001953125,461.3914794921875,568.9920043945313]},{"page":100,"text":"operational","rect":[467.9914855957031,579.9960327148438,522.0394912109375,568.9920043945313]},{"page":100,"text":"environment. Ordnance, fuzing, and delivery method can all have large impacts on the","rect":[90.0,593.8200073242188,522.0144013671875,582.7919921875]},{"page":100,"text":"level of collateral damage and must be appropriately selected based on mission","rect":[90.0,607.6200561523438,521.985595703125,596.592041015625]},{"page":100,"text":"accomplishment, friendly force protection, and proximity of collateral entities.","rect":[90.0000228881836,621.4199829101563,466.89483642578127,610.3919677734375]},{"page":100,"text":"c. Weapon Malfunctions. Failure to properly plan attack axis to","rect":[198.00003051757813,647.2200317382813,522.0047607421875,636.1920166015625]},{"page":100,"text":"mitigate weapon guidance failures or miss distances. Human error or technology failure","rect":[90.0,661.02001953125,522.0144013671875,649.9920043945313]},{"page":100,"text":"can lead to weapons landing off target or large miss distances resulting in increased","rect":[90.0,674.8200073242188,522.0311889648438,663.7919921875]},{"page":100,"text":"collateral damage.","rect":[90.0,688.6199951171875,177.99118041992188,677.5919799804688]},{"page":100,"text":"III-36 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":100,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":101,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":101,"text":"d. Occasionally, ","rect":[198.0,85.67997741699219,281.64239501953127,74.6519775390625]},{"page":101,"text":"certain ","rect":[288.6623840332031,83.1719741821289,324.3312072753906,74.6519775390625]},{"page":101,"text":"targets ","rect":[331.3511962890625,85.67997741699219,366.36004638671877,75.86397552490235]},{"page":101,"text":"are ","rect":[373.3200378417969,83.0,390.979248046875,77.0]},{"page":101,"text":"of ","rect":[397.999267578125,83.0999755859375,411.00006103515627,74.66397857666016]},{"page":101,"text":"such ","rect":[418.02008056640627,83.0999755859375,443.03289794921877,74.6519775390625]},{"page":101,"text":"high ","rect":[450.05291748046877,85.67997741699219,474.3985290527344,74.6519775390625]},{"page":101,"text":"strategic","rect":[481.4185485839844,85.67997741699219,522.0937470703125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":101,"text":"importance that a conscious decision is made by military and national leaders to engage","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,522.0144013671875,88.4520263671875]},{"page":101,"text":"the target despite the collateral risk. These cases are not typical in the CAS environment","rect":[90.0,113.28001403808594,522.0611586914063,102.25201416015625]},{"page":101,"text":"and require a specialized review and approval process, as governed by the CJCSI 3122.06,","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,522.0360107421875,116.052001953125]},{"page":101,"text":"(U) Sensitive Target Approval and Review (STAR) Process.","rect":[90.0,140.8800506591797,375.8999938964844,129.9720458984375]},{"page":101,"text":"2. Apply the proper mitigation techniques.","rect":[176.40000915527345,166.68003845214845,383.08087158203127,155.65203857421876]},{"page":101,"text":"a. JTACs/FAC(A)s must be vigilant to identify the presence of ","rect":[198.0,192.4800262451172,525.041748046875,181.4520263671875]},{"page":101,"text":"civilians and noncombatants and incorporate pattern-of-life into their targeting decisions and","rect":[90.0,206.28001403808595,522.158447265625,195.25201416015626]},{"page":101,"text":"recommendations to the supported ground commanders. JTACs/FAC(A)s must be proactive","rect":[90.0,220.0800018310547,522.0563935546875,209.052001953125]},{"page":101,"text":"and especially careful when using any form of remote targeting (scout, JFO, VDL).","rect":[90.0,233.87998962402345,482.15997314453127,222.85198974609376]},{"page":101,"text":"b. JTACs/FAC(A)s can select ordnance with lower explosive yield,","rect":[198.0,259.6800231933594,522.0299682617188,248.65203857421876]},{"page":101,"text":"greater precision, or which have less fragmentation potential if it still achieves the ground","rect":[90.0,273.4800109863281,522.1055908203125,262.4520263671875]},{"page":101,"text":"commander’s objective. In addition, JTACs/FAC(A)s can specify fuzing combinations","rect":[90.0000228881836,287.2799987792969,522.0083930664063,276.2400207519531]},{"page":101,"text":"that lead to lower collateral damage such as delay fuzing to minimize fragmentation or","rect":[90.00004577636719,301.08001708984377,521.9328896484375,290.0520324707031]},{"page":101,"text":"airburst fuzing to minimize the weapon’s penetration and effect of blast against a structure. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,314.8800048828125,525.0216064453125,303.8520202636719]},{"page":101,"text":"However, using secondary fuzing options may increase the risk of weapon failure (dud or","rect":[90.00004577636719,328.6800231933594,522.0024697265625,317.65203857421877]},{"page":101,"text":"low-order detonation) or decrease the weapon’s effectiveness. JTACs/FAC(A)s can also","rect":[90.00004577636719,342.4560241699219,522.0504150390625,331.4520263671875]},{"page":101,"text":"select an aimpoint offset to bias weapons effects away from nearest collateral concerns if ","rect":[90.00006866455078,356.2799987792969,525.016845703125,345.25201416015627]},{"page":101,"text":"the ground commander’s desired effect will still be met. ","rect":[90.00006866455078,370.08001708984377,362.00286865234377,359.0520324707031]},{"page":101,"text":"c. JTACs/FAC(A)s must take not only friendly locations but","rect":[198.00006103515626,395.8800048828125,522.0382705078125,384.8520202636719]},{"page":101,"text":"collateral concerns into account when planning attack axis to mitigate the effects of ","rect":[90.0,409.67999267578127,525.00244140625,398.6520080566406]},{"page":101,"text":"weapons landing off target due to human or technological failure. Properly orienting attack","rect":[90.0000228881836,423.47998046875,522.032470703125,412.4519958496094]},{"page":101,"text":"axis, so the weapon is moving away from the nearest collateral concern at the point of ","rect":[90.0000228881836,437.2799987792969,525.0324096679688,426.25201416015627]},{"page":101,"text":"impact, accounts for possible misses and orients fragmentation pattern away from the","rect":[90.00004577636719,451.0799865722656,521.9184541015625,440.052001953125]},{"page":101,"text":"nearest collateral concern.","rect":[90.00004577636719,462.45599365234377,215.62564086914063,453.85198974609377]},{"page":101,"text":"d. JTACs/FAC(A)s must use all means available to ensure target","rect":[198.0000457763672,490.6199951171875,521.958314453125,479.5920104980469]},{"page":101,"text":"location is accurate and of sufficient fidelity to achieve mission objectives. They must also","rect":[90.0,504.41998291015627,522.0191650390625,493.3800048828125]},{"page":101,"text":"exercise appropriate diligence in target correlation to ensure the correct target is attacked.","rect":[90.0,518.2200317382813,519.62158203125,507.1920166015625]},{"page":101,"text":"(d) CJCSI 3160.01, No-Strike and the Collateral Damage Estimation","rect":[154.800048828125,544.02001953125,522.0335693359375,532.9920043945313]},{"page":101,"text":"Methodology, states that CDM is not an exact science and relies on computer-based","rect":[90.00004577636719,557.8200073242188,521.9940185546875,546.7919921875]},{"page":101,"text":"modeling which has some inherent variability and does not predict the actual outcome of ","rect":[90.0,571.6199951171875,525.0635986328125,560.5919799804688]},{"page":101,"text":"weapons employment. As such, CDM and the products derived from CDE will not be the","rect":[90.0,585.4199829101563,522.02282421875,574.3919677734375]},{"page":101,"text":"only input to the commander’s decision making. Detailed operational analysis may","rect":[90.0,599.2200317382813,521.9736328125,588.1920166015625]},{"page":101,"text":"introduce factors that outweigh the value of CDM input and provide guidance with regard","rect":[90.0,613.02001953125,522.085205078125,601.9920043945313]},{"page":101,"text":"to the CDM and collateral damage concerns.","rect":[90.0000228881836,626.8200073242188,304.22882080078127,615.7919921875]},{"page":101,"text":"For further information on collateral damage, see CJCSI 3160.01, No-Strike and the","rect":[90.0000228881836,652.6199951171875,522.0336884765625,641.5919799804688]},{"page":101,"text":"Collateral Damage Estimation Methodology. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,666.4199829101563,312.05401611328127,655.3919677734375]},{"page":101,"text":"e. CAS Target Nomination. ","rect":[111.60002136230469,692.2200317382813,257.0520324707031,681.384033203125]},{"page":101,"text":"After making a tactical risk assessment,","rect":[263.52001953125,692.2200317382813,457.6129150390625,681.1920166015625]},{"page":101,"text":"commanders","rect":[462.1200256347656,689.7960205078125,522.1104438476563,681.1920166015625]},{"page":101,"text":"nominate CAS targets based on previously planned target sets or from spot reports received","rect":[90.0000228881836,706.02001953125,522.1727905273438,694.9920043945313]},{"page":101,"text":"III-37","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":102,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":102,"text":"during execution. The nomination process can occur before or after aircraft arrive at the","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.1235932617187,74.6519775390625]},{"page":102,"text":"control point.","rect":[90.0,99.45596313476563,152.7144012451172,88.45196533203125]},{"page":102,"text":"f. Target Engagement Authority. For CAS, the intent is to enable the lowest","rect":[111.5999984741211,125.27995300292969,522.0300307617188,114.251953125]},{"page":102,"text":"subordinate echelon representing the supported ground force commander to authorize","rect":[90.0000228881836,139.0800018310547,521.9640473632812,128.052001953125]},{"page":102,"text":"weapons employment within the constraints established during risk assessment and by the","rect":[90.0000228881836,152.87998962402345,521.968869140625,141.85198974609376]},{"page":102,"text":"ROE. Prior to CAS target engagement, supported commanders may delegate target","rect":[90.00004577636719,166.6799774169922,521.985658203125,155.6519775390625]},{"page":102,"text":"engagement authority that allows clearance for weapons release to JTACs/FAC(A)s for","rect":[90.00004577636719,180.47996520996095,522.0144326171875,169.45196533203126]},{"page":102,"text":"specific engagements. See Figure III-5 for JTAC/FAC(A) clearance calls. The authority","rect":[90.00004577636719,194.2799530029297,521.9664306640625,183.251953125]},{"page":102,"text":"and responsibility for the expenditure of any ordnance on the battlefield rests with","rect":[90.00004577636719,208.1999969482422,522.0132475585938,197.36399841308595]},{"page":102,"text":"the supported commander. Target engagement authority delegated from the JFC and","rect":[90.00004577636719,221.87998962402345,522.0145263671875,210.85198974609376]},{"page":102,"text":"through the supported ground force commander for decentralized execution grants","rect":[90.00004577636719,235.6799774169922,522.00003125,224.6519775390625]},{"page":102,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s the authority to provide the following clearance calls to attacking aircraft:","rect":[90.00004577636719,249.47996520996095,521.9892592773438,238.45196533203126]},{"page":102,"text":"(1) ABORT. Term used by a JTAC/FAC(A) during all types of control to","rect":[133.2000732421875,275.2799377441406,521.635498046875,264.251953125]},{"page":102,"text":"terminate the attack prior to weapons release. ","rect":[90.00007629394531,289.05596923828127,323.0303955078125,278.0519714355469]},{"page":102,"text":"(2) CLEARED HOT. Term used by a JTAC/FAC(A) during Type 1 and 2 control","rect":[133.2000732421875,314.87994384765627,522.050599609375,303.8519592285156]},{"page":102,"text":"when granting weapons release clearance to an aircraft attacking a specific target. An","rect":[90.00007629394531,328.679931640625,522.1056518554688,317.6519470214844]},{"page":102,"text":"exception to this would be a JTAC/FAC(A) providing a specific cleared hot clearance for","rect":[90.00004577636719,342.4799499511719,522.050443359375,331.45196533203127]},{"page":102,"text":"the entire flight/section to attack. When providing clearance for an entire flight/section to","rect":[90.00004577636719,356.2799377441406,522.1800537109375,345.251953125]},{"page":102,"text":"attack, the JTAC/FAC(A) should preface the clearance with the term “flight” after the call","rect":[90.00004577636719,370.0799255371094,522.1080947265625,359.05194091796877]},{"page":102,"text":"sign. For example, “Ragin’ 41, flight, CLEARED HOT.” ","rect":[90.00004577636719,383.8799133300781,365.34613037109377,372.8519287109375]},{"page":102,"text":"(3) CONTINUE. Term used by a JTAC/FAC(A) during all types of control to","rect":[133.20004272460938,409.6799011230469,522.0660400390625,398.65191650390627]},{"page":102,"text":"authorize the aircraft to proceed with the attack profile, but weapons release is not granted yet.","rect":[90.00006866455078,423.47991943359377,522.0817260742188,412.4519348144531]},{"page":102,"text":"III-38 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":102,"text":"Figure III-5. Terminal Attack Controller Clearance Calls","rect":[174.47999572753907,719.51416015625,436.2875509185791,710.0151977539063]},{"page":102,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":103,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":103,"text":"(4) CLEARED TO ENGAGE. Term used by a JTAC/FAC(A) during Type 3","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,521.9639892578125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":103,"text":"control granting a weapons release clearance to an aircraft or flight to attack a target or","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0791298828125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":103,"text":"targets within the parameters prescribed by the JTAC/FAC(A).","rect":[89.99999237060547,113.27995300292969,392.59197998046877,102.251953125]},{"page":103,"text":"(5) CONTINUE DRY. Continue present maneuver; ordnance release is not","rect":[133.1999969482422,139.05599975585938,522.0119643554688,128.052001953125]},{"page":103,"text":"authorized. Used to provide approval to aircraft to continue the pass without expending","rect":[89.99999237060547,152.87998962402345,521.98193359375,141.85198974609376]},{"page":103,"text":"ordnance during Type 1, 2, or 3 controls. (JTAC/FAC[A] must use “Type 3, CONTINUE","rect":[89.99999237060547,166.6799774169922,521.9952080078125,155.6519775390625]},{"page":103,"text":"DRY” for dry Type 3 controls.) Given in place of a cleared hot when weapons release is","rect":[90.00003814697266,180.47996520996095,521.9616401367188,169.45196533203126]},{"page":103,"text":"not intended, such as in training or during a show of force. ","rect":[90.00003814697266,194.2799530029297,376.90802001953127,183.251953125]},{"page":103,"text":"For communications brevity codes and meanings, see ATP 1-02.1/MCRP 3-30B.1/NTTP","rect":[90.00003814697266,220.1399383544922,522.0301201171875,209.23193359375]},{"page":103,"text":"6-02.1/AFTTP 3-2.5, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Multi-Service","rect":[90.00003814697266,233.85598754882813,522.0432099609375,222.85198974609376]},{"page":103,"text":"Brevity Codes.","rect":[90.00001525878906,247.6799774169922,162.00001525878907,236.6519775390625]},{"page":103,"text":"g. Post-Launch Abort (PLA) Considerations","rect":[111.60002136230469,273.4799499511719,340.97641064453128,262.6439514160156]},{"page":103,"text":"(1) Some guided aviation munitions offer a very limited capability to shift impact","rect":[133.20001220703126,299.2799377441406,522.0288100585938,288.251953125]},{"page":103,"text":"point during time of flight. If required, the supported commander develops and","rect":[90.00001525878906,313.0799560546875,521.9748564453125,302.0519714355469]},{"page":103,"text":"approves a PLA plan before CAS employment. With CAS weapons delivery time of ","rect":[89.99999237060547,326.87994384765627,525.038330078125,315.8519592285156]},{"page":103,"text":"flight typically less than 30 seconds, the decision for PLA must be made very early in the","rect":[89.99999237060547,340.679931640625,522.0095795898437,329.6519470214844]},{"page":103,"text":"time of flight to make any significant change to weapon impact point. Therefore, PLA is","rect":[89.99999237060547,354.4799499511719,521.96878125,343.45196533203127]},{"page":103,"text":"a procedure of last resort and may only be valid for certain platforms, weapons, and","rect":[89.99999237060547,368.2799377441406,521.9675903320313,357.251953125]},{"page":103,"text":"employment envelopes. Aircrews shall inform the supported commander via the JTAC or","rect":[89.99999237060547,382.0799255371094,522.0000283203125,371.05194091796877]},{"page":103,"text":"FAC(A) if they are unable to comply if PLA is requested. ","rect":[89.99999237060547,395.8799133300781,369.9564208984375,384.8519287109375]},{"page":103,"text":"Warning","rect":[284.3399963378906,420.6148376464844,327.7186674156189,410.3375549316406]},{"page":103,"text":"Moving desired point of impact location away from intended target may","rect":[117.0,445.21484375,495.1017974700928,434.8057861328125]},{"page":103,"text":"significantly increase the risk of collateral damage or friendly fire.","rect":[117.0,457.8748474121094,453.6522933883667,447.4657897949219]},{"page":103,"text":"(2) The supported commander authorizes the use of PLA and clearly establishes","rect":[133.1999969482422,497.3999938964844,522.0311591796875,486.37200927734377]},{"page":103,"text":"the requirements (e.g., CDE, pattern of life.) for the PLA impact point, as well as the area","rect":[90.0,511.20001220703127,522.0011567382812,500.1720275878906]},{"page":103,"text":"between the PLA impact point and the target. Procedures for PLA execution shall comply","rect":[90.0,525.0000610351563,522.0719604492188,513.9720458984375]},{"page":103,"text":"with the traditional fires approval process and need to be established prior to weapon","rect":[90.0,538.7760620117188,521.985595703125,527.7720336914063]},{"page":103,"text":"launch. Unknown transients entering the impact area, a late abort call, or an evolving scene","rect":[90.0,552.6000366210938,522.0048188476562,541.572021484375]},{"page":103,"text":"that will result in unacceptable collateral damage are examples of contingencies where a","rect":[90.0,566.4000244140625,522.010861328125,555.3720092773438]},{"page":103,"text":"PLA plan can mitigate dangers. If the ground commander wishes to authorize PLA, the","rect":[90.0000228881836,580.2000122070313,522.0408295898437,569.1719970703125]},{"page":103,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) shall inform the CAS aircrew in the remarks section of the situation update","rect":[90.0000228881836,593.97607421875,522.0180634765625,582.9720458984375]},{"page":103,"text":"of the PLA impact point. The PLA impact point must be approved by the","rect":[90.00004577636719,607.800048828125,522.0395478515625,596.7720336914063]},{"page":103,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A), and the aircrew must explicitly be given PLA authority, including the","rect":[90.00004577636719,621.6000366210938,522.0324067382812,610.572021484375]},{"page":103,"text":"criteria for executing the procedure. If the JTAC/FAC(A) does not grant approval, PLA","rect":[90.00004577636719,635.4000244140625,522.0061020507812,624.3720092773438]},{"page":103,"text":"shall not be performed and “silence is not consent.” The PLA point should be","rect":[90.00004577636719,649.176025390625,521.9880341796875,638.1719970703125]},{"page":103,"text":"transmitted as a restriction and can be a specific impact point or a direction and distance","rect":[90.00004577636719,662.9760131835938,522.0612763671875,651.9719848632813]},{"page":103,"text":"from the intended target. Transmission of an abort point or direction and distance should","rect":[90.00004577636719,676.7999877929688,522.045654296875,665.77197265625]},{"page":103,"text":"not be confused with authority to perform a PLA procedure. JTACs/FAC(A)s and aircrews","rect":[90.00004577636719,690.6000366210938,522.0024116210938,679.572021484375]},{"page":103,"text":"should exercise caution before utilizing this procedure in urban areas. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,704.4000244140625,429.78485107421877,693.3720092773438]},{"page":103,"text":"III-39","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":104,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":104,"text":"(3) Procedures for PLA are as follows:","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.65597534179688,322.1520095214844,74.6519775390625]},{"page":104,"text":"(a) Standard CAS brief transmitted. ","rect":[154.79998779296876,111.45596313476563,334.810791015625,100.45196533203125]},{"page":104,"text":"(b) Restrictions will include a PLA point or direction/distance, as well as the","rect":[154.79998779296876,137.25595092773438,522.0743989257812,126.251953125]},{"page":104,"text":"specific circumstances under which the JTAC expects the aircrew to initiate the procedure.","rect":[89.99999237060547,151.05599975585938,522.0276489257813,140.052001953125]},{"page":104,"text":"(c) Aircrew readbacks include the PLA instructions.","rect":[154.79998779296876,176.85598754882813,408.083984375,165.85198974609376]},{"page":104,"text":"(d) If PLA is approved, “post-launch abort approved as briefed” must be","rect":[154.79998779296876,202.65597534179688,521.9879731445312,191.6519775390625]},{"page":104,"text":"transmitted by the aircrew.","rect":[89.99999237060547,216.47996520996095,218.60159301757813,205.45196533203126]},{"page":104,"text":"1. An example of a capable PLA munition is the AGM-114 Hellfire. ","rect":[117.0,247.0720672607422,498.0521041793823,236.80575561523438]},{"page":104,"text":"Paveway II and GBU-54 are not recommended for PLA. ","rect":[117.0,259.8747863769531,405.4390670700073,249.46572875976563]},{"page":104,"text":"2. PLA coordination/execution will affect tempo and therefore","rect":[117.0,284.33209228515627,457.1977752532959,274.0657958984375]},{"page":104,"text":"is not","rect":[462.96002197265627,282.3008117675781,494.99746533584598,274.19757080078127]},{"page":104,"text":"recommended unless time permits and the ground force commander","rect":[117.0,297.13482666015627,494.9876810035706,286.72576904296877]},{"page":104,"text":"desires to incorporate it.","rect":[117.0,309.6520690917969,245.32874602508546,299.5175476074219]},{"page":104,"text":"(e) In the event the ground commander or JTAC/FAC(A) needs to initiate a","rect":[154.8000030517578,349.3199768066406,522.0023774414062,338.2919921875]},{"page":104,"text":"PLA, the directive communication will simply be “(Aircraft call sign), Abort (code)!”","rect":[90.00000762939453,363.1199951171875,521.9760102539062,352.0920104980469]},{"page":104,"text":"followed by PLA actions to the previously approved abort point.","rect":[90.00000762939453,376.91998291015627,400.05120849609377,365.8919982910156]},{"page":104,"text":"Note: Any delay by the launch platform prior to PLA execution significantly reduces","rect":[111.5999984741211,402.7200012207031,522.01321484375,391.6920166015625]},{"page":104,"text":"the ability to actually move the weapon impact point. This tactic also introduces added","rect":[90.00000762939453,416.5199890136719,522.0264282226563,405.49200439453127]},{"page":104,"text":"uncertainty and risks, is very difficult to execute properly, must be executed very early in","rect":[90.00005340576172,430.3199768066406,522.043212890625,419.2919921875]},{"page":104,"text":"the weapon delivery, and, therefore, should only be considered in rare cases. This tactic","rect":[90.00005340576172,444.1199645996094,522.1008271484375,433.09197998046877]},{"page":104,"text":"should not be briefed as a viable option to decision makers to reduce collateral damage and","rect":[90.0000991821289,457.91998291015627,522.0481567382813,446.8919982910156]},{"page":104,"text":"should be used only as an option of last resort.","rect":[90.0000991821289,471.719970703125,312.6481018066406,460.6919860839844]},{"page":104,"text":"h. JTAC to FAC(A) Coordination. The responsibilities of the JTAC and the","rect":[111.60009765625,497.4959716796875,522.0336884765625,486.4919738769531]},{"page":104,"text":"FAC(A) must be determined prior to the attack. These responsibilities may include","rect":[90.0001220703125,511.3199768066406,522.0097016601562,500.2919921875]},{"page":104,"text":"coordination with maneuver elements, attack aircraft briefing, target marking, airspace","rect":[90.0001220703125,525.1199951171875,522.0145234375,514.0919799804688]},{"page":104,"text":"deconfliction, SEAD execution, and the person who provides final attack clearance. The","rect":[90.0001220703125,538.89599609375,522.10094921875,527.8919677734375]},{"page":104,"text":"coordination or core duties and responsibilities between the TACP and the FAC(A) can be","rect":[90.0001220703125,552.6959838867188,522.0576752929687,541.6919555664063]},{"page":104,"text":"found in Chapter V, “Execution,” paragraph 13.d., “FAC(A) Duties and Responsibilities.”","rect":[90.0001220703125,566.5199584960938,522.0145234375,555.491943359375]},{"page":104,"text":"i. Threat to CAS Aircraft Considerations. When targeted by a surface-to-air threat,","rect":[111.60013580322266,592.3200073242188,521.9485473632813,581.2919921875]},{"page":104,"text":"the CAS aircrew will execute defensive maneuvers to allow it to survive long enough to","rect":[90.0001449584961,606.1199340820313,522.0265502929688,595.0919189453125]},{"page":104,"text":"egress the threat envelope. The type of defensive maneuver will depend on the type of ","rect":[90.0001449584961,619.9199829101563,525.0577392578125,608.8919677734375]},{"page":104,"text":"threat.","rect":[90.0001449584961,631.2959594726563,120.37214660644531,622.6919555664063]},{"page":104,"text":"j. JTAC/FAC(A) Mutual Support. The majority of CAS aircraft shot down during","rect":[111.60014343261719,659.5199584960938,522.0193481445313,648.4799194335938]},{"page":104,"text":"combat operations were unaware of the presence of the threat system that targeted/engaged","rect":[90.0001449584961,673.3199462890625,522.0181884765625,662.2919311523438]},{"page":104,"text":"them. The JTAC/FAC(A) can contribute greatly to the mission’s success by suppressing","rect":[90.0001449584961,687.0599365234375,521.9893188476563,676.0319213867188]},{"page":104,"text":"threats, briefing the CAS aircraft on the threats, and monitoring for threats during the","rect":[90.0001449584961,700.8599243164063,521.997677734375,689.8319091796875]},{"page":104,"text":"attack. During CAS mission execution, the JTAC/FAC(A) should monitor the attacking","rect":[90.0001449584961,714.6599731445313,522.050537109375,703.6319580078125]},{"page":104,"text":"III-40 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":104,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":105,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":105,"text":"aircraft and the target area for changing threat levels. Depending on the threat level, aircraft","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0348525390625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":105,"text":"may need to expend ordnance on ADA or SAM systems before they can prosecute the","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0155610351562,88.45196533203125]},{"page":105,"text":"required CAS target(s). In general, attacking aircraft will attempt to first avoid known","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,522.0179443359375,102.251953125]},{"page":105,"text":"threats, then suppress threats during CAS attacks, and finally, if necessary, kill the threats","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,522.0899970703125,116.052001953125]},{"page":105,"text":"with the prosecution of an ADA/SAM system as an actual target. The JTAC/FAC(A) can","rect":[90.0,140.87998962402345,521.9771728515625,129.85198974609376]},{"page":105,"text":"provide attacking aircraft with mutual support by providing descriptive communications","rect":[90.0,154.6799774169922,522.09719921875,143.6519775390625]},{"page":105,"text":"during threat activity. In the case of a SAM launch, the JTAC/FAC(A) should immediately","rect":[89.9999771118164,168.47996520996095,522.01318359375,157.45196533203126]},{"page":105,"text":"transmit, “(Aircraft call sign), SAM launch,” followed by the launch location in relation to","rect":[89.9999771118164,182.2799530029297,522.0359497070313,171.251953125]},{"page":105,"text":"the target. Do not delay the call, since the time of flight of the missile may only be a few","rect":[89.9999771118164,196.0800018310547,521.9771713867187,185.052001953125]},{"page":105,"text":"seconds. If ADA is observed in or around the target area, then transmit, “(Aircraft call","rect":[89.9999771118164,209.87998962402345,522.021546875,198.85198974609376]},{"page":105,"text":"sign), ADA,” followed by the firing location in relation to the target.","rect":[89.9999771118164,223.6799774169922,419.2367858886719,212.6519775390625]},{"page":105,"text":"Note: During CAS at night, JTACs/FAC(A)s should be aware that SAM and ADA","rect":[111.60001373291016,249.47996520996095,521.9976181640625,238.45196533203126]},{"page":105,"text":"threats will be easier to see, potentially causing threat activity to be called out that is further","rect":[90.0,263.2799377441406,522.0108315429687,252.251953125]},{"page":105,"text":"away/outside the tactical effective range to attacking aircraft. ","rect":[90.0,277.0799255371094,386.1900329589844,266.05194091796877]},{"page":105,"text":"10. Types of Terminal Attack Control and Methods of Attack","rect":[90.0000228881836,302.9999084472656,406.890017578125,292.1639099121094]},{"page":105,"text":"a. Types of TAC. There are three types of TAC (1, 2, and 3). Types of TAC are","rect":[111.60002136230469,328.6799011230469,522.0686005859375,317.65191650390627]},{"page":105,"text":"tools that give the ground commander the greatest chance of accomplishing the mission","rect":[90.0000228881836,342.47991943359377,521.9952392578125,331.4519348144531]},{"page":105,"text":"while mitigating friendly fire and collateral damage. Type of TAC shall be passed as part","rect":[90.0000228881836,356.2799072265625,522.0048232421875,345.2519226074219]},{"page":105,"text":"of the game plan before the attack brief for aircrew SA but imposes no requirement on the","rect":[90.0000228881836,370.07989501953127,522.0252045898437,359.0519104003906]},{"page":105,"text":"aircrew. The type of TAC conveys the JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s intent on how best to control","rect":[90.0000228881836,383.8799133300781,522.0432143554688,372.8519287109375]},{"page":105,"text":"individual attacks based on the tactical risk assessment. During the fires approval process","rect":[90.0000228881836,397.6799011230469,521.956818359375,386.65191650390627]},{"page":105,"text":"at the appropriate unit level, the commander considers the situation and issues guidance to","rect":[90.00004577636719,411.4798889160156,522.0348510742188,400.451904296875]},{"page":105,"text":"the JTAC/FAC(A) based on recommendations from the staff and associated risks identified","rect":[90.00004577636719,425.2558898925781,522.0708618164063,414.25189208984377]},{"page":105,"text":"in the tactical risk assessment discussed earlier. Type of control may be a decision","rect":[90.00004577636719,439.0798645019531,522.074462890625,428.0518798828125]},{"page":105,"text":"delegated to the JTAC/FAC(A) under certain conditions. Specific levels of risk should","rect":[90.00004577636719,452.8798828125,521.9844389648438,441.8518981933594]},{"page":105,"text":"not be associated with each type of TAC. The tactical situation will define the risk","rect":[90.00004577636719,466.619873046875,522.048095703125,455.5918884277344]},{"page":105,"text":"associated with a given type of TAC (e.g., GPS and digital targeting systems used in Type","rect":[90.00004577636719,480.4198913574219,521.9460419921875,469.39190673828127]},{"page":105,"text":"2 control may be a better mitigation of risk than using Type 1). The three types of TAC","rect":[90.00004577636719,494.2198791503906,522.0432456054688,483.19189453125]},{"page":105,"text":"are not ordnance-specific.","rect":[90.00004577636719,507.9959411621094,214.2840576171875,496.991943359375]},{"page":105,"text":"Note: Any change to the type of TAC should be coordinated with the appropriate fires","rect":[111.60004425048828,533.8199462890625,522.068390625,522.7919311523438]},{"page":105,"text":"approval agency, as the type of TAC is part of the approved CAS mission. This change","rect":[90.0000228881836,547.6199951171875,522.010861328125,536.5919799804688]},{"page":105,"text":"must be made prior to the “IN” call for Type 1 and 2 attacks and the “CLEARED TO","rect":[90.0000228881836,561.4199829101563,522.0132431640625,550.3919677734375]},{"page":105,"text":"ENGAGE” call for Type 3. If a type change is required after these calls, then the JTAC or","rect":[90.0000228881836,575.2200317382813,521.994046875,564.1920166015625]},{"page":105,"text":"FAC(A) should abort the attack and rebrief the aircrew. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,588.9960327148438,359.95928955078127,577.9920043945313]},{"page":105,"text":"(1) Type 1 Control ","rect":[133.2000274658203,614.820068359375,237.24002075195313,603.7920532226563]},{"page":105,"text":"(a) Type 1 control is used when the JTAC/FAC(A) requires control of ","rect":[154.80001831054688,640.6200561523438,525.00244140625,629.592041015625]},{"page":105,"text":"individual attacks and the situation requires the JTAC/FAC(A) to visually acquire the","rect":[90.0,654.4201049804688,522.1295747070312,643.39208984375]},{"page":105,"text":"attacking aircraft and the target for each attack. Type 1 control should be utilized when the","rect":[90.0,668.2200927734375,522.0371674804687,657.1920776367188]},{"page":105,"text":"visual acquisition of the attacking aircraft and analysis of attacking aircraft geometry by the","rect":[90.0,682.0201416015625,522.1055268554687,670.9921264648438]},{"page":105,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) is the best means available to ensure mission success and reduce the risk of ","rect":[90.0,695.796142578125,525.0084228515625,684.7921142578125]},{"page":105,"text":"the attack affecting friendly forces and/or collateral concerns. The intent is that the","rect":[90.0000228881836,709.6201782226563,522.0695771484375,698.5921630859375]},{"page":105,"text":"III-41","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.2999267578125,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":106,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":106,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) is able to assess the attack geometry of the aircraft to predict the weapon","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.2219848632813,74.6519775390625]},{"page":106,"text":"trajectory from release to impact, helping to ensure friendly positions and collateral damage","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0600556640625,88.4399642944336]},{"page":106,"text":"concerns are safe from undesired weapons effects. The JTAC/FAC(A) will withhold","rect":[90.0,113.25595092773438,522.08166796875,102.251953125]},{"page":106,"text":"clearance until the attacking aircraft has completed maneuvering on the target. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,127.19999694824219,525.0000610351563,116.36399841308594]},{"page":106,"text":"Additional consideration should be given to certainty of target correlation, presence of a","rect":[90.00004577636719,140.87998962402345,522.1764497070312,129.85198974609376]},{"page":106,"text":"unique mark, and proximity of friendly forces. Language barriers when controlling","rect":[90.00006866455078,154.6799774169922,522.1416625976563,143.6519775390625]},{"page":106,"text":"multinational aircraft, lack of confidence in a particular platform, ability to operate in adverse","rect":[90.00006866455078,168.47996520996095,522.1189545898437,157.45196533203126]},{"page":106,"text":"weather, or aircrew capability are all examples where visual means of control may be the","rect":[90.00009155273438,182.2799530029297,522.14294140625,171.251953125]},{"page":106,"text":"method of choice. ","rect":[90.00009155273438,193.656005859375,179.65090942382813,185.052001953125]},{"page":106,"text":"Note: Due to the guidance of GPS or inertial navigation system (INS) weapons,","rect":[111.60009002685547,221.99998474121095,521.9256591796875,211.1639862060547]},{"page":106,"text":"deliveries of GPS or INS-guided weapons should not be controlled under Type 1.","rect":[90.00006866455078,235.7999725341797,522.0144653320313,224.96397399902345]},{"page":106,"text":"Assessing the aircraft’s geometry in relation to the target does not allow a JTAC/FAC(A)","rect":[90.00006866455078,249.47996520996095,521.9761025390625,238.45196533203126]},{"page":106,"text":"to predict the weapon trajectory from release to impact. The weapon, regardless of aircraft","rect":[90.00006866455078,263.2799377441406,521.99762109375,252.2399444580078]},{"page":106,"text":"position and flight path, will attempt to fly to the coordinates entered. ","rect":[90.00006866455078,277.0799865722656,426.6600341796875,266.052001953125]},{"page":106,"text":"(b) Type 1 control procedures are as follows:","rect":[154.80006408691407,302.87994384765627,386.07125634765625,291.8519592285156]},{"page":106,"text":"1. The JTAC/FAC(A) visually acquires the target.","rect":[176.4000701904297,328.679931640625,420.02166748046877,317.6519470214844]},{"page":106,"text":"2. The JTAC/FAC(A) passes the game plan and CAS brief to the","rect":[176.39999389648438,354.47998046875,521.9870576171875,343.4519958496094]},{"page":106,"text":"attacking aircrew.","rect":[90.0,368.2799987792969,175.98841857910157,357.25201416015627]},{"page":106,"text":"3. The attack aircrew validates target location by cross-checking that the","rect":[176.39999389648438,394.0799865722656,522.0048188476562,383.052001953125]},{"page":106,"text":"position is coincident with the expected target area, using all appropriate means.","rect":[90.0,407.8799743652344,474.85443115234377,396.85198974609377]},{"page":106,"text":"4. The aircrew will read back line 4, line 6, and any restrictions provided","rect":[176.40000915527345,433.6799621582031,521.9520263671875,422.6519775390625]},{"page":106,"text":"by the JTAC/FAC(A). ","rect":[90.0,447.47998046875,200.6411895751953,436.4519958496094]},{"page":106,"text":"5. The JTAC/FAC(A) will conduct correlation as required, and aircrew","rect":[176.39999389648438,473.2559814453125,521.9951767578125,462.2519836425781]},{"page":106,"text":"should call “TALLY,” “CONTACT”, or “CAPTURED,” when able. ","rect":[90.0,485.0,428.59197998046877,476.052001953125]},{"page":106,"text":"6. Aircrew will provide an “IP INBOUND” call if requested.","rect":[176.39999389648438,512.8560180664063,471.6481018066406,501.85198974609377]},{"page":106,"text":"7. Attack aircrew will provide “IN” call, indicating entering terminal","rect":[176.39999389648438,538.6200561523438,521.99762109375,527.592041015625]},{"page":106,"text":"phase of an air-to-ground attack prior to weapons release. The terminal controller may","rect":[90.0,552.4199829101563,522.0335693359375,541.3919677734375]},{"page":106,"text":"require the CAS aircraft to “Call ‘IN’ with direction” during the remarks/restriction portion","rect":[90.0,566.2200317382813,522.014404296875,555.1920166015625]},{"page":106,"text":"of the CAS brief. If a restriction in the form of a direction or final attack heading (FAH)","rect":[90.0,580.02001953125,521.994046875,568.9920043945313]},{"page":106,"text":"was given in the CAS brief, then it will be included with the “IN” call. For example: “IN","rect":[90.0,593.8200073242188,522.0288071289062,582.7919921875]},{"page":106,"text":"from the West” or “IN heading 090.” All attacking aircraft are required to provide an “IN”","rect":[90.0,607.6199951171875,521.99645703125,596.5919799804688]},{"page":106,"text":"call unless coordinated otherwise. ","rect":[90.0,618.9959716796875,258.6180114746094,610.3919677734375]},{"page":106,"text":"8. The JTAC/FAC(A) will visually acquire the attacking aircraft.","rect":[176.39999389648438,647.2200317382813,491.3423767089844,636.1920166015625]},{"page":106,"text":"9. The JTAC/FAC(A) will analyze attacking aircraft geometry to ensure","rect":[176.39999389648438,673.02001953125,521.97594921875,661.9920043945313]},{"page":106,"text":"mission success and reduce the risk of the attack affecting friendly forces and/or collateral","rect":[90.0,686.8200073242188,522.052796875,675.7919921875]},{"page":106,"text":"concerns. ","rect":[90.0,698.196044921875,138.65879821777345,692.4240112304688]},{"page":106,"text":"III-42 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":106,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":107,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":107,"text":"10. The ","rect":[176.39999389648438,83.23197937011719,219.0887908935547,74.6519775390625]},{"page":107,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) ","rect":[229.34878540039063,85.65597534179688,304.3944091796875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":107,"text":"will ","rect":[314.6544189453125,83.0999755859375,336.31085205078127,74.6519775390625]},{"page":107,"text":"provide ","rect":[346.57086181640627,85.65597534179688,386.2380065917969,74.6519775390625]},{"page":107,"text":"a ","rect":[396.4980163574219,83.0,404.7804260253906,77.0]},{"page":107,"text":"“CLEARED ","rect":[415.0404052734375,83.26797485351563,478.7064208984375,74.85597229003906]},{"page":107,"text":"“CONTINUE DRY,” or “ABORT,” based on the above procedures being met. ","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,473.59442138671877,88.4520263671875]},{"page":107,"text":"HOT,”","rect":[488.9664001464844,83.26797485351563,521.94958203125,74.85597229003906]},{"page":107,"text":"Note: In the case where aircraft acquisition/analysis by the JTAC/FAC(A) is difficult","rect":[111.60003662109375,125.28001403808594,522.0324721679688,114.25201416015625]},{"page":107,"text":"or impossible, attack aircraft may be forced to modify their attack profile to aid in","rect":[90.00006866455078,139.0800018310547,522.0696411132813,128.052001953125]},{"page":107,"text":"acquisition.","rect":[90.00006866455078,152.85604858398438,145.69447326660157,141.85205078125]},{"page":107,"text":"See paragraph 10.c., “Additional Considerations for All Types of Control,” for amplifying","rect":[90.00006866455078,178.7400360107422,522.1107177734375,167.83203125]},{"page":107,"text":"information. For examples of Type 1 missions, see Appendix E, “Examples of Radio","rect":[90.00006866455078,192.54002380371095,522.03125,181.63201904296876]},{"page":107,"text":"Communications During Close Air Support Missions,” Examples 1 and 2.","rect":[90.00006866455078,206.3400115966797,445.6777038574219,195.4320068359375]},{"page":107,"text":"(2) Type 2 Control","rect":[133.20005798339845,232.0800018310547,231.24006799316408,221.052001953125]},{"page":107,"text":"(a) Type 2 control is used when the JTAC/FAC(A) requires control of ","rect":[154.80006408691407,257.8800354003906,525.0228881835938,246.85205078125]},{"page":107,"text":"individual attacks and is unable to visually acquire the attacking aircraft at weapons release","rect":[90.00004577636719,271.6799621582031,522.0024384765625,260.6519775390625]},{"page":107,"text":"and/or is unable to visually acquire the target. The JTAC/FAC(A) must visually acquire","rect":[90.00004577636719,285.47998046875,522.0456513671875,274.4519958496094]},{"page":107,"text":"the target or utilize targeting data from another asset with accurate real-time targeting","rect":[90.00004577636719,299.2799987792969,522.1188354492188,288.25201416015627]},{"page":107,"text":"information. Examples of targeting data can be targets passed by a JFO, a VDL feed from","rect":[90.00004577636719,313.0799865722656,522.043275390625,302.052001953125]},{"page":107,"text":"ISR or CAS assets, or COC/TOC TAC in support of distributed ground forces. While not","rect":[90.00004577636719,326.8799743652344,521.9316689453125,315.85198974609377]},{"page":107,"text":"required, if the tactical situation allows, the JTAC/FAC(A) should make every effort","rect":[90.00006866455078,340.7999572753906,521.9569375,329.9639587402344]},{"page":107,"text":"to visually acquire the attacking aircraft and assess attack geometry to provide an","rect":[90.00009155273438,354.5999755859375,522.0625029296875,343.76397705078127]},{"page":107,"text":"additional measure of safety, enhance SA, and be able to abort the attack if necessary. ","rect":[90.00009155273438,368.39996337890627,525.0001220703125,357.56396484375]},{"page":107,"text":"Examples of when Type 2 control may be applicable are troops in contact, night, adverse","rect":[90.00009155273438,382.0799560546875,521.982052734375,371.0519714355469]},{"page":107,"text":"weather, and high-altitude or standoff weapons employment. ","rect":[90.00009155273438,395.87994384765627,388.0632629394531,384.8519592285156]},{"page":107,"text":"(b) Type 2 control procedures are as follows:","rect":[154.8000946044922,421.6799621582031,382.7340712890625,410.6519775390625]},{"page":107,"text":"1. The JTAC/FAC(A) visually acquires the target or acquires targeting","rect":[176.4001007080078,447.4799499511719,521.9976806640625,436.45196533203127]},{"page":107,"text":"data from another asset with accurate real-time targeting information.","rect":[90.0,461.2799987792969,423.523193359375,450.25201416015627]},{"page":107,"text":"2. The JTAC/FAC(A) passes the game plan and CAS brief to the","rect":[176.40000915527345,487.0799865722656,521.9882783203125,476.052001953125]},{"page":107,"text":"attacking aircrew. ","rect":[90.0,500.8799743652344,181.99082946777345,489.85198974609377]},{"page":107,"text":"3. The attack aircrew validates target location by cross-checking that","rect":[176.39999389648438,526.6199951171875,522.0167861328125,515.5919799804688]},{"page":107,"text":"the position is coincident with the expected target area, using all appropriate means.","rect":[90.0,540.4199829101563,492.5531921386719,529.3919677734375]},{"page":107,"text":"4. The aircrew will read back line 4, line 6, and any restrictions provided","rect":[176.39999389648438,566.2200317382813,521.9580078125,555.1920166015625]},{"page":107,"text":"by the JTAC/FAC(A). ","rect":[90.0,580.02001953125,203.63998413085938,568.9920043945313]},{"page":107,"text":"5. The JTAC/FAC(A) will conduct correlation as required.","rect":[176.39999389648438,605.7960205078125,461.7601013183594,594.7919921875]},{"page":107,"text":"6. The aircrew will provide an “IP INBOUND” call if requested.","rect":[176.39999389648438,631.5960693359375,490.0056457519531,620.592041015625]},{"page":107,"text":"7. The attack aircrew will provide the JTAC/FAC(A) with an “IN” call,","rect":[176.39999389648438,657.39599609375,521.9939575195313,646.3919677734375]},{"page":107,"text":"indicating entering terminal phase of an air-to-ground attack, prior to weapons release. The","rect":[90.0,671.2200317382813,521.9208344726562,660.1920166015625]},{"page":107,"text":"aircrew should make this call at the appropriate time to allow clearance before entering the","rect":[90.0000228881836,685.02001953125,522.0360078125,673.9920043945313]},{"page":107,"text":"release window. If a restriction in the form of a direction or FAH was given in the CAS","rect":[90.0000228881836,698.8200073242188,521.954470703125,687.7919921875]},{"page":107,"text":"brief, then it will be included with the “IN” call. Example: “IN from the South” or “IN","rect":[90.0000228881836,712.5960083007813,521.9927963867187,701.5919799804688]},{"page":107,"text":"III-43","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":108,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":108,"text":"heading 360.” All attacking aircraft are required to provide an “IN” call unless coordinated","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0360107421875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":108,"text":"otherwise.","rect":[90.0,97.05596160888672,139.67759704589845,88.45196533203125]},{"page":108,"text":"8. JTAC/FAC(A) will provide a “CLEARED HOT,” “CONTINUE","rect":[176.39999389648438,125.25595092773438,522.0408012695313,114.251953125]},{"page":108,"text":"DRY,” or “ABORT” based on the above procedures being met. In the case of a flight","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,522.0491958007813,128.052001953125]},{"page":108,"text":"conducting attacks together, the JTAC/FAC(A) may elect to either provide a single","rect":[89.99999237060547,152.87998962402345,521.992794921875,141.85198974609376]},{"page":108,"text":"clearance for the flight or each attack aircraft individually, based upon the tactical scenario.","rect":[90.00001525878906,166.6799774169922,522.030029296875,155.6519775390625]},{"page":108,"text":"See paragraph 10.c., “Additional Considerations for All Types of Control,” for amplifying","rect":[90.0,192.54002380371095,522.1106567382813,181.63201904296876]},{"page":108,"text":"information. For examples of Type 2 missions, see Appendix E, “Examples of Radio","rect":[90.0,206.3400115966797,522.0311279296875,195.4320068359375]},{"page":108,"text":"Communications During Close Air Support Missions,” Examples 3 and 4.","rect":[90.0,220.13999938964845,445.6776428222656,209.23199462890626]},{"page":108,"text":"(3) Type 3 Control ","rect":[133.1999969482422,245.87998962402345,234.239990234375,234.85198974609376]},{"page":108,"text":"(a) Type 3 control is used when the JTAC/FAC(A) requires the ability to","rect":[154.8000030517578,271.6799621582031,522.014404296875,260.6519775390625]},{"page":108,"text":"provide clearance for multiple attacks within a single engagement, subject to specific","rect":[89.99996948242188,285.47998046875,521.9951752929687,274.44000244140627]},{"page":108,"text":"attack restrictions.","rect":[89.99995422363281,296.8559875488281,178.0631561279297,288.2519836425781]},{"page":108,"text":"(b) The JTAC/FAC(A) must visually acquire the target or utilize another","rect":[154.79995727539063,325.0799560546875,522.00234765625,314.0519714355469]},{"page":108,"text":"asset with accurate real-time targeting information. While not required, if the tactical","rect":[89.99999237060547,338.8799743652344,522.0311293945313,327.85198974609377]},{"page":108,"text":"situation allows, the JTAC/FAC(A) should make every effort to visually acquire the","rect":[89.99999237060547,352.7999572753906,522.0264252929687,341.9639587402344]},{"page":108,"text":"aircraft and assess attack geometry under Type 3 control, to provide an additional","rect":[89.99999237060547,366.5999450683594,521.9879775390625,355.7639465332031]},{"page":108,"text":"measure of safety, enhance SA, and be able to abort the attack if necessary. ","rect":[89.99999237060547,380.3999328613281,525.0,369.5639343261719]},{"page":108,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) will provide the CAS aircraft with targeting restrictions (e.g., time,","rect":[89.99999237060547,394.0799255371094,522.053955078125,383.05194091796877]},{"page":108,"text":"geographic boundaries, FAH[s], specific target set). Following mandatory readback by the","rect":[89.99999237060547,407.87994384765627,521.9663666992187,396.8519592285156]},{"page":108,"text":"CAS asset, the JTAC/FAC(A) then grants a weapons release clearance (“CLEARED TO","rect":[89.99999237060547,421.679931640625,522.0504135742187,410.6519470214844]},{"page":108,"text":"ENGAGE”) or calls “Type 3, CONTINUE DRY” if weapons release is not intended. All","rect":[89.99999237060547,435.47991943359377,521.9916396484375,424.4519348144531]},{"page":108,"text":"targeting data must be coordinated through the appropriate supported unit’s battle staff for","rect":[90.00001525878906,449.2799377441406,521.9567543945312,438.251953125]},{"page":108,"text":"approval. The JTAC/FAC(A) will monitor radio transmissions and other available digital","rect":[89.99999237060547,463.0799255371094,522.0167861328125,452.05194091796877]},{"page":108,"text":"information to maintain control of the engagement. The JTAC/FAC(A) maintains abort","rect":[89.99999237060547,476.8799133300781,521.9891372070313,465.8519287109375]},{"page":108,"text":"authority. ","rect":[89.99999237060547,490.6799011230469,148.33200073242188,479.65191650390627]},{"page":108,"text":"(c) Type 3 control procedures are as follows:","rect":[154.79998779296876,516.4199829101563,385.4111916503906,505.3919677734375]},{"page":108,"text":"1. The JTAC/FAC(A) visually acquires the target or acquires targeting","rect":[176.40000915527345,542.2199096679688,521.99755859375,531.19189453125]},{"page":108,"text":"data from another asset with accurate real-time targeting information.","rect":[90.0,556.02001953125,423.523193359375,544.9920043945313]},{"page":108,"text":"2. The JTAC/FAC(A) passes the game plan and CAS brief to the","rect":[176.40000915527345,581.8200073242188,521.9882783203125,570.7919921875]},{"page":108,"text":"attacking aircrew. Briefing should include area for attacks, restrictions/limitations, and","rect":[90.0,595.6200561523438,522.0264282226563,584.592041015625]},{"page":108,"text":"attack time window in the remarks/restrictions.","rect":[90.0,606.9960327148438,315.9432678222656,598.3920288085938]},{"page":108,"text":"3. The attacking aircrew validates target location by cross-checking that","rect":[176.39999389648438,635.2200317382813,522.0288100585938,624.1920166015625]},{"page":108,"text":"the position is coincident with the expected target area, using all appropriate means.","rect":[90.0,649.02001953125,492.5531921386719,637.9920043945313]},{"page":108,"text":"4. The aircrew will read line 4, line 6, and any restrictions provided by","rect":[176.39999389648438,674.8200073242188,521.9903564453125,663.7919921875]},{"page":108,"text":"the JTAC/FAC(A). ","rect":[90.0,688.5960083007813,188.6436004638672,677.5919799804688]},{"page":108,"text":"5. The JTAC/FAC(A) will conduct correlation as required. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,714.39599609375,464.6950378417969,703.3919677734375]},{"page":108,"text":"III-44 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":108,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":109,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":109,"text":"6. Once satisfied the attacking aircraft are correlated on the appropriate","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,522.00719921875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":109,"text":"target(s), the JTAC/FAC(A) will provide attacking aircraft “CLEARED TO ENGAGE” or","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,521.978421875,88.4520263671875]},{"page":109,"text":"“Type 3, CONTINUE DRY.”","rect":[90.0,113.28001403808594,232.9152039794922,102.45600891113281]},{"page":109,"text":"7. Prior to initial weapons release, the attack aircrew will report","rect":[176.39999389648438,139.05599975585938,522.0191665039063,128.052001953125]},{"page":109,"text":"“COMMENCING ENGAGEMENT” to the JTAC/FAC(A). ","rect":[90.0,152.85598754882813,384.2989501953125,141.85198974609376]},{"page":109,"text":"8. JTAC/FAC(A) will continue to monitor the engagement by all means","rect":[176.39999389648438,178.6799774169922,522.0071723632813,167.6519775390625]},{"page":109,"text":"available (e.g., visual, voice, digital). No other communications are required unless","rect":[90.0,192.4800262451172,522.0035712890625,181.4520263671875]},{"page":109,"text":"directed by the JTAC/FAC(A). ","rect":[90.0,206.28001403808595,242.28237915039063,195.25201416015626]},{"page":109,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A).","rect":[90.0,245.85598754882813,165.00360107421876,234.85198974609376]},{"page":109,"text":"9. The attack aircrew will report “ENGAGEMENT COMPLETE” to the","rect":[176.39999389648438,232.05599975585938,522.0935639648437,221.052001953125]},{"page":109,"text":"See paragraph 10.c., “Additional Considerations for All Types of Control,” for amplifying","rect":[90.0,271.7399597167969,522.1106567382813,260.83197021484377]},{"page":109,"text":"information. For examples of Type 3 missions, see Appendix E, “Examples of Radio","rect":[90.0,285.53997802734377,522.0311279296875,274.6319885253906]},{"page":109,"text":"Communications During Close Air Support Missions,” Examples 5 and 6.","rect":[90.0,299.3399658203125,445.6776428222656,288.4319763183594]},{"page":109,"text":"b. Methods of Attack. ","rect":[111.60000610351563,322.656005859375,231.41041564941407,314.052001953125]},{"page":109,"text":"The method of attack and type of TAC are separate and","rect":[237.89999389648438,325.0799865722656,522.0025634765625,314.052001953125]},{"page":109,"text":"independent constructs. The method of attack is an agreement between the supported","rect":[89.99998474121094,338.8799743652344,521.9423217773438,327.85198974609377]},{"page":109,"text":"commander, the JTAC/FAC(A), and the aircraft, regarding the extent of the aircrew’s","rect":[89.9999771118164,352.6799621582031,522.038361328125,341.6519775390625]},{"page":109,"text":"correlation requirement, and is completely independent of the type of TAC. In CAS,","rect":[89.99995422363281,366.4799499511719,521.9783325195313,355.45196533203127]},{"page":109,"text":"correlation is the process by which the JTAC/FAC(A) coordinates and confirms that the","rect":[89.99995422363281,380.27996826171877,521.9579438476562,369.2519836425781]},{"page":109,"text":"attacking aircrew, and/or a third-party contributor, have acquired the correct target or mark. ","rect":[89.99995422363281,394.0799560546875,525.003662109375,383.0519714355469]},{"page":109,"text":"Correlation is required on each and every CAS attack. The method of attack is broken","rect":[89.9999771118164,407.87994384765627,522.0335693359375,396.8519592285156]},{"page":109,"text":"down into two categories, BOT and bomb on coordinate (BOC). Method of attack conveys","rect":[89.9999771118164,421.6799621582031,522.025177734375,410.6519775390625]},{"page":109,"text":"the JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s intent for the aircraft prosecution of the target; either the aircraft","rect":[89.9999771118164,435.4799499511719,522.0167861328125,424.45196533203127]},{"page":109,"text":"will be required to acquire the target (i.e., BOT) or not (i.e., BOC). Any type of TAC can","rect":[89.9999771118164,449.2799377441406,521.984375,438.251953125]},{"page":109,"text":"be utilized with either method of attack, and no type of TAC is attached to one particular","rect":[90.0,463.0799255371094,522.0672280273437,452.05194091796877]},{"page":109,"text":"method of attack (see Figure III-6).","rect":[90.0,476.8799133300781,259.2803955078125,465.8519287109375]},{"page":109,"text":"(1) BOT and BOC. JTACs/FAC(A)s will state the method of attack, whether","rect":[133.1999969482422,502.595947265625,522.0816323242187,491.5919494628906]},{"page":109,"text":"BOT or BOC, as part of the game plan prior to the CAS brief. Effective use of BOT and","rect":[90.0,516.4199829101563,522.0384521484375,505.3919677734375]},{"page":109,"text":"BOC will result in more expeditious attacks and help mitigate friendly fire and collateral","rect":[90.0,530.219970703125,522.012025390625,519.1919555664063]},{"page":109,"text":"damage. The misapplication of BOT and BOC in tactical scenarios will often result in","rect":[90.0,544.0199584960938,522.0108032226563,532.991943359375]},{"page":109,"text":"confusion between CAS aircraft and JTAC/FAC(A), increased time to kill, and potentially","rect":[90.0,557.8199462890625,522.025146484375,546.7919311523438]},{"page":109,"text":"cause friendly fire or collateral damage.","rect":[89.9999771118164,571.6199340820313,281.34002685546877,560.5919189453125]},{"page":109,"text":"(a) For BOT missions, only the lead aircraft is required to read back line 4","rect":[154.79998779296876,597.419921875,521.9999389648438,586.3919067382813]},{"page":109,"text":"and line 6, in conjunction with other required restrictions. All attack aircraft will conduct","rect":[89.99995422363281,611.2199096679688,522.0179458007813,600.1798706054688]},{"page":109,"text":"readbacks if requested by the JTAC/ FAC(A).","rect":[89.99995422363281,625.0199584960938,310.978759765625,613.991943359375]},{"page":109,"text":"(b) For BOC missions, all aircraft delivering ordnance must read back line 4","rect":[154.79995727539063,650.8199462890625,522.0131225585938,639.7919311523438]},{"page":109,"text":"and line 6 from their system or weapon, as appropriate, in conjunction with other required","rect":[89.99995422363281,664.6199340820313,522.0311889648438,653.5798950195313]},{"page":109,"text":"restrictions. The readback meets the correlation requirement for BOC missions.","rect":[89.99995422363281,678.39599609375,471.55316162109377,667.3919677734375]},{"page":109,"text":"(2) A BOT attack requires that the JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s intended target or mark","rect":[133.199951171875,704.2200317382813,522.0095244140625,693.1920166015625]},{"page":109,"text":"is TALLY/CONTACT/CAPTURED by the aircrew. Coordinate accuracy and precision","rect":[89.99995422363281,718.02001953125,522.067138671875,706.9920043945313]},{"page":109,"text":"III-45","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":110,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":110,"text":"Figure III-6. Summary of Types of Control and Methods of Attack","rect":[150.90048217773438,465.7138366699219,459.89124964904786,456.2148742675781]},{"page":110,"text":"(to include TLE) are not as important as the JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s ability to aid CAS aircraft","rect":[90.0,489.0,521.9088149414063,477.9720153808594]},{"page":110,"text":"in acquiring the target. Coordinates provided in the attack brief must be of sufficient","rect":[90.0,502.79998779296877,521.98199609375,491.7720031738281]},{"page":110,"text":"fidelity to provide initial cueing to the attacking aircraft and be used for fires approval. If","rect":[90.0000228881836,516.6000366210938,521.98086328125,505.572021484375]},{"page":110,"text":"at any point during the CAS engagement, the attack aircrew is required to gain","rect":[90.0,530.52001953125,522.07678515625,519.6840209960938]},{"page":110,"text":"TALLY/CONTACT/CAPTURE of the target, it is a BOT attack. This delivery method","rect":[90.0,544.2000122070313,522.0311889648438,533.1719970703125]},{"page":110,"text":"is advantageous in numerous tactical situations such as mobile target sets (whether ","rect":[90.0,558.0000610351563,525.0059814453125,546.9720458984375]},{"page":110,"text":"stationary or moving); low-threat environments that support continuous target observation","rect":[90.0,571.800048828125,521.9759521484375,560.7720336914063]},{"page":110,"text":"by CAS aircraft; situations where controllers are not able, or do not need, to generate low","rect":[90.0,585.6000366210938,521.97601171875,574.572021484375]},{"page":110,"text":"TLE coordinates; or when TALLY/CONTACT/CAPTURED is required by the aircrew for","rect":[90.0,599.4000244140625,522.0168129882812,588.3720092773438]},{"page":110,"text":"weapons employment solutions. If a BOT attack is planned based on the tactical scenario,","rect":[90.0,613.2000122070313,522.0599365234375,602.1719970703125]},{"page":110,"text":"then time should not be wasted conducting detailed precision and/or accurate target","rect":[89.99995422363281,627.0,522.0479750976563,615.9719848632813]},{"page":110,"text":"coordinate generation. In many tactical scenarios suited to BOT attacks, delaying the","rect":[89.99995422363281,640.7999877929688,521.991330078125,629.77197265625]},{"page":110,"text":"attack to generate a coordinate for BOC employment will increase the time to kill or","rect":[89.99995422363281,654.7200317382813,522.0551728515625,643.884033203125]},{"page":110,"text":"result in missed targeting opportunities.","rect":[89.99995422363281,668.52001953125,294.4320068359375,657.6840209960938]},{"page":110,"text":"For examples of BOT missions, see Appendix E, “Examples of Radio Communications","rect":[89.99995422363281,694.260009765625,521.8882758789063,683.3519897460938]},{"page":110,"text":"During Close Air Support Missions,” Examples 1, 4, and 5.","rect":[89.99995422363281,708.0599975585938,376.3800048828125,697.1519775390625]},{"page":110,"text":"III-46 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":110,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":111,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":111,"text":"(3) A BOC attack is used when the JTAC/FAC(A) determines that the desired","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.65597534179688,521.9951811523438,74.6519775390625]},{"page":111,"text":"effects can be created against the target with CAS aircraft employing ordnance on a","rect":[89.99996948242188,99.47996520996094,521.9759521484375,88.45196533203125]},{"page":111,"text":"specified set of coordinates. The coordinates must be of sufficient fidelity to produce the","rect":[89.99996948242188,113.27995300292969,521.9279755859375,102.251953125]},{"page":111,"text":"desired effect on the target and be used for fires approval. If the aircraft is never required","rect":[89.99996948242188,127.08000183105469,522.0252104492188,116.052001953125]},{"page":111,"text":"to be TALLY/CAPTURED the target or CONTACT the mark, it is a BOC attack. ","rect":[89.99996948242188,140.99998474121095,525.0,130.1639862060547]},{"page":111,"text":"The JTAC/FAC(A) does not need to delay the CAS attack to build CAS aircraft awareness","rect":[89.99996948242188,154.6799774169922,522.0804145507813,143.6519775390625]},{"page":111,"text":"to achieve target TALLY/CAPTURE. If a BOC attack is planned based on the tactical","rect":[89.99996948242188,168.47996520996095,522.0419936523438,157.45196533203126]},{"page":111,"text":"scenario, then unnecessary exposure to the threat by CAS platforms is avoided and time is","rect":[89.99996948242188,182.2799530029297,521.983185546875,171.251953125]},{"page":111,"text":"not wasted conducting targeting confirmation. Great care must be taken to ensure the target","rect":[89.99999237060547,196.07994079589845,521.9867568359375,185.05194091796876]},{"page":111,"text":"location with the required precision and accuracy determined in the commander’s tactical","rect":[89.99999237060547,209.8799285888672,522.0648208007813,198.8519287109375]},{"page":111,"text":"risk assessment is obtained and entered into the weapon/navigation system. Aircrews will","rect":[89.99999237060547,223.6799774169922,522.0023818359375,212.6519775390625]},{"page":111,"text":"not modify coordinates once read back. For a BOC attack, aircrews readback will be from","rect":[89.99999237060547,237.47996520996095,522.0143447265625,226.45196533203126]},{"page":111,"text":"the weapon or aircraft system. ","rect":[89.99999237060547,251.2799530029297,237.96719360351563,240.251953125]},{"page":111,"text":"For examples of BOC missions, see Appendix E, “Examples of Radio Communications","rect":[89.99999237060547,277.1399230957031,522.0348212890625,266.23193359375]},{"page":111,"text":"During Close Air Support Missions,” Examples 2, 3, and 6.","rect":[89.99999237060547,290.93994140625,376.38006591796877,280.0319519042969]},{"page":111,"text":"c. Additional Considerations for All Types of Control ","rect":[111.59999084472656,316.679931640625,390.3193054199219,305.84393310546877]},{"page":111,"text":"(1) Because there is no requirement for the JTAC/FAC(A) to visually acquire the","rect":[133.1999969482422,342.4799499511719,522.0131806640625,331.45196533203127]},{"page":111,"text":"target or visually acquire the attacking aircraft in Type 2 or 3 control, JTACs/FAC(A)s","rect":[90.00001525878906,356.2799377441406,521.99758984375,345.251953125]},{"page":111,"text":"may be required to coordinate CAS attacks using targeting information from an observer. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,370.0799255371094,524.988037109375,359.05194091796877]},{"page":111,"text":"An observer may be a scout, FIST, UAS, JFO, SOF, CAS aircrew, or other asset with real-","rect":[90.00001525878906,383.8799133300781,522.0143715820312,372.8519287109375]},{"page":111,"text":"time targeting information. The JTAC/FAC(A) maintains control of the attacks, making","rect":[89.99999237060547,397.6799011230469,522.0311889648438,386.65191650390627]},{"page":111,"text":"clearance or abort calls based on the information provided by other observers or targeting","rect":[89.99999237060547,411.47991943359377,522.0191650390625,400.4519348144531]},{"page":111,"text":"sensors. The JTAC/FAC(A) must consider the timeliness and accuracy of targeting","rect":[89.99999237060547,425.2799072265625,522.0924072265625,414.2519226074219]},{"page":111,"text":"information when relying on any form of remote targeting. When any form of remote","rect":[89.99999237060547,439.07989501953127,522.05993359375,428.0519104003906]},{"page":111,"text":"targeting is used with single-source targeting information, targeting data should be routed","rect":[89.99999237060547,452.8799133300781,521.972412109375,441.8519287109375]},{"page":111,"text":"through the commander’s battle staff to ensure target validity.","rect":[89.99999237060547,466.6799011230469,386.9639892578125,455.65191650390627]},{"page":111,"text":"BOMB ON TARGET EXAMPLES INCLUDE:","rect":[195.66000366210938,528.3717651367188,416.2109052772522,520.1257934570313]},{"page":111,"text":"-Laser-guided weapons employed autonomously (self-lased) by the","rect":[118.80000305175781,555.1343994140625,493.22884214782717,544.7254028320313]},{"page":111,"text":"delivering (close air support) CAS aircraft.","rect":[118.80000305175781,567.7943115234375,339.4222518844604,557.3853149414063]},{"page":111,"text":"-Unguided ordnance dropped with CAS aircraft TALLY or CONTACT and","rect":[118.80000305175781,592.4542846679688,493.1312650718689,582.0452880859375]},{"page":111,"text":"employing on the target or mark.","rect":[118.80000305175781,605.1142578125,289.9189254684448,594.8369750976563]},{"page":111,"text":"-Correction from mark or reference point.","rect":[118.80000305175781,629.6315307617188,334.5723983688354,619.365234375]},{"page":111,"text":"-Weapons employed on a Global Positioning System coordinate and","rect":[118.80000305175781,654.373779296875,493.1894926109314,643.9647827148438]},{"page":111,"text":"then lased by the CAS aircraft.","rect":[118.80000305175781,667.0337524414063,278.3273422164917,656.624755859375]},{"page":111,"text":"-Rockets and guns on positively identified targets or contact a mark and","rect":[118.80000305175781,691.6937255859375,493.13453045272828,681.2847290039063]},{"page":111,"text":"correction.","rect":[118.80000305175781,702.4201049804688,175.61051482391358,694.3168334960938]},{"page":111,"text":"III-47","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":112,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":112,"text":"BOMB ON COORDINATE ATTACK EXAMPLES INCLUDE: ","rect":[157.1999969482422,86.29179382324219,457.7697250289917,78.04581451416016]},{"page":112,"text":"- Laser-guided weapons employed into a laser attack zone with the intent","rect":[119.04010009765625,113.11483001708985,492.9320966835022,102.8375473022461]},{"page":112,"text":"to be guided by a source outside the attacking aircraft flight/section","rect":[119.04010009765625,125.7748031616211,492.88709392929078,115.36576080322266]},{"page":112,"text":"(e.g., ., joint terminal attack controller /forward air controller (airborne),","rect":[119.04010009765625,138.3743438720703,492.94425505828857,127.9653091430664]},{"page":112,"text":"joint ","rect":[119.04010009765625,151.0342559814453,145.30974883270265,140.75697326660157]},{"page":112,"text":"fires ","rect":[151.43878173828126,149.0,177.71940154266358,140.62521362304688]},{"page":112,"text":"observer, ","rect":[183.84844970703126,149.0,236.40198821258546,140.75697326660157]},{"page":112,"text":"or ","rect":[242.53103637695313,149.0,256.5788375778198,142.8321990966797]},{"page":112,"text":"another ","rect":[262.7078857421875,149.0,306.0283920211792,140.75697326660157]},{"page":112,"text":"flight/section), ","rect":[312.15740966796877,151.0342559814453,390.3701278610229,140.62521362304688]},{"page":112,"text":"and ","rect":[396.4991760253906,149.0,419.0422164840698,140.75697326660157]},{"page":112,"text":"there ","rect":[425.1712646484375,149.0,455.1082260055542,140.75697326660157]},{"page":112,"text":"is","rect":[461.2372741699219,148.86021423339845,470.4022735443115,140.75697326660157]},{"page":112,"text":"no","rect":[479.52001953125,148.86021423339845,492.9507535972595,142.8321990966797]},{"page":112,"text":"requirement ","rect":[119.04010009765625,163.55149841308595,185.6063491744995,153.4169464111328]},{"page":112,"text":"for ","rect":[194.31568908691407,162.0,212.0187484664917,153.28518676757813]},{"page":112,"text":"the ","rect":[220.72808837890626,162.0,240.21317595672608,153.4169464111328]},{"page":112,"text":"close ","rect":[248.92251586914063,162.0,280.0859176559448,153.4169464111328]},{"page":112,"text":"air ","rect":[288.79522705078127,162.0,305.2367050094604,153.4169464111328]},{"page":112,"text":"support ","rect":[313.946044921875,163.55149841308595,357.9044296188354,153.58164978027345]},{"page":112,"text":"(CAS) ","rect":[366.61376953125,163.69422912597657,400.18509978485107,153.28518676757813]},{"page":112,"text":"aircraft ","rect":[408.8944396972656,162.0,449.2129623336792,153.28518676757813]},{"page":112,"text":"to ","rect":[457.9222717285156,162.0,471.3508102340698,153.58164978027345]},{"page":112,"text":"be","rect":[480.0601806640625,161.5201873779297,492.88704527282717,153.4169464111328]},{"page":112,"text":"TALLY/CAPTURE/CONTACT.","rect":[119.04010009765625,174.1800994873047,270.4751693649292,165.94509887695313]},{"page":112,"text":"- Unguided ordnance dropped from medium to high altitude above an","rect":[119.04010009765625,201.0141143798828,492.8871244468689,190.60507202148438]},{"page":112,"text":"overcast on coordinates accurate enough to achieve the supported","rect":[119.04010009765625,213.67408752441407,492.94858684921265,203.3968048095703]},{"page":112,"text":"commander’s objective for CAS.","rect":[119.04010009765625,226.33399963378907,288.27811736297607,215.92495727539063]},{"page":112,"text":"- Inertially aided munitions employed on a static coordinate sufficient to","rect":[119.04010009765625,250.93360900878907,492.8992094078064,240.52456665039063]},{"page":112,"text":"achieve the supported commander’s objective for CAS.","rect":[119.04010009765625,263.5935363769531,408.0971786422729,253.18447875976563]},{"page":112,"text":"- Weapons employed on a Global Positioning System coordinate and","rect":[119.04010009765625,288.2535095214844,493.00901165390015,277.8444519042969]},{"page":112,"text":"then lased by remote source.","rect":[119.04010009765625,300.91485595703127,271.2514144821167,290.6361999511719]},{"page":112,"text":"(2) JTACs/FAC(A)s will provide the type of TAC and method of attack as part","rect":[133.1999969482422,327.6000061035156,522.00836328125,316.572021484375]},{"page":112,"text":"of the game plan. It is not unusual to have two types of TAC in effect at one time for","rect":[89.99999237060547,341.3999938964844,521.9303872070312,330.37200927734377]},{"page":112,"text":"different flights. For example, a JTAC/FAC(A) may control helicopters working Type 2","rect":[89.99999237060547,355.20001220703127,522.0239868164063,344.1720275878906]},{"page":112,"text":"control from a BP outside the JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s FOV, while simultaneously controlling","rect":[90.00001525878906,369.0,522.0228881835938,357.9720153808594]},{"page":112,"text":"medium- or low-altitude FW attacks under Type 1 or 3 control. The JTAC/FAC(A)","rect":[90.00003814697266,382.8000183105469,521.937650390625,371.77203369140627]},{"page":112,"text":"maintains the flexibility to change the type of TAC at any time prior to the IN/CLEARED","rect":[90.00003814697266,396.6000061035156,522.0360703125,385.572021484375]},{"page":112,"text":"TO ENGAGE call within guidelines established by the supported commander and must be","rect":[90.00003814697266,410.3999938964844,521.9976166992187,399.37200927734377]},{"page":112,"text":"coordinated with the appropriate fires approval agency. The JTAC/FAC(A) must ensure","rect":[90.00003814697266,424.20001220703127,522.047970703125,413.1720275878906]},{"page":112,"text":"any changes to the attack brief are adequately conveyed in a timely manner to the attacking","rect":[90.00003814697266,437.94000244140627,522.0960083007813,426.9120178222656]},{"page":112,"text":"aircraft and that both the terminal controller and the aircrew have the required SA to safely","rect":[90.00003814697266,451.739990234375,522.0192260742188,440.7120056152344]},{"page":112,"text":"prosecute the attack. Senior commanders may impose restrictions that will prevent","rect":[90.00003814697266,465.5400085449219,522.012025390625,454.51202392578127]},{"page":112,"text":"subordinate commanders from choosing certain TAC types. However, the intent is for","rect":[90.00003814697266,479.3399963378906,521.9352700195312,468.31201171875]},{"page":112,"text":"senior commanders to provide guidance that allows the lowest-level supported commander","rect":[90.00003814697266,493.1399841308594,522.0000283203125,482.11199951171877]},{"page":112,"text":"to make the decision based on the situation.","rect":[90.00003814697266,504.5159912109375,299.3232727050781,495.9119873046875]},{"page":112,"text":"11. Considerations for Planning with Laser-Guided and Inertial-Aided Munitions ","rect":[90.00003814697266,532.8600463867188,512.9483947753906,522.0240478515625]},{"page":112,"text":"Laser-guided weapons (LGWs), IAMs, and GPS-based systems can assist weapons","rect":[111.60002899169922,558.5399780273438,521.98684765625,547.511962890625]},{"page":112,"text":"guidance and provide better accuracy during CAS. ","rect":[90.00003814697266,572.3400268554688,338.9892883300781,561.31201171875]},{"page":112,"text":"a. Laser-Guided Systems. Laser-guided systems provide the joint force with the","rect":[111.60003662109375,598.1399536132813,521.9819306640625,587.0999145507813]},{"page":112,"text":"ability to locate and engage targets with an increased first-round hit probability. Laser-","rect":[90.00003051757813,611.9400024414063,522.076810546875,600.9119873046875]},{"page":112,"text":"guided systems can effectively engage a wide range of targets, including moving targets. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,625.739990234375,524.9663696289063,614.7119750976563]},{"page":112,"text":"Laser-guided systems provide additional capabilities but also have distinct limitations. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,639.5399780273438,525.0384521484375,628.511962890625]},{"page":112,"text":"Laser operations supplement other CAS procedures and are not substitutes for other","rect":[90.00003814697266,653.3159790039063,521.9616372070312,642.3119506835938]},{"page":112,"text":"planning and execution procedures and techniques. In any laser-designating situation,","rect":[90.00003814697266,667.1399536132813,522.0911865234375,656.1119384765625]},{"page":112,"text":"strive for simplicity and use all available resources to help ensure first-pass success. For","rect":[90.00003814697266,680.9400024414063,522.009640625,669.9119873046875]},{"page":112,"text":"remote laser designation, the JTAC/FAC(A) shall confirm the laser code prior to CAS","rect":[89.99999237060547,694.8599243164063,521.9760161132813,684.02392578125]},{"page":112,"text":"execution. For ground-based laser designation, the JTAC/FAC(A) shall pass FAHs","rect":[89.99999237060547,708.6599731445313,521.9903876953125,697.823974609375]},{"page":112,"text":"III-48 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":112,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":113,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":113,"text":"to ensure the attacking aircraft is in the laser acquisition area and not the laser safety","rect":[90.0,85.79997253417969,521.988037109375,74.96397399902344]},{"page":113,"text":"zones. The laser-to-target line (LTL) shall be passed during the CAS mission briefing","rect":[90.0,99.59996032714844,521.985595703125,88.76396179199219]},{"page":113,"text":"in the remarks section. This paragraph provides CAS-specific TTP and background","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,522.0322875976563,102.251953125]},{"page":113,"text":"information on laser-guided system employment.","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,326.3160400390625,116.052001953125]},{"page":113,"text":"(1) Basic Considerations. ","rect":[133.1999969482422,152.85598754882813,268.2095947265625,141.85198974609376]},{"page":113,"text":"spot trackers (LSTs) or LGWs:","rect":[89.99998474121094,166.65597534179688,239.22242883300783,155.6519775390625]},{"page":113,"text":"There are five basic considerations for using laser","rect":[273.8399963378906,152.87998962402345,522.0433022460937,141.85198974609376]},{"page":113,"text":"(a) LOS must exist between the designator and the target and between the","rect":[154.79998779296876,192.47996520996095,521.9880341796875,181.45196533203126]},{"page":113,"text":"target and the LST/LGW.","rect":[90.0,206.2799530029297,213.31199645996095,195.251953125]},{"page":113,"text":"(b) Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) codes of the laser designator and the","rect":[154.8000030517578,232.0800018310547,522.0239838867187,221.052001953125]},{"page":113,"text":"LST/LGW must be compatible.","rect":[90.0,245.85592651367188,241.8887939453125,234.8519287109375]},{"page":113,"text":"(c) The direction of attack must allow the LST/LGW to sense enough","rect":[154.8000030517578,271.6799621582031,522.05029296875,260.6519775390625]},{"page":113,"text":"reflected laser energy from the target for the seeker to acquire and lock onto the target.","rect":[90.0,285.4799499511719,505.9463806152344,274.45196533203127]},{"page":113,"text":"(d) The LTD must designate the target at the correct time and for the correct","rect":[154.80001831054688,311.2799377441406,522.014466796875,300.251953125]},{"page":113,"text":"length of time. If the length of time is insufficient, the seeker head could break lock and","rect":[90.0,325.0799255371094,522.0203857421875,314.05194091796877]},{"page":113,"text":"the flight pattern of the LGW becomes unpredictable.","rect":[90.0,338.87994384765627,347.2572021484375,327.8519592285156]},{"page":113,"text":"(e) The delivery system must release the LGW within the specific LGW","rect":[154.8000030517578,364.679931640625,521.9748505859375,353.6519470214844]},{"page":113,"text":"delivery envelope to ensure the weapon can physically reach the target. There is an","rect":[90.0,378.47991943359377,522.0780029296875,367.4519348144531]},{"page":113,"text":"increased hazard to friendly forces when aircrews release weapons behind friendly","rect":[90.0,392.2799377441406,522.0216064453125,381.251953125]},{"page":113,"text":"positions. The final decision to release standoff LGWs from behind friendly positions in a","rect":[90.0,406.0799255371094,522.00719921875,395.05194091796877]},{"page":113,"text":"CAS environment rests with the ground commander.","rect":[90.0,419.8799133300781,343.54803466796877,408.8519287109375]},{"page":113,"text":"(2) Environmental factors can affect laser designators and seeker head","rect":[133.20001220703126,445.6799011230469,521.9928618164063,434.65191650390627]},{"page":113,"text":"performance. Tactics and techniques must consider low clouds, fog, smoke, haze, snow,","rect":[90.0,459.4798889160156,521.9927978515625,448.451904296875]},{"page":113,"text":"rain, solar saturation, and other visually limiting phenomena.","rect":[89.99995422363281,473.2799377441406,382.656005859375,462.251953125]},{"page":113,"text":"(a) Atmospheric Scatter. A seeker may detect scattered radiation that is","rect":[154.79995727539063,499.0799255371094,522.09719921875,488.05194091796877]},{"page":113,"text":"caused by suspended matter in the atmosphere. It can occur even on clear days. This","rect":[89.9999771118164,512.8800048828125,522.0083930664063,501.85198974609377]},{"page":113,"text":"phenomenon can cause false seeker lock-on and target indications within short distances","rect":[89.9999771118164,526.6199951171875,522.0023505859375,515.5919799804688]},{"page":113,"text":"from the laser exit port. This is also referred to as “backscatter.”","rect":[89.9999771118164,540.39599609375,400.5119904785156,529.3919677734375]},{"page":113,"text":"(b) False Seeker Lock-On. Laser seekers may occasionally lock onto other","rect":[154.79998779296876,566.2200317382813,522.0337197265625,555.1920166015625]},{"page":113,"text":"reflected energy instead of the target. Even in optimum conditions, the seeker may","rect":[90.0,580.0200805664063,521.9783935546875,568.9920654296875]},{"page":113,"text":"incorrectly lock onto the LTD or the atmospheric scatter present along the laser beam. In","rect":[90.0,593.820068359375,522.09716796875,582.7920532226563]},{"page":113,"text":"this case, a seeker is most likely to detect stray energy only in the immediate vicinity of the","rect":[90.0,607.6200561523438,522.0527314453125,596.592041015625]},{"page":113,"text":"designator. To help to minimize seeker lock-on of the designator position due to LOS with","rect":[90.0,621.4201049804688,521.9783935546875,610.39208984375]},{"page":113,"text":"the LTD optical port, the designator should be masked from the seeker FOV. The","rect":[90.0,635.2201538085938,521.9904145507812,624.192138671875]},{"page":113,"text":"designator can be masked by terrain, vegetation, or means of a temporary screen such as","rect":[90.0,649.0201416015625,522.0096748046875,637.9921264648438]},{"page":113,"text":"blankets or a tarp. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,662.796142578125,184.82403564453126,651.7921142578125]},{"page":113,"text":"Due to the threat of false seeker lock-on, it is imperative that","rect":[191.6400146484375,662.796142578125,521.97598046875,651.984130859375]},{"page":113,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s conduct follow-on correlation after a laser hand off has been","rect":[90.0,676.5481567382813,521.9999418945313,665.9041748046875]},{"page":113,"text":"attempted. ","rect":[90.0,690.5161743164063,151.01759338378907,679.8961181640625]},{"page":113,"text":"III-49","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":114,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":114,"text":"(c) The Obscured Battlefield. Smoke, dust, and other particulates in the air","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.65597534179688,521.9856850585937,74.6519775390625]},{"page":114,"text":"may attenuate or reflect the laser beam, thereby preventing reflection from the target of ","rect":[90.00000762939453,99.47996520996094,525.0803833007813,88.45196533203125]},{"page":114,"text":"sufficient energy for lock-on by LSTs or LGWs. Laser energy reflected from such particles","rect":[90.00000762939453,113.27995300292969,521.9880073242188,102.251953125]},{"page":114,"text":"may also present a false target to the tracker or the munitions. Backscatter refers to a","rect":[90.00000762939453,127.08000183105469,522.050412109375,116.052001953125]},{"page":114,"text":"portion of the laser energy that is scattered back in the direction of the seeker by an","rect":[90.00000762939453,140.87998962402345,522.0,129.85198974609376]},{"page":114,"text":"obscurant. Since backscatter energy competes with the reflected energy from the target, a","rect":[90.00000762939453,154.6799774169922,522.0023774414062,143.6519775390625]},{"page":114,"text":"seeker may attempt to lock onto the obscurant rather than the target. Laser designator","rect":[90.00003051757813,168.47996520996095,522.0361000976562,157.45196533203126]},{"page":114,"text":"operators can reduce the effect of enemy obscurants by following some simple rules of ","rect":[90.00003051757813,182.2799530029297,525.0048217773438,171.251953125]},{"page":114,"text":"thumb. Positioning is a key to reducing the degradation obscurants imposed on laser","rect":[90.00003051757813,196.0800018310547,521.9952973632812,185.052001953125]},{"page":114,"text":"performance. Possible considerations are positioning lasers on flanks or on high ground","rect":[90.00005340576172,209.87998962402345,521.9783935546875,198.85198974609376]},{"page":114,"text":"where smoke is likely to be less heavy along the LOS and repositioning from an obscured","rect":[90.00003051757813,223.6799774169922,521.9808349609375,212.6519775390625]},{"page":114,"text":"to a non-obscured position. Using multiple lasers and transferring the mission from an","rect":[90.00005340576172,237.47996520996095,522.0096435546875,226.45196533203126]},{"page":114,"text":"obscured laser to a non-obscured laser are other possible tactics to counter enemy","rect":[90.00005340576172,251.2799530029297,521.9856567382813,240.251953125]},{"page":114,"text":"obscurants.","rect":[90.00005340576172,262.65594482421877,144.300048828125,254.05194091796876]},{"page":114,"text":"(3) Beam Divergence, Target Size, and Spillover. If an LTD has a beam spread","rect":[133.20005798339845,290.87994384765627,522.015625,279.8519592285156]},{"page":114,"text":"or divergence of one milliradian, its spot would have a diameter of approximately 1 meter","rect":[90.00005340576172,304.679931640625,522.0480629882812,293.6519470214844]},{"page":114,"text":"at a distance of 1000 meters in front of the designator. If this spot were aimed at a 3-","rect":[90.00005340576172,318.4799499511719,521.9904458007812,307.45196533203127]},{"page":114,"text":"square-meter box, 3000 meters away, the laser spot would be as wide and tall as the box. ","rect":[90.00007629394531,332.2799377441406,525.0228881835938,321.251953125]},{"page":114,"text":"The laser spot size is a function of beam divergence and the distance from the laser","rect":[90.00007629394531,346.0799255371094,522.0144326171875,335.05194091796877]},{"page":114,"text":"designator to the target. Spillover is caused by the laser spot either being too large or only","rect":[90.00007629394531,359.8799133300781,522.0216674804688,348.8519287109375]},{"page":114,"text":"partially placed on the target. Any laser energy traveling beyond the target may be reflected","rect":[90.0000991821289,373.6799011230469,522.1008911132813,362.65191650390627]},{"page":114,"text":"back to the weapon and cause erroneous guidance.","rect":[90.0001220703125,387.47991943359377,332.5921630859375,376.4519348144531]},{"page":114,"text":"(4) Target Reflection. Most surfaces have a mixture of mirror-like and scattered","rect":[133.2001190185547,413.2799072265625,522.1056518554688,402.2519226074219]},{"page":114,"text":"reflections. Laser energy reflects in an arc but is strongest at the angle where it would reflect","rect":[90.00012969970703,427.07989501953127,522.0937514648438,416.0519104003906]},{"page":114,"text":"if the surface were a mirror. If the LTD is perpendicular to a surface, the reflection can be","rect":[90.0001220703125,440.8559265136719,522.1464814453125,429.8519287109375]},{"page":114,"text":"seen from all angles on the designated side but can be detected best near the LTL, which is","rect":[90.0001220703125,454.6199035644531,522.0816962890625,443.5919189453125]},{"page":114,"text":"a line from the LTD to the target, usually expressed in degrees magnetic. When the surface","rect":[90.0001220703125,468.4198913574219,522.18493359375,457.39190673828127]},{"page":114,"text":"is at an angle to the laser designator, the angle of strongest reflection is also predictable. ","rect":[90.0001220703125,482.2198791503906,524.919677734375,471.19189453125]},{"page":114,"text":"Glass, water, and highly polished surfaces are poor surfaces to designate because they reflect","rect":[90.0001220703125,496.0199279785156,522.0924697265625,484.991943359375]},{"page":114,"text":"laser energy in only one direction. This requires the seeker to be in this small region and","rect":[90.0001220703125,509.8199157714844,522.046875,498.79193115234377]},{"page":114,"text":"looking toward the reflected energy to achieve target acquisition. Battlefield dynamics will","rect":[90.0001220703125,523.6199951171875,522.105775390625,512.5919799804688]},{"page":114,"text":"rarely provide the opportunity to perfectly align laser designation/reflectivity in the direction","rect":[90.0001449584961,537.4199829101563,522.0720825195313,526.3919677734375]},{"page":114,"text":"of approaching aircraft or munitions. Strict adherence to laser cones or baskets and center","rect":[90.0001220703125,551.2200317382813,522.1260659179687,540.1920166015625]},{"page":114,"text":"mass target designation will best ensure success.","rect":[90.0001220703125,565.02001953125,318.09857177734377,553.9920043945313]},{"page":114,"text":"(5) Laser designation operations are divided into two primary categories: target","rect":[133.20013427734376,590.820068359375,521.9797377929688,579.7920532226563]},{"page":114,"text":"acquisition and weapons guidance.","rect":[90.00010681152344,604.6200561523438,257.298095703125,593.592041015625]},{"page":114,"text":"(a) Target Acquisition. LSTs are laser sensors that provide heads-up","rect":[154.80010986328126,630.4201049804688,522.0552978515625,619.39208984375]},{"page":114,"text":"display cueing for aircraft equipped with these systems. While scanning for laser energy,","rect":[90.00013732910156,644.2200927734375,522.0193481445313,633.1920776367188]},{"page":114,"text":"these systems have a limited FOV that depends on range and switch settings. Target","rect":[90.0001220703125,658.0201416015625,521.9832778320313,646.9921264648438]},{"page":114,"text":"acquisition involves the use of an LST carried by the aircraft and an LTD aimed by a","rect":[90.0001220703125,671.8201293945313,521.9785126953125,660.7921142578125]},{"page":114,"text":"ground team or another aircraft. The LST is used to acquire the laser spot to assist in visual","rect":[90.0001220703125,685.6201782226563,522.0277114257813,674.5921630859375]},{"page":114,"text":"or sensor-aided attacks. In general, the chances of acquisition are improved when cueing","rect":[90.0001220703125,699.420166015625,521.978515625,688.3921508789063]},{"page":114,"text":"III-50 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":114,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":115,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":115,"text":"aids such as target marks, landmarks, and INS/GPS coordinates help the pilot point the","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0407685546875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":115,"text":"LST in the direction of the target.","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,250.9464111328125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":115,"text":"(b) Weapons Guidance. Weapons guidance allows an LGW to home in on","rect":[154.8000030517578,125.27995300292969,522.140380859375,114.251953125]},{"page":115,"text":"reflected laser energy placed on a target by an LTD. This allows precision delivery of ","rect":[89.9999771118164,139.0800018310547,525.0239868164063,128.052001953125]},{"page":115,"text":"weapons, some at standoff distances.","rect":[89.9999771118164,152.85598754882813,267.2472229003906,141.85198974609376]},{"page":115,"text":"Warning","rect":[283.97998046875,183.6148223876953,327.9592680015564,173.33753967285157]},{"page":115,"text":"Aircrew shall not use LSTs as the sole source for target identification.","rect":[117.0,208.27479553222657,482.5164901657104,197.86575317382813]},{"page":115,"text":"(6) Laser Hardware","rect":[133.1999969482422,245.97598266601563,238.14959423828126,234.97198486328126]},{"page":115,"text":"(a) LGWs. All LGWs home on PRF-coded reflected laser energy. Some","rect":[154.79998779296876,271.7399597167969,522.07555859375,260.71197509765627]},{"page":115,"text":"LGWs require target illumination before launch and during the entire time of flight. Other","rect":[89.99999237060547,285.53997802734377,521.9628579101562,274.5119934082031]},{"page":115,"text":"LGWs require target illumination only during the terminal portion of flight. Most LGWs","rect":[89.99999237060547,299.3399658203125,521.9159858398438,288.3119812011719]},{"page":115,"text":"require illumination until weapon impact. Typical LGWs are laser-guided bombs (LGBs)","rect":[89.99999237060547,313.1399841308594,522.0263955078125,302.11199951171877]},{"page":115,"text":"and laser-guided missiles (LGMs). LGMs generally provide greater standoff launch ranges","rect":[89.99999237060547,326.9399719238281,521.985626953125,315.9119873046875]},{"page":115,"text":"than LGBs. Greater range provides increased survivability for aircrews operating in a high-","rect":[90.00001525878906,340.7399597167969,522.0036904296875,329.71197509765627]},{"page":115,"text":"threat environment. Aircrews and JTACs/FAC(A)s must exercise caution when launching","rect":[90.00001525878906,354.53997802734377,522.0264282226563,343.5119934082031]},{"page":115,"text":"LGMs from behind friendly troops. The final decision to release standoff LGMs from","rect":[90.00001525878906,368.3399658203125,522.1740126953125,357.3119812011719]},{"page":115,"text":"behind friendly positions in a CAS environment rests with the maneuver commander.","rect":[90.00001525878906,382.13995361328127,500.6136169433594,371.1119689941406]},{"page":115,"text":"(b) LTDs. GLTDs are employed by ground forces to illuminate targets with","rect":[154.80003356933595,407.9399719238281,522.0634765625,396.9119873046875]},{"page":115,"text":"laser energy. LGWs use this energy to guide to the target. LSTs use the reflected laser","rect":[90.00003051757813,421.7399597167969,522.061185546875,410.71197509765627]},{"page":115,"text":"energy as a reference point for lock-on and tracking. The laser energy PRF is adjustable","rect":[90.00003814697266,435.5399475097656,522.0072602539062,424.4999694824219]},{"page":115,"text":"and must match the PRF setting on the weapon or tracker. GLTD ranges vary from 10","rect":[90.00003814697266,449.3399353027344,521.9808349609375,438.31195068359377]},{"page":115,"text":"meters to 20 kilometers (km). Airborne laser target designators are carried on aircraft and","rect":[90.00003814697266,463.1399230957031,522.016845703125,452.1119384765625]},{"page":115,"text":"provide the same function as the GLTD. Airborne laser target designators are capable of ","rect":[90.00003814697266,476.93994140625,525.0216674804688,465.9119567871094]},{"page":115,"text":"very long-range lasing and are normally employed below 30,000 feet (ft) above ground","rect":[90.00003814697266,490.73992919921877,522.0240478515625,479.7119445800781]},{"page":115,"text":"level (AGL). See Figure III-7 for advantages and disadvantages of airborne and ground","rect":[90.00003814697266,504.5399169921875,521.9808349609375,493.5119323730469]},{"page":115,"text":"designators.","rect":[90.00003814697266,518.3399658203125,147.62045288085938,507.31195068359377]},{"page":115,"text":"Note: JTACs/FAC(A)s and aircrews must ensure the laser designator PRF matches","rect":[111.60003662109375,544.1399536132813,521.9964301757813,533.1119384765625]},{"page":115,"text":"the code programmed into the weapon or the weapon will not guide.","rect":[90.00003814697266,557.93994140625,417.9024658203125,546.9119262695313]},{"page":115,"text":"(c) LST. LSTs must be set to the same code as the coded LTD for the user","rect":[154.80003356933595,583.7159423828125,522.0744912109375,572.7119140625]},{"page":115,"text":"to see the target being lased. In the case of airborne LSTs, the aircrew can select PRF","rect":[90.00001525878906,597.5399169921875,522.0036040039063,586.5119018554688]},{"page":115,"text":"codes for the LST while in flight. See ATP 3-09.32/MCRP 3-31.6/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP","rect":[90.00001525878906,611.3399047851563,522.005984375,600.3118896484375]},{"page":115,"text":"3-2.6, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Joint Application of ","rect":[90.00001525878906,625.1399536132813,525.0096435546875,614.23193359375]},{"page":115,"text":"Firepower, for a listing of aircraft with LSTs.","rect":[90.00003814697266,638.93994140625,308.885986328125,627.9119262695313]},{"page":115,"text":"(7) Laser Procedures","rect":[133.20004272460938,664.7159423828125,243.54364086914064,653.7119140625]},{"page":115,"text":"(a) FAHs. JTACs/FAC(A)s provide aircrews with an attack heading. The","rect":[154.80003356933595,690.5399780273438,521.950802734375,679.511962890625]},{"page":115,"text":"attack heading must allow aircrews to acquire the reflected laser energy. Due to the","rect":[90.00003814697266,704.3400268554688,521.8908051757812,693.31201171875]},{"page":115,"text":"possibility of false target indications during ground laser designations, FAHs must avoid","rect":[90.00006103515625,718.1400146484375,521.9796142578125,707.1119995117188]},{"page":115,"text":"III-51","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":116,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":116,"text":"Figure III-7. Airborne and Ground Designators Advantages and Disadvantages","rect":[118.98049926757813,465.7138366699219,493.00904750061036,456.2148742675781]},{"page":116,"text":"the 20-degree safety exclusion zone, unless the tactical situation dictates otherwise. The","rect":[90.0,489.0,521.8908051757812,477.9720153808594]},{"page":116,"text":"safety zone is a 20-degree wedge whose apex is at the target, extends 10 degrees either side","rect":[90.0,502.79998779296877,521.966427734375,491.7720031738281]},{"page":116,"text":"of the target-to-designator line, and extends from the surface to infinity. The optimal attack","rect":[90.0,516.6000366210938,522.067138671875,505.572021484375]},{"page":116,"text":"zone is a 120-degree wedge whose apex is at the target and extends 60 degrees either side","rect":[90.0,530.4000244140625,521.9448212890625,519.3720092773438]},{"page":116,"text":"of the target-to-laser designator line. To give the laser trackers/weapons a better chance of ","rect":[89.9999771118164,544.2000122070313,525.0792236328125,533.1719970703125]},{"page":116,"text":"acquiring the reflected laser spot, a smaller 90-degree wedge (+/- 45 degrees) is preferred","rect":[90.0,558.0000610351563,522.072021484375,546.9720458984375]},{"page":116,"text":"(see Figure III-8).","rect":[90.0,571.800048828125,175.70399475097657,560.7720336914063]},{"page":116,"text":"Note: The optimal attack zone must be used when a GLTD is used to either mark or","rect":[111.5999984741211,597.5760498046875,522.0251748046875,586.572021484375]},{"page":116,"text":"designate a target to prevent the LST or weapon from guiding on the designator rather than","rect":[90.0,611.4000244140625,522.1055908203125,600.3720092773438]},{"page":116,"text":"the designated target. Aircraft are required to be within the 120-degree attack zone (10 to","rect":[90.0,625.2000122070313,522.02880859375,614.1719970703125]},{"page":116,"text":"60 degrees) with 10- to 45-degree zone being preferred/optimal.","rect":[90.0,639.0,397.54925537109377,627.9719848632813]},{"page":116,"text":"(b) Attack Angles. Aircrews release or launch LGWs so the reflected laser","rect":[154.79998779296876,664.7999877929688,522.058744140625,653.77197265625]},{"page":116,"text":"energy will be within the seeker FOV at the appropriate time. The maximum allowable","rect":[89.99998474121094,678.6000366210938,522.0935029296875,667.572021484375]},{"page":116,"text":"attack angle (laser-to-target/seeker-to-target) depends upon the characteristics of the","rect":[89.9999771118164,692.4000244140625,522.0575532226562,681.3720092773438]},{"page":116,"text":"III-52 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":116,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":117,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":117,"text":"Example of Safety Zone and Optimal Attack Zones","rect":[99.65999603271485,96.65914154052735,412.52576204331117,83.31334686279297]},{"page":117,"text":"60O","rect":[277.97998046875,188.28150939941407,294.50289119616385,178.5540313720703]},{"page":117,"text":"45O","rect":[312.3599853515625,209.22145080566407,328.8228985203826,199.4939727783203]},{"page":117,"text":"Laser Seeker/","rect":[395.4599914550781,210.87930297851563,451.08771075744769,204.1062774658203]},{"page":117,"text":"Weapon Platform","rect":[395.4599914550781,221.62762451171876,464.3690699714647,213.1658477783203]},{"page":117,"text":"Laser seeker/","rect":[125.69999694824219,296.6193542480469,179.83511676330705,289.8463439941406]},{"page":117,"text":"laser-guided","rect":[125.69999694824219,307.5275573730469,175.069632330325,299.0748291015625]},{"page":117,"text":"weapon","rect":[125.69999694824219,316.5483093261719,157.14867285766875,309.9017028808594]},{"page":117,"text":"employment","rect":[125.69999694824219,325.7072448730469,174.6011690094008,317.2545166015625]},{"page":117,"text":"prohibited","rect":[125.69999694824219,334.72802734375,165.12772254028594,326.3746337890625]},{"page":117,"text":"Target","rect":[208.8000030517578,366.2680969238281,239.31924290970484,355.9313659667969]},{"page":117,"text":"10O","rect":[486.2400207519531,266.7014465332031,502.76277889147635,256.9739990234375]},{"page":117,"text":"20OSafety Zone","rect":[396.9599914550781,304.2881164550781,473.6686982217534,292.3739929199219]},{"page":117,"text":"Avoid weapon release unless","rect":[371.760009765625,322.30810546875,487.6001506832888,313.9547119140625]},{"page":117,"text":"the situation necessitates.","rect":[371.760009765625,329.7394714355469,474.4662813140883,323.0748291015625]},{"page":117,"text":"Laser Target","rect":[377.1000061035156,358.8274230957031,426.5964082672133,350.37469482421877]},{"page":117,"text":"Designator","rect":[377.1000061035156,367.9475402832031,420.5199568858321,359.49481201171877]},{"page":117,"text":"45O","rect":[324.3599853515625,413.58148193359377,340.8228985203826,403.85400390625]},{"page":117,"text":"60O","rect":[279.7799987792969,443.521484375,296.3028789891326,433.79400634765627]},{"page":117,"text":"10O to 45O is best laser seeker acquisition.","rect":[108.30000305175781,478.94659423828127,309.88091893509547,467.15399169921877]},{"page":117,"text":"Laser Seeker/","rect":[364.74053955078127,453.93878173828127,420.3691438629164,447.165771484375]},{"page":117,"text":"Weapon Platform","rect":[364.74053955078127,464.74761962890627,433.6496180671678,456.2858581542969]},{"page":117,"text":"Figure III-8. Example of Safety Zone and Optimal Attack Zones","rect":[156.47964477539063,508.5538635253906,454.31617640686036,499.0549011230469]},{"page":117,"text":"weapon system employed. If the angle is too large, the seeker will not receive enough","rect":[90.0,533.0399780273438,522.1044311523438,522.011962890625]},{"page":117,"text":"reflected energy to sense the laser spot.","rect":[90.0,546.8400268554688,278.23919677734377,535.81201171875]},{"page":117,"text":"(c) Coordination with JTAC/FAC(A). Laser-guided systems improve the","rect":[154.8000030517578,572.6400146484375,522.0144013671875,561.6119995117188]},{"page":117,"text":"delivery accuracy of unguided ordnance. If the attack aircraft has an LST, the","rect":[90.0,586.4400024414063,521.994015625,575.4119873046875]},{"page":117,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) can designate the target for aircrew ID. An aircrew can use the LST to","rect":[90.0,600.239990234375,521.9915771484375,589.2119750976563]},{"page":117,"text":"visually locate the target. Once the aircrew locates the target, they can conduct an accurate","rect":[90.0,614.0399780273438,522.0167817382812,603.011962890625]},{"page":117,"text":"attack using unguided ordnance. Aircraft equipped with laser designators can also be","rect":[90.0,627.8400268554688,521.9987763671875,616.81201171875]},{"page":117,"text":"“talked onto” the target by the JTAC/FAC(A), then self-designate the target and deliver","rect":[90.0,641.6400146484375,522.0012490234375,630.6119995117188]},{"page":117,"text":"the weapon or, in some cases, confirm the correct target with an airborne IR pointer.","rect":[90.0,655.4400024414063,494.7095947265625,644.4119873046875]},{"page":117,"text":"(d) Employment of LGWs in conjunction with coded LTDs is either","rect":[154.80001831054688,681.239990234375,521.9721650390625,670.2119750976563]},{"page":117,"text":"autonomous or remote. Autonomous LGW employment uses the CAS aircraft’s LTD for","rect":[90.00001525878906,695.0399780273438,521.9497353515625,684.011962890625]},{"page":117,"text":"terminal weapons guidance. Unless specified by the JTAC/FAC(A), buddy lasing internal","rect":[90.0000228881836,708.8400268554688,522.0108657226563,697.81201171875]},{"page":117,"text":"III-53","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":118,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":118,"text":"to the flight/section is considered autonomous lasing. Most aircraft capable of delivering","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.9951782226563,74.6519775390625]},{"page":118,"text":"LGWs can provide autonomous designation. Remote LGW employment uses an LTD that","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0431533203125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":118,"text":"is external to the employing aircraft flight/section for terminal weapons guidance. This is","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,522.0143745117188,102.251953125]},{"page":118,"text":"typically accomplished by a ground team operating an LTD, FAC(A), or another aircraft","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,521.8944106445313,116.052001953125]},{"page":118,"text":"(known as “buddy lasing”). Codes are assigned to LGWs and directly relate to the PRF","rect":[90.0,140.87998962402345,522.007205078125,129.85198974609376]},{"page":118,"text":"that harmonizes the designator and seeker interface. Certain LGWs, such as LGBs, are","rect":[90.0,154.6799774169922,521.9855927734375,143.6519775390625]},{"page":118,"text":"coded prior to takeoff and cannot be changed once the aircraft is airborne. The","rect":[90.0,168.47996520996095,521.98083203125,157.45196533203126]},{"page":118,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) will have to coordinate efforts to ensure both the aircraft and designator are","rect":[90.0,182.2799530029297,521.9832124023437,171.251953125]},{"page":118,"text":"on the same code. Coordination for the LTD to match the LGW code is conducted through","rect":[90.0,196.0800018310547,522.0120239257813,185.052001953125]},{"page":118,"text":"the ATO, ASOC/DASC, or JTAC/FAC(A) CAS brief. Laser codes are always passed as","rect":[90.0,209.87998962402345,521.99758984375,198.85198974609376]},{"page":118,"text":"four-digit codes to avoid confusion. When briefing LST-equipped aircraft, include the","rect":[90.0,223.6799774169922,522.024044921875,212.6519775390625]},{"page":118,"text":"four-digit laser code and LTL, in accordance with the CAS briefing format. If aircraft","rect":[90.0,237.47996520996095,521.9964614257813,226.45196533203126]},{"page":118,"text":"check in with a different code, then it is the JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s responsibility to make","rect":[90.0,251.2799530029297,521.9327973632812,240.251953125]},{"page":118,"text":"appropriate corrections. Even if the aircraft is capable of self-designation, the","rect":[90.0,265.0799255371094,522.0527924804687,254.05194091796876]},{"page":118,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) should have a backup GLTD ready if it is available.","rect":[90.0,278.8799133300781,413.60186767578127,267.8519287109375]},{"page":118,"text":"(e) Laser Designation Time. To avoid missing the target, the laser","rect":[154.79998779296876,304.679931640625,522.043119140625,293.6519470214844]},{"page":118,"text":"designator must be turned on at a time that will permit the bomb to follow an optimum","rect":[90.0,318.4799499511719,521.9460463867188,307.45196533203127]},{"page":118,"text":"glide path. Refer to appropriate tactics manuals for laser designation time rules of thumb. ","rect":[90.0,332.2799377441406,525.016845703125,321.251953125]},{"page":118,"text":"While reducing laser operating time is important in a laser countermeasure environment or","rect":[90.0000228881836,346.0799255371094,522.0144326171875,335.05194091796877]},{"page":118,"text":"when using battery-operated designators, designation time must be long enough to","rect":[90.0000228881836,359.8799133300781,522.0167846679688,348.8519287109375]},{"page":118,"text":"guarantee mission success.","rect":[90.00004577636719,373.6799011230469,219.00607299804688,362.65191650390627]},{"page":118,"text":"For examples of laser hand off and ground lase missions, see Appendix E, “Examples of ","rect":[90.00004577636719,399.5399169921875,525.0408935546875,388.6319274902344]},{"page":118,"text":"Radio Communications During Close Air Support Missions,” Examples 5 and 8.","rect":[90.00004577636719,413.3399353027344,477.43206787109377,402.43194580078127]},{"page":118,"text":"(8) Hellfire Laser-Guided Systems Employment and Characteristics","rect":[133.20005798339845,439.0799255371094,483.48971630859378,428.05194091796877]},{"page":118,"text":"(a) General. ","rect":[154.80006408691407,464.8559265136719,221.4696502685547,453.8519287109375]},{"page":118,"text":"The Hellfire is an air-to-surface LGM system designed to","rect":[228.78005981445313,464.8799133300781,522.0360717773438,453.8519287109375]},{"page":118,"text":"defeat individual hard point and soft targets. It is guided by ground or airborne laser","rect":[90.00006103515625,478.6199035644531,522.0120522460937,467.5919189453125]},{"page":118,"text":"designators to rapidly engage multiple targets.","rect":[90.00004577636719,492.419921875,311.96649169921877,481.3919372558594]},{"page":118,"text":"(b) Laser Characteristics. The Hellfire system should use PRF codes in the","rect":[154.800048828125,518.219970703125,522.0324677734375,507.19195556640627]},{"page":118,"text":"range of 1111 to 1488 to achieve the highest probability of hit. UA may use PRF codes in","rect":[90.00006866455078,532.0199584960938,522.0169067382813,520.991943359375]},{"page":118,"text":"the range of 1111 to 1788 due to the absence of pronounced jitter resulting from the","rect":[90.00009155273438,545.8200073242188,522.0192841796875,534.7799682617188]},{"page":118,"text":"airframe. The Hellfire system allows the aircrew to conduct multiple, rapid launches using","rect":[90.00009155273438,559.6200561523438,522.0385131835938,548.592041015625]},{"page":118,"text":"one or two designation codes simultaneously. UA can ripple release, but four Hellfires","rect":[90.00009155273438,573.4200439453125,522.0072944335938,562.3920288085938]},{"page":118,"text":"would require four seconds. The aircrew can set individual missiles to their own PRF code,","rect":[90.00009155273438,587.196044921875,522.0361328125,576.1920166015625]},{"page":118,"text":"but only one per missile. The aircrew can set or change the missile PRF code from the","rect":[90.00001525878906,601.02001953125,521.9363984375,589.9920043945313]},{"page":118,"text":"cockpit. If using two designators (each set to a different PRF code) the missile launch","rect":[90.00001525878906,614.8200073242188,522.0216064453125,603.7919921875]},{"page":118,"text":"interval can be as low as two seconds. USAF UA can set as low as 0.3 seconds. The use","rect":[90.00001525878906,626.219970703125,521.992794921875,617.5919799804688]},{"page":118,"text":"and coordination of multiple designators present a complex problem for the aircrew and","rect":[90.00001525878906,642.4199829101563,521.9951782226563,631.3919677734375]},{"page":118,"text":"the JTACs/FAC(A)s/designator.","rect":[90.00001525878906,656.2200317382813,245.4288787841797,645.1920166015625]},{"page":118,"text":"zone.","rect":[90.00001525878906,693.39599609375,115.67521667480469,687.6239624023438]},{"page":118,"text":"(c) Safety Considerations. See Figure III-9 for Hellfire designator safety","rect":[154.80001831054688,682.02001953125,522.0455932617188,670.9920043945313]},{"page":118,"text":"III-54 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":118,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":119,"text":"Rotary-Wing Hellfire Designator Safety Zone","rect":[99.1199951171875,96.5253677368164,374.65142053551798,83.25611877441406]},{"page":119,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":119,"text":"40O","rect":[308.5799865722656,251.74990844726563,323.58212980478097,242.95367431640626]},{"page":119,"text":"30O","rect":[286.0799865722656,313.4998779296875,301.08212980478097,304.6336364746094]},{"page":119,"text":"30O","rect":[297.9599914550781,325.3798522949219,312.96213468759347,316.5136413574219]},{"page":119,"text":"Airborne designators","rect":[281.760009765625,355.2185974121094,364.38918255561569,346.80535888671877]},{"page":119,"text":"must be outside 30O","rect":[281.760009765625,362.8677978515625,360.3538223520371,354.9343566894531]},{"page":119,"text":"by 40O no-fly zone.","rect":[281.760009765625,374.0585021972656,355.4039948759223,364.35443115234377]},{"page":119,"text":"Not to scale","rect":[254.82000732421876,407.7881774902344,296.52982405450549,401.8739929199219]},{"page":119,"text":"15,000 feet","rect":[402.1203308105469,148.5380859375,446.8026765165473,141.7967071533203]},{"page":119,"text":"crossrange at","rect":[402.1203308105469,159.3773193359375,456.30762036420358,151.11688232421876]},{"page":119,"text":"8 kilometer","rect":[402.1203308105469,166.6571044921875,445.81094191993068,159.9966278076172]},{"page":119,"text":"downrange","rect":[402.1203308105469,177.496337890625,446.5230471248915,169.08309936523438]},{"page":119,"text":"30O","rect":[431.2200012207031,263.03985595703127,446.2221139356403,254.17364501953126]},{"page":119,"text":"15,000 feet","rect":[469.9801025390625,221.49951171875,514.6939118681098,214.7581329345703]},{"page":119,"text":"altitude at","rect":[469.9801025390625,230.55908203125,508.66781933881296,223.92556762695313]},{"page":119,"text":"8 kilometer","rect":[469.9801025390625,239.6185302734375,513.6545088144619,232.9580535888672]},{"page":119,"text":"downrange","rect":[469.9801025390625,250.45782470703126,514.3873354549696,242.04458618164063]},{"page":119,"text":"Figure III-9. Rotary-Wing Hellfire Designator Safety Zone","rect":[171.23980712890626,465.7138366699219,440.7246847076416,456.2148742675781]},{"page":119,"text":"(d) Obstacle clearance requirements including terrain and cloud height.","rect":[154.8000030517578,489.05999755859377,505.3008117675781,478.0320129394531]},{"page":119,"text":"(e) Target Designator Options. ","rect":[154.8000030517578,514.7999877929688,321.19195556640627,503.77197265625]},{"page":119,"text":"options for designating the missile’s target.","rect":[90.00001525878906,528.6000366210938,297.31683349609377,517.572021484375]},{"page":119,"text":"Autonomous and remote are two basic","rect":[327.7799987792969,512.3759765625,522.0671967773437,503.77197265625]},{"page":119,"text":"1. Autonomous. The launching aircraft designates its own target. This","rect":[176.4000244140625,554.4000244140625,522.0647895507813,543.3720092773438]},{"page":119,"text":"may be the easiest form of designation to set up but requires the aircrew to identify the","rect":[90.0,568.2000122070313,522.0743989257812,557.1719970703125]},{"page":119,"text":"correct target. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,582.0,159.67201232910157,572.1839599609375]},{"page":119,"text":"2. Remote. The target is designated by an aircraft other than the","rect":[176.4000244140625,607.7999877929688,521.9592255859375,596.77197265625]},{"page":119,"text":"launching aircraft or by a remote ground-based designator. This requires the designator to","rect":[90.0,621.6000366210938,522.072021484375,610.572021484375]},{"page":119,"text":"properly identify and lase the target because the aircrew may not see the target during this","rect":[90.0,635.4000244140625,522.0215766601563,624.3720092773438]},{"page":119,"text":"option. Remote designation allows the launching aircraft to fire from a masked position","rect":[90.0,649.2000122070313,521.9976196289063,638.1719970703125]},{"page":119,"text":"and with longer standoff than is possible with autonomous designation.","rect":[90.0000228881836,663.0,431.95684814453127,651.9719848632813]},{"page":119,"text":"(f) Launch Modes. The two basic types of launch modes are lock-on before","rect":[154.800048828125,688.7999877929688,521.9951142578125,677.77197265625]},{"page":119,"text":"launch (LOBL) and lock-on after launch (LOAL). Both launch modes can be used with","rect":[90.00004577636719,702.5760498046875,522.0252075195313,691.572021484375]},{"page":119,"text":"either autonomous or remote designation options.","rect":[90.00004577636719,716.4000244140625,328.05609130859377,705.3720092773438]},{"page":119,"text":"III-55","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.2359008789063]},{"page":120,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":120,"text":"1. LOBL is when the missile seeker locks onto properly coded laser","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,521.9641396484375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":120,"text":"energy prior to the missile launch. The missile seeker must have direct LOS with the","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,522.0563935546875,88.4520263671875]},{"page":120,"text":"designated target for this launch mode to work properly. LOBL gives a higher probability","rect":[90.0,113.28001403808594,522.0599975585938,102.25201416015625]},{"page":120,"text":"of hit when the aircraft is close to the target. It is also used to confirm the aircraft is within","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,522.0192260742188,116.052001953125]},{"page":120,"text":"missile launch constraints, that the missile “sees” the correct laser code and target, and","rect":[90.0,140.8800506591797,522.0299682617188,129.85205078125]},{"page":120,"text":"when the threat or environment does not require delayed designation.","rect":[90.0,154.68003845214845,422.5871887207031,143.65203857421876]},{"page":120,"text":"2. LOAL is when the missile seeker locks onto the coded laser energy","rect":[176.39999389648438,180.4800262451172,521.985595703125,169.4520263671875]},{"page":120,"text":"after the missile is launched and is in flight. This method allows the aircrew to launch the","rect":[90.0,194.28001403808595,521.9999970703125,183.25201416015626]},{"page":120,"text":"missile without LOS to the target. This reduces the exposure of launch aircraft, helps defeat","rect":[90.00004577636719,208.0800018310547,521.99762109375,197.052001953125]},{"page":120,"text":"laser countermeasures by delaying the designation, and extends the missile range when","rect":[90.00004577636719,221.87998962402345,521.9976196289063,210.85198974609376]},{"page":120,"text":"using a remote designator. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,235.68003845214845,222.67921447753907,224.65203857421876]},{"page":120,"text":"(g) Attacks on Multiple Targets. ","rect":[154.800048828125,261.4800109863281,332.9568786621094,250.4520263671875]},{"page":120,"text":"Multiple missiles attacking multiple","rect":[341.2200622558594,261.4800109863281,522.0407685546875,250.4520263671875]},{"page":120,"text":"high-threat targets reduce the aircrew’s exposure. Rapid fire reduces laser operating time","rect":[90.00006866455078,275.2799987792969,521.968869140625,264.25201416015627]},{"page":120,"text":"when engaging multiple targets. During rapid fire, the aircrew uses a minimum of eight","rect":[90.00006866455078,289.0799865722656,522.0156264648438,278.052001953125]},{"page":120,"text":"seconds between missiles. For UA, a minimum of 0.3 seconds is used to ensure","rect":[90.00006866455078,300.47998046875,522.0145234375,291.85198974609377]},{"page":120,"text":"simultaneous impacts. The aircrew can use longer intervals, based on experience, terrain,","rect":[90.00006866455078,316.67999267578127,521.9688720703125,305.6520080566406]},{"page":120,"text":"target array, and battlefield obscuration. During multiple missile launches, the designator","rect":[90.00006866455078,330.47998046875,521.9736611328125,319.4519958496094]},{"page":120,"text":"must be sure that subsequent missiles can receive reflected laser energy without","rect":[90.00006866455078,344.27996826171877,522.0048842773438,333.2519836425781]},{"page":120,"text":"interruption. Dust and smoke from initial missile detonations can block or interrupt","rect":[90.00006866455078,358.0559997558594,522.040833984375,347.052001953125]},{"page":120,"text":"reception of laser energy by follow-on missiles. The JTAC/FAC(A) should consider wind","rect":[90.00006866455078,371.8799743652344,522.0264892578125,360.85198974609377]},{"page":120,"text":"speed and direction when selecting multiple targets. Working targets from downwind to","rect":[90.00006866455078,385.6799621582031,522.0169067382813,374.6519775390625]},{"page":120,"text":"upwind reduces the impact of post-detonation dust and smoke. Multiple missile launches","rect":[90.00006866455078,399.4559631347656,522.0180366210938,388.45196533203127]},{"page":120,"text":"require close coordination and timing.","rect":[90.00006866455078,413.2799377441406,273.01214599609377,402.251953125]},{"page":120,"text":"b. IAMs. These weapons rely on a self-contained, GPS-aided INS, which guides the","rect":[111.60006713867188,439.0799560546875,522.0205048828125,428.0519714355469]},{"page":120,"text":"weapon from the release point to target coordinates regardless of weather, camouflage, or","rect":[90.00004577636719,452.87994384765627,522.0120522460937,441.8519592285156]},{"page":120,"text":"obscurants. Some IAMs/GPS-aided munitions may have seekers that, if used, will provide","rect":[90.0000228881836,466.6199645996094,522.0420502929687,455.59197998046877]},{"page":120,"text":"enhanced terminal guidance corrections, further increasing accuracy. These seekers may","rect":[90.0000228881836,480.4199523925781,521.95556640625,469.3919677734375]},{"page":120,"text":"include, but are not limited to, laser, television, and millimeter-wave sensors. These","rect":[90.0000228881836,492.0,521.992794921875,483.19195556640627]},{"page":120,"text":"weapons require encrypted GPS signals and may require considerable preflight planning","rect":[90.0000228881836,508.0199279785156,522.0648193359375,496.991943359375]},{"page":120,"text":"to achieve optimum accuracy depending on weapon type and mission.","rect":[90.0000228881836,521.8199462890625,426.6300048828125,510.79193115234377]},{"page":120,"text":"(1) Advantages","rect":[133.20001220703126,547.6199340820313,213.24000622558595,536.5919189453125]},{"page":120,"text":"(a) Accuracy. When provided three-dimensional target locations of sufficient","rect":[154.8000030517578,573.4199829101563,522.2027602539063,562.3919677734375]},{"page":120,"text":"accuracy, these weapons can achieve delivery accuracies exceeding those of LGWs. Accuracy","rect":[90.0,587.219970703125,522.221923828125,576.1919555664063]},{"page":120,"text":"is also unaffected (assuming GPS-aided guidance) by launch range.","rect":[90.0,601.0199584960938,401.3940124511719,589.991943359375]},{"page":120,"text":"(b) Standoff. ","rect":[154.800048828125,626.7960205078125,222.6216278076172,615.7919921875]},{"page":120,"text":"These weapons can provide standoff capability at very long","rect":[229.26004028320313,626.8200073242188,522.0311279296875,615.7919921875]},{"page":120,"text":"distances. Aircraft and aircrews can use the standoff capability of these weapons to potentially","rect":[90.00003051757813,640.6200561523438,522.156005859375,629.592041015625]},{"page":120,"text":"avoid threats in the target area. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,654.4200439453125,238.84796142578126,643.3920288085938]},{"page":120,"text":"(c) All-Weather Capability. ","rect":[154.80001831054688,680.2200317382813,303.78607177734377,669.1920166015625]},{"page":120,"text":"IAMs/GPS-aided munitions will normally","rect":[311.9400329589844,680.2200317382813,522.105712890625,669.1920166015625]},{"page":120,"text":"offer an all-weather capability because they do not require designators for guidance. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,694.0200805664063,525.0145263671875,682.9920654296875]},{"page":120,"text":"III-56 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":120,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":121,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":121,"text":"INSs/GPS-aided weapons do not require the aircrew to see the target or to maintain a clear","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.04678125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":121,"text":"LOS to the target.","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,175.99200439453126,88.45196533203125]},{"page":121,"text":"(d) Multiple Target Capability. ","rect":[154.8000030517578,125.27995300292969,326.29443359375,114.251953125]},{"page":121,"text":"Depending on platform and weapon","rect":[335.94000244140627,125.27995300292969,522.0263671875,114.251953125]},{"page":121,"text":"variety, the weapons allow one aircraft to strike multiple stationary targets in one ‘pass’.","rect":[90.0000228881836,139.0800018310547,514.1448059082031,128.052001953125]},{"page":121,"text":"(e) Modifiable Impact Angle. By increasing the impact angle of ","rect":[154.800048828125,164.87998962402345,525.072021484375,153.85198974609376]},{"page":121,"text":"IAMs/GPS-aided weapons, the effect of vertical TLE (elevation error) is greatly reduced.","rect":[90.00004577636719,178.6799774169922,518.9496459960938,167.6519775390625]},{"page":121,"text":"(2) Limitations","rect":[133.2000274658203,204.45596313476563,212.56681896972658,193.45196533203126]},{"page":121,"text":"(a) Moving Targets. ","rect":[154.80003356933595,230.2799530029297,261.7500305175781,219.251953125]},{"page":121,"text":"Certain varieties of IAMs/GPS weapons have more","rect":[268.3800354003906,230.25595092773438,522.0852631835937,219.251953125]},{"page":121,"text":"inherent capability against moving targets than others. All CAS participants must be familiar","rect":[90.0000228881836,244.0800018310547,522.1416298828125,233.052001953125]},{"page":121,"text":"with the capabilities and limitations of the specific weapon system being employed.","rect":[90.0000228881836,257.8799133300781,483.7008361816406,246.8519287109375]},{"page":121,"text":"(b) Location Error. These weapons require extremely accurate coordinates,","rect":[154.800048828125,283.679931640625,522.1344604492188,272.6519470214844]},{"page":121,"text":"in both the horizontal and vertical planes, for point targets. Additionally, some weapons","rect":[90.00003051757813,297.4799499511719,522.0072333984375,286.45196533203127]},{"page":121,"text":"require sufficient time to acquire guidance information following release. If precise","rect":[90.00004577636719,311.2799377441406,522.0696381835937,300.251953125]},{"page":121,"text":"information is not available, the commander must be advised of the impact on accuracy","rect":[90.00004577636719,325.0799255371094,522.0288696289063,314.05194091796877]},{"page":121,"text":"and subsequent reduction in effectiveness. (All CAS participants must ensure they are","rect":[90.00004577636719,338.8799133300781,521.9604462890625,327.8519287109375]},{"page":121,"text":"using the same maps, charts, databases, and target materials with the same datum","rect":[90.00004577636719,352.7999267578125,521.9988076171875,341.96392822265627]},{"page":121,"text":"and/or grid reference system. World Geodetic System 1984 is the DOD-assumed","rect":[90.00004577636719,366.59991455078127,521.978396484375,355.763916015625]},{"page":121,"text":"standard unless stated otherwise in the SPINS.)","rect":[90.00004577636719,380.2079162597656,332.30529565429688,369.56390380859377]},{"page":121,"text":"(c) Malfunctions. The footprint for these weapons, in the event of a","rect":[154.800048828125,406.055908203125,522.0852631835937,395.0519104003906]},{"page":121,"text":"malfunction, such as loss of guidance or control fin hard-over, is very large and, in some","rect":[90.00006103515625,419.8799133300781,521.9184541015625,408.8519287109375]},{"page":121,"text":"cases, increases the probability of friendly fire. When able, PGMs should be employed","rect":[90.00006866455078,433.6799011230469,522.0000610351563,422.65191650390627]},{"page":121,"text":"parallel to the FLOT.","rect":[90.00006866455078,447.4559020996094,192.0120849609375,436.451904296875]},{"page":121,"text":"(3) TTP. IAMs have multiple modes of employment and may be used with both","rect":[133.2000732421875,473.2799072265625,521.9880981445313,462.2519226074219]},{"page":121,"text":"the BOC and BOT constructs.","rect":[90.00004577636719,484.6679382324219,234.2616424560547,476.05194091796877]},{"page":121,"text":"(a) BOC. Using this method, IAMs guide to a designated impact angle and","rect":[154.800048828125,512.8799438476563,522.0192260742188,501.8519592285156]},{"page":121,"text":"azimuth over the coordinates entered into the munitions via the aircraft system. Aircrews","rect":[90.00006866455078,526.6199951171875,522.0048530273438,515.5919799804688]},{"page":121,"text":"will not adjust coordinates that are passed and put into the system for any reason. ","rect":[90.00009155273438,540.4199829101563,525.0001220703125,529.3799438476563]},{"page":121,"text":"Therefore, great care must be taken to ensure the most accurate target location (i.e.,","rect":[90.00009155273438,554.3400268554688,522.0492553710938,543.5040283203125]},{"page":121,"text":"lowest TLE) is obtained and correctly put into the weapon/system. The tactical","rect":[90.00009155273438,568.1400146484375,522.0036635742188,557.3040161132813]},{"page":121,"text":"scenario and commander’s tactical risk assessment determine the acceptable TLE. ","rect":[90.00009155273438,581.916015625,524.977294921875,571.10400390625]},{"page":121,"text":"Aircraft altitude and speed can yield significant standoff ranges (in excess of 10 nautical","rect":[90.00011444091797,595.6200561523438,522.0145278320313,584.592041015625]},{"page":121,"text":"miles). Therefore, it is necessary to deconflict high-altitude/long-range release profiles","rect":[90.00011444091797,609.4200439453125,522.0265205078125,598.3920288085938]},{"page":121,"text":"from other systems operating below the release altitudes. Significant issues exist when","rect":[90.00011444091797,623.2200317382813,522.1008911132813,612.1920166015625]},{"page":121,"text":"using weapons that transit over or around friendly forces using preprogrammed flight paths","rect":[90.00011444091797,637.0200805664063,522.0265205078125,625.9920654296875]},{"page":121,"text":"and impact points. Once released, these weapons may not be redirected. ","rect":[90.00011444091797,650.8201293945313,443.8381042480469,639.7921142578125]},{"page":121,"text":"(b) BOT. Some aircraft can deliver IAMs via self-derived targeting;","rect":[154.80010986328126,676.6201171875,522.0722670898438,665.5921020507813]},{"page":121,"text":"examples include FLIR, advanced targeting pod, radar, or visually. This method indicates","rect":[90.00011444091797,690.4201049804688,522.04446484375,679.39208984375]},{"page":121,"text":"that aircraft are employing an IAM based on sensor or visual target acquisition, as opposed","rect":[90.00011444091797,704.2201538085938,522.0097045898438,693.192138671875]},{"page":121,"text":"to bombing on a coordinate given to the aircrew. It assumes the JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s","rect":[90.00011444091797,718.0202026367188,521.9820869140625,706.9921875]},{"page":121,"text":"III-57","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.2359008789063]},{"page":122,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":122,"text":"intended target or aim-point is CAPTURED/TALLY/CONTACT by the aircrew. TLE for","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.9952065429687,74.6519775390625]},{"page":122,"text":"a BOT delivery will depend on aircraft/sensor type and may not be as accurate as a BOC","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.022798828125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":122,"text":"with a low TLE coordinate; therefore, all normal methods of deconfliction and release","rect":[90.0,112.69194793701172,521.9423798828125,102.251953125]},{"page":122,"text":"restrictions apply. ","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,181.9919891357422,116.052001953125]},{"page":122,"text":"12. Integrating Close Air Support Planning Considerations","rect":[90.0,152.99998474121095,394.67401196289065,142.1639862060547]},{"page":122,"text":"Successful employment of both aircraft operations and surface fires requires","rect":[111.60000610351563,178.7999725341797,522.0611884765625,167.96397399902345]},{"page":122,"text":"careful planning combined with an ability to rapidly coordinate during changing","rect":[90.0,192.59996032714845,522.0,181.7639617919922]},{"page":122,"text":"conditions. ","rect":[90.0,204.0,148.739990234375,195.44395446777345]},{"page":122,"text":"The JTAC/FAC(A)/TAC(A), airspace control, and fire support personnel","rect":[155.8800048828125,206.25595092773438,522.0072036132813,195.251953125]},{"page":122,"text":"must integrate airspace users to provide a reasonably safe operating environment for","rect":[89.99995422363281,220.0800018310547,521.8979165039062,209.052001953125]},{"page":122,"text":"aircraft to maneuver and attack targets. Airspace integration must also accommodate other","rect":[89.99995422363281,233.8799285888672,522.11758203125,222.8519287109375]},{"page":122,"text":"airspace users, to include UA, medical evacuation, C2, ISR, and transport aircraft. C2","rect":[89.99995422363281,247.65597534179688,521.9759521484375,236.6519775390625]},{"page":122,"text":"agencies must ensure transitory aircraft not under a JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s control are made","rect":[89.99995422363281,261.4799499511719,522.1007661132812,250.45196533203126]},{"page":122,"text":"aware of other aircraft operating in their vicinity. CAS aircraft may require specific","rect":[89.9999771118164,275.2799377441406,522.0707978515625,264.251953125]},{"page":122,"text":"deconfliction and coordination using time, space, and altitude. JTACs/FAC(A)s and fire","rect":[89.9999771118164,289.0799255371094,522.04430859375,278.05194091796877]},{"page":122,"text":"support personnel should select separation techniques that require the least","rect":[89.9999771118164,302.9759216308594,522.1079995117187,292.1639099121094]},{"page":122,"text":"coordination without adversely affecting the ability to safely complete the mission.","rect":[89.9999771118164,316.7999267578125,522.009521484375,305.96392822265627]},{"page":122,"text":"Successful ","rect":[89.99995422363281,328.06793212890627,143.27996826171876,319.4519348144531]},{"page":122,"text":"integration ","rect":[150.35995483398438,330.47991943359377,204.21835327148438,319.4519348144531]},{"page":122,"text":"requires ","rect":[211.29833984375,330.4559326171875,252.1151123046875,319.4519348144531]},{"page":122,"text":"deconfliction ","rect":[259.1351318359375,328.0559387207031,324.10198974609377,319.4519348144531]},{"page":122,"text":"methods ","rect":[331.18194580078127,328.0559387207031,374.11920166015627,319.4519348144531]},{"page":122,"text":"that ","rect":[381.13922119140627,328.0,401.79241943359377,319.4519348144531]},{"page":122,"text":"facilitate ","rect":[408.81243896484377,328.0559387207031,452.79833984375,319.4519348144531]},{"page":122,"text":"simultaneous","rect":[459.818359375,328.0559387207031,522.10794140625,319.4519348144531]},{"page":122,"text":"multiship/platform CAS and IDF operations. To be successful, all participants must be well","rect":[89.99995422363281,344.25592041015627,522.206361328125,333.2519226074219]},{"page":122,"text":"versed in ACA terminology and have knowledge of all applicable ACAs in use. The","rect":[89.99995422363281,358.07989501953127,522.1295747070312,347.0519104003906]},{"page":122,"text":"objective is to integrate CAS aircraft with other supporting arms in a manner that quickly","rect":[89.9999771118164,371.8799133300781,522.1536254882813,360.8399353027344]},{"page":122,"text":"achieves the commander’s objectives and supports the commander’s scheme of maneuver","rect":[89.9999771118164,385.6799011230469,522.1247841796875,374.6399230957031]},{"page":122,"text":"and intent.","rect":[89.9999771118164,397.055908203125,139.6727752685547,388.451904296875]},{"page":122,"text":"For further detail concerning airspace deconfliction, refer to JP 3-52, Joint Airspace","rect":[89.9999771118164,425.2798767089844,522.1127900390625,414.25189208984377]},{"page":122,"text":"Control.","rect":[89.9999771118164,436.6678771972656,128.98797607421876,428.0518798828125]},{"page":122,"text":"a. FSCMs. Within their operational areas, commanders employ permissive and","rect":[111.5999755859375,464.8798828125,522.0599365234375,453.8518981933594]},{"page":122,"text":"restrictive FSCMs to expedite attack of targets; protect forces, populations, critical","rect":[89.99995422363281,478.6198425292969,522.2279677734375,467.59185791015627]},{"page":122,"text":"infrastructure, and sites of religious or cultural significance; clear joint fires; deconflict joint","rect":[89.9999771118164,492.4198913574219,522.193177734375,481.3799133300781]},{"page":122,"text":"fire support operations; and establish conditions for future operations. Along with other","rect":[89.9999771118164,506.2198791503906,522.1367470703125,495.19189453125]},{"page":122,"text":"control measures, FSCMs and their associated procedures help ensure joint fire support does","rect":[89.9999771118164,520.0199584960938,522.0971381835938,508.9799499511719]},{"page":122,"text":"not jeopardize troop safety, interfere with other attack means, or disrupt operations of ","rect":[89.9999771118164,533.8199462890625,524.9951782226563,522.7799072265625]},{"page":122,"text":"adjacent units. The primary purpose of permissive measures is to facilitate the attack of ","rect":[89.9999771118164,547.6199951171875,525.0791625976563,536.5799560546875]},{"page":122,"text":"targets, while the primary purpose of restrictive measures is to safeguard friendly forces. ","rect":[89.9999771118164,561.4199829101563,524.9940185546875,550.3919677734375]},{"page":122,"text":"Figure III-10 depicts common FSCMs.","rect":[89.9999771118164,575.2200317382813,273.55438232421877,564.1920166015625]},{"page":122,"text":"For further details of FSCMs, refer to JP 3-09, Joint Fire Support.","rect":[89.9999771118164,601.02001953125,402.0479736328125,589.9920043945313]},{"page":122,"text":"(1) Permissive Measures. Permissive measures facilitate target attacks.","rect":[133.1999969482422,626.820068359375,477.53289794921877,615.7920532226563]},{"page":122,"text":"(a) CFL. A CFL is a line beyond which conventional, surface-to-surface","rect":[154.79998779296876,652.6200561523438,522.008419921875,641.592041015625]},{"page":122,"text":"direct fire and IDF support means may fire at any time within the boundaries of the","rect":[90.0,666.4201049804688,521.9904145507812,655.39208984375]},{"page":122,"text":"establishing HQ without additional coordination. Use of the CFL does not eliminate the","rect":[90.0,680.2200927734375,522.1271943359375,669.1920776367188]},{"page":122,"text":"requirement/responsibility to coordinate the airspace required to conduct the mission.","rect":[90.0,694.0201416015625,491.34234619140627,682.9921264648438]},{"page":122,"text":"For further details on the CFL, see JP 3-09, Joint Fire Support.","rect":[90.0,719.8201293945313,394.73760986328127,708.7921142578125]},{"page":122,"text":"III-58 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":122,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":123,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":123,"text":"Figure III-10. Fire Support Coordination Measures","rect":[187.08041381835938,515.69384765625,424.91004847717286,506.19488525390627]},{"page":123,"text":"(b) FSCL. An FSCL is an FSCM established by the land or amphibious","rect":[154.8000030517578,539.0400390625,521.9256904296875,528.0120239257813]},{"page":123,"text":"force commander to support common objectives within an area of operation. Short of the","rect":[90.0,552.8400268554688,522.0407685546875,541.7999877929688]},{"page":123,"text":"FSCL, all fires must be coordinated with the establishing commander prior to engagement. ","rect":[90.00000762939453,566.6400146484375,525.0527954101563,555.6119995117188]},{"page":123,"text":"Beyond the FSCL, all fires must be coordinated with affected commanders prior to","rect":[90.00000762939453,580.4400024414063,521.9616088867188,569.4119873046875]},{"page":123,"text":"engagement.","rect":[90.00000762939453,594.2400512695313,150.96240234375,584.4240112304688]},{"page":123,"text":"For further details on the FSCL, see JP 3-09, Joint Fire Support.","rect":[90.00000762939453,620.0400390625,400.75921630859377,609.0120239257813]},{"page":123,"text":"(c) Battlefield Coordination Line (BCL). A BCL is a USMC supplementary","rect":[154.80001831054688,645.8400268554688,522.2447509765625,634.81201171875]},{"page":123,"text":"FSCM, established based on METT-T, which facilitates the expeditious attack of surface","rect":[90.00003051757813,659.6160278320313,522.2352265625,648.6119995117188]},{"page":123,"text":"targets of opportunity between the measure (the BCL) and the FSCL. When established, the","rect":[90.00003051757813,673.4400024414063,522.234005859375,662.4119873046875]},{"page":123,"text":"primary purpose is to allow MAGTF aviation to attack surface targets without approval of a","rect":[90.00003051757813,687.239990234375,522.1644868164062,676.2119750976563]},{"page":123,"text":"GCE commander in whose area the targets may be located. To facilitate air-delivered fires and","rect":[90.00005340576172,701.0399780273438,522.2616577148438,690.011962890625]},{"page":123,"text":"deconflict air and surface fires, an ACA will always overlie the area between the BCL and the","rect":[90.00005340576172,714.8400268554688,522.207638671875,703.81201171875]},{"page":123,"text":"III-59","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":124,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":124,"text":"FSCL. Additionally, ground commanders may strike any targets beyond the BCL and short of ","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,525.0108032226563,74.6519775390625]},{"page":124,"text":"the FSCL with artillery and/or rockets without coordination, as long as those fires deconflict","rect":[90.0000228881836,99.47996520996094,522.284486328125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":124,"text":"with the established ACA overhead.","rect":[90.0000228881836,110.86795043945313,256.9680480957031,102.251953125]},{"page":124,"text":"(d) Free-Fire Area (FFA). An FFA is a specific, designated area into which","rect":[154.80001831054688,139.0800018310547,522.211181640625,128.052001953125]},{"page":124,"text":"any weapon system may fire without additional coordination with the establishing HQ. It is","rect":[90.0000228881836,152.87998962402345,522.2484443359375,141.85198974609376]},{"page":124,"text":"used to expedite joint fires and to facilitate emergency jettison of aircraft munitions. Authority","rect":[90.00004577636719,166.6799774169922,522.244873046875,155.6399688720703]},{"page":124,"text":"to engage is not automatically granted by the establishment of an FFA. US forces must still","rect":[90.00004577636719,180.47996520996095,522.1320205078125,169.45196533203126]},{"page":124,"text":"comply with mission requirements such as designated target priority, effects, and timing of ","rect":[90.00004577636719,194.2799530029297,525.0792236328125,183.251953125]},{"page":124,"text":"fires; PID of targets; CDE; ROE; and SPINS. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,208.0800018310547,302.33642578125,197.052001953125]},{"page":124,"text":"(e) Kill Box. A kill box is a three-dimensional area used to facilitate the","rect":[154.800048828125,233.85598754882813,522.2703217773437,222.85198974609376]},{"page":124,"text":"integration of joint fires and airspace. The kill box is an FSCM with an associated ACM. The","rect":[90.00009155273438,247.6799774169922,522.2185639648437,236.6399688720703]},{"page":124,"text":"establishing commander must coordinate its use through both fires and airspace channels. It is","rect":[90.00009155273438,261.4799499511719,522.2364814453125,250.45196533203126]},{"page":124,"text":"a permissive FSCM, generated by the appropriate commander, that may contain other","rect":[90.00011444091797,275.2799377441406,522.2328774414062,264.251953125]},{"page":124,"text":"restrictive control measures (ACM or FSCM) inside its boundaries. For current kill box","rect":[90.00011444091797,289.05596923828127,522.249755859375,278.0519714355469]},{"page":124,"text":"operations, refer to theater-specific SOP. When established, the primary purpose of a kill box","rect":[90.00011444091797,302.87994384765627,522.1981201171875,291.8519592285156]},{"page":124,"text":"is to allow lethal attack against surface targets without further coordination with the","rect":[90.00013732910156,316.679931640625,522.2377290039062,305.6519470214844]},{"page":124,"text":"establishing commander and without TAC. When used to integrate air-to-surface and surface-","rect":[90.00013732910156,330.4799499511719,522.330228515625,319.45196533203127]},{"page":124,"text":"to-surface IDFs, the kill box will have appropriate restrictions. A kill box will not be","rect":[90.00013732910156,344.2559509277344,522.2221650390625,333.251953125]},{"page":124,"text":"established for CAS missions. If CAS is required within an established kill box, the responsible","rect":[90.00013732910156,358.0559387207031,522.194455078125,347.05194091796877]},{"page":124,"text":"C2 element should change the fires status to COLD for the portion of the kill box in close","rect":[90.00013732910156,371.8799133300781,522.2665375976562,360.8519287109375]},{"page":124,"text":"proximity to ground forces where fires need to be integrated and synchronized. Authority to","rect":[90.00013732910156,385.6799011230469,522.1549682617188,374.65191650390627]},{"page":124,"text":"engage is not automatically granted by the establishment of a kill box. All aircrews conducting","rect":[90.00013732910156,399.47991943359377,522.2353515625,388.4519348144531]},{"page":124,"text":"AI within the confines of a kill box will execute their mission in accordance with requirements","rect":[90.00013732910156,413.25592041015627,522.176544921875,402.2519226074219]},{"page":124,"text":"for PID and CDE and in accordance with applicable ROE and SPINS.","rect":[90.00016021728516,427.055908203125,413.34014892578127,416.0519104003906]},{"page":124,"text":"For further guidance on kill boxes, refer to JP 3-09, Joint Fire Support, and ATP 3-","rect":[90.00016021728516,452.8799133300781,522.1465126953125,441.8519287109375]},{"page":124,"text":"09.34/MCRP 3-25H/NTTP 3-09.2.1/AFTTP 3-2.59, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and","rect":[90.00013732910156,466.5959167480469,522.2521362304688,455.5919189453125]},{"page":124,"text":"Procedures for Kill Box Planning and Employment.","rect":[90.00011444091797,480.419921875,329.54168701171877,469.3919372558594]},{"page":124,"text":"(2) Restrictive Measures. ","rect":[133.20010375976563,506.1959533691406,265.6273193359375,495.19195556640627]},{"page":124,"text":"friendly forces.","rect":[90.00010681152344,520.0199584960938,160.33810424804688,508.991943359375]},{"page":124,"text":"Restrictive measures are established to safeguard","rect":[276.2401123046875,506.2199401855469,522.2281494140625,495.19195556640627]},{"page":124,"text":"(a) NFA. An NFA is land area designated by the appropriate commander into","rect":[154.80010986328126,545.8200073242188,522.1201171875,534.7919921875]},{"page":124,"text":"which fires or their effects are prohibited. Two exceptions are:","rect":[90.00013732910156,559.5960693359375,380.14453271484379,548.592041015625]},{"page":124,"text":"1. When the establishing HQ approves fires temporarily within the NFA on","rect":[176.400146484375,585.4200439453125,522.2149658203125,574.3920288085938]},{"page":124,"text":"a mission-by-mission basis.","rect":[90.0,599.2200317382813,217.80838012695313,588.1920166015625]},{"page":124,"text":"2. When an enemy force within the NFA engages a friendly force and the","rect":[176.39999389648438,625.02001953125,522.2268037109375,613.9920043945313]},{"page":124,"text":"engaged commander determines there is a requirement for immediate protection and responds","rect":[90.0,638.8200073242188,522.2591865234375,627.7919921875]},{"page":124,"text":"with the minimal force needed to defend the force.","rect":[90.0,650.196044921875,323.11199951171877,641.592041015625]},{"page":124,"text":"(b) Restrictive Fire Area (RFA). An RFA is an area in which specific","rect":[154.79998779296876,678.3960571289063,522.1799287109375,667.3920288085938]},{"page":124,"text":"restrictions are imposed and into which fires (or the effects of fires) that exceed those","rect":[90.0,692.196044921875,522.2507905273437,681.1920166015625]},{"page":124,"text":"restrictions will not be delivered without coordination with the establishing HQ.","rect":[90.0,706.02001953125,458.1755676269531,694.9920043945313]},{"page":124,"text":"III-60 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":124,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":125,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":125,"text":"(c) RFL. The RFL is a line established between converging friendly forces—","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,522.1775817871094,74.6519775390625]},{"page":125,"text":"one or both may be moving—that prohibits joint fires or the effects of joint fires across the line","rect":[89.99998474121094,99.47996520996094,522.2268037109375,88.4399642944336]},{"page":125,"text":"without coordination with the affected force. The purpose of the line is to prevent friendly fire","rect":[89.99998474121094,113.27995300292969,522.146359375,102.251953125]},{"page":125,"text":"and duplication of engagements by converging friendly forces.","rect":[89.99998474121094,127.08000183105469,379.1927795410156,116.052001953125]},{"page":125,"text":"(d) ACA. A three-dimensional block of airspace in a target area, established by","rect":[154.79998779296876,152.87998962402345,522.1919555664063,141.85198974609376]},{"page":125,"text":"the appropriate commander, in which friendly aircraft are reasonably safe from friendly surface","rect":[89.99996185302735,166.6799774169922,522.202755859375,155.6519775390625]},{"page":125,"text":"fires. An ACA is normally established using lateral, altitude, or time separation or a","rect":[89.99998474121094,180.47996520996095,522.28551953125,169.45196533203126]},{"page":125,"text":"combination thereof. The ACA is the primary FSCM that reflects the coordination of airspace","rect":[89.99998474121094,194.2799530029297,522.2099580078125,183.251953125]},{"page":125,"text":"for use by air support and indirect joint fires. There are two types of ACAs: formal and","rect":[89.99998474121094,208.07994079589845,522.229248046875,197.03993225097657]},{"page":125,"text":"informal.","rect":[89.99998474121094,219.4559326171875,132.79437255859376,210.8519287109375]},{"page":125,"text":"1. Formal ACA. The airspace control authority establishes formal ACAs","rect":[176.3999786376953,247.6799774169922,522.2004096679688,236.6519775390625]},{"page":125,"text":"at the request of the appropriate commander. Formal ACAs require detailed planning. ","rect":[90.0,261.4800109863281,525.0767822265625,250.4520263671875]},{"page":125,"text":"Although not always necessary, formal ACAs should be considered. The vertical and lateral","rect":[90.0,275.2799987792969,522.1979995117188,264.25201416015627]},{"page":125,"text":"limits of the ACA are designed to allow freedom of action for air and surface fire support for","rect":[90.0,289.08001708984377,522.1524331054687,278.0520324707031]},{"page":125,"text":"the greatest number of foreseeable targets. Since the fire direction center (FDC) can determine","rect":[90.0,302.8800048828125,522.212521484375,291.8520202636719]},{"page":125,"text":"the trajectory for a specific round or NSFS asset firing at a specific target, each target must be","rect":[90.0,316.6800231933594,522.146359375,305.6400451660156]},{"page":125,"text":"evaluated to ensure the trajectories of the rounds do not penetrate the ACA. The FC/FSCC","rect":[90.0,330.4800109863281,522.205171875,319.4400329589844]},{"page":125,"text":"should consult the FDC when deciding the altitude of an ACA to determine if that altitude","rect":[90.0,344.2799987792969,522.2832001953125,333.25201416015627]},{"page":125,"text":"would allow the majority of targets to be attacked without interference or problems. Formal","rect":[90.0,358.08001708984377,522.1512465820313,347.0400390625]},{"page":125,"text":"ACAs are promulgated in the ACO, ATO, or SPINS (see Figure III-11).","rect":[90.0,371.8800048828125,423.3840026855469,360.8520202636719]},{"page":125,"text":"2. Informal ACA. Informal ACAs can be established using separation","rect":[176.40000915527345,397.6800231933594,522.1321411132813,386.65203857421877]},{"page":125,"text":"plans and may be established by any supported commander. An informal ACA is an","rect":[90.0,411.47998046875,522.098388671875,400.4519958496094]},{"page":125,"text":"expedient measure designed to provide immediate, yet temporary, control and deconfliction. ","rect":[90.0,425.27996826171877,525.0540161132813,414.2519836425781]},{"page":125,"text":"As such, informal ACAs are normally short-lived and not as widely disseminated as formal","rect":[90.0,439.0799865722656,522.0587783203125,428.052001953125]},{"page":125,"text":"ACAs. Aircraft and surface fires may be separated by distance (lateral, altitude, or a","rect":[90.0,452.8799743652344,522.063595703125,441.85198974609377]},{"page":125,"text":"combination of lateral and altitude) or by time. Informal ACAs can be more difficult for the","rect":[90.0,466.6199645996094,522.165646484375,455.59197998046877]},{"page":125,"text":"FC/FSCC and airspace elements to coordinate and ensure all affected airspace users are","rect":[90.0,480.39599609375,522.121212890625,469.3919982910156]},{"page":125,"text":"informed. FC/FSCC must ensure restrictions to IDFs or aircraft are limited to those required","rect":[90.0,494.19598388671877,522.153564453125,483.1919860839844]},{"page":125,"text":"to successfully execute the attack and are coordinated with all affected agencies. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,508.0199890136719,473.4840087890625,496.99200439453127]},{"page":125,"text":"a. Lateral Separation. (See Figure III-12.) Lateral separation is","rect":[198.00003051757813,533.8200073242188,522.045685546875,522.7919921875]},{"page":125,"text":"effective for coordinating fires against targets that are adequately separated from flight","rect":[90.0,547.6200561523438,522.0036635742188,536.592041015625]},{"page":125,"text":"routes to ensure aircraft protection from the effects of friendly fires. Lateral separation","rect":[90.0,561.4200439453125,522.0887451171875,550.3920288085938]},{"page":125,"text":"allows coordinated attacks against two adjacent targets. The informal ACA should be big","rect":[90.0,575.2200317382813,521.9904174804688,564.1799926757813]},{"page":125,"text":"enough to allow aircraft to operate over the target yet small enough to minimize restrictions","rect":[90.0,589.02001953125,522.0503852539063,577.9920043945313]},{"page":125,"text":"on supporting fire. Divide the target area into two or more engagement zones. While the","rect":[90.0,602.8200073242188,522.021603515625,591.7919921875]},{"page":125,"text":"separation measure may be described by an MGRS, grid line, or latitude/longitude","rect":[90.0,616.6200561523438,522.0167817382812,605.592041015625]},{"page":125,"text":"reference, terrain features have the added advantages of simplicity and constant visual","rect":[90.0,630.4200439453125,522.0000014648438,619.3920288085938]},{"page":125,"text":"reference. This is an appropriate technique when aircrews and firing units engage separate","rect":[90.0,644.2200317382813,521.9711884765625,633.1920166015625]},{"page":125,"text":"targets and aircraft will not cross GTLs. JTACs/FAC(A)s must know the GTLs so they","rect":[90.0,658.02001953125,522.0,646.9920043945313]},{"page":125,"text":"can prevent aircraft from flying through trajectories. For example: “Stay west of the 62","rect":[90.0,671.8200073242188,522.0,660.7799682617188]},{"page":125,"text":"gridline.” or “Remain west of the river.”","rect":[90.0,685.6199951171875,283.875607421875,674.5919799804688]},{"page":125,"text":"III-61","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":126,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":126,"text":"Formal Airspace Coordination Area","rect":[100.6199951171875,97.08438110351563,317.8131384529955,84.00245666503906]},{"page":126,"text":"Center Line","rect":[167.3990936279297,214.17776489257813,213.66934862033347,207.45941162109376]},{"page":126,"text":"Minimum Altitude","rect":[139.97952270507813,255.87808227539063,208.21512498752097,249.26722717285157]},{"page":126,"text":"Width","rect":[186.11940002441407,303.5174560546875,209.1178654660366,296.9065856933594]},{"page":126,"text":"Coordinate Point","rect":[138.5399932861328,338.43853759765627,205.3333467955183,331.7201843261719]},{"page":126,"text":"Maximum Altitude","rect":[425.63861083984377,195.03848266601563,496.4278019894741,188.42762756347657]},{"page":126,"text":"Coordinate","rect":[430.55780029296877,272.9176330566406,474.61704149142727,266.19927978515627]},{"page":126,"text":"Point","rect":[430.55780029296877,281.9175109863281,451.05301232286208,275.306640625]},{"page":126,"text":"Figure III-11. Formal Airspace Coordination Area","rect":[189.54037475585938,465.41375732421877,422.4322042388916,455.914794921875]},{"page":126,"text":"b. Altitude Separation. Altitude separation is effective for","rect":[198.0,488.8559875488281,522.1572548828125,477.85198974609377]},{"page":126,"text":"coordinating fires when aircraft remain above or below IDF trajectories and their effects (see","rect":[90.0,502.67999267578127,522.1547822265625,491.6400146484375]},{"page":126,"text":"Figure III-13). This technique permits IDF to continue when the aircraft must cross the GTL. ","rect":[89.9999771118164,516.4800415039063,525.072021484375,505.4520263671875]},{"page":126,"text":"Avoidance of the IDF trajectory and fragmentation pattern is provided by “stay above” or","rect":[89.9999771118164,530.280029296875,522.045560546875,519.239990234375]},{"page":126,"text":"“stay below” altitude restrictions. When calculating the safe separation for an aircraft to stay","rect":[90.0,544.0800170898438,522.0947875976563,533.052001953125]},{"page":126,"text":"above or below the IDF trajectory, the JTAC/FAC(A) and FSC/FSO use firing tables to","rect":[90.0,557.8800048828125,522.1055908203125,546.8399658203125]},{"page":126,"text":"determine the ordinate (altitude) of the projectile at the location where the aircraft will cross","rect":[90.0,571.6799926757813,522.2352607421875,560.6399536132813]},{"page":126,"text":"the GTL. This altitude is converted to feet above mean sea level (MSL) and a margin of safety","rect":[90.0000228881836,585.4800415039063,522.1367797851563,574.4520263671875]},{"page":126,"text":"is applied prior to passing the aircraft a “stay above” or “stay below” altitude (for example,","rect":[90.0000228881836,599.280029296875,522.06005859375,588.2520141601563]},{"page":126,"text":"“stay above 5,000 ft MSL”). The JTAC/FAC(A) and FSC/FSO must coordinate with the","rect":[90.0000228881836,613.0800170898438,522.0612153320312,602.052001953125]},{"page":126,"text":"firing unit to determine the appropriate entry argument data to use when referencing the firing","rect":[90.0000228881836,626.8800048828125,522.1583862304688,615.8519897460938]},{"page":126,"text":"tables.","rect":[90.0000228881836,638.2559814453125,120.11762237548828,629.6519775390625]},{"page":126,"text":"c. Altitude and Lateral Separation. (See Figure III-14.) Altitude","rect":[198.00003051757813,666.4800415039063,522.0707978515625,655.4520263671875]},{"page":126,"text":"and lateral separation may be required when aircraft must cross the firing unit’s GTL. This","rect":[90.0,680.280029296875,522.1103828125,669.2520141601563]},{"page":126,"text":"is an appropriate technique when aircraft and firing units engage targets along the GTL or","rect":[90.0,694.0800170898438,522.01797265625,683.052001953125]},{"page":126,"text":"aircraft must cross the GTL. This requires aircraft to remain above or below IDF trajectories. ","rect":[90.0,707.8800048828125,524.9844970703125,696.8399658203125]},{"page":126,"text":"III-62 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":126,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":127,"text":"Artillery and Close Air Support","rect":[99.4800033569336,93.94869995117188,285.4279745336916,80.66427612304688]},{"page":127,"text":"“Stay west of 62 gridline.”","rect":[108.7199935913086,121.88439178466797,232.33528671631439,111.4317398071289]},{"page":127,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":127,"text":"Aircraft Lateral Separation","rect":[288.6007995605469,93.7945556640625,450.6009747021489,80.66427612304688]},{"page":127,"text":"Artillery","rect":[457.3799743652344,227.7244110107422,487.3189615432198,219.28524780273438]},{"page":127,"text":"62","rect":[370.6803283691406,376.9587707519531,380.6582094059823,370.27777099609377]},{"page":127,"text":"gridline","rect":[361.2005920410156,388.8240966796875,390.12534197434169,380.3849182128906]},{"page":127,"text":"Figure III-12. Artillery and Close Air Support Aircraft Lateral Separation","rect":[135.89956665039063,443.453857421875,474.81506085586548,433.95489501953127]},{"page":127,"text":"To calculate safe separation from IDFs, determine the point where the aircraft will cross the","rect":[90.0,467.0159912109375,522.0527924804687,456.0119934082031]},{"page":127,"text":"GTL, determine the ordinate at the selected point, and add or subtract the margin of safety. ","rect":[90.0,480.8399658203125,525.0623779296875,469.8119812011719]},{"page":127,"text":"For example, “Stay west of 62 gridline and remain below 3,000 ft MSL.” When","rect":[90.0,494.6399841308594,522.0911865234375,483.61199951171877]},{"page":127,"text":"deconflicting by altitude always specify in feet MSL. ","rect":[90.0,508.4399719238281,345.8987731933594,497.4119873046875]},{"page":127,"text":"d. Time Separation. ","rect":[198.00001525878907,534.2160034179688,304.6860046386719,523.2119750976563]},{"page":127,"text":"Time separation requires the most detailed","rect":[311.6400146484375,534.2160034179688,522.1187744140625,523.2119750976563]},{"page":127,"text":"coordination and may be required when altitude restrictions from IDF trajectories adversely","rect":[90.0,548.0400390625,522.0719604492188,537.0]},{"page":127,"text":"impact aircraft ordnance delivery (e.g., mortar trajectory). The timing of surface fires must","rect":[90.0,561.8400268554688,521.996400390625,550.7999877929688]},{"page":127,"text":"be coordinated with aircraft routing. This technique is appropriate when aircrew and firing","rect":[90.0,575.6400146484375,522.1356811523438,564.6119995117188]},{"page":127,"text":"units engage the same or nearby targets, when IDF is providing SEAD in coordination with","rect":[90.0,589.4400024414063,522.1332397460938,578.4119873046875]},{"page":127,"text":"the aircraft attack, or when the target is being marked by IDF. When deconflicting sorties,","rect":[90.0,603.2400512695313,522.098388671875,592.2120361328125]},{"page":127,"text":"consider the weapons fragmentation envelope and the likelihood of secondary explosions. ","rect":[90.0,617.0400390625,525.0360107421875,606.0120239257813]},{"page":127,"text":"All timing for surface fires will be based on the specific aircraft event time (TOT/TTT).","rect":[90.0,630.8400268554688,502.72564697265627,619.81201171875]},{"page":127,"text":"(1) TOT. TOT is a time at which the aircraft bombs are to","rect":[219.60000610351563,656.6160278320313,522.1740112304688,645.6119995117188]},{"page":127,"text":"impact the target and around which supporting surface fires can be coordinated. TOT","rect":[90.0,670.4400024414063,522.0791923828125,659.4119873046875]},{"page":127,"text":"requires minimum communication. All participants, air and ground, must understand the","rect":[90.0,684.2400512695313,522.0828217773437,673.2120361328125]},{"page":127,"text":"time standard in use (Zulu or local), and the JTAC/FAC(A) may need to ensure all clocks ","rect":[90.0,698.0400390625,524.9891967773438,687.0120239257813]},{"page":127,"text":"are synchronized by providing a “time hack.” GPS time is the standard for US and allied","rect":[90.0,711.8400268554688,522.1176176757813,700.81201171875]},{"page":127,"text":"III-63","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":128,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":128,"text":"Artillery and Close Air Support","rect":[99.4800033569336,95.75672912597656,285.42797470111136,82.43609619140625]},{"page":128,"text":"“Remain above 9,000 feet MSL.\"","rect":[108.5999984741211,116.16159057617188,267.165520389585,107.86959075927735]},{"page":128,"text":"Aircraft Altitude Separation","rect":[288.6007995605469,95.60216522216797,453.6608200076914,82.43609619140625]},{"page":128,"text":"MSL = mean sea level","rect":[115.19999694824219,401.439453125,203.73660680958197,394.6588439941406]},{"page":128,"text":"Artillery","rect":[388.739501953125,354.5094299316406,418.70006526475387,346.0472412109375]},{"page":128,"text":"Maximum Ordinate","rect":[365.81927490234377,362.7989501953125,441.574438883,356.0093078613281]},{"page":128,"text":"8,000 feet MSL","rect":[373.3199768066406,373.0,434.13489420526568,366.0988464355469]},{"page":128,"text":"Figure III-13. Artillery and Close Air Support Aircraft Altitude Separation","rect":[133.740234375,443.453857421875,477.1166355628967,433.95489501953127]},{"page":128,"text":"forces in establishing a common time reference and for setting TOT.","rect":[90.0,467.03997802734377,424.06787109375,456.0119934082031]},{"page":128,"text":"Strict adherence to","rect":[431.82000732421877,464.62799072265627,522.014404296875,456.0119934082031]},{"page":128,"text":"timing by participants is required for aircraft safety. If a CAS aircrew is unable to comply","rect":[90.0000228881836,480.8399658203125,522.016845703125,469.8119812011719]},{"page":128,"text":"with the TOT/TTT, the CAS aircrew must inform the terminal controller and should consider","rect":[90.0000228881836,492.2279968261719,521.995267578125,483.61199951171877]},{"page":128,"text":"requesting an alternate TOT/TTT that can be achieved. Aircrews can update the clock on","rect":[90.00004577636719,508.4399719238281,522.1453247070313,497.4119873046875]},{"page":128,"text":"check-in with air control/fire support coordination agencies. Figure III-15 illustrates time","rect":[90.00004577636719,522.239990234375,522.1464204101562,511.21197509765627]},{"page":128,"text":"separation using a TOT.","rect":[90.00004577636719,536.0399780273438,203.84164428710938,525.011962890625]},{"page":128,"text":"(2) TTT. TTT establishes a precise number of minutes and","rect":[219.6000518798828,561.8160400390625,522.072021484375,550.81201171875]},{"page":128,"text":"seconds that elapse between an established time hack and ordnance effect. This is an","rect":[90.0,575.6160278320313,522.0780029296875,564.6119995117188]},{"page":128,"text":"accurate, although infrequently used, method of time control and is easy to implement","rect":[90.0,589.4400024414063,522.007142578125,578.4119873046875]},{"page":128,"text":"when few participants are involved. Sufficient duration for the FSC/FSO to synchronize","rect":[90.0,603.2400512695313,522.0264252929687,592.2120361328125]},{"page":128,"text":"IDFs must be considered. Additionally, the JTAC/FAC(A) must consider time required","rect":[90.0,617.0400390625,522.0227661132813,606.0120239257813]},{"page":128,"text":"for the aircraft to execute the attack. After the CAS brief, specify the TTT and give the","rect":[90.0,630.8400268554688,522.0024384765625,619.81201171875]},{"page":128,"text":"time hack (e.g., “TIME TO TARGET 5+00, READY, READY, HACK”). The JTAC or","rect":[90.0,644.6400146484375,521.9975869140625,633.6119995117188]},{"page":128,"text":"FAC(A) providing final control normally provides the hack. The aircrew will acknowledge","rect":[90.0,658.4400024414063,521.992794921875,647.4119873046875]},{"page":128,"text":"receipt of the time hack.","rect":[90.0000228881836,672.216064453125,206.29202270507813,661.2120361328125]},{"page":128,"text":"b. ACMs. ACMs are measures employed to facilitate the efficient use of airspace to","rect":[111.60002136230469,698.0400390625,522.0804443359375,687.0120239257813]},{"page":128,"text":"accomplish missions and simultaneously provide safeguards for friendly forces. The JFC","rect":[90.00004577636719,711.8400268554688,521.99765234375,700.81201171875]},{"page":128,"text":"III-64 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":128,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":129,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":129,"text":"Figure III-14. Artillery and Close Air Support Aircraft Combined Altitude ","rect":[135.6597900390625,457.7338562011719,479.0742564163208,448.2348937988281]},{"page":129,"text":"and Lateral Separation","rect":[252.11923217773438,469.12359619140627,359.9314243812561,459.7548828125]},{"page":129,"text":"uses the airspace control authority to establish formal ACMs (see Figure III-16). Each","rect":[90.0,492.41998291015627,521.9891967773438,481.3919982910156]},{"page":129,"text":"component within a joint force maintains an airspace control organization within the senior","rect":[90.0,506.219970703125,522.07558984375,495.17999267578127]},{"page":129,"text":"command facility linked to the airspace control authority. The airspace control authority","rect":[90.0,520.02001953125,522.1163940429688,508.99200439453127]},{"page":129,"text":"coordinates the airspace C2 system; assigns responsibilities; and develops procedures for","rect":[90.0,533.8200073242188,521.9159829101562,522.7919921875]},{"page":129,"text":"planning, implementing, and executing airspace control using the airspace control plan and","rect":[90.0,547.6199951171875,522.0455932617188,536.5919799804688]},{"page":129,"text":"ACO. ","rect":[90.0,559.0079956054688,124.31999969482422,550.595947265625]},{"page":129,"text":"For more information on ACMs, see JP 3-52, Joint Airspace Control, and ATP 3-","rect":[90.0,587.2200317382813,521.9184243164062,576.1920166015625]},{"page":129,"text":"52.1/Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 3-25.13/NTTP 3-56.4/AFTTP 3-","rect":[90.0000228881836,601.0800170898438,522.04678125,590.1719970703125]},{"page":129,"text":"2.78, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Airspace Control.","rect":[90.0000228881836,614.7960205078125,467.6087951660156,603.7919921875]},{"page":129,"text":"(1) CA. The CA is an ACM that uses altitude to separate users and as the","rect":[133.20001220703126,640.5960083007813,521.9904145507812,629.5919799804688]},{"page":129,"text":"transition between different airspace control elements.","rect":[89.99995422363281,654.39599609375,350.5091552734375,643.3919677734375]},{"page":129,"text":"(2) Coordination Level (CL). The CL is an ACM used to separate FW and RW","rect":[133.199951171875,680.1959838867188,522.0731477050781,669.1919555664063]},{"page":129,"text":"aircraft by determining an altitude below which FW aircraft normally will not fly.","rect":[89.9999771118164,694.0199584960938,482.8943786621094,682.991943359375]},{"page":129,"text":"III-65","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":130,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":130,"text":"Figure III-15. Artillery and Close Air Support Aircraft Time Separation","rect":[140.6400146484375,616.2538452148438,470.1597263832092,606.7548828125]},{"page":130,"text":"(3) HIDACZ. A HIDACZ is airspace designated in an airspace control plan or","rect":[133.1999969482422,639.6000366210938,521.9760415039062,628.572021484375]},{"page":130,"text":"ACO in which there is a concentrated employment of numerous and varied weapons and","rect":[90.00001525878906,653.4000244140625,521.9964599609375,642.3720092773438]},{"page":130,"text":"airspace users. A HIDACZ has defined dimensions that usually coincide with geographical","rect":[90.00001525878906,667.2000122070313,521.983216796875,656.1719970703125]},{"page":130,"text":"features or navigational aids. Access to a HIDACZ is normally controlled by the maneuver","rect":[90.00001525878906,681.0,521.992826171875,669.9719848632813]},{"page":130,"text":"commander. The maneuver commander can also direct a more restrictive weapons status","rect":[90.00001525878906,694.7760009765625,521.959259765625,683.77197265625]},{"page":130,"text":"within the HIDACZ. In some cases, the operational environment may require airspace and","rect":[90.00001525878906,708.6000366210938,522.0252075195313,697.572021484375]},{"page":130,"text":"III-66 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":130,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":131,"text":"Joint Airspace Coordinating Measures","rect":[97.91999816894531,97.08451080322266,331.57904563828188,83.7286148071289]},{"page":131,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":131,"text":"FLOT","rect":[109.20167541503906,263.3796691894531,132.15697634984665,256.57208251953127]},{"page":131,"text":"ROZ","rect":[166.3210906982422,211.77976989746095,185.25358737279587,204.97216796875]},{"page":131,"text":"ROA","rect":[197.34085083007813,259.4192810058594,216.77687150362423,252.6116943359375]},{"page":131,"text":"MRR","rect":[233.76092529296876,223.86029052734376,254.1698262438456,217.27024841308595]},{"page":131,"text":"Coordinating Altitude","rect":[335.6400146484375,188.13450622558595,418.32044098218389,179.5411834716797]},{"page":131,"text":"HIDACZ","rect":[323.2803039550781,233.7399139404297,356.6702286081474,226.94139099121095]},{"page":131,"text":"XX","rect":[246.3607177734375,311.0400695800781,258.3580787790149,304.4500427246094]},{"page":131,"text":"SAAFR","rect":[272.22027587890627,327.4598693847656,302.17814228388468,320.6613464355469]},{"page":131,"text":"XX","rect":[352.4999694824219,342.5399169921875,364.49733048799927,335.94989013671877]},{"page":131,"text":"Legend","rect":[99.23999786376953,409.08563232421877,132.49593260823239,399.6556396484375]},{"page":131,"text":"FLOT ","rect":[107.81999969482422,422.0,132.49301551980549,415.5995788574219]},{"page":131,"text":"HIDACZ ","rect":[107.81999969482422,430.2286071777344,141.8798868576961,424.1878967285156]},{"page":131,"text":"MRR ","rect":[107.81999969482422,438.65985107421877,130.34767555398518,432.80438232421877]},{"page":131,"text":"forward line of own troops","rect":[148.46380615234376,423.1545104980469,239.6583256647665,415.6076354980469]},{"page":131,"text":"high-density airspace control zone","rect":[148.43040466308595,431.8233642578125,269.3098225435172,424.2845458984375]},{"page":131,"text":"minimum-risk route","rect":[148.41848754882813,438.7484436035156,216.19709060992347,432.80438232421877]},{"page":131,"text":"XXX","rect":[292.7400207519531,380.6400146484375,314.62378329535445,372.5812072753906]},{"page":131,"text":"ROA ","rect":[287.5799865722656,422.0,308.82190345925866,415.7798156738281]},{"page":131,"text":"ROZ ","rect":[287.5799865722656,430.4088439941406,308.83780311746178,424.3600769042969]},{"page":131,"text":"SAAFR ","rect":[287.5799865722656,438.9286804199219,318.58804725808678,432.8879699707031]},{"page":131,"text":"Figure III-16. Joint Airspace Coordinating Measures","rect":[181.74008178710938,472.25384521484377,429.0647725982666,462.7548828125]},{"page":131,"text":"fires densities that exceed the capability of a single HIDACZ controlling authority. One","rect":[90.0,495.6000061035156,521.9279755859375,484.572021484375]},{"page":131,"text":"method to avoid this is to establish another ACM (e.g., ROZ, second HIDACZ) above or","rect":[90.0,509.3999938964844,521.9123818359375,498.37200927734377]},{"page":131,"text":"adjacent to the HIDACZ controlled by another agency or component.","rect":[90.0,523.2000122070313,423.1692199707031,512.1599731445313]},{"page":131,"text":"(4) ROZ. Airspace reserved for specific activities in which the operations of one","rect":[133.20001220703126,548.97607421875,521.89196484375,537.9720458984375]},{"page":131,"text":"or more airspace users is restricted. ROZ airspace usages more clearly delineate the actual","rect":[90.0,562.800048828125,522.0023818359375,551.7720336914063]},{"page":131,"text":"intended use of the airspace (e.g., UA, CAS). ","rect":[90.0,576.6000366210938,310.32958984375,565.572021484375]},{"page":131,"text":"(5) MRRs. An MRR is a temporary corridor of defined dimensions","rect":[133.1999969482422,602.4000244140625,522.05520703125,591.3720092773438]},{"page":131,"text":"recommended for use by FW aircraft that presents the minimum known hazards to aircraft","rect":[90.0000228881836,616.2000122070313,521.9880385742188,605.1719970703125]},{"page":131,"text":"transiting the combat zone.","rect":[90.0000228881836,630.0000610351563,219.98043823242188,618.9720458984375]},{"page":131,"text":"(6) Standard Use Army Aircraft Flight Routes (SAAFRs). A SAAFR is a","rect":[133.20001220703126,655.7400512695313,521.8751801757812,644.7120361328125]},{"page":131,"text":"route established below the CL to facilitate the movement of Army aviation assets. Routes","rect":[90.00004577636719,669.5400390625,521.9952705078125,658.5120239257813]},{"page":131,"text":"are normally located in the corps through brigade rear areas of operation and do not require","rect":[90.00004577636719,683.3400268554688,522.0024995117187,672.31201171875]},{"page":131,"text":"approval by the airspace control authority but should be on the ACO to enhance joint","rect":[90.00004577636719,697.1400146484375,522.038392578125,686.0999755859375]},{"page":131,"text":"interoperability of other airspace users below the CL.","rect":[90.00004577636719,710.9400024414063,346.0860595703125,699.9119873046875]},{"page":131,"text":"III-67","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":132,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":132,"text":"c. Coordination. Once a target has been approved, the JTAC/FAC(A) and","rect":[111.5999984741211,85.67997741699219,522.0839233398438,74.6519775390625]},{"page":132,"text":"COC/TOC (or command post) coordinate the CAS attack with affected ground forces. ","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,524.9903564453125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":132,"text":"Cross-boundary clearance of fires, friendly ADA, and CAS aircraft ingress/egress routing","rect":[89.99998474121094,113.27995300292969,522.0264282226563,102.251953125]},{"page":132,"text":"must be deconflicted and coordinated.","rect":[90.00000762939453,124.65599822998047,272.9640197753906,116.052001953125]},{"page":132,"text":"(1) Cross-Boundary Clearance of Fires. Boundaries are the basic maneuver","rect":[133.20001220703126,152.87998962402345,522.0431801757812,141.85198974609376]},{"page":132,"text":"control measure used by commanders to designate the geographical area for which a","rect":[89.99998474121094,166.6799774169922,521.9987763671875,155.6519775390625]},{"page":132,"text":"particular unit is tactically responsible. They are restrictive in that no fire support weapons","rect":[89.99998474121094,180.47996520996095,522.0504462890625,169.45196533203126]},{"page":132,"text":"may deliver fires or effects of fires across a boundary unless those fires are coordinated","rect":[89.99998474121094,194.2799530029297,522.0192260742188,183.251953125]},{"page":132,"text":"with the affected unit. The FSC/FSO must participate in clearance of fire procedures","rect":[89.99998474121094,208.05593872070313,522.0168159179688,197.05194091796876]},{"page":132,"text":"directly with the cross-boundary COC/TOC or the common HHQ COC/TOC.","rect":[89.99998474121094,221.8799285888672,463.1999816894531,210.8519287109375]},{"page":132,"text":"(2) Friendly ADA. To avoid friendly fire, COC/TOC should announce “friendly","rect":[133.19996643066407,247.6799774169922,522.067138671875,236.6519775390625]},{"page":132,"text":"air on station” to subordinate units. TACP/JTAC/FAC(A) and ADA personnel must","rect":[89.99996185302735,261.4559631347656,522.0287490234375,250.45196533203126]},{"page":132,"text":"coordinate CP/IP usage, target location, type and number of aircraft, altitudes, and times","rect":[89.99996185302735,275.2799377441406,521.9507758789063,264.251953125]},{"page":132,"text":"on station. The SPINS and ACO should include MRRs or safe return corridors and","rect":[89.99996185302735,286.6679382324219,522.0072021484375,278.05194091796877]},{"page":132,"text":"associated procedures for aircraft to return from CAS target areas.","rect":[89.99996185302735,302.8799133300781,407.2835388183594,291.8519287109375]},{"page":132,"text":"(3) Procedural Control Measures. Procedural control measures provide target","rect":[133.19996643066407,328.6799011230469,522.007142578125,317.65191650390627]},{"page":132,"text":"orientation to aircrews, align aircraft for the attack or egress, provide separation from other","rect":[89.99996185302735,342.47991943359377,522.0119912109375,331.4519348144531]},{"page":132,"text":"supporting fires, and provide separation from enemy air defense assets. Procedural","rect":[89.99996185302735,356.2799072265625,521.9315810546875,345.2519226074219]},{"page":132,"text":"control measures include CP/IP selection, offset direction, and FAH.","rect":[89.99996185302735,368.0,439.0439758300781,359.3639221191406]},{"page":132,"text":"(a) CP/IP/BP Selection. The JTAC/FAC(A) selects the CPs/IPs/BPs based","rect":[154.79998779296876,395.8559265136719,522.085205078125,384.8519287109375]},{"page":132,"text":"on enemy capabilities, target orientation, friendly location, weather, aircraft capabilities,","rect":[89.99996948242188,409.6799011230469,522.025146484375,398.65191650390627]},{"page":132,"text":"and FSCMs. CPs and IPs should be visually significant geographic points whenever","rect":[89.99996185302735,423.4798889160156,522.0239541015625,412.451904296875]},{"page":132,"text":"possible so aircrews can visually acquire them in the event of a degraded navigation system","rect":[89.99996185302735,437.2798767089844,522.009583984375,426.25189208984377]},{"page":132,"text":"or GPS-denied environment. IPs are normally located from 5 to 15 nautical miles from the","rect":[89.99996185302735,451.0798645019531,522.0263642578125,440.0518798828125]},{"page":132,"text":"target for FW aircraft and BPs are one to five km for RW aircraft. High-altitude aircraft","rect":[89.99996185302735,464.8798828125,522.0827651367188,453.8518981933594]},{"page":132,"text":"may require IPs in excess of 20 nautical miles from the target. When coordinating the use","rect":[89.99996185302735,478.6198425292969,521.9988374023437,467.59185791015627]},{"page":132,"text":"of stand-off weapons, IP ranges may need to be extended to ensure appropriate weapon","rect":[89.99996185302735,492.4198913574219,522.0167236328125,481.39190673828127]},{"page":132,"text":"delivery parameters. In some cases, stand-off CAS platforms may need to apply required","rect":[89.99996185302735,506.2198791503906,521.9927978515625,495.19189453125]},{"page":132,"text":"terminal deconfliction parameters to the weapon instead of the aircraft. In this case, the","rect":[89.99996185302735,519.9959716796875,522.0263642578125,508.991943359375]},{"page":132,"text":"aircrew should communicate an appropriate stand-off IP to the JTAC/FAC(A), ensuring","rect":[89.99996185302735,533.8199462890625,521.983154296875,522.7919311523438]},{"page":132,"text":"the weapon will remain deconflicted throughout its entire route of flight.","rect":[89.99996185302735,547.6199951171875,438.1439514160156,536.5919799804688]},{"page":132,"text":"(b) Keyhole Template. Keyhole template is an efficient method for","rect":[154.79998779296876,573.4199829101563,522.2508828125,562.3919677734375]},{"page":132,"text":"establishing an IP or HA/BP in the absence of control points or when their location does not","rect":[89.99996948242188,587.2200317382813,522.2279677734375,576.1920166015625]},{"page":132,"text":"sufficiently support target engagement. When CAS aircraft are passed to a JTAC/FAC(A)","rect":[89.99996185302735,601.02001953125,522.19082421875,589.9920043945313]},{"page":132,"text":"from a CP, the JTAC/FAC(A) should immediately pass an “Echo” point (typically the target)","rect":[89.99998474121094,614.820068359375,522.34316796875,603.7920532226563]},{"page":132,"text":"to those CAS aircrews and then anchor their hold point off of the Echo point with a direction","rect":[89.99996185302735,628.5960693359375,522.2423095703125,617.592041015625]},{"page":132,"text":"and distance in nautical miles for FW and kilometers for RW. The standard keyhole method","rect":[89.99996185302735,642.4201049804688,522.179931640625,631.39208984375]},{"page":132,"text":"is to label each of the cardinal directions with a letter, such as A—North, B—East, C—South,","rect":[89.99996185302735,654.0,522.17041015625,645.1920776367188]},{"page":132,"text":"D—West, and E—Overhead Target, or use radials when cardinal directions are not","rect":[89.99996185302735,670.0201416015625,522.1967788085938,658.9921264648438]},{"page":132,"text":"appropriate. The JTAC/FAC(A) selects the IP or HA/BP based on enemy threat capabilities,","rect":[89.99996185302735,683.8201293945313,522.2615966796875,672.7921142578125]},{"page":132,"text":"target orientation, friendly location, weather, aircraft capabilities, and fire support coordination","rect":[89.99996185302735,697.6201782226563,522.206298828125,686.5921630859375]},{"page":132,"text":"requirements. This template allows for unlimited flexibility in IP or HA/BP selection and","rect":[90.0,711.4200439453125,522.2052001953125,700.3920288085938]},{"page":132,"text":"III-68 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":132,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":133,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":133,"text":"precludes the need to generate IPs/HAs/BPs for an entire operational area, many of which may","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.2376098632813,74.6519775390625]},{"page":133,"text":"never be used. However, by choosing the keyhole method, the JTAC/FAC(A) will probably","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.211181640625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":133,"text":"not have a visually/geographically significant hold point on which attacking aircraft can orient. ","rect":[89.9999771118164,113.27995300292969,525.1103515625,102.251953125]},{"page":133,"text":"“Alpha eight right”","rect":[117.0,144.01478576660157,215.4137363433838,133.7375030517578]},{"page":133,"text":"Note: JTACs/FAC(A)s should remain aware that when target arrays","rect":[117.0,168.67481994628907,494.9249786224365,158.26577758789063]},{"page":133,"text":"change appreciably—unlike when using traditional IPs--so will the hold","rect":[117.0,181.27479553222657,494.9963773765564,170.9975128173828]},{"page":133,"text":"point for the attacking aircraft when using the keyhole template. This","rect":[117.0,193.93482971191407,494.9359649505615,183.52578735351563]},{"page":133,"text":"shift of attacking aircraft orbits and hold points must be communicated","rect":[117.0,206.5948028564453,494.931588558197,196.18576049804688]},{"page":133,"text":"clearly. Failure to change the echo point when a target area changes can","rect":[117.0,219.2548370361328,494.9875883140564,208.97755432128907]},{"page":133,"text":"result in deconfliction issues with other airborne participants.","rect":[117.0,231.77207946777345,439.6725570602417,221.50576782226563]},{"page":133,"text":"1. FW Keyhole (Figure III-17). ","rect":[176.39999389648438,265.4399719238281,337.9848327636719,254.4119873046875]},{"page":133,"text":"a. FW aircraft should hold outside the distance given. If the tactical","rect":[198.0,291.239990234375,522.0191665039063,280.2120056152344]},{"page":133,"text":"situation dictates that an IP north of the target is necessary, then holding instructions for","rect":[90.0,305.03997802734377,521.9375893554687,294.0119934082031]},{"page":133,"text":"the CAS aircrew might sound like this:","rect":[90.0,318.8399658203125,277.2648024902344,307.8119812011719]},{"page":133,"text":"JTAC: “Stang 11, advise when ready to copy Echo point.”","rect":[117.0,349.5748291015625,418.44385719299319,339.165771484375]},{"page":133,"text":"CAS Aircrew: “Stang 11, ready to copy.”","rect":[117.0,374.1748352050781,327.85987281799319,363.7657775878906]},{"page":133,"text":"JTAC: “Ten-digit grid to follow. NU 87138 50874.”","rect":[117.0,398.8348388671875,377.3324680328369,388.42578125]},{"page":133,"text":"CAS Aircrew: “I copy NU 87138 50874.”","rect":[117.0,423.4948425292969,322.34131813049319,413.0857849121094]},{"page":133,"text":"JTAC: “Stang 11, proceed to the 240 at 8, angels 15, report established.”","rect":[117.0,448.1548156738281,495.00623512268069,437.7457580566406]},{"page":133,"text":"CAS Aircrew: “Stang 11, established 240 at 8, angels 15.”","rect":[117.0,472.8148498535156,416.5882053375244,462.4057922363281]},{"page":133,"text":"b. Sometimes a cardinal direction is not appropriate for an IP. In","rect":[198.0,504.45599365234377,521.9100341796875,493.4519958496094]},{"page":133,"text":"these situations, any radial from the target can be used for holding instructions. For","rect":[90.0,518.280029296875,521.9387490234375,507.25201416015627]},{"page":133,"text":"example:","rect":[90.0,532.0560302734375,134.68798974609377,521.052001953125]},{"page":133,"text":"JTAC: “Stang 11, proceed to the 240 at 8, angels 15, report established.”","rect":[117.0,562.8148193359375,495.0073642730713,552.4058227539063]},{"page":133,"text":"CAS Aircrew: “Stang 11, established 240 at 8, angels 15.”","rect":[117.0,587.4747924804688,419.6173496246338,577.0657958984375]},{"page":133,"text":"2. RW Keyhole (Figure III-18). The direction and distance (in","rect":[176.39999389648438,621.0,522.082763671875,609.9719848632813]},{"page":133,"text":"kilometers) provided by the JTAC/FAC(A) will determine the center grid for a standard 2","rect":[90.0,634.7999877929688,522.0203857421875,623.77197265625]},{"page":133,"text":"x 2 km hasty HA/BP when integrating RW CAS using the keyhole method. Once the","rect":[90.0,648.6000366210938,521.9855927734375,637.572021484375]},{"page":133,"text":"HA/BP is established, the RW CAS aircraft shall remain within the hasty HA/BP unless","rect":[90.0,662.4000244140625,522.0503852539063,651.3720092773438]},{"page":133,"text":"otherwise approved by the JTAC/FAC(A). While 2 x 2 km is the standard dimension for","rect":[90.0,676.2000122070313,522.048001953125,665.1719970703125]},{"page":133,"text":"the HA/BP, the JTAC/FAC(A) may adjust the size to accommodate larger RW CAS flights","rect":[90.0,690.0,521.99758984375,678.9599609375]},{"page":133,"text":"(e.g., a division of 4 x H-1s) and/or to better facilitate aircraft sensor and weapon systems","rect":[90.0,703.7999877929688,521.9196479492188,692.77197265625]},{"page":133,"text":"employment. In this case, the dimensions will be clearly stated by the JTAC/FAC(A). ","rect":[90.0,717.6000366210938,525.0,706.572021484375]},{"page":133,"text":"III-69","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":134,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":134,"text":"Some examples of the RW CAS keyhole include (all distances for RW CAS ","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,503.6376037597656,74.6519775390625]},{"page":134,"text":"kilometers):","rect":[90.0,99.45596313476563,148.0056014404297,88.45196533203125]},{"page":134,"text":"JTAC: “Venom 11, Echo point is 11S PT 965 005, hold Delta 5, angles 2","rect":[117.0,130.2147979736328,494.9908660736084,119.8057632446289]},{"page":134,"text":"and below.”","rect":[117.0,140.7007293701172,179.32137489318849,132.5974884033203]},{"page":134,"text":"JTAC: “Deuce 23, Echo point is 11S PS 785 115, hold Bravo 5, center","rect":[117.0,167.3320770263672,495.0743509254456,157.06576538085938]},{"page":134,"text":"gird 3 x 3, at cherubs 5 and below.”","rect":[117.0,180.1348419189453,301.6067600250244,169.8246307373047]},{"page":134,"text":"JTAC: “Viper 03 (flight of 4 x H-1s), Echo point is 11S PT 965 005, proceed","rect":[117.0,204.79481506347657,494.9952787437439,194.38577270507813]},{"page":134,"text":"330 at 8, via Bravo – Alpha 8, center grid 3 x 3, maintain angels 2 and","rect":[117.0,217.45484924316407,494.931588558197,207.14463806152345]},{"page":134,"text":"below. Be advised Venom 11 currently holding Delta 5, angels 2 and","rect":[117.0,230.1148223876953,495.0502103843689,219.8046112060547]},{"page":134,"text":"below.”","rect":[117.0,240.6007537841797,156.7256259918213,232.4975128173828]},{"page":134,"text":"are","rect":[507.35760498046877,83.25597381591797,522.0480317382812,77.48397827148438]},{"page":134,"text":"Note: Standard holding distances (kilometers) and HA/BP dimensions (2 x 2 km) are","rect":[111.5999984741211,276.2400207519531,522.050412109375,265.2120361328125]},{"page":134,"text":"implied in the assignment of the keyhole position and does not need to be specified by the","rect":[90.00004577636719,290.0400390625,522.0264252929687,279.0120544433594]},{"page":134,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) unless nonstandard dimensions are required as highlighted in the last two","rect":[90.00004577636719,303.84002685546877,522.0156860351563,292.8120422363281]},{"page":134,"text":"examples.","rect":[90.00004577636719,317.6160583496094,138.29763793945313,306.612060546875]},{"page":134,"text":"3. Sometimes a cardinal direction is not appropriate for an IP. In these","rect":[176.40003967285157,343.4160461425781,522.050412109375,332.41204833984377]},{"page":134,"text":"situations, any radial from the target can be used for holding instructions. For example:","rect":[90.0,357.239990234375,511.1304030761719,346.2120056152344]},{"page":134,"text":"(c) Overhead. “From the overhead.” From the overhead is an attack from","rect":[157.50003051757813,383.0159912109375,522.003724609375,372.0119934082031]},{"page":134,"text":"an orbit over the target area. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,396.8399963378906,228.32406616210938,385.81201171875]},{"page":134,"text":"Fixed-Wing Keyhole Example","rect":[97.91999816894531,450.0062561035156,281.8020910202526,436.8115539550781]},{"page":134,"text":"A","rect":[301.79998779296877,469.2599792480469,311.14292307648926,459.01153564453127]},{"page":134,"text":"Initial Point A8","rect":[325.8599853515625,494.69085693359377,389.2319633002167,487.223876953125]},{"page":134,"text":"D","rect":[173.75973510742188,577.799072265625,183.8730773483541,567.5505981445313]},{"page":134,"text":"E","rect":[317.51910400390627,560.6995239257813,326.86203928742676,550.4510498046875]},{"page":134,"text":"Target","rect":[292.97998046875,599.4360961914063,323.6378926035556,589.0634765625]},{"page":134,"text":"B","rect":[430.61761474609377,577.799072265625,439.96055002961426,567.5505981445313]},{"page":134,"text":"III-70 ","rect":[90.0,753.4559326171875,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":134,"text":"Initial Point","rect":[219.65951538085938,673.1900634765625,268.7095332858505,665.7532958984375]},{"page":134,"text":"240/8","rect":[219.65951538085938,684.40966796875,244.73425211857609,676.8519897460938]},{"page":134,"text":"Figure III-17. Fixed-Wing Keyhole Example","rect":[203.4002685546875,718.5538330078125,407.4154806060791,709.1450805664063]},{"page":134,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":135,"text":"Rotary-Wing Keyhole Example","rect":[98.5199966430664,95.73271179199219,289.41280896995127,82.68824768066406]},{"page":135,"text":"HA/BP = 315/8","rect":[151.9199981689453,127.7996597290039,218.28137116003405,120.31812286376953]},{"page":135,"text":"A","rect":[300.6600036621094,152.0999755859375,310.0029391570798,141.9682159423828]},{"page":135,"text":"D","rect":[173.22067260742188,231.83984375,183.33401507723995,221.7080841064453]},{"page":135,"text":"E","rect":[316.9197998046875,214.8597412109375,326.26273529965797,204.7279815673828]},{"page":135,"text":"Target or GEOREF","rect":[259.20001220703127,253.2097625732422,352.16573947708687,242.8126220703125]},{"page":135,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":135,"text":"Legend","rect":[99.7199935913086,335.8020935058594,133.1298971610106,326.4775390625]},{"page":135,"text":"C","rect":[300.8995361328125,321.0328063964844,311.01287860263059,310.58050537109377]},{"page":135,"text":"holding area","rect":[295.5736083984375,352.24664306640627,339.6351704084357,344.78192138671877]},{"page":135,"text":"kilometer","rect":[295.5391540527344,359.5478515625,328.0286444186877,353.6622009277344]},{"page":135,"text":"Figure III-18. Rotary-Wing Keyhole Example","rect":[201.23971557617188,385.973876953125,410.68974208068848,376.5650939941406]},{"page":135,"text":"1. For FW level-laydown, or ramp/bunt deliveries, the distance required","rect":[176.39999389648438,409.3199768066406,522.0023803710938,398.2919921875]},{"page":135,"text":"for the attack should be considered and used in lines 1-3. The airspace required for these","rect":[90.0,423.09600830078127,522.0275849609375,412.0920104980469]},{"page":135,"text":"attacks does not support “from the overhead.”","rect":[90.0,436.89599609375,310.7544526367187,425.8919982910156]},{"page":135,"text":"For example, a FW PGM delivery run will","rect":[316.8599853515625,436.91998291015627,521.9508071289063,425.8919982910156]},{"page":135,"text":"typically begin about 8 to 10 nautical miles from the target.","rect":[90.0,450.7200012207031,374.97601318359377,439.6920166015625]},{"page":135,"text":"2. If the aircraft is attacking from an orbit over the target area, then lines","rect":[176.39999389648438,476.5199890136719,522.0143745117188,465.49200439453127]},{"page":135,"text":"1-3 can be “from the overhead” or “Lines 1-3 N/A.”","rect":[90.0,487.89599609375,344.6880463867187,479.2919921875]},{"page":135,"text":"If the keyhole template is in effect,","rect":[351.6600036621094,490.3199768066406,522.0239868164063,479.2919921875]},{"page":135,"text":"lines 1-3 can be passed from the IP in which the aircraft are holding from (e.g., “Lines 1-3","rect":[90.0000228881836,504.1199645996094,522.0264282226563,493.09197998046877]},{"page":135,"text":"from B8”) as long as the Echo point is the target. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,517.9199829101563,327.9000244140625,506.8919677734375]},{"page":135,"text":"(d) Offset Direction. The offset direction tells the aircrew on which side of ","rect":[154.8000030517578,543.696044921875,524.9940185546875,532.6920166015625]},{"page":135,"text":"the IP-to-target line they can maneuver for the attack (see Figure III-19). JTACs/FAC(A)s","rect":[90.0,557.52001953125,521.985626953125,546.4920043945313]},{"page":135,"text":"use an offset direction to ease fire support coordination, align the aircraft for the attack or","rect":[90.0,571.3200073242188,521.9808022460937,560.2919921875]},{"page":135,"text":"egress, or keep aircrews away from known threats. An offset direction aids fire support","rect":[90.0,585.1199951171875,522.0479750976563,574.0919799804688]},{"page":135,"text":"coordination by restricting aircrews from using airspace on the side of the IP-to-target line","rect":[90.0,598.9199829101563,522.0683564453125,587.8919677734375]},{"page":135,"text":"where there might be a conflict with a GTL. The offset direction regulates the attack","rect":[90.0,612.7200317382813,522.0863647460938,601.6920166015625]},{"page":135,"text":"quadrant without assigning a specific attack heading.","rect":[90.0,626.52001953125,344.29681396484377,615.4920043945313]},{"page":135,"text":"(e) FAHs. JTACs/FAC(A)s assign attack headings for several reasons: to","rect":[154.8000030517578,652.3200073242188,522.0482177734375,641.2919921875]},{"page":135,"text":"increase ground troop safety, aid in aircraft acquisition by the JTAC/FAC(A), aid aircrews","rect":[90.0,666.1199951171875,522.0455634765625,655.0919799804688]},{"page":135,"text":"in target acquisition, mitigate collateral damage, meet laser safety cone attack restrictions,","rect":[90.0,679.9199829101563,521.9759521484375,668.8919677734375]},{"page":135,"text":"and facilitate fire support coordination. When ordnance is a factor in the safety of friendly","rect":[90.0,693.7200317382813,521.9507446289063,682.6920166015625]},{"page":135,"text":"troops, the weapon’s axis of attack should be parallel to the friendly force’s axis or","rect":[90.0,707.5199584960938,521.9184243164062,696.491943359375]},{"page":135,"text":"III-71","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":136,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":136,"text":"Offset Direction","rect":[98.63999938964844,92.97338104248047,195.01232667941725,82.50203704833985]},{"page":136,"text":"“Offset Right” Example","rect":[107.63999938964844,126.09857177734375,228.94027849097896,114.7532730102539]},{"page":136,"text":"Enemy Air","rect":[228.66055297851563,183.2515411376953,278.8714746753022,172.99205017089845]},{"page":136,"text":"Defense Target","rect":[228.66055297851563,195.49171447753907,303.16548033390117,185.10069274902345]},{"page":136,"text":"Target","rect":[392.1600036621094,197.65089416503907,422.758467394448,187.3914031982422]},{"page":136,"text":"Friendly","rect":[235.9803009033203,420.7302551269531,275.1821323960818,410.4707336425781]},{"page":136,"text":"Artillery","rect":[237.2398681640625,433.03070068359377,273.92364850936306,422.77117919921877]},{"page":136,"text":"Initial Point (IP)","rect":[352.3799743652344,433.0308532714844,427.0533594409272,422.6398010253906]},{"page":136,"text":"Plot an IP and a target and connect them with a straight line. Specify the offset direction as either right or left. If told to","rect":[109.44000244140625,454.7876281738281,515.1160359620034,447.2235412597656]},{"page":136,"text":"offset right, as in the example above, proceed on or to the right of this line while inbound to the target. Aircrews cannot","rect":[109.44000244140625,463.2477722167969,515.1447336792438,455.6836853027344]},{"page":136,"text":"fly to the left of this line. An offset restriction applies from the time aircrews leave until they release their ordnance or","rect":[109.44000244140625,471.7078857421875,515.0974616023098,464.143798828125]},{"page":136,"text":"begin egress.","rect":[109.44003295898438,480.16802978515627,156.57854105229073,472.69970703125]},{"page":136,"text":"Figure III-19. Offset Direction","rect":[236.21951293945313,508.5538635253906,375.72994733047485,499.0549011230469]},{"page":136,"text":"orientation, to reduce the risk of munitions impacting long or short of the intended impact","rect":[90.0,531.9000244140625,522.0264296875,520.8720092773438]},{"page":136,"text":"point onto friendly positions. The tactical situation may require the weapon’s axis to pass","rect":[90.0,545.7000122070313,522.11282421875,534.6719970703125]},{"page":136,"text":"over a friendly position, in which case other friendly fire mitigation techniques should be","rect":[90.0,559.5000610351563,522.009640625,548.4720458984375]},{"page":136,"text":"used. Attack headings also allow RW aircraft to maneuver over terrain or urban sprawl to","rect":[90.0,573.2999877929688,522.00244140625,562.27197265625]},{"page":136,"text":"enhance delivery while remaining survivable. Winds aloft are likely to be vastly different","rect":[90.00004577636719,587.1000366210938,522.0204482421875,576.072021484375]},{"page":136,"text":"from winds at ground level. JTACs/FAC(A)s and CAS aircrews should take both into","rect":[90.00004577636719,600.9000244140625,522.0096435546875,589.8720092773438]},{"page":136,"text":"account when planning attack geometry and/or FAH. A significant crosswind component","rect":[90.00004577636719,614.7000122070313,522.0048232421875,603.6719970703125]},{"page":136,"text":"could cause aircraft heading to differ from its ground track. If it is likely that the crosswind","rect":[90.00004577636719,628.5000610351563,522.0384521484375,617.4720458984375]},{"page":136,"text":"will preclude the aircraft from adhering to the FAH, aircrew must advise the","rect":[90.00004577636719,642.2400512695313,522.0072602539062,631.2120361328125]},{"page":136,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A). The JTAC/FAC(A) could then adjust the attack geometry/FAH to reduce","rect":[90.00004577636719,656.0399780273438,522.0144624023437,644.9999389648438]},{"page":136,"text":"the crosswind component or allow for additional aircraft maneuver. If the JTAC/FAC(A)","rect":[90.00004577636719,669.8160400390625,522.0048500976562,658.81201171875]},{"page":136,"text":"requires a specific attack heading for the weapon (but not the aircraft), that restriction must","rect":[90.00004577636719,683.6400146484375,522.0216079101563,672.6119995117188]},{"page":136,"text":"be stated clearly when the FAH is passed. JTACs/FAC(A)s must weigh the advantages of ","rect":[90.00004577636719,697.4400024414063,525.043212890625,686.4119873046875]},{"page":136,"text":"issuing an attack heading with the disadvantages of restricting aircraft tactics. FAHs are","rect":[90.00004577636719,711.239990234375,522.0444306640625,700.2119750976563]},{"page":136,"text":"III-72 ","rect":[90.0,753.4559326171875,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":136,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":137,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":137,"text":"not issued when there is no requirement. JTACs should attempt to place as few restrictions","rect":[90.0,85.65597534179688,521.9783637695313,74.6519775390625]},{"page":137,"text":"as possible on attacking aircraft. Unnecessary or overly restrictive run-in restrictions often","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0371704101563,88.45196533203125]},{"page":137,"text":"increase the time required to attack, decrease the flexibility and survivability of the flight,","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,522.0047607421875,102.251953125]},{"page":137,"text":"and increase the likelihood of an aircraft not expending its ordnance because it was outside","rect":[90.0000228881836,127.08000183105469,522.0443696289062,116.052001953125]},{"page":137,"text":"of parameters. JTACs/FAC(A)s should limit restrictions to the minimum required;","rect":[90.0000228881836,140.85598754882813,521.8463759765625,129.85198974609376]},{"page":137,"text":"however, any final attack geometries provided as part of the CAS briefing in the form of ","rect":[90.00004577636719,154.6799774169922,525.0096435546875,143.6519775390625]},{"page":137,"text":"headings or directions are by definition “restrictions” and therefore must be read back. The","rect":[90.00004577636719,168.47996520996095,522.0288056640625,157.45196533203126]},{"page":137,"text":"following are examples of briefed final attack geometry:","rect":[90.00004577636719,182.2799530029297,361.0607314453125,171.251953125]},{"page":137,"text":"1. Magnetic heading: “Final attack heading 230.”","rect":[176.4000244140625,208.0800018310547,425.5726899414062,197.052001953125]},{"page":137,"text":"2. Magnetic headings with a cone: “Final attack heading 240-300”","rect":[176.39999389648438,233.87998962402345,521.793576171875,222.85198974609376]},{"page":137,"text":"or “Final attack heading 270 plus-or-minus 30 degrees.”","rect":[90.0,247.6799774169922,370.7089204101562,236.6519775390625]},{"page":137,"text":"3. Use of cardinal/sub-cardinal directions: “Razor 51, Broadsword 88,","rect":[176.39999389648438,271.0799560546875,521.9903564453125,262.45196533203127]},{"page":137,"text":"make your attack from northeast to southwest.” A JTAC/FAC(A) should be cautious when","rect":[90.0,287.2799987792969,521.9255981445313,276.25201416015627]},{"page":137,"text":"using this method as no final attack magnetic headings are specified and the attacking","rect":[90.0,301.0799865722656,522.0216064453125,290.052001953125]},{"page":137,"text":"aircraft may not be on the exact heading or in the expected sector of airspace for CAS","rect":[90.0,314.8800048828125,522.0144072265625,303.8520202636719]},{"page":137,"text":"aircraft acquisition or deconfliction. If an exact heading or cone is required, then use of ","rect":[90.0,328.67999267578127,525.0204467773438,317.6520080566406]},{"page":137,"text":"one of the above techniques is recommended.","rect":[90.0000228881836,342.4560241699219,308.9016418457031,331.4520263671875]},{"page":137,"text":"4. Use of a geographical reference: JTAC/FAC(A) states “Make all","rect":[176.4000244140625,368.2799987792969,522.1080947265625,357.25201416015627]},{"page":137,"text":"attacks parallel to the road.”","rect":[90.0,382.0559997558594,224.96400158691407,371.052001953125]},{"page":137,"text":"d. Synchronization","rect":[111.5999984741211,407.8799743652344,210.59280688476563,396.85198974609377]},{"page":137,"text":"(1) Simultaneous Employment. One of the most difficult functions performed","rect":[133.1999969482422,433.67999267578127,522.0791625976563,422.6520080566406]},{"page":137,"text":"by a FC/FSCC is synchronizing CAS with surface fires. The intent is to coordinate the","rect":[90.0,447.47998046875,522.00719921875,436.4519958496094]},{"page":137,"text":"timing of air support, supporting arms, and maneuver to achieve the mass of a combined-","rect":[90.0,461.2799987792969,522.0071694335937,450.25201416015627]},{"page":137,"text":"arms attack. The objective is to accomplish this without suspending the use of any of","rect":[90.0,475.0799865722656,521.9736000976562,464.052001953125]},{"page":137,"text":"the supporting arms or affecting the scheme of maneuver. An additional goal is to offer","rect":[90.0,488.8799743652344,522.0671669921875,477.85198974609377]},{"page":137,"text":"a reasonable measure of protection to aircraft from the effects of friendly surface fires. ","rect":[90.0,502.6199951171875,525.014404296875,491.5920104980469]},{"page":137,"text":"High-altitude/standoff weapons (e.g., Joint Direct Attack Munition [JDAM]) offer the","rect":[90.0,516.4199829101563,521.995236328125,505.3919677734375]},{"page":137,"text":"capability to deconflict both in range and altitude from other supporting fires.","rect":[90.0,530.2200317382813,461.94000244140627,519.1920166015625]},{"page":137,"text":"(2) A common time reference is essential to accomplish the high degree of ","rect":[133.20001220703126,556.02001953125,525.0299682617188,544.9920043945313]},{"page":137,"text":"coordination necessary for effective CAS. All participants must use the same timing","rect":[90.0,569.8200073242188,522.01318359375,558.7919921875]},{"page":137,"text":"method. Refer to the two methods, TOT and TTT, described previously.","rect":[90.0,583.6199951171875,439.5420227050781,572.5919799804688]},{"page":137,"text":"(3) Fires That Support CAS. There are two primary forms of surface fires that","rect":[133.20001220703126,609.4199829101563,522.012025390625,598.3919677734375]},{"page":137,"text":"support the conduct of CAS missions: target marking and SEAD. They are often used in","rect":[90.0000228881836,623.219970703125,522.016845703125,612.1919555664063]},{"page":137,"text":"combination. It is important to note that a fire support mission may take several minutes","rect":[90.0000228881836,637.0199584960938,522.043244140625,625.991943359375]},{"page":137,"text":"to coordinate. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,648.39599609375,162.00604248046876,639.7919921875]},{"page":137,"text":"(a) Marks. A target mark should be provided for CAS aircraft whenever","rect":[154.80001831054688,676.6199340820313,521.9579750976562,665.5919189453125]},{"page":137,"text":"needed. Target marks should be planned to include sufficient time for CAS aircrews to","rect":[90.0,690.4199829101563,522.0491943359375,679.3919677734375]},{"page":137,"text":"observe them prior to employment. JTACs/FAC(A)s should strive to provide redundant","rect":[90.0,704.219970703125,521.9699721679688,693.1919555664063]},{"page":137,"text":"marks when deemed necessary in case the primary mark fails, is late, or is inaccurate during","rect":[90.0,718.0199584960938,522.0323486328125,706.991943359375]},{"page":137,"text":"III-73","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":138,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":138,"text":"the terminal phase of an attack. Examples of redundant mark combinations are","rect":[90.0,85.65597534179688,522.0732392578125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":138,"text":"laser/smoke, IR pointer/tracer, and smoke/talk-on. The target mark can be provided by","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0408325195313,88.45196533203125]},{"page":138,"text":"direct fire or IDF weapons (heavy machine gun tracer, mortars, artillery, or naval gunfire)","rect":[90.0000228881836,113.27995300292969,521.9772622070312,102.251953125]},{"page":138,"text":"or an airborne platform such as a FAC(A). See Figure III-20 for standard marking brevity","rect":[90.00006866455078,127.08000183105469,521.9400634765625,116.052001953125]},{"page":138,"text":"codes. When one of the above marking methods is not possible, the CAS target may be","rect":[90.00009155273438,140.87998962402345,522.0312470703125,129.85198974609376]},{"page":138,"text":"identified by narrative description provided by the JTAC/FAC(A). This is known as a","rect":[90.00009155273438,154.6799774169922,521.9208955078125,143.6519775390625]},{"page":138,"text":"“talk-on” to target. The JTAC marking their position with devices such as strobe lights,","rect":[90.00009155273438,168.47996520996095,522.00732421875,157.45196533203126]},{"page":138,"text":"mirrors, or air panels may aid this narrative. Care must be taken to not highlight friendly","rect":[90.00009155273438,182.2799530029297,522.0313110351563,171.251953125]},{"page":138,"text":"ground forces positions to the enemy. ","rect":[90.00009155273438,196.0800018310547,276.6937255859375,185.052001953125]},{"page":138,"text":"1. Marking by IDF. Artillery, NSFS, or mortar fires are an effective","rect":[176.40008544921876,221.87998962402345,521.9832734375,210.85198974609376]},{"page":138,"text":"means of enabling pilots to visually acquire the target. Before choosing to mark by","rect":[90.0,235.6799774169922,522.0203857421875,224.6519775390625]},{"page":138,"text":"artillery, NSFS, or mortars, observers should consider the danger of exposing these","rect":[90.0000228881836,249.47996520996095,521.9628266601562,238.45196533203126]},{"page":138,"text":"supporting arms to the enemy’s IDF acquisition systems and the additional coordination","rect":[90.0000228881836,263.2799377441406,522.043212890625,252.251953125]},{"page":138,"text":"between supporting arms required for this mission. Caution must be applied when using a","rect":[90.0000228881836,277.0799865722656,522.0516328125,266.052001953125]},{"page":138,"text":"WP and/or RP mark on a crowded battlefield that the mark is not confused with other","rect":[90.0000228881836,288.4679870605469,521.964017578125,279.85198974609377]},{"page":138,"text":"activities on the ground. Timing for marking rounds is situationally dependent and must","rect":[90.0000228881836,304.6799621582031,521.9424453125,293.6519775390625]},{"page":138,"text":"be coordinated prior to commencement of the attack. JTACs/FAC(A)s must calculate","rect":[90.00004577636719,318.4559631347656,521.994015625,307.45196533203127]},{"page":138,"text":"weapon times of flight and understand aircrew tactics to ensure marks impact at the","rect":[90.00004577636719,332.27996826171877,522.0696381835937,321.2519836425781]},{"page":138,"text":"appropriate time. This lead time ensures the marking round is in position early enough and","rect":[90.00004577636719,346.0799560546875,521.9437255859375,335.0519714355469]},{"page":138,"text":"remains visible long enough for the JTAC/FAC(A) to provide final control instructions and","rect":[90.00004577636719,359.8799743652344,522.0264892578125,348.85198974609377]},{"page":138,"text":"for the pilot of the attacking aircraft to acquire the target. IDF marking rounds are most","rect":[90.00004577636719,373.6799621582031,521.9184584960938,362.6519775390625]},{"page":138,"text":"effective when delivered within 100 meters of the CAS target, but those within 300 meters","rect":[90.00004577636719,387.4799499511719,521.9676215820313,376.45196533203127]},{"page":138,"text":"III-74 ","rect":[90.0,753.4559326171875,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":138,"text":"Figure III-20. Standard Marking Brevity Codes","rect":[195.9002685546875,718.973876953125,414.8762960357666,709.4749145507813]},{"page":138,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":139,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":139,"text":"of the CAS target are generally considered effective enough to direct CAS aircraft. When","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0240478515625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":139,"text":"IDF marking rounds are not timely or accurate, JTACs/FAC(A)s should use a backup","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0095825195313,88.45196533203125]},{"page":139,"text":"marking technique or verbal instructions to identify the target to CAS aircrews. If the","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,522.0407685546875,102.251953125]},{"page":139,"text":"situation requires precise marks, observers or spotters can adjust marking rounds to ensure","rect":[90.0000228881836,127.08000183105469,522.0312470703125,116.04000091552735]},{"page":139,"text":"accurate marks are delivered to meet the CAS schedule.","rect":[90.0000228881836,138.46798706054688,358.2467346191406,129.85198974609376]},{"page":139,"text":"2. Marking by Direct Fire. Direct fire weapons can be used to mark","rect":[176.4000244140625,166.6799774169922,522.0084228515625,155.6519775390625]},{"page":139,"text":"targets. While this method may provide more accuracy and timeliness than IDF marks, its","rect":[90.0,180.4800262451172,521.9759833984375,169.4520263671875]},{"page":139,"text":"use may be limited by range and the visibility of the burst from the air and on the","rect":[89.99995422363281,194.40000915527345,522.001095703125,183.5640106201172]},{"page":139,"text":"battlefield. FW and RW aircraft can also mark the target with munitions (e.g., guns,","rect":[89.99990844726563,208.0800018310547,522.035888671875,197.052001953125]},{"page":139,"text":"rockets, missiles, or bombs).","rect":[89.99990844726563,221.85604858398438,227.29910278320313,210.85205078125]},{"page":139,"text":"3. Laser Designators. For LST-equipped aircraft, marking targets by","rect":[176.39990234375,247.68003845214845,522.03466796875,236.65203857421876]},{"page":139,"text":"laser is very effective. If using lasers (ground or airborne) to mark the target, laser","rect":[90.0,261.4800109863281,522.0431801757812,250.4520263671875]},{"page":139,"text":"designation must be selective and timely, as lengthy laser emissions may compromise","rect":[90.0,275.2799987792969,522.0239838867187,264.25201416015627]},{"page":139,"text":"friendly positions. The CAS aircrew can also confuse the laser source with the intended","rect":[90.0,289.08001708984377,522.0299682617188,278.0520324707031]},{"page":139,"text":"target. When employing lasers to mark, include the call sign of the lasing entity along with","rect":[90.0,302.8800048828125,521.9688110351563,291.8520202636719]},{"page":139,"text":"the four-digit laser code in the marks portion of the CAS brief: “Blackjack laser, code","rect":[90.0,316.6800231933594,522.03844921875,305.6400451660156]},{"page":139,"text":"1688.” The JTAC/FAC(A) will use the laser code passed by aircrew set in any LGWs they","rect":[89.9999771118164,330.4800109863281,522.0216064453125,319.4520263671875]},{"page":139,"text":"briefed during the CAS check-in briefing. In the remarks section of the CAS brief,","rect":[90.0,344.2799987792969,522.0095825195313,333.25201416015627]},{"page":139,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s shall provide FAHs to ensure the attacking aircraft is in the laser","rect":[90.0,358.20001220703127,521.9999970703125,347.364013671875]},{"page":139,"text":"acquisition area and not in a laser safety zone and shall provide the LTL in degrees","rect":[90.0,372.0000305175781,522.0072333984375,361.1640319824219]},{"page":139,"text":"magnetic from the laser designator operator to the target. For laser marks, the aircrew","rect":[90.0,385.6800231933594,522.1380600585937,374.65203857421877]},{"page":139,"text":"will provide a 10-second warning to activate the mark. Use the standard laser brevity","rect":[90.0,399.4800109863281,522.0839233398438,388.4520263671875]},{"page":139,"text":"codes listed in Figure III-21.","rect":[90.0,413.2799987792969,227.04962158203126,402.25201416015627]},{"page":139,"text":"For communications brevity codes and meanings, see ATP 1-02.1/MCRP 3-30B.1/NTTP","rect":[90.0,439.1399841308594,522.0300590820313,428.23199462890627]},{"page":139,"text":"6-02.1/AFTTP 3-2.5, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Multi-Service","rect":[90.0,452.85601806640627,522.0432099609375,441.8520202636719]},{"page":139,"text":"Brevity Codes.","rect":[90.0,466.67999267578127,162.0,455.6520080566406]},{"page":139,"text":"4. FAC(A) Marks. Some FAC(A) aircraft can mark with WP/high-","rect":[176.39999389648438,492.4200134277344,522.0516640625,481.39202880859377]},{"page":139,"text":"explosive rockets, IR pointer, gun tracers, and/or laser. See ATP 3-09.32/MCRP 3-","rect":[90.0,506.2200012207031,521.906400390625,495.1920166015625]},{"page":139,"text":"31.6/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP 3-2.6, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for","rect":[90.0,520.02001953125,521.988068359375,508.99200439453127]},{"page":139,"text":"the Joint Application of Firepower, for a complete listing of aircraft target marking","rect":[90.0,533.8200073242188,521.964111328125,522.7919921875]},{"page":139,"text":"capabilities.","rect":[90.0,547.5960693359375,147.74639892578126,536.592041015625]},{"page":139,"text":"5. IR Pointers. JTACs/FAC(A)s may use IR pointers and other IR","rect":[176.39999389648438,573.4200439453125,522.0937216796875,562.3920288085938]},{"page":139,"text":"devices to mark targets at night for aircrews that are using NVDs. Unlike laser designators,","rect":[90.0,587.2200317382813,522.1188354492188,576.1920166015625]},{"page":139,"text":"IR-pointer devices cannot be used to guide munitions. JTACs/FAC(A)s should use IR","rect":[90.0,601.02001953125,522.005953125,589.9920043945313]},{"page":139,"text":"pointers with caution, as they may expose the friendly position to an enemy with night vision","rect":[90.0,614.8200073242188,522.0767822265625,603.7919921875]},{"page":139,"text":"capability. JTACs/FAC(A)s must always be prepared to provide and describe distinguishing","rect":[90.0,628.6199951171875,522.1283569335938,617.5919799804688]},{"page":139,"text":"characteristic(s) of their IR marker to the aircrew. IR marks should be initiated 20 to 30","rect":[90.0,642.39599609375,522.0540161132813,631.3919677734375]},{"page":139,"text":"seconds prior to the CAS TOT/TTT or when requested by the aircrew. When working with","rect":[90.0,656.2200317382813,522.100830078125,645.1920166015625]},{"page":139,"text":"IR pointers, use brevity codes. Aircrews and JTACs/FAC(A)s must be familiar with these","rect":[90.0,670.02001953125,522.1020478515625,658.9920043945313]},{"page":139,"text":"brevity codes to avoid confusion (see Figure III-22).","rect":[90.0000228881836,683.8200073242188,336.0456848144531,672.7919921875]},{"page":139,"text":"III-75","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.2359008789063]},{"page":140,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":140,"text":"Figure III-21. Standard Laser Brevity Codes","rect":[201.71994018554688,436.5538635253906,408.9585714263916,427.0549011230469]},{"page":140,"text":"For communications brevity codes and meanings, see ATP 1-02.1/MCRP 3-30B.1/NTTP","rect":[90.0,461.1000061035156,522.0300590820313,450.1920166015625]},{"page":140,"text":"6-02.1/AFTTP 3-2.5, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Multi-Service","rect":[90.0,474.8160095214844,522.0432099609375,463.81201171875]},{"page":140,"text":"Brevity Codes.","rect":[90.0,488.6400146484375,162.0,477.6120300292969]},{"page":140,"text":"6. Combination. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,512.0280151367188,264.77276611328127,503.60400390625]},{"page":140,"text":"When the tactical situation deems it reasonable, a","rect":[271.55999755859377,512.0280151367188,522.0888642578125,503.4120178222656]},{"page":140,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) should consider the use of additional marks to augment an IR or laser mark. ","rect":[90.0,528.2400512695313,524.99755859375,517.2120361328125]},{"page":140,"text":"When IR pointers or laser designators are employed, JTACs/FAC(A)s and CAS aircrews","rect":[90.0,542.0400390625,521.97122265625,531.0120239257813]},{"page":140,"text":"must use proper communications brevity and procedures to ensure CAS aircrews do not","rect":[90.0,555.8400268554688,521.928041015625,544.81201171875]},{"page":140,"text":"confuse the source of the mark or the friendly position with the target end. ","rect":[90.0,569.6400146484375,449.5955810546875,558.6119995117188]},{"page":140,"text":"7. Marking Friendly Forces. Marking friendly forces is the least","rect":[176.39999389648438,595.4400024414063,521.9688125,584.4119873046875]},{"page":140,"text":"desirable method of enabling a TALLY. Marking friendly forces can be confusing and","rect":[90.0,609.2400512695313,521.9819946289063,598.2120361328125]},{"page":140,"text":"should be used cautiously and only when no other method is available.","rect":[90.0000228881836,623.0400390625,429.3180236816406,612.0120239257813]},{"page":140,"text":"(b) SEAD","rect":[154.80001831054688,648.8160400390625,206.81883093261718,637.81201171875]},{"page":140,"text":"1. The primary objective of SEAD is to allow friendly aircraft to","rect":[176.4000244140625,674.6400146484375,521.9974365234375,663.8040161132813]},{"page":140,"text":"operate in airspace defended by an enemy air defense system, including the target area","rect":[90.0,688.4400024414063,522.0012177734375,677.4119873046875]},{"page":140,"text":"and ingress/egress routes. SEAD missions do not guarantee aircraft immunity from enemy","rect":[90.0,702.2400512695313,521.9351806640625,691.2120361328125]},{"page":140,"text":"air defenses. JTACs/FAC(A)s should first evaluate different mission profiles to minimize","rect":[90.0,716.0160522460938,522.0408295898437,705.0120239257813]},{"page":140,"text":"III-76 ","rect":[90.0,753.4559326171875,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":140,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":141,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":141,"text":"Figure III-22. Night Infrared Close Air Support Brevity Codes","rect":[162.83999633789063,591.294189453125,447.95301722717286,581.7952270507813]},{"page":141,"text":"the aircraft’s exposure to the threat envelope from known or suspected antiair threats. If ","rect":[90.0,613.3560180664063,525.0431518554688,602.3519897460938]},{"page":141,"text":"aircraft cannot avoid enemy air defenses, aircraft vulnerability must be balanced against","rect":[90.0,627.1799926757813,522.0155654296875,616.1519775390625]},{"page":141,"text":"the risk of exposing SEAD delivery systems to determine if SEAD is appropriate for that","rect":[90.0,640.9800415039063,522.0024428710938,629.9520263671875]},{"page":141,"text":"CAS mission.","rect":[90.0,652.3680419921875,156.64918518066407,643.7520141601563]},{"page":141,"text":"III-77","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.2359008789063]},{"page":142,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":142,"text":"Warning","rect":[283.97998046875,84.61483001708985,327.9592680015564,74.3375473022461]},{"page":142,"text":"Attack aircraft may confuse infrared (IR) pointer or laser energy source","rect":[117.0,103.2748031616211,494.92500914001467,92.86576080322266]},{"page":142,"text":"with the intended target. When using IR pointers or lasers to mark,","rect":[117.0,115.8747787475586,495.00846404266357,105.59749603271485]},{"page":142,"text":"include IR pointer or laser in the marks portion of the close air support","rect":[117.0,128.39207458496095,495.0721113319397,118.12577056884766]},{"page":142,"text":"(CAS) briefing. CAS aircrew must be VISUAL with TALLY or VISUAL with","rect":[117.0,141.19483947753907,495.05783977890015,130.78579711914063]},{"page":142,"text":"CONTACT SPARKLE when using a ground-based IR pointer as a mark. ","rect":[117.0,153.8548126220703,498.0521041793823,143.44577026367188]},{"page":142,"text":"Joint terminal attack controllers/forward air controllers (airborne) must","rect":[117.0,166.51478576660157,494.98757764053348,156.10574340820313]},{"page":142,"text":"provide final attack headings to place the attacking aircraft in the laser","rect":[117.0,179.17481994628907,494.9831949195862,168.76577758789063]},{"page":142,"text":"basket for an off-board laser designation for a laser guided weapon. ","rect":[117.0,191.77479553222657,498.0532333297729,181.36575317382813]},{"page":142,"text":"Laser target line shall also be passed, time and situation permitting.","rect":[117.0,204.43482971191407,472.1403915328979,194.1575469970703]},{"page":142,"text":"2. Coordination. Surface-delivered SEAD involves planning and","rect":[176.39999389648438,243.95994567871095,521.9231567382813,232.93194580078126]},{"page":142,"text":"coordination by the FC/FSCC and at the maneuver units, down to the company level. ","rect":[90.0,257.7599792480469,525.016845703125,246.73199462890626]},{"page":142,"text":"Air-delivered SEAD and EW must be coordinated and deconflicted to provide","rect":[90.0000228881836,271.5359802246094,521.9196137695312,260.531982421875]},{"page":142,"text":"necessary support during the time CAS is being conducted. Before requesting CAS that","rect":[90.00006866455078,285.3599853515625,521.8800673828125,274.3320007324219]},{"page":142,"text":"would require SEAD support, fire support personnel must first consider whether mortars,","rect":[90.00009155273438,299.135986328125,521.964111328125,288.1319885253906]},{"page":142,"text":"artillery, or NSFS can range the target and create the desired effects. Effective SEAD","rect":[90.00009155273438,312.9599914550781,521.9136948242187,301.9320068359375]},{"page":142,"text":"depends on accurate intelligence on the position and type of enemy weapons. SEAD is","rect":[90.00009155273438,326.7599792480469,521.9376533203125,315.73199462890627]},{"page":142,"text":"most effective against fixed threats such as antiaircraft sites and ADA batteries. SEAD","rect":[90.00011444091797,340.5599670410156,521.9412216796875,329.531982421875]},{"page":142,"text":"is least effective against individual MANPADSs and highly mobile threats due to the","rect":[90.00011444091797,354.3599853515625,522.0444916992187,343.3320007324219]},{"page":142,"text":"difficulty of accurately targeting these systems. The FSC, working with the JTAC and","rect":[90.00013732910156,368.15997314453127,521.8729858398438,357.1319885253906]},{"page":142,"text":"forward observer, may coordinate surface-delivered SEAD with target marking.","rect":[90.00016021728516,381.9599914550781,481.3789978027344,370.9320068359375]},{"page":142,"text":"For additional information on SEAD, see Chapter V, “Execution” paragraph 2.a.(6),","rect":[90.00016021728516,407.8199768066406,522.1104125976563,396.9119873046875]},{"page":142,"text":"“Determine SEAD Requirements/SEAD Plan,” and JP 3-01, Countering Air and Missile","rect":[90.00016021728516,421.5599670410156,521.9641694335937,410.531982421875]},{"page":142,"text":"Threats.","rect":[90.00020599365235,432.93597412109377,129.06380462646485,424.33197021484377]},{"page":142,"text":"13. Close Air Support Aircraft Tactics Planning","rect":[90.00020599365235,461.27996826171877,337.9777526855469,450.4439697265625]},{"page":142,"text":"This section identifies some basic TTP used by aircrews to conduct CAS. ","rect":[111.60020446777344,486.9599609375,525.0062255859375,475.9319763183594]},{"page":142,"text":"Standardized procedures and tactics provide a baseline for further refinement and","rect":[90.00020599365235,500.7359619140625,522.01220703125,489.7319641113281]},{"page":142,"text":"improvement. This section describes basic FW and RW CAS aircraft tactics. Tactics are","rect":[90.00020599365235,514.5360107421875,521.9965791015625,503.531982421875]},{"page":142,"text":"ever changing and must be adapted to the specific situation. JTACs/FAC(A)s must be","rect":[90.00020599365235,528.3599853515625,521.9977998046875,517.3319702148438]},{"page":142,"text":"familiar with these as well as advanced CAS tactics. Aircrews will ultimately decide","rect":[90.00020599365235,542.1599731445313,522.075802734375,531.1319580078125]},{"page":142,"text":"aircraft tactics but must ensure the tactics used fall within any constraints issued by the","rect":[90.00020599365235,555.9599609375,521.9617890625,544.9319458007813]},{"page":142,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A).","rect":[90.00020599365235,569.7359619140625,165.00381469726563,558.73193359375]},{"page":142,"text":"a. FW Tactics","rect":[111.60020446777344,593.1480102539063,184.9322059326172,584.7239990234375]},{"page":142,"text":"(1) All-Altitude Tactics","rect":[133.2001953125,621.3359375,254.20822216796877,610.3319091796875]},{"page":142,"text":"(a) Coordinated Attacks. Coordinated attacks include multiple flights of ","rect":[154.80020141601563,647.1599731445313,525.0457763671875,636.1319580078125]},{"page":142,"text":"aircraft using either combined or sectored tactics in conjunction with some type of ","rect":[90.00020599365235,660.9600219726563,524.9798583984375,649.9199829101563]},{"page":142,"text":"deconfliction measure. The JTAC/FAC(A) must approve use of coordinated attacks. One","rect":[90.00020599365235,674.7360229492188,522.0002412109375,663.7319946289063]},{"page":142,"text":"of the flight leads may be established as the tactical lead of the attacks if all flights/sections","rect":[90.00020599365235,688.5599975585938,522.0650336914063,677.531982421875]},{"page":142,"text":"agree to work coordinated attacks. An aircraft given the tactical lead does not have TAC","rect":[90.00020599365235,702.3600463867188,522.048189453125,691.33203125]},{"page":142,"text":"responsibilities; rather, the tactical lead should ensure deconfliction between aircraft is","rect":[90.00020599365235,716.1361083984375,522.0890205078125,705.132080078125]},{"page":142,"text":"III-78 ","rect":[90.0,753.4559326171875,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":142,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":143,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":143,"text":"maintained and recommend attack geometry and timing between flights/sections. ","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,525.0072021484375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":143,"text":"Coordinating flights for attacking the same target/target area enables the massing of fire","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0539521484375,88.45196533203125]},{"page":143,"text":"and helps to split target defenses. While the JTAC/FAC(A) and aircrews must conduct the","rect":[90.0000228881836,113.27995300292969,522.0108002929687,102.251953125]},{"page":143,"text":"attack using a common frequency, the aircrews can use a separate frequency to conduct","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,522.06598046875,116.052001953125]},{"page":143,"text":"inter-flight coordination (e.g., ordnance deconfliction, timing between flight members). ","rect":[90.0,140.87998962402345,515.5571899414063,129.85198974609376]},{"page":143,"text":"1. Type of Attack (Figure III-23). The type of attack is based on the","rect":[176.40000915527345,166.6799774169922,522.005978515625,155.6519775390625]},{"page":143,"text":"avenue to the target and target orientation. Example: “Combined/sequential/visual” means","rect":[90.0,180.4800262451172,522.0168159179688,169.4520263671875]},{"page":143,"text":"the avenue to the target is shared airspace; timing on target is sequential, with the trailing","rect":[90.0,194.28001403808595,522.11279296875,183.25201416015626]},{"page":143,"text":"flight taking visual spacing on the lead flight’s last attacker. “Sectored/sequential/1","rect":[90.0,208.0800018310547,521.9963989257813,197.052001953125]},{"page":143,"text":"minute” means the avenue to the target is sectored and timing on target is sequential with","rect":[90.0,221.8800506591797,522.0120239257813,210.85205078125]},{"page":143,"text":"the trailing flight taking one minute spacing from the lead flight’s TOT.","rect":[90.0,235.68003845214845,434.644775390625,224.65203857421876]},{"page":143,"text":"2. The following procedural guidelines are considered standard:","rect":[176.39999389648438,261.4800109863281,485.97595361328129,250.4520263671875]},{"page":143,"text":"a. Aircraft egressing from the target have the right-of-way.","rect":[198.0,287.2799987792969,482.89678955078127,276.25201416015627]},{"page":143,"text":"b. The JTAC/FAC(A) must approve reattacks (after coordination","rect":[198.0,313.0559997558594,521.9963989257813,302.052001953125]},{"page":143,"text":"with the ground force commander).","rect":[90.0,326.8799743652344,260.25360107421877,315.85198974609377]},{"page":143,"text":"c. If an aircraft enters another flight’s sector, the aircrew will","rect":[198.0,352.6799621582031,522.0048232421875,341.6519775390625]},{"page":143,"text":"immediately notify the other flight and the JTAC/FAC(A) and then deconflict or exit that","rect":[90.0,366.47998046875,522.0347915039063,355.4519958496094]},{"page":143,"text":"sector.","rect":[90.0000228881836,377.8559875488281,121.74242401123047,370.4639892578125]},{"page":143,"text":"Figure III-23. Coordinated Attack Types","rect":[211.19985961914063,719.69384765625,399.5257100982666,710.1948852539063]},{"page":143,"text":"III-79","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":144,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":144,"text":"d. JTAC/FAC(A) and aircrew must coordinate munitions that may","rect":[198.0,85.67997741699219,522.0322265625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":144,"text":"enter the other flight’s sector before the attack.","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,314.5452575683594,88.4520263671875]},{"page":144,"text":"(b) Reattacks. The aircrew’s task is to complete a successful attack on the","rect":[154.8000030517578,125.25601196289063,522.0456513671875,114.25201416015625]},{"page":144,"text":"first pass. Reattacks may be required for the following reasons: multiple targets remaining","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,521.9736328125,128.052001953125]},{"page":144,"text":"in the target area, desired effects not created on first attack, and aircraft","rect":[90.0,152.8800506591797,522.012025390625,141.85205078125]},{"page":144,"text":"reconnaissance/BDA. JTAC/FAC(A) must authorize all reattacks. JTACs/FAC(A)s","rect":[90.0,166.65603637695313,521.985626953125,155.65203857421876]},{"page":144,"text":"authorize reattacks after assessing the need for a reattack, aircraft vulnerability to enemy","rect":[90.0,180.4800262451172,522.083984375,169.4520263671875]},{"page":144,"text":"fire, and probability of success. The JTAC/FAC(A) may provide additional target marks","rect":[90.0,194.28001403808595,522.0108344726563,183.25201416015626]},{"page":144,"text":"for the reattack and can describe the target location using the last mark, last hit, terrain","rect":[90.0000228881836,208.0800018310547,522.0911865234375,197.052001953125]},{"page":144,"text":"features, or friendly positions. The reattack may engage other targets within a specific","rect":[90.0000228881836,221.8800506591797,522.0576142578125,210.85205078125]},{"page":144,"text":"target area as long as PID is obtained or maintained by the JTAC/FAC(A) and/or the","rect":[90.0000228881836,235.68003845214845,522.0060395507812,224.65203857421876]},{"page":144,"text":"attacking aircraft and appropriate coordination is conducted. For any retargeting or attacks","rect":[90.0000228881836,249.4800262451172,522.038361328125,238.4520263671875]},{"page":144,"text":"on alternate targets, controllers must ensure the affected sorties have appropriate munitions","rect":[90.0000228881836,263.2799987792969,522.0263984375,252.25201416015626]},{"page":144,"text":"for the desired effects. Additionally, controllers and pilots must ensure appropriate safe","rect":[90.0000228881836,277.0799865722656,521.8992280273437,266.052001953125]},{"page":144,"text":"distances from friendly forces are considered for any new munitions and fuzes assigned. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,290.8799743652344,525.0059814453125,279.85198974609377]},{"page":144,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s and aircrews must ensure follow-on munitions used in immediate","rect":[90.0000228881836,304.656005859375,521.98083203125,293.6520080566406]},{"page":144,"text":"reattacks still meet the ground commander’s scheme of fires and JTAC/FAC(A)","rect":[90.0000228881836,318.47998046875,521.9988076171875,307.4519958496094]},{"page":144,"text":"restrictions before employing ordnance. For reattacks on the same target area,","rect":[90.0000228881836,332.2799987792969,522.0360107421875,321.25201416015627]},{"page":144,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s should use their best judgment as to using the originally passed CAS","rect":[90.00004577636719,346.0799865722656,522.009646484375,335.0400085449219]},{"page":144,"text":"brief, creating a new CAS brief, or providing a correction off of the last target hit.","rect":[90.00004577636719,359.8799743652344,482.6544494628906,348.85198974609377]},{"page":144,"text":"(c) Egress. While operating in a high-threat or hostile environment, the need","rect":[154.80006408691407,385.6799621582031,521.9952392578125,374.6519775390625]},{"page":144,"text":"for a rapid egress may delay the ability to rendezvous and regain mutual support. Egress","rect":[90.00004577636719,399.4799499511719,522.0204780273438,388.45196533203127]},{"page":144,"text":"instructions and rendezvous should avoid conflict with ingress routes and IPs of other","rect":[90.00004577636719,413.27996826171877,522.02285546875,402.2519836425781]},{"page":144,"text":"flights. Egress instructions may be as detailed as ingress instructions. Egress fire support","rect":[90.00006866455078,427.0799560546875,522.0072646484375,416.0519714355469]},{"page":144,"text":"coordination and deconfliction requirements are the same as those used during ingress. ","rect":[90.00006866455078,440.87994384765627,524.9400634765625,429.8519592285156]},{"page":144,"text":"Upon attack completion, aircrews follow the egress instructions and either execute a","rect":[90.00006866455078,454.6199645996094,522.01208203125,443.59197998046877]},{"page":144,"text":"reattack, return to the CP/IP for further tasking, or return to base.","rect":[90.00006866455078,468.4199523925781,402.003662109375,457.3919677734375]},{"page":144,"text":"(2) Medium-/High-Altitude Tactics. Medium-/high-altitude tactics are flown","rect":[133.2000732421875,494.219970703125,521.9917602539063,483.1919860839844]},{"page":144,"text":"above approximately 8,000 ft AGL. High-altitude bombing can be described as bombing","rect":[90.00006866455078,508.0199890136719,521.9784545898438,496.99200439453127]},{"page":144,"text":"with the height of release over 15,000 ft AGL. These tactics are employed when slant","rect":[90.00004577636719,521.8200073242188,522.0672622070313,510.7919921875]},{"page":144,"text":"range and altitude can be used to negate local threat systems. For visual deliveries, the","rect":[90.00004577636719,535.6200561523438,522.0024384765625,524.592041015625]},{"page":144,"text":"local weather conditions must include sufficient visibility and ceilings for the","rect":[90.00004577636719,549.4201049804688,521.9328583984375,538.39208984375]},{"page":144,"text":"desired/required weapons deliveries to be employed. Terrain must also be considered when","rect":[90.0000228881836,563.2200927734375,522.0335693359375,552.1920776367188]},{"page":144,"text":"selecting employment altitudes. More time may be available for target acquisition, but","rect":[90.0,577.0200805664063,522.06598046875,565.9920654296875]},{"page":144,"text":"bombing accuracy with unguided munitions may be degraded.","rect":[90.0000228881836,590.8201293945313,389.2944641113281,579.7921142578125]},{"page":144,"text":"(a) Advantages of medium-/high-altitude tactics include:","rect":[154.80001831054688,616.6201782226563,445.4280373535156,605.5921630859375]},{"page":144,"text":"1. All flight members can continuously observe the target area, marks,","rect":[176.40003967285157,642.420166015625,521.9700317382813,631.3921508789063]},{"page":144,"text":"and hits from other aircraft.","rect":[90.0,653.7960205078125,222.33363342285157,645.1920166015625]},{"page":144,"text":"2. Lower fuel consumption and increased time on station.","rect":[176.39999389648438,681.9960327148438,455.3975830078125,670.9920043945313]},{"page":144,"text":"3. Reduced navigation difficulties.","rect":[176.39999389648438,707.8200073242188,345.1104736328125,696.7919921875]},{"page":144,"text":"III-80 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":144,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":145,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":145,"text":"4. Improved formation control.","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.65597534179688,328.3944091796875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":145,"text":"5. Improved mutual support.","rect":[176.39999389648438,111.45602416992188,316.384765625,100.4520263671875]},{"page":145,"text":"6. Allows considerable maneuver airspace and allows aircrews to","rect":[176.39999389648438,137.25601196289063,522.0599975585938,126.25201416015625]},{"page":145,"text":"concentrate on mission tasks instead of terrain avoidance tasks.","rect":[90.0,148.656005859375,393.5999755859375,140.052001953125]},{"page":145,"text":"7. Communications between aircrews and control agencies are less","rect":[176.40000915527345,176.87998962402345,522.0155341796875,165.85198974609376]},{"page":145,"text":"affected by terrain.","rect":[90.0,190.6799774169922,180.8687744140625,179.6519775390625]},{"page":145,"text":"8. Reduces exposure to ADA and man-portable IR SAMs.","rect":[176.39999389648438,216.45596313476563,458.7480163574219,205.45196533203126]},{"page":145,"text":"9. More flexibility in attack axis selection.","rect":[176.39999389648438,242.28001403808595,382.71600341796877,231.25201416015626]},{"page":145,"text":"10. Easier timing of TOT.","rect":[176.39999389648438,268.0799865722656,304.0439758300781,257.052001953125]},{"page":145,"text":"angle.","rect":[90.0,307.67999267578127,118.98600006103516,296.6520080566406]},{"page":145,"text":"11. Improved performance of guided weapons using steeper impact","rect":[176.39999389648438,293.8799743652344,521.9760146484375,282.85198974609377]},{"page":145,"text":"capability.","rect":[90.0,347.2799987792969,140.4119873046875,336.25201416015627]},{"page":145,"text":"12. Improved LGB self-lasing options and targeting pod capture","rect":[176.39999389648438,333.47998046875,522.0588349609375,322.4519958496094]},{"page":145,"text":"13. Increased ability to deconflict aircraft with altitude, in addition to","rect":[176.39999389648438,373.0799865722656,522.0048217773438,362.052001953125]},{"page":145,"text":"timing and lateral deconfliction measures. Potential to use more aircraft within smaller","rect":[90.0,386.8799743652344,522.07803125,375.85198974609377]},{"page":145,"text":"lateral confines via an aircraft “stack.” ","rect":[90.0,398.2559814453125,277.69677734375,389.6519775390625]},{"page":145,"text":"(b) Disadvantages of medium-/high-altitude tactics include:","rect":[154.8000030517578,426.47998046875,460.16396875,415.4519958496094]},{"page":145,"text":"1. Enemy acquisition systems can detect the attack force at long range,","rect":[176.39999389648438,452.27996826171877,521.9616088867188,441.2519836425781]},{"page":145,"text":"allowing the enemy to prepare its air defenses.","rect":[90.0,466.0799865722656,313.2984924316406,455.052001953125]},{"page":145,"text":"2. Requires local air superiority.","rect":[176.39999389648438,491.8799743652344,334.003173828125,480.85198974609377]},{"page":145,"text":"3. May require high weather ceilings and good visibility when using","rect":[176.39999389648438,517.6799926757813,521.9136352539063,506.6519775390625]},{"page":145,"text":"laser-guided or other weapons requiring visual target acquisition by the aircrew (may not","rect":[90.0,531.4800415039063,521.9483657226563,520.4520263671875]},{"page":145,"text":"be a limiting factor when the ground commander authorizes use of IAMs).","rect":[90.0,545.280029296875,454.1951904296875,534.2520141601563]},{"page":145,"text":"aircraft.","rect":[90.0,582.4559936523438,128.40239715576173,573.8519897460938]},{"page":145,"text":"4. May make it difficult for the JTAC/FAC(A) to visually acquire the","rect":[176.40000915527345,571.0800170898438,521.9208344726562,560.052001953125]},{"page":145,"text":"5. Visual target acquisition can be more difficult from higher altitudes","rect":[176.39999389648438,610.6200561523438,521.9087836914063,599.592041015625]},{"page":145,"text":"and slant ranges.","rect":[90.0,624.4199829101563,171.92880249023438,613.3919677734375]},{"page":145,"text":"6. Greater potential for reduced accuracy of non-guided weapons","rect":[176.39999389648438,650.2200317382813,521.928009765625,639.1920166015625]},{"page":145,"text":"attributed to wind effects, pipper placement during visual designations (size of pipper","rect":[90.0,664.02001953125,521.8440224609375,652.9920043945313]},{"page":145,"text":"relative to target at high altitude), and increased aim-point errors due to increased slant","rect":[90.0,677.8200073242188,521.9735732421875,666.7919921875]},{"page":145,"text":"range.","rect":[90.0,691.6199951171875,120.18600463867188,683.4239501953125]},{"page":145,"text":"III-81","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":146,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":146,"text":"(c) Ingress. The higher altitude of the aircraft often makes receiving","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,522.0347900390625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":146,"text":"situation updates from extended ranges feasible. This enables the aircrew to build SA","rect":[90.00001525878906,99.47996520996094,521.8140244140625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":146,"text":"prior to entering the immediate target area. JTACs/FAC(A)s may route CAS aircraft to","rect":[90.00003051757813,113.27995300292969,521.917236328125,102.251953125]},{"page":146,"text":"the target area via IPs, control points, GEOREFs, dead reckoning (time, distance, and","rect":[90.00003051757813,127.08000183105469,521.9783935546875,116.052001953125]},{"page":146,"text":"heading), or a combination of these techniques. JTACs/FAC(A)s should use caution to","rect":[90.00003051757813,140.87998962402345,521.96875,129.85198974609376]},{"page":146,"text":"not send friendly aircraft into uncoordinated adjacent unit airspace or known areas of ","rect":[90.00003051757813,154.6799774169922,525.0060424804688,143.6399688720703]},{"page":146,"text":"concentrated enemy air defense. Multiple attack flights can be deconflicted using vertical","rect":[90.00003051757813,168.47996520996095,521.8680434570313,157.45196533203126]},{"page":146,"text":"and horizontal separation.","rect":[90.00005340576172,182.25595092773438,216.72723388671876,171.251953125]},{"page":146,"text":"(d) CAS Aircraft Observation and Holding Patterns. When possible,","rect":[154.800048828125,208.0800018310547,521.8944702148438,197.052001953125]},{"page":146,"text":"CAS aircraft should be given enough airspace to hold in an area of relatively low ADA","rect":[90.00003051757813,221.87998962402345,521.8403916015625,210.85198974609376]},{"page":146,"text":"activity that provides a good position to observe the target area. JTACs/FAC(A)s should","rect":[90.00003051757813,235.6799774169922,521.9315795898438,224.6519775390625]},{"page":146,"text":"not restrict attack aircraft to specific observation or holding patterns but should specify","rect":[90.00003051757813,249.47996520996095,521.9712524414063,238.45196533203126]},{"page":146,"text":"the observation or holding patterns that will best accomplish the mission. Considerations","rect":[90.00003051757813,263.2799377441406,522.0216376953125,252.251953125]},{"page":146,"text":"for holding patterns and altitude selection include: artillery GTLs and maximum ordinate,","rect":[90.00005340576172,277.0799255371094,521.901611328125,266.05194091796877]},{"page":146,"text":"adjacent unit operations, weather conditions such as sun position and clouds, terrain and","rect":[90.00005340576172,290.87994384765627,522.01318359375,279.8399658203125]},{"page":146,"text":"threat locations and activity, and other attack aircraft either on station or inbound. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,304.679931640625,524.974853515625,293.6519470214844]},{"page":146,"text":"Typical holding patterns include the following:","rect":[90.00003051757813,318.4799499511719,320.94003442382816,307.45196533203127]},{"page":146,"text":"1. Racetrack. An oval holding pattern with straight legs of at least 10","rect":[176.4000244140625,344.2799377441406,521.9664306640625,333.251953125]},{"page":146,"text":"miles in length and with standard-rate 180-degree turns on each end. Bomber aircraft","rect":[90.0,358.0799865722656,522.012025390625,347.052001953125]},{"page":146,"text":"may require holding between 10 to 40 miles from the target, with 20 nautical miles","rect":[90.0,371.8799743652344,521.8907783203125,360.85198974609377]},{"page":146,"text":"minimum for legs. This pattern can be flown either perpendicular or parallel to the target","rect":[90.0,385.67999267578127,521.8895888671875,374.6520080566406]},{"page":146,"text":"area. Attacking aircraft may use a perpendicular hold to increase visual SA and allow","rect":[90.0,399.47998046875,521.8931870117187,388.4519958496094]},{"page":146,"text":"some sensor scans, while parallel holding (pointed at/going away from the target) is often","rect":[90.0,413.2799987792969,521.8751831054688,402.25201416015627]},{"page":146,"text":"used to lengthen the time for sensor scans on the inbound leg. JTACs/FAC(A)s should","rect":[90.0000228881836,427.0799865722656,521.9292602539063,416.052001953125]},{"page":146,"text":"be aware that differing execution of holding patterns could place the aircraft outside","rect":[90.00004577636719,440.8799743652344,521.9448212890625,429.85198974609377]},{"page":146,"text":"allocated airspace or decrease FMV connectivity. Specific holding instructions should","rect":[90.00006866455078,454.6199951171875,521.9424438476563,443.5920104980469]},{"page":146,"text":"be issued if needed for aircraft deconfliction, airspace constraints, or FMV coverage (if ","rect":[90.00006866455078,468.41998291015627,525.0120849609375,457.3919982910156]},{"page":146,"text":"critical). Holding instructions, if needed, might be communicated as: “Hold 180 radial,","rect":[90.00009155273438,482.219970703125,521.9041137695313,471.1919860839844]},{"page":146,"text":"10-20 nautical miles, right-hand turns.”","rect":[90.00009155273438,496.0199890136719,283.14852612304687,484.99200439453127]},{"page":146,"text":"2. Figure 8. The same as the racetrack pattern except the turns at each","rect":[176.40008544921876,521.8200073242188,522.108154296875,510.7919921875]},{"page":146,"text":"end of the pattern are made toward the target area, are 230 degrees of turn instead of 180","rect":[90.0,535.6200561523438,521.9447631835938,524.592041015625]},{"page":146,"text":"degrees, and normally executed holding perpendicular to the target area.","rect":[90.0,549.4200439453125,436.94158935546877,538.3920288085938]},{"page":146,"text":"3. Wheel Orbit. Circle around the designated target. Appropriate for","rect":[176.40000915527345,575.2200317382813,522.0623452148437,564.1920166015625]},{"page":146,"text":"nonlinear battlefields with pockets of enemy activity.","rect":[90.0,589.02001953125,345.55682373046877,577.9920043945313]},{"page":146,"text":"(e) Attack. Types of Delivery:","rect":[154.79998779296876,614.8200073242188,311.7575966796875,603.7919921875]},{"page":146,"text":"1. Level Deliveries. Used for guided and unguided free-fall weapons. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,640.6200561523438,524.9856567382813,629.592041015625]},{"page":146,"text":"Release points may have bomb ranges outside of visual range. Because of the long bomb","rect":[90.0,654.4199829101563,521.93994140625,643.3919677734375]},{"page":146,"text":"ranges and weapons profiles, nose position may not be indicative of where weapons will","rect":[90.0,668.2200317382813,522.0143447265625,657.1920166015625]},{"page":146,"text":"impact.","rect":[90.0,681.9960327148438,125.63639831542969,670.9920043945313]},{"page":146,"text":"III-82 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":146,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":147,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":147,"text":"2. Dive Deliveries. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,83.25597381591797,277.1543884277344,74.84397888183594]},{"page":147,"text":"Used for guided, unguided, and forward-firing","rect":[285.53997802734377,85.67997741699219,521.99755859375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":147,"text":"ordnance, these deliveries use dive angles of 5 to 60 degrees. Most modern fighter aircraft","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,522.014466796875,88.4520263671875]},{"page":147,"text":"delivery systems incorporate some type of continuously computed impact point display,","rect":[90.0,113.28001403808594,522.0072021484375,102.25201416015625]},{"page":147,"text":"which allows the aircrew to accurately deliver ordnance without having to fly predictable","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,522.0671967773437,116.052001953125]},{"page":147,"text":"wings-level passes.","rect":[90.0,140.8800506591797,182.70718383789063,129.85205078125]},{"page":147,"text":"3. Dive Toss. These deliveries provide increased standoff by using","rect":[176.39999389648438,166.68003845214845,522.0994873046875,155.65203857421876]},{"page":147,"text":"aircraft systems to compute release points similar to loft deliveries. The target is designated","rect":[90.0,180.4800262451172,522.127197265625,169.4520263671875]},{"page":147,"text":"in the weapon system’s computer by the aircrew at an extended slant range with the aircraft","rect":[90.0,194.28001403808595,522.0167861328125,183.25201416015626]},{"page":147,"text":"in a dive. The weapon is then released as the aircraft’s dive angle is decreased.","rect":[90.0,208.0800018310547,470.2464294433594,197.052001953125]},{"page":147,"text":"(3) Low-/Very-Low-Altitude Tactics. Low-/very-low-altitude tactics are flown","rect":[133.2000274658203,233.8800506591797,522.0828857421875,222.85205078125]},{"page":147,"text":"below approximately 8,000 ft AGL. Low-altitude bombing can be described as bombing","rect":[90.00006866455078,247.68003845214845,521.932861328125,236.65203857421876]},{"page":147,"text":"with the height of release between 500 and 8,000 ft AGL. Very-low altitude can be","rect":[90.00004577636719,261.4800109863281,522.050412109375,250.4520263671875]},{"page":147,"text":"described as a height below 500 ft AGL. These tactics may be employed when threat","rect":[90.0000228881836,275.2799987792969,521.9844375,264.25201416015627]},{"page":147,"text":"system capabilities, weather conditions, or weapon delivery parameters preclude aircraft","rect":[90.0000228881836,289.08001708984377,522.0156264648438,278.0520324707031]},{"page":147,"text":"operating at higher altitudes.","rect":[90.0000228881836,302.8800048828125,227.3856201171875,291.8520202636719]},{"page":147,"text":"(a) Advantages of low-/very-low-altitude tactics include:","rect":[154.80001831054688,328.6800231933594,443.3640419921875,317.65203857421877]},{"page":147,"text":"1. Decreases enemy acquisition systems ability to detect the attack force","rect":[176.4000244140625,354.4800109863281,522.0636567382812,343.4520263671875]},{"page":147,"text":"at long range, decreasing the enemy’s time available to prepare its air defenses.","rect":[90.0,368.2799987792969,470.53558349609377,357.25201416015627]},{"page":147,"text":"2. May be used when local air superiority has not been achieved.","rect":[176.40000915527345,394.0799865722656,490.260009765625,383.052001953125]},{"page":147,"text":"3. May be used with low weather ceilings and poor visibility.","rect":[176.39999389648438,419.8799743652344,473.2991638183594,408.85198974609377]},{"page":147,"text":"4. Degrades enemy ground control intercept radar coverage, denying","rect":[176.39999389648438,445.67999267578127,522.0108032226563,434.6520080566406]},{"page":147,"text":"intercept information to enemy fighters, and forcing enemy aircraft to rely on visual or","rect":[90.0,459.47998046875,521.9663979492187,448.4519958496094]},{"page":147,"text":"onboard acquisition systems.","rect":[90.0,473.27996826171877,229.03195190429688,462.2519836425781]},{"page":147,"text":"5. May improve target acquisition and accuracy of weapons delivery","rect":[176.39999389648438,499.0799865722656,522.0023803710938,488.052001953125]},{"page":147,"text":"due to shorter slant ranges at low altitude.","rect":[90.0,512.8800048828125,290.49603271484377,501.85198974609377]},{"page":147,"text":"6. May allow easier assessment of aircraft geometry relative to the","rect":[176.40000915527345,538.6199951171875,521.9916352539062,527.5919799804688]},{"page":147,"text":"target/friendly forces during CAS TAC.","rect":[90.0,552.4199829101563,281.57281494140627,541.3919677734375]},{"page":147,"text":"(b) Disadvantages of low-/very-low-altitude tactics include:","rect":[154.8000030517578,578.2200317382813,458.16601342773438,567.1920166015625]},{"page":147,"text":"1. Navigation is demanding and requires a high level of aircrew skill. ","rect":[176.40000915527345,604.02001953125,514.7471923828125,592.9920043945313]},{"page":147,"text":"2. Terrain avoidance tasks and formation control become primary tasks,","rect":[176.39999389648438,629.8200073242188,521.9735717773438,618.7919921875]},{"page":147,"text":"decreasing time to concentrate on mission tasks.","rect":[90.0,643.6200561523438,321.50274658203127,632.592041015625]},{"page":147,"text":"3. Observation of the target area, the marks, and hits from other aircraft","rect":[176.39999389648438,669.4200439453125,522.0311904296875,658.3920288085938]},{"page":147,"text":"are limited prior to the attack, which increases the difficulty of properly acquiring the target","rect":[90.0,683.2200317382813,521.9352431640625,672.1920166015625]},{"page":147,"text":"during the attack. This difficulty can be offset by a thorough enhanced target description,","rect":[90.0,697.02001953125,522.043212890625,685.9920043945313]},{"page":147,"text":"III-83","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":148,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":148,"text":"which requires more time coordinating and holding between attacks. Some observation of ","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,524.9472045898438,74.6519775390625]},{"page":148,"text":"the target may be feasible through magnifying sensors or binoculars. ","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,422.2200012207031,88.45196533203125]},{"page":148,"text":"4. Higher fuel consumption and decreased time on station.","rect":[176.40000915527345,125.27995300292969,459.37078857421877,114.251953125]},{"page":148,"text":"5. Terrain may reduce communications effectiveness between aircrews","rect":[176.39999389648438,151.0800018310547,522.0480048828125,140.052001953125]},{"page":148,"text":"and control agencies, such as the JTAC due to LOS limitations.","rect":[90.0,164.87998962402345,394.5900573730469,153.85198974609376]},{"page":148,"text":"tactics.","rect":[90.0,202.0560302734375,123.735595703125,193.4520263671875]},{"page":148,"text":"6. Attack timing and geometry are more critical than in higher-altitude","rect":[176.40000915527345,190.6799774169922,522.0659760742187,179.6519775390625]},{"page":148,"text":"7. Exposes aircraft and aircrew to small arms, MANPADS, and ADA.","rect":[176.39999389648438,230.25601196289063,515.9376220703125,219.25201416015626]},{"page":148,"text":"(c) Ingress. Aircrews and mission planners may employ support aircraft and","rect":[154.8000030517578,256.0799865722656,522.0023803710938,245.052001953125]},{"page":148,"text":"other countermeasures to degrade threat system effectiveness. Aircrews, JTACs/FAC(A)s,","rect":[90.0,269.8799743652344,521.9747924804688,258.85198974609377]},{"page":148,"text":"and air controllers select routes that avoid known threat weapon envelopes. Routes should","rect":[90.00000762939453,283.656005859375,521.9976196289063,272.6520080566406]},{"page":148,"text":"include course changes to confuse and deceive the enemy concerning the intended target","rect":[90.00000762939453,297.47998046875,522.0911879882813,286.4519958496094]},{"page":148,"text":"area. During simultaneous CAS with RW and FW aircraft, CAS aircrews must be under","rect":[90.00003051757813,311.2799987792969,522.0024697265625,300.25201416015627]},{"page":148,"text":"the control of the JTAC/FAC(A) to transit above or below the CL. Low-altitude, FW CAS","rect":[90.00003051757813,325.0559997558594,521.99280078125,314.052001953125]},{"page":148,"text":"CPs and IPs will likely require lateral deconfliction with RW HAs and BPs. Formations","rect":[90.00003051757813,338.8799743652344,521.983185546875,327.85198974609377]},{"page":148,"text":"are used to complicate enemy radar resolution and improve lookout capability against","rect":[90.00003051757813,352.67999267578127,522.0192885742188,341.6520080566406]},{"page":148,"text":"enemy fighters. Aircrews plot, brief, and study the ingress routes to gain the maximum","rect":[90.00003051757813,366.47998046875,522.0599990234375,355.4519958496094]},{"page":148,"text":"advantage from terrain masking. Entry should be delayed into a heavily defended target","rect":[90.00003051757813,380.2799987792969,522.0216079101563,369.25201416015627]},{"page":148,"text":"area until the aircrew has a clear understanding of the mission. The expected threat","rect":[90.00003051757813,394.0799865722656,521.94000390625,383.052001953125]},{"page":148,"text":"intensity and sophistication influence the selection of ingress tactics. JTACs/FAC(A)s","rect":[90.00003051757813,407.8799743652344,521.9244086914063,396.85198974609377]},{"page":148,"text":"and aircrews tailor communications and control requirements to counter the threat. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,421.7759704589844,525.0108032226563,410.9639587402344]},{"page":148,"text":"Normally, control of CAS flights is handed over to the JTAC/FAC(A) at the control point. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,435.47998046875,525.061279296875,424.4519958496094]},{"page":148,"text":"In a limited communications environment, scheduled missions may be the primary method","rect":[90.00003051757813,449.27996826171877,521.9940185546875,438.2519836425781]},{"page":148,"text":"used to limit the required communications. Proper planning increases the chances for","rect":[90.00003051757813,463.0799560546875,522.0119912109375,452.0519714355469]},{"page":148,"text":"mission success even if there is little or very difficult radio communications after the flight","rect":[90.00003051757813,476.8799743652344,522.0372329101563,465.85198974609377]},{"page":148,"text":"becomes airborne.","rect":[90.00003051757813,488.2559814453125,177.90963745117188,479.6519775390625]},{"page":148,"text":"(d) Attack. During low-/very-low-altitude attacks, many of the same","rect":[154.80003356933595,516.4199829101563,521.911251953125,505.3919677734375]},{"page":148,"text":"considerations apply as in high-/medium-altitude attacks. However, aircrews will have","rect":[90.00005340576172,530.219970703125,522.0264252929687,519.1919555664063]},{"page":148,"text":"less time to acquire the target and position their aircraft for a successful attack. When","rect":[90.00005340576172,544.0199584960938,521.96044921875,532.991943359375]},{"page":148,"text":"planning ordnance and attack profiles, consider the requirement for high-drag ordnance","rect":[90.00005340576172,557.8200073242188,522.0072602539062,546.7919921875]},{"page":148,"text":"and fragmentation pattern avoidance in the low-altitude environment. The final run-in","rect":[90.00005340576172,571.6199340820313,522.014404296875,560.5919189453125]},{"page":148,"text":"from the IP to the target is the most crucial phase of the CAS mission. Aircrew tasks","rect":[90.00005340576172,585.4199829101563,521.9988715820313,574.3919677734375]},{"page":148,"text":"intensify, as the aircrew must follow a precise timing and attack profile. The terrain","rect":[90.00005340576172,599.219970703125,522.0768432617188,588.1919555664063]},{"page":148,"text":"dictates the type of formation flown by the attack element. Figure III-24 illustrates the","rect":[90.00005340576172,613.0199584960938,522.0048798828125,601.991943359375]},{"page":148,"text":"attack phase of a typical FW CAS mission. ","rect":[90.00005340576172,626.8199462890625,302.67608642578127,615.7919311523438]},{"page":148,"text":"(e) Types of Delivery:","rect":[154.800048828125,652.6199340820313,268.08242578125,641.5919189453125]},{"page":148,"text":"1. Level. Deliver ordnance with a wings-level pass over the target.","rect":[176.40005493164063,678.4199829101563,501.91802978515627,667.3919677734375]},{"page":148,"text":"2. Loft. To execute a loft delivery, the aircrew proceeds inbound to the","rect":[176.39999389648438,704.2200317382813,522.0266083984375,693.1920166015625]},{"page":148,"text":"target from the IP. At a calculated point, the aircrew starts a loft maneuver pull-up. Once","rect":[90.0,718.02001953125,522.0743989257812,706.9920043945313]},{"page":148,"text":"III-84 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":148,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":149,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":149,"text":"Fixed-Wing, Low-Altitude Close Air Support Attack","rect":[97.91999816894531,98.44884490966797,408.8267589880777,85.16375732421875]},{"page":149,"text":"Key Actions in a Fixed-Wing Close Air Support (CAS) Attack","rect":[107.94000244140625,127.61121368408203,425.03779608434265,116.22052001953125]},{"page":149,"text":"Action Point","rect":[328.1388854980469,154.67031860351563,381.61782785560185,147.2774658203125]},{"page":149,"text":"Target","rect":[466.3799743652344,150.83363342285157,494.25750681067998,141.45733642578126]},{"page":149,"text":"Contact","rect":[116.21844482421875,206.33004760742188,150.706740819469,198.81698608398438]},{"page":149,"text":"Point","rect":[122.09890747070313,217.49044799804688,144.9205622306018,210.09759521484376]},{"page":149,"text":"Initial Point","rect":[223.9186248779297,204.83041381835938,272.89642282630498,197.43756103515626]},{"page":149,"text":"Turn Point","rect":[331.3790588378906,200.39071655273438,377.25311227942998,192.99786376953126]},{"page":149,"text":"Pull-Up Point","rect":[402.7792663574219,245.10337829589845,461.20672556067998,235.8372802734375]},{"page":149,"text":"To perform a CAS attack, the following actions must take place:","rect":[108.29902648925781,270.4156494140625,387.4304194083362,260.9191589355469]},{"page":149,"text":"1. The attack aircrew receives the CAS brief.","rect":[108.29902648925781,289.6720886230469,306.37698312903935,282.1590270996094]},{"page":149,"text":"2. The aircrew calculates the following, based on aircraft type, run-in airspeed, ","rect":[108.29902648925781,312.95550537109377,456.6237787833362,303.4590148925781]},{"page":149,"text":" ordnance, and delivery maneuver:","rect":[108.29902648925781,323.575927734375,271.0931391348987,314.19964599609377]},{"page":149,"text":" a. Time to leave the control point to cross the initial point (IP) at the proper time.","rect":[108.29902648925781,334.1954040527344,478.23260446692998,324.69891357421877]},{"page":149,"text":" b. Distance and time from IP to turn point (TP).","rect":[108.29902648925781,344.81585693359377,334.4871515860706,335.3193664550781]},{"page":149,"text":" c. Degrees to turn at TP and direction of offset, if not directed by the joint terminal ","rect":[108.29902648925781,355.436279296875,488.99444528724248,345.9397888183594]},{"page":149,"text":" attack controller (JTAC)/forward air controller (airborne) (FAC[A]).","rect":[108.29906463623047,366.1158447265625,413.89764352942998,356.6193542480469]},{"page":149,"text":" d. Distance/time to pull-up point (from TP or IP, as required).","rect":[108.2990493774414,376.73626708984377,392.60882517005498,367.2397766113281]},{"page":149,"text":" e. Pull-up angle (as applicable).","rect":[108.3000259399414,387.354736328125,268.56121774817998,377.8582458496094]},{"page":149,"text":" f. Apex/roll-in altitude (as applicable).","rect":[108.3000259399414,397.97515869140627,294.8217463126331,388.4786682128906]},{"page":149,"text":" g. Release altitude (based on threat, friendly fires, and ordnance).","rect":[108.3000259399414,408.5956115722656,418.7608637442737,399.09912109375]},{"page":149,"text":"3. JTAC/FAC(A) provides:","rect":[108.30000305175781,429.89361572265627,223.32617136146119,420.3971252441406]},{"page":149,"text":" a. Mark on target 30 tp 45 seconds before time on target/time to target.","rect":[108.30000305175781,440.5140686035156,440.0708002677112,431.017578125]},{"page":149,"text":" b. Final corrections/directions, given concisely in cardinal direction and distance","rect":[108.3000259399414,451.134521484375,479.02609150221925,441.6380310058594]},{"page":149,"text":" from the mark, to help the aircrew to find the target.","rect":[108.3000259399414,461.75494384765627,364.64993234778935,452.2584533691406]},{"page":149,"text":" c. Clearance to deliver ordnance.","rect":[108.3000259399414,470.3909606933594,274.87811227942998,462.8778991699219]},{"page":149,"text":"Figure III-24. Fixed-Wing, Low-Altitude Close Air Support Attack","rect":[152.579833984375,494.03387451171877,458.20887660217286,484.534912109375]},{"page":149,"text":"released, the weapon continues an upward trajectory while the aircrew executes follow-on","rect":[90.0,518.0399780273438,522.08154296875,506.9999694824219]},{"page":149,"text":"tactics or egresses the target area. After the weapon reaches the apex of its trajectory, it","rect":[90.0,531.8400268554688,521.9111953125,520.7999877929688]},{"page":149,"text":"follows a ballistic path to impact.","rect":[90.0,545.6160278320313,249.9816131591797,534.6119995117188]},{"page":149,"text":"3. Pop-Up. To execute a pop-up delivery, the aircrew proceeds to the","rect":[176.39999389648438,571.4400024414063,521.948361328125,560.4119873046875]},{"page":149,"text":"target from the IP at low/very-low altitude. As the aircrew nears the target, they pop-up to","rect":[90.0,585.2400512695313,522.0252685546875,574.2120361328125]},{"page":149,"text":"the desired altitude and execute a level or dive delivery.","rect":[90.0,599.0400390625,357.92999267578127,588.0120239257813]},{"page":149,"text":"4. Dive Deliveries. Used for both free fall and forward firing ordnance. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,624.8400268554688,524.916015625,613.81201171875]},{"page":149,"text":"These deliveries typically use dive angles of 5 to 45 degrees.","rect":[90.0,638.6400146484375,381.5735778808594,627.6119995117188]},{"page":149,"text":"(4) Combination Low/Very-Low, Medium, and High Altitude. Aircrews can","rect":[133.1999969482422,664.4400024414063,522.0167846679688,653.4119873046875]},{"page":149,"text":"combine low-/very-low- and medium-altitude tactics to gain the advantages of both,","rect":[89.9999771118164,678.2400512695313,522.0072021484375,667.2120361328125]},{"page":149,"text":"while reducing the disadvantages of each. The en route portion of the flight is normally","rect":[89.9999771118164,692.0400390625,521.9999389648438,681.0120239257813]},{"page":149,"text":"beyond the range of enemy air defense weapons and flown at a medium or high altitude. ","rect":[89.9999771118164,705.8400268554688,525.0,694.81201171875]},{"page":149,"text":"III-85","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":150,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":150,"text":"The CAS aircraft descends to low/very-low altitude to avoid detection by certain enemy","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0216064453125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":150,"text":"SAM threats and/or gain surprise.","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,252.31201171875,88.45196533203125]},{"page":150,"text":"b. RW CAS Tactics","rect":[111.5999984741211,122.87995147705078,213.89279248046877,114.251953125]},{"page":150,"text":"(1) USMC helicopters operate as part of a MAGTF in general support or in direct","rect":[133.1999969482422,151.0800018310547,522.0264296875,140.052001953125]},{"page":150,"text":"support of a unit or operation for a specific period of time. With this in mind, this section","rect":[90.0000228881836,164.85598754882813,522.0095825195313,153.85198974609376]},{"page":150,"text":"identifies some of the TTP AH and UH aircrews can use to perform CAS.","rect":[90.00004577636719,178.65597534179688,444.53765869140627,167.6519775390625]},{"page":150,"text":"(2) USA AH units support maneuver commanders as a subordinate maneuver","rect":[133.20004272460938,204.45596313476563,522.0240151367187,193.45196533203126]},{"page":150,"text":"unit. They are given mission-type orders and execute these orders as a unit. USA AH units","rect":[90.00004577636719,218.2799530029297,522.0600288085938,207.251953125]},{"page":150,"text":"can conduct attacks employing CAS TTP when operating in support of other forces. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,232.0800018310547,525.0264892578125,221.052001953125]},{"page":150,"text":"However, their proficiency will be limited unless they have been trained as part of SOF or","rect":[90.00004577636719,245.8799285888672,521.9280068359375,234.8519287109375]},{"page":150,"text":"CAS TTP have been coordinated in advance.","rect":[90.00004577636719,257.2679748535156,306.3360595703125,248.6519775390625]},{"page":150,"text":"(3) Flight Composition. Unlike FW aircraft, RW sections or flights may be a","rect":[133.20004272460938,285.4799499511719,521.9774140625,274.45196533203127]},{"page":150,"text":"mix of aircraft types. For example, an Army flight might consist of an AH-64 and a CH-","rect":[90.00006103515625,299.2799377441406,521.95449609375,288.251953125]},{"page":150,"text":"47, while in the Marine Corps, a mixed section will consist of an AH-1 and a UH-1. Mixed","rect":[90.00006866455078,313.0559387207031,522.0733032226563,302.05194091796877]},{"page":150,"text":"flights provide the RW CAS element with the most flexible mix of sensors,","rect":[90.00006866455078,326.8799133300781,521.9868774414063,315.8519287109375]},{"page":150,"text":"communications capabilities, maneuverability, fires, and mutual support.","rect":[90.00006866455078,340.6799011230469,439.86248779296877,329.65191650390627]},{"page":150,"text":"(4) Operating Altitudes. The following are altitude ranges for RW aircraft:","rect":[133.20010375976563,366.47991943359377,504.1093154296875,355.4519348144531]},{"page":150,"text":"(a) High. Above 3,000 ft AGL.","rect":[154.80007934570313,392.2799072265625,311.4600830078125,381.2519226074219]},{"page":150,"text":"(b) Medium. 500 to 3,000 ft AGL.","rect":[154.80007934570313,418.055908203125,328.5132751464844,407.0519104003906]},{"page":150,"text":"(c) Low. Below 500 ft AGL.","rect":[154.80007934570313,443.8559265136719,299.1504821777344,432.8519287109375]},{"page":150,"text":"(5) Launch and Departure Procedures. The appropriate controlling agency","rect":[133.2000732421875,469.6799011230469,521.96044921875,458.65191650390627]},{"page":150,"text":"issues launch orders through the proper C2 or fire support agency. RW assets can be","rect":[90.00009155273438,483.4798889160156,521.997677734375,472.451904296875]},{"page":150,"text":"launched and moved to HAs, forward assembly areas, forward arming and refueling points","rect":[90.00009155273438,497.2799072265625,522.0252998046875,486.2519226074219]},{"page":150,"text":"(FARPs), or directly into an attack or support-by-fire position, depending on mission or","rect":[90.00009155273438,511.0799255371094,522.0049111328125,500.05194091796877]},{"page":150,"text":"current situation.","rect":[90.00011444091797,522.4559326171875,171.3240966796875,513.8519287109375]},{"page":150,"text":"(6) En Route Communications. CAS planners must consider the threat","rect":[133.20010375976563,550.5960083007813,522.0625625,539.5919799804688]},{"page":150,"text":"environment and RW CAS TTP in use when planning for communications connectivity","rect":[90.00009155273438,564.4199829101563,522.019287109375,553.3919677734375]},{"page":150,"text":"and support. Maintaining communications with RW CAS platforms is often difficult","rect":[90.00009155273438,578.2200317382813,521.9521499023438,567.1920166015625]},{"page":150,"text":"because their operating altitudes can hinder LOS connectivity. Every attempt should be","rect":[90.00011444091797,592.02001953125,522.0372895507812,580.9920043945313]},{"page":150,"text":"made to overcome these shortcomings with an airborne C2 asset, ground relay nodes,","rect":[90.00009155273438,605.820068359375,522.021728515625,594.7920532226563]},{"page":150,"text":"tethered array, or some other method of extending low-altitude communications coverage","rect":[90.00009155273438,619.6200561523438,522.0373505859375,608.592041015625]},{"page":150,"text":"to maintain C2 of RW assets after launch.","rect":[90.00009155273438,631.0081176757813,290.58489990234377,622.39208984375]},{"page":150,"text":"(7) En Route Tactics","rect":[133.20008850097657,659.1961059570313,241.14605786132814,648.1920776367188]},{"page":150,"text":"(a) Purpose. Ideally, en route tactics (e.g., route, altitude, airspeed selection,","rect":[154.8000946044922,685.0201416015625,522.0241088867188,673.9921264648438]},{"page":150,"text":"terrain flight profile, and formations) allow RW assets aircrews to avoid concentrations of ","rect":[90.00009155273438,698.8201293945313,525.0072631835938,687.7921142578125]},{"page":150,"text":"III-86 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":150,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":151,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":151,"text":"enemy air defenses, prevent early acquisition, avoid detection, or allow the RW assets to","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0096435546875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":151,"text":"remain outside of the effective range of certain threat systems. ","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,395.2200012207031,88.45196533203125]},{"page":151,"text":"(b) Navigation. En route navigation tactics depend on the threat; need for,","rect":[154.79998779296876,125.27995300292969,522.0504150390625,114.251953125]},{"page":151,"text":"and availability of, support aircraft; friendly air defense requirements; weather; and fuel. ","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,525.0215454101563,128.052001953125]},{"page":151,"text":"As aircrews approach the target area, probable point of enemy contact, or areas with a high","rect":[90.0,152.87998962402345,521.961669921875,141.85198974609376]},{"page":151,"text":"IR SAM threat, they fly lower and with increased caution to move undetected by the","rect":[90.0000228881836,166.6799774169922,521.9700288085937,155.6519775390625]},{"page":151,"text":"enemy. Aircrews use terrain flight to deny/degrade the enemy’s ability to detect or locate","rect":[90.0000228881836,180.47996520996095,522.0167817382812,169.45196533203126]},{"page":151,"text":"the flight visually, optically, or electronically. When flying terrain flight profiles, aircrews","rect":[90.0,194.2799530029297,522.0636298828125,183.251953125]},{"page":151,"text":"may maneuver laterally within a corridor or maneuver area compatible with the ground","rect":[89.9999771118164,208.0800018310547,521.9879760742188,197.052001953125]},{"page":151,"text":"scheme of maneuver and assigned route structures. Within the corridor, aircrews can use","rect":[90.0,221.87998962402345,522.04919140625,210.85198974609376]},{"page":151,"text":"an unpredictable path to avoid detection by the enemy. En route terrain flight profiles fall","rect":[90.0,235.6799774169922,522.0251479492188,224.6519775390625]},{"page":151,"text":"into three categories: low-level, contour, and NOE.","rect":[90.0,249.47996520996095,335.5836181640625,238.45196533203126]},{"page":151,"text":"1. Low-Level. Conduct low-level flight at a constant altitude (normally","rect":[176.39999389648438,275.2799377441406,522.0311889648438,264.251953125]},{"page":151,"text":"100 to 200 ft AGL) and airspeed. Low-level flight reduces or avoids enemy detection or","rect":[90.0,289.0799865722656,522.0227944335937,278.052001953125]},{"page":151,"text":"observation.","rect":[90.0,300.45599365234377,148.99200439453126,291.85198974609377]},{"page":151,"text":"2. Contour. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,326.26800537109377,240.71279907226563,317.85601806640627]},{"page":151,"text":"Contour flight conforms to the contour of the Earth or","rect":[247.20001220703126,328.67999267578127,522.01211328125,317.6520080566406]},{"page":151,"text":"vegetation to conceal aircraft from enemy observation or detection. Aircrews use contour","rect":[90.0,342.47998046875,521.922025390625,331.4519958496094]},{"page":151,"text":"flight until reaching a higher threat area. Contour flight is normally conducted from 50 to","rect":[90.0,356.27996826171877,522.02880859375,345.2519836425781]},{"page":151,"text":"100 ft AGL.","rect":[90.0,367.6679992675781,149.0279998779297,359.0639953613281]},{"page":151,"text":"3. NOE. NOE flight is as close to the Earth’s surface as vegetation and","rect":[176.39999389648438,395.8799743652344,522.039794921875,384.85198974609377]},{"page":151,"text":"obstacles permit while following the Earth’s contours. Terrain and vegetation provide","rect":[90.0,409.67999267578127,521.9544038085937,398.6520080566406]},{"page":151,"text":"cover and concealment from enemy observation and detection. NOE flight uses varying","rect":[90.0,423.47998046875,522.0192260742188,412.4519958496094]},{"page":151,"text":"airspeed and altitude AGL, based on the terrain, weather, ambient light, and enemy","rect":[90.0,437.2799987792969,522.0336303710938,426.25201416015627]},{"page":151,"text":"situation.","rect":[90.0,448.656005859375,134.39999389648438,440.052001953125]},{"page":151,"text":"4. Dense, Small-Arms, and Rocket-Propelled Grenade (RPG)","rect":[176.39999389648438,476.8559875488281,521.9916665039062,466.0439758300781]},{"page":151,"text":"Threat. In an environment where small arms and RPGs are the predominant threat, RW","rect":[90.0,490.59600830078127,521.9759797363281,479.5920104980469]},{"page":151,"text":"assets aircrews will normally elevate to stay out of the effective range of the weapons","rect":[89.9999771118164,504.41998291015627,521.9219672851563,493.3919982910156]},{"page":151,"text":"systems, usually operating at medium altitude. Specific altitudes selected will depend on","rect":[89.9999771118164,518.2200317382813,522.0095825195313,507.1920166015625]},{"page":151,"text":"the mission en route. For example, if the mission en route is to conduct visual","rect":[89.9999771118164,531.9960327148438,521.9867568359375,520.9920043945313]},{"page":151,"text":"reconnaissance, the helicopters will select the lowest altitude that will allow them to","rect":[89.9999771118164,545.7960205078125,522.040771484375,534.7919921875]},{"page":151,"text":"effectively use their sensors while avoiding the heart of the small-arms threat envelope. In","rect":[89.9999771118164,559.6200561523438,521.9664306640625,548.592041015625]},{"page":151,"text":"general, RW assets will avoid urban areas unless they are conducting an attack.","rect":[89.9999771118164,573.4200439453125,470.6579895019531,562.3920288085938]},{"page":151,"text":"5. Day Versus Night. Altitudes will normally vary for the same area of ","rect":[176.39999389648438,599.2200317382813,525.0587158203125,588.1920166015625]},{"page":151,"text":"operations from day to night time and will depend heavily on threat, weather, and terrain. ","rect":[90.0,613.02001953125,524.9627685546875,601.9920043945313]},{"page":151,"text":"In open desert, helicopters will normally decrease their altitude as lighting conditions","rect":[90.0,626.8200073242188,521.9892280273438,615.7919921875]},{"page":151,"text":"decay, to maintain visual reference with the ground. Over urban areas, RW assets can often","rect":[90.0000228881836,640.6200561523438,522.0564575195313,629.592041015625]},{"page":151,"text":"operate more safely than during the daytime but will elevate high enough to avoid being","rect":[90.00004577636719,654.4199829101563,521.9928588867188,643.3919677734375]},{"page":151,"text":"belly-lit by cultural lighting, usually operating in the 1,500- to 3,000-ft AGL block.","rect":[90.00004577636719,668.2200317382813,489.9024353027344,657.1920166015625]},{"page":151,"text":"(c) Ingress Tactics. Ingress tactics apply from arrival at the release point or","rect":[154.800048828125,694.02001953125,521.9387490234375,682.9920043945313]},{"page":151,"text":"HA until the target attack phase begins at the BP.","rect":[90.00003051757813,707.8200073242188,326.6953125,696.7919921875]},{"page":151,"text":"III-87","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":152,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":152,"text":"1. RW CAS Control Points. While CAS control points and IPs can be","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.65597534179688,522.076779296875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":152,"text":"used for RW aircraft routing, AH aircrews use RW-specific ACMs in the CAS objective","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,521.9423798828125,88.44002532958985]},{"page":152,"text":"area: HAs and BPs. ","rect":[90.0,110.85601043701172,189.961181640625,102.25201416015625]},{"page":152,"text":"2. RW ACM location and naming should be determined during the","rect":[176.39999389648438,139.0800018310547,521.9663056640625,128.052001953125]},{"page":152,"text":"planning process. This will aid in the overall SA of JTACs/FAC(A)s, aircrews, and","rect":[90.0,152.87998962402345,522.0072021484375,141.85198974609376]},{"page":152,"text":"maneuver forces and ensure the aviation plan supports the ground tactical plan. Hasty RW","rect":[90.0000228881836,166.6799774169922,522.0624360351562,155.6519775390625]},{"page":152,"text":"control measures can be created by JTACs/FAC(A)s in the tactical environment should","rect":[90.0000228881836,180.47996520996095,522.0216064453125,169.45196533203126]},{"page":152,"text":"they be needed due to changing circumstances or requirements.","rect":[90.0000228881836,194.28001403808595,394.26483154296877,183.25201416015626]},{"page":152,"text":"a. HAs. HAs may be established throughout the battlefield to be","rect":[198.00003051757813,220.0800018310547,521.9663056640625,209.052001953125]},{"page":152,"text":"used by helicopters awaiting targets or missions. These HAs serve as informal ACAs while","rect":[90.0,233.87998962402345,522.034787109375,222.85198974609376]},{"page":152,"text":"they are in use. HAs provide the RW assets aircrew an area in which to loiter. HAs should","rect":[90.0,247.6799774169922,521.9639892578125,236.6519775390625]},{"page":152,"text":"be established during planning, referred to by name or number, and activated/established","rect":[90.0,261.4799499511719,522.0311889648438,250.45196533203126]},{"page":152,"text":"during operations. ","rect":[90.0,275.2799987792969,180.30238342285157,264.25201416015627]},{"page":152,"text":"b. BPs. BPs are maneuvering areas containing firing points (FPs)","rect":[198.0,301.0799865722656,521.93398828125,290.052001953125]},{"page":152,"text":"for RW assets. Like HAs, BPs serve as informal ACAs while in use. Planning","rect":[90.0,314.8799743652344,522.011962890625,303.85198974609377]},{"page":152,"text":"considerations and methods of establishment for BPs are the same as those involved in the","rect":[90.0,326.2559814453125,522.050412109375,317.6519775390625]},{"page":152,"text":"use of HAs.","rect":[90.0,340.0559997558594,147.04800415039063,331.4639892578125]},{"page":152,"text":"3. Techniques of Movement. Due to proximity to the threat, aircrews","rect":[176.39999389648438,368.27996826171877,522.0132758789063,357.2519836425781]},{"page":152,"text":"use terrain flight to move during ingress to the BP. If aircrews are close to friendly artillery","rect":[90.0,382.0799865722656,521.9951782226563,371.052001953125]},{"page":152,"text":"and mortars, they use terrain flight in conjunction with ACMs to deconflict with artillery","rect":[90.0000228881836,395.8799743652344,522.0264892578125,384.8399963378906]},{"page":152,"text":"and mortar trajectories. Particularly when conducting terrain flight, helicopter movement","rect":[90.0000228881836,409.67999267578127,521.983216796875,398.6400146484375]},{"page":152,"text":"must be coordinated with the applicable FC/FSCC. Aircrews use three techniques of ","rect":[90.00004577636719,423.45599365234377,525.019287109375,412.4519958496094]},{"page":152,"text":"movement: traveling, traveling overwatch, and bounding overwatch (see Figure III-25).","rect":[90.00004577636719,437.2799987792969,510.4944763183594,426.25201416015627]},{"page":152,"text":"a. Traveling. Traveling is a technique aircrews use when enemy","rect":[198.00006103515626,463.0799865722656,521.9749145507813,452.052001953125]},{"page":152,"text":"contact is remote. The flight moves at a constant speed using low-level or contour terrain","rect":[90.0,476.8799743652344,521.9808349609375,465.85198974609377]},{"page":152,"text":"flight. Movement should be as constant as the terrain allows. Traveling allows rapid","rect":[90.0,490.6199645996094,522.0047607421875,479.59197998046877]},{"page":152,"text":"movement in relatively secure areas.","rect":[90.0,504.41998291015627,265.53839111328127,493.3919982910156]},{"page":152,"text":"III-88 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":152,"text":"Figure III-25. Movement Techniques","rect":[219.23989868164063,719.5138549804688,391.51274012756348,710.1051025390625]},{"page":152,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":153,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":153,"text":"b. Traveling Overwatch. ","rect":[198.0,85.67997741699219,329.45758056640627,74.6519775390625]},{"page":153,"text":"Traveling overwatch is a technique","rect":[340.91998291015627,85.67997741699219,522.0647553710937,74.6519775390625]},{"page":153,"text":"aircrews use when enemy contact is possible. The flight moves using contour or NOE terrain","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,522.1751708984375,88.4520263671875]},{"page":153,"text":"flight. While caution is justified, speed is desirable. The flight consists of two major elements:","rect":[90.0,113.28001403808594,522.12359765625,102.2400131225586]},{"page":153,"text":"the main element and the overwatch element. The overwatch element may contain multiple","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,522.2399873046875,116.052001953125]},{"page":153,"text":"sub-elements. The main element maintains continuous forward movement. The overwatch","rect":[90.0,138.4560546875,522.02880859375,129.85205078125]},{"page":153,"text":"elements move to provide visual and weapons coverage of the main element. The overwatch","rect":[90.0,154.68003845214845,522.1416015625,143.65203857421876]},{"page":153,"text":"elements provide weapons coverage of terrain from which the enemy might fire on the main","rect":[90.0,168.4800262451172,522.2123413085938,157.4520263671875]},{"page":153,"text":"element.","rect":[90.0,179.85601806640626,129.91199493408204,171.25201416015626]},{"page":153,"text":"c. Bounding Overwatch. ","rect":[198.0,208.0800018310547,328.87921142578127,197.24400329589845]},{"page":153,"text":"Bounding overwatch is a technique","rect":[340.260009765625,208.0800018310547,522.0971650390625,197.052001953125]},{"page":153,"text":"aircrews use when enemy contact is imminent. The flight moves using NOE terrain flight. ","rect":[90.0,221.87998962402345,525.0767822265625,210.85198974609376]},{"page":153,"text":"Movement is deliberate and speed is not essential. The flight consists of two elements. One","rect":[90.0,235.6799774169922,522.1115693359375,224.6519775390625]},{"page":153,"text":"element moves or “bounds” while the other element takes up an overwatch position. The","rect":[90.0,249.45596313476563,522.1560029296875,238.45196533203126]},{"page":153,"text":"overwatch element covers the bounding elements from covered, concealed positions that offer","rect":[90.0,263.2799987792969,522.115140625,252.25201416015626]},{"page":153,"text":"observation and fields of fire.","rect":[90.0,274.656005859375,227.1168670654297,266.052001953125]},{"page":153,"text":"4. Communications and Control. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,300.4679870605469,354.51715087890627,292.0439758300781]},{"page":153,"text":"Flexibility allows a variety of ","rect":[366.3000183105469,302.8799743652344,525.043212890625,291.85198974609377]},{"page":153,"text":"communication and control procedures. However, terrain flight and techniques of movement","rect":[90.0,316.67999267578127,522.080384765625,305.6520080566406]},{"page":153,"text":"may restrict the JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s ability to communicate with low-flying aircraft. ","rect":[90.0,330.47998046875,525.0036010742188,319.4519958496094]},{"page":153,"text":"Typically, communications may not be desirable during the ingress phase. To preserve","rect":[90.0000228881836,344.2799987792969,522.010861328125,333.25201416015627]},{"page":153,"text":"operations security, aircrews can land to receive face-to-face mission briefs and mission-","rect":[90.0000228881836,358.0799865722656,522.0227333984375,347.052001953125]},{"page":153,"text":"essential information from the supported commander or JTAC/FAC(A) before leaving the","rect":[90.0000228881836,371.8799743652344,522.1967744140625,360.85198974609377]},{"page":153,"text":"HA. An airborne relay may be used to maintain communications.","rect":[90.0000228881836,385.67999267578127,397.4808044433594,374.6520080566406]},{"page":153,"text":"(8) Attack Phase (Within the BP). The attack phase is themost important phase of ","rect":[133.2000274658203,411.45599365234377,525.0144653320313,400.4519958496094]},{"page":153,"text":"the RW CAS mission. Figure III-26 illustrates an example of RW tactics during CAS attacks.","rect":[90.00004577636719,425.2799987792969,522.23046875,414.25201416015627]},{"page":153,"text":"(a) Control. Once the aircrew reaches the BP, the JTAC/FAC(A) or mission","rect":[154.80006408691407,451.0559997558594,522.06494140625,440.052001953125]},{"page":153,"text":"commander issues final instructions to the flight. Aircrews select individual FPs and","rect":[90.00006103515625,464.8799743652344,522.016845703125,453.85198974609377]},{"page":153,"text":"remain masked while awaiting the TOT/TTT or the order to attack. ","rect":[90.00006866455078,478.6799621582031,415.1700744628906,467.6519775390625]},{"page":153,"text":"(b) Attack Tactics. Specific techniques used to attack a target are the","rect":[154.80006408691407,504.41998291015627,522.0276459960937,493.3919982910156]},{"page":153,"text":"choice of the air mission commander. Choose attack tactics considering the threat, target","rect":[90.00004577636719,518.2200317382813,522.056458984375,507.1920166015625]},{"page":153,"text":"size and vulnerability, weather, terrain, accuracy requirements, weapons effectiveness, and","rect":[90.00004577636719,532.0199584960938,521.9964599609375,520.991943359375]},{"page":153,"text":"fragmentation patterns.","rect":[90.0000228881836,545.8200073242188,201.32879638671876,534.7919921875]},{"page":153,"text":"1. Hovering Fire. Hovering fire is performed when the aircraft is","rect":[176.4000244140625,571.6199951171875,522.0482490234375,560.7839965820313]},{"page":153,"text":"stationary or has little forward motion. Aircrews perform hovering fire after unmasking","rect":[90.0,585.4199829101563,522.0335693359375,574.3919677734375]},{"page":153,"text":"from a defilade position or when standing off in a safe area. To prevent being targeted by","rect":[90.0,599.2200317382813,522.0180053710938,588.1920166015625]},{"page":153,"text":"enemy weapons, aircrews maintain the hovering fire position only for short periods and","rect":[90.0,613.02001953125,522.0623779296875,601.9920043945313]},{"page":153,"text":"deliver indirect hovering fire hidden from the enemy by terrain when able. After","rect":[89.99995422363281,626.8200073242188,521.9951455078125,615.7919921875]},{"page":153,"text":"delivering hovering fire, aircrews remask or displace. Hovering fire may reduce the","rect":[89.99995422363281,640.6199951171875,522.0215424804687,629.5919799804688]},{"page":153,"text":"accuracy of unguided ordnance (e.g., rockets, cannon/gun fire) because the aircraft can be","rect":[89.99995422363281,654.4199829101563,522.0095795898437,643.3919677734375]},{"page":153,"text":"less stable in a hover. ","rect":[89.9999771118164,665.7960205078125,198.98397827148438,657.1920166015625]},{"page":153,"text":"2. Running Fire. Running fire is performed when the aircraft is in","rect":[176.3999786376953,694.02001953125,522.0719633789063,683.1840209960938]},{"page":153,"text":"level, forward flight. Forward flight may add stability to the aircraft and improve the","rect":[90.0,707.8200073242188,522.0480317382812,696.7919921875]},{"page":153,"text":"III-89","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":154,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":154,"text":"Example of Rotary-Wing Close Air Support Tactics","rect":[97.91999816894531,98.38326263427735,409.3267587962515,85.123779296875]},{"page":154,"text":"Target","rect":[455.3999938964844,131.38644409179688,488.7900092629676,120.16145324707031]},{"page":154,"text":"Holding","rect":[113.15999603271485,196.18643188476563,153.8248000200758,184.96144104003907]},{"page":154,"text":"Area","rect":[120.78007507324219,207.19190979003907,146.14358664116956,198.34144592285157]},{"page":154,"text":"Ingress Route","rect":[172.1996612548828,229.30929565429688,234.61463880409239,219.9509735107422]},{"page":154,"text":"Firing","rect":[303.2400207519531,211.42965698242188,328.2385249124908,202.0713348388672]},{"page":154,"text":"Points","rect":[301.85968017578127,220.6099853515625,329.66199038752549,213.23130798339845]},{"page":154,"text":"Release","rect":[115.6199951171875,269.8699951171875,152.40550184120176,262.4913024902344]},{"page":154,"text":"Point","rect":[122.57984924316406,281.0299987792969,145.40150427753447,273.65130615234377]},{"page":154,"text":"Battle Position","rect":[291.5394592285156,301.9317932128906,368.324128633357,293.0813293457031]},{"page":154,"text":"Figure III-26. Example of Rotary-Wing Close Air Support Tactics","rect":[152.88043212890626,342.89385986328127,457.9714193267822,333.3948974609375]},{"page":154,"text":"accuracy of unguided ordnance. Running fire may reduce an aircrew’s vulnerability to","rect":[90.0,366.53997802734377,522.0095825195313,355.5119934082031]},{"page":154,"text":"enemy air defenses by providing a moving target and by producing a smaller signature than","rect":[90.0,380.3399658203125,521.9927978515625,369.3119812011719]},{"page":154,"text":"a hover would. While performing running fire, aircrews can use direct and IDF techniques. ","rect":[90.0,394.1399841308594,525.0216064453125,383.11199951171877]},{"page":154,"text":"Aircrews deliver direct fire when they have an unobstructed view of the target or use IDF","rect":[90.0,407.9399719238281,522.022830078125,396.9119873046875]},{"page":154,"text":"when they cannot see the target.","rect":[90.0000228881836,421.7399597167969,243.88558959960938,410.71197509765627]},{"page":154,"text":"3. Diving Fire. Diving fire is delivered while the aircraft is at","rect":[176.4000244140625,447.53997802734377,522.015775390625,436.7039794921875]},{"page":154,"text":"altitude and in descending forward flight. If delivering unguided ordnance, diving fire","rect":[90.0,461.3399658203125,522.0047578125,450.3119812011719]},{"page":154,"text":"may produce the most accurate effects. Using diving fire, the aircrew can remain above","rect":[90.0,475.13995361328127,521.961544921875,464.1119689941406]},{"page":154,"text":"or outside the threat envelope. Diving fire is often employed by RW assets operating in an","rect":[90.0,488.9399719238281,521.9640502929688,477.9119873046875]},{"page":154,"text":"overhead position. The overhead position allows the aircrew to maintain high SA, look","rect":[90.0,502.7399597167969,521.9951782226563,491.71197509765627]},{"page":154,"text":"down into urban settings, maintain a constant weapons solution, and deliver more accurate","rect":[90.0,516.5399780273438,522.021603515625,505.511962890625]},{"page":154,"text":"fires. The overhead pattern does leave the RW assets continuously exposed to enemy fire. ","rect":[90.0,530.3400268554688,525.014404296875,519.31201171875]},{"page":154,"text":"The altitude of an overhead pattern will reduce vulnerability to small arms and RPGs but","rect":[90.0,544.1400146484375,522.0048232421875,533.1119995117188]},{"page":154,"text":"increases tracking time and reduces background clutter for an IR SAM shot. Risk versus","rect":[90.0,557.9400024414063,521.9759833984375,546.9119873046875]},{"page":154,"text":"benefit must always be weighed by the aircrews when considering the overhead pattern.","rect":[90.0,571.739990234375,512.2427978515625,560.7119750976563]},{"page":154,"text":"(9) Disengagement and Egress. Following actions on the objective area or","rect":[133.20001220703126,597.5399780273438,522.0503212890625,586.4999389648438]},{"page":154,"text":"when the RW assets’ time on station is complete, the flight will conduct a check out and","rect":[89.9999771118164,611.3399658203125,522.069580078125,600.3119506835938]},{"page":154,"text":"egress via planned or assigned routing. Tactical considerations for the egress and return-","rect":[89.9999771118164,625.0800170898438,522.0083901367187,614.052001953125]},{"page":154,"text":"to-force, in terms of airspeed, altitude, formation, and TTP, are the same as for the inbound","rect":[89.9999771118164,638.85595703125,522.0192260742188,627.8519287109375]},{"page":154,"text":"en route phase. RW attack assets may use a FARP to refuel and rearm, extending their","rect":[89.9999771118164,652.6799926757813,521.985501953125,641.6519775390625]},{"page":154,"text":"ability to provide support to the troops on the ground. When complete with the mission,","rect":[89.9999771118164,666.47998046875,522.0167236328125,655.4519653320313]},{"page":154,"text":"the RW asset aircrew will make every attempt to provide BDA and a mission report","rect":[89.99995422363281,680.2799682617188,521.9615493164063,669.251953125]},{"page":154,"text":"(MISREP) via the AO’s/ALO’s C2 system. The connectivity plan for the low-altitude","rect":[89.99995422363281,694.0799560546875,522.0155610351562,683.0519409179688]},{"page":154,"text":"block will enhance the flow of information from RW assets to decision makers, allowing","rect":[89.99995422363281,707.8799438476563,522.040771484375,696.8519287109375]},{"page":154,"text":"III-90 ","rect":[90.0,753.4559326171875,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":154,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":155,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":155,"text":"for timely decisions regarding follow on sorties and support required, as well as vital","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.9867568359375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":155,"text":"information flow on the enemy and friendly force situations.","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,380.17303466796877,88.45196533203125]},{"page":155,"text":"For an example of RW missions, see Appendix E, “Examples of Radio Communications","rect":[90.0,125.33995056152344,521.9544379882813,114.43194580078125]},{"page":155,"text":"During Close Air Support Missions,” Example 7.","rect":[90.0,139.13999938964845,326.7384033203125,128.23199462890626]},{"page":155,"text":"14. Rotary-Wing Close Air Support 5-Line","rect":[90.0,164.99998474121095,311.5679291992187,154.1639862060547]},{"page":155,"text":"a. The RW CAS 5-line brief (Figure III-27) is a “friendly-centric” brief that is used to","rect":[111.5999984741211,190.6799774169922,522.0239868164063,179.6519775390625]},{"page":155,"text":"quickly orient RW CAS assets to a target. It must be noted that the format of the RW CAS","rect":[89.9999771118164,204.47996520996095,522.01916796875,193.45196533203126]},{"page":155,"text":"5-line is the same as the SOF/Army aviation call for fire used with SOF and Army RW","rect":[89.9999771118164,218.2799530029297,522.0144013671875,207.251953125]},{"page":155,"text":"assets or AC-130 gunships. The difference between the RW CAS 5-line and other 5-line","rect":[89.9999771118164,232.0800018310547,522.031125,221.052001953125]},{"page":155,"text":"briefs is that the RW CAS 5-line is still considered a CAS brief, and transmission of the","rect":[89.9999771118164,243.46792602539063,521.9303559570312,234.8519287109375]},{"page":155,"text":"brief itself does not constitute clearance to fire. This shall be made clear by a type of ","rect":[90.0,259.6799621582031,525.0552368164063,248.6519775390625]},{"page":155,"text":"control and method of attack clearly stated in the game plan, prior to the 5-line. JTACs","rect":[90.0,273.4799499511719,521.9303901367188,262.45196533203127]},{"page":155,"text":"must be aware that, when working with SOF RW assets, they may not be familiar","rect":[90.0,287.3999328613281,522.062375,276.5639343261719]},{"page":155,"text":"with the restrictions of the RW CAS 5-line, and the restriction: “At my command,”","rect":[90.0,301.1999206542969,522.0311889648438,290.3639221191406]},{"page":155,"text":"should be added to the end of the brief to allow the JTAC to control the timing of","rect":[90.0,314.9999084472656,522.0384194335937,304.1639099121094]},{"page":155,"text":"fires. ","rect":[90.0,326.3759460449219,121.68119812011719,317.96392822265627]},{"page":155,"text":"b. By its nature, as a friendly-centric brief, the 5-line assumes the RW assets have","rect":[111.5999984741211,354.47991943359377,522.0540131835937,343.4519348144531]},{"page":155,"text":"sufficient SA to the friendly forces to locate them and find the target, using them as a frame","rect":[90.0,368.2799072265625,521.9340180664062,357.2519226074219]},{"page":155,"text":"of reference. If this SA does not exist, a target-centric CAS brief should be used. An","rect":[90.0,382.07989501953127,521.984375,371.0519104003906]},{"page":155,"text":"example of this is an immediate RW CAS element checking into an unfamiliar operational","rect":[90.0000228881836,395.8799133300781,522.009583984375,384.8519287109375]},{"page":155,"text":"area with no clearly defined FLOT.","rect":[90.0000228881836,409.6799011230469,259.9560241699219,398.65191650390627]},{"page":155,"text":"(1) Warning Order. The warning order informs the attacking aircrew they are","rect":[133.20001220703126,435.4798889160156,522.0336884765625,424.451904296875]},{"page":155,"text":"about to receive an attack brief. For RW CAS 5-lines, this warning order should contain","rect":[90.0000228881836,449.2798767089844,521.9976196289063,438.25189208984377]},{"page":155,"text":"the game plan information found in a standard attack brief, type of TAC, and method of ","rect":[90.0000228881836,463.0798645019531,525.01806640625,452.0518798828125]},{"page":155,"text":"attack; the warning order may also include ordnance requested.","rect":[90.00004577636719,476.8799133300781,393.5760803222656,465.8519287109375]},{"page":155,"text":"(2) Friendly Location/Position Marking. The JTAC should pass the friendly","rect":[133.2000732421875,502.6199035644531,521.9569091796875,491.5919189453125]},{"page":155,"text":"observer location and how it is marked if applicable. JTACs should avoid passing friendly","rect":[90.00009155273438,516.4199829101563,522.00732421875,505.3919677734375]},{"page":155,"text":"grids here, instead using named locations or GEOREFs.","rect":[90.00009155273438,530.219970703125,358.38726806640627,519.1919555664063]},{"page":155,"text":"(3) Target Location. The JTAC passes the target location using any or all of the","rect":[133.20008850097657,556.0199584960938,521.95446484375,544.991943359375]},{"page":155,"text":"following information: direction and distance from line 2; a TRP, GEOREF, or GRG","rect":[90.00009155273438,569.8200073242188,522.0288681640625,558.7919921875]},{"page":155,"text":"location (or an offset from a TRP, GEOREF, or GRG location); or coordinates. Generally,","rect":[90.00009155273438,583.6200561523438,522.0048828125,572.592041015625]},{"page":155,"text":"since aircrews executing a 5-line is “heads-out” looking for the target, coordinates are not","rect":[90.00009155273438,597.4200439453125,522.06012109375,586.3920288085938]},{"page":155,"text":"the ideal method of target location compared to an offset from a known point.","rect":[90.00011444091797,611.2200317382813,463.20849609375,600.1920166015625]},{"page":155,"text":"(4) Target Description/Marked By","rect":[133.20010375976563,637.0200805664063,311.8680419921875,625.9920654296875]},{"page":155,"text":"(a) Target description should be specific enough for the aircrew to find and","rect":[154.8000946044922,662.8201293945313,522.0469360351563,651.7921142578125]},{"page":155,"text":"identify the target, yet concise and brief. Further details may be passed as the aircrew is","rect":[90.00013732910156,676.6201171875,521.947296875,665.5921020507813]},{"page":155,"text":"ingressing. Type, number, orientation, and degree of protection is a good format.","rect":[90.00013732910156,690.4201049804688,480.85455322265627,679.39208984375]},{"page":155,"text":"(b) If the target is marked, how it is marked should also be passed.","rect":[154.80015563964845,716.2201538085938,476.754150390625,705.192138671875]},{"page":155,"text":"III-91","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":156,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":156,"text":"Figure III-27. Rotary-Wing Close Air Support 5-Line Brief ","rect":[170.639892578125,659.453857421875,442.85022687530519,649.9548950195313]},{"page":156,"text":" (5) Remarks. The following is a list of remarks that may be included in the","rect":[133.1999969482422,683.0400390625,522.0563935546875,672.0120239257813]},{"page":156,"text":"CAS brief. The order of the remarks portion of the CAS brief is recommended for a","rect":[89.99999237060547,696.8160400390625,522.0047578125,685.81201171875]},{"page":156,"text":"III-92 ","rect":[90.0,753.4559326171875,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":156,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":157,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":157,"text":"standard, logical flow of information. Only those elements that are applicable and have","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0575532226562,74.6519775390625]},{"page":157,"text":"not previously been briefed should be included.","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,318.3240051269531,88.45196533203125]},{"page":157,"text":"(a) LTL or PTL.","rect":[154.8000030517578,125.25595092773438,236.41201782226563,114.251953125]},{"page":157,"text":"(b) Surface-to-air threat.","rect":[154.8000030517578,151.05599975585938,274.8312072753906,140.052001953125]},{"page":157,"text":"(c) SEAD plan.","rect":[154.8000030517578,176.85598754882813,232.031982421875,165.85198974609376]},{"page":157,"text":"(d) Illumination plan.","rect":[154.8000030517578,202.65597534179688,260.7287902832031,191.6519775390625]},{"page":157,"text":"(e) GTL.","rect":[154.8000030517578,228.45596313476563,200.4672088623047,217.45196533203126]},{"page":157,"text":"(f) Hazards to flight.","rect":[154.8000030517578,254.2799530029297,256.5024108886719,243.251953125]},{"page":157,"text":"(g) Weather in the target area.","rect":[154.8000030517578,280.0799865722656,301.7064208984375,269.052001953125]},{"page":157,"text":"(6) Restrictions","rect":[133.20001220703126,305.85595703125,214.5336005859375,294.8519592285156]},{"page":157,"text":"(a) The following information is always a restriction and should be included","rect":[154.80001831054688,331.679931640625,522.0120239257813,320.6519470214844]},{"page":157,"text":"if applicable. Additional restrictions are at the discretion of the JTAC/FAC(A). All passed","rect":[90.0000228881836,345.4559631347656,522.083984375,334.45196533203127]},{"page":157,"text":"restrictions shall be read back:","rect":[90.0000228881836,356.85595703125,235.9308181152344,348.251953125]},{"page":157,"text":"1. FAHs.","rect":[176.4000244140625,382.65594482421877,223.11602783203126,374.2559509277344]},{"page":157,"text":"2. ACAs.","rect":[176.39999389648438,408.4679870605469,224.39039611816407,400.0559997558594]},{"page":157,"text":"3. Danger close.","rect":[176.39999389648438,436.67999267578127,257.35679626464846,425.6520080566406]},{"page":157,"text":"4. TOT/TTT.","rect":[176.39999389648438,460.0679931640625,243.0731964111328,451.4519958496094]},{"page":157,"text":"5. PLA.","rect":[176.39999389648438,485.8320007324219,217.11839294433595,477.4560241699219]},{"page":157,"text":"6. Approval out of BP.","rect":[176.39999389648438,514.0560302734375,288.73199462890627,503.052001953125]},{"page":157,"text":"(b) RW CAS 5-line briefs assume the CAS aircraft will push immediately","rect":[154.8000030517578,539.8800048828125,522.08642578125,528.8519897460938]},{"page":157,"text":"after the receipt of the mission and readbacks. JTACs may use a TOT but should make","rect":[90.00003051757813,553.6799926757813,522.02282421875,542.6519775390625]},{"page":157,"text":"this clear when reading the restrictions portion of the brief to prevent the aircraft from","rect":[90.00003051757813,567.4800415039063,522.02398828125,556.4520263671875]},{"page":157,"text":"pushing prematurely.","rect":[90.00003051757813,581.280029296875,191.98204040527345,570.2520141601563]},{"page":157,"text":"(7) Readbacks for a RW CAS 5-line should include all restrictions.","rect":[133.2000274658203,607.0560302734375,457.78326416015627,596.052001953125]},{"page":157,"text":"(8) RW CAS 5-line example with CAS-capable aircrews:","rect":[133.20005798339845,632.8560180664063,411.78967431640629,621.8519897460938]},{"page":157,"text":"III-93","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":158,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":158,"text":"JTAC: “Deuce 31, Broadsword 11, 5-line, Type 2 control, BOT, rockets","rect":[117.0,90.61483001708985,494.919485458374,80.2057876586914]},{"page":158,"text":"and guns, my position is checkpoint 295 marked by IR strobe, northwest","rect":[117.0,103.2748031616211,495.00292798233036,92.96458435058594]},{"page":158,"text":"200, single technical vehicle marked by IR SPARKLE, make all attacks","rect":[117.0,115.8747787475586,494.9842742767334,105.46573638916016]},{"page":158,"text":"over my right shoulder, left pull, keep all effects of fires west of MSR","rect":[117.0,128.53480529785157,495.0216148452759,118.12577056884766]},{"page":158,"text":"Clovis.”","rect":[117.0,139.0207977294922,158.5856418609619,130.78579711914063]},{"page":158,"text":"Aircrew: “Deuce 31 copies over your right shoulder, left pull,","rect":[117.0,165.8548126220703,448.4189254684448,155.44577026367188]},{"page":158,"text":"effects of fires west of MSR Clovis, pushing.”","rect":[117.0,178.51478576660157,354.07789039611819,168.10574340820313]},{"page":158,"text":"keep all","rect":[453.00006103515627,165.7120819091797,494.9337875289917,155.57752990722657]},{"page":158,"text":"JTAC: “Deuce 31, CONTINUE.”","rect":[117.0,201.0007781982422,278.30384254455569,192.76577758789063]},{"page":158,"text":"Aircrew: “Deuce 31 and flight, VISUAL, TALLY, IN.”","rect":[117.0,227.8347930908203,384.0918674468994,217.42575073242188]},{"page":158,"text":"JTAC: “Deuce 31 and flight, CLEARED HOT.”","rect":[117.0,252.43482971191407,352.9030246734619,242.02578735351563]},{"page":158,"text":"15. Bomber Close Air Support","rect":[90.0,286.05596923828127,248.63036889648439,275.24395751953127]},{"page":158,"text":"a. En Route. Bomber en route times can extend upwards of 12 hours before arriving","rect":[111.5999984741211,311.75994873046877,522.0660400390625,300.7319641113281]},{"page":158,"text":"in theater. Depending on communications equipment, aircraft could arrive on station with","rect":[90.0,325.5599365234375,522.0875854492188,314.5319519042969]},{"page":158,"text":"threat and situation information that is not current. SATCOM should be used if available to","rect":[90.0,336.9479675292969,522.1320190429688,328.33197021484377]},{"page":158,"text":"provide updates. If BLOS communications equipment is available, SA regarding ongoing","rect":[90.0,353.1599426269531,522.1043701171875,342.1319580078125]},{"page":158,"text":"engagements may be passed well before a bomber arrives on station to support ground forces. ","rect":[90.0,366.9599304199219,527.9136352539063,355.93194580078127]},{"page":158,"text":"b. Pre-Attack","rect":[111.60001373291016,390.3359680175781,183.24721057128907,381.7319641113281]},{"page":158,"text":"(1) On-Station Time. Bombers may remain on station eight hours or more,","rect":[133.20001220703126,418.5599365234375,522.00244140625,407.5319519042969]},{"page":158,"text":"depending on air refueling capability in the area and transit time.","rect":[90.0,432.3599548339844,400.8887939453125,421.33197021484377]},{"page":158,"text":"(2) Data Link. The JAOC may relay information from the JTAC/FAC(A) to the","rect":[133.20001220703126,458.1599426269531,521.9590424804687,447.1319580078125]},{"page":158,"text":"en route bomber via data link. Bombers that are capable of DACAS access to Link 16","rect":[90.0,471.9359436035156,522.0072021484375,460.93194580078127]},{"page":158,"text":"networks ","rect":[90.0,483.2519226074219,137.01119995117188,474.73193359375]},{"page":158,"text":"via ","rect":[143.07119750976563,483.179931640625,160.67999267578126,474.73193359375]},{"page":158,"text":"Joint ","rect":[166.739990234375,483.3479309082031,193.09918212890626,474.73193359375]},{"page":158,"text":"Range ","rect":[199.1591796875,485.7599182128906,232.7447967529297,475.1159362792969]},{"page":158,"text":"Extension ","rect":[238.8048095703125,483.2519226074219,289.8144226074219,474.73193359375]},{"page":158,"text":"Applications ","rect":[295.8744201660156,485.7359313964844,360.2352600097656,474.73193359375]},{"page":158,"text":"Protocol ","rect":[366.2952880859375,483.2519226074219,409.9656982421875,474.73193359375]},{"page":158,"text":"for ","rect":[416.0257263183594,483.179931640625,433.0249328613281,474.7439270019531]},{"page":158,"text":"extended ","rect":[439.0249328613281,483.3359375,485.3423767089844,474.73193359375]},{"page":158,"text":"BLOS","rect":[491.40240478515627,483.3479309082031,521.9891997070313,474.9359436035156]},{"page":158,"text":"communications.","rect":[90.0,497.1359558105469,172.28160095214845,488.5319519042969]},{"page":158,"text":"(3) Orbit. B-1s typically operate in the mid to high 20s, while B-2s or B-52s can","rect":[133.1999969482422,525.3599243164063,522.0084228515625,514.3319091796875]},{"page":158,"text":"operate up into the high 30s and even low 40s. Bombers will typically look at the target or","rect":[90.00004577636719,539.1599731445313,522.0552041015625,528.1319580078125]},{"page":158,"text":"at least verify the target location/coordinates passed by the JTAC/FAC(A) using their","rect":[90.00004577636719,552.9599609375,521.9688393554687,541.9319458007813]},{"page":158,"text":"onboard targeting sensors (radar and/or advanced targeting pod) from distances as far as","rect":[90.00006866455078,566.7599487304688,522.04446484375,555.73193359375]},{"page":158,"text":"40 nautical miles and as near as 5 nautical miles from the target area, depending on","rect":[90.00006866455078,580.5599365234375,521.959228515625,569.5319213867188]},{"page":158,"text":"optimum sensor parameters. The B-1 and B-52 use advanced electro-optics (Sniper and","rect":[90.00006866455078,594.3359375,522.0816650390625,583.3319091796875]},{"page":158,"text":"Litening advanced targeting pod) and are able to observe general target areas from this","rect":[90.00006866455078,608.159912109375,522.0948798828125,597.1318969726563]},{"page":158,"text":"distance but may require LSS or Rover to positively identity targets once they turn inbound. ","rect":[90.00006866455078,621.9598999023438,525.00732421875,610.931884765625]},{"page":158,"text":"The JTAC/FAC(A) should not unnecessarily restrict the orbit location, as IAMs may not","rect":[90.00006866455078,635.7599487304688,522.0168471679688,624.73193359375]},{"page":158,"text":"require a traditional track to the target. Orbit locations should be selected based on","rect":[90.00006866455078,649.5598754882813,522.045654296875,638.5318603515625]},{"page":158,"text":"proximity to threats and friendly locations or in the interest of maintaining the element of ","rect":[90.00006866455078,663.3599243164063,525.0660400390625,652.3319091796875]},{"page":158,"text":"surprise and avoiding aircraft visual/audible detection by the enemy, based on ground","rect":[90.00006866455078,677.159912109375,521.9928588867188,666.1318969726563]},{"page":158,"text":"forces assessment and recommendation. Consideration must be given to aircraft jet engine","rect":[90.00006866455078,690.9599609375,522.0733002929687,679.919921875]},{"page":158,"text":"noise abatement (day and night) and visual observation of aircraft or contrails if ground","rect":[90.00006866455078,704.7599487304688,522.0145263671875,693.73193359375]},{"page":158,"text":"forces are trying to maintain the element of surprise. Generally, bombers avoiding the use","rect":[90.00009155273438,718.5599975585938,522.0084809570312,707.531982421875]},{"page":158,"text":"III-94 ","rect":[90.0,753.4559326171875,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":158,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":159,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":159,"text":"of afterburner will not be heard and very difficult to visually detect outside five nautical","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0348525390625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":159,"text":"miles from the target area when above 20,000 ft MSL. Depending on the temperature and","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0264282226563,88.45196533203125]},{"page":159,"text":"the relative humidity at altitude, bombers flying typically higher than 27,000 ft are","rect":[90.0000228881836,113.27995300292969,522.0456513671875,102.251953125]},{"page":159,"text":"susceptible to producing contrails, which will highlight the flight path of the bomber. See","rect":[90.0000228881836,127.08000183105469,521.9352387695312,116.052001953125]},{"page":159,"text":"Figure III-28.","rect":[90.0000228881836,140.87998962402345,155.34242248535157,129.85198974609376]},{"page":159,"text":"c. Attack Phase","rect":[111.60002136230469,164.2559814453125,193.61761181640626,155.86798095703126]},{"page":159,"text":"(1) Target Considerations. Bombers traditionally employ weapons using the","rect":[133.20001220703126,192.47996520996095,522.02282421875,181.45196533203126]},{"page":159,"text":"BOC method of attack. However, targeting pod usage with video feeds can provide","rect":[90.00001525878906,206.2799530029297,522.0168427734375,195.251953125]},{"page":159,"text":"aircrews with correlation capabilities for BOT attacks. Some bombers can generate","rect":[90.0000228881836,220.0800018310547,522.0192231445312,209.052001953125]},{"page":159,"text":"coordinates using targeting pods, as well as using synthetic aperture radar for radar","rect":[90.0000228881836,233.8799285888672,522.0240151367187,222.8519287109375]},{"page":159,"text":"significant targets, but should provide anticipated accuracy categorization upon initial","rect":[90.0000228881836,247.6799774169922,522.0312514648438,236.6519775390625]},{"page":159,"text":"check-in with JTACs/FAC(A)s.","rect":[90.0000228881836,261.4559631347656,242.50500011444093,250.45196533203126]},{"page":159,"text":"(a) Talk-On. Bombers can self-generate target coordinates and elevation","rect":[154.8000030517578,287.2799987792969,522.14404296875,276.25201416015627]},{"page":159,"text":"when the target signature is radar or EO/IR significant. JTAC/FAC(A) cueing is crucial","rect":[90.0,301.0799865722656,521.996400390625,290.052001953125]},{"page":159,"text":"for bombers to locate typical CAS targets.","rect":[90.00000762939453,314.8800048828125,292.28759765625,303.8520202636719]},{"page":159,"text":"(b) CAS in Urban Environment. Because bombers have a larger turn","rect":[154.8000030517578,340.67999267578127,522.1368408203125,329.6520080566406]},{"page":159,"text":"radius and typically employ at higher altitudes, correlation of targets in urban environments","rect":[90.00000762939453,354.4800109863281,521.98440625,343.4520263671875]},{"page":159,"text":"will be more challenging. The effects of “urban canyons” on target ID can be minimized","rect":[90.00000762939453,368.2799987792969,522.083984375,357.25201416015627]},{"page":159,"text":"from higher altitudes and higher lookdown angles. When using IAMs, accurate coordinate","rect":[90.00000762939453,382.0799865722656,522.021603515625,371.052001953125]},{"page":159,"text":"collection in urban environments is critical. Maximum use of LSS, IR pointer, and VDL","rect":[90.00000762939453,395.85601806640627,521.9891655273438,384.8520202636719]},{"page":159,"text":"is warranted in these urban settings. In the absence of VDL, the talk-on in such an","rect":[90.00000762939453,409.67999267578127,522.0264892578125,398.6520080566406]},{"page":159,"text":"environment (radar and/or targeting pod) may be extensive. In all cases, careful attention","rect":[90.00000762939453,423.4800109863281,522.116455078125,412.4520263671875]},{"page":159,"text":"must be used to ensure the correct coordinates are being generated and transmitted. TTP","rect":[90.00000762939453,437.2799987792969,521.95080859375,426.25201416015627]},{"page":159,"text":"for designation and marking devices should be carefully employed to avoid erroneous","rect":[90.00000762939453,451.0799865722656,521.9303291015625,440.052001953125]},{"page":159,"text":"coordinate collection or grazing unintended targets with an IR pointer or laser spot. ","rect":[90.00000762939453,464.8799743652344,494.50490856170657,453.85198974609377]},{"page":159,"text":"(c) Because of weapon release/launch altitudes, the bomber will normally","rect":[154.8000030517578,490.6199951171875,522.0383911132813,479.5920104980469]},{"page":159,"text":"have a greater standoff range from the target than fighter aircraft. Typical IAM launch","rect":[89.99998474121094,504.41998291015627,521.9591674804688,493.3919982910156]},{"page":159,"text":"acceptability region (i.e., release points) can extend 6 to 12 nautical miles from the target. ","rect":[89.99998474121094,518.2200317382813,525.0791625976563,507.1920166015625]},{"page":159,"text":"Bombers can give a splash time prior to release. This time may vary by plus or minus 10","rect":[89.99998474121094,532.02001953125,521.9663696289063,520.9920043945313]},{"page":159,"text":"seconds, ","rect":[89.99998474121094,543.39599609375,133.98239135742188,534.7919921875]},{"page":159,"text":"depending ","rect":[140.9423828125,545.8200073242188,193.923583984375,534.7919921875]},{"page":159,"text":"on ","rect":[200.88357543945313,543.0,215.88116455078126,537.0]},{"page":159,"text":"the ","rect":[222.84117126464845,543.31201171875,240.5291748046875,534.7919921875]},{"page":159,"text":"weapon ","rect":[247.48916625976563,545.7960205078125,287.77679443359377,537.0]},{"page":159,"text":"type ","rect":[294.73675537109377,545.8200073242188,318.39599609375,536.0039672851563]},{"page":159,"text":"and ","rect":[325.2960205078125,543.39599609375,345.63604736328127,534.7919921875]},{"page":159,"text":"programmed ","rect":[352.5960693359375,545.8200073242188,416.9041748046875,534.7919921875]},{"page":159,"text":"impact ","rect":[423.86419677734377,545.7960205078125,459.5162353515625,534.7919921875]},{"page":159,"text":"parameters. ","rect":[466.47625732421877,545.7960205078125,524.98193359375,536.0039672851563]},{"page":159,"text":"Communication problems are possible due to terrain and distance from the target. The","rect":[89.99998474121094,559.6200561523438,522.0168427734375,548.592041015625]},{"page":159,"text":"mission lead or mission commander in the bomber formation will deconflict aircraft and","rect":[89.99998474121094,570.9960327148438,522.0455932617188,562.3920288085938]},{"page":159,"text":"weapons flight paths and assign targets to a particular bomber if multiple targets are to be","rect":[89.99998474121094,587.2200317382813,522.0047578125,576.1920166015625]},{"page":159,"text":"attacked simultaneously. The mission lead or mission commander will pass deconfliction","rect":[89.99998474121094,601.02001953125,522.0743408203125,589.9920043945313]},{"page":159,"text":"measures to the JTAC/FAC(A).","rect":[89.99998474121094,614.7960205078125,242.6520233154297,603.7919921875]},{"page":159,"text":"(d) Bombers not equipped with targeting pods cannot attack a target with","rect":[154.79998779296876,640.6199951171875,522.0455322265625,629.5919799804688]},{"page":159,"text":"visual cues only, but crew or formation can accept map talk-ons and multiple CAS briefs. ","rect":[89.99998474121094,654.4199829101563,525.0180053710938,643.3919677734375]},{"page":159,"text":"The preferred coordinate format is DD-MM.MMMM (degrees decimal minutes). ","rect":[89.99998474121094,668.2200317382813,485.22235107421877,657.1920166015625]},{"page":159,"text":"Note: Expect weapons system readback in DD-MM.MMMM. ","rect":[111.60002136230469,694.02001953125,422.2055358886719,682.9920043945313]},{"page":159,"text":"(2) Target Marking","rect":[133.2000274658203,719.8200073242188,236.22601318359376,708.7919921875]},{"page":159,"text":"III-95","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":160,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":160,"text":"Bomber Close Air Support Considerations","rect":[97.91999816894531,95.53630828857422,357.42240085169376,82.3979721069336]},{"page":160,"text":"20 nautical miles (nm) (approximately)","rect":[137.75999450683595,120.44601440429688,290.5714399760144,111.89154052734375]},{"page":160,"text":"“Initial point (IP)","rect":[298.0199890136719,149.66383361816407,375.17286647996169,139.21412658691407]},{"page":160,"text":"inbound, one","rect":[298.0199890136719,160.0,361.7261026084697,151.64688110351563]},{"page":160,"text":"minute to","rect":[298.0199890136719,172.08218383789063,343.3137490928447,163.94729614257813]},{"page":160,"text":"release”","rect":[298.0199890136719,184.38265991210938,337.7987514897273,176.24777221679688]},{"page":160,"text":"Target","rect":[103.86054229736328,217.7642364501953,134.51734817923487,207.44680786132813]},{"page":160,"text":"Up to","rect":[479.9995422363281,196.5465850830078,501.52878444495459,188.1996612548828]},{"page":160,"text":"10 nm","rect":[479.9995422363281,204.9395294189453,505.0471703970195,198.2529754638672]},{"page":160,"text":"turns","rect":[479.9995422363281,215.01991271972657,500.03441572373949,208.51382446289063]},{"page":160,"text":"6-12 nm","rect":[151.1999969482422,263.8592834472656,184.2464654409648,257.1726989746094]},{"page":160,"text":"1 Minute","rect":[252.6591796875,262.8991394042969,287.1649538785483,256.2125549316406]},{"page":160,"text":"(Weapon Dependent)","rect":[168.89999389648438,293.9037780761719,274.0055691166804,283.4540710449219]},{"page":160,"text":"“In from” direction, one minute to","rect":[349.44000244140627,288.24127197265627,508.6111123740947,279.9740905761719]},{"page":160,"text":"release—if no IP is used","rect":[369.959716796875,301.08074951171877,488.0936563194072,292.8135681152344]},{"page":160,"text":"Figure III-28. Bomber Close Air Support Considerations","rect":[172.61984252929688,321.41375732421877,438.1879415435791,311.914794921875]},{"page":160,"text":"(a) The preferred technique of target marking is via lasing. Smoke and flares","rect":[154.8000030517578,345.53997802734377,522.0047919921875,334.5119934082031]},{"page":160,"text":"may be very useful in armed overwatch or convoy support and/or initial marking of friendly","rect":[90.00000762939453,359.3399658203125,522.0216064453125,348.3119812011719]},{"page":160,"text":"position if situation warrants. ","rect":[90.00000762939453,373.1159973144531,236.66400146484376,362.11199951171877]},{"page":160,"text":"(b) Crews will never place radar crosshairs or targeting pod on friendly","rect":[154.8000030517578,398.9399719238281,521.985595703125,387.9119873046875]},{"page":160,"text":"locations while in bomb mode to avoid potential friendly fire incidents.","rect":[90.00000762939453,412.7399597167969,432.2088317871094,401.71197509765627]},{"page":160,"text":"(3) Ordnance Employment","rect":[133.20001220703126,438.53997802734377,273.48962182617188,427.5119934082031]},{"page":160,"text":"(a) Bombers have the ability to attack several desired points of impact on a","rect":[154.80001831054688,464.3399658203125,521.9447602539062,453.3119812011719]},{"page":160,"text":"single pass using IAMs. Each desired point of impact could be attacked with different","rect":[90.00000762939453,478.1399841308594,522.0624404296875,467.11199951171877]},{"page":160,"text":"types of ordnance.","rect":[90.00000762939453,491.9399719238281,178.2672119140625,480.9119873046875]},{"page":160,"text":"(b) The bomber can employ a wide range of weapons per pass, in large","rect":[154.8000030517578,517.739990234375,521.994015625,506.71197509765627]},{"page":160,"text":"numbers if desired, or they can make many passes employing smaller amounts per pass. ","rect":[90.00000762939453,531.5399780273438,525.0228271484375,520.511962890625]},{"page":160,"text":"Bomber crews are trained to weaponeer targets real-time with tabbed data. The","rect":[90.00000762939453,545.3399658203125,522.0431489257812,534.3119506835938]},{"page":160,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) should pass the desired effects, target area size and true axis, or cardinal","rect":[90.00000762939453,559.1399536132813,522.012025390625,548.1119384765625]},{"page":160,"text":"direction (if applicable) and composition in the CAS brief remarks. If the JTAC/FAC(A)","rect":[90.00000762939453,572.916015625,522.0239541015625,561.9119873046875]},{"page":160,"text":"passes the target centroid (i.e., desired mean point of impact, coordinates for area targets),","rect":[90.00000762939453,586.7399291992188,522.0120849609375,575.7119140625]},{"page":160,"text":"the crew will build a weapon pattern around this point. The aircrew will confirm that the","rect":[90.00003051757813,600.5159912109375,522.0636567382812,589.511962890625]},{"page":160,"text":"effects of the selected weapons pattern do not violate risk-estimate distances.","rect":[90.00003051757813,614.3159790039063,459.63360595703127,603.3119506835938]},{"page":160,"text":"(c) Expect level deliveries for all bomber weapon releases.","rect":[154.80001831054688,640.115966796875,436.29608154296877,629.1119384765625]},{"page":160,"text":"d. Post-Attack Phase","rect":[111.60002136230469,663.4559326171875,220.30563061523439,654.8519287109375]},{"page":160,"text":"(1) Reattack times can range from as short as 5 minutes to as long as 20 minutes,","rect":[133.20001220703126,691.6799926757813,521.98681640625,680.6519775390625]},{"page":160,"text":"depending on the complexity of the reattack (weapon reassignments, weapons system","rect":[90.00000762939453,705.4799194335938,521.949525390625,694.451904296875]},{"page":160,"text":"III-96 ","rect":[90.0,753.4559326171875,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":160,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":161,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":161,"text":"troubleshooting, fire correction/adjustment), threat environment, and quantity/type of ","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,525.0384521484375,74.63997650146485]},{"page":161,"text":"weapons employed.","rect":[90.0000228881836,99.47996520996094,185.29681396484376,88.45196533203125]},{"page":161,"text":"(2) Targeting-pod equipped bombers can provide extensive BDA due to their","rect":[133.20001220703126,125.27995300292969,521.9748208007812,114.251953125]},{"page":161,"text":"ability to loiter over the target area, depending upon the threat environment.","rect":[90.0000228881836,139.0800018310547,454.2684326171875,128.052001953125]},{"page":161,"text":"For an example of a bomber mission, see Appendix E, “Examples ","rect":[90.0000228881836,164.9399871826172,469.031982421875,154.031982421875]},{"page":161,"text":"Communications During Close Air Support Missions,” Example 6.","rect":[90.0000228881836,178.73997497558595,411.0240173339844,167.83197021484376]},{"page":161,"text":"of ","rect":[475.01995849609377,164.9399871826172,487.3655700683594,154.031982421875]},{"page":161,"text":"Radio","rect":[493.35357666015627,163.0,522.040771484375,154.031982421875]},{"page":161,"text":"16. Unmanned Aircraft Systems Close Air Support","rect":[90.0000228881836,204.59996032714845,353.2416359863281,193.7639617919922]},{"page":161,"text":"This section identifies capabilities, planning considerations, and tactics used by UASs","rect":[111.60002136230469,230.2799530029297,521.92923046875,219.251953125]},{"page":161,"text":"to support and conduct CAS. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,244.05599975585938,234.96240234375,233.052001953125]},{"page":161,"text":"a. UAS capabilities vary between different platforms and need to be known for","rect":[111.60002136230469,269.8799133300781,521.967435546875,258.8519287109375]},{"page":161,"text":"proper employment. Many newer UASs have the capability to be, or already are, armed","rect":[90.0000228881836,283.679931640625,522.0216064453125,272.6519470214844]},{"page":161,"text":"and can provide extremely accurate fires with laser-guided and GPS-aided weapons. The","rect":[90.0000228881836,297.4799499511719,521.9160126953125,286.45196533203127]},{"page":161,"text":"current remote video terminals used by ground forces allow the UAS FMV to be viewed","rect":[90.0000228881836,311.2799377441406,521.9940185546875,300.251953125]},{"page":161,"text":"directly by ground forces. UAS capabilities may include: ","rect":[90.0000228881836,325.0799255371094,369.919189453125,314.05194091796877]},{"page":161,"text":"(1) EO. Permits color identification; limited utility at night with illuminated/ lighted","rect":[133.2000274658203,350.8799133300781,522.2184448242188,339.8519287109375]},{"page":161,"text":"targets. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,364.6799011230469,126.42002868652344,354.8639221191406]},{"page":161,"text":"(2) IR. Allows for day or night working in the IR spectrum and allows for some","rect":[133.2000274658203,390.47991943359377,521.9304169921875,379.4519348144531]},{"page":161,"text":"or limited visibility through dust and smoke. (Note: thermal crossover, clouds, and thermal","rect":[90.00004577636719,404.2799072265625,521.92926171875,393.2519226074219]},{"page":161,"text":"blooming in the target area will degrade performance of IR.)","rect":[90.00006866455078,418.07989501953127,380.49606103515625,407.0519104003906]},{"page":161,"text":"(3) Near-IR passive night optics and low-light television cameras. Work the","rect":[133.2000732421875,443.8799133300781,521.99645703125,432.8519287109375]},{"page":161,"text":"same spectrum as NVGs.","rect":[90.00011444091797,457.6559143066406,211.25770568847657,446.8559265136719]},{"page":161,"text":"(4) LTD. Marks for LSTs or provides terminal guidance of laser-guided","rect":[133.20010375976563,483.4798889160156,521.9808959960938,472.451904296875]},{"page":161,"text":"ordnance; desirable for UASs to have the ability to change LTD PRF codes in flight. (Note:","rect":[90.00009155273438,497.2799072265625,522.0241103515625,486.2519226074219]},{"page":161,"text":"Considerations for airframe sensor masking leading to LTD termination can become an","rect":[90.00009155273438,511.0799255371094,522.0444946289063,500.05194091796877]},{"page":161,"text":"issue depending on flight profiles and UA type.)","rect":[90.00009155273438,524.8799438476563,321.97207421875,513.8519287109375]},{"page":161,"text":"(5) IR Pointer. Permits nighttime marking of targets for NVD-capable platforms","rect":[133.20008850097657,550.6199951171875,521.9280708007813,539.5919799804688]},{"page":161,"text":"or personnel.","rect":[90.00009155273438,564.39599609375,152.65208435058595,553.3919677734375]},{"page":161,"text":"(6) Synthetic Aperture Radar. Provides detailed pictures of radar-significant","rect":[133.20008850097657,590.2200317382813,522.0084853515625,579.1920166015625]},{"page":161,"text":"objects and geo-features, regardless of weather. ","rect":[90.00009155273438,604.02001953125,321.26409912109377,592.97998046875]},{"page":161,"text":"(7) Ground Moving Target Indicator. Allows for automatic tracking/cueing of ","rect":[133.20008850097657,629.820068359375,525.0289916992188,618.7920532226563]},{"page":161,"text":"sensors onto moving targets.","rect":[90.00009155273438,643.6200561523438,227.29690551757813,632.592041015625]},{"page":161,"text":"(8) Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and enhanced conventional","rect":[133.20008850097657,669.4201049804688,521.9257216796875,658.39208984375]},{"page":161,"text":"weapons detection.","rect":[90.00011444091797,683.1961059570313,182.00051879882813,672.1920776367188]},{"page":161,"text":"(9) LGWs (high off-boresight capability with Hellfire) and GPS-aided munitions.","rect":[133.20010375976563,709.0201416015625,522.1344604492188,697.9921264648438]},{"page":161,"text":"III-97","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":162,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":162,"text":"(10) Increased communications connectivity (possibly including data links) and","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.0684204101563,74.6519775390625]},{"page":162,"text":"reachback capability.","rect":[90.00001525878906,99.47996520996094,192.0360107421875,88.45196533203125]},{"page":162,"text":"(11) Capability to carry various signals intelligence or other pods that can","rect":[133.20001220703126,125.27995300292969,522.0780029296875,114.251953125]},{"page":162,"text":"improve overall support to ground units.","rect":[90.00001525878906,139.0800018310547,283.8984375,128.052001953125]},{"page":162,"text":"b. UAS Planning Considerations. UASs, either FW or RW, operate using similar","rect":[111.60001373291016,164.87998962402345,521.9975869140625,153.85198974609376]},{"page":162,"text":"CAS procedures to manned aircraft, to include airborne laser procedures. There are some","rect":[90.00003051757813,178.65597534179688,522.0600556640625,167.6519775390625]},{"page":162,"text":"unique considerations that need to be addressed when utilizing UASs.","rect":[90.00003814697266,192.47996520996095,425.2296447753906,181.45196533203126]},{"page":162,"text":"(1) UASs should follow similar procedures given by the JTAC/FAC(A) to","rect":[133.20004272460938,218.2799530029297,522.00244140625,207.251953125]},{"page":162,"text":"manned aircraft, with exceptions made for their unmanned nature (e.g., inability to see and","rect":[90.00003814697266,232.0800018310547,522.0384521484375,221.052001953125]},{"page":162,"text":"avoid other air traffic).","rect":[90.00003814697266,245.85592651367188,199.23846435546876,234.8519287109375]},{"page":162,"text":"(2) Communications capabilities/detailed plan for no radio. ","rect":[133.20004272460938,271.6559753417969,426.5892028808594,260.6519775390625]},{"page":162,"text":"(3) Lost link procedures and UAS contingency routes.","rect":[133.2000274658203,297.4799499511719,396.0240478515625,286.45196533203127]},{"page":162,"text":"(4) Control at the lowest tactical level or at the command level best suited to","rect":[133.2000274658203,323.2559509277344,522.0504150390625,312.251953125]},{"page":162,"text":"exploit the UAS FMV, sensors, imagery, communications, and weapons payload","rect":[90.00003814697266,337.0799255371094,522.0000610351563,326.05194091796877]},{"page":162,"text":"capabilities.","rect":[90.00003814697266,350.8559265136719,147.74644470214845,339.8519287109375]},{"page":162,"text":"(5) Difficult to retask certain UAS in flight over large distances due to low transit","rect":[133.20004272460938,376.6799011230469,521.9736342773438,365.65191650390627]},{"page":162,"text":"airspeeds. ","rect":[90.00003814697266,390.4559326171875,140.70004272460938,379.4519348144531]},{"page":162,"text":"(6) UASs require detailed integration and deconfliction for operations and","rect":[133.20004272460938,416.2799072265625,522.0084838867188,405.2519226074219]},{"page":162,"text":"airspace. Coordination with higher and adjacent units must include UAS operating areas","rect":[90.00006103515625,430.07989501953127,521.9640815429688,419.0399169921875]},{"page":162,"text":"and altitudes. For further guidance on airspace considerations, see JP 3-52, Joint Airspace","rect":[90.00006103515625,443.8799133300781,521.9064912109375,432.8519287109375]},{"page":162,"text":"Control. ","rect":[90.00008392333985,456.0,133.35008239746095,446.77191162109377]},{"page":162,"text":"(7) UASs must adhere to all laser restrictions.","rect":[133.20008850097657,483.4559020996094,355.5744934082031,472.451904296875]},{"page":162,"text":"(8) When being supported by armed UA, the required attack profiles or orbits","rect":[133.20008850097657,509.2799072265625,522.0361030273438,498.2519226074219]},{"page":162,"text":"needed to launch weapons have to be planned for, to include the deconfliction with other","rect":[90.00010681152344,523.0559692382813,522.037259765625,512.0519409179688]},{"page":162,"text":"aircraft in the area, in the same manner as any other airborne weapons delivering platform. ","rect":[90.00010681152344,536.8799438476563,525.1009521484375,525.8519287109375]},{"page":162,"text":"(9) A UAS with radio relay payloads in the UHF and VHF frequency range can","rect":[133.20010375976563,562.6199951171875,522.0792846679688,551.5919799804688]},{"page":162,"text":"act as a low-flying, surrogate satellite. This capability allows ground forces to","rect":[90.00010681152344,576.4199829101563,521.948486328125,565.3919677734375]},{"page":162,"text":"communicate in an urban environment or mountainous terrain, over long distances, using","rect":[90.00010681152344,590.2200317382813,522.0001220703125,579.1920166015625]},{"page":162,"text":"standard man-portable radios.","rect":[90.00010681152344,603.9960327148438,232.87451171875,592.9920043945313]},{"page":162,"text":"(10) Weather is a major consideration for UAS flight operations, particularly the","rect":[133.20010375976563,629.820068359375,522.072140625,618.780029296875]},{"page":162,"text":"launch and recovery. Sensor degradation may occur in less than optimal weather","rect":[90.00012969970703,643.6200561523438,522.0169350585937,632.592041015625]},{"page":162,"text":"conditions.","rect":[90.00012969970703,654.99609375,142.9441375732422,646.39208984375]},{"page":162,"text":"(11) UASs that fly low and have a large visual signature or a loud engine noise","rect":[133.20013427734376,683.2200927734375,522.0073212890625,672.1920776367188]},{"page":162,"text":"will alert enemy forces or may give away friendly positions. Atmospheric conditions must","rect":[90.00015258789063,697.0201416015625,521.9293227539063,685.9921264648438]},{"page":162,"text":"be considered in a UA’s flight profile to best utilize the aircraft for its given mission.","rect":[90.00015258789063,710.8201293945313,497.2225341796875,699.7921142578125]},{"page":162,"text":"III-98 ","rect":[90.0,753.4559326171875,120.96240234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":162,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.64239501953127,753.4679565429688,521.949462890625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":163,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":163,"text":"c. Armed UAS Tactics. UAS flight crews use the CAS check-in and 9-line format. ","rect":[111.5999984741211,85.67997741699219,525.0250854492188,74.6519775390625]},{"page":163,"text":"However, the standard control points and IP matrix used by current, high-performance,","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,521.9891967773438,88.45196533203125]},{"page":163,"text":"manned strike/fighter aircraft are usually too far away to be of use to an armed UA due to","rect":[89.99998474121094,113.27995300292969,521.953125,102.251953125]},{"page":163,"text":"their slow speed (60 to 250 knots). The UA will generally orbit over the target area for","rect":[89.99996185302735,127.08000183105469,522.0251748046875,116.052001953125]},{"page":163,"text":"weapons delivery, using the following flight profiles:","rect":[89.99996185302735,140.87998962402345,345.587953125,129.85198974609376]},{"page":163,"text":"(1) Figure III-29 depicts a “wheel” orbit profile used when there is no restriction","rect":[133.199951171875,166.6799774169922,522.0623779296875,155.6519775390625]},{"page":163,"text":"or required FAH and terrain features or urban development do not mask the target. Orbit","rect":[89.99998474121094,180.47996520996095,521.9951796875,169.45196533203126]},{"page":163,"text":"size will vary based on ordnance, sensor capability, and target, but a wheel orbit is typically","rect":[90.00000762939453,194.2799530029297,522.0419921875,183.251953125]},{"page":163,"text":"between five km (2.5 nautical miles) and eight km (4.5 nautical miles) ground range around","rect":[90.00003051757813,208.0800018310547,522.0096435546875,197.052001953125]},{"page":163,"text":"the target. The orbit distance should allow the UA to maintain PID of the target and remain","rect":[90.00003051757813,221.87998962402345,522.0204467773438,210.85198974609376]},{"page":163,"text":"in position to quickly achieve attack parameters. If terrain or urban development is","rect":[90.00003051757813,235.6799774169922,522.0060126953125,224.6519775390625]},{"page":163,"text":"masking the target during portions of the orbit, the UAS operator may off-set to minimize","rect":[90.00003051757813,249.47996520996095,522.063595703125,238.45196533203126]},{"page":163,"text":"masking. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,263.2799377441406,139.79763793945313,252.251953125]},{"page":163,"text":"(2) The “figure-8” track depicted in Figure III-30 and the “racetrack” pattern","rect":[133.2000274658203,289.0799560546875,522.00244140625,278.0519714355469]},{"page":163,"text":"depicted in Figure III-31 may be used when restrictions to FAHs are required for airspace","rect":[90.00003051757813,302.87994384765627,522.0036591796875,291.8519592285156]},{"page":163,"text":"Wheel Orbit","rect":[98.04000091552735,346.11279296875,172.06910597925504,335.6806640625]},{"page":163,"text":"5-8 kilometers","rect":[384.7799987792969,510.2401428222656,454.0132485464386,502.1484375]},{"page":163,"text":"(2.5-4.5 nautical miles)","rect":[342.54046630859377,524.5824584960938,453.94825718671327,514.2302856445313]},{"page":163,"text":"orbit","rect":[432.6005859375,534.6605224609375,454.01542564006209,526.6015625]},{"page":163,"text":"Figure III-29. Wheel Orbit","rect":[245.09951782226563,718.9137573242188,365.69624877548218,709.414794921875]},{"page":163,"text":"III-99","rect":[494.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0599975585938,745.0679321289063]},{"page":164,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":164,"text":"Figure-8 Track","rect":[98.04000091552735,95.36324310302735,188.4465557470653,82.31959533691406]},{"page":164,"text":"o","rect":[238.1999969482422,231.79652404785157,242.1110680159318,227.97613525390626]},{"page":164,"text":"30","rect":[224.82000732421876,238.8229217529297,238.20430102561546,229.98532104492188]},{"page":164,"text":"o","rect":[262.3799743652344,274.94189453125,266.56315120841858,270.8569641113281]},{"page":164,"text":"15","rect":[249.0,282.4309997558594,262.3842937013967,273.6053161621094]},{"page":164,"text":"Figure III-30. Figure-8 Track","rect":[238.6796875,465.41375732421877,372.0649251861572,456.0049743652344]},{"page":164,"text":"deconfliction purposes or other considerations. These restrictions include friendly","rect":[90.0,489.53997802734377,521.956787109375,478.5119934082031]},{"page":164,"text":"positions, collateral damage concerns, terrain/urban development, or if cluttered or","rect":[90.0000228881836,503.3399658203125,522.0024086914062,492.3119812011719]},{"page":164,"text":"congested airspace precludes UAS CAS. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,517.1400146484375,288.62164306640627,506.11199951171877]},{"page":164,"text":"17. Special Operations Forces Gunship Close Air Support","rect":[90.0000228881836,543.0360107421875,388.28161401367188,532.2239990234375]},{"page":164,"text":"The SOF gunship is a uniquely capable CAS platform. Due to the precision fires,","rect":[111.60002136230469,568.739990234375,522.03125,557.7119750976563]},{"page":164,"text":"control system and sensor capabilities, ground SA, and flight profile the SOF gunship does","rect":[90.0,582.5399780273438,522.011994140625,571.511962890625]},{"page":164,"text":"not usually require a type of TAC, “CLEARED HOT,” and “CLEARED TO ENGAGE”","rect":[90.0,596.3400268554688,521.9975556640625,585.31201171875]},{"page":164,"text":"or a JTAC/FAC(A) to control their fires. The SOF gunship uses the call for fire in Figure","rect":[90.0,610.1400146484375,521.937619140625,599.1119995117188]},{"page":164,"text":"III-32 as its standard format but will accept a CAS brief for PGM engagements or when","rect":[90.0,623.9400024414063,522.014404296875,612.9119873046875]},{"page":164,"text":"pre-coordinated for gun engagements. The format shown in Figure III-32 is also used for","rect":[90.0,637.739990234375,521.948392578125,626.7119750976563]},{"page":164,"text":"an Army attack aviation request. If JTAC/FAC(A) is on scene, the SOF gunship will work","rect":[90.0,651.5399780273438,522.0371704101563,640.511962890625]},{"page":164,"text":"directly with them. The following paragraphs cover the TTP used by ground maneuver","rect":[90.0,665.3399658203125,521.9856240234375,654.3119506835938]},{"page":164,"text":"units and the SOF gunship aircrews. ","rect":[90.0,679.1399536132813,269.94476318359377,668.1119384765625]},{"page":164,"text":"a. SOF Gunship En Route Tactics. Commanders should adjust these procedures as","rect":[111.5999984741211,704.9400024414063,521.98196484375,693.8999633789063]},{"page":164,"text":"the combat situation develops.","rect":[90.0,718.7159423828125,235.9308319091797,707.7119140625]},{"page":164,"text":"III-100 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,126.97560119628906,745.0679321289063]},{"page":164,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6556396484375,753.4679565429688,521.992919921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":165,"text":"Racetrack Pattern","rect":[98.04000091552735,92.73414611816406,210.211552953504,82.38937377929688]},{"page":165,"text":"o","rect":[238.1999969482422,226.15687561035157,242.09177452933393,222.3178253173828]},{"page":165,"text":"30","rect":[224.82000732421876,233.18399047851563,238.21025007413628,224.27896118164063]},{"page":165,"text":"o","rect":[262.3799743652344,269.66241455078127,266.54986324227635,265.546630859375]},{"page":165,"text":"15","rect":[249.0,277.21197509765627,262.39024274991757,268.3189392089844]},{"page":165,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":165,"text":"12 kilometers","rect":[325.3199768066406,442.740966796875,390.8110678954109,434.5948486328125]},{"page":165,"text":"(6.5 nautical miles)","rect":[298.3795166015625,456.617919921875,390.8199127954921,446.1961975097656]},{"page":165,"text":"Figure III-31. Racetrack Pattern","rect":[230.6396484375,587.453857421875,380.21420026016235,578.0451049804688]},{"page":165,"text":" (1) Sensor Alignment/Gun Tweak. The SOF gunship should complete","rect":[133.1999969482422,611.0400390625,522.0239838867187,600.0120239257813]},{"page":165,"text":"airborne sensor alignment and gun tweak (test fire) procedures before any mission. Only","rect":[90.00001525878906,624.8400268554688,521.9976196289063,613.81201171875]},{"page":165,"text":"under extreme circumstances will a mission be attempted without a sensor alignment/gun","rect":[90.00001525878906,638.6400146484375,522.0311889648438,627.6119995117188]},{"page":165,"text":"tweak. Planners will normally allot 30 minutes for sensor alignment/gun tweak.","rect":[90.00001525878906,652.4400024414063,475.0128479003906,641.4119873046875]},{"page":165,"text":"(2) Ingress Tactics. The main consideration in selecting en route tactics is the","rect":[133.20004272460938,678.2400512695313,522.0180024414062,667.2120361328125]},{"page":165,"text":"avoidance of enemy detection and fires. SOF gunship crews conduct an extensive threat","rect":[90.00004577636719,692.0400390625,522.0000625,681.0120239257813]},{"page":165,"text":"assessment using all available intelligence and combine the threat assessment with a careful","rect":[90.00006103515625,705.8400268554688,522.0336318359375,694.81201171875]},{"page":165,"text":"III-101","rect":[488.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0527954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":166,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":166,"text":"Special Operations Forces Gunship Call for Fire*","rect":[97.80000305175781,96.01991271972656,396.8105737598569,82.85038757324219]},{"page":166,"text":"Special Operations Forces Gunship Call for Fire","rect":[187.62001037597657,134.00828552246095,418.37961661532378,123.6416015625]},{"page":166,"text":"1. Observer and Warning Order","rect":[147.1800079345703,154.499267578125,286.31823307542757,144.9676055908203]},{"page":166,"text":"“_______________, this is __________________, fire mission, over”","rect":[147.1800079345703,164.0,451.1532855656619,156.1976776123047]},{"page":166,"text":" (aircraft call sign) ","rect":[147.1800079345703,176.9393310546875,232.51570404085173,167.41770935058595]},{"page":166,"text":" (observer call sign)","rect":[265.8110656738281,176.9393310546875,358.2019611027713,167.41770935058595]},{"page":166,"text":"2. Friendly Location and Mark","rect":[147.1800079345703,199.37939453125,278.30562838605865,189.9481658935547]},{"page":166,"text":"“My position _____________, marked by ______________________”","rect":[147.1800079345703,210.5391845703125,455.5236163762088,201.13809204101563]},{"page":166,"text":" (TRP, grid, etc.) (strobe, beacon, IR strobe, etc.)","rect":[147.1800079345703,221.75921630859376,464.1136127140994,212.2375946044922]},{"page":166,"text":"3. Target Location","rect":[147.1800079345703,244.19927978515626,226.15094543521907,234.76805114746095]},{"page":166,"text":"“Target Location _________________________________________.”","rect":[147.1800079345703,255.41937255859376,454.4567218449588,246.01828002929688]},{"page":166,"text":" ","rect":[147.1800079345703,265.0,149.9464138797189,259.0]},{"page":166,"text":" (bearing (magnetic) and range (meters), TRP, grid, etc.)","rect":[183.06167602539063,266.639404296875,461.0555987980838,257.1177673339844]},{"page":166,"text":"4. Target Description and Mark","rect":[147.1800079345703,289.0794677734375,282.5656991868399,279.6783752441406]},{"page":166,"text":"“______________________, marked by ________________________.”","rect":[147.1800079345703,300.2995300292969,466.09679752855257,290.8984375]},{"page":166,"text":" (target description) (IR pointer, tracer, etc.)","rect":[147.1800079345703,311.5195617675781,419.6440997746463,301.9979248046875]},{"page":166,"text":"5. Remarks:","rect":[147.1800079345703,331.9106750488281,200.90501678499235,324.498291015625]},{"page":166,"text":"“____________________________________________________, over.”","rect":[147.1800079345703,344.0,468.91466862230257,337.0]},{"page":166,"text":"(threats, danger close clearance, restriction, at my command, TOT, etc.)","rect":[147.1800079345703,356.3394470214844,463.4001117375369,346.8077697753906]},{"page":166,"text":"Notes:","rect":[146.9999237060547,377.87158203125,175.79342926057829,370.4591979980469]},{"page":166,"text":"1. Clearance. If airspace has been cleared between the employing","rect":[146.99989318847657,400.4994812011719,439.27164245670346,390.97784423828127]},{"page":166,"text":"aircraft and the target, transmission of this brief is clearance to fire","rect":[156.4196014404297,410.819580078125,447.54300476139096,401.2979431152344]},{"page":166,"text":"unless “danger close,” “at my command,” or an additional method of","rect":[156.4196014404297,421.13970947265627,455.2909420779611,411.6180725097656]},{"page":166,"text":"control is stated.","rect":[156.4196014404297,429.4710998535156,228.86360443147673,422.0587158203125]},{"page":166,"text":"2. Danger Close. For danger close fire, the observer or commander","rect":[146.9998779296875,452.1000061035156,443.7118793156619,442.578369140625]},{"page":166,"text":"must accept responsibility for increased risk. State “cleared danger","rect":[156.41961669921876,462.42010498046877,450.3084369328494,452.8984680175781]},{"page":166,"text":"close” in line 5 and pass the initials of the on-scene ground","rect":[156.4196319580078,472.6799621582031,415.4199273688128,463.1583251953125]},{"page":166,"text":"commander. This clearance may be preplanned.","rect":[156.4196319580078,483.0603332519531,369.28465545686739,473.65924072265627]},{"page":166,"text":"3. At My Command. For positive control of the aircraft, state “at my","rect":[146.9999237060547,503.64031982421877,439.80806979230865,494.1186828613281]},{"page":166,"text":"command” on line 5. The aircraft will call “ready to fire,” when ready.","rect":[156.4206085205078,514.0206909179688,454.922747497883,504.4990539550781]},{"page":166,"text":"4. For synchronization of fires, methods of fire and control may be","rect":[146.9998779296875,534.599609375,436.5121820074847,525.0780029296875]},{"page":166,"text":"included in line 5. Reference Table 5, “Methods of Fire and Control,”","rect":[156.4196014404297,543.0,457.8842425969119,535.4583740234375]},{"page":166,"text":"for additional measures.","rect":[156.4196014404297,553.2510986328125,262.67744720491427,545.7182006835938]},{"page":166,"text":"*Also used for Army attack aviation request.","rect":[108.23999786376953,581.968505859375,280.0804826450383,573.4024658203125]},{"page":166,"text":"Legend","rect":[100.14114379882813,610.5606689453125,133.3877694708636,601.1595458984375]},{"page":166,"text":"IR ","rect":[106.3800048828125,625.5599975585938,116.5237259924427,619.7238159179688]},{"page":166,"text":"TOT ","rect":[106.3800048828125,635.0,124.36897898316536,628.6194458007813]},{"page":166,"text":"infrared","rect":[142.22079467773438,625.6483154296875,169.1705446362526,619.62744140625]},{"page":166,"text":"time to target","rect":[142.20651245117188,636.23779296875,188.6913056433216,628.7238159179688]},{"page":166,"text":"TRP ","rect":[293.16119384765627,626.0,311.3008027136341,619.7238159179688]},{"page":166,"text":"target reference point","rect":[329.017822265625,627.23779296875,404.76036692261848,619.62744140625]},{"page":166,"text":"Figure III-32. Special Operations Forces Gunship Call for Fire","rect":[159.24014282226563,659.69384765625,451.6057882232666,650.1948852539063]},{"page":166,"text":"study of the terrain, to establish the ingress/egress routes, loiter areas, refueling tracks, and","rect":[90.0,683.0400390625,522.0684814453125,672.0120239257813]},{"page":166,"text":"altitudes. ","rect":[90.0,694.416015625,139.69439697265626,685.81201171875]},{"page":166,"text":"III-102 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,126.97560119628906,745.0679321289063]},{"page":166,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6556396484375,753.4679565429688,521.992919921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":167,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":167,"text":"(3) Orbiting. If no preplanned targets exist, the aircrew will normally proceed","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.0624389648438,74.6519775390625]},{"page":167,"text":"to a designated orbit area and contact the ground party or JTAC/FAC(A) to report that it is","rect":[90.00001525878906,99.47996520996094,522.098419921875,88.45196533203125]},{"page":167,"text":"on station and awaiting tasking.","rect":[90.00001525878906,113.27995300292969,242.34716796875,102.251953125]},{"page":167,"text":"(4) Coordination. The SOF gunship aircrew will make every effort to establish","rect":[133.20001220703126,139.0800018310547,521.9700317382813,128.052001953125]},{"page":167,"text":"radio contact while en route to speed acquisition of the tactical situation and authenticate","rect":[90.00001525878906,152.85598754882813,522.0756196289062,141.85198974609376]},{"page":167,"text":"the JTAC/FAC(A) or ground party if no JTAC/FAC(A) is on scene. If possible, the ground","rect":[90.00001525878906,166.6799774169922,521.9832153320313,155.6519775390625]},{"page":167,"text":"tactical plan products should be sent to the gunship crews prior to the preflight mission","rect":[90.00001525878906,180.47996520996095,521.99755859375,169.45196533203126]},{"page":167,"text":"briefs or en route to the orbit location at a minimum. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,191.85595703125,345.381591796875,183.251953125]},{"page":167,"text":"b. Attack Phase","rect":[111.60002136230469,217.656005859375,194.258419921875,209.052001953125]},{"page":167,"text":"(1) Capabilities. The SOF gunship can provide accurate fire support to ground","rect":[133.20001220703126,245.87998962402345,522.0479125976563,234.85198974609376]},{"page":167,"text":"units for extended periods during the hours of darkness. It uses multiple sensors to","rect":[90.00001525878906,259.6799621582031,521.9819946289063,248.6519775390625]},{"page":167,"text":"maintain SA on ground scheme of maneuver. The -H and -U variants have “through the","rect":[90.00001525878906,273.4799499511719,522.0120209960937,262.45196533203127]},{"page":167,"text":"weather” engagement capability.","rect":[90.00001525878906,287.2799377441406,247.6608428955078,276.251953125]},{"page":167,"text":"(2) Considerations for Close-In Fires. Due to the accuracy of the gunship fire","rect":[133.20001220703126,313.0799560546875,522.0073212890625,302.0519714355469]},{"page":167,"text":"control system, ordnance can be delivered very close to friendly positions. However,","rect":[90.00001525878906,326.87994384765627,521.9628295898438,315.8519592285156]},{"page":167,"text":"several factors must be considered:","rect":[90.00001525878906,338.2559509277344,258.6072554931641,329.6519470214844]},{"page":167,"text":"distances.","rect":[90.00003051757813,377.85595703125,137.04722595214845,369.251953125]},{"page":167,"text":"(a) Terrain Features. Firing down an incline can cause considerable miss","rect":[154.80001831054688,366.4799499511719,521.990509765625,355.45196533203127]},{"page":167,"text":"(b) Burst Pattern. Consider the lethal areas of fragmentation for the various","rect":[154.80003356933595,406.0799255371094,522.0384833984375,395.05194091796877]},{"page":167,"text":"types of ordnance (105-, 40-, 30-, and 25-millimeter).","rect":[90.00003051757813,419.8799133300781,347.6209411621094,408.8519287109375]},{"page":167,"text":"(c) Due to the combination of precision and low-yield munitions employed","rect":[154.80003356933595,445.6799011230469,521.990478515625,434.65191650390627]},{"page":167,"text":"by this platform, ground forces may minimize the risk of injury by taking cover in a danger","rect":[90.00003814697266,459.47991943359377,521.9616982421875,448.43994140625]},{"page":167,"text":"close situation.","rect":[90.00003814697266,470.8559265136719,162.01803588867188,462.2519226074219]},{"page":167,"text":"(3) Procedures. One factor that distinguishes AC-130 SOF gunships from other","rect":[133.20004272460938,499.0799255371094,522.0193154296875,488.05194091796877]},{"page":167,"text":"weapon systems, other than precision night strike capability, is their ability to deliver fires","rect":[90.00003051757813,512.8799438476563,522.0263984375,501.8519592285156]},{"page":167,"text":"under conditions of low ceilings and/or poor visibility using radar beacons instead of visual","rect":[90.00003814697266,526.6199951171875,521.9796157226563,515.5919799804688]},{"page":167,"text":"cues for fire control. ","rect":[90.00003814697266,537.9959716796875,193.93443298339845,529.3919677734375]},{"page":167,"text":"18. Show of Force Considerations","rect":[90.00003814697266,563.9400024414063,264.60968090820315,555.5040283203125]},{"page":167,"text":"a. General. The ground commander may determine the best COA for the current","rect":[111.60003662109375,592.0199584960938,522.0995498046875,580.991943359375]},{"page":167,"text":"situation is an escalation of force rather than using fires that create lethal effects. The","rect":[90.00001525878906,605.8200073242188,522.0720185546875,594.7919921875]},{"page":167,"text":"ground commander has many options available to escalate fires, one of which includes the","rect":[90.00001525878906,619.6200561523438,521.9448212890625,608.592041015625]},{"page":167,"text":"use of CAS aircraft through a show of force. A show of force is an operation designed to","rect":[90.00001525878906,633.4200439453125,522.0479736328125,622.3920288085938]},{"page":167,"text":"demonstrate resolve that involves increased visibility of deployed forces in an attempt to","rect":[90.00001525878906,647.2200317382813,522.0095825195313,636.1920166015625]},{"page":167,"text":"defuse a specific situation. A show of force can be conducted as a nonlethal air operation","rect":[90.00001525878906,660.99609375,522.0335693359375,649.9920654296875]},{"page":167,"text":"and may not require many of the restrictions normally associated with munitions or laser","rect":[90.00001525878906,674.8201293945313,522.0192543945312,663.7921142578125]},{"page":167,"text":"employment. While nonlethal, a show of force should have an intended target and a desired","rect":[90.00001525878906,688.6201171875,522.11279296875,677.5921020507813]},{"page":167,"text":"effect and must be conducted in accordance with theater ROE and SPINS. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,700.0081176757813,448.80242919921877,691.39208984375]},{"page":167,"text":"III-103","rect":[488.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0527954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":168,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":168,"text":"b. Reasons for Show of Force. ","rect":[111.5999984741211,83.27997589111328,274.09197998046877,74.6519775390625]},{"page":168,"text":"request a show of force:","rect":[90.0,99.45596313476563,205.26840356445315,88.45196533203125]},{"page":168,"text":"There are several reasons for a JTAC/FAC(A) to","rect":[279.4800109863281,85.65597534179688,522.0888671875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":168,"text":"(1) The aircraft is out of munitions or has the wrong type of munitions to be","rect":[133.1999969482422,125.27995300292969,521.9255952148437,114.251953125]},{"page":168,"text":"effective.","rect":[89.99998474121094,136.656005859375,135.01918029785157,128.052001953125]},{"page":168,"text":"(2) Friendly forces are too close to enemy forces for safe use of weapons. ","rect":[133.19998168945313,164.87998962402345,494.7083740234375,153.85198974609376]},{"page":168,"text":"(3) The current situation does not meet ROE to allow weapons employment.","rect":[133.19998168945313,190.6799774169922,499.72320556640627,179.6519775390625]},{"page":168,"text":"(4) Friendly forces and/or the pilot are unable to get a precise fix on the enemy’s","rect":[133.19998168945313,216.47996520996095,521.980744140625,205.45196533203126]},{"page":168,"text":"position.","rect":[90.00000762939453,230.25595092773438,131.70480346679688,219.251953125]},{"page":168,"text":"(5) A unit, which the JTAC/FAC(A) does not have direct communications with,","rect":[133.20001220703126,256.0559387207031,522.0096435546875,245.05194091796876]},{"page":168,"text":"is in a “troops in contact” or an escalating situation and the JTAC/FAC(A) uses a show of ","rect":[90.00003051757813,269.8799133300781,525.0000610351563,258.8519287109375]},{"page":168,"text":"force to reassure the unit that there is air support on station.","rect":[90.00007629394531,283.65594482421877,375.30010986328127,272.6519470214844]},{"page":168,"text":"(6) Civilians have gathered and the ground force commander would like them to","rect":[133.20010375976563,309.4799499511719,522.0457153320313,298.45196533203127]},{"page":168,"text":"disperse. The JTAC/FAC(A) can use a show of force over the personnel to attempt to","rect":[90.0000991821289,323.2559509277344,522.1152954101563,312.251953125]},{"page":168,"text":"disperse them.","rect":[90.0000991821289,337.0559387207031,159.37088012695313,326.05194091796877]},{"page":168,"text":"(7) Unidentified personnel are displaying possible hostile intentions and the","rect":[133.20010375976563,362.8799133300781,522.0073212890625,351.8519287109375]},{"page":168,"text":"ground force commander does not want to escalate to weapons employment. The","rect":[90.0001220703125,376.6799011230469,522.0360688476562,365.65191650390627]},{"page":168,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) can use a show of force as an escalation of force to determine their true","rect":[90.0001220703125,390.4559326171875,522.0601166992187,379.4519348144531]},{"page":168,"text":"intentions or cause them to disperse.","rect":[90.0001220703125,404.25592041015627,264.5736999511719,393.2519226074219]},{"page":168,"text":"Note: Show-of-force maneuvers typically require the aircrew to leave sanctuary and","rect":[111.6001205444336,430.07989501953127,522.0145263671875,419.0519104003906]},{"page":168,"text":"enter potential threat areas.","rect":[90.0000991821289,443.8559265136719,219.997314453125,432.8519287109375]},{"page":168,"text":"19. Digital Information Networks and Systems Considerations","rect":[90.0000991821289,469.7998962402344,410.620880859375,458.9638977050781]},{"page":168,"text":"a. Network Construct. During planning phases, ensure network architectures, with","rect":[111.60009002685547,495.4798889160156,522.0169677734375,484.451904296875]},{"page":168,"text":"or without gateways, are properly constructed. The coordination with communications","rect":[90.00009155273438,509.2799072265625,521.9796455078125,498.2519226074219]},{"page":168,"text":"network authorities must begin early in the planning process, as some elements (satellite","rect":[90.0000991821289,523.0799560546875,522.025265625,512.0519409179688]},{"page":168,"text":"training time availability for example) require a significant lead-time prior to execution. ","rect":[90.0000991821289,536.8799438476563,525.016845703125,525.8519287109375]},{"page":168,"text":"Data links information should be coordinated at the joint-Service level by the JICO with","rect":[90.0000991821289,550.6199951171875,522.1104736328125,539.5799560546875]},{"page":168,"text":"assistance from the ASOC/DASC. VMF, Link 16, and SADL will have their own segments","rect":[90.0001220703125,564.4199829101563,521.9677436523438,553.3919677734375]},{"page":168,"text":"within the operation task document. The JICO community manages the link","rect":[90.0001220703125,578.2200317382813,521.9905395507813,567.1920166015625]},{"page":168,"text":"OPTASKLINK and CNR segment for the VMF network. The ASOC/DASC will need to","rect":[90.0001220703125,592.02001953125,522.0805053710938,580.9920043945313]},{"page":168,"text":"participate with the JICO in preparing these products. The JTAC is responsible for","rect":[90.0001220703125,605.820068359375,521.9616982421875,594.7920532226563]},{"page":168,"text":"programming the communications networks into the ground kit.","rect":[90.0001220703125,619.6200561523438,397.2721252441406,608.592041015625]},{"page":168,"text":"b. Gateway Construct. Gateways are hardware and/or software applications that","rect":[111.60013580322266,645.4201049804688,522.0097060546875,634.39208984375]},{"page":168,"text":"allow operators to route data between incompatible systems. A gateway system allows the","rect":[90.0001449584961,659.2200927734375,522.0097016601562,648.1920776367188]},{"page":168,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) and/or aircrew to communicate on networks other than the one on which","rect":[90.0001449584961,672.9961547851563,522.0157470703125,661.9921264648438]},{"page":168,"text":"they are operating, without the need for additional radios. For instance, at the gateway, the","rect":[90.0001449584961,686.8201293945313,522.0625581054687,675.7921142578125]},{"page":168,"text":"JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s targeting and SA information can be broadcast to aircrew in the Link","rect":[90.0001449584961,700.6201782226563,522.0013427734375,689.5921630859375]},{"page":168,"text":"16 and/or SADL networks while the JTAC/FAC(A) is using VMF over CNR. The","rect":[90.00016784667969,714.420166015625,521.98815625,703.3921508789063]},{"page":168,"text":"III-104 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,126.97560119628906,745.0679321289063]},{"page":168,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6556396484375,753.4679565429688,521.992919921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":169,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":169,"text":"planning phases will determine what gateway systems will be set up and managed by the","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.9927338867187,74.6519775390625]},{"page":169,"text":"JICO or subordinate units, like the ASOC/DASC. Understanding what DACAS protocols","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0216376953125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":169,"text":"and systems that connects to each other will help drive the information exchange","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,522.00719921875,102.251953125]},{"page":169,"text":"requirement between different protocols.","rect":[90.0,127.05599975585938,285.8688049316406,116.052001953125]},{"page":169,"text":"c. Digital Systems. Digital systems in aircraft and ground-based JTAC kits provide","rect":[111.5999984741211,152.87998962402345,521.9880341796875,141.85198974609376]},{"page":169,"text":"several benefits that aide in the conduct of CAS planning and execution. Although verbal","rect":[90.0,166.6799774169922,521.98199609375,155.6519775390625]},{"page":169,"text":"radio calls remain the principal means of communication during CAS execution, digital","rect":[90.0,180.47996520996095,521.9975600585938,169.45196533203126]},{"page":169,"text":"systems can expedite communications and, by extension, the target acquisition process. ","rect":[90.0,194.2799530029297,525.0659790039063,183.251953125]},{"page":169,"text":"Digital aids for CAS execution use LOS, BLOS, and ELOS communication systems. ","rect":[90.0,208.07994079589845,525.0023803710938,197.05194091796876]},{"page":169,"text":"When combined, LOS, BLOS, and ELOS digital capabilities provide aircrew greater SA","rect":[90.0,221.8799285888672,521.9976181640625,210.8519287109375]},{"page":169,"text":"and typically result in less time spent recording and entering mission execution information","rect":[90.0,235.6799774169922,522.0347290039063,224.6519775390625]},{"page":169,"text":"into aircraft systems and/or weapons. ","rect":[90.0,249.47996520996095,274.9176025390625,238.45196533203126]},{"page":169,"text":"(1) LOS Communications. LOS communication directly connects two or more","rect":[133.1999969482422,275.2799377441406,522.2448701171875,264.251953125]},{"page":169,"text":"independent users through point-to-point RF communications without an intermediary. ","rect":[90.0,289.0799255371094,496.68365478515627,278.05194091796877]},{"page":169,"text":"(2) BLOS Communications. BLOS communications links personnel or systems","rect":[133.2000274658203,314.8799133300781,521.9544379882813,303.8519287109375]},{"page":169,"text":"that are too distant or too fully obscured by terrain for LOS communications. HF and","rect":[90.0000228881836,328.6799011230469,522.00244140625,317.65191650390627]},{"page":169,"text":"SATCOM are examples of BLOS communications. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,342.4559326171875,343.9800109863281,331.4519348144531]},{"page":169,"text":"(3) ELOS Communications. ELOS communications such as Link 16 and","rect":[133.2000274658203,368.25592041015627,522.0360717773438,357.2519226074219]},{"page":169,"text":"SADL connect the JTAC/JFO and the aircraft using a relay platform. ELOS","rect":[90.00003051757813,382.07989501953127,521.9496489257813,371.0519104003906]},{"page":169,"text":"communications ","rect":[90.0000228881836,393.3719177246094,172.39923095703126,384.8519287109375]},{"page":169,"text":"require ","rect":[179.23922729492188,395.8559265136719,216.2327880859375,384.8519287109375]},{"page":169,"text":"CAS ","rect":[223.07278442382813,393.4679260253906,249.39837646484376,385.0559387207031]},{"page":169,"text":"participants ","rect":[256.2383728027344,395.8559265136719,315.2460021972656,384.8519287109375]},{"page":169,"text":"to ","rect":[322.08599853515627,393.3719177246094,334.41961669921877,386.0639343261719]},{"page":169,"text":"specify ","rect":[341.2596130371094,395.8799133300781,378.9179992675781,384.8519287109375]},{"page":169,"text":"the ","rect":[385.75799560546877,393.3719177246094,403.44598388671877,384.8519287109375]},{"page":169,"text":"information ","rect":[410.2860107421875,393.3719177246094,469.9812316894531,384.8519287109375]},{"page":169,"text":"exchange","rect":[476.82122802734377,395.8799133300781,522.0552338867187,384.8519287109375]},{"page":169,"text":"requirements to relay and share information via data link. A major advantage is the","rect":[90.0000228881836,409.6799011230469,522.0275849609375,398.6399230957031]},{"page":169,"text":"elimination of the shorter-range LOS requirement between CAS participants. However,","rect":[90.0000228881836,423.4798889160156,522.0,412.451904296875]},{"page":169,"text":"CAS participants must coordinate with the network planner and electromagnetic spectrum","rect":[90.0000228881836,437.2798767089844,522.021546875,426.25189208984377]},{"page":169,"text":"managers for communication through a relay.","rect":[90.0,451.0798645019531,309.2040100097656,440.0518798828125]},{"page":169,"text":"d. DACAS Advantages. Some of the advantages of digital systems include","rect":[111.5999984741211,476.8799133300781,522.021603515625,465.8519287109375]},{"page":169,"text":"automation, speed, and communications accuracy. Increased SA may also be possible","rect":[89.99998474121094,490.6199035644531,522.0012177734375,479.5919189453125]},{"page":169,"text":"when friendly and opposing force information is displayed on user systems. Digital","rect":[90.0,504.419921875,521.9952407226563,493.3919372558594]},{"page":169,"text":"systems may also improve C2 of CAS by providing machine-to-machine tasking and","rect":[90.0,518.219970703125,522.0924072265625,507.19195556640627]},{"page":169,"text":"information exchange between joint fires support systems and JTACs/FAC(A)s. When","rect":[90.0,532.0199584960938,521.9327392578125,520.9799194335938]},{"page":169,"text":"digital systems receive and display aircraft information such as sensor point, designated","rect":[90.0,545.8200073242188,522.009521484375,534.7919921875]},{"page":169,"text":"ground target (DGT), or aircraft attack position target designation (APTD), targeting","rect":[90.0,559.6200561523438,521.9531860351563,548.592041015625]},{"page":169,"text":"efficiencies may result. As tactical situations permit, terminal attack controllers employing","rect":[90.0,573.4200439453125,522.0479736328125,562.3920288085938]},{"page":169,"text":"digital systems spend less time developing CAS briefings and realize greater accuracy via","rect":[90.0,587.2200317382813,522.0180024414062,576.1920166015625]},{"page":169,"text":"computer-displayed and -generated information. DACAS has the potential to increase","rect":[90.0000228881836,601.0200805664063,522.0455903320312,589.9920654296875]},{"page":169,"text":"tempo, expedite the kill-chain timeline, minimize human error in information transfer, and","rect":[90.0000228881836,614.796142578125,521.9772338867188,603.7921142578125]},{"page":169,"text":"reduce the risk of friendly fire. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,628.6201171875,243.328857421875,617.5921020507813]},{"page":169,"text":"e. DACAS Limitations. Some disadvantages of digital communications include","rect":[111.60002136230469,654.4201049804688,522.0122041015625,643.39208984375]},{"page":169,"text":"potential truncation and data input errors, increased coordination to ensure interoperability,","rect":[90.00003051757813,668.2201538085938,522.1212158203125,657.192138671875]},{"page":169,"text":"and increased workload in certain situations. Workload can be increased in a visual","rect":[90.00004577636719,679.6082153320313,522.1332412109375,670.9921875]},{"page":169,"text":"environment when information must be typed or read versus voice communications while","rect":[90.00004577636719,695.8201904296875,522.0552338867187,684.7921752929688]},{"page":169,"text":"having to maintain eyes on sensors, targets, or ground threats.","rect":[90.00004577636719,709.6201782226563,380.3328857421875,698.5921630859375]},{"page":169,"text":"III-105","rect":[488.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0527954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":170,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":170,"text":"For more information on planning for DACAS, see Appendix D, “Digitally Aided Close","rect":[90.0,85.74003601074219,522.052853515625,74.83203125]},{"page":170,"text":"Air Support Planning and Execution Considerations.”","rect":[90.0,99.54002380371094,351.3263884277344,88.63201904296875]},{"page":170,"text":"20. Video Downlink Considerations","rect":[90.0,122.98800659179688,274.3836677246094,114.56401062011719]},{"page":170,"text":"a. VDL Systems. VDL systems provide FMV downlink to the ground units for CAS","rect":[111.5999984741211,151.0800018310547,522.0144072265625,140.052001953125]},{"page":170,"text":"execution. In CAS, VDLs are used to build aircrew and JTAC SA and provide precise","rect":[90.0000228881836,164.85604858398438,522.0120209960937,153.85205078125]},{"page":170,"text":"coordination, target verification, friendly fire reduction, collateral damage mitigation, and","rect":[90.0000228881836,178.68003845214845,522.0216064453125,167.65203857421876]},{"page":170,"text":"real-time BDA. VDL systems enhance, but do not change, standard CAS procedures. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,192.4800262451172,524.988037109375,181.4520263671875]},{"page":170,"text":"FMV feeds should not be used as a single-source target ID method.","rect":[90.0000228881836,206.28001403808595,413.2500305175781,195.25201416015626]},{"page":170,"text":"b. Units planning to use VDL need to ensure desired downlink frequencies are on the","rect":[111.60003662109375,232.0800018310547,521.9880341796875,221.052001953125]},{"page":170,"text":"joint restricted frequency list. When multiple VDL transmitters are operating within an","rect":[90.00004577636719,245.8800506591797,522.0240478515625,234.8400421142578]},{"page":170,"text":"area, it is necessary to deconflict frequencies between transmitters to reduce mutual","rect":[90.00004577636719,259.6799621582031,522.0648208007813,248.6519775390625]},{"page":170,"text":"interference. In flights of multiple aircraft, aircrew keep the VDL transmitter on and set to","rect":[90.00004577636719,273.4800109863281,522.0492553710938,262.4520263671875]},{"page":170,"text":"a constant frequency, while the ground personnel switch frequencies to view desired FMV","rect":[90.00004577636719,287.2799987792969,521.992857421875,276.25201416015627]},{"page":170,"text":"from each VDL platform. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,301.0559997558594,219.31683349609376,290.052001953125]},{"page":170,"text":"(1) Aircraft Check-In. Aircrews identify themselves as VDL-capable and","rect":[133.20004272460938,326.8799743652344,522.0204467773438,315.85198974609377]},{"page":170,"text":"confirm downlink frequency with the operator.","rect":[90.00004577636719,340.67999267578127,315.3120422363281,329.6520080566406]},{"page":170,"text":"(2) Aircraft Holding Pattern. Used to maximize visibility of the target area","rect":[133.20004272460938,366.47998046875,521.9760712890625,355.4519958496094]},{"page":170,"text":"while minimizing LOS loss between the VDL transmit antenna and the ground station. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,380.27996826171877,525.043212890625,369.2519836425781]},{"page":170,"text":"Minimizing aircraft maneuvering, and maximizing wings-level time during the hold, will","rect":[90.00004577636719,394.0799865722656,521.99762109375,383.052001953125]},{"page":170,"text":"increase successful video reception. Aircrews should consider orienting the holding","rect":[90.00004577636719,407.8799743652344,522.03125,396.85198974609377]},{"page":170,"text":"pattern so the sensor is viewing the target from the same axis as the operator. This will","rect":[90.00004577636719,421.6799621582031,522.014466796875,410.6519775390625]},{"page":170,"text":"enhance operator scene interpretation of the FMV and increase talk-on effectiveness (see","rect":[90.00004577636719,435.4559631347656,522.0324677734375,424.45196533203127]},{"page":170,"text":"Figure III-33 for VDL brevity codes).","rect":[90.00004577636719,449.2799377441406,271.31292724609377,438.251953125]},{"page":170,"text":"(3) Talk-ons to specific targets start with the aircrew slewing their sensor to target","rect":[133.20004272460938,475.0799865722656,522.012025390625,464.052001953125]},{"page":170,"text":"coordinates passed by the operator. The talk-on should begin and end with the sensors in","rect":[90.00004577636719,488.8799743652344,522.0072631835938,477.85198974609377]},{"page":170,"text":"a wide enough FOV to allow the confirmation of the correct target area. Features directly","rect":[90.00004577636719,502.6199951171875,522.0840454101563,491.5920104980469]},{"page":170,"text":"surrounding the target must be confirmed to ensure proper target correlation and to mitigate","rect":[90.00006866455078,516.4200439453125,522.0913056640625,505.39202880859377]},{"page":170,"text":"collateral damage and friendly fire prevention. Operators should develop SA by initially","rect":[90.00009155273438,530.2200317382813,522.030029296875,519.1920166015625]},{"page":170,"text":"viewing the target area through the sensor in wide FOV, then through narrow FOV,","rect":[90.00009155273438,544.0200805664063,521.9569091796875,532.9920654296875]},{"page":170,"text":"following a “big to small” progression. Once the target is acquired and identified, the","rect":[90.00009155273438,557.8201293945313,521.91247265625,546.7921142578125]},{"page":170,"text":"sensor may be returned to a wider FOV as a confirmation method.","rect":[90.00009155273438,571.6201171875,407.9544677734375,560.5921020507813]},{"page":170,"text":"(4) The operator or aircrew will establish a unit of measure for the talk-on. Avoid","rect":[133.20010375976563,597.3961181640625,522.0492553710938,586.39208984375]},{"page":170,"text":"using the full screen width or length as a unit measure. Using one-half screen measure","rect":[90.00009155273438,611.2201538085938,521.9664887695312,600.192138671875]},{"page":170,"text":"allows viewing of previous references when the sensor is slewed or the FOV is changed. ","rect":[90.00009155273438,625.0202026367188,525.0361328125,613.9921875]},{"page":170,"text":"Movement directions based on the FMV display (up, down, left, right) are most effective. ","rect":[90.00009155273438,638.8201904296875,525.0516967773438,627.7921752929688]},{"page":170,"text":"Most sensors display a reference for north, but this reference should only be used as an SA","rect":[90.00009155273438,652.6201782226563,522.0457138671875,641.5921630859375]},{"page":170,"text":"tool.","rect":[90.00009155273438,663.9962158203125,111.62889099121094,655.3922119140625]},{"page":170,"text":"(5) Despite time delays of the FMV feed, operators should initially attempt a","rect":[133.20008850097657,692.2202758789063,522.04333203125,681.1922607421875]},{"page":170,"text":"running dialog. When the aircrew completes slewing the crosshairs to the directed point,","rect":[90.00009155273438,706.020263671875,522.0120849609375,694.9922485351563]},{"page":170,"text":"they will respond with the brevity code SET. This technique, deliberately stepping to each","rect":[90.00011444091797,719.8202514648438,522.0001220703125,708.792236328125]},{"page":170,"text":"III-106 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,126.97560119628906,745.0679321289063]},{"page":170,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6556396484375,753.4679565429688,521.992919921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":171,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":171,"text":"Figure III-33. Video Downlink Brevity Codes","rect":[200.94036865234376,659.453857421875,409.8253011627197,649.9548950195313]},{"page":171,"text":"point with challenge and response, avoids issues with FMV delays to the display. When","rect":[90.0,683.0400390625,522.040771484375,672.0120239257813]},{"page":171,"text":"the operator identifies the target in the FMV, they should point out the target using","rect":[90.0,696.8400268554688,522.0216064453125,685.81201171875]},{"page":171,"text":"descriptive features of the target itself.","rect":[90.0,710.6400146484375,274.62957763671877,699.6119995117188]},{"page":171,"text":"III-107","rect":[488.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0527954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":172,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":172,"text":"(6) Once the aircrew identifies the target, they should slew the sensor to place the","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.062375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":172,"text":"target directly under the center of the crosshairs. Once complete, the aircrew will state","rect":[89.99999237060547,99.47996520996094,522.0827607421875,88.45196533203125]},{"page":172,"text":"SET, CAPTURED with any additional confirmatory communications. Operator verifies","rect":[89.99999237060547,113.27995300292969,522.0599677734375,102.251953125]},{"page":172,"text":"the correct target is under the crosshairs and responds with CAPTURED.","rect":[89.99999237060547,127.08000183105469,440.8752136230469,116.052001953125]},{"page":172,"text":"(7) Ground references. The operator directs the aircrew to follow an identified","rect":[133.20001220703126,152.85598754882813,522.0048217773438,141.85198974609376]},{"page":172,"text":"reference until it gets to a specific object or point.","rect":[90.00003814697266,166.6799774169922,328.72796630859377,155.6399688720703]},{"page":172,"text":"(8) Operators may request aircrews to switch sensors or views through brevity","rect":[133.20004272460938,192.47996520996095,522.00244140625,181.45196533203126]},{"page":172,"text":"codes. Operators should understand that aircrew will provide the most appropriate video","rect":[90.00003814697266,206.25595092773438,522.043212890625,195.251953125]},{"page":172,"text":"available within the limits of their sensor.","rect":[90.00003814697266,217.656005859375,289.66326904296877,209.052001953125]},{"page":172,"text":"c. VDL Limitations. Continuous FMV between an airborne platform and a ground","rect":[111.60003662109375,245.8799285888672,521.943603515625,234.8519287109375]},{"page":172,"text":"station is rare. Operators must be able to identify when the feed is lost and communicate","rect":[90.00003814697266,259.6799621582031,521.9855927734375,248.6519775390625]},{"page":172,"text":"that to the aircrew with the brevity code HOLLOW. In addition, aircrews should","rect":[90.00003814697266,273.4799499511719,522.0000610351563,262.45196533203127]},{"page":172,"text":"communicate to operators when they anticipate the feed to be lost due to aircraft maneuvers","rect":[90.00003814697266,287.2799377441406,522.0096137695313,276.251953125]},{"page":172,"text":"with the brevity code EXPECT HOLLOW. Operators can identify loss of FMV by","rect":[90.00003814697266,301.0799255371094,522.0264282226563,290.05194091796877]},{"page":172,"text":"monitoring the clock display on video feed. When the image freezes or the clock stops,","rect":[90.00003814697266,314.8799133300781,522.0888671875,303.8519287109375]},{"page":172,"text":"reception has been lost. Operators should anticipate a loss of reception during target attacks","rect":[90.00003814697266,328.6799011230469,522.0804755859375,317.65191650390627]},{"page":172,"text":"and aircraft threat reactions. Coordinates displayed on the FMV will have varying degrees","rect":[90.00003814697266,342.47991943359377,521.9808051757813,331.4519348144531]},{"page":172,"text":"of accuracy based on platform and sensor type. Operators should query aircrews for","rect":[90.00006103515625,356.2799072265625,521.8764321289062,345.2519226074219]},{"page":172,"text":"coordinate accuracy prior to using those coordinates for targeting purposes.","rect":[90.00006103515625,370.07989501953127,451.9104919433594,359.0519104003906]},{"page":172,"text":"For communications brevity codes and meanings, see ATP 1-02.1/MCRP 3-30B.1/NTTP","rect":[90.00008392333985,395.9399108886719,522.0301201171875,385.03192138671877]},{"page":172,"text":"6-02.1/AFTTP 3-2.5, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Multi-Service","rect":[90.00008392333985,409.6559143066406,522.0432709960937,398.65191650390627]},{"page":172,"text":"Brevity Codes.","rect":[90.00006103515625,423.47991943359377,162.00006103515626,412.4519348144531]},{"page":172,"text":"21. Forward Air Controller (Airborne) Planning","rect":[90.00006103515625,449.39990234375,340.9404602050781,438.56390380859377]},{"page":172,"text":"a. FAC(A). ","rect":[111.60006713867188,474.887939453125,173.2224578857422,464.2559509277344]},{"page":172,"text":"FAC(A)s can serve as an additional controller for the TACP/JTAC,","rect":[180.18006896972657,475.0559387207031,521.9401245117188,464.05194091796877]},{"page":172,"text":"support a maneuver element without a TACP/JTAC, or supplement the capability of a","rect":[90.00006103515625,488.87994384765627,522.0120209960937,477.8519592285156]},{"page":172,"text":"TACP/JTAC. A FAC(A) must be able to coordinate supporting arms in conjunction with","rect":[90.00006103515625,502.6199645996094,522.0205078125,491.5799865722656]},{"page":172,"text":"CAS missions, such as L-hour preparatory fires and post-assault fires, without assistance","rect":[90.00006103515625,516.4199829101563,521.95446484375,505.3919677734375]},{"page":172,"text":"from the TACP/JTAC. The FAC(A) must be capable of executing the desires of the ground","rect":[90.00006103515625,530.2200317382813,522.03369140625,519.1920166015625]},{"page":172,"text":"commander in daytime, nighttime, and adverse weather conditions, while integrating fires","rect":[90.00006103515625,544.02001953125,522.0120551757813,532.9920043945313]},{"page":172,"text":"on the battlefield, mitigating friendly fire, and conducting detailed planning and integration","rect":[90.00006103515625,557.820068359375,522.0948486328125,546.7920532226563]},{"page":172,"text":"with the maneuver element.","rect":[90.00006103515625,569.196044921875,223.27206420898438,560.592041015625]},{"page":172,"text":"b. Pre-Mission Planning","rect":[111.60005950927735,597.4201049804688,237.61203002929688,586.39208984375]},{"page":172,"text":"(1) During mission planning, the TACP/JTAC is responsible for advising the","rect":[133.20005798339845,623.2200927734375,521.9880341796875,612.1920776367188]},{"page":172,"text":"regimental and BN commanders, S-3, and the FSC on the employment and integration of ","rect":[90.00006103515625,637.0201416015625,525.0360717773438,625.9921264648438]},{"page":172,"text":"CAS and FAC(A). The AO/ALO is expected to have a working knowledge and","rect":[90.00006103515625,650.8201293945313,522.0144653320313,639.7921142578125]},{"page":172,"text":"understanding of CAS and FAC(A) aircraft capabilities and limitations. A TACP/JTAC","rect":[90.00008392333985,664.6201782226563,521.9653037109375,653.5921630859375]},{"page":172,"text":"should request a FAC(A) if necessary. Possible reasons for requesting a FAC(A) are if the","rect":[90.00010681152344,678.420166015625,522.0073212890625,667.3921508789063]},{"page":172,"text":"TACP/JTAC is:","rect":[90.00010681152344,689.8082275390625,166.95849755859377,681.1921997070313]},{"page":172,"text":"III-108 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,126.97560119628906,745.0679321289063]},{"page":172,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6556396484375,753.4679565429688,521.992919921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":173,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":173,"text":"(a) Expecting a large number of CAS aircraft in a small amount of time or","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,521.9255654296875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":173,"text":"restrictive airspace.","rect":[89.99998474121094,99.45596313476563,183.39959716796876,88.45196533203125]},{"page":173,"text":"(b) Operating in restrictive terrain (urban, forested) where a platform with","rect":[154.79998779296876,125.27995300292969,522.009521484375,114.251953125]},{"page":173,"text":"the same perspective as CAS assets for target talk-ons would aid in the efficiency of CAS","rect":[89.99998474121094,139.0800018310547,521.9939604492188,128.052001953125]},{"page":173,"text":"missions.","rect":[89.99998474121094,150.45599365234376,134.9879913330078,141.85198974609376]},{"page":173,"text":"(c) Operating with a limited capability to mark targets.","rect":[154.79998779296876,178.6799774169922,420.09478759765627,167.6519775390625]},{"page":173,"text":"(d) Expecting difficult communications due to terrain and/or high threat","rect":[154.79998779296876,204.47996520996095,522.0095229492188,193.45196533203126]},{"page":173,"text":"environment.","rect":[89.99998474121094,215.85595703125,153.650390625,207.251953125]},{"page":173,"text":"(e) When operational needs require an aviator overhead who is intimately","rect":[154.79998779296876,244.0800018310547,522.08154296875,233.052001953125]},{"page":173,"text":"familiar with the ground commander’s intent and scheme of maneuver and versed in CAS","rect":[89.99998474121094,257.8799133300781,521.975955078125,246.8519287109375]},{"page":173,"text":"TTP, to assist in the battle/operation.","rect":[89.99998474121094,271.6559753417969,266.9627990722656,260.6519775390625]},{"page":173,"text":"(2) For large operations, the TACP/JTAC should not hesitate to request that a","rect":[133.19998168945313,297.4799499511719,522.0599946289062,286.45196533203127]},{"page":173,"text":"FAC(A) travel to the respective operational planning cell to aid the TACP/JTAC. Having","rect":[89.99998474121094,311.2799377441406,522.015625,300.251953125]},{"page":173,"text":"the expertise of the FAC(A) in the planning process will enhance the effectiveness of air","rect":[90.00000762939453,325.0799255371094,522.00234765625,314.05194091796877]},{"page":173,"text":"operations by providing planning expertise in aircraft capabilities and requirements,","rect":[90.00000762939453,338.8799133300781,522.0192260742188,327.8519287109375]},{"page":173,"text":"weapons effects, and CAS TTP. Additionally, the FAC(A) will be able to communicate","rect":[90.00003051757813,352.6799011230469,522.009640625,341.65191650390627]},{"page":173,"text":"the ground commander’s plan and intent to the other CAS assets involved in the operation","rect":[90.00003051757813,366.47991943359377,522.0288696289063,355.4519348144531]},{"page":173,"text":"collocated with the FAC(A)’s squadron. ","rect":[90.00005340576172,380.25592041015627,288.9768981933594,369.2519226074219]},{"page":173,"text":"(3) The FAC(A) aids in the planning process, not only by being an expert at","rect":[133.20005798339845,406.07989501953127,522.0192275390625,395.0519104003906]},{"page":173,"text":"aircraft/weapons capabilities, target/weapon pairing, and CAS procedures but also by","rect":[90.00005340576172,419.8799133300781,522.0311889648438,408.8519287109375]},{"page":173,"text":"possessing the knowledge of how and when to plan for SEAD, weather effects, personnel","rect":[90.00005340576172,433.6799011230469,522.0024428710938,422.65191650390627]},{"page":173,"text":"recovery, and many other essential considerations or factors. Due to manning and the ATO","rect":[90.00005340576172,447.4798889160156,522.0432114257812,436.451904296875]},{"page":173,"text":"cycle, however, it is possible a FAC(A) will not be able to be physically present during the","rect":[90.00005340576172,461.2798767089844,521.9641083984375,450.25189208984377]},{"page":173,"text":"planning stages of a ground operation. The AO/ALO should make a concerted effort to","rect":[90.00005340576172,475.0798645019531,522.0601196289063,464.0518798828125]},{"page":173,"text":"take advantage of a FAC(A)’s expertise in this area via secure e-mail/phone or chat should","rect":[90.00005340576172,488.8799133300781,522.0540771484375,477.8519287109375]},{"page":173,"text":"that be the case. When a FAC(A) is unable to participate in the planning process via any","rect":[90.00005340576172,502.6199035644531,521.97607421875,491.5919189453125]},{"page":173,"text":"means, TACP/JTAC members will be responsible for advising the ground commander on","rect":[90.00005340576172,516.4199829101563,522.0360107421875,505.3919677734375]},{"page":173,"text":"FAC(A) employment and, as such, must be well versed in FAC(A) integration TTP.","rect":[90.00005340576172,530.219970703125,493.5792236328125,519.1919555664063]},{"page":173,"text":"(4) Detailed integration and coordination prior to execution will provide the","rect":[133.20004272460938,556.0199584960938,522.0264252929687,544.991943359375]},{"page":173,"text":"TACP and FAC(A) with a template from which to deviate when unforeseen tactical","rect":[90.00003051757813,569.7960205078125,521.996400390625,558.7919921875]},{"page":173,"text":"problems arise during execution. Planners should prepare primary and alternate plans for","rect":[90.00003051757813,583.6200561523438,521.9196450195312,572.592041015625]},{"page":173,"text":"marking and control enabling a smooth transition if the tactical situation requires a change. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,597.4200439453125,525.0120239257813,586.3920288085938]},{"page":173,"text":"Failure to do such detailed integration does not mean the mission will be a failure, only","rect":[90.00005340576172,611.2200317382813,522.032470703125,600.1920166015625]},{"page":173,"text":"that the FAC(A) and CAS assets involved will be less prepared at check-in and SA will","rect":[90.00005340576172,624.99609375,521.988099609375,613.9920654296875]},{"page":173,"text":"initially be lower. Successful detailed integration and coordination will enhance the","rect":[90.00005340576172,638.8201293945313,522.0396088867187,627.7921142578125]},{"page":173,"text":"potential impact that air operations will have on the battle/operation in support of the","rect":[90.00005340576172,652.5961303710938,522.0360688476562,641.5921020507813]},{"page":173,"text":"ground commander’s plan. With this pre-coordination complete, parties need only provide","rect":[90.00005340576172,666.4201049804688,521.9832734375,655.39208984375]},{"page":173,"text":"changes or updates when the FAC(A) checks-in during execution. The following","rect":[90.00005340576172,680.2201538085938,522.0072021484375,669.192138671875]},{"page":173,"text":"individuals and documents will serve as the base sources of information to aid the FAC(A)","rect":[90.00005340576172,693.9962158203125,521.9160439453125,682.9921875]},{"page":173,"text":"and TACP in their planning and liaison:","rect":[90.00005340576172,707.8201904296875,282.0864577636719,696.7921752929688]},{"page":173,"text":"III-109","rect":[488.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0527954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":174,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":174,"text":"(a) FSCOORD/FSC. The ground officer responsible for the integration of ","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,525.0418701171875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":174,"text":"all fires in support of the operation. Close coordination and integration between the","rect":[90.00000762939453,99.47996520996094,521.9520234375,88.45196533203125]},{"page":174,"text":"FSCOORD/FSC/FSOs ","rect":[90.00000762939453,110.86795043945313,203.01959228515626,102.251953125]},{"page":174,"text":"and ","rect":[212.13961791992188,110.85594940185547,232.44961547851563,102.251953125]},{"page":174,"text":"AO/ALOs ","rect":[241.56961059570313,110.86795043945313,294.5196228027344,102.251953125]},{"page":174,"text":"is ","rect":[303.6396484375,110.85594940185547,314.6952209472656,102.251953125]},{"page":174,"text":"critical ","rect":[323.8152160644531,110.85594940185547,360.19683837890627,102.251953125]},{"page":174,"text":"to ","rect":[369.2568359375,110.85594940185547,381.56640625,103.46395111083985]},{"page":174,"text":"mission ","rect":[390.6864013671875,110.85594940185547,430.99920654296877,102.251953125]},{"page":174,"text":"success. ","rect":[440.11920166015627,110.85594940185547,482.09759521484377,104.0]},{"page":174,"text":" ","rect":[491.21759033203127,109.0,494.21759033203127,104.0]},{"page":174,"text":"The","rect":[503.33758544921877,110.85594940185547,521.9951752929687,102.251953125]},{"page":174,"text":"FSCOORD/FSC/FSOs and the AO/ALOs will work closely together in the development","rect":[89.99998474121094,127.08000183105469,521.980775390625,116.052001953125]},{"page":174,"text":"and dissemination of the following:","rect":[89.99998474121094,140.87998962402345,260.67358544921879,129.85198974609376]},{"page":174,"text":"1. Fire Support Plan. The overall plan to integrate surface- and air-","rect":[176.3999786376953,166.6799774169922,521.9951455078125,155.6519775390625]},{"page":174,"text":"delivered fires, to include POF, groups, series, programs, and triggers.","rect":[90.0,180.4800262451172,427.02239990234377,169.4520263671875]},{"page":174,"text":"2. High-Payoff Target List. The purpose of a high-payoff target list is","rect":[176.40000915527345,206.28001403808595,522.03128125,195.25201416015626]},{"page":174,"text":"to have a prioritized list of high-payoff targets whose loss to the enemy will significantly","rect":[90.0,220.0800018310547,522.0239868164063,209.052001953125]},{"page":174,"text":"contribute to the success of the friendly COA, by phase of the operation.","rect":[90.0,233.87998962402345,437.83319091796877,222.85198974609376]},{"page":174,"text":"3. Communications. Verification of the COF and air spot nets and the","rect":[176.39999389648438,259.6559753417969,521.96520703125,248.6519775390625]},{"page":174,"text":"call signs of the artillery and mortar units. It is critical to establish this communications","rect":[90.0,273.4800109863281,522.0263984375,262.4520263671875]},{"page":174,"text":"link prior to commencing the operation.","rect":[90.0,287.2799987792969,281.3160095214844,276.25201416015627]},{"page":174,"text":"4. Target Lists. Preplanned targets, high-value targets, and other","rect":[176.39999389648438,313.08001708984377,522.0768715820312,302.0520324707031]},{"page":174,"text":"targets of interest.","rect":[90.0,326.8799743652344,176.361572265625,315.85198974609377]},{"page":174,"text":"5. Fire Support Assets. General support, reinforcing, general support-","rect":[176.39999389648438,352.6799621582031,521.961576171875,341.6519775390625]},{"page":174,"text":"reinforcing, and direct support artillery positions and AOFs; multiple launch rocket system;","rect":[90.0,366.47998046875,522.012025390625,355.4519958496094]},{"page":174,"text":"mortar units’ positions and AOF; counterfire radar sites; and displacement schedules.","rect":[90.0,380.2559814453125,499.58642578125,369.2519836425781]},{"page":174,"text":"6. FSCMs. Verification of all active and planned coordination measures.","rect":[176.40000915527345,406.0559997558594,522.3289794921875,395.052001953125]},{"page":174,"text":"7. SEAD SOP. The plan for suppressive fires, including targets requiring","rect":[176.39999389648438,431.8799743652344,522.168212890625,420.85198974609377]},{"page":174,"text":"suppression, suppression assets, fire plans, and standard calls for fire.","rect":[90.0,445.656005859375,415.7303771972656,434.6520080566406]},{"page":174,"text":"8. Laser Employment Plan. Available assets and expected employment","rect":[176.39999389648438,471.47998046875,522.051576171875,460.4519958496094]},{"page":174,"text":"guidelines. Verify laser code assignments and deconfliction as per the ATO.","rect":[90.0,485.2799987792969,451.3559875488281,474.25201416015627]},{"page":174,"text":"(b) OPORD. ","rect":[154.79998779296876,511.0559997558594,223.0247802734375,500.052001953125]},{"page":174,"text":"The OPORD is a directive from the commander issued to","rect":[230.51998901367188,508.6679992675781,522.0911865234375,500.052001953125]},{"page":174,"text":"subordinate commanders to coordinate the execution of an operation. A thorough","rect":[89.99998474121094,524.8800659179688,522.080322265625,513.85205078125]},{"page":174,"text":"understanding of the OPORD and its annexes and appendices will provide the FAC(A)","rect":[90.0,538.6200561523438,522.0384194335937,527.592041015625]},{"page":174,"text":"planner much of the information required to successfully plan for the mission. The following","rect":[90.0,552.4200439453125,522.13671875,541.3920288085938]},{"page":174,"text":"sections and respective information should be read and understood:","rect":[90.0,566.196044921875,406.596009765625,555.1920166015625]},{"page":174,"text":"1. Operations Section","rect":[176.40000915527345,591.9960327148438,289.1016264648438,581.1840209960938]},{"page":174,"text":"and supporting units.","rect":[90.0,631.6200561523438,190.9320068359375,620.592041015625]},{"page":174,"text":"a. Friendly Situation. The status and missions of higher, adjacent,","rect":[198.0,617.8200073242188,521.990478515625,606.7799682617188]},{"page":174,"text":"b. Maneuver Control Measures. Unit boundaries, operational","rect":[198.0,657.3960571289063,521.9760146484375,646.3920288085938]},{"page":174,"text":"areas, and phase lines.","rect":[90.0,671.196044921875,196.8887939453125,660.1920166015625]},{"page":174,"text":"c. Main Effort. Where the main effort and weight of support will","rect":[198.0,697.02001953125,522.0407729492188,685.9920043945313]},{"page":174,"text":"be concentrated during all phases of the operation.","rect":[90.0,710.8200073242188,331.94403076171877,699.7919921875]},{"page":174,"text":"III-110 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,126.97560119628906,745.0679321289063]},{"page":174,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6556396484375,753.4679565429688,521.992919921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":175,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":175,"text":"d. Reconnaissance Units. The initial and planned location,","rect":[198.0,85.65597534179688,522.00244140625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":175,"text":"mission, fire support assets, communication nets, target marking capabilities, and means","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,522.0384223632813,88.4520263671875]},{"page":175,"text":"of friendly identification of these units.","rect":[90.0,113.28001403808594,277.8959655761719,102.25201416015625]},{"page":175,"text":"e. SOF team locations.","rect":[198.0,136.66799926757813,309.9695739746094,128.052001953125]},{"page":175,"text":"f. ROE restrictions.","rect":[198.0,162.46798706054688,294.25201416015627,153.85198974609376]},{"page":175,"text":"2. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,188.0999755859375,188.39999389648438,179.86798095703126]},{"page":175,"text":"Intelligence Section","rect":[191.39999389648438,190.6799774169922,291.1511870117188,179.84397888183595]},{"page":175,"text":"a. Priority intelligence requirements.","rect":[198.0,216.4800262451172,376.6080322265625,205.4520263671875]},{"page":175,"text":"b. Target intelligence.","rect":[198.0,242.28001403808595,306.22918701171877,231.25201416015626]},{"page":175,"text":"c. Possible and probable enemy COAs.","rect":[198.0,268.0799865722656,388.7183532714844,257.052001953125]},{"page":175,"text":"d. Intelligence estimates.","rect":[198.0,293.8799743652344,320.3280029296875,282.85198974609377]},{"page":175,"text":"e. Collection plan.","rect":[198.0,319.656005859375,288.9276123046875,308.6520080566406]},{"page":175,"text":"f. Ground order of battle.","rect":[198.0,343.0679931640625,321.667236328125,334.4519958496094]},{"page":175,"text":"g. Air order of battle.","rect":[198.0,371.2799987792969,303.0863952636719,360.25201416015627]},{"page":175,"text":"h. Missile order of battle.","rect":[198.0,394.656005859375,322.32000732421877,386.052001953125]},{"page":175,"text":"3. Fire Support Section","rect":[176.39999389648438,422.8559875488281,298.06799609375,412.0439758300781]},{"page":175,"text":"a. Scheme of maneuver.","rect":[198.0,446.26800537109377,316.684814453125,437.6520080566406]},{"page":175,"text":"b. Fire support plan.","rect":[198.0,474.45599365234377,297.92041015625,463.4519958496094]},{"page":175,"text":"c. ROE.","rect":[198.0,497.8680114746094,239.38681030273438,489.4560241699219]},{"page":175,"text":"missions).","rect":[126.0,539.8560180664063,175.00799560546876,528.8519897460938]},{"page":175,"text":"d. Preplanned air support (preplanned scheduled and on-call","rect":[198.0,526.0560302734375,522.015443359375,515.052001953125]},{"page":175,"text":"boundaries).","rect":[90.0,605.2560424804688,149.63880920410157,594.2520141601563]},{"page":175,"text":"e. Air targets.","rect":[198.0,565.6799926757813,266.35198974609377,554.6519775390625]},{"page":175,"text":"f. Air target overlays (depicts planned air targets, FSCMs, and unit","rect":[198.0,591.4800415039063,521.9639907226563,580.4520263671875]},{"page":175,"text":"g. Artillery fire plan.","rect":[198.0,631.0800170898438,300.6203918457031,620.052001953125]},{"page":175,"text":"h. Artillery targets.","rect":[198.0,656.8800048828125,292.2696228027344,645.8519897460938]},{"page":175,"text":"i. Initial position area/fire capabilities overlay (depicts initial","rect":[198.0,682.6199951171875,522.0156264648438,671.5919799804688]},{"page":175,"text":"position areas assigned to artillery units, unit boundaries, and their fire capabilities).","rect":[90.0,696.4200439453125,493.27923583984377,685.3920288085938]},{"page":175,"text":"III-111","rect":[488.0400085449219,753.2999267578125,522.0527954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":176,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":176,"text":"j. Artillery target overlays (depicts artillery targets, groups, series,","rect":[198.0,85.67997741699219,522.0540161132813,74.63997650146485]},{"page":176,"text":"FSCMs, and unit boundaries).","rect":[90.0,99.45602416992188,234.30357360839845,88.4520263671875]},{"page":176,"text":"k. Artillery fire support tables.","rect":[198.0,125.28001403808594,346.94036865234377,114.25201416015625]},{"page":176,"text":"l. Naval surface fire plan.","rect":[198.0,151.05599975585938,322.9884338378906,140.052001953125]},{"page":176,"text":"m. Fire support coordination overlay (depicts applicable FSCMs to","rect":[198.0,176.87998962402345,522.0624389648438,165.85198974609376]},{"page":176,"text":"include unit boundaries).","rect":[90.0,190.65597534179688,209.65200805664063,179.6519775390625]},{"page":176,"text":"4. Communications-Electronics Section","rect":[176.39999389648438,214.0799560546875,380.4360380859375,205.6439666748047]},{"page":176,"text":"availability.","rect":[90.0,256.0799865722656,147.08639526367188,245.052001953125]},{"page":176,"text":"OPTASKLINK.","rect":[90.0,293.26800537109377,168.29281616210938,284.85601806640627]},{"page":176,"text":"a. Communications system assets, including DACAS and gateway","rect":[198.0,242.28001403808595,521.9710083007813,231.25201416015626]},{"page":176,"text":"b. Planned voice and data nets, including VMF and TDLs from","rect":[198.0,281.8799743652344,521.972474609375,270.85198974609377]},{"page":176,"text":"c. Communications-electronics ","rect":[198.0,319.0679931640625,353.3399963378906,310.4519958496094]},{"page":176,"text":"authentication procedures.","rect":[90.0,335.2560119628906,216.6959991455078,324.25201416015627]},{"page":176,"text":"operating ","rect":[369.1199951171875,321.47998046875,417.465576171875,310.4519958496094]},{"page":176,"text":"instructions ","rect":[433.24560546875,319.0,492.2784118652344,310.4519958496094]},{"page":176,"text":"d. Communications security (COMSEC) procedures.","rect":[198.0,361.0799865722656,454.88641357421877,350.052001953125]},{"page":176,"text":"5. Air Operations Section","rect":[176.39999389648438,386.8559875488281,309.3707915039063,376.0439758300781]},{"page":176,"text":"for","rect":[508.05841064453127,319.0,522.0168129882812,310.4639892578125]},{"page":176,"text":"a. TAC procedures.","rect":[198.0,412.656005859375,294.9072265625,401.6520080566406]},{"page":176,"text":"b. FAC(A) procedures.","rect":[198.0,438.45599365234377,311.589599609375,427.4519958496094]},{"page":176,"text":"c. MISREP procedures.","rect":[198.0,464.2560119628906,314.2403869628906,453.25201416015627]},{"page":176,"text":"d. Target marking for air attack.","rect":[198.0,490.0799865722656,354.507568359375,479.052001953125]},{"page":176,"text":"e. Interdiction and armed reconnaissance.","rect":[198.0,513.4559936523438,400.27447509765627,504.85198974609377]},{"page":176,"text":"f. CAS briefing.","rect":[198.0,541.6799926757813,278.3471984863281,530.6519775390625]},{"page":176,"text":"g. AH brief.","rect":[198.0,567.4800415039063,258.9552001953125,556.4520263671875]},{"page":176,"text":"h. Assault support.","rect":[198.0,593.2560424804688,291.0,582.2520141601563]},{"page":176,"text":"i. Armament.","rect":[198.0,616.656005859375,264.666015625,608.052001953125]},{"page":176,"text":"j. ACMs.","rect":[198.0,644.8800048828125,245.33999633789063,633.8399658203125]},{"page":176,"text":"k. Tactical routing.","rect":[198.0,670.6799926757813,292.343994140625,659.6519775390625]},{"page":176,"text":"information ","rect":[90.0,708.0,149.66641235351563,699.1920166015625]},{"page":176,"text":"6. Theater/Operation SOPs. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,696.3960571289063,326.90399169921877,685.5840454101563]},{"page":176,"text":"These documents will supplement the","rect":[333.47998046875,696.3960571289063,522.055294921875,685.3920288085938]},{"page":176,"text":"that is found in the OPORD. There may exist memorandums of ","rect":[155.06640625,710.2200317382813,524.9939575195313,699.1920166015625]},{"page":176,"text":"III-112 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,126.97560119628906,745.0679321289063]},{"page":176,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6556396484375,753.4679565429688,521.992919921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":177,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":177,"text":"agreement/understanding or tactical directives that FAC(A)s will need to be familiar with,","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.069580078125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":177,"text":"and adhere to, where applicable.","rect":[90.0,99.45596313476563,245.20559692382813,88.45196533203125]},{"page":177,"text":"7. ATO. The ATO contains the JFACC’s plan for providing the air","rect":[176.39999389648438,125.27995300292969,522.029935546875,114.251953125]},{"page":177,"text":"support required in the operation plan (OPLAN)/OPORD. FAC(A)s must read the ATO,","rect":[90.0,139.05599975585938,522.0084228515625,128.052001953125]},{"page":177,"text":"the ACO, and the SPINS thoroughly to derive the following information:","rect":[90.0,152.87998962402345,440.9472060546875,141.85198974609376]},{"page":177,"text":"a. CAS and FAC(A) assets available (e.g., mission number; type,","rect":[198.0,178.6799774169922,521.9400024414063,167.6519775390625]},{"page":177,"text":"model, and/or series; ordnance; time on station).","rect":[90.0,192.45602416992188,321.99359130859377,181.4520263671875]},{"page":177,"text":"b. Routing (RW and FW).","rect":[198.0,218.28001403808595,326.3544006347656,207.25201416015626]},{"page":177,"text":"c. Control points.","rect":[198.0,244.05599975585938,284.29681396484377,233.052001953125]},{"page":177,"text":"d. ACMs.","rect":[198.0,267.4679870605469,247.97518920898438,258.85198974609377]},{"page":177,"text":"e. Expected operational area.","rect":[198.0,295.656005859375,339.98284912109377,284.6520080566406]},{"page":177,"text":"f. Tanker availability/locations/times.","rect":[198.0,321.47998046875,381.0792236328125,310.4519958496094]},{"page":177,"text":"g. Code words.","rect":[198.0,347.2799987792969,273.609619140625,336.25201416015627]},{"page":177,"text":"h. Communications plan.","rect":[198.0,373.0559997558594,321.6036376953125,362.052001953125]},{"page":177,"text":"i. FSCMs.","rect":[198.0,396.4679870605469,250.0092010498047,387.85198974609377]},{"page":177,"text":"j. FARP/FOB locations.","rect":[198.0,424.67999267578127,316.27679443359377,413.6400146484375]},{"page":177,"text":"8. Automated Communications-Electronics Operating Instructions","rect":[176.39999389648438,450.47998046875,522.0130927734375,439.64398193359377]},{"page":177,"text":"(ACEOI). The ACEOI provide the daily communications plan, including monitored nets,","rect":[90.0,464.2799987792969,521.9783935546875,453.25201416015627]},{"page":177,"text":"frequencies, call signs, and encryption/authentication tables.","rect":[90.0000228881836,478.0799865722656,379.2816162109375,467.052001953125]},{"page":177,"text":"22. Tactical Air Coordinator (Airborne) Planning","rect":[90.00004577636719,504.0,347.049560546875,493.16400146484377]},{"page":177,"text":"a. Introduction. The TAC(A) is an airborne extension of the ASOC or DASC. The","rect":[111.60004425048828,529.656005859375,521.9784516601562,518.6519775390625]},{"page":177,"text":"TAC(A)’s authority is determined by the CRC, ASOC, DASC, Navy TACC, or Marine","rect":[90.00004577636719,543.4800415039063,521.968869140625,532.4520263671875]},{"page":177,"text":"TACC. The TAC(A)’s authority and responsibility can range from simple radio relay, all","rect":[90.00004577636719,557.280029296875,522.0288100585938,546.2520141601563]},{"page":177,"text":"the way to having launch, delay, and divert authority over other assets. To be effective,","rect":[90.00004577636719,571.0800170898438,522.076904296875,560.052001953125]},{"page":177,"text":"TAC(A)s must conduct detailed planning and integration with all supported units,","rect":[90.00004577636719,584.8800048828125,521.964111328125,573.8519897460938]},{"page":177,"text":"including aviation, ground, and C2 units. TAC(A)s should be familiar with the same","rect":[90.00004577636719,598.6200561523438,522.0156220703125,587.592041015625]},{"page":177,"text":"documents required for FAC(A) preparation (e.g., OPLAN/OPORD, ATO, ACEOI). The","rect":[90.00004577636719,612.4199829101563,521.9280366210937,601.3919677734375]},{"page":177,"text":"following section lists some of the potential responsibilities of TAC(A)s:","rect":[90.00006866455078,626.2200317382813,440.2416396484375,615.1920166015625]},{"page":177,"text":"(1) Coordinate offensive air support.","rect":[133.20010375976563,651.9960327148438,311.83209228515627,640.9920043945313]},{"page":177,"text":"(a) Provide CAS briefs and TOTs.","rect":[154.8000946044922,677.7960205078125,322.40167236328127,666.7919921875]},{"page":177,"text":"(b) Provide hand offs to terminal controllers.","rect":[154.8000946044922,703.5960083007813,372.6769104003906,692.5919799804688]},{"page":177,"text":"III-113","rect":[488.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0527954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":178,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":178,"text":"(c) Provide and relay situation updates and BDA.","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,394.3944091796875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":178,"text":"(d) Provide aircraft and fire support coordination.","rect":[154.8000030517578,111.45596313476563,395.406005859375,100.45196533203125]},{"page":178,"text":"(e) Process and relay JTARs.","rect":[154.8000030517578,137.2799530029297,297.4607849121094,126.251953125]},{"page":178,"text":"(f) Serve as temporary FAC(A) (if qualified). (Note: TAC[A]s should never","rect":[154.8000030517578,163.0800018310547,522.01797265625,152.052001953125]},{"page":178,"text":"perform both missions simultaneously. It will take a significant amount of time for the","rect":[89.99998474121094,176.87998962402345,522.0144013671875,165.85198974609376]},{"page":178,"text":"TAC[A] to transition to and from the FAC[A] and TAC[A] roles.) ","rect":[89.99998474121094,190.65597534179688,414.29998779296877,179.6519775390625]},{"page":178,"text":"(g) Serve as a deep battle coordinator.","rect":[154.80001831054688,216.47996520996095,340.12689208984377,205.45196533203126]},{"page":178,"text":"(2) Coordinate and execute C2 of designated assets.","rect":[133.2000274658203,242.2799530029297,384.78240966796877,231.251953125]},{"page":178,"text":"(a) Extend range or enhance communications for the CRC, ASOC, DASC,","rect":[154.80001831054688,268.0799865722656,521.930419921875,257.052001953125]},{"page":178,"text":"FSCC, TACP, Navy TACC, and Marine TACC.","rect":[90.00000762939453,281.8799133300781,321.9624328613281,270.8519287109375]},{"page":178,"text":"(b) Control a section of airspace by procedurally controlling assets into and","rect":[154.8000030517578,307.679931640625,522.0023803710938,296.6519470214844]},{"page":178,"text":"out of the area.","rect":[90.00003051757813,319.05596923828127,162.01202392578126,310.45196533203127]},{"page":178,"text":"(c) Deconflict fires and assets.","rect":[154.80003356933595,347.2559509277344,303.381591796875,336.251953125]},{"page":178,"text":"(d) Execute delegated responsibilities (e.g., launch, delay, divert) in the","rect":[154.80003356933595,373.0799255371094,522.0263642578125,362.05194091796877]},{"page":178,"text":"absence of the appropriate C2 agency.","rect":[90.00003051757813,386.8799133300781,273.27606201171877,375.8519287109375]},{"page":178,"text":"(3) Coordinate assault support operations.","rect":[133.2000274658203,412.6559143066406,337.0980224609375,401.65191650390627]},{"page":178,"text":"(a) Coordinate and relay casualty evacuation missions.","rect":[154.80001831054688,438.47991943359377,420.0335998535156,427.4519348144531]},{"page":178,"text":"(b) Process and relay assault support requests.","rect":[154.80001831054688,464.2799072265625,378.7188415527344,453.2519226074219]},{"page":178,"text":"(c) Support helicopter-borne operations.","rect":[154.80001831054688,490.0559387207031,350.4240417480469,479.05194091796877]},{"page":178,"text":"(d) Coordinate reactive SEAD packages and their conduct.","rect":[154.80001831054688,515.8799438476563,439.82275390625,504.8519287109375]},{"page":178,"text":"(e) Coordinate surface-to-surface fires.","rect":[154.80001831054688,541.656005859375,344.47930908203127,530.6519775390625]},{"page":178,"text":"b. Pre-Mission Planning. TAC(A)s are usually geographically separated from the","rect":[111.60002899169922,567.4800415039063,522.0360078125,556.4520263671875]},{"page":178,"text":"units they are supporting. Despite this, TAC(A)s should be included in the mission","rect":[90.00005340576172,581.280029296875,521.9639892578125,570.2520141601563]},{"page":178,"text":"planning process by receiving OPLANs and coordinating on-station times and other facets","rect":[90.00005340576172,595.0800170898438,522.016876953125,584.052001953125]},{"page":178,"text":"of support operations. On-station times must be planned to ensure TAC(A)s can","rect":[90.00007629394531,608.8560791015625,521.9569091796875,597.85205078125]},{"page":178,"text":"accomplish the mission and execute within the intent of the supported commander. At a","rect":[90.00007629394531,622.5960693359375,521.995236328125,611.592041015625]},{"page":178,"text":"minimum, TAC(A) on-station times should be planned to cover critical portions of ","rect":[90.00007629394531,636.3961181640625,525.0289306640625,625.39208984375]},{"page":178,"text":"missions if the TAC(A) cannot be airborne for the entire duration of the mission. ","rect":[90.00007629394531,650.1961059570313,483.78729248046877,639.1920776367188]},{"page":178,"text":"23. Joint Fires Observer Planning","rect":[90.00007629394531,676.1400756835938,266.00408935546877,665.3040771484375]},{"page":178,"text":"a. To maximize the effectiveness of the joint fires available to the ground commander,","rect":[111.6000747680664,701.8201293945313,521.9964599609375,690.7800903320313]},{"page":178,"text":"the JTAC and JFO should be employed as a team, with the JFO acting as an extension of ","rect":[90.00007629394531,715.6201171875,524.946044921875,704.5921020507813]},{"page":178,"text":"III-114 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,126.97560119628906,745.0679321289063]},{"page":178,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6556396484375,753.4679565429688,521.992919921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":179,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":179,"text":"the JTAC. While JFOs provide timely and accurate targeting data for controls to the","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.9843720703125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":179,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A), the JTAC/FAC(A) maintains TAC authority. The JFO","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,479.2968125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":179,"text":"or the","rect":[488.280029296875,97.05596160888672,521.995236328125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":179,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) can issue an abort at any time to prevent friendly fire or for safety of flight.","rect":[90.00004577636719,113.27995300292969,522.0180053710938,102.251953125]},{"page":179,"text":"b. Planning. For successful JFO employment, it is imperative the JTAC and JFO","rect":[111.60003662109375,139.0800018310547,521.9568466796875,128.052001953125]},{"page":179,"text":"participate in the planning process. The concept of employment (COE) should include the","rect":[90.00004577636719,152.87998962402345,522.01208203125,141.85198974609376]},{"page":179,"text":"responsibilities associated with FSTs. The JTACs and JFOs should pay particular attention","rect":[90.00004577636719,166.6799774169922,521.9952392578125,155.6519775390625]},{"page":179,"text":"to the ROE/SPINs and ensure the communications plan is supportable, executable, and","rect":[90.00004577636719,180.45596313476563,522.0252685546875,169.45196533203126]},{"page":179,"text":"understood by the JFO, JTAC, AO, and other fires agencies.","rect":[90.00004577636719,194.2799530029297,379.5780334472656,183.251953125]},{"page":179,"text":"24. Multinational Operations","rect":[90.00004577636719,220.17599487304688,241.93681408691408,209.36399841308595]},{"page":179,"text":"a. NATO and partner nations have and continue to use JP 3-09.3 as a basis for","rect":[111.60004425048828,245.85598754882813,522.0024086914062,234.85198974609376]},{"page":179,"text":"conducting CAS. See also Allied Joint Publication-3.3.2, Air Interdiction and Close Air","rect":[90.0000228881836,259.6799621582031,522.0240180664063,248.6519775390625]},{"page":179,"text":"Support, and Allied Tactical Publication-3.3.2.1(C), Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures","rect":[90.0000228881836,273.4559631347656,522.0228583984375,262.45196533203127]},{"page":179,"text":"for Close Air Support and Air Interdiction. Some differences still remain between US joint","rect":[90.0000228881836,287.2799377441406,522.0264907226563,276.2399597167969]},{"page":179,"text":"doctrine and US-ratified Allied joint doctrine, but these differences are being addressed","rect":[90.0000228881836,301.0799560546875,522.0504150390625,290.03997802734377]},{"page":179,"text":"routinely.","rect":[90.0000228881836,314.87994384765627,136.33203125,303.8519592285156]},{"page":179,"text":"b. Although the integration of CAS in multinational operations does not require any","rect":[111.60002136230469,340.679931640625,521.988037109375,329.6519470214844]},{"page":179,"text":"change in procedures, it is incumbent upon the JFC to understand the capabilities of the","rect":[90.0000228881836,354.4799499511719,522.0947846679687,343.45196533203127]},{"page":179,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s in the field. The Joint Fire Support Executive Steering Committee","rect":[90.0000228881836,368.2799377441406,522.00719921875,357.251953125]},{"page":179,"text":"JFO/JTAC/FAC(A) Standardization Team has accredited several partner nations (some of ","rect":[90.0000228881836,382.0559387207031,525.0384521484375,371.05194091796877]},{"page":179,"text":"which are NATO members) and plans future accreditation of several others. These","rect":[90.00004577636719,395.8559265136719,522.0144624023437,384.8519287109375]},{"page":179,"text":"accredited countries have agreed to the JFO/JTAC/FAC(A) memorandums of agreement","rect":[90.00004577636719,409.6799011230469,521.9196181640625,398.65191650390627]},{"page":179,"text":"for standardized JFO/JTAC/FAC(A) training.","rect":[90.00004577636719,423.47991943359377,309.300048828125,412.4519348144531]},{"page":179,"text":"c. The JTACs/FAC(A)s of participating countries are trained by the contributing","rect":[111.60005187988281,449.2799072265625,522.0048217773438,438.2519226074219]},{"page":179,"text":"countries and adhere to standards such as accreditation by the Joint Fire Support Executive","rect":[90.00004577636719,463.07989501953127,522.0216645507812,452.0519104003906]},{"page":179,"text":"Steering Committee JFO/JTAC/FAC(A) Standardization Team. Adhering to the NATO","rect":[90.00004577636719,476.8799133300781,522.0156235351562,465.8519287109375]},{"page":179,"text":"STANAG will enhance the JFC’s confidence in the JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s abilities and should","rect":[90.00004577636719,490.5959167480469,521.972412109375,479.5919189453125]},{"page":179,"text":"be considered when authorizing TAC.","rect":[90.00004577636719,504.419921875,272.96405029296877,493.3919372558594]},{"page":179,"text":"25. Requesting Close Air Support","rect":[90.00004577636719,530.3399658203125,264.6336037597656,519.5039672851563]},{"page":179,"text":"Air support requests are used to identify the supported commander’s requirements for","rect":[111.60004425048828,556.0199584960938,522.019193359375,544.991943359375]},{"page":179,"text":"CAS and other supporting air missions. There are two types of CAS requests:","rect":[90.0000228881836,569.8199462890625,522.03359765625,558.7919311523438]},{"page":179,"text":"preplanned and immediate. Preplanned air support requests may be resourced with","rect":[90.0000228881836,583.7399291992188,521.9124174804688,572.9039306640625]},{"page":179,"text":"either scheduled or on-call air missions. Immediate air support requests are","rect":[90.0000228881836,597.5159912109375,521.9784516601562,586.7039794921875]},{"page":179,"text":"supported with on-call missions or by redirecting scheduled air missions that are","rect":[90.00004577636719,611.3400268554688,522.0336884765625,600.5040283203125]},{"page":179,"text":"already on the ATO. DACAS capability should be considered for both preplanned and","rect":[90.00004577636719,625.0199584960938,522.0012817382813,613.991943359375]},{"page":179,"text":"immediate air support requests. (As a minimum, JTAC unit reference number [URN] with","rect":[90.00004577636719,638.7960205078125,522.02392578125,627.7919921875]},{"page":179,"text":"digital TAD and/or Joint Tactical Information Distribution System unit [JU] number","rect":[90.00003051757813,652.6200561523438,522.0600258789062,641.592041015625]},{"page":179,"text":"should be provided in the request.)","rect":[90.00004577636719,666.3960571289063,256.6440560302734,655.3920288085938]},{"page":179,"text":"a. Preplanned Requests. Those CAS requirements foreseen early enough to be","rect":[111.60004425048828,692.2200317382813,522.0599946289062,681.1920166015625]},{"page":179,"text":"included in the first ATO distribution are submitted as preplanned air support requests for","rect":[90.00004577636719,705.99609375,521.9124428710937,694.9920654296875]},{"page":179,"text":"CAS. As soon as the requirements for CAS are identified during the planning process,","rect":[90.00006866455078,719.8201293945313,522.016845703125,708.7921142578125]},{"page":179,"text":"III-115","rect":[488.0400085449219,753.4319458007813,522.0527954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":180,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":180,"text":"planners submit air support requests for CAS per the JAOC battle rhythm. Only those","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0119599609375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":180,"text":"requests submitted in sufficient time to be included in the joint air tasking cycle planning","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.08642578125,88.4399642944336]},{"page":180,"text":"stages and supported on the ATO are considered preplanned requests. Planners can prepare","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,521.9999970703125,102.251953125]},{"page":180,"text":"preplanned requests by using DD Form 1972, Joint Tactical Air Strike Request, (see","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,521.9807709960937,116.052001953125]},{"page":180,"text":"Appendix A, “Joint Tactical Air Strike Request”) or USMTF D670, Air Support Request. ","rect":[90.0,140.85598754882813,525.0192260742188,129.85198974609376]},{"page":180,"text":"These forms may be digitally transmitted using AFATDS. Digital is the preferred method","rect":[90.0,154.6799774169922,521.9976196289063,143.6519775390625]},{"page":180,"text":"of transmitting/receiving air support requests (e.g., JTAR).","rect":[90.0,168.47996520996095,371.96630859375,157.45196533203126]},{"page":180,"text":"(1) Precedence. Each preplanned request is assigned precedence by the","rect":[133.1999969482422,194.2799530029297,521.9411591796875,183.251953125]},{"page":180,"text":"requestor, which orders the requests in descending order of importance. It is refined at","rect":[90.0,208.0800018310547,522.0191665039063,197.052001953125]},{"page":180,"text":"subsequent levels of the request process according to the commander’s priorities. Detailed","rect":[90.0,221.87998962402345,522.0108032226563,210.85198974609376]},{"page":180,"text":"preplanned requests that retain a high precedence through the various echelons of ","rect":[90.0,235.6799774169922,524.9796142578125,224.6519775390625]},{"page":180,"text":"command will likely result in a scheduled mission line on the ATO.","rect":[90.0,249.47996520996095,415.1999816894531,238.45196533203126]},{"page":180,"text":"(2) Amount of Detail. The amount of detail the requestor is able to include in","rect":[133.20001220703126,275.2559509277344,521.9963989257813,264.251953125]},{"page":180,"text":"the request is critical. If possible, the requesting unit should identify the target,","rect":[90.0,289.0799560546875,521.9520874023438,278.0519714355469]},{"page":180,"text":"location, TOT, and other mission data (e.g., desired effects, FSCMs). This information","rect":[90.0,302.87994384765627,522.0731811523438,291.8519592285156]},{"page":180,"text":"will provide more effective coordination and a higher likelihood that the aircraft will have","rect":[90.0000228881836,316.679931640625,522.0288056640625,305.6519470214844]},{"page":180,"text":"the proper weapons load for the assigned target. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,330.4799499511719,326.0027770996094,319.45196533203127]},{"page":180,"text":"(3) Timeliness. A high level of detail is not always available prior to the ATO","rect":[133.20001220703126,356.2799377441406,521.9892563476562,345.251953125]},{"page":180,"text":"cutoff time. In these cases, preplanned requests can still identify an anticipated","rect":[90.00004577636719,370.0799255371094,521.9952421875,359.05194091796877]},{"page":180,"text":"requirement for CAS to be available during a period of time, with the exact time and","rect":[90.00004577636719,383.9999084472656,522.00842578125,373.1639099121094]},{"page":180,"text":"place to be coordinated as the battle develops. The requesting commander should","rect":[90.0000228881836,397.6799011230469,521.9664306640625,386.65191650390627]},{"page":180,"text":"provide a timeframe, probable target type, and place where the need for CAS is most likely. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,411.47991943359377,525.027587890625,400.4519348144531]},{"page":180,"text":"The important thing to remember for preplanned requests is to get the request in, per the","rect":[90.0000228881836,425.2799072265625,521.962765625,414.2519226074219]},{"page":180,"text":"JAOC battle rhythm, to accommodate the joint air tasking cycle planning phases (phases 1","rect":[90.0000228881836,439.07989501953127,521.9880981445313,428.0399169921875]},{"page":180,"text":"through 3). Then, as the situation develops, update the request with the ASOC/DASC","rect":[90.0000228881836,452.8799133300781,522.0108017578125,441.8519287109375]},{"page":180,"text":"referencing the original request number as needed.","rect":[90.0000228881836,466.7998962402344,350.93280029296877,455.9638977050781]},{"page":180,"text":"(4) Submission. Planners at each echelon consolidate their requests for CAS and","rect":[133.2000274658203,492.3959045410156,521.978515625,481.39190673828127]},{"page":180,"text":"submit them to the next HHQ, along with other air support requests. There, the commander","rect":[90.00004577636719,506.2198791503906,521.9328896484375,495.19189453125]},{"page":180,"text":"and the staff consolidate all requests and approve or disapprove them. Disapproved","rect":[90.00004577636719,519.9959716796875,522.0516357421875,508.991943359375]},{"page":180,"text":"requests should be sent back to the requesting unit with an explanation. Approved requests","rect":[90.00004577636719,533.8199462890625,522.0096748046875,522.7919311523438]},{"page":180,"text":"are re-prioritized and assigned a new precedence in accordance with the ground","rect":[90.00004577636719,547.6199951171875,522.0144653320313,536.5919799804688]},{"page":180,"text":"commander’s desires (see Figure III-34).","rect":[90.00004577636719,561.4199829101563,286.27203369140627,550.3919677734375]},{"page":180,"text":"(5) Coordination. Approved and prioritized requests are forwarded to the JAOC","rect":[133.20004272460938,587.196044921875,522.0528891601563,576.1920166015625]},{"page":180,"text":"for inclusion into the ATO planning cycle.","rect":[90.00004577636719,601.02001953125,294.2628479003906,589.9920043945313]},{"page":180,"text":"b. Immediate Air Support Requests. Immediate air support requests arise from","rect":[111.60004425048828,626.7960815429688,522.1019912109375,615.7920532226563]},{"page":180,"text":"situations that develop outside the planning stages of the joint air tasking cycle. It is","rect":[90.00004577636719,640.6200561523438,522.0636298828125,629.5800170898438]},{"page":180,"text":"important to understand that air assets available to satisfy immediate air support requests","rect":[90.00004577636719,654.4201049804688,522.04690625,643.39208984375]},{"page":180,"text":"already exist in the published ATO. Because these requirements cannot be identified early","rect":[90.00004577636719,668.2200927734375,522.030029296875,657.1920776367188]},{"page":180,"text":"on, tailored ordnance loads, sensors, or platforms may not be available for specified targets. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,682.0201416015625,525.0396728515625,670.9921264648438]},{"page":180,"text":"To resource an approved immediate request, the senior ground echelon (e.g., corps,","rect":[90.00004577636719,695.8201293945313,522.0,684.7921142578125]},{"page":180,"text":"division) AO/ALO may advise the G-3 to redirect scheduled CAS missions, to task on-call","rect":[90.00004577636719,709.6201782226563,522.0228286132813,698.5921630859375]},{"page":180,"text":"III-116 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,126.97560119628906,745.0679321289063]},{"page":180,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6556396484375,753.4679565429688,521.992919921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":181,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":181,"text":"Figure III-34. Preplanned Air Support Requests for Close Air Support","rect":[141.78036499023438,450.5938720703125,470.1537988243103,441.09490966796877]},{"page":181,"text":"missions, or to forward the requests to the JAOC. During stage 5 (Execution Planning and","rect":[90.0,473.8799743652344,522.0311889648438,462.85198974609377]},{"page":181,"text":"Force Execution) of the joint air tasking cycle, the JFACC’s staff (e.g., ASOC) may need","rect":[90.0,487.6799621582031,521.98681640625,476.6399841308594]},{"page":181,"text":"to redirect missions to support immediate air support requests for CAS (see Figure III-35).","rect":[90.0,501.47998046875,522.0743408203125,490.4519958496094]},{"page":181,"text":"(1) Conventional Force Submission. Immediate air support requests are","rect":[133.20001220703126,527.2559814453125,522.03844921875,516.251953125]},{"page":181,"text":"forwarded to the appropriate command post by the most effective means available, voice","rect":[90.0,541.0800170898438,522.0203828125,530.052001953125]},{"page":181,"text":"or digital (see Figure III-36). Commanders anticipating contact may submit immediate","rect":[90.0,554.8800048828125,522.1151704101562,543.8519897460938]},{"page":181,"text":"requests that will result in missions dedicated to the maneuver force for near-term planning. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,568.6799926757813,525.0336303710938,557.6519775390625]},{"page":181,"text":"Immediate air support requests/JTARs can be sent and processed digitally using AFATDS. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,582.4800415039063,525.0096435546875,571.4520263671875]},{"page":181,"text":"The most responsive air support for troops in contact may require immediate requests sent","rect":[90.0000228881836,596.2799682617188,522.0024428710938,585.251953125]},{"page":181,"text":"directly from the TACP (JTAC, ALO, AO) to the ASOC/DASC using JARN or","rect":[90.00006866455078,610.0800170898438,522.0168740234375,599.052001953125]},{"page":181,"text":"TAR/helicopter request (HR). The AO/FSC/ALO at each intermediate HQ monitors the","rect":[90.00004577636719,623.8560180664063,521.98083203125,612.8519897460938]},{"page":181,"text":"flow of requests. Based on the commander’s intent, and after considering whether organic","rect":[90.00004577636719,637.6799926757813,522.0768403320312,626.6519775390625]},{"page":181,"text":"assets are available to fulfill the request, they approve or deny the request. Denial involves","rect":[90.00004577636719,651.47998046875,522.0348212890625,640.4519653320313]},{"page":181,"text":"sending Section II data of DD Form 1972, Joint Tactical Air Strike Request, back to the","rect":[90.00004577636719,665.2799682617188,521.9904145507812,654.251953125]},{"page":181,"text":"requestor. Silence by the intermediate HQ implies consent to the request.","rect":[90.00004577636719,679.0800170898438,443.5440368652344,668.052001953125]},{"page":181,"text":"III-117","rect":[488.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0527954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":182,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":182,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,692.0,93.0,691.0]},{"page":182,"text":"Figure III-35. Immediate Air Support Request Process for Close Air Support ","rect":[126.17987060546875,659.69384765625,488.5762400588989,650.1948852539063]},{"page":182,"text":"Using the Joint Air Request Network","rect":[219.29974365234376,671.2138671875,392.7319173736572,661.8351440429688]},{"page":182,"text":"III-118 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,126.97560119628906,745.0679321289063]},{"page":182,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6556396484375,753.4679565429688,521.992919921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":183,"text":"Planning and Requesting","rect":[402.0,49.67997741699219,522.0264282226563,38.651973724365237]},{"page":183,"text":"Figure III-36. Immediate Close Air Support Request Channels","rect":[160.13998413085938,446.453857421875,451.87232875061036,436.95489501953127]},{"page":183,"text":"(2) SOF Submission. ","rect":[133.1999969482422,469.47601318359377,248.80796813964845,458.4720153808594]},{"page":183,"text":"SOF HQ communications capabilities are usually","rect":[261.1199951171875,469.5,522.0732421875,458.4720153808594]},{"page":183,"text":"adequate to link directly to component communications nets that can scramble or divert","rect":[89.99999237060547,483.29998779296877,522.0360122070313,472.2720031738281]},{"page":183,"text":"CAS aircraft as required.","rect":[89.99999237060547,497.0760192871094,210.0216064453125,486.072021484375]},{"page":183,"text":"(3) Priority. For immediate requests, each JTAR is assigned a priority. They","rect":[133.1999969482422,522.9000244140625,522.009521484375,511.87200927734377]},{"page":183,"text":"should use the numerical designation below to determine priority (e.g., define the tactical","rect":[89.99996948242188,536.7000122070313,522.03961328125,525.6719970703125]},{"page":183,"text":"situation).","rect":[89.99996948242188,550.47607421875,138.37196350097657,539.4720458984375]},{"page":183,"text":"(a) Emergency #1. Targets that require immediate action and supersede all","rect":[154.7999725341797,576.2999877929688,521.9879775390625,565.27197265625]},{"page":183,"text":"other categories of mission priority.","rect":[89.99999237060547,590.1000366210938,261.638427734375,579.072021484375]},{"page":183,"text":"targets.","rect":[89.99999237060547,629.7000122070313,125.04478454589844,619.8839721679688]},{"page":183,"text":"(b) Priority #2. Targets that require immediate action and supersede routine","rect":[154.79998779296876,615.9000244140625,522.0203828125,604.8720092773438]},{"page":183,"text":"(c) Routine #3. Targets of opportunity. Targets which do not demand urgency","rect":[154.79998779296876,655.5,522.0900268554688,644.4719848632813]},{"page":183,"text":"in execution.","rect":[89.99999237060547,666.8759765625,150.7823944091797,658.27197265625]},{"page":183,"text":"(4) Situation Update. When submitting a JTAR, the JTAC or requesting agency","rect":[133.1999969482422,695.1000366210938,522.1524047851563,684.072021484375]},{"page":183,"text":"will provide a current situation update to the ASOC/DASC. ","rect":[89.99999237060547,708.8759765625,382.2743835449219,697.8719482421875]},{"page":183,"text":"III-119","rect":[488.0400085449219,753.4559326171875,522.0527954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":184,"text":"Chapter III","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,142.96319360351564,38.651973724365237]},{"page":184,"text":"For more information on the situation update, see Chapter V “Execution,” paragraph 4,","rect":[90.0,85.74003601074219,522.0396728515625,74.83203125]},{"page":184,"text":"“Situation Update.”","rect":[90.0,99.51602172851563,187.97641284179688,88.63201904296875]},{"page":184,"text":"(5) Request Format. DD Form 1972, Joint Tactical Air Strike Request, is used","rect":[133.1999969482422,125.25601196289063,522.0672607421875,114.25201416015625]},{"page":184,"text":"for requesting CAS through the ASOC/DASC. However, digital air support requests are","rect":[90.0,139.08006286621095,522.0048188476562,128.05206298828126]},{"page":184,"text":"the preferred method of requesting air support through fire support channels.","rect":[90.0,152.8800506591797,458.293212890625,141.85205078125]},{"page":184,"text":"(a) Mission Data. For preplanned requests, mission data can be passed","rect":[154.80001831054688,178.65603637695313,521.9544677734375,167.65203857421876]},{"page":184,"text":"through maneuver force or ASOC/DASC communications channels. Data may be included","rect":[90.0000228881836,192.4800262451172,521.9904174804688,181.4520263671875]},{"page":184,"text":"in the ATO, mission order, or fire support plan. For approved immediate requests, mission","rect":[90.0000228881836,206.25601196289063,522.015625,195.25201416015626]},{"page":184,"text":"data is passed down the same air request net used by the requesting unit.","rect":[90.0,220.0800018310547,437.23321533203127,209.052001953125]},{"page":184,"text":"(b) Mission data is passed using Section III format to the requesting unit. At","rect":[154.80001831054688,245.8800506591797,521.930482421875,234.85205078125]},{"page":184,"text":"a minimum, mission data will include:","rect":[90.0000228881836,257.2559814453125,274.7904677734375,248.6519775390625]},{"page":184,"text":"1. Line 20—Mission Number.","rect":[176.4000244140625,283.0560302734375,324.36004638671877,274.4520263671875]},{"page":184,"text":"2. Line 21—Call Sign.","rect":[176.39999389648438,311.2799987792969,288.3827819824219,300.25201416015627]},{"page":184,"text":"3. Line 22—Number and Type of Aircraft.","rect":[176.39999389648438,337.0799865722656,384.68157958984377,326.052001953125]},{"page":184,"text":"4. Line 23—Ordnance.","rect":[176.39999389648438,360.4679870605469,289.99200439453127,351.85198974609377]},{"page":184,"text":"5. Line 25—Estimate TOT.","rect":[176.39999389648438,386.26800537109377,311.74078369140627,377.6520080566406]},{"page":184,"text":"6. Line 26—Control Point.","rect":[176.39999389648438,412.0679931640625,308.3652038574219,403.4519958496094]},{"page":184,"text":"7. Line 27—Initial Contact (who the aircrew will contact first).","rect":[176.39999389648438,440.2560119628906,482.3399658203125,429.25201416015627]},{"page":184,"text":"8. Line 28—Call Sign and Frequency of Final Control Agency.","rect":[176.39999389648438,466.0799865722656,482.9773864746094,455.052001953125]},{"page":184,"text":"III-120 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,126.97560119628906,745.0679321289063]},{"page":184,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6556396484375,753.4679565429688,521.992919921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":185,"text":"CHAPTER IV","rect":[264.9599914550781,85.09574127197266,346.9722522964478,75.29576110839844]},{"page":185,"text":"PREPARATION","rect":[262.0199890136719,99.46798706054688,349.96917578125,91.05598449707031]},{"page":185,"text":"“The man who is prepared has his battle half fought.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,139.91287231445313,376.5363142127991,129.64657592773438]},{"page":185,"text":"Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote, 1605","rect":[302.94000244140627,163.3741455078125,492.9803304595947,153.87518310546876]},{"page":185,"text":"1. Introduction","rect":[89.99998474121094,188.0159912109375,170.411990234375,179.60398864746095]},{"page":185,"text":"a. Preparation consists of activities by the unit before execution to improve its ability","rect":[111.59999084472656,216.11997985839845,522.0083618164063,205.09197998046876]},{"page":185,"text":"to conduct operations, including, but not limited to, the following: rehearsals, movement,","rect":[90.00001525878906,229.9199676513672,522.0048828125,218.8919677734375]},{"page":185,"text":"and observations (see Figure IV-1).","rect":[90.00001525878906,243.7200164794922,260.2511901855469,232.6920166015625]},{"page":185,"text":"b. Once the plan is formulated and approved by the commander, it should be","rect":[111.60000610351563,269.5199279785156,522.0011567382812,258.491943359375]},{"page":185,"text":"rehearsed. This includes primary and redundant connectivity and control methodology. ","rect":[90.0,283.3199768066406,525.0023803710938,272.2919921875]},{"page":185,"text":"Observers ","rect":[90.0,295.0,141.63600158691407,286.09197998046877]},{"page":185,"text":"must ","rect":[149.7360076904297,295.0,176.09521484375,287.3039855957031]},{"page":185,"text":"be ","rect":[184.25521850585938,295.0,198.5880126953125,286.09197998046877]},{"page":185,"text":"identified ","rect":[206.7480010986328,295.0,255.72715759277345,286.09197998046877]},{"page":185,"text":"and ","rect":[263.88714599609377,295.0,284.22955322265627,286.09197998046877]},{"page":185,"text":"their ","rect":[292.3895263671875,295.0,317.4095764160156,286.09197998046877]},{"page":185,"text":"communications ","rect":[325.50958251953127,295.0,407.90887451171877,286.09197998046877]},{"page":185,"text":"capabilities ","rect":[416.0688781738281,297.0959777832031,473.5812072753906,286.09197998046877]},{"page":185,"text":"verified. ","rect":[481.7412109375,294.69598388671877,525.02880859375,286.09197998046877]},{"page":185,"text":"Consideration must be given to the methods of tactical movement throughout the","rect":[90.0,310.9199523925781,521.9327973632812,299.8919677734375]},{"page":185,"text":"battlefield. The overall observation plan should be feasible, executable, and tactically","rect":[90.0,324.7199401855469,522.0,313.69195556640627]},{"page":185,"text":"sound. Preparation by the TACP/JTAC, fire support assets, and maneuver staff is critical","rect":[90.0,338.5199279785156,522.052796875,327.491943359375]},{"page":185,"text":"to the synchronized execution of joint fires.","rect":[90.00001525878906,352.3199462890625,298.89239501953127,341.27996826171877]},{"page":185,"text":"c. Coordination between echelons and preparation that precedes execution are just as","rect":[111.60000610351563,378.11993408203127,522.0143745117188,367.0799560546875]},{"page":185,"text":"important as plan development. Staff preparation includes assembling and continuously","rect":[90.0,391.919921875,521.9927978515625,380.8919372558594]},{"page":185,"text":"updating estimates (e.g., continuous JIPOE) to provide accurate situational updates for","rect":[90.00003051757813,405.7199401855469,522.0540444335937,394.69195556640627]},{"page":185,"text":"commanders. Whether incorporated into a formal process or not, the staff’s preparatory","rect":[90.00003051757813,419.5199279785156,522.014404296875,408.491943359375]},{"page":185,"text":"activities (e.g., JIPOE, targeting, fire plan refinement) continue throughout preparation and","rect":[90.00003051757813,433.3199157714844,522.0120849609375,422.29193115234377]},{"page":185,"text":"execution.","rect":[90.00003051757813,444.6959228515625,139.68841552734376,436.0919189453125]},{"page":185,"text":"d. Preparation includes COE briefs, COE mission rehearsals, OPORDs, brief-backs,","rect":[111.60003662109375,472.8959045410156,521.9976196289063,461.89190673828127]},{"page":185,"text":"equipment and communications checks, SOP reviews, load plan verification, pre-combat","rect":[90.00003051757813,486.6959533691406,522.02398828125,475.69195556640627]},{"page":185,"text":"checks/pre-combat inspections, and weapons test-fire. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,500.4959411621094,352.20965576171877,489.491943359375]},{"page":185,"text":"2. Rehearsals","rect":[90.00003051757813,524.0159912109375,160.9452216796875,515.6279907226563]},{"page":185,"text":"a. The rehearsal is one of the most overlooked aspects of maneuver and fire","rect":[111.60002136230469,552.095947265625,522.0120209960937,541.283935546875]},{"page":185,"text":"support planning. It provides attendees the opportunity to visualize the battle; ensure","rect":[90.0,565.9199829101563,521.992794921875,554.8919677734375]},{"page":185,"text":"total comprehension of the plan; promote responsiveness; and identify areas of confusion,","rect":[90.0,579.7200317382813,522.0,568.6920166015625]},{"page":185,"text":"friction, or conflict that may have been overlooked. This visual impression helps orient","rect":[90.0,593.52001953125,521.8728041992188,582.4920043945313]},{"page":185,"text":"individuals to both the environment and other units during the execution of the operation. ","rect":[90.0,607.3200073242188,524.9808349609375,596.2919921875]},{"page":185,"text":"Moreover, the repetition of combat tasks during the rehearsal leaves a lasting mental","rect":[90.00001525878906,621.1200561523438,522.0059829101563,610.092041015625]},{"page":185,"text":"picture of the sequence of key actions within the operation. The extent of the rehearsal is","rect":[90.00001525878906,634.9200439453125,522.052765625,623.8920288085938]},{"page":185,"text":"limited by imagination, the tactical situation, time, and resources available. The types of","rect":[90.00001525878906,648.7200927734375,522.0240151367187,637.6920776367188]},{"page":185,"text":"rehearsals include combined arms rehearsal and fire support rehearsal.","rect":[89.99996948242188,662.6160888671875,456.30718994140627,651.8040771484375]},{"page":185,"text":"b. Local SOPs should identify appropriate rehearsal types and techniques as well as","rect":[111.59999084472656,688.320068359375,522.0791938476563,677.2920532226563]},{"page":185,"text":"standards for their execution. This section focuses on the key areas that CAS participants","rect":[90.0,702.1201171875,522.0672309570313,691.0921020507813]},{"page":185,"text":"IV-1","rect":[499.3199462890625,753.4679565429688,521.9939575195313,745.0679321289063]},{"page":186,"text":"Chapter IV","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,143.749205078125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":186,"text":"Figure IV-1. Preparation Phase","rect":[232.08026123046876,547.6138305664063,379.8892660064697,538.205078125]},{"page":186,"text":"should focus on, be prepared to discuss/cover in the rehearsal, and leave the rehearsal","rect":[90.0,570.93603515625,522.0311904296875,559.9320068359375]},{"page":186,"text":"understanding.","rect":[90.0000228881836,584.760009765625,160.99200439453126,573.7319946289063]},{"page":186,"text":"c. Combined Arms Rehearsal. The combined arms/maneuver rehearsal is normally","rect":[111.60002136230469,610.5599975585938,522.1056518554688,599.531982421875]},{"page":186,"text":"conducted by a maneuver unit HQ and performed after subordinate units have issued their","rect":[90.0000228881836,624.3599853515625,522.021634765625,613.3319702148438]},{"page":186,"text":"OPORD. The following CAS-related areas should (at a minimum) be covered and/or","rect":[90.0000228881836,638.1599731445313,522.019193359375,627.1319580078125]},{"page":186,"text":"rehearsed during the combined arms rehearsal.","rect":[90.0000228881836,651.9600219726563,313.9932861328125,640.9320068359375]},{"page":186,"text":"(1) Scheme of Fires and CAS. The commander’s scheme of fires should include","rect":[133.20001220703126,677.7360229492188,522.0576142578125,666.7319946289063]},{"page":186,"text":"CAS. During the planning phase, the AO/ALO should advise the commander with respect","rect":[90.00004577636719,691.5599975585938,522.0264296875,680.531982421875]},{"page":186,"text":"to threat, aircraft availability, and potential weapons loads to ensure a viable, obtainable","rect":[90.00006866455078,705.3599853515625,522.03844921875,694.3319702148438]},{"page":186,"text":"scheme is developed. Requests for CAS should clearly describe the desired effects to meet","rect":[90.00006866455078,719.1599731445313,522.0384536132813,708.1319580078125]},{"page":186,"text":"IV-2 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,115.66560363769531,745.0679321289063]},{"page":186,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6256408691406,753.4679565429688,521.9878540039063,745.0679321289063]},{"page":187,"text":"Preparation","rect":[466.67999267578127,49.655975341796878,522.072021484375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":187,"text":"the commander’s objectives. JAOC planners should then tailor aircraft and weapons loads","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.9544379882813,74.63997650146485]},{"page":187,"text":"to create the desired effects. There is no “intent for or scheme of CAS” defined; the","rect":[90.0,98.89196014404297,522.0743989257812,88.45196533203125]},{"page":187,"text":"commander’s scheme of fires is inclusive for all fires of which CAS is an integral part.","rect":[90.0000228881836,113.27995300292969,506.5344543457031,102.251953125]},{"page":187,"text":"(2) Priority of CAS Fires. POF for each phase of an operation must be","rect":[133.20004272460938,139.0800018310547,521.9520234375,128.052001953125]},{"page":187,"text":"identified. For CAS sorties, a projection of “who” will get CAS, “when” it’s expected,","rect":[90.00006866455078,152.87998962402345,522.0492553710938,141.83998107910157]},{"page":187,"text":"“what” the commander’s desired effects are, and “where” the primary and alternate","rect":[90.00006866455078,166.6799774169922,521.9904755859375,155.6519775390625]},{"page":187,"text":"observers are located needs to be understood. Additionally, at the conclusion of the","rect":[90.00006866455078,180.47996520996095,522.0072602539062,169.45196533203126]},{"page":187,"text":"rehearsal, participants should have a thorough understanding of the following:","rect":[90.00006866455078,194.2799530029297,465.2521071777344,183.251953125]},{"page":187,"text":"(a) Verification of grid coordinates/locations for critical targets, primary and","rect":[154.80010986328126,220.0800018310547,522.00732421875,209.052001953125]},{"page":187,"text":"alternate observers, unit locations (defense), FPFs, and projected movements (by phase)","rect":[90.00011444091797,233.87998962402345,521.9821450195312,222.83998107910157]},{"page":187,"text":"for offensive operations.","rect":[90.00011444091797,247.65597534179688,207.6072998046875,236.6519775390625]},{"page":187,"text":"(b) Triggers for targets and target engagement criteria.","rect":[154.80010986328126,273.4799499511719,419.0797424316406,262.45196533203127]},{"page":187,"text":"(c) FSCMs/ACMs and how they facilitate fire and maneuver.","rect":[154.80010986328126,299.2799377441406,452.0569152832031,288.251953125]},{"page":187,"text":"(d) Verify SEAD plan.","rect":[154.8000946044922,325.0799560546875,267.0577087402344,314.0519714355469]},{"page":187,"text":"(e) Communications connectivity.","rect":[154.8000946044922,350.87994384765627,321.386474609375,339.8519592285156]},{"page":187,"text":"(f) Verify CAS target marks and, if necessary, friendly marking.","rect":[154.8000946044922,376.679931640625,466.3200988769531,365.6519470214844]},{"page":187,"text":"(g) TAC types to be utilized.","rect":[154.80007934570313,402.4799499511719,295.75323486328127,391.45196533203127]},{"page":187,"text":"(h) Which JTACs/FAC(A)s will provide TAC of aircraft conducting CAS.","rect":[154.80007934570313,428.2799377441406,515.7720947265625,417.251953125]},{"page":187,"text":"1. Availability of FAC(A)s.","rect":[176.4001007080078,454.0799255371094,312.3636779785156,443.05194091796877]},{"page":187,"text":"2. Plan for effective use of excess CAS sorties (e.g., release back to","rect":[176.39999389648438,479.8799743652344,522.0072021484375,468.85198974609377]},{"page":187,"text":"ASOC/DASC for retasking, hand off to another sector or FAC[A]).","rect":[90.0,493.67999267578127,413.6616516113281,482.6520080566406]},{"page":187,"text":"3. BDA/MISREP collection procedures.","rect":[176.40000915527345,519.4560546875,372.25433349609377,508.4520263671875]},{"page":187,"text":"(3) After the rehearsal, the participants must be able to effectively communicate","rect":[133.1999969482422,545.280029296875,521.9855927734375,534.2520141601563]},{"page":187,"text":"the plan to subordinate personnel prior to the beginning of the operation. Specific AO/ALO","rect":[89.99999237060547,559.0800170898438,521.9975571289062,548.052001953125]},{"page":187,"text":"responsibilities include providing key information concerning all aspects of air support for","rect":[89.99999237060547,572.8800048828125,522.0480629882812,561.8519897460938]},{"page":187,"text":"the ground commander. During the combined arms rehearsal, the AO/ALO or FSO will","rect":[89.99999237060547,586.6199951171875,522.0024428710938,575.5919799804688]},{"page":187,"text":"address the following:","rect":[89.99999237060547,600.4199829101563,196.68121484375,589.3919677734375]},{"page":187,"text":"(a) Confirm commander’s intent.","rect":[154.79998779296876,626.196044921875,316.47723388671877,615.1920166015625]},{"page":187,"text":"(b) Number of CAS sorties expected.","rect":[154.79998779296876,651.9960327148438,336.50164794921877,640.9920043945313]},{"page":187,"text":"(c) Aircraft type.","rect":[154.79998779296876,677.8200073242188,238.69918823242188,666.7919921875]},{"page":187,"text":"(d) Weapons load information.","rect":[154.79998779296876,703.5960083007813,305.71197509765627,692.5919799804688]},{"page":187,"text":"IV-3","rect":[499.32000732421877,753.4679565429688,521.9940185546875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":188,"text":"Chapter IV","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,143.749205078125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":188,"text":"(e) CAS on-station times.","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.65597534179688,280.45684814453127,74.6519775390625]},{"page":188,"text":"(f) CPs and IPs.","rect":[154.8000030517578,111.45596313476563,233.81521606445313,100.45196533203125]},{"page":188,"text":"(g) ACMs/FSCMs.","rect":[154.8000030517578,137.2799530029297,249.7620086669922,126.251953125]},{"page":188,"text":"(h) SEAD plan.","rect":[154.8000030517578,163.05599975585938,232.6872100830078,152.052001953125]},{"page":188,"text":"(i) Target marks/laser plan.","rect":[154.8000030517578,188.87998962402345,288.4464111328125,177.85198974609376]},{"page":188,"text":"(j) Friendly marking procedures.","rect":[154.8000030517578,214.6799774169922,314.3568115234375,203.6399688720703]},{"page":188,"text":"(k) TACP battlefield employment.","rect":[154.8000030517578,240.47996520996095,323.067626953125,229.45196533203126]},{"page":188,"text":"(l) TACP battlefield recovery.","rect":[154.8000030517578,266.2799377441406,302.364013671875,255.251953125]},{"page":188,"text":"(m) TACP communications plan.","rect":[154.8000030517578,292.05596923828127,317.80328369140627,281.0519714355469]},{"page":188,"text":"(n) Approved/disapproved CAS requests.","rect":[154.8000030517578,317.85595703125,356.390380859375,306.8519592285156]},{"page":188,"text":"(o) TAC types.","rect":[154.8000030517578,343.679931640625,230.1575927734375,332.6519470214844]},{"page":188,"text":"d. Fire Support Rehearsal. Fire support rehearsals focus on the execution of the","rect":[111.60000610351563,369.4559631347656,522.0900849609375,358.45196533203127]},{"page":188,"text":"ground maneuver commander’s essential FSTs and the FSEM, the effectiveness of FSCMs,","rect":[90.00000762939453,383.2799377441406,522.0036010742188,372.251953125]},{"page":188,"text":"and the timing and synchronization of all fire support efforts with maneuver. Fire support","rect":[90.00000762939453,397.0799255371094,521.9880385742188,386.05194091796877]},{"page":188,"text":"rehearsals serve to refine the fire support plan, ensure understanding by all personnel in the","rect":[90.00000762939453,410.8799133300781,522.0575532226562,399.8519287109375]},{"page":188,"text":"FC/FSCC, and confirm the feasibility of the current plan. The fire support rehearsal is the","rect":[90.00000762939453,424.6799011230469,522.0192231445312,413.65191650390627]},{"page":188,"text":"most critical part of the preparation phase of an operation. The AO/ALO/JTAC is","rect":[89.99998474121094,438.4559326171875,522.0107734375,427.4519348144531]},{"page":188,"text":"responsible for providing key information concerning all aspects of air in support of the","rect":[89.99998474121094,452.2799072265625,521.9663666992187,441.2519226074219]},{"page":188,"text":"ground commander. The following areas should be covered and/or rehearsed during the","rect":[89.99998474121094,466.07989501953127,521.9736298828125,455.0519104003906]},{"page":188,"text":"fire support rehearsal:","rect":[89.99998474121094,479.8559265136719,195.27357629394533,468.8519287109375]},{"page":188,"text":"(1) Rehearse CAS execution with ground maneuver element, FSC/FSCOORD,","rect":[133.19998168945313,505.6799011230469,521.9327392578125,494.65191650390627]},{"page":188,"text":"and JTAC.","rect":[89.99996185302735,517.0679931640625,142.01516723632813,508.45196533203127]},{"page":188,"text":"(2) Identify and confirm that FSCMs support the scheme of maneuver and fires.","rect":[133.19996643066407,545.2799682617188,519.722412109375,534.251953125]},{"page":188,"text":"(3) Verify consolidated target list to include CAS targets.","rect":[133.19998168945313,571.0800170898438,411.03118896484377,560.052001953125]},{"page":188,"text":"(4) Verify coordinate locations for critical targets using the proper 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criteria.","rect":[154.80001831054688,280.0799865722656,318.44403076171877,269.052001953125]},{"page":189,"text":"(f) Review weather considerations.","rect":[154.80001831054688,305.85595703125,325.8312072753906,294.8519592285156]},{"page":189,"text":"(g) Review night procedures.","rect":[154.80001831054688,331.679931640625,297.66717529296877,320.6519470214844]},{"page":189,"text":"(h) Review FSEM and attack guidance matrix for CAS targets (found in tab","rect":[154.80001831054688,357.4799499511719,522.0048217773438,346.45196533203127]},{"page":189,"text":"F [Fire Support Coordination Plan] of appendix 19 [Fire Support] of annex C [Operations]","rect":[90.00001525878906,371.2559509277344,521.99160546875,360.251953125]},{"page":189,"text":"of the OPORD).","rect":[90.00001525878906,385.0559387207031,168.29281616210938,374.05194091796877]},{"page":189,"text":"(i) Confirm observation 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procedures.","rect":[154.80003356933595,696.4201049804688,478.3488464355469,685.39208984375]},{"page":189,"text":"IV-5","rect":[499.32000732421877,753.4679565429688,521.9940185546875,745.2359008789063]},{"page":190,"text":"Chapter IV","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,143.749205078125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":190,"text":"(f) Review authentication procedures.","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.65597534179688,339.12847900390627,74.6519775390625]},{"page":190,"text":"(g) Check DACAS kits.","rect":[154.8000030517578,111.47996520996094,272.4599914550781,100.45196533203125]},{"page":190,"text":"1. Network settings.","rect":[176.39999389648438,137.2799530029297,276.01202392578127,126.251953125]},{"page":190,"text":"2. Check kit connectivity.","rect":[176.39999389648438,163.0800018310547,303.0912170410156,152.052001953125]},{"page":190,"text":"3. Auto learn function.","rect":[176.39999389648438,186.45599365234376,288.3840026855469,177.85198974609376]},{"page":190,"text":"(15) Verify attack guidance for each target (unit[s] to fire, shell fuze combination,","rect":[133.1999969482422,214.6799774169922,522.11279296875,203.6519775390625]},{"page":190,"text":"number of volleys, number and type of aircraft available, and standard conventional loads).","rect":[89.99999237060547,228.47996520996095,522.00244140625,217.45196533203126]},{"page":190,"text":"(16) Verify/deconflict the movement plan specifying when and where firing units","rect":[133.1999969482422,254.2799530029297,522.0672309570313,243.251953125]},{"page":190,"text":"will move:","rect":[89.99999237060547,265.656005859375,141.67437890625,257.052001953125]},{"page":190,"text":"(a) Primary AOF.","rect":[154.79998779296876,293.8799743652344,242.8055877685547,282.85198974609377]},{"page":190,"text":"(b) Positioning areas.","rect":[154.79998779296876,319.6799621582031,260.0447998046875,308.6519775390625]},{"page":190,"text":"(17) Verify the method of engagement (“at my command,” TOT, or “when","rect":[133.1999969482422,345.4799499511719,522.0023803710938,334.45196533203127]},{"page":190,"text":"ready”).","rect":[89.99996948242188,359.2799377441406,128.95077514648438,348.251953125]},{"page":190,"text":"(18) FSCMs/ACMs:","rect":[133.19996643066407,385.0559387207031,234.5327468261719,374.05194091796877]},{"page":190,"text":"(a) Schedule or on-order call to shift boundaries and FSCMs.","rect":[154.7999725341797,410.85595703125,451.0187072753906,399.8519592285156]},{"page":190,"text":"(b) Formal.","rect":[154.79995727539063,436.65594482421877,212.45635986328126,425.6519470214844]},{"page":190,"text":"(c) Informal.","rect":[154.79995727539063,462.4559631347656,219.12115478515626,451.45196533203127]},{"page":190,"text":"(19) Identify CPs/IPs and general aircraft flow.","rect":[133.19996643066407,488.2799377441406,362.4083557128906,477.251953125]},{"page":190,"text":"(20) Rehearse SEAD plan procedures with firing unit FDC.","rect":[133.19996643066407,514.0799560546875,421.6990966796875,503.05194091796877]},{"page":190,"text":"(21) Rehearse CAS target marking procedures.","rect":[133.19996643066407,539.8799438476563,361.38238525390627,528.8519287109375]},{"page":190,"text":"(a) Review the integration/deconfliction plan of air and surface fires.","rect":[154.79995727539063,565.679931640625,487.7471618652344,554.6519165039063]},{"page":190,"text":"(b) Review IDF assets available.","rect":[154.79995727539063,591.4559326171875,314.0999755859375,580.451904296875]},{"page":190,"text":"(c) Review marking, SEAD plan, and method of control.","rect":[154.79995727539063,617.2799682617188,430.02716064453127,606.251953125]},{"page":190,"text":"(d) Review IDFs asset positions.","rect":[154.79995727539063,643.0559692382813,314.11553955078127,632.0519409179688]},{"page":190,"text":"(e) Review gun target lines for planned targets.","rect":[154.79995727539063,668.8799438476563,383.6591796875,657.8519287109375]},{"page":190,"text":"(f) Review minimum/maximum ordinate(s).","rect":[154.79995727539063,694.656005859375,369.1451110839844,683.6519775390625]},{"page":190,"text":"IV-6 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,115.66560363769531,745.0679321289063]},{"page":190,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6256408691406,753.4679565429688,521.9878540039063,745.0679321289063]},{"page":191,"text":"Preparation","rect":[466.67999267578127,49.655975341796878,522.072021484375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":191,"text":"(g) Review shell/fuze combination.","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,327.14154052734377,74.6519775390625]},{"page":191,"text":"(22) TOT/TTT.","rect":[133.20001220703126,111.45596313476563,210.85202026367188,100.45196533203125]},{"page":191,"text":"(23) Review type of TAC for CAS targets:","rect":[133.20001220703126,137.2799530029297,341.18640283203129,126.251953125]},{"page":191,"text":"(a) Type 1, 2, or 3.","rect":[154.8000030517578,163.0800018310547,247.80001831054688,152.052001953125]},{"page":191,"text":"(b) Identify observer and controller connectivity.","rect":[154.8000030517578,188.87998962402345,392.3520202636719,177.85198974609376]},{"page":191,"text":"(c) Review clearance procedures for CAS targets.","rect":[154.8000030517578,214.6799774169922,396.011962890625,203.6519775390625]},{"page":191,"text":"(d) AO/ALO/FSO/S-3(Air)/NGLO recap critical fire support, CAS, and","rect":[154.8000030517578,240.45596313476563,521.972412109375,229.45196533203126]},{"page":191,"text":"naval surface fire events.","rect":[89.99998474121094,251.85595703125,209.95199584960938,243.251953125]},{"page":191,"text":"(e) Make refinements as necessary.","rect":[154.79998779296876,280.0799865722656,326.65679931640627,269.052001953125]},{"page":191,"text":"(f) FSCMs discussed/understood.","rect":[154.79998779296876,305.85595703125,318.1319885253906,294.8519592285156]},{"page":191,"text":"e. CAS changes or updates made during combined arms or fire support rehearsals","rect":[112.49998474121094,331.679931640625,522.0011909179688,320.6519470214844]},{"page":191,"text":"should be forwarded to the ASOC/DASC as soon as possible in accordance with","rect":[89.99996185302735,345.4559631347656,522.02392578125,334.45196533203127]},{"page":191,"text":"established ATO planning cycle timelines. Changes or updates that cannot be included in","rect":[89.99996185302735,359.2799377441406,521.9544067382813,348.251953125]},{"page":191,"text":"the ATO must be passed to the aircrews as soon as possible to increase the chances of ","rect":[89.99996185302735,373.0559387207031,525.0479736328125,362.05194091796877]},{"page":191,"text":"success.","rect":[89.99996185302735,384.4559326171875,129.06356048583985,378.6839294433594]},{"page":191,"text":"3. Pre-Combat Preparations","rect":[89.99996185302735,412.77593994140627,237.971955078125,401.96392822265627]},{"page":191,"text":"a. Pre-combat checks and pre-combat inspections allow personnel to prepare for a","rect":[111.59996032714844,438.4559326171875,521.9723481445312,427.4519348144531]},{"page":191,"text":"mission and provide the leader/supervisor an opportunity to ensure the operational","rect":[89.99996185302735,452.2799072265625,522.05035546875,441.2519226074219]},{"page":191,"text":"readiness of personnel and equipment.","rect":[89.99996185302735,466.055908203125,274.2864074707031,455.0519104003906]},{"page":191,"text":"b. The following pre-combat checklists are a guide to help personnel to prepare for","rect":[111.59996032714844,491.8799133300781,522.0239541015625,480.8519287109375]},{"page":191,"text":"pre-combat inspections. Pre-combat checks can be broken down into the following areas:","rect":[89.99996185302735,505.6799011230469,521.4359755859375,494.65191650390627]},{"page":191,"text":"(1) Mission-Essential Knowledge. ","rect":[133.19998168945313,531.47998046875,313.88641357421877,520.4519653320313]},{"page":191,"text":"Ensure personnel in each subordinate","rect":[325.5,531.4559936523438,521.9675874023437,520.4519653320313]},{"page":191,"text":"element understand the mission, end state, scheme of maneuver, and fires.","rect":[90.0,543.0,445.9212341308594,534.251953125]},{"page":191,"text":"(2) Mission-Essential Equipment. ","rect":[133.20001220703126,571.0560302734375,313.8324279785156,560.052001953125]},{"page":191,"text":"Ensure all required equipment is full","rect":[325.20001220703127,571.0560302734375,522.0312514648438,560.052001953125]},{"page":191,"text":"mission-capable and properly accounted for, in accordance with supply procedures. ","rect":[90.00000762939453,584.8800048828125,524.9652099609375,573.8519897460938]},{"page":191,"text":"Recommended items for a JTAC include NVDs, IR pointer, laser range finder/designator,","rect":[90.00000762939453,598.6200561523438,522.0216064453125,587.592041015625]},{"page":191,"text":"IR strobe light, chemical lights, GLINT tape, VS-17 panels, spotting scope, multi-band","rect":[90.00000762939453,612.4200439453125,522.0576171875,601.3920288085938]},{"page":191,"text":"radio, radar beacon, pyrotechnics (smoke/illumination), access to illumination and smoke","rect":[90.00000762939453,626.2200317382813,522.0215424804687,615.1920166015625]},{"page":191,"text":"rounds, compass, mirror, DACAS system, common objective graphics,","rect":[90.00000762939453,640.0200805664063,521.9927978515625,628.9800415039063]},{"page":191,"text":"authentication/crypto materials, and GPS. If any portable tactical targeting systems are to","rect":[90.00000762939453,653.8201293945313,521.9783935546875,642.7921142578125]},{"page":191,"text":"be used, the terminal attack controller should ensure the imagery products associated with","rect":[90.00003051757813,667.6201171875,521.9400634765625,656.5921020507813]},{"page":191,"text":"these programs are up to date. The JTAC must plan for redundant communication and","rect":[90.00005340576172,681.4201049804688,522.069580078125,670.39208984375]},{"page":191,"text":"marking tools.","rect":[90.00005340576172,695.2201538085938,159.30966186523438,684.192138671875]},{"page":191,"text":"IV-7","rect":[499.32000732421877,753.4679565429688,521.9940185546875,745.2359008789063]},{"page":192,"text":"Chapter IV","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,143.749205078125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":192,"text":"(3) Mission-Essential Coordination. ","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.65597534179688,323.16839599609377,74.6519775390625]},{"page":192,"text":"overlays depicting:","rect":[89.99999237060547,99.47996520996094,181.63437036132815,88.45196533203125]},{"page":192,"text":"(a) Scheme of maneuver.","rect":[154.79998779296876,125.25595092773438,278.4635925292969,114.251953125]},{"page":192,"text":"Ensure distribution of graphics and/or","rect":[330.719970703125,85.67997741699219,521.9424721679687,74.6519775390625]},{"page":192,"text":"(b) FSCMs.","rect":[154.79998779296876,151.05599975585938,214.4879913330078,140.052001953125]},{"page":192,"text":"(c) ACMs.","rect":[154.79998779296876,176.85598754882813,209.10238647460938,165.85198974609376]},{"page":192,"text":"(d) NAIs and/or TAIs.","rect":[154.79998779296876,202.65597534179688,265.07879638671877,191.6519775390625]},{"page":192,"text":"(e) Decision points and triggers.","rect":[154.79998779296876,228.47996520996095,312.068359375,217.45196533203126]},{"page":192,"text":"(f) Aircraft CPs and IPs.","rect":[154.79998779296876,254.25595092773438,274.8059997558594,243.251953125]},{"page":192,"text":"(g) Helicopter HAs, BPs, and/or landing zones.","rect":[154.79998779296876,280.0799865722656,384.7440185546875,269.052001953125]},{"page":192,"text":"(h) Countermobility/obstacle plan.","rect":[154.79998779296876,305.87994384765627,323.5799560546875,294.8519592285156]},{"page":192,"text":"(i) Friendly marking procedures:","rect":[154.79998779296876,331.679931640625,314.6928115234375,320.6519470214844]},{"page":192,"text":"1. Day.","rect":[176.39999389648438,357.4799499511719,214.3835906982422,346.66796875]},{"page":192,"text":"2. Night.","rect":[176.39999389648438,383.2799987792969,221.75759887695313,372.25201416015627]},{"page":192,"text":"(j) Target list, target overlays, and schedules of fire with:","rect":[154.8000030517578,409.0799865722656,431.3879714355469,398.0400085449219]},{"page":192,"text":"1. POF/priority of CAS.","rect":[176.40000915527345,434.8799743652344,295.08001708984377,423.85198974609377]},{"page":192,"text":"2. Priority targets.","rect":[176.39999389648438,460.67999267578127,266.0639953613281,449.6520080566406]},{"page":192,"text":"3. SEAD targets.","rect":[176.39999389648438,486.47998046875,260.79840087890627,475.656005859375]},{"page":192,"text":"4. Preparatory fires.","rect":[176.39999389648438,512.280029296875,274.62841796875,501.25201416015627]},{"page":192,"text":"5. FPFs.","rect":[176.39999389648438,535.656005859375,219.05519104003907,527.4359741210938]},{"page":192,"text":"6. Groups and series.","rect":[176.39999389648438,563.8560180664063,280.3800048828125,552.8519897460938]},{"page":192,"text":"7. Target blocks.","rect":[176.39999389648438,589.6799926757813,260.052001953125,578.6519775390625]},{"page":192,"text":"8. Laser-guided munitions/designator codes.","rect":[176.39999389648438,615.4800415039063,392.4383850097656,604.4520263671875]},{"page":192,"text":"(4) Aviation Preparation. See Appendix B, “Sample Close Air Support","rect":[133.1999969482422,641.2560424804688,522.025208984375,630.2520141601563]},{"page":192,"text":"Aircrew Mission Planning Guide,” for sample aircrew mission planning guide.","rect":[90.00001525878906,655.0800170898438,468.14764404296877,644.052001953125]},{"page":192,"text":"(5) FAC(A) Preparation. If a FAC(A) is unable to participate in the planning","rect":[133.20001220703126,680.8800048828125,522.0612182617188,669.8519897460938]},{"page":192,"text":"process, it is incumbent upon the TACP and FAC(A) to coordinate prior to mission","rect":[90.00003051757813,694.5960083007813,521.9736328125,683.5919799804688]},{"page":192,"text":"execution. Face-to-face briefs are ideal; but, at a minimum, the FAC(A) and TACP should","rect":[90.00003814697266,708.39599609375,521.974853515625,697.3919677734375]},{"page":192,"text":"IV-8 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,115.66560363769531,745.0679321289063]},{"page":192,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6256408691406,753.4679565429688,521.9878540039063,745.0679321289063]},{"page":193,"text":"Preparation","rect":[466.67999267578127,49.655975341796878,522.072021484375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":193,"text":"exchange information electronically prior to mission execution. Transmission to the","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.995236328125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":193,"text":"FAC(A) of the required planning products and information will ensure they at least have a","rect":[89.9999771118164,99.47996520996094,522.0864228515625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":193,"text":"baseline of knowledge for execution of the FAC(A) mission. Regardless of liaison method,","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,521.9807739257813,102.251953125]},{"page":193,"text":"the FAC(A) should be provided essential operational data to clarify the information","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,521.988037109375,116.052001953125]},{"page":193,"text":"contained within the OPLAN/OPORD/ATO and any particular requirements of the","rect":[90.0000228881836,140.87998962402345,522.009640625,129.85198974609376]},{"page":193,"text":"supported ground unit. A prioritized list of essential information to be passed between the","rect":[90.00004577636719,154.6799774169922,521.968869140625,143.6519775390625]},{"page":193,"text":"TACP and the FAC(A) includes, but is not limited to:","rect":[90.00004577636719,168.45596313476563,348.04562524414066,157.45196533203126]},{"page":193,"text":"(a) The ground commander’s intent.","rect":[154.800048828125,194.2799530029297,331.38360595703127,183.251953125]},{"page":193,"text":"(b) Ground force scheme of maneuver.","rect":[154.800048828125,220.05599975585938,344.43255615234377,209.052001953125]},{"page":193,"text":"and implied).","rect":[90.0,259.6559753417969,153.96240234375,248.6519775390625]},{"page":193,"text":"1. Essential tasks that must occur to ensure mission success (specified","rect":[176.40003967285157,245.85598754882813,522.0792236328125,234.85198974609376]},{"page":193,"text":"2. Expected friendly locations and marking (CID) plan.","rect":[176.39999389648438,285.4799499511719,444.91204833984377,274.45196533203127]},{"page":193,"text":"3. Essential friendly coordinating documents (e.g., GRG).","rect":[176.39999389648438,311.2799987792969,457.018798828125,300.25201416015627]},{"page":193,"text":"(c) Threat scheme of maneuver.","rect":[154.8000030517578,337.0559997558594,310.78558349609377,326.052001953125]},{"page":193,"text":"1. Most likely enemy COA.","rect":[176.39999389648438,362.8799743652344,312.7547912597656,351.85198974609377]},{"page":193,"text":"2. Most dangerous enemy COA.","rect":[176.39999389648438,388.67999267578127,334.68719482421877,377.6520080566406]},{"page":193,"text":"3. Known or anticipated threat.","rect":[176.39999389648438,414.45599365234377,328.62957763671877,403.4519958496094]},{"page":193,"text":"(d) Fire support/targeting plan.","rect":[154.8000030517578,440.2799987792969,305.7384033203125,429.25201416015627]},{"page":193,"text":"1. Target priorities/precedence.","rect":[176.39999389648438,466.0799865722656,329.2991943359375,455.052001953125]},{"page":193,"text":"2. FSEM/FSTs.","rect":[176.39999389648438,489.4679870605469,254.392822265625,480.85198974609377]},{"page":193,"text":"3. Established FSCMs.","rect":[176.39999389648438,515.2680053710938,289.3907775878906,506.6519775390625]},{"page":193,"text":"4. Expected target arrays.","rect":[176.39999389648438,543.4800415039063,301.6920166015625,532.4520263671875]},{"page":193,"text":"5. Asset integration plan.","rect":[176.39999389648438,569.280029296875,299.786376953125,558.2520141601563]},{"page":193,"text":"(e) Communications plan.","rect":[154.8000030517578,595.0560302734375,282.73199462890627,584.052001953125]},{"page":193,"text":"1. Terminal control nets.","rect":[176.39999389648438,618.4559936523438,297.735595703125,609.8519897460938]},{"page":193,"text":"2. Air request nets.","rect":[176.39999389648438,646.656005859375,270.3599853515625,635.6519775390625]},{"page":193,"text":"3. TACP administrative nets.","rect":[176.39999389648438,670.008056640625,318.96954345703127,661.3920288085938]},{"page":193,"text":"4. Ground force nets.","rect":[176.39999389648438,695.8080444335938,280.9896240234375,687.1920166015625]},{"page":193,"text":"IV-9","rect":[499.32000732421877,753.4679565429688,521.9940185546875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":194,"text":"Chapter IV","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,143.749205078125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":194,"text":"IV-10 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,121.66799926757813,745.0679321289063]},{"page":194,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6280212402344,753.4679565429688,521.9830322265625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":195,"text":"Preparation","rect":[466.67999267578127,49.655975341796878,522.072021484375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":195,"text":"2. Enemy signature/recognition.","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,333.4140625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":195,"text":"3. UAS ROZs.","rect":[176.39999389648438,109.08002471923828,250.0679931640625,100.65602111816406]},{"page":195,"text":"4. ISR integration plan.","rect":[176.39999389648438,137.28001403808595,291.67437744140627,126.25201416015625]},{"page":195,"text":"(j) Supporting documents/information.","rect":[154.8000030517578,163.0800018310547,343.48675537109377,152.0399932861328]},{"page":195,"text":"1. Map overlays/graphics.","rect":[176.39999389648438,188.87998962402345,304.04400634765627,177.85198974609376]},{"page":195,"text":"2. FARP locations.","rect":[176.39999389648438,212.2559814453125,270.67919921875,203.6519775390625]},{"page":195,"text":"3. Fires SOP.","rect":[176.39999389648438,238.06802368164063,243.40798950195313,229.4520263671875]},{"page":195,"text":"TACP:","rect":[90.00003051757813,277.6679992675781,123.93123010253906,269.2560119628906]},{"page":195,"text":"(k) In turn, the FAC(A) should provide the following information to the","rect":[154.8000030517578,266.2799987792969,522.0144013671875,255.25201416015626]},{"page":195,"text":"1. Time on station.","rect":[176.4000244140625,303.4560241699219,269.72882080078127,294.8520202636719]},{"page":195,"text":"2. ATO breakout; assets coming to the operational area as well as","rect":[176.39999389648438,331.67999267578127,522.0492255859375,320.6520080566406]},{"page":195,"text":"operating nearby.","rect":[90.0,345.47998046875,173.95681762695313,334.4519958496094]},{"page":195,"text":"3. Loiter time.","rect":[176.39999389648438,368.8559875488281,248.093994140625,360.2519836425781]},{"page":195,"text":"4. Initial holding point desired.","rect":[176.39999389648438,397.0799865722656,328.02838134765627,386.052001953125]},{"page":195,"text":"5. Weapons that will be carried.","rect":[176.39999389648438,422.8559875488281,332.295654296875,411.85198974609377]},{"page":195,"text":"6. Communication plan recommendations.","rect":[176.39999389648438,448.656005859375,383.620849609375,437.6520080566406]},{"page":195,"text":"7. Limitations that would affect the prebriefed game plan.","rect":[176.39999389648438,474.47998046875,456.7091979980469,463.4519958496094]},{"page":195,"text":"8. System capabilities in the form or type of targeting pod/sensors.","rect":[176.39999389648438,500.2799987792969,498.6600036621094,489.25201416015627]},{"page":195,"text":"9. FMV capability.","rect":[176.39999389648438,526.0800170898438,270.66717529296877,515.052001953125]},{"page":195,"text":"10. Coordinate generation capability (with associated TLE).","rect":[176.39999389648438,551.8800048828125,467.4144287109375,540.8519897460938]},{"page":195,"text":"(6) TAC(A) Preparation. TAC(A)s must be familiar with the OPLAN/OPORD,","rect":[133.1999969482422,577.656005859375,522.0599975585938,566.6519775390625]},{"page":195,"text":"applicable theater/operation SOPs, ATO, and ACEOI. TAC(A)s must liaise with the","rect":[89.99999237060547,591.4560546875,522.0408295898437,580.4520263671875]},{"page":195,"text":"ASOC or DASC and the supported elements. This liaison can be conducted electronically. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,605.280029296875,525.030029296875,594.2520141601563]},{"page":195,"text":"If possible, face-to-face coordination should be conducted. The TAC(A) must know the","rect":[90.00001525878906,619.0560302734375,521.9675263671875,608.052001953125]},{"page":195,"text":"level of authority the commander will grant them and when and how it will be granted. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,632.8800048828125,525.045654296875,621.8519897460938]},{"page":195,"text":"This authority could include the ability to launch or delay alert assets and the ability to","rect":[90.00001525878906,646.6200561523438,522.0120239257813,635.592041015625]},{"page":195,"text":"divert or delay airborne assets. The TAC(A) must obtain the following information (at a","rect":[90.00001525878906,660.4199829101563,522.1223725585937,649.3919677734375]},{"page":195,"text":"minimum) from the supported element:","rect":[90.00003814697266,674.196044921875,279.3024001464844,663.1920166015625]},{"page":195,"text":"(a) Ground scheme of maneuver.","rect":[154.80003356933595,699.9960327148438,316.1016845703125,688.9920043945313]},{"page":195,"text":"IV-11","rect":[493.32000732421877,753.4679565429688,521.9904174804688,745.0679321289063]},{"page":196,"text":"Chapter IV","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,143.749205078125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":196,"text":"(b) Ground commander’s intent.","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.65597534179688,313.10400390625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":196,"text":"(c) FSCMs.","rect":[154.8000030517578,111.45596313476563,213.83999633789063,100.45196533203125]},{"page":196,"text":"(d) Expected operational 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BPs and HAs.","rect":[154.8000030517578,524.2559814453125,241.1855926513672,513.251953125]},{"page":196,"text":"(t) Communications plan and nets.","rect":[154.8000030517578,550.0560302734375,323.35198974609377,539.052001953125]},{"page":196,"text":"(u) Code words/procedure words (prowords).","rect":[154.8000030517578,575.8560180664063,375.3576354980469,564.8519897460938]},{"page":196,"text":"(7) JFO Preparation ","rect":[133.20001220703126,601.6560668945313,243.8460235595703,590.6520385742188]},{"page":196,"text":"(a) Plan, coordinate, and synchronize CAS and other fire support assets;","rect":[154.8000030517578,627.4800415039063,522.0036025390625,616.4520263671875]},{"page":196,"text":"request as needed.","rect":[89.99998474121094,641.256103515625,177.664794921875,630.2520751953125]},{"page":196,"text":"(b) Review commander’s intent.","rect":[154.79998779296876,667.0560913085938,313.10400390625,656.0520629882813]},{"page":196,"text":"(c) Plan/submit DD Form 1972, Joint Tactical Air 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Review Type 1, 2, and 3 control guidance.","rect":[154.8000030517578,317.87994384765627,378.73077392578127,306.8519592285156]},{"page":197,"text":"(o) Verify communication plan (to include COMSEC).","rect":[154.8000030517578,343.679931640625,421.40155029296877,332.6519470214844]},{"page":197,"text":"(p) Confirm call signs and code words.","rect":[154.8000030517578,369.4799499511719,344.817626953125,358.45196533203127]},{"page":197,"text":"(q) Confirm nets (BN fires/mortar, BN FSC, air request, TAD).","rect":[154.8000030517578,395.2559509277344,462.12005615234377,384.251953125]},{"page":197,"text":"(r) Confirm JTAC frequencies.","rect":[154.8000030517578,421.0559387207031,306.4320068359375,410.05194091796877]},{"page":197,"text":"(s) Confirm JFO frequencies.","rect":[154.8000030517578,446.8559265136719,298.44000244140627,435.8519287109375]},{"page":197,"text":"(t) Confirm SATCOM.","rect":[154.8000030517578,472.6559143066406,268.726806640625,461.65191650390627]},{"page":197,"text":"(u) JTAC/JFO capabilities (e.g., VDL, lasers, Precision Strike Suite-Special","rect":[154.8000030517578,498.4799499511719,522.007142578125,487.45196533203127]},{"page":197,"text":"Operations Forces [PSS-SOF], and SATCOM).","rect":[90.00000762939453,512.2559814453125,318.001220703125,501.251953125]},{"page":197,"text":"(v) Confirm authentication procedures (e.g., authentication table, Ramrod).","rect":[154.8000030517578,538.0800170898438,518.38916015625,527.052001953125]},{"page":197,"text":"(w) Confirm digital communications such as digital address and connectivity.","rect":[154.8000030517578,563.8800048828125,518.9315795898438,552.8519897460938]},{"page":197,"text":"(x) Perform communication checks on all nets and devices.","rect":[154.8000030517578,589.6560668945313,442.0475769042969,578.6520385742188]},{"page":197,"text":"(y) Review target lists with FSC, JTAC, and firing units.","rect":[154.8000030517578,615.4800415039063,429.71759033203127,604.4520263671875]},{"page":197,"text":"(z) Ensure all supported and supporting units have the same GRGs.","rect":[154.8000030517578,641.2800903320313,480.65521240234377,630.2520751953125]},{"page":197,"text":"4. Communications","rect":[90.00000762939453,664.7880859375,192.3155830078125,656.3640747070313]},{"page":197,"text":"a. During the preparation phase, and often in conjunction with the pre-combat","rect":[111.60000610351563,692.8800659179688,522.0036025390625,681.8400268554688]},{"page":197,"text":"inspections, communication links are checked and verified. This ensures primary and","rect":[89.99998474121094,706.6200561523438,522.0191650390625,695.592041015625]},{"page":197,"text":"IV-13","rect":[493.32000732421877,753.4679565429688,521.9904174804688,745.0679321289063]},{"page":198,"text":"Chapter IV","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,143.749205078125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":198,"text":"backup voice and digital systems are checked; crypto material is current; time is","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.9880073242188,74.6519775390625]},{"page":198,"text":"synchronized; and code words, brevity codes, authenticators, passwords, and call signs are","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.047970703125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":198,"text":"available and current. Ensure systems are fully operational and connectivity is established. ","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,525.0263671875,102.251953125]},{"page":198,"text":"Often, unit SOPs will delineate connectivity checks (e.g., “...each station will perform a","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,522.0576142578125,116.052001953125]},{"page":198,"text":"communications check on TAR/HR on the half hour reporting in precedence order”). ","rect":[90.0,140.87998962402345,525.0516357421875,129.85198974609376]},{"page":198,"text":"Additionally, any extra measures, such as day/night friendly marking procedures and visual","rect":[90.0,154.6799774169922,521.9447646484375,143.6519775390625]},{"page":198,"text":"or sound signals, are practiced.","rect":[90.0000228881836,168.47996520996095,238.59481811523438,157.45196533203126]},{"page":198,"text":"b. Check and Verify:","rect":[111.60002136230469,194.2799530029297,221.17802209472658,183.251953125]},{"page":198,"text":"(1) Command Nets:","rect":[133.20001220703126,220.05599975585938,231.49080041503908,209.052001953125]},{"page":198,"text":"(a) Company.","rect":[154.80001831054688,245.87998962402345,223.78680419921876,234.85198974609376]},{"page":198,"text":"(b) BN.","rect":[154.80001831054688,271.6559753417969,194.46002197265626,260.6519775390625]},{"page":198,"text":"(c) Regiment/brigade.","rect":[154.80001831054688,297.4799499511719,263.0904235839844,286.45196533203127]},{"page":198,"text":"(d) Division command.","rect":[154.80001831054688,323.2559509277344,269.46002197265627,312.251953125]},{"page":198,"text":"(2) Fire Support Nets:","rect":[133.20001220703126,349.05596923828127,241.8336043701172,338.0519714355469]},{"page":198,"text":"(a) COF.","rect":[154.80001831054688,374.85595703125,200.46002197265626,363.8519592285156]},{"page":198,"text":"(b) Mortar COF.","rect":[154.80001831054688,400.65594482421877,237.47402954101563,389.6519470214844]},{"page":198,"text":"(c) FSC nets.","rect":[154.80001831054688,426.4559631347656,220.80001831054688,415.45196533203127]},{"page":198,"text":"(d) Air spot.","rect":[154.80001831054688,452.2559509277344,216.7764129638672,441.251953125]},{"page":198,"text":"(3) Air Nets:","rect":[133.20001220703126,478.0559387207031,197.5200057373047,467.05194091796877]},{"page":198,"text":"(a) TAR/HR.","rect":[154.80001831054688,503.85595703125,221.09762573242188,492.8519592285156]},{"page":198,"text":"(b) JARN.","rect":[154.80001831054688,529.656005859375,207.77041625976563,518.6519775390625]},{"page":198,"text":"(c) TAD.","rect":[154.80001831054688,555.4560546875,201.78001403808595,544.4520263671875]},{"page":198,"text":"(d) TACP local.","rect":[154.80001831054688,581.2560424804688,234.84600830078126,570.2520141601563]},{"page":198,"text":"(e) TATC.","rect":[154.80001831054688,607.0560302734375,208.44122314453126,596.052001953125]},{"page":198,"text":"(f) NSFS ground spot.","rect":[154.80001831054688,632.8800659179688,264.36724853515627,621.85205078125]},{"page":198,"text":"(g) NSFS air spot.","rect":[154.80001831054688,658.6801147460938,245.09283447265626,647.652099609375]},{"page":198,"text":"(h) Shore fire control party.","rect":[154.80001831054688,684.4201049804688,290.10003662109377,673.39208984375]},{"page":198,"text":"(i) Data links and networks.","rect":[154.80001831054688,710.1961059570313,291.3251953125,699.1920776367188]},{"page":198,"text":"IV-14 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,121.66799926757813,745.0679321289063]},{"page":198,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6280212402344,753.4679565429688,521.9830322265625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":199,"text":"Preparation","rect":[466.67999267578127,49.655975341796878,522.072021484375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":199,"text":"c. Cryptographic Keys/Call Signs/Code Words/Prowords/Passwords/Brevity Codes.","rect":[111.5999984741211,85.67997741699219,519.0719604492188,74.84397888183594]},{"page":199,"text":"(1) Crypto verified and loaded.","rect":[133.19996643066407,111.47996520996094,285.1307373046875,100.45196533203125]},{"page":199,"text":"(2) Time synchronized.","rect":[133.19996643066407,137.2799530029297,248.48997497558595,126.251953125]},{"page":199,"text":"(3) Copies or excerpts of call signs available.","rect":[133.19996643066407,163.0800018310547,352.87921142578127,152.052001953125]},{"page":199,"text":"(4) Code words and brevity codes for current plan reviewed.","rect":[133.19996643066407,188.87998962402345,426.1199951171875,177.85198974609376]},{"page":199,"text":"(5) Prowords posted or noted for communicators.","rect":[133.19996643066407,214.65597534179688,373.21197509765627,203.6519775390625]},{"page":199,"text":"d. Friendly Day/Night Marking Procedures. ","rect":[111.59996032714844,240.47996520996095,346.27081298828127,229.45196533203126]},{"page":199,"text":"displayed/checked.","rect":[89.99996185302735,254.2799530029297,181.7063446044922,243.251953125]},{"page":199,"text":"Equipment available and correctly","rect":[352.37994384765627,240.47996520996095,522.095947265625,229.45196533203126]},{"page":199,"text":"(1) IR pointer lights/pointers.","rect":[133.19996643066407,280.0799865722656,276.86395263671877,269.052001953125]},{"page":199,"text":"(2) Strobe lights (visual and/or IR).","rect":[133.19996643066407,305.87994384765627,305.47552490234377,294.8519592285156]},{"page":199,"text":"(3) Air panels.","rect":[133.19996643066407,331.65594482421877,205.81198120117188,320.6519470214844]},{"page":199,"text":"(a) VS-17 panels.","rect":[154.79995727539063,357.4559631347656,242.11195373535157,346.45196533203127]},{"page":199,"text":"(b) Thermal panels.","rect":[154.79995727539063,383.2559509277344,252.0791473388672,372.251953125]},{"page":199,"text":"(c) Chemical lights.","rect":[154.79995727539063,409.0799255371094,252.78955078125,398.05194091796877]},{"page":199,"text":"(d) GLINT tape.","rect":[154.79995727539063,434.8559265136719,236.77195739746095,423.8519287109375]},{"page":199,"text":"(e) Laser designators and their associated codes. Information for planning","rect":[154.79995727539063,460.6799011230469,521.9471435546875,449.65191650390627]},{"page":199,"text":"and coordinating laser designator use should include laser designator location (i.e.,","rect":[89.99993896484375,474.4799499511719,521.9471435546875,463.45196533203127]},{"page":199,"text":"observation post location), laser codes, and laser-target line, at a minimum.","rect":[89.99996185302735,488.2799377441406,450.5567626953125,477.251953125]},{"page":199,"text":"(4) Pyrotechnics.","rect":[133.19996643066407,514.0800170898438,218.12277221679688,503.052001953125]},{"page":199,"text":"(a) Smoke.","rect":[154.79995727539063,539.8560180664063,210.5135498046875,528.8519897460938]},{"page":199,"text":"(b) Star clusters.","rect":[154.79995727539063,565.6560668945313,236.90396118164063,554.6520385742188]},{"page":199,"text":"(5) Radar beacons and codes.","rect":[133.19996643066407,591.4560546875,277.21917724609377,580.4520263671875]},{"page":199,"text":"5. Digitally Aided Close Air Support Preparation","rect":[89.99996948242188,617.4000854492188,343.9643583984375,606.5640869140625]},{"page":199,"text":"a. Supporting Documents. The following documents provide information to plan","rect":[111.59996032714844,643.0800170898438,522.0670166015625,632.052001953125]},{"page":199,"text":"and execute DACAS and should be studied prior to execution. ","rect":[89.99995422363281,656.8560791015625,395.30755615234377,645.85205078125]},{"page":199,"text":"(1) OPTASKLINK with CNR segment, via JICOs.","rect":[133.199951171875,682.6801147460938,380.26556396484377,671.652099609375]},{"page":199,"text":"(2) SPINS. ","rect":[133.199951171875,708.3961181640625,194.86795043945313,697.39208984375]},{"page":199,"text":"IV-15","rect":[493.32000732421877,753.4679565429688,521.9904174804688,745.0679321289063]},{"page":200,"text":"Chapter IV","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,143.749205078125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":200,"text":"(3) ATO. ","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.65597534179688,186.83999633789063,74.6519775390625]},{"page":200,"text":"(4) ACO. ","rect":[133.1999969482422,111.45596313476563,187.5,100.45196533203125]},{"page":200,"text":"(5) Respective Service URNs (Service-specific document or joint master unit list). ","rect":[133.1999969482422,137.2799530029297,524.9927978515625,126.23995208740235]},{"page":200,"text":"As noted above for VMF DACAS, when establishing VMF digital communications,","rect":[89.99999237060547,151.0800018310547,522.1368408203125,140.052001953125]},{"page":200,"text":"DACAS systems may automatically learn each other’s URNs. However, while auto learning","rect":[90.00001525878906,164.87998962402345,522.1056518554688,153.85198974609376]},{"page":200,"text":"is a benefit, it does not mitigate confusion when two aircraft show up with the same URN on","rect":[90.00001525878906,178.6799774169922,522.1368408203125,167.6519775390625]},{"page":200,"text":"a channel.","rect":[90.00001525878906,190.05596923828126,137.75161743164063,181.45196533203126]},{"page":200,"text":"(6) Digital communication plan with digital TACP local network information.","rect":[133.20001220703126,218.2799530029297,510.849609375,207.251953125]},{"page":200,"text":"b. Ground Kit Recommended Software. One or more of the following target","rect":[111.60002899169922,244.0800018310547,522.016908203125,233.052001953125]},{"page":200,"text":"mensuration/imagery exploitation tools should be loaded onto DACAS systems if the","rect":[90.00001525878906,257.8799133300781,522.03356640625,246.8519287109375]},{"page":200,"text":"JTAC is certified in their use:","rect":[90.00001525878906,269.2679748535156,232.35605004882815,260.6519775390625]},{"page":200,"text":"(1) PSS-SOF. Windows-based Target Mensuration Only (TMO) tool that","rect":[133.20001220703126,297.4799499511719,522.0673232421875,286.45196533203127]},{"page":200,"text":"provides CAT 1 TLE coordinates using DPPDB imagery data.","rect":[90.00000762939453,311.2799377441406,389.6110534667969,300.251953125]},{"page":200,"text":"(2) DPSS-SM [Digital Precision Strike Suite-Scene Matching]. Windows-","rect":[133.20001220703126,337.0799255371094,521.9268471679687,326.05194091796877]},{"page":200,"text":"based software that combines recent imagery with DPPDB.","rect":[90.00003814697266,350.8799133300781,375.326416015625,339.8519287109375]},{"page":200,"text":"(3) PFIG [Precision Fires Image Generator]. Windows-based software that","rect":[133.2000274658203,376.6799011230469,522.0204482421875,365.65191650390627]},{"page":200,"text":"creates precision fires images to be used for conducting TMO on Android devices.","rect":[90.00003814697266,390.47991943359377,486.2448425292969,379.4519348144531]},{"page":200,"text":"(4) DIEE [Digital Imagery Exploitation Engine]. Windows-based software","rect":[133.20004272460938,416.2799072265625,521.9868745117187,405.2519226074219]},{"page":200,"text":"capable of target coordinate mensuration, weaponeering, and creating CDEs.","rect":[90.00006103515625,430.07989501953127,458.89208984375,419.0519104003906]},{"page":200,"text":"(5) PSS-SOF Mobile. Android version of PSS-SOF mensuration tool. This","rect":[133.20008850097657,455.8559265136719,522.0049140625,444.8519287109375]},{"page":200,"text":"allows for CAT 1 TLE coordinate generation using DPPDB and/or precision fires images","rect":[90.00008392333985,469.6799011230469,522.00247265625,458.65191650390627]},{"page":200,"text":"on mobile Android devices.","rect":[90.00006103515625,481.055908203125,223.34164428710938,472.451904296875]},{"page":200,"text":"c. JTAC DACAS Mission Checklist","rect":[111.60005950927735,506.8799133300781,295.52892846679688,498.44390869140627]},{"page":200,"text":"(1) End user device or DACAS ground kit.","rect":[133.20005798339845,535.0799560546875,342.12005615234377,524.0519409179688]},{"page":200,"text":"(2) Batteries fully charged.","rect":[133.20005798339845,560.8799438476563,265.53369140625,549.8519287109375]},{"page":200,"text":"(3) Map data loaded.","rect":[133.20005798339845,586.656005859375,236.17205810546876,575.6519775390625]},{"page":200,"text":"(4) Assigned target block number range set.","rect":[133.20005798339845,612.4199829101563,346.45684814453127,601.3919677734375]},{"page":200,"text":"(5) Assigned CAS request block number range set.","rect":[133.20005798339845,638.2200317382813,380.070068359375,627.1920166015625]},{"page":200,"text":"(6) Updated mission data, to include control points, FSCMs, friendly tracks, and","rect":[133.20005798339845,664.02001953125,522.0240478515625,652.9920043945313]},{"page":200,"text":"communication nets.","rect":[90.00003814697266,675.3960571289063,189.97442626953126,666.7920532226563]},{"page":200,"text":"(7) DPPDB loaded.","rect":[133.20004272460938,703.5960693359375,229.92123413085938,692.592041015625]},{"page":200,"text":"IV-16 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,121.66799926757813,745.0679321289063]},{"page":200,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6280212402344,753.4679565429688,521.9830322265625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":201,"text":"Preparation","rect":[466.67999267578127,49.655975341796878,522.072021484375,38.651973724365237]},{"page":201,"text":"(8) Appropriate power supply or battery adapter.","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,369.7344055175781,74.6519775390625]},{"page":201,"text":"(9) Radios configured.","rect":[133.1999969482422,111.47996520996094,244.45919799804688,100.45196533203125]},{"page":201,"text":"(10) Radio cable(s).","rect":[133.1999969482422,137.25595092773438,231.83999633789063,126.251953125]},{"page":201,"text":"(11) External GPS antenna as required.","rect":[133.1999969482422,163.05599975585938,324.0191345214844,152.052001953125]},{"page":201,"text":"(12) GPS fill.","rect":[133.1999969482422,188.85598754882813,201.2615966796875,177.85198974609376]},{"page":201,"text":"(13) Digital communications checked.","rect":[133.1999969482422,214.6799774169922,320.21527099609377,203.6519775390625]},{"page":201,"text":"(14) Mission routing configured.","rect":[133.1999969482422,240.47996520996095,293.5379943847656,229.45196533203126]},{"page":201,"text":"(15) LRF and adapter cable.","rect":[133.1999969482422,266.2559509277344,271.0992126464844,255.251953125]},{"page":201,"text":"(16) Quick reference guide.","rect":[133.1999969482422,292.0799560546875,268.8887939453125,281.0519714355469]},{"page":201,"text":"(17) VMF preplanned (canned) free text messages (FTMs). ","rect":[133.1999969482422,317.87994384765627,423.7920227050781,306.8519592285156]},{"page":201,"text":"For a detailed example of VMF preplanned (canned) FTMs, see Appendix D, “Digitally","rect":[90.00001525878906,343.7399597167969,522.0360688476562,332.83197021484377]},{"page":201,"text":"Aided Close Air Support Planning and Execution Considerations.”","rect":[90.00001525878906,357.5399475097656,412.6440153808594,346.6319580078125]},{"page":201,"text":"6. Movement and Positioning","rect":[90.00001525878906,383.39996337890627,242.33999633789063,372.56396484375]},{"page":201,"text":"a. Movement. ","rect":[111.60001373291016,406.6559753417969,186.59881591796876,398.43597412109377]},{"page":201,"text":"The AO/ALO ensures TACP movement is in accordance with the","rect":[192.7200164794922,406.66796875,522.0458344726562,398.0519714355469]},{"page":201,"text":"maneuver unit’s observation plan. Most TACP operations require movement to forward","rect":[90.00000762939453,422.85595703125,522.00244140625,411.8519592285156]},{"page":201,"text":"assembly areas, observation posts, or BPs during the preparation phase of an operation. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,436.679931640625,525.0036010742188,425.6519470214844]},{"page":201,"text":"The maneuver unit OPORD will normally specify formations and techniques of movement. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,450.4799499511719,524.9976196289063,439.45196533203127]},{"page":201,"text":"This allows the commander to position elements where they will optimize the unit’s","rect":[90.00001525878906,464.2799377441406,522.0732124023438,453.251953125]},{"page":201,"text":"operational area and facilitate execution of the scheme of maneuver.","rect":[90.00001525878906,478.0559387207031,417.8448486328125,467.05194091796877]},{"page":201,"text":"b. Positioning. The AO/ALO recommends initial observation positions of TACPs to","rect":[111.60005187988281,503.87994384765627,521.9566650390625,492.8519592285156]},{"page":201,"text":"the commander. The AO/ALO and the commander must consider three aspects in the","rect":[90.00001525878906,517.656005859375,522.0768403320312,506.6519775390625]},{"page":201,"text":"TACP positioning decision: security, observation, and communications.","rect":[90.00001525878906,531.4800415039063,435.6360168457031,520.4520263671875]},{"page":201,"text":"(1) Security. A TACP cannot provide its own security. The TACP is positioned","rect":[133.20001220703126,557.280029296875,522.011962890625,546.2520141601563]},{"page":201,"text":"within the maneuver unit’s area where it can optimize its observation capability yet","rect":[90.00001525878906,571.0800170898438,522.0311904296875,560.052001953125]},{"page":201,"text":"maintain its survivability and communications capability. The maneuver unit commander","rect":[90.00001525878906,584.8800659179688,521.9100625,573.85205078125]},{"page":201,"text":"considers the factors of METT-T when selecting a position.","rect":[90.00001525878906,598.6801147460938,376.28045654296877,587.652099609375]},{"page":201,"text":"(2) Observation. The selection of an observation position is critical to the ability","rect":[133.20001220703126,624.4201049804688,522.00244140625,613.39208984375]},{"page":201,"text":"of the TACP to effectively control CAS. The position permits observation of targets. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,638.2200927734375,525.003662109375,627.1920776367188]},{"page":201,"text":"Landmarks and prominent terrain features should be avoided, as the enemy probably","rect":[90.00001525878906,652.0201416015625,521.9760131835938,640.9921264648438]},{"page":201,"text":"targets them.","rect":[90.00001525878906,665.8201293945313,151.99920654296876,654.7921142578125]},{"page":201,"text":"(3) Communications. ","rect":[133.20001220703126,691.59619140625,246.6192169189453,680.5921630859375]},{"page":201,"text":"TACP’s primary means of communication is tactical","rect":[254.3400115966797,691.6201782226563,522.0168471679688,680.5921630859375]},{"page":201,"text":"radios. The TACP is positioned to allow communications with the commander, HHQ","rect":[90.00001525878906,705.3961791992188,522.0264877929687,694.3921508789063]},{"page":201,"text":"IV-17","rect":[493.32000732421877,753.4679565429688,521.9904174804688,745.0679321289063]},{"page":202,"text":"Chapter IV","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,143.749205078125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":202,"text":"(TACP), and the CAS aircraft. However, some tactical radio networks require the use of ","rect":[90.0,85.65597534179688,525.0167846679688,74.6519775390625]},{"page":202,"text":"tactical gateways or joint range extenders to maintain ELOS communications. ","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,467.5968017578125,88.4399642944336]},{"page":202,"text":"c. Reconnaissance. If time and the tactical situation permit, take advantage of the","rect":[111.60001373291016,125.27995300292969,522.0480317382812,114.251953125]},{"page":202,"text":"opportunity to conduct reconnaissance of the battlefield. Confirm when observation","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,521.9783935546875,128.052001953125]},{"page":202,"text":"positions offer visibility of engagement areas, enemy avenues of approach, and dead space. ","rect":[90.0,152.87998962402345,524.988037109375,141.85198974609376]},{"page":202,"text":"Verify communications connectivity.","rect":[90.0,166.6799774169922,269.02081298828127,155.6519775390625]},{"page":202,"text":"IV-18 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,121.66799926757813,745.0679321289063]},{"page":202,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6280212402344,753.4679565429688,521.9830322265625,745.0679321289063]},{"page":203,"text":"CHAPTER V","rect":[267.29998779296877,85.09574127197266,344.65972177886968,75.29576110839844]},{"page":203,"text":"EXECUTION","rect":[269.6400146484375,99.47998809814453,342.31802221679689,91.05598449707031]},{"page":203,"text":"“It is firepower, and firepower that arrives at the right time and place, that","rect":[119.04000091552735,130.31283569335938,492.8848678512573,120.04653930664063]},{"page":203,"text":"counts in modern warfare.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,140.82066345214845,249.9007246131897,132.70645141601563]},{"page":203,"text":"B.H. Liddell Hart,","rect":[412.3799743652344,164.51023864746095,492.97483014678957,157.115478515625]},{"page":203,"text":"Thoughts on War, 1944","rect":[382.920166015625,178.01422119140626,493.00590419006348,168.60543823242188]},{"page":203,"text":"1. Introduction","rect":[90.00003051757813,202.59600830078126,170.41203601074219,194.1840057373047]},{"page":203,"text":"Having integrated the necessary forces, capabilities, and established support","rect":[111.60002136230469,230.6999969482422,521.9183974609375,219.6719970703125]},{"page":203,"text":"relationships, CAS execution, as depicted in Figure V-1, begins with a target nomination","rect":[90.00003051757813,244.49998474121095,522.058837890625,233.47198486328126]},{"page":203,"text":"from the supported commander and involves two processes that are continuous and","rect":[90.00003051757813,258.2759704589844,521.9808349609375,247.27197265625]},{"page":203,"text":"overlapping in nature: JTAC/operations center coordination and CAS target engagement. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,272.1000061035156,524.9688110351563,261.072021484375]},{"page":203,"text":"This chapter discusses the considerations required for executing the detailed integration of ","rect":[90.00003051757813,285.89996337890627,525.0228271484375,274.8719787597656]},{"page":203,"text":"CAS with the fire and movement of the supported unit.","rect":[90.00003051757813,299.67596435546877,354.667236328125,288.6719665527344]},{"page":203,"text":"2. Close Air Support Target Engagement","rect":[90.00003051757813,325.6199645996094,302.98800439453125,314.7839660644531]},{"page":203,"text":"a. This section will provide standard procedures for CAS execution. While theaters","rect":[111.60003662109375,351.2759704589844,521.9796455078125,340.27197265625]},{"page":203,"text":"or specific commands may have unique requirements, JTACs, FAC(A)s, CAS aircrews,","rect":[90.00003051757813,365.0999450683594,521.9928588867188,354.07196044921877]},{"page":203,"text":"and fire supporters should be familiar with the standard formats used in passing key","rect":[90.00003051757813,378.8999328613281,522.0203857421875,367.8719482421875]},{"page":203,"text":"information between CAS participants. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,392.6759338378906,283.97528076171877,381.67193603515627]},{"page":203,"text":"b. JTAC/FAC(A) Actions for Developing a CAS Brief. Once a ground commander","rect":[111.60002136230469,418.49993896484377,522.06484765625,407.4719543457031]},{"page":203,"text":"has nominated a CAS target, the JTAC/FAC(A) should accomplish the following tasks to","rect":[90.00003051757813,432.2999267578125,522.0,421.2719421386719]},{"page":203,"text":"prepare for CAS engagement. These steps should begin with the target and work","rect":[90.00003051757813,446.09991455078127,521.7696533203125,435.0719299316406]},{"page":203,"text":"backwards. This sequence allows the JTAC/FAC(A) to build a game plan, CAS brief,","rect":[90.00003051757813,459.8999328613281,521.7696533203125,448.8719482421875]},{"page":203,"text":"and remarks/restrictions in a logical order. Each step, however, will affect the others","rect":[90.00003051757813,473.6999206542969,521.8320014648438,462.67193603515627]},{"page":203,"text":"and may result in an iterative process. For instance, SEAD requirements may influence","rect":[90.00003051757813,487.4999084472656,521.8019990234375,476.471923828125]},{"page":203,"text":"plan development. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,501.27593994140627,185.083251953125,490.2719421386719]},{"page":203,"text":"(1) Develop Targeting Data. Planning for a CAS attack should begin with the","rect":[133.2000274658203,527.0999755859375,522.0275849609375,516.0719604492188]},{"page":203,"text":"target and work backwards. There are five main pieces of information a JTAC/FAC(A)","rect":[90.00003051757813,540.8999633789063,522.06484765625,529.8719482421875]},{"page":203,"text":"needs to begin the CAS attack planning: target elevation, target description, target location,","rect":[90.00003051757813,554.7000122070313,522.0408325195313,543.6719970703125]},{"page":203,"text":"friendly location (both maneuver and fires units), and commander’s desired effects on the","rect":[90.00003051757813,568.5000610351563,522.0588349609375,557.4720458984375]},{"page":203,"text":"target. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,582.300048828125,123.3072280883789,572.4840087890625]},{"page":203,"text":"(a) Target Elevation (Line 4). The default target elevation is in feet MSL. ","rect":[154.80001831054688,608.1000366210938,525.0528564453125,597.072021484375]},{"page":203,"text":"It can be given in feet height above ellipsoid but must be specifically stated. Elevation is","rect":[90.00003051757813,621.9000854492188,522.099640625,610.8720703125]},{"page":203,"text":"the most difficult aspect to judge accurately. Targeting software is the most accurate","rect":[90.00003051757813,635.7000732421875,522.066037109375,624.6600341796875]},{"page":203,"text":"method to derive elevation; however, terrain association can generally be accurate enough","rect":[90.00003051757813,649.5001220703125,522.0419921875,638.4721069335938]},{"page":203,"text":"except in very steep terrain and/or in urban environments. If practical, mitigate elevation","rect":[90.00003051757813,663.3001708984375,522.115234375,652.2721557617188]},{"page":203,"text":"errors with steeper weapon impact angles. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,677.1001586914063,297.95050048828127,666.0721435546875]},{"page":203,"text":"(b) Target Description (Line 5). Line 5 should be a concise, accurate","rect":[154.800048828125,702.900146484375,522.0407685546875,691.8721313476563]},{"page":203,"text":"description of the target (e.g., “Five APCs [armored personnel carriers] in the open”). The","rect":[90.00004577636719,716.7001953125,522.0312470703125,705.6721801757813]},{"page":203,"text":"V-1","rect":[503.34002685546877,753.4679565429688,521.9976196289063,745.0679321289063]},{"page":204,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":204,"text":"Figure V-1. Close Air Support Execution","rect":[209.580322265625,587.69384765625,402.4733250160217,578.1948852539063]},{"page":204,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) should avoid using overly complicated descriptions or labels that will not","rect":[90.0,611.0400390625,521.9531875,600.0120239257813]},{"page":204,"text":"be understood by aircrews. However, JTACs/FAC(A)s should be specific with the actual","rect":[90.0,624.8400268554688,521.9639907226563,613.81201171875]},{"page":204,"text":"target. For example, if the commander’s intent is to kill a high-value target that happens","rect":[90.0,638.6400146484375,522.0024116210938,627.6119995117188]},{"page":204,"text":"to be inside a building, line 5 should be “HVT [high-value target] in 2-story building,” vice","rect":[90.0,652.4400024414063,521.940060546875,641.4119873046875]},{"page":204,"text":"“2-story building.” The target is the personnel, not the building itself. ","rect":[90.0,666.2400512695313,431.94720458984377,655.2120361328125]},{"page":204,"text":"(c) Target Location (Line 6). JTACs/FAC(A)s must consider the accuracy","rect":[154.80001831054688,692.0400390625,522.02880859375,681.0120239257813]},{"page":204,"text":"of line 6 required to achieve ground commander’s objective versus the time required to","rect":[90.0,705.8400268554688,522.06005859375,694.7999877929688]},{"page":204,"text":"generate a more accurate coordinate. Some of the factors to consider when determining","rect":[90.0000228881836,719.6400146484375,521.9640502929688,708.6119995117188]},{"page":204,"text":"V-2 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,111.66360473632813,745.0679321289063]},{"page":204,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6435852050781,753.4679565429688,521.9891357421875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":205,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":205,"text":"the level of target coordinate accuracy required are the delivering platform system","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0551772460938,74.6519775390625]},{"page":205,"text":"capabilities, the proximity of friendly troops, the ordnance available, the need and difficulty","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0504150390625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":205,"text":"of target acquisition anticipated, collateral damage concerns, and method of engagement. ","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,525.0048217773438,102.251953125]},{"page":205,"text":"A Type 2 BOC with LGB ground-lase will require a much less accurate coordinate than a","rect":[89.9999771118164,127.08000183105469,521.9951752929687,116.052001953125]},{"page":205,"text":"Type 2 BOC JDAM mission where a direct hit will be necessary to create the desired effect. ","rect":[89.9999771118164,140.87998962402345,525.011962890625,129.85198974609376]},{"page":205,"text":"Methods to determine target location include:","rect":[89.9999771118164,154.6799774169922,308.985658203125,143.6519775390625]},{"page":205,"text":"1. Terrain Association with Map. Least accurate but efficient and","rect":[176.3999786376953,180.45596313476563,522.0227661132813,169.45196533203126]},{"page":205,"text":"effective depending on the situation.","rect":[90.0,194.28001403808595,264.9840087890625,183.25201416015626]},{"page":205,"text":"2. LRF Coupled with GPS and/or Compass. More accurate than","rect":[176.39999389648438,220.05599975585938,522.1080322265625,209.052001953125]},{"page":205,"text":"terrain association but still has limitations related to magnetic bearing. This method can","rect":[90.0,233.87998962402345,522.053955078125,222.85198974609376]},{"page":205,"text":"take longer than terrain association but may yield a more accurate location. Caution must","rect":[90.0,247.6799774169922,521.9303603515625,236.6519775390625]},{"page":205,"text":"be taken in environments where GPS jamming is likely. If GPS jamming is suspected,","rect":[90.0,261.4799499511719,522.0252075195313,250.43995666503907]},{"page":205,"text":"target data development should be accomplished via another method. ","rect":[90.0,275.2799987792969,425.206787109375,264.25201416015627]},{"page":205,"text":"3. Targeting Software. Most accurate method, dependent on updated","rect":[176.39999389648438,301.0799865722656,522.0096435546875,290.052001953125]},{"page":205,"text":"and accurate software to function properly.","rect":[90.0,314.8799743652344,296.67596435546877,303.85198974609377]},{"page":205,"text":"4. Aircraft or multisensor imagery reconnaissance (MIR)/ISR asset-","rect":[176.39999389648438,340.6799621582031,522.045560546875,329.6519775390625]},{"page":205,"text":"derived coordinates.","rect":[90.0,352.0559997558594,187.28518676757813,343.4519958496094]},{"page":205,"text":"(d) Friendly Location (Line 8). The location is given in a cardinal/sub-","rect":[154.8000030517578,380.27996826171877,522.0156533203125,369.2519836425781]},{"page":205,"text":"cardinal direction and distance in meters from the target to the closest friendly position","rect":[90.0,394.0799865722656,522.0863647460938,383.052001953125]},{"page":205,"text":"(e.g., “Southwest 300”). The observer or JTAC may not be the closest friendly to the target. ","rect":[90.0,407.8799743652344,527.97119140625,396.85198974609377]},{"page":205,"text":"(e) Commander’s Desired Effects. The desired effects may be determined","rect":[154.80001831054688,433.6799621582031,522.0997314453125,422.6519775390625]},{"page":205,"text":"through dialogue with the ground commander. JTACs should provide the commander with","rect":[90.0000228881836,447.47998046875,522.12841796875,436.4519958496094]},{"page":205,"text":"a realistic expectation of ordnance effects, based on the likely aircraft loadout and","rect":[90.0000228881836,461.27996826171877,522.1380004882813,450.2519836425781]},{"page":205,"text":"professional expertise. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,475.0559997558594,201.64321899414063,464.052001953125]},{"page":205,"text":"(2) Request Air Support ","rect":[133.20001220703126,500.8559875488281,262.8624267578125,489.85198974609377]},{"page":205,"text":"(a) Once a rough location for the target has been determined and","rect":[154.80001831054688,526.6199951171875,522.0000610351563,515.5919799804688]},{"page":205,"text":"commander’s desired effects are known, JTACs/FAC(A)s should request air support at the","rect":[90.00004577636719,540.39599609375,521.995236328125,529.3919677734375]},{"page":205,"text":"earliest possible opportunity due to the transit time required for CAS aircraft to arrive on","rect":[90.00004577636719,554.2200317382813,522.0419921875,543.1920166015625]},{"page":205,"text":"station. Do not delay the request to refine the coordinate at this time. Extreme caution","rect":[90.00004577636719,568.0199584960938,522.1092529296875,556.991943359375]},{"page":205,"text":"should be taken when using “generic” or previously generated coordinates for the air","rect":[90.00004577636719,581.8200073242188,522.0276772460937,570.7919921875]},{"page":205,"text":"request. Friendly fire incidents have occurred when JTACs/FAC(A)s utilized friendly","rect":[90.00004577636719,595.6199951171875,521.9832763671875,584.5919799804688]},{"page":205,"text":"locations in the air request as initial routing points for CAS aircraft. Friendly locations","rect":[90.00006866455078,609.4199829101563,522.0384833984375,598.3919677734375]},{"page":205,"text":"should never be utilized as the target location in a JTAR. Additionally, JTAC DACAS","rect":[90.00006866455078,623.219970703125,522.0061064453125,612.1919555664063]},{"page":205,"text":"ground kits enable the JTAC to generate digital JTARs by extracting and transmitting the","rect":[90.00009155273438,637.0199584960938,521.9760712890625,625.991943359375]},{"page":205,"text":"battlefield information populated on the kits through the appropriate channels. ","rect":[90.00009155273438,650.8200073242188,474.2520751953125,639.7919921875]},{"page":205,"text":"(b) JTAR Accuracy. Ideally, the controlling agency (e.g., ASOC, DASC,","rect":[154.80007934570313,676.6199340820313,522.0408935546875,665.5919189453125]},{"page":205,"text":"Marine TACC, Navy TACC, TAC[A]) briefs the aircrew before contact with the","rect":[90.00009155273438,690.4199829101563,521.997677734375,679.3919677734375]},{"page":205,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) using the information from DD Form 1972, Joint Tactical Air Strike","rect":[90.00009155273438,704.2199096679688,522.0216645507812,693.19189453125]},{"page":205,"text":"Request, (Section I, Block 8, “Remarks”) (see Appendix A, “Joint Tactical Air Strike","rect":[90.00009155273438,717.9959716796875,521.9760712890625,706.991943359375]},{"page":205,"text":"V-3","rect":[503.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,521.9976196289063,745.0679321289063]},{"page":206,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":206,"text":"Request”). The brief must be accurate, concise, and executed quickly. Map datum must","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.009583984375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":206,"text":"be considered when determining target grid coordinates. The mission brief should not","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,521.9183974609375,88.45196533203125]},{"page":206,"text":"change once an aircrew leaves the IP/BP inbound to the target.","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,390.93597412109377,102.251953125]},{"page":206,"text":"(3) Develop Game Plan. The game plan, at a minimum, will contain the type of ","rect":[133.20001220703126,139.0800018310547,525.0792236328125,128.052001953125]},{"page":206,"text":"control and method of attack. In addition, the following can be part of the game plan or","rect":[90.0,152.87998962402345,521.9568154296875,141.85198974609376]},{"page":206,"text":"passed in remarks: the ground commander’s intent, the ordnance effects desired, or the","rect":[90.0,166.6799774169922,522.00719921875,155.6519775390625]},{"page":206,"text":"ordnance and fuze combination required, if known. Aircraft interval can also be specified","rect":[90.0,180.45596313476563,522.014404296875,169.45196533203126]},{"page":206,"text":"by the JTAC/FAC(A). If specified by the JTAC/FAC(A), and the aircrew desires to have","rect":[90.00004577636719,194.2799530029297,522.0072602539062,183.251953125]},{"page":206,"text":"a different interval, it can request a different interval. However, aircraft interval plays a","rect":[90.00004577636719,208.0800018310547,521.9736298828125,197.052001953125]},{"page":206,"text":"significant role in SEAD, target marking, and ground lasing missions and may be","rect":[90.00004577636719,221.87998962402345,522.0036591796875,210.85198974609376]},{"page":206,"text":"specifically required to create desired effects in minimum time. The JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s","rect":[90.00004577636719,235.6799774169922,521.9232490234375,224.6519775390625]},{"page":206,"text":"intent is not to dictate aircraft tactics but to offer a plan that meets the commander’s intent. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,249.45596313476563,525.0384521484375,238.45196533203126]},{"page":206,"text":"Developing the game plan in the following order provides a logical flow working","rect":[90.00004577636719,263.2799377441406,522.0432739257813,252.251953125]},{"page":206,"text":"backwards from the target: ","rect":[90.00006866455078,277.0799255371094,224.90170288085938,266.05194091796877]},{"page":206,"text":"(a) Determine Desired Effects. The first step in developing a game plan is","rect":[154.80007934570313,302.87994384765627,522.0121162109375,291.8519592285156]},{"page":206,"text":"to determine the ground commander’s desired effects and how to create them. Factors to","rect":[90.00006866455078,316.679931640625,522.0048828125,305.6519470214844]},{"page":206,"text":"consider are target composition (hard or soft target), target array (point target or dispersed),","rect":[90.00006866455078,330.4799499511719,522.0457153320313,319.45196533203127]},{"page":206,"text":"target location (in the open or enclosed), collateral damage, and distance from friendly","rect":[90.00006866455078,344.2799377441406,522.0084838867188,333.251953125]},{"page":206,"text":"forces. Consideration should be given to the type of aircraft and standard conventional","rect":[90.00006866455078,358.0799255371094,522.0000625,347.05194091796877]},{"page":206,"text":"loads that will be likely to show up in support, the aiming system, delivery mode, threat,","rect":[90.00006866455078,371.8799133300781,521.9677124023438,360.8519287109375]},{"page":206,"text":"and required time to employ, to select the most appropriate weapon and a proposed","rect":[90.00006866455078,385.6799011230469,522.0313110351563,374.65191650390627]},{"page":206,"text":"optimum combination of ordnance and fuzing. JTACs/FAC(A)s should have a working","rect":[90.00009155273438,399.47991943359377,522.00244140625,388.4519348144531]},{"page":206,"text":"knowledge of ordnance effects, as well as risk estimate distances, and the conditions under","rect":[90.00009155273438,413.2799072265625,522.021634765625,402.2519226074219]},{"page":206,"text":"which those numbers were derived. Consult ATP 3-09.32/MCRP 3-31.6/NTTP 3-","rect":[90.00009155273438,424.66790771484377,521.9736611328125,416.0519104003906]},{"page":206,"text":"09.2/AFTTP 3-2.6, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Joint","rect":[90.00009155273438,440.8799133300781,521.9761977539063,429.8519287109375]},{"page":206,"text":"Application of Firepower, for risk estimate distances and determine whether friendly troops","rect":[90.00009155273438,454.6199035644531,521.9280708007813,443.5919189453125]},{"page":206,"text":"are at risk. If so, consult with the ground commander and weigh the risks of all potential","rect":[90.00009155273438,468.4198913574219,522.0565200195313,457.39190673828127]},{"page":206,"text":"COAs before employing ordnance. JTACs/FAC(A)s may relay to aircraft the desired","rect":[90.00011444091797,482.2198791503906,522.079345703125,471.19189453125]},{"page":206,"text":"weapons effects and, as applicable, desired ordnance and fuzing. Aircrews may suggest","rect":[90.00011444091797,496.0199279785156,521.9904799804688,484.991943359375]},{"page":206,"text":"alternate ordnance and fuzing, based upon the ground commander’s desired effects. ","rect":[90.00011444091797,509.8199157714844,494.28253173828127,498.79193115234377]},{"page":206,"text":"(b) Select Type of TAC. Type of TAC is based on several factors that","rect":[154.80014038085938,535.6199951171875,522.0312514648438,524.5919799804688]},{"page":206,"text":"include the type of ordnance employed, the JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s ability to observe either the","rect":[90.00013732910156,549.4199829101563,522.0337495117187,538.3919677734375]},{"page":206,"text":"aircraft or the target, the best method to mitigate risk, and the speed of target engagement. ","rect":[90.00013732910156,563.2200317382813,527.8021240234375,552.1920166015625]},{"page":206,"text":"(c) Select Method of Attack (BOT or BOC). The optimum method of ","rect":[154.80014038085938,588.9960327148438,525.061279296875,577.9920043945313]},{"page":206,"text":"attack is chosen based on which method allows the quickest target engagement and is","rect":[90.00013732910156,602.820068359375,522.019318359375,591.7920532226563]},{"page":206,"text":"dependent on the target type, how the target will be acquired, and the situation. ","rect":[90.00013732910156,616.6200561523438,475.212158203125,605.592041015625]},{"page":206,"text":"(d) Plan Aircraft Interval. JTACs/FAC(A)s can request specific impact","rect":[154.80015563964845,642.3961181640625,522.1104750976563,631.39208984375]},{"page":206,"text":"intervals based on target, threat, friendly forces, artillery/SEAD/laser deconfliction,","rect":[90.00016021728516,656.2200927734375,522.134521484375,645.1920776367188]},{"page":206,"text":"ordnance, restrictions, and weather. The aircrew, in coordination with the JTAC/FAC(A), is","rect":[90.00016021728516,669.9961547851563,522.0146186523438,658.9921264648438]},{"page":206,"text":"responsible for tactical execution in meeting the ground commander’s intent. ","rect":[90.00016021728516,683.8201293945313,457.5565490722656,672.7921142578125]},{"page":206,"text":"V-4 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,111.66360473632813,745.0679321289063]},{"page":206,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6435852050781,753.4679565429688,521.9891357421875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":207,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":207,"text":"1. Simultaneous Timing. All aircraft will deliver ordnance to create","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,522.0947846679687,74.6519775390625]},{"page":207,"text":"simultaneous effects. This method minimizes CAS aircraft exposure to threats and","rect":[90.0,99.45602416992188,522.0455932617188,88.4520263671875]},{"page":207,"text":"minimizes the amount of time the enemy will have to react to the attack. This is the","rect":[90.0,113.28001403808594,522.0383271484375,102.25201416015625]},{"page":207,"text":"optimum method of attacking multiple targets, especially mobile targets that may flee once","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,522.0144013671875,116.052001953125]},{"page":207,"text":"the attack commences. Primary limitation of this method is the inability to correct or abort","rect":[90.0,140.8800506591797,521.9891982421875,129.85205078125]},{"page":207,"text":"between impacts and might decrease aircraft mutual support during the attack. ","rect":[90.0,154.68003845214845,471.5040283203125,143.65203857421876]},{"page":207,"text":"Note: LGWs require different laser codes to conduct simultaneous attacks. ","rect":[111.60001373291016,180.57601928710938,499.5984191894531,169.76402282714845]},{"page":207,"text":"2. Sequential Timing. Aircraft will attack one at a time with a specific","rect":[176.4000244140625,206.28001403808595,522.1199921875,195.25201416015626]},{"page":207,"text":"interval between each aircraft. The interval between aircraft is based on several factors,","rect":[90.0,218.0,522.0492553710938,209.052001953125]},{"page":207,"text":"including the time to acquire the subsequent aircraft and judge nose position, the time of ","rect":[90.0,233.87998962402345,524.9927978515625,222.83998107910157]},{"page":207,"text":"flight of the weapon, the time to clear obscurations or fragmentation effects from previous","rect":[90.0000228881836,247.6799774169922,522.0348212890625,236.6519775390625]},{"page":207,"text":"impacts, and the time needed to assess effects and decide on subsequent attacks. Aircraft","rect":[90.0000228881836,261.4560241699219,521.9772353515625,250.4520263671875]},{"page":207,"text":"interval recommendations:","rect":[90.0000228881836,272.85601806640627,218.29440454101565,264.25201416015627]},{"page":207,"text":"a. Thirty seconds for Type 1 controls of unguided ordnance.","rect":[198.00003051757813,301.0799865722656,489.2640380859375,290.052001953125]},{"page":207,"text":"b. About one minute for LGBs delivered from medium altitude.","rect":[198.0,324.4679870605469,506.623291015625,315.85198974609377]},{"page":207,"text":"c. More than two minutes to decide on follow-on attacks for PGMs","rect":[198.0,350.26800537109377,521.95559765625,341.6520080566406]},{"page":207,"text":"delivered from medium to high altitude. ","rect":[90.0,366.47998046875,291.040771484375,355.4519958496094]},{"page":207,"text":"(e) Develop Sensor Plan. JTACs/FAC(A)s should plan for allocation of the","rect":[154.8000030517578,392.2559814453125,522.1152314453125,381.2519836425781]},{"page":207,"text":"multiple sensors that may be available for a CAS attack. See paragraph 10, “Multisensor","rect":[90.0,406.0799865722656,522.1187416992187,395.052001953125]},{"page":207,"text":"Imagery Reconnaissance and Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance for Close Air","rect":[90.0,419.8799743652344,522.0503823242187,408.85198974609377]},{"page":207,"text":"Support,” for more information.","rect":[90.0,433.6559753417969,240.6768341064453,422.6519775390625]},{"page":207,"text":"(4) Determine/Coordinate Mark/Aid to Correlation","rect":[133.1999969482422,459.45599365234377,398.8739958496094,448.4519958496094]},{"page":207,"text":"(a) BOC ","rect":[154.79998779296876,485.2559814453125,201.7823944091797,474.2519836425781]},{"page":207,"text":"1. No mark required for attacking aircraft. Line 7 is “no mark.”","rect":[176.39999389648438,511.0799865722656,485.57760327148437,500.052001953125]},{"page":207,"text":"2. If terminal guidance is used for LGWs, line 7 will state the call sign","rect":[176.39999389648438,536.8800048828125,522.0167846679688,525.8519897460938]},{"page":207,"text":"of the entity providing terminal guidance with laser and the associated PRF code (e.g.,","rect":[90.0,550.6200561523438,522.0155639648438,539.592041015625]},{"page":207,"text":"“Blackjack laser, code 1688”). ","rect":[90.0,564.4200439453125,239.84396362304688,553.3800048828125]},{"page":207,"text":"(b) BOT – line 7—the mark is specific to the attacking aircraft. If no mark","rect":[154.8000030517578,590.2200317382813,521.9832153320313,579.1920166015625]},{"page":207,"text":"is required for attacking aircraft, line 7 is “no mark.”","rect":[90.0,604.02001953125,342.8663911132812,592.9920043945313]},{"page":207,"text":"(c) BOT and third-party contributor correlation. ","rect":[154.8000030517578,629.8200073242188,390.0840148925781,618.7919921875]},{"page":207,"text":"1. Third-Party Contributor. Due to the expanding technological","rect":[176.40000915527345,655.6199951171875,521.962708984375,644.5919799804688]},{"page":207,"text":"capabilities of manned and unmanned platforms, weapons, and sensors, JTACs/FAC(A)s","rect":[90.0,669.3960571289063,521.9459541015625,658.3920288085938]},{"page":207,"text":"may employ a wide array of third-party contributors to aid in target location, precise","rect":[90.0,683.2200317382813,522.047970703125,672.1920166015625]},{"page":207,"text":"coordinate generation, terminal guidance, BDA, and intelligence collection. A third-party","rect":[90.0,697.02001953125,522.0336303710938,685.9920043945313]},{"page":207,"text":"contributor is any individual who is integral to the success of the CAS attack, based on the","rect":[90.0000228881836,710.8200073242188,521.9951752929687,699.7919921875]},{"page":207,"text":"V-5","rect":[503.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,521.9976196289063,745.2359008789063]},{"page":208,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":208,"text":"contributor’s ability to provide target location, target marking, terminal guidance, or BDA. ","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,525.0180053710938,74.6519775390625]},{"page":208,"text":"Therefore, correlation is also required with third-party contributors. A third-party","rect":[90.0000228881836,99.47996520996094,522.0120239257813,88.45196533203125]},{"page":208,"text":"contributor may be used to support either BOT or BOC attacks. Examples of third-party","rect":[90.00004577636719,113.27995300292969,522.04443359375,102.251953125]},{"page":208,"text":"contributors are remote observers (e.g., JFO, scout sniper, FIST) and airborne platforms","rect":[90.00004577636719,127.08000183105469,521.9256293945313,116.052001953125]},{"page":208,"text":"(UAS, RW, and FW) that can generate target location information, provide remote laser","rect":[90.00004577636719,140.87998962402345,522.0240151367187,129.85198974609376]},{"page":208,"text":"designation, or provide target marking.","rect":[90.00004577636719,154.6799774169922,277.2720947265625,143.6519775390625]},{"page":208,"text":"2. Considerations ","rect":[176.40003967285157,178.06796264648438,274.7700500488281,169.6439666748047]},{"page":208,"text":"a. Aircrews generally use a combination of sensors and visual","rect":[198.0,206.28001403808595,522.0361953125,195.25201416015626]},{"page":208,"text":"lookout to acquire marks and targets. JTACs/FAC(A)s should be generally familiar with","rect":[90.0,220.0800018310547,522.1068115234375,209.052001953125]},{"page":208,"text":"aircraft sensor capabilities and employ marks that take advantage of those capabilities. For","rect":[90.0,233.87998962402345,522.0239541015625,222.85198974609376]},{"page":208,"text":"instance, when strafing, a FW aircraft may use an LST to track a JTAC’s laser energy and","rect":[90.0,247.6799774169922,522.0048217773438,236.6519775390625]},{"page":208,"text":"then create a system target designation to provide cueing to the target in their heads-up","rect":[90.0,261.4800109863281,522.001220703125,250.4520263671875]},{"page":208,"text":"display for visual acquisition. ","rect":[90.0,275.2799987792969,234.97679138183595,264.25201416015627]},{"page":208,"text":"b. JTACs/FAC(A)s must always be prepared for a back-up marking","rect":[198.0,301.0799865722656,522.11279296875,290.052001953125]},{"page":208,"text":"plan. In addition, JTACs/FAC(A)s must be ready to use marks of opportunity on the","rect":[90.0,314.8799743652344,521.9387788085937,303.85198974609377]},{"page":208,"text":"battlefield. Anything the JTAC/FAC(A) can find to cue aircraft sensors and the aircrew","rect":[90.0,328.6799621582031,522.034849609375,317.6519775390625]},{"page":208,"text":"eyeballs to the target may be useful as a mark.","rect":[90.0000228881836,342.47998046875,311.93280029296877,331.4519958496094]},{"page":208,"text":"3. Types of Marks and TGO","rect":[176.4000244140625,368.27996826171877,324.12362817382816,357.4439697265625]},{"page":208,"text":"a. Laser Hand Off. Using an LTD to provide energy for an","rect":[198.0,394.0799865722656,522.030029296875,383.052001953125]},{"page":208,"text":"aircraft’s LST. Aircraft LST display provides cueing to aircrew. LTD may be ground-","rect":[90.0,407.8799743652344,521.992826171875,396.85198974609377]},{"page":208,"text":"based or from another aircraft. ","rect":[90.0,419.2559814453125,239.31724548339845,410.6519775390625]},{"page":208,"text":"geometries are used. ","rect":[90.0,487.0799865722656,191.27880859375,476.052001953125]},{"page":208,"text":"(1) Advantages ","rect":[219.60000610351563,447.47998046875,299.2799987792969,436.4519958496094]},{"page":208,"text":"(a) High confidence in target ","rect":[241.1999969482422,473.2799987792969,393.9395751953125,462.25201416015627]},{"page":208,"text":"(b) May be used day or night. ","rect":[241.20001220703126,512.8800048828125,389.5440673828125,501.85198974609377]},{"page":208,"text":"(2) Disadvantages ","rect":[219.60000610351563,538.6799926757813,312.55438232421877,527.6519775390625]},{"page":208,"text":"(a) Requires LTD and LST. ","rect":[241.1999969482422,564.39599609375,380.1719970703125,553.3919677734375]},{"page":208,"text":"correlation ","rect":[396.63958740234377,471.0,451.6631774902344,462.25201416015627]},{"page":208,"text":"if ","rect":[454.3631591796875,471.0,464.7023620605469,462.25201416015627]},{"page":208,"text":"appropriate","rect":[467.40234375,473.2560119628906,522.037228515625,462.25201416015627]},{"page":208,"text":"(b) Requires coordination and geometry setup to ensure","rect":[241.1999969482422,590.2200317382813,521.9904755859375,579.1920166015625]},{"page":208,"text":"aircraft LST does not track ground LTD. ","rect":[90.0,604.02001953125,288.67083740234377,592.9920043945313]},{"page":208,"text":"(c) GLTD laser marksmanship is often challenging. Low","rect":[241.20001220703126,629.8200073242188,522.2255844726562,618.7919921875]},{"page":208,"text":"grazing angles often may cause beam skipping or laser spillover may occur. Spot jitter can","rect":[90.0,643.6200561523438,522.2064208984375,632.5800170898438]},{"page":208,"text":"also be an issue due to ground laser operators potentially being under fire. ","rect":[90.0,657.4200439453125,432.69482421875,646.3920288085938]},{"page":208,"text":"(3) To ensure aircraft LST acquisition of a laser mark and","rect":[219.6000213623047,683.196044921875,522.019287109375,672.1920166015625]},{"page":208,"text":"complete correlation prior to an aircraft arriving at its weapons release solution, it may be","rect":[90.0,697.02001953125,521.9760102539062,685.9920043945313]},{"page":208,"text":"necessary to coordinate a target acquisition pass prior to the aircraft beginning its attack","rect":[90.0,710.8200073242188,522.027587890625,699.7919921875]},{"page":208,"text":"V-6 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,111.66360473632813,745.0679321289063]},{"page":208,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6435852050781,753.4679565429688,521.9891357421875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":209,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":209,"text":"run. This is often a factor when employing stand-off ordnance. Laser marks may also be","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0012177734375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":209,"text":"used without a target acquisition run. ","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,270.9840087890625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":209,"text":"(4) FAHs shall be passed when utilizing a laser to perform","rect":[219.60000610351563,125.27995300292969,522.1090712890625,114.251953125]},{"page":209,"text":"TGO. Acquisition headings shall be passed when using laser handoff as a marking","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,521.9867553710938,128.052001953125]},{"page":209,"text":"technique. This ensures aircraft are in the laser acquisition area. LTL shall be passed.","rect":[90.0,152.85598754882813,504.4416198730469,141.85198974609376]},{"page":209,"text":"b. Match Sparkle. Directing the aircrew to overlay their IR sparkle","rect":[198.0,178.6799774169922,521.9628876953125,167.6519775390625]},{"page":209,"text":"onto an IR sparkle that is already on the target. The aircrew will be heads-out matching","rect":[90.0,192.4800262451172,522.0059814453125,181.4520263671875]},{"page":209,"text":"sparkles, using its NVGs and slewing its sensor/sparkle. The aircrew will then look inside","rect":[90.0,206.28001403808595,522.0264252929687,195.25201416015626]},{"page":209,"text":"to see what is in its sensor FOV. CAS aircrews must be VISUAL and TALLY or","rect":[90.0000228881836,217.67999267578126,521.977201171875,209.052001953125]},{"page":209,"text":"CONTACT SPARKLE when using a ground-based IR pointer as a mark. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,233.8800506591797,447.6600036621094,222.85205078125]},{"page":209,"text":"(1) Advantages ","rect":[219.60000610351563,259.6800231933594,299.2799987792969,248.65203857421876]},{"page":209,"text":"(a) Quick.","rect":[241.1999969482422,285.45599365234377,292.81201171875,274.4519958496094]},{"page":209,"text":"aircrew is correlated on. ","rect":[90.0,322.656005859375,208.98602294921876,314.052001953125]},{"page":209,"text":"(b) JTAC/FAC(A) has visual confirmation of what the","rect":[241.1999969482422,311.2560119628906,522.026486328125,300.25201416015627]},{"page":209,"text":"(2) Disadvantages ","rect":[219.60000610351563,350.8799743652344,312.55438232421877,339.85198974609377]},{"page":209,"text":"(a) Night only.","rect":[241.1999969482422,376.67999267578127,315.2459716796875,365.6520080566406]},{"page":209,"text":"(b) Requires coordination to ensure aircrew is positioned","rect":[241.1999969482422,402.45599365234377,522.0767211914063,391.4519958496094]},{"page":209,"text":"to acquire the correct end of the IR sparkle.","rect":[90.0,416.2560119628906,298.3320007324219,405.25201416015627]},{"page":209,"text":"(c) With multiple IR sparkles near a target, it may be","rect":[241.20001220703126,442.0799865722656,521.9640473632812,431.052001953125]},{"page":209,"text":"difficult for the JTAC/FAC(A) to discern if the sparkles are actually on the target due to","rect":[90.0,455.8799743652344,522.0803833007813,444.85198974609377]},{"page":209,"text":"perspective and “blooming” of NVGs. ","rect":[90.0,469.6799621582031,277.32489013671877,458.6519775390625]},{"page":209,"text":"(d) When the enemy is equipped with NVGs, the use of IR","rect":[241.20001220703126,495.47998046875,522.00839453125,484.4519958496094]},{"page":209,"text":"sparkles may expose the operator and/or result in a loss of surprise. ","rect":[90.0,509.2799987792969,415.5719909667969,498.25201416015627]},{"page":209,"text":"c. Sparkle Walk-On. Walking an aircraft’s IR sparkle onto a","rect":[198.0,535.0800170898438,522.0108002929687,524.052001953125]},{"page":209,"text":"target using verbal commands. ","rect":[90.0,548.8800048828125,240.3300323486328,537.8519897460938]},{"page":209,"text":"(1) Advantages ","rect":[219.60000610351563,574.6799926757813,299.2799987792969,563.6519775390625]},{"page":209,"text":"(a) Does not require ground operator to expose their","rect":[241.1999969482422,600.4199829101563,522.0168129882812,589.3919677734375]},{"page":209,"text":"position to an NVG-capable enemy. ","rect":[90.0,614.2200317382813,265.95123291015627,603.1920166015625]},{"page":209,"text":"aircrew are correlated on. ","rect":[90.0,651.39599609375,215.60400390625,642.7919921875]},{"page":209,"text":"(b) JTAC/FAC(A) has visual confirmation of what the","rect":[241.20001220703126,639.9960327148438,522.026486328125,628.9920043945313]},{"page":209,"text":"(2) Disadvantages ","rect":[219.60000610351563,679.6200561523438,312.55438232421877,668.592041015625]},{"page":209,"text":"(a) Night only. ","rect":[241.1999969482422,705.4200439453125,318.24957275390627,694.3920288085938]},{"page":209,"text":"V-7","rect":[503.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,521.9976196289063,745.2359008789063]},{"page":210,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":210,"text":"are being targeted. ","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,181.9451904296875,88.4520263671875]},{"page":210,"text":"(b) Enemy equipped with NVGs may become aware they","rect":[241.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,521.9917602539063,74.6519775390625]},{"page":210,"text":"(c) Due to differing perspectives, it can be very difficult","rect":[241.20001220703126,125.28001403808594,522.0528579101563,114.25201416015625]},{"page":210,"text":"for a JTAC/FAC(A) to verbally talk an aircraft’s sparkle onto a target. ","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,430.1903991699219,128.052001953125]},{"page":210,"text":"d. Ground IR Sparkle. When marking with ground-based IR","rect":[198.0,164.87998962402345,522.0024130859375,153.85198974609376]},{"page":210,"text":"pointer, aircrews shall visually verify the friendly position, either through friendly position","rect":[90.0,178.6799774169922,521.9808349609375,167.6519775390625]},{"page":210,"text":"marking (e.g., IR strobe), “roping” the aircraft, or “snaking” the target.","rect":[90.0000228881836,192.47996520996095,429.92523193359377,181.45196533203126]},{"page":210,"text":"(1) Advantage—quickly orients NVG-equipped aircrew to target.","rect":[219.60000610351563,218.2799530029297,518.9879760742188,207.251953125]},{"page":210,"text":"(2) Disadvantages ","rect":[219.60000610351563,244.0800018310547,312.55438232421877,233.052001953125]},{"page":210,"text":"(a) Night only. ","rect":[241.1999969482422,269.8799743652344,318.24957275390627,258.85198974609377]},{"page":210,"text":"(b) When the enemy is equipped with NVGs, the use of IR","rect":[241.1999969482422,295.67999267578127,522.00839453125,284.6520080566406]},{"page":210,"text":"sparkles may expose the operator and/or result in a loss of surprise. ","rect":[90.0,309.47998046875,415.5719909667969,298.4519958496094]},{"page":210,"text":"(c) Low grazing angles may cause skipping and spillover. ","rect":[241.20001220703126,335.27996826171877,524.20068359375,324.2519836425781]},{"page":210,"text":"(d) Requires coordination to ensure that aircrew acquire","rect":[241.1999969482422,361.0559997558594,522.0480317382812,350.052001953125]},{"page":210,"text":"the correct end of the IR sparkle.","rect":[90.0,374.8559875488281,247.65963745117188,363.85198974609377]},{"page":210,"text":"e. VDL Talk-On","rect":[198.0,398.2679748535156,284.7420073242188,389.8559875488281]},{"page":210,"text":" ","rect":[284.70001220703127,399.0,287.70001220703127,398.0]},{"page":210,"text":"(1) Advantage—allows JTAC to see the aircraft sensor picture.","rect":[219.60000610351563,426.47998046875,519.3372802734375,415.4519958496094]},{"page":210,"text":"(2) Disadvantage—requires VDL receiver. ","rect":[219.60000610351563,452.2799987792969,430.76397705078127,441.25201416015627]},{"page":210,"text":"f. TRP/GEOREF Point Offset","rect":[198.0,475.67999267578127,353.680814453125,467.0639953613281]},{"page":210,"text":" ","rect":[353.70001220703127,476.0,356.70001220703127,475.0]},{"page":210,"text":"or GEOREF.","rect":[90.0,541.0680541992188,152.64239501953126,532.656005859375]},{"page":210,"text":"(1) Advantages ","rect":[219.60000610351563,503.8799743652344,299.2799987792969,492.85198974609377]},{"page":210,"text":"(a) Readily available if aircrew are familiar with the TRP","rect":[241.1999969482422,529.6799926757813,522.0407744140625,518.6519775390625]},{"page":210,"text":"TRP or GEOREF. ","rect":[90.0,632.2680053710938,180.70558166503907,623.85595703125]},{"page":210,"text":"(b) Day or night. ","rect":[241.20001220703126,569.280029296875,327.85198974609377,558.2520141601563]},{"page":210,"text":"(c) Provides a common starting point for talk-ons. ","rect":[241.1999969482422,595.0800170898438,487.14599609375,584.052001953125]},{"page":210,"text":"(2) Disadvantage—Requires aircrew to be familiar with the","rect":[219.60000610351563,620.8800048828125,522.052609375,609.8519897460938]},{"page":210,"text":"g. IDF Mark ","rect":[198.0,660.4200439453125,269.0400085449219,649.7760009765625]},{"page":210,"text":"(1) Advantages ","rect":[219.60000610351563,686.2200317382813,299.2799987792969,675.1920166015625]},{"page":210,"text":"(a) Day or night. ","rect":[241.1999969482422,712.02001953125,327.17999267578127,700.9920043945313]},{"page":210,"text":"V-8 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,111.66360473632813,745.0679321289063]},{"page":210,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6435852050781,753.4679565429688,521.9891357421875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":211,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":211,"text":"(b) Does not require the JTAC to expose their position. ","rect":[241.1999969482422,85.65597534179688,511.85150146484377,74.6519775390625]},{"page":211,"text":"(c) Provides a starting point for talk-ons. ","rect":[241.1999969482422,111.48002624511719,442.2215576171875,100.4520263671875]},{"page":211,"text":"(2) Disadvantages ","rect":[219.60000610351563,137.28001403808595,312.55438232421877,126.25201416015625]},{"page":211,"text":"(a) Takes time to coordinate. ","rect":[241.1999969482422,163.05599975585938,385.47601318359377,152.052001953125]},{"page":211,"text":"(b) Accuracy of most IDFs means a correction from the","rect":[241.1999969482422,188.87998962402345,522.0265473632812,177.85198974609376]},{"page":211,"text":"mark will generally be required. ","rect":[90.0,202.6799774169922,247.28884887695313,191.6519775390625]},{"page":211,"text":"(c) IDFs must be deconflicted from CAS assets. ","rect":[241.20001220703126,228.45596313476563,477.24249267578127,217.45196533203126]},{"page":211,"text":"(d) Sensor field-of-view may be an issue for aircrew using","rect":[241.1999969482422,254.28001403808595,522.0504760742188,243.25201416015626]},{"page":211,"text":"sensors to acquire the mark. If the mark is outside of the sensor FOV, the aircrew will not","rect":[90.0,268.0559997558594,521.9652114257813,257.052001953125]},{"page":211,"text":"see it. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,279.45599365234377,121.02122497558594,270.85198974609377]},{"page":211,"text":"employing LGWs. ","rect":[90.0,321.47998046875,182.3315887451172,310.4519958496094]},{"page":211,"text":"NVGs. ","rect":[90.0,358.6679992675781,126.60000610351563,350.2560119628906]},{"page":211,"text":"(e) Obscuration from IDF marks must be considered when","rect":[241.2000274658203,307.656005859375,522.030029296875,296.6520080566406]},{"page":211,"text":"(f) Illumination on deck at night will wash out aircrew","rect":[241.20001220703126,347.27996826171877,522.0479721679687,336.2519836425781]},{"page":211,"text":"(g) Sacrifices surprise. ","rect":[241.20001220703126,386.8799743652344,355.44000244140627,375.85198974609377]},{"page":211,"text":"h. Direct Fire. Uses direct fire weapon systems firing at a target to","rect":[198.0,412.67999267578127,522.0191650390625,401.6520080566406]},{"page":211,"text":"cue the aircrew. Tracers, or shooting the ground short of a target, are techniques that may","rect":[90.0,426.47998046875,521.9988403320313,415.4519958496094]},{"page":211,"text":"better cue the aircrew. M203 grenade rounds, especially smoke rounds, can be used very","rect":[90.0000228881836,440.27996826171877,521.9064331054688,429.2519836425781]},{"page":211,"text":"effectively as marks. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,454.0799865722656,192.71646118164063,443.052001953125]},{"page":211,"text":"(1) Advantage—readily available. ","rect":[219.6000518798828,479.8799743652344,389.25970458984377,468.85198974609377]},{"page":211,"text":"(2) Disadvantages ","rect":[219.60000610351563,505.67999267578127,312.55438232421877,494.6520080566406]},{"page":211,"text":"(a) Depending on target composition, direct fire weapons","rect":[241.1999969482422,531.4800415039063,521.9891059570313,520.4520263671875]},{"page":211,"text":"effects may penetrate the target and continue on (e.g., a tank round penetrates a wall and","rect":[90.0,545.280029296875,522.0120239257813,534.2520141601563]},{"page":211,"text":"continues on to hit another wall). As the effects may impact beyond the intended target,","rect":[90.0,559.0800170898438,522.0095825195313,548.052001953125]},{"page":211,"text":"and out of view of the JTAC/FAC(A), this may lead to confusion between the","rect":[90.0,572.8800048828125,522.0035981445312,561.8519897460938]},{"page":211,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) and the aircrew as to what is being marked. ","rect":[90.0,586.6799926757813,376.25762939453127,575.6519775390625]},{"page":211,"text":"(b) Hard for RW to acquire visually during the day. Firing","rect":[241.20001220703126,612.4199829101563,522.0264892578125,601.3919677734375]},{"page":211,"text":"into the ground short of the target may kick up dirt, which may be more visible to the","rect":[90.0,626.2200317382813,522.061154296875,615.1920166015625]},{"page":211,"text":"aircrew. This technique must be balanced with the undesirable need to purposely not shoot","rect":[90.0000228881836,640.02001953125,521.9760146484375,628.9920043945313]},{"page":211,"text":"the target. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,653.8200073242188,141.07443237304688,642.7919921875]},{"page":211,"text":"(c) Hard for FW to acquire visually day or night. FW","rect":[241.2000274658203,679.6199951171875,522.0097626953125,668.5919799804688]},{"page":211,"text":"aircrews may be able to see direct fire impacts on their sensors, subject to the impacts being","rect":[90.0,693.4200439453125,522.0252075195313,682.3800048828125]},{"page":211,"text":"in the FOV. ","rect":[90.0,704.8080444335938,150.0,696.1920166015625]},{"page":211,"text":"V-9","rect":[503.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,521.9976196289063,745.0679321289063]},{"page":212,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":212,"text":"(d) JTACs/FAC(A)s should be aware of vertical surface","rect":[241.1999969482422,85.65597534179688,521.9855927734375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":212,"text":"danger zones associated with direct fire weapons and consider this when planning attack","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,522.0059814453125,88.4520263671875]},{"page":212,"text":"geometry. ","rect":[90.0,113.28001403808594,144.29519653320313,103.4640121459961]},{"page":212,"text":"i. Data Link Hand Off. Aircraft equipped with data link may","rect":[198.0,139.0800018310547,522.0072021484375,128.052001953125]},{"page":212,"text":"select (“hook”) a track that has been created on the data link network. This cues aircraft","rect":[90.0,152.85598754882813,521.9484267578125,141.85198974609376]},{"page":212,"text":"sensors to the location of that track.","rect":[90.0,164.2559814453125,260.9784240722656,155.6519775390625]},{"page":212,"text":"(1) Advantage—aircraft en route to a target area can receive","rect":[219.60000610351563,192.47996520996095,522.0420502929687,181.45196533203126]},{"page":212,"text":"Link information well before checking in with the TACP, allowing them to gain SA early. ","rect":[90.0,206.28001403808595,524.9639892578125,195.25201416015626]},{"page":212,"text":"(2) Disadvantages ","rect":[219.60000610351563,232.0800018310547,312.55438232421877,221.052001953125]},{"page":212,"text":"(a) Not all aircraft are data link-capable.","rect":[241.1999969482422,257.8559875488281,437.02801513671877,246.85198974609376]},{"page":212,"text":"(b) Most ground-based digital CAS systems are not capable","rect":[241.1999969482422,283.67999267578127,522.068478515625,272.6520080566406]},{"page":212,"text":"of creating a track on the data link network without a gateway.","rect":[90.0,297.47998046875,384.4534912109375,286.4519958496094]},{"page":212,"text":"(c) Interoperability across the joint force.","rect":[241.1999969482422,323.27996826171877,441.51129150390627,312.239990234375]},{"page":212,"text":"j. Radar Beacon Offset ","rect":[198.0,349.0799865722656,320.70001220703127,338.0400085449219]},{"page":212,"text":"(1) Advantage—day or night, all-weather. ","rect":[219.60000610351563,374.8799743652344,427.54803466796877,363.85198974609377]},{"page":212,"text":"(2) Disadvantages ","rect":[219.60000610351563,400.67999267578127,312.55438232421877,389.6520080566406]},{"page":212,"text":"(a) Requires radar beacons not commonly carried. ","rect":[241.1999969482422,426.47998046875,487.4519958496094,415.4519958496094]},{"page":212,"text":"radar beacon bombing. ","rect":[90.0,466.0799865722656,203.27398681640626,455.052001953125]},{"page":212,"text":"(b) Very little aircrew and JTAC training on the uses of ","rect":[241.1999969482422,452.2799987792969,525.0384521484375,441.25201416015627]},{"page":212,"text":"k. Night Considerations ","rect":[198.0,491.8799743652344,325.0199890136719,480.85198974609377]},{"page":212,"text":"(1) Limited visibility and differing perspectives make it","rect":[219.60000610351563,517.6799926757813,522.0336928710938,506.6519775390625]},{"page":212,"text":"difficult to correlate at night. If available, JTACs should consider using advanced optics","rect":[90.0,531.4800415039063,521.9519965820313,520.4520263671875]},{"page":212,"text":"such as thermals to increase their capability. ","rect":[90.0,545.280029296875,305.3280029296875,534.2520141601563]},{"page":212,"text":"(2) BI may also be used to illuminate targets. Illumination","rect":[219.59999084472657,571.0800170898438,522.014404296875,560.052001953125]},{"page":212,"text":"should be planned to be offset from the target to avoid blooming out aircrew NVGs. ","rect":[90.0,584.8800048828125,496.4952087402344,573.8519897460938]},{"page":212,"text":"(3) IR illumination may also be effective for aircrew using","rect":[219.60000610351563,610.6200561523438,522.0194091796875,599.592041015625]},{"page":212,"text":"NVGs. IR illumination can be delivered by IDF or aircraft.","rect":[90.0,624.4199829101563,375.92401123046877,613.3919677734375]},{"page":212,"text":"l. Marks of Opportunity. Anything on the battlefield that can be","rect":[198.0,650.2200317382813,522.0600556640625,639.1920166015625]},{"page":212,"text":"used to cue aircraft SA to the target (e.g., other fires in the area, burning structures, vehicle","rect":[90.0,664.02001953125,522.0131806640625,652.9920043945313]},{"page":212,"text":"traffic). ","rect":[90.0,677.7960205078125,132.31199645996095,666.7919921875]},{"page":212,"text":"(5) Develop Attack Geometry. JTACs must consider many factors when","rect":[133.1999969482422,703.6199951171875,522.0540771484375,692.5919799804688]},{"page":212,"text":"determining attack geometry and make an educated compromise among these factors. ","rect":[90.0,717.4199829101563,504.37078857421877,706.3919677734375]},{"page":212,"text":"V-10 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":212,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":213,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":213,"text":"(a) FAH. When using cardinal directions for the attack heading, aircraft","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,521.9760146484375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":213,"text":"FAH should be +/- 45 degrees of the cardinal/sub-cardinal direction (i.e., if north to south,","rect":[90.00003051757813,99.47996520996094,521.9580688476563,88.45196533203125]},{"page":213,"text":"then aircraft FAH should be 180 +/- 45, or 135-225). ","rect":[90.00003051757813,113.25595092773438,346.72802734375,102.251953125]},{"page":213,"text":"(b) As a technique, FAHs should not be planned over friendly positions (i.e.,","rect":[154.80003356933595,139.0800018310547,521.959228515625,128.052001953125]},{"page":213,"text":"occupied HAs, BPs, observation posts). However, on linear battlefields where aircraft","rect":[90.00003051757813,152.85598754882813,521.9928603515625,141.85198974609376]},{"page":213,"text":"traditionally hold behind friendly positions, JTACs/FAC(A)s should be aware that","rect":[90.00003051757813,166.6799774169922,521.9496474609375,155.6519775390625]},{"page":213,"text":"attacking aircraft must often overfly friendly positions en route to the target area. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,180.47996520996095,484.8204650878906,169.45196533203126]},{"page":213,"text":"1. JTACs/FAC(A)s should be aware of the off-axis capability of RW","rect":[176.40003967285157,206.2799530029297,522.0480317382812,195.251953125]},{"page":213,"text":"and UAS platforms. This could mean that RW and UAS platforms are not pointed at the","rect":[90.0,220.05599975585938,522.050412109375,209.052001953125]},{"page":213,"text":"target, but the munition will follow the briefed geometry. In this case, it may be more","rect":[90.0,233.87998962402345,522.0155610351562,222.85198974609376]},{"page":213,"text":"appropriate to give a munition attack azimuth as opposed to a FAH.","rect":[90.0,247.6799774169922,415.1951904296875,236.6519775390625]},{"page":213,"text":"2. JTACs/FAC(A)s must be aware of the effects of short or long hits","rect":[176.39999389648438,273.4800109863281,522.052765625,262.4520263671875]},{"page":213,"text":"along the bomb-fall line or weapon-to-target line. In general, FAHs should be planned to","rect":[90.0,287.2799987792969,521.97119140625,276.25201416015627]},{"page":213,"text":"be as close to parallel to the FLOT as possible. ","rect":[90.0,301.0559997558594,320.69873046875,290.052001953125]},{"page":213,"text":"(c) Deconfliction from other fires—lateral or vertical deconfliction may be","rect":[154.8000030517578,326.8800048828125,521.9855927734375,315.8520202636719]},{"page":213,"text":"necessary if deconfliction through time is not possible. ","rect":[90.0,340.67999267578127,355.4903869628906,329.6520080566406]},{"page":213,"text":"(d) Laser geometry. ","rect":[154.79998779296876,366.4800109863281,255.78839111328126,355.4520263671875]},{"page":213,"text":"(e) Target disposition/orientation. ","rect":[154.79998779296876,392.2799987792969,322.45196533203127,381.25201416015627]},{"page":213,"text":"1. For linear target sets, FAHs should generally be planned along the","rect":[176.39999389648438,418.0799865722656,522.0239838867187,407.052001953125]},{"page":213,"text":"long axis of the target set. ","rect":[90.0,431.8799743652344,216.9840087890625,420.85198974609377]},{"page":213,"text":"if able. ","rect":[90.0,469.0559997558594,126.26639556884766,460.4519958496094]},{"page":213,"text":"2. Movement direction—attack along expected axis of target movement","rect":[176.39999389648438,457.6799621582031,521.9711928710938,446.6519775390625]},{"page":213,"text":"3. Obstacles ","rect":[176.39999389648438,494.86798095703127,241.08718872070313,486.2519836425781]},{"page":213,"text":"a. Urban Canyon. Optimally, plan to attack along urban canyons. ","rect":[198.0,523.0800170898438,519.2927856445313,512.052001953125]},{"page":213,"text":"b. Terrain. Significant terrain, such as mountains, may influence","rect":[198.0,548.8800048828125,521.9963959960937,537.8519897460938]},{"page":213,"text":"FAHs, due to terrain masking targets or interfering with delivery profiles. ","rect":[90.0,562.6799926757813,446.1672058105469,551.6519775390625]},{"page":213,"text":"(f) Weather ","rect":[154.79998779296876,588.3960571289063,216.47158813476563,577.3920288085938]},{"page":213,"text":"1. Winds. Crosswinds >30 knots may affect probability of laser","rect":[176.39999389648438,614.2200317382813,522.0324990234375,603.1920166015625]},{"page":213,"text":"acquisition for LGBs. Priority for LGB FAHs is tailwind, then headwind, then crosswind. ","rect":[90.0,628.02001953125,517.7927856445313,616.9920043945313]},{"page":213,"text":"2. Sun/moon position and angle. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,653.8200073242188,337.75439453125,642.7919921875]},{"page":213,"text":"a. FAHs that force an aircraft to attack into the sun, or a bright moon","rect":[198.0,679.6199951171875,521.99755859375,668.5919799804688]},{"page":213,"text":"that is low on the horizon, makes it difficult for aircrews to acquire targets. This is","rect":[90.0,693.4200439453125,522.0444038085938,682.3920288085938]},{"page":213,"text":"especially true for FW diving and RW attacks. ","rect":[90.0,707.2200317382813,316.26123046875,696.1920166015625]},{"page":213,"text":"V-11","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":214,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":214,"text":"b. FAHs that allow aircraft to attack out of the sun may provide","rect":[198.0,85.67997741699219,522.0252045898437,74.6519775390625]},{"page":214,"text":"increased protection from IR MANPADS. ","rect":[90.0,99.45602416992188,295.923583984375,88.4520263671875]},{"page":214,"text":"3. Cloud decks in the target area may affect FAHs. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,125.28001403808594,426.0505065917969,114.25201416015625]},{"page":214,"text":"a. JTAC visual acquisition of aircraft. ","rect":[198.0,151.05599975585938,385.0164794921875,140.052001953125]},{"page":214,"text":"b. Aircraft acquisition of the target/mark. ","rect":[198.0,176.87998962402345,401.60400390625,165.85198974609376]},{"page":214,"text":"c. Laser terminal guidance. ","rect":[198.0,202.6799774169922,334.35357666015627,191.6519775390625]},{"page":214,"text":"(g) Preplanned ACMs/FSCMs/other restrictions ","rect":[154.8000030517578,228.4800262451172,391.0799865722656,217.4520263671875]},{"page":214,"text":"(h) JTACs/FAC(A)s determine IP/BP and egress plan to support attack","rect":[154.8000030517578,254.28001403808595,522.0767822265625,243.25201416015626]},{"page":214,"text":"geometry (lines 1, 2, 3, 9). JTACs/FAC(A)s should strive to use control points for ingress","rect":[89.99998474121094,268.0799865722656,521.9975288085938,257.052001953125]},{"page":214,"text":"and egress that do not make it necessary for aircraft to make inordinately large turns to","rect":[89.99998474121094,281.8800354003906,522.0011596679688,270.85205078125]},{"page":214,"text":"abide by FAHs.","rect":[89.99998474121094,295.6800231933594,165.6599884033203,284.65203857421877]},{"page":214,"text":"(6) Determine SEAD Requirements/SEAD Plan ","rect":[133.19998168945313,321.4560241699219,381.8208312988281,310.4520263671875]},{"page":214,"text":"(a) Plan for SEAD when attacking aircraft cannot avoid exposure to a threat,","rect":[154.79998779296876,347.2799987792969,522.1343994140625,336.25201416015627]},{"page":214,"text":"based on expected aircraft delivery profile and the threat’s maximum effective range. ","rect":[89.99998474121094,361.0799865722656,525.0744018554688,350.052001953125]},{"page":214,"text":"Depending on the threat system, SEAD planning may be extremely complicated and require","rect":[89.99998474121094,374.8800048828125,522.1727875976562,363.8520202636719]},{"page":214,"text":"detailed integration with EW systems and fires agencies. ","rect":[90.00000762939453,388.67999267578127,359.2740478515625,377.6520080566406]},{"page":214,"text":"(b) When planning IDF SEAD, the SEAD timeline should be planned to","rect":[154.8000030517578,414.47998046875,521.9424438476563,403.4519958496094]},{"page":214,"text":"suppress the threat from the first aircraft’s entry into the threat’s maximum effective range","rect":[90.00003051757813,428.2799987792969,522.0744599609375,417.25201416015627]},{"page":214,"text":"until after the last aircraft’s exit from the threat’s maximum effective range (see Figure V-","rect":[90.00003051757813,442.0799865722656,521.9808022460937,431.052001953125]},{"page":214,"text":"2). If attack geometry does not allow for this, interrupted suppression may be utilized. ","rect":[90.00000762939453,455.8799743652344,525.016845703125,444.85198974609377]},{"page":214,"text":"Refer to ATP 3-09.32/MCRP 3-31.6/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP 3-2.6, Multi-Service Tactics,","rect":[90.00000762939453,467.2679748535156,522.0215454101563,458.6519775390625]},{"page":214,"text":"Techniques, and Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower, and AFTTP 3-1,","rect":[90.00000762939453,483.4799499511719,522.0239868164063,472.45196533203127]},{"page":214,"text":"Threat Guide, for maximum effective ranges of surface-to-air systems. Consideration must","rect":[90.00000762939453,497.27996826171877,522.0216079101563,486.2519836425781]},{"page":214,"text":"be given to the ability to deconflict via altitude. In the example of Figure V-2, based on a","rect":[90.00000762939453,511.0799560546875,521.9207734375,500.0519714355469]},{"page":214,"text":"strafe profile, altitude deconfliction may not be possible if the SEAD target is in close","rect":[90.00000762939453,524.8799438476563,521.9987763671875,513.8519287109375]},{"page":214,"text":"proximity to the CAS target. In this case, a nonstandard SEAD mission with a gap in the","rect":[90.00000762939453,538.6199951171875,522.0024384765625,527.5919799804688]},{"page":214,"text":"middle may be required. ","rect":[90.00000762939453,552.4199829101563,210.32522583007813,541.3919677734375]},{"page":214,"text":"(c) IDF SEAD and CAS may both prosecute the same threat, but","rect":[154.8000030517578,578.219970703125,522.046693359375,567.1919555664063]},{"page":214,"text":"consideration must be given to obscuration caused by SEAD impacts. Effects of SEAD","rect":[90.00000762939453,592.0199584960938,521.9688706054687,580.991943359375]},{"page":214,"text":"must not prohibit successful CAS attacks. ","rect":[90.00000762939453,605.7960205078125,293.6808776855469,594.7919921875]},{"page":214,"text":"(d) EW SEAD—modern RF threat systems may also require EW support to","rect":[154.8000030517578,631.6199340820313,522.0671997070313,620.5919189453125]},{"page":214,"text":"effectively employ CAS, requiring detailed planning and coordination. ","rect":[90.00000762939453,645.4199829101563,432.5567626953125,634.3919677734375]},{"page":214,"text":"(e) Threats may also be mitigated: ","rect":[154.8000030517578,671.2200317382813,325.1688232421875,660.1920166015625]},{"page":214,"text":"1. Laterally—use of standoff PGMs. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,697.02001953125,357.66595458984377,685.9920043945313]},{"page":214,"text":"V-12 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":214,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":215,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":215,"text":"Indirect Fire Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses Timing","rect":[92.63999938964844,96.28038787841797,444.17689433486796,82.76162719726563]},{"page":215,"text":"Considerations","rect":[92.63999938964844,107.7969970703125,187.95934711607112,97.10177612304688]},{"page":215,"text":" IDF SEAD duration = time first aircraft enters threat's max effective range","rect":[115.73999786376953,142.86497497558595,490.8938339627697,132.2282257080078]},{"page":215,"text":"until time last aircraft departs threat's max effective range.","rect":[127.9800033569336,155.40464782714845,415.10356370990049,144.7678985595703]},{"page":215,"text":" Assumptions:","rect":[115.73999786376953,174.1216278076172,195.35658495013485,163.74293518066407]},{"page":215,"text":" IDF SEAD planned for the portion of the attack that terrain masking and","rect":[125.34000396728516,193.02500915527345,491.3879745877697,182.3882598876953]},{"page":215,"text":"altitude sanctuary are not available.","rect":[136.32000732421876,205.56468200683595,312.84852830950987,195.0625762939453]},{"page":215,"text":" FW CAS 8 nm/min (A-10 5 nm/min)","rect":[115.73999786376953,224.3450164794922,304.5298117976702,213.70826721191407]},{"page":215,"text":" RW CAS 4 km/min","rect":[115.73999786376953,240.9033966064453,221.32695469030876,232.4882354736328]},{"page":215,"text":" Example: FW section strafing attack, 1 min separation, Threat has 5 nm","rect":[115.80000305175781,261.905029296875,484.1346750067988,251.2682647705078]},{"page":215,"text":"max effective range, threat collocated with CAS target.","rect":[128.0399932861328,274.4447021484375,398.58989183490049,263.8079528808594]},{"page":215,"text":" Assuming 8 nm/min, the lead aircraft will enter the threat range","rect":[125.34000396728516,293.22503662109377,448.3187912381603,282.5882873535156]},{"page":215,"text":"approximately 45 seconds prior to TOT. The second aircraft will exit the","rect":[136.32000732421876,305.7647399902344,488.8766525662853,295.11676025390627]},{"page":215,"text":"threat range approximately 1+45 after lead's TOT","rect":[136.32000732421876,318.2449645996094,381.12623439428946,307.59698486328127]},{"page":215,"text":" Suppression should be planned as nonstandard, -1+00 until +2+00,","rect":[125.34000396728516,336.9615783691406,471.17860643450987,326.4482727050781]},{"page":215,"text":"impacting every 30 seconds.","rect":[136.3188934326172,349.56524658203127,278.5936149794317,339.02947998046877]},{"page":215,"text":"Legend","rect":[95.0999984741211,380.0713195800781,129.15452756421218,370.5262756347656]},{"page":215,"text":"CAS ","rect":[101.45999908447266,395.3692626953125,120.53448459593796,389.2547302246094]},{"page":215,"text":"FW ","rect":[101.45999908447266,405.0,116.42392703978561,398.4729919433594]},{"page":215,"text":"IDF ","rect":[101.45999908447266,413.51959228515627,116.88191959349655,407.59259033203127]},{"page":215,"text":"km ","rect":[101.45999908447266,422.6400451660156,114.57564517943405,416.7130432128906]},{"page":215,"text":"max ","rect":[101.45999908447266,431.8493347167969,119.1221921154692,426.0]},{"page":215,"text":"close air support","rect":[138.19015502929688,396.893798828125,198.09967014281296,389.3525695800781]},{"page":215,"text":"fixed-wing","rect":[138.21949768066407,406.1039123535156,174.97409004148529,398.3751525878906]},{"page":215,"text":"indirect fire","rect":[138.19749450683595,413.6092834472656,178.14096015867279,407.4947509765625]},{"page":215,"text":"kilometer","rect":[138.17141723632813,422.729736328125,171.29788713884077,416.7130432128906]},{"page":215,"text":"maximum","rect":[138.15756225585938,431.8493347167969,173.56834210761267,425.8326416015625]},{"page":215,"text":"min ","rect":[261.359375,395.28118896484377,276.7780453869536,389.35418701171877]},{"page":215,"text":"minute","rect":[298.0936279296875,395.3708801269531,322.61517280515718,389.35418701171877]},{"page":215,"text":"nm ","rect":[261.359375,404.40081787109377,274.9965817639067,399.0]},{"page":215,"text":"RW ","rect":[261.359375,414.0,277.0640866467192,407.5934143066406]},{"page":215,"text":"SEAD suppression of enemy air defenses","rect":[261.359375,424.3447570800781,424.7393728154516,416.6159973144531]},{"page":215,"text":"TOT ","rect":[261.359375,432.0,281.9292905041411,425.72747802734377]},{"page":215,"text":"time on target","rect":[298.08465576171877,433.4643859863281,347.9850766369536,425.8334655761719]},{"page":215,"text":"Figure V-2. Indirect Fire Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses Timing Considerations","rect":[105.120361328125,465.41375732421877,505.7139425201416,455.914794921875]},{"page":215,"text":"rules of thumb. ","rect":[90.0,500.9159851074219,166.031982421875,492.3119812011719]},{"page":215,"text":"2. Vertically—aircraft maintain altitude sanctuary using over-flight","rect":[176.39999389648438,489.53997802734377,522.0419936523438,478.5119934082031]},{"page":215,"text":"3. Terrain masking ","rect":[176.39999389648438,529.1399536132813,273.31201171875,518.1119384765625]},{"page":215,"text":"a. LOAL Hellfire. ","rect":[198.0,552.5280151367188,290.531982421875,543.9119873046875]},{"page":215,"text":"b. FW pop deliveries. ","rect":[198.0,580.716064453125,307.57562255859377,569.7120361328125]},{"page":215,"text":"For examples of SEAD integration, see Appendix E, “Examples of Radio Communications","rect":[90.0,606.6000366210938,522.0096137695313,595.6920166015625]},{"page":215,"text":"During Close Air Support Missions,” Examples 1 and 7. ","rect":[89.9999771118164,620.4000244140625,364.4279479980469,609.4920043945313]},{"page":215,"text":"3. Close Air Support Execution Template","rect":[89.9999771118164,646.2360229492188,304.37398999023437,635.4240112304688]},{"page":215,"text":"a. By its very nature, the execution of CAS differs in every tactical situation. The","rect":[111.59996795654297,671.9400024414063,522.0203828125,660.9119873046875]},{"page":215,"text":"following considerations and recommendations are meant to be a guide for execution of ","rect":[89.99995422363281,685.7400512695313,525.0083618164063,674.7120361328125]},{"page":215,"text":"CAS, so CAS aircrews and JTACs/FAC(A)s have a standard, repeatable format to expect","rect":[89.99995422363281,699.5160522460938,522.0383315429688,688.5120239257813]},{"page":215,"text":"in the highly dynamic CAS environment. The execution template (Figure V-3) is a","rect":[89.99995422363281,713.3400268554688,521.9567231445312,702.31201171875]},{"page":215,"text":"V-13","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":216,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":216,"text":"Close Air Support Execution Template","rect":[97.80000305175781,95.94770050048828,330.02959402903709,82.85059356689453]},{"page":216,"text":"1. Routing/Safety of Flight","rect":[195.89999389648438,127.39851379394531,327.00112782211206,116.97260284423828]},{"page":216,"text":"2. Close Air Support Aircraft Check-in","rect":[195.89999389648438,145.69776916503907,381.7669040817241,135.392822265625]},{"page":216,"text":"3. Situation Update","rect":[195.89999389648438,164.1179962158203,294.0708896774272,153.81304931640626]},{"page":216,"text":"4. Game Plan","rect":[195.89999389648438,180.4815673828125,267.93237039031785,172.23321533203126]},{"page":216,"text":"5. Close Air Support Brief","rect":[195.89999389648438,200.95838928222657,323.9616380760183,190.6534423828125]},{"page":216,"text":"6. Remarks/Restrictions","rect":[195.89999389648438,217.322021484375,317.1382571693787,209.07366943359376]},{"page":216,"text":"7. Readbacks","rect":[195.89999389648438,235.74224853515626,267.9049808021912,227.62586975097657]},{"page":216,"text":"8. Correlation","rect":[195.89999389648438,254.10198974609376,266.6567966598491,245.8536376953125]},{"page":216,"text":"9. Attack","rect":[195.89999389648438,272.522216796875,243.5916415687927,264.37286376953127]},{"page":216,"text":"10. Assess Effectiveness","rect":[195.89999389648438,290.9423828125,316.4079715248474,282.69403076171877]},{"page":216,"text":"11. Battle Damage Assessment","rect":[195.89999389648438,311.5401916503906,347.68487416000269,301.2132568359375]},{"page":216,"text":"12. Routing/Safety of Flight","rect":[195.89999389648438,329.9604187011719,326.9945055076589,319.53448486328127]},{"page":216,"text":"Figure V-3. Close Air Support Execution Template","rect":[185.63983154296876,364.5538635253906,425.2050313873291,355.0549011230469]},{"page":216,"text":"technique used to organize the flow of events from when an aircraft first checks in with a","rect":[90.0,389.03997802734377,521.9448212890625,378.0119934082031]},{"page":216,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A), through a CAS brief and attack, to when the aircraft checks out. (Some of ","rect":[90.0,402.8399658203125,525.011962890625,391.8119812011719]},{"page":216,"text":"the items of the template are presented as major paragraphs rather than subparagraphs.)","rect":[90.0,416.6399841308594,508.8084084472656,405.6000061035156]},{"page":216,"text":"For detailed DACAS execution, see Appendix D, “Digitally Aided Close Air Support","rect":[90.0,442.4999694824219,522.0467543945313,431.59197998046877]},{"page":216,"text":"Planning and Execution Considerations.”","rect":[90.0,456.29998779296877,291.972048828125,445.3919982910156]},{"page":216,"text":"b. Authentication. While not an element of the execution template, if not using secure","rect":[111.5999984741211,482.03997802734377,522.2087983398437,471.0119934082031]},{"page":216,"text":"communications, authentication should be used to determine if a station on the net is friendly.","rect":[90.0,495.8399658203125,521.0712280273438,484.8119812011719]},{"page":216,"text":"c. Routing/Safety of Flight ","rect":[111.60001373291016,521.6400146484375,252.30001831054688,510.8039855957031]},{"page":216,"text":"(1) JTACs/FAC(A)s should immediately advise newly checked-in aircraft of ","rect":[133.20001220703126,547.4400024414063,525.0276489257813,536.4119873046875]},{"page":216,"text":"other AOS, their call sign, operating altitude, and frequency as soon as possible. ","rect":[90.0,561.239990234375,525.0096435546875,550.2119750976563]},{"page":216,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s should be prepared to deconflict assets (e.g., aircraft from aircraft, aircraft","rect":[90.0,575.0399780273438,522.0144057617188,564.011962890625]},{"page":216,"text":"from surface fires, and aircraft from known hazards). JTACs/FAC(A)s should advise","rect":[90.0,588.8159790039063,521.9880341796875,577.8119506835938]},{"page":216,"text":"aircrews of available airspace and desired IP/hold point locations for the attack. At initial","rect":[90.0,602.615966796875,522.0576186523438,591.6119384765625]},{"page":216,"text":"aircraft check-in, AO/JTAC/FAC(A) shall respond with, in order: ","rect":[90.0,616.416015625,408.7200012207031,605.4119873046875]},{"page":216,"text":"(2) Aircraft Routing/Holding Instructions.","rect":[133.19998168945313,642.2399291992188,363.8279724121094,631.2119140625]},{"page":216,"text":" Upon initial contact, each","rect":[372.53997802734377,642.2159423828125,522.0983276367188,631.2119140625]},{"page":216,"text":"controller shall at least give “maintain” instructions to establish control of aircraft (see","rect":[89.9999771118164,656.0399780273438,522.0864228515625,645.011962890625]},{"page":216,"text":"Figure V-4 for an example of routing calls). ","rect":[89.9999771118164,669.8399658203125,303.58074951171877,658.8119506835938]},{"page":216,"text":"“Razor 53, maintain Chevy-Dodge 14-15”","rect":[117.0,697.5748291015625,330.2787570953369,687.1658325195313]},{"page":216,"text":"V-14 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":216,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":217,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":217,"text":"Figure V-4. Example Routing Calls","rect":[222.599609375,256.01385498046877,388.2151632232666,246.514892578125]},{"page":217,"text":"(3) If unsure of aircraft’s current position and altitude, the JTAC/FAC(A) must","rect":[133.1999969482422,279.5160217285156,521.9015517578125,268.51202392578127]},{"page":217,"text":"request this information prior to giving routing/safety of flight instructions to avoid","rect":[89.99999237060547,293.3399963378906,521.9663696289063,282.31201171875]},{"page":217,"text":"potential conflicts. ","rect":[89.99999237060547,307.11602783203127,182.3520050048828,296.1120300292969]},{"page":217,"text":"“Hawg 23, say current position and altitude”","rect":[117.0,334.8748474121094,348.59458351135256,324.5646057128906]},{"page":217,"text":"(4) If using an unbriefed keyhole template for holding, the JTAC/FAC(A) must","rect":[133.1999969482422,365.3999938964844,522.0144057617188,354.37200927734377]},{"page":217,"text":"pass the center of the keyhole to the aircraft prior to passing holding instructions. ","rect":[90.0,379.20001220703127,482.28961181640627,368.1720275878906]},{"page":217,"text":"“Latch 65, keyhole in effect, Echo point is November Uniform nine one","rect":[117.0,406.8748474121094,494.9908660736084,396.4657897949219]},{"page":217,"text":"eight three five seven, proceed Alpha ten, angels 14-16.” ","rect":[117.0,419.5348205566406,415.3518783493042,409.1257629394531]},{"page":217,"text":"(5) Other AOS. If no other aircraft, that should be stated. ","rect":[133.1999969482422,450.0360107421875,415.1087951660156,439.0320129394531]},{"page":217,"text":"“Latch 65, proceed Chevy-Dodge, hold 13-15, you are the only aircraft on","rect":[117.0,477.7948303222656,494.99085369491578,467.3857727050781]},{"page":217,"text":"station.” ","rect":[117.0,488.2807922363281,164.71578520965577,480.17755126953127]},{"page":217,"text":"(6) Any other info necessary for safety of flight ","rect":[133.1999969482422,520.9800415039063,367.16400146484377,509.9520263671875]},{"page":217,"text":"(a) Immediate threats ","rect":[154.8000030517578,546.7560424804688,263.4552001953125,535.7520141601563]},{"page":217,"text":"“Deuce 21, proceed Emily to Adder maintain below 1500 ft AGL, there is","rect":[117.0,574.5147705078125,495.0523589935303,564.1057739257813]},{"page":217,"text":"a ZSU-23-4 vicinity of compound 34, you are the only aircraft on station.” ","rect":[117.0,587.1748046875,498.0806381149292,576.7658081054688]},{"page":217,"text":"(b) Significant weather/terrain ","rect":[154.8000030517578,603.8400268554688,306.13922119140627,592.81201171875]},{"page":217,"text":"(7) To maintain SA to where aircraft are during routing, JTACs/FAC(A)s may","rect":[133.1999969482422,629.6400146484375,521.983154296875,618.6119995117188]},{"page":217,"text":"request status calls from aircrews. ","rect":[89.99998474121094,643.416015625,258.9707946777344,632.4119873046875]},{"page":217,"text":"(8) Routing and safety of flight (RSOF) examples: ","rect":[133.19998168945313,669.2400512695313,381.4967956542969,658.2120361328125]},{"page":217,"text":"V-15","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":218,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":218,"text":"“Razor 57, proceed Frog-Gambler angels twenty-five, at Frog-Gambler,","rect":[117.0,93.07479095458985,495.0007125778198,82.6657485961914]},{"page":218,"text":"descend and hold sixteen block eighteen, report established; hold your","rect":[117.0,105.73482513427735,495.0007730445862,95.4575424194336]},{"page":218,"text":"check-in, attack in progress.” ","rect":[117.0,118.3947982788086,274.1237899703979,108.11751556396485]},{"page":218,"text":"“Deuce 23, proceed HA Betty, stay below 2K ft MSL en route, gun position","rect":[117.0,143.05482482910157,495.0040678062439,132.64578247070313]},{"page":218,"text":"12 is hot, gun target line three four zero. You are the only air on station,","rect":[117.0,155.7147979736328,495.0062362594604,145.30575561523438]},{"page":218,"text":"send your check-in.” ","rect":[117.0,168.37477111816407,228.90374297332765,158.0974884033203]},{"page":218,"text":"d. CAS Aircraft Check-In","rect":[111.5999984741211,196.49993896484376,246.65042407226563,187.8719482421875]},{"page":218,"text":" ","rect":[246.60000610351563,197.0,249.60000610351563,196.0]},{"page":218,"text":"(1) Aircraft check-in procedures are essential for establishing the required flow of ","rect":[133.20001220703126,224.69993591308595,525.0180053710938,213.67193603515626]},{"page":218,"text":"information between the CAS aircrews and control agencies. Controlling agencies should","rect":[90.0,238.4399871826172,522.1295776367188,227.4119873046875]},{"page":218,"text":"update all CAS assets on the current situation en route to the target. Consequently, it is","rect":[90.0,252.23997497558595,522.1584174804688,241.21197509765626]},{"page":218,"text":"important for the JTAC/FAC(A) to brief the current situation to the ASOC/DASC allowing","rect":[90.0,266.0399475097656,522.1031494140625,255.011962890625]},{"page":218,"text":"CAS aircraft to arrive with the most current information available.","rect":[90.0,277.4279479980469,401.91961669921877,268.81195068359377]},{"page":218,"text":"in. ","rect":[90.0,316.8599548339844,105.3468017578125,308.4119567871094]},{"page":218,"text":"(2) JTACs/FAC(A)s should be directive about when they want the aircraft check-","rect":[133.20001220703126,305.63995361328127,522.0815712890625,294.6119689941406]},{"page":218,"text":"Example: “Latch 65 send your check-in”","rect":[117.0,347.1748352050781,327.9652805328369,336.8645935058594]},{"page":218,"text":"(3) There may be a reason to delay taking or to abbreviate the aircraft check-in such","rect":[133.1999969482422,377.6999816894531,522.1068115234375,366.6719970703125]},{"page":218,"text":"as an attack in progress, JTAC/FAC(A) not ready to copy, or JTAC/FAC(A) waiting for","rect":[90.0,391.5,522.131986328125,380.4720153808594]},{"page":218,"text":"aircraft to contact a different terminal controller prior to passing the check-in. If aircraft are","rect":[90.0,405.29998779296877,522.0241059570312,394.2720031738281]},{"page":218,"text":"on the ATO and the JTAC/FAC(A) has a copy of the ATO, the CAS asset may check-in “as","rect":[90.0,419.1000061035156,522.0960395507813,408.072021484375]},{"page":218,"text":"fragged” and subsequent transmissions may be minimized. Authentication procedures will","rect":[90.00004577636719,432.8999938964844,522.0864272460938,421.87200927734377]},{"page":218,"text":"be used if deemed necessary. The CAS check-in briefing format is found in Figure V-5. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,446.6999816894531,524.9544067382813,435.6719970703125]},{"page":218,"text":"This briefing may be shortened for brevity or security (“as fragged” or “with exception”). ","rect":[90.00004577636719,460.5,525.1224365234375,449.4720153808594]},{"page":218,"text":"Capabilities examples include FAC(A), sensors, and Link 16. JTACs/FAC(A)s and CAS","rect":[90.00004577636719,474.2760009765625,522.1272612304688,463.2720031738281]},{"page":218,"text":"aircrews should strive to minimize multiple unnecessary check-ins. If the JTAC/FAC(A) is","rect":[90.00006866455078,488.1000061035156,522.1009223632813,477.072021484375]},{"page":218,"text":"planning on passing the aircraft to another controller, consideration should be given to","rect":[90.00009155273438,501.8999938964844,522.03857421875,490.87200927734377]},{"page":218,"text":"waiting to speak to the JTAC/FAC(A) that will be working with the aircraft to give the full","rect":[90.00009155273438,515.7000122070313,522.189759765625,504.6719970703125]},{"page":218,"text":"CAS check-in. ","rect":[90.00011444091797,527.0880126953125,162.43450927734376,518.4719848632813]},{"page":218,"text":"Example: “Latch 65, hold your check-in, attack in progress” ","rect":[117.0,557.2348022460938,432.5123397750854,546.9246215820313]},{"page":218,"text":"Example: “Latch 65, Broadsword 11 will take your check-in once","rect":[117.0,581.894775390625,470.5845855560303,571.5845947265625]},{"page":218,"text":"contact him on Amber”","rect":[117.0,592.3807983398438,238.62546730041505,584.2775268554688]},{"page":218,"text":"you","rect":[475.5595703125,581.894775390625,494.9886869468689,573.6927490234375]},{"page":218,"text":"(4) Depending on the situation, a JTAC/FAC(A) may ask for only those parts of ","rect":[133.1999969482422,623.2200317382813,524.9400024414063,612.1920166015625]},{"page":218,"text":"the check-in he currently needs.","rect":[90.00001525878906,637.02001953125,242.9520263671875,625.9920043945313]},{"page":218,"text":"Example: ","rect":[117.0,664.6121215820313,168.9573470993042,654.4775390625]},{"page":218,"text":"“Latch ","rect":[174.84701538085938,663.0,212.75767058563233,654.4775390625]},{"page":218,"text":"PLAYTIME.”","rect":[117.0,675.1199951171875,181.18796730041505,667.1375122070313]},{"page":218,"text":"65, ","rect":[218.6473388671875,663.0,236.93345183563233,654.4446411132813]},{"page":218,"text":"hold ","rect":[242.8231201171875,663.0,269.0982772750854,654.4775390625]},{"page":218,"text":"your ","rect":[274.98797607421877,664.7548217773438,301.7999984664917,656.0]},{"page":218,"text":"full ","rect":[307.689697265625,663.0,327.24833220672607,654.3458251953125]},{"page":218,"text":"check-in, ","rect":[333.13800048828127,663.0,383.88749236297607,654.4775390625]},{"page":218,"text":"say ","rect":[389.77716064453127,664.7548217773438,411.1200668258667,656.0]},{"page":218,"text":"ordnance ","rect":[417.0097351074219,663.0,469.5731307907104,654.4775390625]},{"page":218,"text":"and","rect":[475.46282958984377,662.580810546875,495.00721111679078,654.4775390625]},{"page":218,"text":"Example: “Venom 15, do you have Papa Hellfire aboard?”","rect":[117.0,702.0748291015625,418.41514015197756,691.6658325195313]},{"page":218,"text":"V-16 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":218,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":219,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":219,"text":"(5) The mnemonic “MNPOPCA” is useful for remembering the order of the","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,521.9304169921875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":219,"text":"check-in. (See Figure V-5.) ","rect":[89.99999237060547,99.47996520996094,227.65084838867188,88.45196533203125]},{"page":219,"text":"(a) Mission number. ","rect":[154.79998779296876,125.25595092773438,259.13519287109377,114.251953125]},{"page":219,"text":"(b) Number and type of aircraft. ","rect":[154.79998779296876,151.0800018310547,314.73358154296877,140.052001953125]},{"page":219,"text":"(c) Position and altitude. ","rect":[154.79998779296876,176.85598754882813,279.5039978027344,165.85198974609376]},{"page":219,"text":"Figure V-5. Close Air Support Check-In Briefing","rect":[191.46044921875,719.8138427734375,419.2892124671936,710.3148803710938]},{"page":219,"text":"V-17","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":220,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":220,"text":"(d) Ordnance. If not stated by the aircrew, JTACs/FAC(A)s should ask for","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,521.92324609375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":220,"text":"the following: ","rect":[90.00000762939453,99.47996520996094,160.67999267578126,88.45196533203125]},{"page":220,"text":"1. Laser code for LGBs. ","rect":[176.40000915527345,122.86795043945313,298.3824157714844,114.251953125]},{"page":220,"text":"2. Model of Hellfire. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,148.656005859375,282.0216064453125,140.052001953125]},{"page":220,"text":"3. Bomb fusing options—instantaneous/airburst/delay. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,176.87998962402345,444.7415771484375,165.85198974609376]},{"page":220,"text":"(e) PLAYTIME/time on station. ","rect":[154.8000030517578,202.65597534179688,316.1112060546875,191.6519775390625]},{"page":220,"text":"(f) Capabilities. If not stated by the aircraft, the following items may be","rect":[154.8000030517578,228.47996520996095,522.0263642578125,217.45196533203126]},{"page":220,"text":"asked for by the JTAC/FAC(A). ","rect":[89.99996185302735,242.2799530029297,247.97994995117188,231.251953125]},{"page":220,"text":"1. VDL capability and code(s). ","rect":[176.39996337890626,268.0799865722656,331.031982421875,257.052001953125]},{"page":220,"text":"2. Current situation reports (SITREPs)/situation update codes (SUCs). ","rect":[176.39999389648438,293.8559875488281,519.3515625,282.85198974609377]},{"page":220,"text":"3. Map/reference graphic version. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,319.67999267578127,344.71685791015627,308.6520080566406]},{"page":220,"text":"4. FAC(A) capability. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,345.47998046875,287.82958984375,334.4519958496094]},{"page":220,"text":"5. Sensor type and capability. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,371.2799987792969,324.3840026855469,360.25201416015627]},{"page":220,"text":"6. VMF (Forest)/Link 16 (Timber). ","rect":[176.39999389648438,397.0559997558594,351.7416687011719,386.052001953125]},{"page":220,"text":"(g) Abort code. ","rect":[154.8000030517578,422.8799743652344,234.48001098632813,411.85198974609377]},{"page":220,"text":"1. If secure communications are in use, an abort code is not required. If ","rect":[176.40000915527345,448.6559753417969,524.9747924804688,437.6519775390625]},{"page":220,"text":"not stated, “ABORT, ABORT, ABORT” is considered the standard to abort.","rect":[90.0,460.0679931640625,457.26959228515627,451.4519958496094]},{"page":220,"text":"2. If communications are unsecure or need to be switched from secure","rect":[176.4000244140625,485.8559875488281,521.940060546875,477.2519836425781]},{"page":220,"text":"to unsecure, then an abort code should be passed based on SPINS/SOP for area (e.g.,","rect":[90.0,502.0799865722656,521.9927978515625,491.052001953125]},{"page":220,"text":"authentication matrix, Ramrod).","rect":[90.0,515.8560180664063,244.03924560546876,504.85198974609377]},{"page":220,"text":"3. If abort code is passed, the JTAC/FAC(A) should read back abort","rect":[176.39999389648438,541.656005859375,522.0108046875,530.6519775390625]},{"page":220,"text":"code to ensure accuracy.","rect":[90.0,555.4800415039063,208.04403686523438,544.4520263671875]},{"page":220,"text":"(6) If the JTAC/FAC(A) is unfamiliar with any of the aircraft’s capabilities, they","rect":[133.1999969482422,581.280029296875,522.0228271484375,570.2520141601563]},{"page":220,"text":"should ask questions in plain language at this time to avoid developing and issuing","rect":[90.0,595.0800170898438,521.9736328125,584.052001953125]},{"page":220,"text":"unsupportable instructions. ","rect":[90.0,608.8560180664063,223.02842712402345,597.8519897460938]},{"page":220,"text":"4. Situation Update and Game Plan","rect":[90.0,634.7760009765625,274.3295927734375,623.9639892578125]},{"page":220,"text":"a. The situation update brief is a tool used to increase all participants’ SA to the level","rect":[111.60000610351563,660.39599609375,522.0912490234375,649.3919677734375]},{"page":220,"text":"required by the tactical situation. The brief must be missionized based on the","rect":[90.00004577636719,674.2200317382813,522.055294921875,663.1920166015625]},{"page":220,"text":"JTAC’s/FAC(A)'s expectations of the use of the CAS asset. Elements that can be included","rect":[90.00006866455078,687.9960327148438,522.1092529296875,676.9920043945313]},{"page":220,"text":"are: enemy activity, surface-to-air threat activity, friendly situation, remarks, weather, and","rect":[90.00006866455078,701.8200073242188,522.0252685546875,690.7919921875]},{"page":220,"text":"hazards. Figures V-6 and V-7 are format examples of a situation update.","rect":[90.00006866455078,715.6199951171875,439.9440612792969,704.5919799804688]},{"page":220,"text":"V-18 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":220,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":221,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":221,"text":"Figure V-6. Situation Update Example 1","rect":[210.89950561523438,667.19384765625,399.87370204162598,657.6948852539063]},{"page":221,"text":"(1) The length and depth of the situation update must be balanced with the need","rect":[133.1999969482422,690.5400390625,522.0767822265625,679.5120239257813]},{"page":221,"text":"to pass game plans and CAS briefs to create timely and desired effects. Not all elements","rect":[90.00001525878906,704.3400268554688,522.0227973632813,693.31201171875]},{"page":221,"text":"must be passed to all aircraft. The objective of the situation update is to build the oncoming","rect":[90.00001525878906,718.1400146484375,522.0228271484375,707.0999755859375]},{"page":221,"text":"V-19","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":222,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":222,"text":"Figure V-7. Situation Update Example 2","rect":[210.9002685546875,652.5538940429688,399.8744649810791,643.054931640625]},{"page":222,"text":"aircrew’s SA to the level necessary to conduct the expected mission. Situation updates that","rect":[90.0,677.0400390625,522.052796875,666.0120239257813]},{"page":222,"text":"are read too quickly, are excessively long, or pass unnecessary information waste time and","rect":[90.0000228881836,690.8400268554688,522.0324096679688,679.81201171875]},{"page":222,"text":"decrease SA. JTACs/FAC(A)s should break up the situation update into manageable","rect":[90.0000228881836,704.6400146484375,521.98083203125,693.6119995117188]},{"page":222,"text":"transmissions. A situation update that is rattled off to aircrews that are just arriving into a","rect":[90.0000228881836,718.4400024414063,521.9676484375,707.3999633789063]},{"page":222,"text":"V-20 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":222,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":223,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":223,"text":"dynamic scenario will most likely not be copied. For example, in a situation where the","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0563935546875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":223,"text":"JTAC is in a troops-in-contact situation, has requested air support, has done thorough","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.014404296875,88.45196533203125]},{"page":223,"text":"coordination with the fires approval chain, and is simply waiting for aircraft to check in to","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,522.069580078125,102.251953125]},{"page":223,"text":"execute a BOC attack, the situation update would be relatively short. On the other hand, a","rect":[90.0000228881836,127.08000183105469,521.9616059570312,116.052001953125]},{"page":223,"text":"JTAC giving a situation update to an aircrew that is preparing to conduct urban MIR","rect":[90.0000228881836,140.87998962402345,521.9604208984375,129.85198974609376]},{"page":223,"text":"overwatch of a friendly patrol may require a more detailed brief. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,154.6799774169922,402.496826171875,143.6519775390625]},{"page":223,"text":"(2) JTACs/FAC(A)s, when able, should pass their update to the ASOC/DASC","rect":[133.2000274658203,180.45596313476563,521.9640219726563,169.45196533203126]},{"page":223,"text":"who will pass it to the attack aircraft. The situation update may be passed to a TAC(A) or","rect":[90.00004577636719,194.2799530029297,522.0108315429687,183.251953125]},{"page":223,"text":"FAC(A) to relieve the workload if multiple aircraft are expected. Upon initial check-in","rect":[90.00004577636719,208.05593872070313,521.9544067382813,197.05194091796876]},{"page":223,"text":"with the JTAC/FAC(A), aircrews should state whether they have the latest ground","rect":[90.00004577636719,221.8799285888672,522.0072631835938,210.8519287109375]},{"page":223,"text":"situation. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,233.2559814453125,140.35324096679688,224.6519775390625]},{"page":223,"text":"(3) SUCs. Situation updates are passed from the JTAC/FAC(A) to the appropriate","rect":[133.20004272460938,261.4559631347656,522.1103486328125,250.45196533203126]},{"page":223,"text":"C2 element, normally the ASOC/DASC. The C2 element will then assign alphanumeric","rect":[89.99995422363281,275.2799377441406,522.0443696289062,264.251953125]},{"page":223,"text":"identifiers or time stamps to identify the SUC and pass these coded/time-stamped updates to","rect":[89.99995422363281,289.0799255371094,522.0947875976563,278.05194091796877]},{"page":223,"text":"CAS aircraft. Receiving the SUC en route to the JTAC’s location allows for higher aircrew","rect":[89.9999771118164,302.8799133300781,522.115171875,291.8519287109375]},{"page":223,"text":"SA upon check-in and alleviates the need for the JTAC/FAC(A) to pass a full situation","rect":[90.0,316.6559143066406,522.0948486328125,305.65191650390627]},{"page":223,"text":"update. Changes to the situation update may be passed by the JTAC/FAC(A) as aircraft","rect":[90.0,330.47991943359377,522.0000014648438,319.4519348144531]},{"page":223,"text":"check on station. If appropriate, JTACs/FAC(A)s may pass specific AO situation updates as","rect":[90.0,344.2799072265625,522.0779731445313,333.2519226074219]},{"page":223,"text":"well.","rect":[90.0,355.6559143066406,113.2656021118164,347.0519104003906]},{"page":223,"text":"(4) The format should be adapted to the mission and only those items required to","rect":[135.0,383.8799133300781,522.0023803710938,372.8519287109375]},{"page":223,"text":"accomplish the expected mission should be passed. Passing redundant or nonessential","rect":[90.0,397.6799011230469,521.9484267578125,386.65191650390627]},{"page":223,"text":"information increases time to kill and should be avoided. The situation update is also a","rect":[90.0,411.4559020996094,522.062375,400.451904296875]},{"page":223,"text":"format recognized for battlefield handover between terminal controllers (e.g., JTAC to","rect":[90.0,425.2798767089844,521.9963989257813,414.25189208984377]},{"page":223,"text":"FAC[A]). ","rect":[90.0,439.0558776855469,142.981201171875,428.0518798828125]},{"page":223,"text":"b. Game Plan ","rect":[111.5999984741211,462.4798889160156,186.6107940673828,453.8518981933594]},{"page":223,"text":"Example: “Deuce 21, Type 1, bomb on target; advise when ready for 9-","rect":[117.0,492.5548095703125,494.9326765174866,482.145751953125]},{"page":223,"text":"line.”","rect":[117.0,503.0408020019531,144.4609775543213,494.93756103515627]},{"page":223,"text":"Example: “Latch 65, Type 2, bomb on coordinate, one GBU-38","rect":[117.0,529.8748168945313,494.97664488220217,519.4658203125]},{"page":223,"text":"instantaneous fusing each aircraft, simultaneous impact, 8-digit grid to","rect":[117.0,542.5347900390625,494.9963773765564,532.1257934570313]},{"page":223,"text":"follow; advise when ready for 9-line.”","rect":[117.0,555.19482421875,311.43494606018069,544.7858276367188]},{"page":223,"text":"Example: “Venom 15, Type 3, bomb on target, I need all BRDMs and","rect":[117.0,579.7947998046875,494.99085369491578,569.484619140625]},{"page":223,"text":"enemy personnel in the vicinity destroyed; advise when ready for 9-line.”","rect":[117.0,592.454833984375,494.9447422027588,582.0458374023438]},{"page":223,"text":"(1) The game plan is a concise means to inform all participants of the flow of the","rect":[133.1999969482422,622.9800415039063,522.008419921875,611.9520263671875]},{"page":223,"text":"upcoming attack. Minimum information shall include type of control and method of attack. ","rect":[90.0,636.780029296875,525.0192260742188,625.7520141601563]},{"page":223,"text":"Avoid repeating information that will be given in other parts of the CAS brief, remarks,","rect":[90.0,650.5800170898438,521.9639892578125,639.552001953125]},{"page":223,"text":"and restrictions. Additional information may include ground commander’s intent,","rect":[90.0,664.3800048828125,522.0167846679688,653.3519897460938]},{"page":223,"text":"collateral damage concerns, ordnance requested, desired effects, fuzing, interval, and","rect":[90.0,678.1799926757813,521.9340209960938,667.1519775390625]},{"page":223,"text":"number of digits to expect in line 6, if appropriate. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,691.9800415039063,338.306396484375,680.9520263671875]},{"page":223,"text":"V-21","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":224,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":224,"text":"(2) If there are questions regarding aircraft capabilities, ordnance, and tactics,","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.0756225585938,74.6519775390625]},{"page":224,"text":"these should be cleared up, using plain language, prior to confirmation of the CAS briefing.","rect":[90.00001525878906,99.47996520996094,522.0143432617188,88.45196533203125]},{"page":224,"text":"(3) A game plan is utilized for attacks involving single or multiple elements. ","rect":[133.20001220703126,125.27995300292969,524.9508666992188,114.251953125]},{"page":224,"text":"When conducting coordinated attacks, the plan should be briefed to all participants,","rect":[90.00001525878906,139.0800018310547,522.0203857421875,128.052001953125]},{"page":224,"text":"followed by single element as appropriate.","rect":[90.00001525878906,152.87998962402345,293.9664611816406,141.85198974609376]},{"page":224,"text":"(4) To frame a multiple element engagement, use the term “in order” to establish","rect":[133.20001220703126,178.6799774169922,522.0096435546875,167.6519775390625]},{"page":224,"text":"the order in which the aircrew should respond to the JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s calls. In the below","rect":[90.00001525878906,192.45596313476563,521.992857421875,181.45196533203126]},{"page":224,"text":"example, Latch 65 should acknowledge prior to Venom 11. This cadence order should","rect":[90.00001525878906,206.2799530029297,522.0576782226563,195.251953125]},{"page":224,"text":"match the order in which the JTAC/FAC(A) plans to execute the attack.","rect":[90.00001525878906,220.05599975585938,435.37200927734377,209.052001953125]},{"page":224,"text":"Example: “Latch 65 and Venom 11, in order, advise when ready for game","rect":[117.0,247.8147735595703,494.981008895874,237.40573120117188]},{"page":224,"text":"plan.”","rect":[117.0,260.3320617675781,148.11731910705567,250.19752502441407]},{"page":224,"text":"(a) For multiple elements, the following information should be included:","rect":[154.8000030517578,290.9399719238281,506.3532119140625,279.9119873046875]},{"page":224,"text":"1. Type of coordinated attack","rect":[176.4000244140625,316.739990234375,320.3640441894531,305.7120056152344]},{"page":224,"text":"a. Type of attack: Combined or Sectored","rect":[198.0,342.53997802734377,395.841552734375,331.5119934082031]},{"page":224,"text":"b. Attack timing: Simultaneous, Sequential, or Random","rect":[198.0,368.3399658203125,467.2991042480469,357.3119812011719]},{"page":224,"text":"2. Flow of attack","rect":[176.39999389648438,391.71600341796877,260.77919006347659,383.11199951171877]},{"page":224,"text":"a. If combined, the order and method of separation (e.g., visual,","rect":[198.0,419.9399719238281,522.0648193359375,408.9119873046875]},{"page":224,"text":"timing, altitude) that the elements will use.","rect":[90.0,433.739990234375,295.4543762207031,422.7120056152344]},{"page":224,"text":"b. If sectored, which general target area each element will be","rect":[198.0,459.53997802734377,522.0888642578125,448.5119934082031]},{"page":224,"text":"responsible for, and what will be used to define the sector (e.g., GEOREF, gridline).","rect":[90.0,473.3399658203125,494.23077392578127,462.3119812011719]},{"page":224,"text":"Example: “Latch 65 and Venom 11, this will be a sectored simultaneous","rect":[117.0,500.93206787109377,495.0468658294678,490.76458740234377]},{"page":224,"text":"attack, Latch 65 to the east, Venom 11 to the west. Latch 65, advise when","rect":[117.0,512.0,495.05347576522828,503.4245910644531]},{"page":224,"text":"ready for game plan.”","rect":[117.0,526.394775390625,230.0039463043213,515.9857788085938]},{"page":224,"text":"(b) The JTAC/FAC(A) should read the first element’s entire game plan, CAS","rect":[154.8000030517578,556.9200439453125,522.0239897460938,545.8920288085938]},{"page":224,"text":"brief, remarks, and restrictions prior to the second element’s game plan to maintain good","rect":[89.9999771118164,570.7200317382813,521.9495849609375,559.6920166015625]},{"page":224,"text":"communication cadence. All aircrews should be paying attention to the game plans and","rect":[89.9999771118164,584.52001953125,522.0335693359375,573.4920043945313]},{"page":224,"text":"CAS briefs given to other elements. If both elements are attacking the same target, the","rect":[89.9999771118164,598.3200073242188,521.9495209960937,587.2919921875]},{"page":224,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) has the option of issuing a CAS brief to the first element and simply issuing","rect":[89.9999771118164,612.1200561523438,521.99755859375,601.092041015625]},{"page":224,"text":"changes to the same CAS brief for the second element.","rect":[89.9999771118164,625.9200439453125,353.4010925292969,614.8920288085938]},{"page":224,"text":"(c) When briefing coordinated attacks, the JTAC/FAC(A) may state, “Hold all","rect":[154.79998779296876,651.7200317382813,522.203919921875,640.6920166015625]},{"page":224,"text":"readbacks,” in the remarks portion of each CAS brief, so the JTAC/FAC(A) transmits briefs","rect":[89.99995422363281,665.4960327148438,522.2328193359375,654.4920043945313]},{"page":224,"text":"for all elements prior to receiving readbacks. The JTAC/FAC(A) should then request","rect":[89.99995422363281,679.3200073242188,522.0143447265625,668.2919921875]},{"page":224,"text":"readbacks when ready. The JTAC/FAC(A) may also get readbacks immediately following","rect":[89.99995422363281,693.0599975585938,522.2063598632813,682.031982421875]},{"page":224,"text":"the attack briefs to each element if this better fits the JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s habit pattern.","rect":[89.99995422363281,706.8360595703125,487.5167541503906,695.83203125]},{"page":224,"text":"V-22 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":224,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":225,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":225,"text":"Example: “Razor 55 and Deuce 23, this will be a combined sequential","rect":[117.0,87.47208404541016,495.0062362594604,77.30461120605469]},{"page":225,"text":"attack with Razor flight attacking first, followed by Deuce 23 two minutes","rect":[117.0,100.2748031616211,494.932669052124,89.86576080322266]},{"page":225,"text":"in trail of Razor 56’s impacts. Razor 55, advise when ready for game","rect":[117.0,112.8747787475586,494.906301864624,102.46573638916016]},{"page":225,"text":"plan.”","rect":[117.0,125.3920669555664,148.11731910705567,115.25753021240235]},{"page":225,"text":"5. Close Air Support Brief","rect":[90.0,156.15609741210938,227.3904091796875,145.34410095214845]},{"page":225,"text":"a. JTACs/FAC(A)s will use a standardized briefing to pass information rapidly. The 9-","rect":[111.59999084472656,181.86009216308595,522.2568032226562,170.83209228515626]},{"page":225,"text":"line CAS brief (Figure V-8), also known as the “9-Line Brief,” is the standard for use with FW","rect":[90.0,195.66014099121095,522.2280244140625,184.63214111328126]},{"page":225,"text":"and RW aircraft. The CAS briefing form helps aircrews in determining whether they have the","rect":[90.0000228881836,209.4601287841797,522.2927827148437,198.43212890625]},{"page":225,"text":"information required to perform the mission. The brief is used for all threat conditions and does","rect":[90.0000228881836,223.23611450195313,522.284455078125,212.23211669921876]},{"page":225,"text":"not dictate the CAS aircraft’s tactics. Elements of a CAS brief will not be passed piecemeal","rect":[90.0000228881836,237.03610229492188,522.2783828125,226.0321044921875]},{"page":225,"text":"over several minutes and out of sequence. The first nine lines are understood and line numbers","rect":[90.0000228881836,250.83615112304688,522.2784125976563,239.8321533203125]},{"page":225,"text":"do not need to be passed. However, if lines 1 through 3 were abbreviated, the elevation","rect":[90.0000228881836,264.6600646972656,522.2640380859375,253.632080078125]},{"page":225,"text":"transmission should begin with “Elevation.” Following are examples of lines 1 through 3","rect":[90.0000228881836,278.4601135253906,522.2136840820313,267.43212890625]},{"page":225,"text":"abbreviated when using the “overhead” or keyhole method with a known direction and distance","rect":[90.0000228881836,292.2601013183594,522.26159375,281.23211669921877]},{"page":225,"text":"from the echo point, assuming the echo point is the target.","rect":[90.00004577636719,306.0600891113281,354.0516357421875,295.0321044921875]},{"page":225,"text":"Example 1: “Lines 1 through 3 from the overhead. Elevation, four-","rect":[117.0,333.7948303222656,463.55627270889286,323.3857727050781]},{"page":225,"text":"hundred fifty feet …”","rect":[117.0,346.454833984375,226.29599952697755,336.0457763671875]},{"page":225,"text":"Example 2: “Lines 1 through 3 C10. Elevation, four-hundred fifty ","rect":[117.0,371.0548095703125,498.0543014450073,360.645751953125]},{"page":225,"text":"feet …”","rect":[117.0,381.5408020019531,156.1239414215088,373.3057861328125]},{"page":225,"text":"Note: Allied Tactical Publication-3.3.2.1, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Close","rect":[111.5999984741211,414.239990234375,522.2376069335937,403.2120056152344]},{"page":225,"text":"Air Support and Air Interdiction, directs that NATO JTACs/FAC(A)s will pass line titles for","rect":[89.99998474121094,428.0160217285156,522.2986123046875,417.01202392578127]},{"page":225,"text":"each line in a CAS brief.","rect":[90.0,439.4280090332031,202.65838623046876,430.81201171875]},{"page":225,"text":"b. When working with NATO JTACs/FAC(A)s, aircrews should expect to hear line","rect":[111.5999984741211,455.6399841308594,522.0684174804687,444.61199951171877]},{"page":225,"text":"titles being passed prior to each item in the CAS brief. This is a measure to reduce","rect":[90.00000762939453,469.44000244140627,522.0144624023437,458.4120178222656]},{"page":225,"text":"confusion when some CAS participants are non-native English language speakers. ","rect":[90.00000762939453,483.2400207519531,525.0060424804688,472.2120361328125]},{"page":225,"text":"Consideration should be given to passing line titles during times where language barriers,","rect":[90.00000762939453,497.0400085449219,522.0264282226563,486.01202392578127]},{"page":225,"text":"communications jamming, or other conditions exist that may lead to confusion.","rect":[90.00000762939453,510.8399963378906,470.5260314941406,499.8000183105469]},{"page":225,"text":"c. CAS brief can be prefaced by: “Razor 53, advise when ready for 9-line.” ","rect":[111.60002136230469,536.6400146484375,525.0767822265625,525.6119995117188]},{"page":225,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s should ensure they are ready to pass the CAS brief prior to asking the","rect":[90.00005340576172,550.4400024414063,522.0192841796875,539.4119873046875]},{"page":225,"text":"aircrew. ","rect":[90.00005340576172,561.8159790039063,132.02285766601563,553.2119750976563]},{"page":225,"text":"d. The CAS brief should be read in three transmissions of three lines each, at a","rect":[111.60005187988281,588.0,521.9340791015625,579.011962890625]},{"page":225,"text":"moderate pace. Information that is read too quickly increases confusion and delays time","rect":[90.00003051757813,603.8400268554688,521.953244140625,592.81201171875]},{"page":225,"text":"to kill when it has to be repeated. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,617.6160278320313,252.32403564453126,606.6119995117188]},{"page":225,"text":"(1) Line 1–IP or BP. The IP is the starting point for the run-in to the target. For","rect":[133.20004272460938,643.4400024414063,521.9880654296875,632.4119873046875]},{"page":225,"text":"RW aircraft, the BP is where attacks on the target are commenced. Items for line 1 are:","rect":[90.00005340576172,657.239990234375,510.0936904296875,646.2119750976563]},{"page":225,"text":"(a) IP or BP by name ","rect":[154.80007934570313,683.0399780273438,262.4869079589844,672.011962890625]},{"page":225,"text":"V-23","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":226,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":226,"text":"V-24 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":226,"text":"Figure V-8. Game Plan and 9-Line Close Air Support Briefing Format","rect":[142.01974487304688,688.0138549804688,468.7278955039978,678.514892578125]},{"page":226,"text":"(b) Hasty BP","rect":[154.8000030517578,711.5400390625,220.41958911132813,700.5120239257813]},{"page":226,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":227,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":227,"text":"“Hasty BP, center grid Papa Uniform One-two-three-four, 2x2” ","rect":[117.0,87.61483001708985,443.92264861297607,77.2057876586914]},{"page":227,"text":"(2) Line 2—Heading and Offset. The heading is given in degrees magnetic","rect":[133.1999969482422,118.13999938964844,522.0012177734375,107.11199951171875]},{"page":227,"text":"from the IP to the target or from the center of the BP to the target. Heading is transmitted","rect":[90.0000228881836,131.9399871826172,522.0048217773438,120.9119873046875]},{"page":227,"text":"in three digits sequentially (e.g., “One eight zero”). JTACs/FAC(A)s give an offset (offset","rect":[90.0000228881836,145.7400360107422,522.0000014648438,134.7120361328125]},{"page":227,"text":"left/right) if a restriction or threat exists. The offset is the side of the IP-to-target line on","rect":[90.0000228881836,159.54002380371095,522.0300903320313,148.51202392578126]},{"page":227,"text":"which aircrews can maneuver for the attack. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,170.916015625,305.313720703125,162.31201171875]},{"page":227,"text":"(3) Line 3—Distance. The distance is given from the IP/BP to the target. For","rect":[133.20001220703126,199.13999938964845,522.0646645507812,188.11199951171876]},{"page":227,"text":"FW aircraft, the distance is given in nautical miles and should be accurate to a tenth of a","rect":[90.00001525878906,212.9399871826172,522.0527924804687,201.9119873046875]},{"page":227,"text":"nautical mile. For RW, the distance is given in meters from the center of the BP and is","rect":[90.00004577636719,226.73997497558595,521.9976508789063,215.71197509765626]},{"page":227,"text":"accurate to the nearest 100 meters. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,238.115966796875,261.979248046875,229.511962890625]},{"page":227,"text":"(4) Line 4—Target Elevation. The target elevation is given in feet MSL. Target","rect":[133.20004272460938,266.3399963378906,522.0767836914063,255.31201171875]},{"page":227,"text":"elevation is needed for cueing sensors and for weapon/targeting solutions for CAS","rect":[90.00004577636719,280.1399841308594,521.9988432617188,269.11199951171877]},{"page":227,"text":"platforms which require it. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,293.9159851074219,224.01600646972657,282.9119873046875]},{"page":227,"text":"(a) Read as sequential digits. It is also recommended to include the word","rect":[154.800048828125,319.7399597167969,522.003662109375,308.71197509765627]},{"page":227,"text":"“feet” after the digits to break up elevation from line 5.","rect":[90.00004577636719,333.5399475097656,354.2520751953125,322.511962890625]},{"page":227,"text":"(b) MSL is understood; if using any other datum, it must be stated (e.g.,","rect":[154.800048828125,359.3399353027344,522.0216064453125,348.31195068359377]},{"page":227,"text":"“Three six five feet height above ellipsoid”).","rect":[90.00004577636719,373.13995361328127,304.4112548828125,362.1119689941406]},{"page":227,"text":"(c) If lines 1 through 3 were abbreviated, the elevation transmission should","rect":[154.800048828125,398.87994384765627,521.9569091796875,387.8519592285156]},{"page":227,"text":"begin with “elevation.” ","rect":[90.00006866455078,412.6799621582031,204.62045288085938,401.6519775390625]},{"page":227,"text":"(d) Line 4 can be passed as a part of a target sorting message (TSM) (J12.6)","rect":[154.80007934570313,438.4799499511719,521.9040810546875,427.45196533203127]},{"page":227,"text":"index number, or land point/track number (J.35). JTACs/FAC(A)s must ensure the correct","rect":[90.00009155273438,452.2559509277344,522.003724609375,441.251953125]},{"page":227,"text":"index or track number is passed and that the elevation and coordinates used to create the","rect":[90.00011444091797,466.0559387207031,522.028927734375,455.05194091796877]},{"page":227,"text":"track are as accurate as possible.","rect":[90.00011444091797,479.8559265136719,246.05294799804688,468.8519287109375]},{"page":227,"text":"(5) Line 5—Target Description. The target description should be specific","rect":[133.20010375976563,505.6799621582031,522.0097626953125,494.6519775390625]},{"page":227,"text":"enough for the aircrew to recognize the target. The target should be described accurately","rect":[90.00011444091797,519.47998046875,522.09130859375,508.45196533203127]},{"page":227,"text":"and concisely using plain language. If target sorts are required, they should be given later","rect":[90.00011444091797,533.280029296875,522.040921875,522.2520141601563]},{"page":227,"text":"as part of amplifying information so as not to disrupt the flow of the CAS brief. ","rect":[90.00011444091797,547.0800170898438,474.897705078125,536.052001953125]},{"page":227,"text":"(6) Line 6—Target Location. The JTAC/FAC(A) provides the target location","rect":[133.2001190185547,572.8800659179688,522.0264892578125,561.85205078125]},{"page":227,"text":"in 4 specific manners:","rect":[90.00009155273438,586.6560668945313,195.59169152832033,575.6520385742188]},{"page":227,"text":"(a) Options for line 6.","rect":[154.8000946044922,612.4561157226563,262.0884704589844,601.4520874023438]},{"page":227,"text":"1. Grid Coordinates. If using grid coordinates, JTACs/FAC(A)s shall","rect":[176.40008544921876,638.2800903320313,521.990541015625,627.2520751953125]},{"page":227,"text":"include the 100,000 square meter identification.","rect":[90.0,652.0560302734375,319.64886474609377,641.052001953125]},{"page":227,"text":"2. Latitude and Longitude. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,677.8800048828125,330.72003173828127,667.0440063476563]},{"page":227,"text":"Care should be taken to clearly","rect":[345.0000305175781,677.8800048828125,522.0023803710938,666.8519897460938]},{"page":227,"text":"communicate which specific format is being used as transposition errors or","rect":[90.0,691.6799926757813,521.9952065429687,680.6519775390625]},{"page":227,"text":"misinterpretation can result in significant coordinate error and greatly increase the risk of ","rect":[90.0,705.4800415039063,525.058837890625,694.4520263671875]},{"page":227,"text":"potential collateral damage. When passing latitude/longitude in line 6, say the cardinal","rect":[90.0,719.280029296875,522.0000014648438,708.2520141601563]},{"page":227,"text":"V-25","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":228,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":228,"text":"direction of the latitude/longitude prior to providing the degrees (e.g., “North XX...West","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.027650390625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":228,"text":"XX”).","rect":[90.0,99.45596313476563,119.64239501953125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":228,"text":"3. Offset from a Known Point. Direction and distance from a","rect":[176.39999389648438,122.86795043945313,522.009640625,114.251953125]},{"page":228,"text":"geographical, man-made feature, navigational aid, or mark. ","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,377.5895690917969,128.052001953125]},{"page":228,"text":"4. TSM (J12.6) index number or land point/track number (J3.5). ","rect":[176.39999389648438,164.85598754882813,525.0,153.85198974609376]},{"page":228,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)S must ensure the correct Index or track number is passed and that the","rect":[90.0,178.65597534179688,521.9975556640625,167.6519775390625]},{"page":228,"text":"elevation and coordinates used to create the track are as accurate as possible.","rect":[90.0,192.45596313476563,458.166015625,181.45196533203126]},{"page":228,"text":"(b) Because of multiple coordinate systems available for use, the datum that","rect":[154.80001831054688,218.2799530029297,522.0023818359375,207.251953125]},{"page":228,"text":"will be used must always be specified in the preplanned JTAR. If an aircrew is responding","rect":[90.0,232.0800018310547,522.0011596679688,221.052001953125]},{"page":228,"text":"in an immediate CAS request, and the datum used is not World Geodetic System 1984,","rect":[90.0,245.87998962402345,522.0072021484375,234.85198974609376]},{"page":228,"text":"then the datum will be confirmed in the aircraft check-in or situation update (unless","rect":[90.0,259.6559753417969,522.0311591796875,248.6519775390625]},{"page":228,"text":"otherwise specified in SPINS). ","rect":[90.0,273.4559631347656,243.9684295654297,262.45196533203127]},{"page":228,"text":"For further guidance on coordinate datum planes, refer to CJCSI 3900.01, Position (Point","rect":[90.0,299.27996826171877,521.9904189453125,288.2519836425781]},{"page":228,"text":"and Area) Reference Procedures.","rect":[90.0000228881836,313.05596923828127,248.54287719726563,302.0519714355469]},{"page":228,"text":"(c) The following target location considerations should be used in line 6:","rect":[154.80001831054688,338.8799743652344,506.71203759765629,327.85198974609377]},{"page":228,"text":"1. For an area target, give the location of the target’s center or location","rect":[176.40000915527345,364.6799621582031,521.9808349609375,353.6519775390625]},{"page":228,"text":"of the greatest concentration.","rect":[90.0,378.47998046875,229.29600524902345,367.4519958496094]},{"page":228,"text":"2. For a linear target, give the location of intended impact point,","rect":[176.39999389648438,404.27996826171877,522.045654296875,393.2519836425781]},{"page":228,"text":"orientation, and the distance to each end, either in line 5 or in the remarks section of the","rect":[90.0,416.0,521.97594921875,407.052001953125]},{"page":228,"text":"CAS brief, if required.","rect":[90.0,431.8559875488281,198.31199645996095,420.85198974609377]},{"page":228,"text":"3. Multiple Target Format. When issuing multiple lines 4 and 6, read","rect":[176.39999389648438,457.67999267578127,521.9915161132813,446.6520080566406]},{"page":228,"text":"one standard CAS brief, then provide additional targets, using lines 4, 6, and 8 only, prior","rect":[90.0,471.47998046875,521.9591958007812,460.4519958496094]},{"page":228,"text":"to remarks.","rect":[90.0,482.8559875488281,143.99160766601563,474.2519836425781]},{"page":228,"text":"4. If a higher-fidelity grid is passed other than six digits, the game plan","rect":[176.39999389648438,511.0799865722656,522.0120239257813,500.052001953125]},{"page":228,"text":"could include the number of digits to expect in the CAS brief. This could also be passed","rect":[90.0,524.8800048828125,521.9663696289063,513.8519897460938]},{"page":228,"text":"prior to line 6 or during the situation update. There should be a noticeable pause between","rect":[90.0,538.6199951171875,522.0240478515625,527.5919799804688]},{"page":228,"text":"the easting and northing when reading MGRS grids to aid in copying. The number of digits","rect":[90.0000228881836,552.4199829101563,522.043244140625,541.3919677734375]},{"page":228,"text":"in a grid coordinate is the level of precision of the grid, not a measurement of target location","rect":[90.0000228881836,566.2200317382813,522.04931640625,555.1920166015625]},{"page":228,"text":"accuracy. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,580.02001953125,141.67202758789063,571.8359985351563]},{"page":228,"text":"(d) The following are considerations to target locations being passed in a","rect":[154.80001831054688,605.8200073242188,521.9904145507812,594.7919921875]},{"page":228,"text":"method other than coordinates for line 6. Examples include use of GEOREFs, TRPs,","rect":[90.0000228881836,619.5960083007813,522.043212890625,608.5919799804688]},{"page":228,"text":"GRGs, and moving targets. In these cases, there must be additional correlation between","rect":[90.0000228881836,633.4199829101563,522.0384521484375,622.3919677734375]},{"page":228,"text":"the attacking aircraft and JTAC/FAC(A) to confirm the actual target location.","rect":[90.0000228881836,647.2200317382813,462.20404052734377,636.1920166015625]},{"page":228,"text":"1. For an offset from a known point, the offset point should be","rect":[176.4000244140625,672.9959716796875,522.0480317382812,661.991943359375]},{"page":228,"text":"established by the JTAC/FAC(A) and acquired by the aircrew prior to the CAS brief, either","rect":[90.0,686.8200073242188,522.0528237304687,675.7919921875]},{"page":228,"text":"visually or with a sensor.","rect":[90.0,700.6200561523438,210.35401916503907,689.592041015625]},{"page":228,"text":"V-26 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":228,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":229,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":229,"text":"Example: “15 feet, enemy personnel in a ditch, 150 meters southeast of","rect":[117.0,87.61483001708985,494.98538037490848,77.2057876586914]},{"page":229,"text":"friendly position.”","rect":[117.0,100.2748031616211,211.07773780822755,89.86576080322266]},{"page":229,"text":"Examples of lines 4 through 6 when using a GEOREF, TRP, GRG,","rect":[117.0,124.8747787475586,494.99845427703857,114.46573638916016]},{"page":229,"text":"navigational aid or an offset:","rect":[117.0,137.53480529785157,266.76830884170536,127.12577056884766]},{"page":229,"text":"Example: “450 feet, personnel in square single-story building, Building","rect":[117.0,162.19483947753907,495.06116619491578,151.78579711914063]},{"page":229,"text":"145 in sector Papa 8 of macro GRG.”","rect":[117.0,174.7120819091797,308.94797706604006,164.44577026367188]},{"page":229,"text":"Example: “232 feet, tactical vehicle and personnel, 200 meters east of the","rect":[117.0,199.37205505371095,494.9842742767334,189.10574340820313]},{"page":229,"text":"intersection of Gas Station and Baseline roads.” ","rect":[117.0,210.0117645263672,375.59110564422607,201.76577758789063]},{"page":229,"text":"2. Anytime a grid or coordinate is not used in line 6, if capable, the","rect":[176.39999389648438,242.63999938964845,522.0203828125,231.61199951171876]},{"page":229,"text":"aircrew should state the location (lines 4 and 6) of the target from the aircraft’s pod or","rect":[90.0,256.4400329589844,521.9963662109375,245.41204833984376]},{"page":229,"text":"system during readbacks to provide SA to all CAS participants and fires approval agencies.","rect":[90.0,270.2400207519531,521.9927978515625,259.2120361328125]},{"page":229,"text":"3. For a moving target, JTACs/FAC(A)s give either a location along the","rect":[176.39999389648438,296.0400390625,521.9711884765625,285.0120544433594]},{"page":229,"text":"target’s route of travel or the origin of the target’s route of travel, along with the direction","rect":[90.0,309.8399658203125,521.961669921875,298.8119812011719]},{"page":229,"text":"of movement and estimated speed. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,323.615966796875,262.3512268066406,312.6119689941406]},{"page":229,"text":"“Heartless 21, Punisher 75, the target is a single tactical vehicle in the","rect":[117.0,351.3748474121094,495.0040801849365,341.0646057128906]},{"page":229,"text":"vicinity of Papa Uniform 123 … 456, traveling northeast along route","rect":[117.0,364.0348205566406,494.9952300872803,353.6257629394531]},{"page":229,"text":"Michigan at approximately 30 miles per hour.”","rect":[117.0,376.69482421875,357.85950660705569,366.38458251953127]},{"page":229,"text":"a. Prior to aircraft engagement, the aircrew and the JTAC/FAC(A)","rect":[198.0,405.41998291015627,521.9988076171875,394.3919982910156]},{"page":229,"text":"assess the current location of the target in relation to friendly forces, noncombatants, and","rect":[90.0,419.2200012207031,521.983154296875,408.1920166015625]},{"page":229,"text":"civilians and consider any airspace/FSCM issues that may have arisen, to include adjacent","rect":[90.0,433.0199890136719,522.0167861328125,421.9800109863281]},{"page":229,"text":"units/operations. ","rect":[89.9999771118164,446.7960205078125,175.6895751953125,435.7920227050781]},{"page":229,"text":"b. As necessary, the JTAC/FAC(A) should update any or all of lines","rect":[197.99996948242188,472.6199951171875,521.9916083984375,461.5920104980469]},{"page":229,"text":"4, 6, 8, and restrictions and will receive readbacks on all updates prior to providing final","rect":[90.0,486.41998291015627,521.9808364257813,475.3919982910156]},{"page":229,"text":"clearance. This will be accomplished when the JTAC/FAC(A) believes that updates to the","rect":[90.0,500.19598388671877,522.0563935546875,489.1919860839844]},{"page":229,"text":"initial CAS briefing will more effectively mitigate the potential for friendly fire incidents,","rect":[90.0,514.02001953125,521.96875,502.99200439453127]},{"page":229,"text":"civilian casualties, collateral damage, and airspace deconfliction problems based upon the","rect":[90.0,527.8200073242188,521.94958203125,516.7919921875]},{"page":229,"text":"target’s changed location since passing the initial CAS brief.","rect":[90.0,541.6199951171875,380.96759033203127,530.5919799804688]},{"page":229,"text":"(e) Correlation Prior to the CAS Brief. If correlation is complete prior to","rect":[154.79998779296876,567.39599609375,522.0744018554688,556.3919677734375]},{"page":229,"text":"the CAS brief being passed, the procedures for MIR-to-CAS, discussed in paragraph 10,","rect":[90.0,581.2200317382813,521.9544067382813,570.1920166015625]},{"page":229,"text":"“Multisensor Imagery Reconnaissance and Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance","rect":[90.0,595.02001953125,522.021603515625,583.9920043945313]},{"page":229,"text":"for Close Air Support,” should be utilized. If aircrew are unable to provide a grid and/or","rect":[90.0,608.8200073242188,521.9244057617187,597.7919921875]},{"page":229,"text":"are only tally a suspected target, lines 4 through 6 may be passed as estimated elevation (if ","rect":[90.0,622.6199951171875,524.9508056640625,611.5919799804688]},{"page":229,"text":"known by the JTAC) for line 4, full description of the target for line 5, “from your TALLY”","rect":[90.0,636.4199829101563,521.9496430664062,625.3919677734375]},{"page":229,"text":"for line 6. In this case, the description in line 5 is the critical item and must distinguish the","rect":[90.0,650.2200317382813,522.021603515625,639.1920166015625]},{"page":229,"text":"target from other potential targets in the area. When this technique is utilized, aircraft read","rect":[90.0,663.9600219726563,522.011962890625,652.9320068359375]},{"page":229,"text":"backs will consist of elevation (if passed) and the aircrew will state, TALLY (or","rect":[90.0,677.7359619140625,522.048001953125,666.73193359375]},{"page":229,"text":"target/object CAPTURED). If captured and able to provide, aircrew will pass an elevation","rect":[90.0,691.5599975585938,522.0636596679688,680.5199584960938]},{"page":229,"text":"and/or grid for the target. At a minimum, aircrews are required to read back elevation and","rect":[90.0,705.3599853515625,521.983154296875,694.3319702148438]},{"page":229,"text":"coordinates corresponding to the picture in their sensors. The JTAC and the supporting","rect":[90.0,719.1599731445313,521.985595703125,708.1319580078125]},{"page":229,"text":"V-27","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":230,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":230,"text":"fires approval chain will utilize this grid for final fires integration, as a starting point for","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.9351479492187,74.6519775390625]},{"page":230,"text":"future correlation (if required) and for the BDA report. The grid passed from the aircraft","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.012025390625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":230,"text":"during the target correlation process does not require any further read back by the JTAC if ","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,525.0623779296875,102.251953125]},{"page":230,"text":"the aircrew passed the grid to enhance SA and assist in the fires approval process and the","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,522.0215424804687,116.052001953125]},{"page":230,"text":"attack will be conducted based on the aircrew’s capture only. If there is concern over the","rect":[90.0,140.87998962402345,522.0048188476562,129.85198974609376]},{"page":230,"text":"grid provided, further correlation may be warranted. The purpose of this exchange TTP is","rect":[90.0,154.6799774169922,521.9220283203125,143.6519775390625]},{"page":230,"text":"to confirm correlation of target location in an expeditious manner and ensure the supported","rect":[90.0000228881836,168.47996520996095,522.0252685546875,157.45196533203126]},{"page":230,"text":"ground element has a record of final target location.","rect":[90.0000228881836,182.2799530029297,338.90399169921877,171.251953125]},{"page":230,"text":"Note: Lines 4 through 6 should not be combined into one statement such as “lines","rect":[111.60001373291016,208.1999969482422,522.01321484375,197.36399841308595]},{"page":230,"text":"4 through 6, from your system” or “lines 4 through 6, from the talk-on.”","rect":[90.0,221.99998474121095,459.3144226074219,211.1639862060547]},{"page":230,"text":"Example of lines 4 through 6 when correlation occurred prior to a CAS","rect":[117.0,249.6148223876953,494.94148806381227,239.20578002929688]},{"page":230,"text":"brief:","rect":[117.0,260.10076904296877,144.47195264053347,251.86575317382813]},{"page":230,"text":"JTAC: “Elevation, 450 feet, enemy personnel in defilade, north of road","rect":[117.0,286.8748474121094,494.933785823822,276.4657897949219]},{"page":230,"text":"intersection from your TALLY.”","rect":[117.0,299.5348205566406,280.73267555236819,289.1257629394531]},{"page":230,"text":"Aircraft readback: “450 feet, I am CAPTURED personnel in defilade north","rect":[117.0,324.05206298828127,495.0018705406189,313.7857666015625]},{"page":230,"text":"of a road intersection. I have them at grid LS 1234 5678.” ","rect":[117.0,336.8548278808594,422.1013290328979,326.4457702636719]},{"page":230,"text":"JTAC and supporting fires approval chain will then utilize this grid for","rect":[117.0,361.51483154296877,494.9612222633362,351.10577392578127]},{"page":230,"text":"final deconfliction prior to passing clearance.","rect":[117.0,374.1748352050781,354.20536345672607,363.7657775878906]},{"page":230,"text":"(7) Line 7-Mark Type/Terminal Guidance","rect":[133.1999969482422,402.8399658203125,351.4499787597656,391.8119812011719]},{"page":230,"text":"(a) Mark Type. JTACs/FAC(A)s will state the type of mark to be used (for","rect":[154.8000030517578,428.63995361328127,522.0262734375,417.6119689941406]},{"page":230,"text":"example, smoke, laser, or IR). If using a laser designator, the JTAC/FAC(A) will also pass","rect":[89.99999237060547,442.4399719238281,522.051544921875,431.4119873046875]},{"page":230,"text":"the code that will be used. ","rect":[89.99999237060547,453.81597900390627,218.31597900390626,445.21197509765627]},{"page":230,"text":"(b) Terminal Guidance. When conducting an attack using remote lasing","rect":[154.79998779296876,482.0399475097656,522.0408935546875,471.011962890625]},{"page":230,"text":"for LGWs, the JTAC/FAC(A) will pass call sign of the platform or individual that will","rect":[89.99999237060547,495.8399658203125,521.998841796875,484.8119812011719]},{"page":230,"text":"provide terminal guidance for the weapon, the word “laser,” and laser code: “Cryptic 10","rect":[89.99999237060547,509.63995361328127,522.0743408203125,498.6119689941406]},{"page":230,"text":"laser, 1688.” Unless specified by the JTAC/FAC(A), buddy lasing within a flight/section","rect":[89.99999237060547,523.4400024414063,522.0923461914063,512.4119873046875]},{"page":230,"text":"is considered autonomous. When the JTAC/FAC(A) assigns laser designation to the","rect":[89.99999237060547,537.239990234375,521.9472016601562,526.2119750976563]},{"page":230,"text":"flight/section, the JTAC/FAC(A) shall pass the flight’s call sign, the word “laser,” and the","rect":[89.99999237060547,551.0399780273438,521.9280366210937,540.011962890625]},{"page":230,"text":"laser code: “Cryptic 10 Flight, Laser 1688.” Remote platforms providing laser","rect":[90.00001525878906,564.8399658203125,522.00723046875,553.8119506835938]},{"page":230,"text":"marks/guidance to other elements require detailed coordination among all participants. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,578.6399536132813,525.0504150390625,567.6119384765625]},{"page":230,"text":"Templates for FW and RW lase are show in Chapter III, “Planning and Requesting,” (see","rect":[90.00001525878906,592.4400024414063,522.0312470703125,581.4119873046875]},{"page":230,"text":"Figure III-8 and Figure III-9). JTACs/FAC(A)s shall also ensure they correlate with the","rect":[90.00001525878906,606.2399291992188,522.0576142578125,595.2119140625]},{"page":230,"text":"lasing platform.","rect":[90.00001525878906,620.0399780273438,165.91921997070313,609.011962890625]},{"page":230,"text":"(c) DRPs. When utilizing a DRP derived from a third-party contributor as a","rect":[154.80001831054688,645.8399658203125,522.0180024414062,634.8119506835938]},{"page":230,"text":"mark, the JTAC/FAC(A) transmitting the 9-line will reference the index or track number","rect":[90.00001525878906,659.6399536132813,521.9064614257812,648.6119384765625]},{"page":230,"text":"and the call sign that published the DRP on the TDL: “Gator 84, Index 9.”","rect":[90.00001525878906,673.43994140625,449.567990234375,662.4119262695313]},{"page":230,"text":"V-28 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":230,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":231,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":231,"text":"(8) Line 8-Friendlies. Cardinal/sub-cardinal heading from the target (N, NE, E,","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.00244140625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":231,"text":"SE, S, SW, W, or NW) and distance of closest friendly position from the target in meters","rect":[89.99999237060547,99.47996520996094,521.9880073242188,88.45196533203125]},{"page":231,"text":"(e.g., “South 300”).","rect":[89.99999237060547,113.27995300292969,183.961181640625,102.251953125]},{"page":231,"text":"Note: Allied Tactical Publication-3.3.2.1, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for","rect":[111.59999084472656,139.0800018310547,522.0336616210938,128.052001953125]},{"page":231,"text":"Close Air Support and Air Interdiction, requires line 8 to be a mandatory readback item. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,152.87998962402345,524.985595703125,141.85198974609376]},{"page":231,"text":"When working with NATO FACs/JTACs, aircrews should be prepared to read back line 8","rect":[90.00003051757813,166.6799774169922,522.0,155.6519775390625]},{"page":231,"text":"as part of the mandatory readback items.","rect":[90.00001525878906,180.47996520996095,285.03363037109377,169.45196533203126]},{"page":231,"text":"(9) Line 9-Egress. These are the instructions the aircrews use to exit the target","rect":[133.20001220703126,206.2799530029297,522.0360122070313,195.251953125]},{"page":231,"text":"area. Egress instructions can be given as a cardinal direction by using control points or, if ","rect":[89.99996948242188,220.0800018310547,525.0299682617188,209.052001953125]},{"page":231,"text":"the operational environment allows, by stating “Egress at pilot’s discretion.” The word","rect":[89.99996948242188,233.87998962402345,522.0467529296875,222.85198974609376]},{"page":231,"text":"“egress” will be used before delivering the egress instructions. Consideration should be","rect":[89.99996948242188,247.6799774169922,521.8320283203125,236.6519775390625]},{"page":231,"text":"given to providing egress altitude in actual numbers, vice “in your block.” ","rect":[89.99996948242188,261.4799499511719,450.4871826171875,250.45196533203126]},{"page":231,"text":"Example: “Egress North to Moon, block 15-17”","rect":[117.0,289.21484375,360.97889137268069,278.90460205078127]},{"page":231,"text":"6. Remarks, Restrictions, and Readbacks","rect":[90.0,318.0,303.31439282226565,309.02398681640627]},{"page":231,"text":"a. Remarks. The following is a list of remarks that may be included in the CAS brief. ","rect":[111.60000610351563,345.53997802734377,524.988037109375,334.5119934082031]},{"page":231,"text":"The order of the remarks portion of the CAS brief is recommended for a standard, logical","rect":[90.0000228881836,359.3399658203125,522.040833984375,348.3119812011719]},{"page":231,"text":"flow of information. Only those elements that are applicable and have not previously been","rect":[90.0000228881836,373.0799865722656,522.0120239257813,362.052001953125]},{"page":231,"text":"briefed should be included.","rect":[90.0000228881836,384.45599365234377,220.64401245117188,375.85198974609377]},{"page":231,"text":"(1) LTL shall be passed if using ground-based laser designators (in degrees","rect":[133.20001220703126,412.6799621582031,521.9640205078125,401.6519775390625]},{"page":231,"text":"magnetic).","rect":[90.0,426.4799499511719,141.00120544433595,415.45196533203127]},{"page":231,"text":"(2) PTL shall be passed if using a ground-based IR pointer (in degrees magnetic).","rect":[133.1999969482422,452.2799377441406,522.083984375,441.251953125]},{"page":231,"text":"(3) Desired type/number of ordnance and/or weapons effects can be passed here","rect":[133.20001220703126,478.0799560546875,522.0360078125,467.0519714355469]},{"page":231,"text":"when not passed in the game plan prior to the CAS brief. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,491.87994384765627,366.2940368652344,480.8519592285156]},{"page":231,"text":"(4) Surface-to-air threat.","rect":[133.20001220703126,517.656005859375,253.23121643066407,506.6519775390625]},{"page":231,"text":"(a) Type of threat.","rect":[154.80001831054688,543.47998046875,245.054443359375,532.4519653320313]},{"page":231,"text":"(b) Direction and distance from Line 6.","rect":[154.80001831054688,569.2559814453125,346.0440673828125,558.251953125]},{"page":231,"text":"(c) Type suppression—continuous, interrupted, or nonstandard.","rect":[154.80001831054688,595.0799560546875,474.1943664550781,584.0519409179688]},{"page":231,"text":"standard, state the duration of the suppression relative to the CAS TOT.","rect":[90.0,608.85595703125,434.235595703125,597.8519287109375]},{"page":231,"text":" If non-","rect":[480.17999267578127,592.6559448242188,522.0240151367187,584.06396484375]},{"page":231,"text":"(d) Suppression GTL.","rect":[154.80001831054688,634.656005859375,262.78802490234377,623.6519775390625]},{"page":231,"text":"(5) Additional fires. Gives aircrew SA to other explosions and fires on the","rect":[133.20001220703126,660.4559326171875,521.9520234375,649.451904296875]},{"page":231,"text":"battlefield.","rect":[90.0000228881836,671.85595703125,141.6732177734375,663.251953125]},{"page":231,"text":"(6) Additional radio calls as requested.","rect":[133.20001220703126,700.0559692382813,322.16400146484377,689.0519409179688]},{"page":231,"text":"V-29","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":232,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":232,"text":"(a) IP inbound.","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.65597534179688,230.1060028076172,74.6519775390625]},{"page":232,"text":"(b) In with heading or in with cardinal direction.","rect":[154.8000030517578,111.47996520996094,390.02398681640627,100.45196533203125]},{"page":232,"text":"(c) Time to roll-in/release.","rect":[154.8000030517578,137.25595092773438,284.50439453125,126.251953125]},{"page":232,"text":"(7) Additional remarks. The following information should be included if ","rect":[133.20001220703126,163.0800018310547,525.01318359375,152.052001953125]},{"page":232,"text":"applicable:","rect":[90.00000762939453,176.85598754882813,142.6320205078125,165.85198974609376]},{"page":232,"text":"(a) Hazards to aviation.","rect":[154.8000030517578,202.65597534179688,270.4320068359375,191.6519775390625]},{"page":232,"text":"(b) Weather.","rect":[154.8000030517578,228.45596313476563,218.3964080810547,217.45196533203126]},{"page":232,"text":"(c) Additional target information including TLE CAT.","rect":[154.8000030517578,254.2799530029297,418.7279968261719,243.251953125]},{"page":232,"text":"(d) Night vision capability.","rect":[154.8000030517578,280.0799865722656,287.7959899902344,269.052001953125]},{"page":232,"text":"(e) Other time considerations.","rect":[154.8000030517578,305.85595703125,301.0104064941406,294.8519592285156]},{"page":232,"text":"(f) Friendly mark (if any).","rect":[154.8000030517578,331.679931640625,282.7788391113281,320.6519470214844]},{"page":232,"text":"(g) Moving target—time stamp with estimated speed and direction.","rect":[154.8000030517578,357.4799499511719,480.7500305175781,346.45196533203127]},{"page":232,"text":"(h) Depending on the tactical situation or theater requirements, additional","rect":[154.80001831054688,383.2799377441406,522.0144057617188,372.251953125]},{"page":232,"text":"information such as ROE may need to be passed.","rect":[90.00003051757813,397.0799255371094,325.66082763671877,386.05194091796877]},{"page":232,"text":"b. Restrictions. The following information is always a restriction and should be","rect":[111.60002899169922,422.8799133300781,522.0252045898437,411.8519287109375]},{"page":232,"text":"included if applicable. Additional restrictions are at the discretion of the JTAC/FAC(A). ","rect":[90.00000762939453,436.6559143066406,525.014404296875,425.65191650390627]},{"page":232,"text":"All passed restrictions shall be read back.","rect":[90.00000762939453,450.4559326171875,289.0104675292969,439.4519348144531]},{"page":232,"text":"(1) Danger close (if applicable and with commander’s initials). ","rect":[133.20001220703126,476.2799072265625,441.3899841308594,465.2519226074219]},{"page":232,"text":"(2) ACAs (formal and informal). ","rect":[133.19998168945313,502.0559387207031,296.8224182128906,491.05194091796877]},{"page":232,"text":"(3) FAHs. ","rect":[133.19998168945313,527.85595703125,190.84677124023438,516.8519287109375]},{"page":232,"text":"(a) Final attack directions/restrictions are given in sub-cardinal directions or","rect":[154.79998779296876,553.6799926757813,522.0263955078125,542.6519775390625]},{"page":232,"text":"compass heading.","rect":[89.99996185302735,567.4800415039063,175.3199462890625,556.4520263671875]},{"page":232,"text":"(b) There is often a need to restrict aircraft run-in headings to deconflict with","rect":[154.79995727539063,593.280029296875,521.9927978515625,582.2520141601563]},{"page":232,"text":"other assets, avoid threat, reduce collateral damage potential, or create desired effects on","rect":[89.99996185302735,607.0800170898438,522.1079711914063,596.052001953125]},{"page":232,"text":"the target. JTACs/FAC(A)s should choose the least restrictive FAHs possible while still","rect":[89.99996185302735,620.8800659179688,521.949525390625,609.85205078125]},{"page":232,"text":"accomplishing the ground commander’s objectives and maximizing target destruction. ","rect":[89.99996185302735,634.6801147460938,510.8519287109375,623.6400756835938]},{"page":232,"text":"(c) Overly restrictive run-in headings can increase the time required to","rect":[154.79995727539063,660.4201049804688,521.954345703125,649.39208984375]},{"page":232,"text":"attack, decrease the flexibility and survivability of the aircraft, and increase the likelihood","rect":[89.99996185302735,674.2200927734375,522.0660400390625,663.1920776367188]},{"page":232,"text":"of an aircraft not expending its ordnance due to being outside of parameters. ","rect":[89.99998474121094,688.0201416015625,462.2388000488281,676.9921264648438]},{"page":232,"text":"(4) Lateral and/or altitude separation.","rect":[133.19996643066407,713.796142578125,315.15594482421877,702.7921142578125]},{"page":232,"text":"V-30 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":232,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":233,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":233,"text":"(5) Approval out of the BP for RW.","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.65597534179688,307.5528259277344,74.6519775390625]},{"page":233,"text":"(6) TOT/TTT.","rect":[133.1999969482422,111.45596313476563,204.85198974609376,100.45196533203125]},{"page":233,"text":"(a) Should be passed last to indicate the end of the restrictions/remarks","rect":[154.79998779296876,137.25595092773438,522.01321484375,126.251953125]},{"page":233,"text":"portion of the execution template. If the TOT has not been assigned yet, “Standby TOT,”","rect":[89.99999237060547,151.0800018310547,522.0119599609375,140.052001953125]},{"page":233,"text":"or “TOT will be issued after correlation” should be used.","rect":[89.99999237060547,162.46798706054688,363.19915771484377,153.85198974609376]},{"page":233,"text":"(b) Assigning TOTs has a synchronizing effect on the battlefield. TOTs","rect":[154.79998779296876,190.6799774169922,521.9328315429688,179.6519775390625]},{"page":233,"text":"allow for efficient fires approval and effective integration with fire and movement. ","rect":[89.99999237060547,204.47996520996095,493.216796875,193.45196533203126]},{"page":233,"text":"1. BOC. TOTs may be assigned as part of remarks/restrictions since","rect":[176.39999389648438,230.2799530029297,522.083859375,219.251953125]},{"page":233,"text":"BOC correlation is complete with correct readbacks. JTACs/FAC(A)s should assign TOTs","rect":[90.0,244.0800018310547,521.9111640625,233.052001953125]},{"page":233,"text":"that allow aircrew time to set up their systems, provide readbacks, and ingress to the target","rect":[90.0,257.8799743652344,522.037171875,246.85198974609376]},{"page":233,"text":"area. TOTs must also take into account other fires and movement integrated with the CAS","rect":[90.0,271.6799621582031,522.0311918945313,260.6519775390625]},{"page":233,"text":"attack.","rect":[90.0,283.0559997558594,121.70040130615235,274.4519958496094]},{"page":233,"text":"2. BOT","rect":[176.39999389648438,308.8680114746094,216.74640112304687,300.4560241699219]},{"page":233,"text":"a. For a BOT attack that may require lengthy correlation,","rect":[198.0,337.0799865722656,522.08154296875,326.052001953125]},{"page":233,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s should consider waiting until after correlation is complete to assign the","rect":[90.0,350.8799743652344,522.0131806640625,339.85198974609377]},{"page":233,"text":"TOT. This alleviates multiple TOTs being passed due to correlation taking longer than","rect":[89.9999771118164,364.6799621582031,522.0443725585938,353.6519775390625]},{"page":233,"text":"expected.","rect":[89.9999771118164,378.45599365234377,135.734375,367.4519958496094]},{"page":233,"text":"b. When correlation is to occur as an offset from a mark, TOTs may","rect":[197.99996948242188,404.27996826171877,522.0047607421875,393.2519836425781]},{"page":233,"text":"be established prior to correlation since correlation requires the mark to be in place.","rect":[90.0,418.0559997558594,491.2500305175781,407.052001953125]},{"page":233,"text":"3. “Push When Ready.” There may be times when issuing a TOT is","rect":[176.4000244140625,443.8799743652344,522.0719916992188,432.85198974609377]},{"page":233,"text":"unnecessary and aircrews may proceed on a timeline of their discretion. JTACs/FAC(A)s","rect":[90.0,457.67999267578127,522.0947578125,446.6520080566406]},{"page":233,"text":"should use the terms “Push when ready” in this case. ","rect":[90.0,471.47998046875,346.26348876953127,460.4519958496094]},{"page":233,"text":"4. Immediate. The word “immediate” in relation to TOT implies a level","rect":[176.39999389648438,497.2560119628906,521.9951796875,486.25201416015627]},{"page":233,"text":"of urgency that may result in task-shedding on the part of all participants. Immediate TOTs","rect":[90.0,511.0799865722656,521.9664619140625,500.052001953125]},{"page":233,"text":"should be reserved for when that level of urgency truly exists. ","rect":[90.0,524.8800048828125,392.9700012207031,513.8519897460938]},{"page":233,"text":"(c) If the aircrew will not be able to make the specified TOT, it should tell","rect":[154.80001831054688,550.5960693359375,522.0000014648438,539.592041015625]},{"page":233,"text":"the JTAC/FAC(A) what TOT it can make, so the JTAC/FAC(A) can begin the approval","rect":[90.0000228881836,564.4199829101563,522.0528579101563,553.3919677734375]},{"page":233,"text":"process for that TOT, vice the JTAC/FAC(A) making multiple guesses as to which TOT","rect":[90.00004577636719,578.2200317382813,521.9004814453125,567.1920166015625]},{"page":233,"text":"the aircrew will be able to make.","rect":[90.00006866455078,589.5960083007813,246.97442626953126,580.9920043945313]},{"page":233,"text":"(7) PLA point or direction/distance, and circumstances for executing PLA, if ","rect":[133.2000732421875,617.8200073242188,524.9940795898438,606.7919921875]},{"page":233,"text":"applicable.","rect":[90.00006866455078,631.5960693359375,142.40406799316407,620.592041015625]},{"page":233,"text":"c. Readbacks","rect":[111.60006713867188,654.9959716796875,181.96325756835939,646.7759399414063]},{"page":233,"text":"(1) Lines 4, 6, and restrictions are mandatory readback items. If a track number","rect":[133.2000732421875,683.2200317382813,521.9184853515625,672.1920166015625]},{"page":233,"text":"was passed for lines 4 through 6, lines 4 and 6 should be read back as “4 and 6 and track","rect":[90.00006866455078,697.02001953125,521.9952392578125,685.9920043945313]},{"page":233,"text":"number (XXX).","rect":[90.00006866455078,710.7960205078125,166.62127685546876,699.7919921875]},{"page":233,"text":"V-31","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":234,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":234,"text":"(2) If issued, FAHs, ACAs, danger close, and TOTs shall always be considered","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.083984375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":234,"text":"restrictions and will be read back. If the JTAC/FAC(A) requires additional information to","rect":[89.99999237060547,99.45596313476563,522.0191650390625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":234,"text":"be read back, the aircrew shall do so.","rect":[89.99999237060547,111.0,267.61199951171877,102.251953125]},{"page":234,"text":"(3) JTACs/FAC(A)s should respond to correct aircrew readbacks","rect":[133.1999969482422,139.05599975585938,461.306427734375,128.052001953125]},{"page":234,"text":"sign) readback correct” or “(Call sign) good readback.”","rect":[90.00001525878906,152.87998962402345,355.9248017578125,141.85198974609376]},{"page":234,"text":"with “(Call","rect":[466.32000732421877,139.05599975585938,522.0372329101563,128.052001953125]},{"page":234,"text":"(4) If the readback is not correct, the JTAC/FAC(A) should restate the portion in","rect":[133.20001220703126,178.65597534179688,522.0888061523438,167.6519775390625]},{"page":234,"text":"question correctly, using voice inflection to draw attention to the portion that was read","rect":[90.00003814697266,192.47996520996095,522.0132446289063,181.45196533203126]},{"page":234,"text":"incorrectly.","rect":[90.00003814697266,206.2799530029297,145.0236358642578,195.251953125]},{"page":234,"text":"Example: “Deuce 21, be advised, final attack headings 1-8-0 through 2-1-0”","rect":[117.0,234.01478576660157,495.0940647125244,223.60574340820313]},{"page":234,"text":"(5) For BOC attacks, all readbacks shall come from either the weapon or from","rect":[133.1999969482422,266.5559997558594,521.9639907226563,255.552001953125]},{"page":234,"text":"the aircraft system, provided the aircraft is capable. ","rect":[90.0,280.3799743652344,339.20880126953127,269.35198974609377]},{"page":234,"text":"Caution","rect":[285.5400085449219,305.9407958984375,326.4602750816345,297.7057800292969]},{"page":234,"text":"If lines 4 and 6 were not a coordinate and elevation, aircrew will not be","rect":[117.0,331.0,495.0051483001709,322.3057861328125]},{"page":234,"text":"able to conduct a readback from their system. This technique should be","rect":[117.0,345.3748474121094,495.0018829193115,334.9657897949219]},{"page":234,"text":"used with caution as it is imperative that both the JTAC and aircrew are","rect":[117.0,357.8920593261719,495.0139373626709,347.6257629394531]},{"page":234,"text":"referring to the same GEOREF, TRP, GRG, or feature for targeting.","rect":[117.0,370.69482421875,462.9534408493042,360.2857666015625]},{"page":234,"text":"Note: Cases may arise when an aircraft has a known bad navigation system. ","rect":[111.5999984741211,405.0,525.0396118164063,393.9720153808594]},{"page":234,"text":"Therefore, a readback of lines 4 and 6 from that system may induce confusion and error","rect":[90.0,418.8000183105469,521.9736000976562,407.77203369140627]},{"page":234,"text":"into the attack. In these instances, the affected aircrew should alert the JTAC/FAC(A) of ","rect":[90.0,432.5760192871094,525.0360107421875,421.572021484375]},{"page":234,"text":"the situation and that they will not be providing system readbacks. Depending on the","rect":[90.0,446.3999938964844,522.0023774414062,435.37200927734377]},{"page":234,"text":"ordnance being used, the aircraft may still be able to safely and effectively employ. More","rect":[90.0,460.20001220703127,522.0263642578125,449.1720275878906]},{"page":234,"text":"in-depth correlation, however, may be required.","rect":[90.0000228881836,474.0000305175781,319.25762939453127,462.9720458984375]},{"page":234,"text":"(6) For BOT attacks, the lead aircraft is required to read back lines 4, 6, and","rect":[133.20001220703126,499.7760314941406,522.0216064453125,488.77203369140627]},{"page":234,"text":"restrictions. For BOC attacks, all aircraft delivering ordnance shall read back lines 4, 6,","rect":[90.0000228881836,513.6000366210938,522.082763671875,502.572021484375]},{"page":234,"text":"and restrictions from their weapon/system. If the JTAC/FAC(A) does not receive read","rect":[90.0000228881836,527.4000244140625,522.030029296875,516.3720092773438]},{"page":234,"text":"backs from all aircraft, but desires them, he should request those readbacks that are required","rect":[90.0000228881836,541.176025390625,522.06005859375,530.1719970703125]},{"page":234,"text":"to positively control the attack.","rect":[90.0000228881836,555.0000610351563,238.91522216796876,543.9720458984375]},{"page":234,"text":"(7) For BOT attacks where no grid was provided in line 6, if capable, the aircraft","rect":[133.20001220703126,580.7999877929688,521.9880385742188,569.77197265625]},{"page":234,"text":"should include the target location during the read back to provide SA to all CAS and fires","rect":[90.00004577636719,594.6000366210938,521.9916083984375,583.572021484375]},{"page":234,"text":"approval participants and to aid the JTAC/FAC(A) in the BDA report. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,608.3760375976563,432.8460388183594,597.3720092773438]},{"page":234,"text":"(8) Offsets are restrictions, but do not need to be read back unless requested.","rect":[133.20004272460938,634.176025390625,502.20721435546877,623.1719970703125]},{"page":234,"text":"(9) Digital Readbacks. Considerations for using digital readbacks are in","rect":[133.2000732421875,660.0000610351563,522.019287109375,648.9720458984375]},{"page":234,"text":"Appendix D, “Digitally Aided Close Air Support Planning and Execution Considerations.”","rect":[90.00007629394531,673.7999877929688,522.0036591796875,662.77197265625]},{"page":234,"text":"V-32 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":234,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":235,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":235,"text":"7. Target Correlation","rect":[90.0,85.79997253417969,202.6980009765625,74.96397399902344]},{"page":235,"text":"Target correlation is the process by which the JTAC/FAC(A) coordinates and confirms","rect":[111.60000610351563,111.47996520996094,521.9496162109375,100.45196533203125]},{"page":235,"text":"that the attacking aircraft and/or a third-party contributor have acquired the correct target","rect":[90.0,125.27995300292969,522.0432143554688,114.251953125]},{"page":235,"text":"or mark. Correlation is required on each and every CAS attack.","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,415.7352294921875,128.052001953125]},{"page":235,"text":"a. BOC. Correlation is complete when the attacking aircraft correctly reads back lines","rect":[111.5999984741211,164.87998962402345,522.0599677734375,153.85198974609376]},{"page":235,"text":"4, 6 (from aircraft system or weapon), and restrictions. When using a third party for","rect":[90.0,178.6799774169922,522.00723046875,167.6519775390625]},{"page":235,"text":"terminal guidance for a BOC attack, it is still necessary to conduct correlation with that","rect":[90.0,192.47996520996095,522.02398828125,181.45196533203126]},{"page":235,"text":"third party.","rect":[90.0,206.2799530029297,143.39999389648438,195.251953125]},{"page":235,"text":"b. BOT. Depending on the tactical situation, JTACs/FAC(A)s must determine","rect":[111.5999984741211,232.0800018310547,521.9327973632812,221.052001953125]},{"page":235,"text":"whether the aircrew needs to acquire the target prior to commencing attack run or whether","rect":[90.0,245.8799285888672,522.03359765625,234.8519287109375]},{"page":235,"text":"desired effects can be created by employing on an offset from a mark, GEOREF, or TRP. ","rect":[90.0,259.6799621582031,524.959228515625,248.6519775390625]},{"page":235,"text":"During correlation, the JTAC/FAC(A) coordinates actions to mark the target and/or","rect":[90.0,273.4799499511719,521.9087807617187,262.45196533203127]},{"page":235,"text":"positions the aircraft to acquire the mark and/or target. Target composition, camouflage,","rect":[90.0,287.2799377441406,521.9520263671875,276.251953125]},{"page":235,"text":"and concealment may make it difficult for aircrew to acquire the actual target. In addition,","rect":[90.0,301.0799255371094,522.1043701171875,290.05194091796877]},{"page":235,"text":"certain attack profiles, such as FW aircraft rolling in on an IDF mark, may not allow time","rect":[90.0,314.87994384765627,522.019162109375,303.8519592285156]},{"page":235,"text":"for precise target acquisition. Throughout correlation, terminal attack controllers should","rect":[90.0,328.679931640625,522.02880859375,317.6519470214844]},{"page":235,"text":"confirm that the aircrew is looking at the same reference points as is the JTAC/FAC(A) by","rect":[90.0,342.47991943359377,521.9915771484375,331.4519348144531]},{"page":235,"text":"asking questions with unique and distinct answers that will indicate that correlation is on","rect":[90.0,356.2799377441406,522.04443359375,345.251953125]},{"page":235,"text":"track.","rect":[90.0000228881836,367.65594482421877,117.06602478027344,359.05194091796877]},{"page":235,"text":"(1) Once the JTAC/FAC(A) is satisfied that the aircrew has acquired the correct","rect":[133.20001220703126,395.8559265136719,522.0456557617188,384.8519287109375]},{"page":235,"text":"target, the JTAC/FAC(A) should transmit “The xxxx is your target.” Aircrew should","rect":[90.00004577636719,409.6799011230469,521.9988403320313,398.65191650390627]},{"page":235,"text":"respond with “TALLY,” “(target/object) CAPTURED,” or “CONTACT,” as appropriate. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,423.4798889160156,525.0228271484375,412.4399108886719]},{"page":235,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s should strive to include what the target is in this statement, such as “The","rect":[90.00006866455078,437.2799072265625,522.026486328125,426.2519226074219]},{"page":235,"text":"third vehicle is your target” or “The individual north of the road is your target.” ","rect":[90.00006866455078,451.07989501953127,477.4992370605469,440.0519104003906]},{"page":235,"text":"(2) Simply saying “That’s your target” is ambiguous and should be avoided. If ","rect":[133.2000732421875,476.8799133300781,525.0001220703125,465.8519287109375]},{"page":235,"text":"the JTAC/FAC(A) determines that there was significant potential for confusion during","rect":[90.00009155273438,490.6199035644531,521.9545288085938,479.5919189453125]},{"page":235,"text":"correlation, he may ask the aircrew to provide an updated coordinate for the target once it","rect":[90.00011444091797,504.4199523925781,522.0336928710938,493.3919677734375]},{"page":235,"text":"has been acquired. The JTAC/FAC(A) is not required to read back this updated coordinate","rect":[90.00011444091797,518.1959838867188,522.0048798828125,507.19195556640627]},{"page":235,"text":"but may do so if there is any doubt. The JTAC/FAC(A) should plot the updated target","rect":[90.00013732910156,532.02001953125,521.990541015625,520.9920043945313]},{"page":235,"text":"location given by the aircrew and ensure it satisfies required geometry. Requesting updated","rect":[90.00013732910156,545.8200073242188,522.0517578125,534.7919921875]},{"page":235,"text":"coordinates is not required and doing so must be weighed against delaying effects on target.","rect":[90.00013732910156,559.6200561523438,522.160888671875,548.592041015625]},{"page":235,"text":"(3) The following paragraphs outline procedures for conducting correlation using","rect":[133.2001190185547,585.4200439453125,522.0817260742188,574.3920288085938]},{"page":235,"text":"different marking plans:","rect":[90.00013732910156,599.2200927734375,206.00895837402346,588.1920776367188]},{"page":235,"text":"(a) Laser Hand Off. JTACs/FAC(A)s must be directive to ensure proper","rect":[154.80014038085938,624.99609375,522.052884765625,613.9920654296875]},{"page":235,"text":"laser safety geometry is adhered to when executing a laser hand-off. This is especially","rect":[90.00013732910156,638.8201293945313,522.0169677734375,627.7921142578125]},{"page":235,"text":"crucial when aircraft are in the overhead; if aircraft are on the far side of the overhead from","rect":[90.00013732910156,652.0321044921875,522.0553603515625,641.5921020507813]},{"page":235,"text":"the designator, there is potential for the LST to track the designator. Inbound headings","rect":[90.00013732910156,666.420166015625,522.0121162109375,655.3921508789063]},{"page":235,"text":"should be provided for laser hand off and should be interpreted by the aircrew as mandatory","rect":[90.00016021728516,680.2201538085938,522.0697631835938,669.192138671875]},{"page":235,"text":"to avoid false lock-on. ","rect":[90.00016021728516,691.59619140625,203.344970703125,682.9921875]},{"page":235,"text":"V-33","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":236,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":236,"text":"1. Laser hand offs may be conducted as part of a target acquisition run","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,521.99755859375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":236,"text":"after readbacks if airspace is permissive or during the target engagement run if aircraft","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,521.9352431640625,88.4520263671875]},{"page":236,"text":"standoff is required.","rect":[90.0,113.25601196289063,186.31199645996095,102.25201416015625]},{"page":236,"text":"2. Instructions should be assigned for the laser hand off and may be","rect":[176.39999389648438,139.0800018310547,521.9327973632812,128.052001953125]},{"page":236,"text":"passed as part of remarks/restrictions. The directions/headings that are used for the hand","rect":[90.0,152.87998962402345,522.0455932617188,141.85198974609376]},{"page":236,"text":"off may be different than the FAHs. In this case, the headings used for the target acquisition","rect":[90.0,166.6799774169922,522.100830078125,155.6519775390625]},{"page":236,"text":"pass should not be called FAHs.","rect":[90.0,180.45596313476563,244.72801208496095,169.45196533203126]},{"page":236,"text":"Example: “Final attack headings 150-170, laser target line 220, after","rect":[117.0,208.2147979736328,494.9842935523987,197.80575561523438]},{"page":236,"text":"readbacks expect to proceed inbound heading 230-260 for the laser hand","rect":[117.0,220.8147735595703,494.929391292572,210.40573120117188]},{"page":236,"text":"off, standby TOT.”","rect":[117.0,233.4748077392578,212.8729648590088,223.06576538085938]},{"page":236,"text":"3. After readbacks, JTAC/FAC(A) begins laser hand off with: ","rect":[176.39999389648438,263.9999694824219,479.7743835449219,252.97198486328126]},{"page":236,"text":"“Latch 65 proceed inbound heading 230 to 260, stare 1688 Papa Uniform","rect":[117.0,305.0548095703125,494.9239088020325,294.645751953125]},{"page":236,"text":"123 456.”","rect":[117.0,315.5408020019531,165.25930213928224,307.40460205078127]},{"page":236,"text":"Note: JTAC/FAC(A) may restate laser target line as part of this transmission if ","rect":[111.5999984741211,348.2399597167969,524.9940185546875,337.21197509765627]},{"page":236,"text":"comfort level dictates.","rect":[90.0000228881836,359.6159973144531,196.90081787109376,351.0119934082031]},{"page":236,"text":"4. Aircrew initiates laser communication when in position: “TEN","rect":[176.4000244140625,387.7559814453125,522.0240463867187,376.7519836425781]},{"page":236,"text":"SECONDS…Broadsword 11, LASER ON.” ","rect":[90.0,399.1679992675781,309.02880859375,390.552001953125]},{"page":236,"text":"5. JTAC/FAC(A) to aircrew: “Broadsword 11, LASING, 1688.”","rect":[176.39999389648438,427.3559875488281,488.3891572265625,416.35198974609377]},{"page":236,"text":"6. The JTAC/FAC(A) should ensure continuous lasing until the aircrew","rect":[176.39999389648438,453.17999267578127,522.0239853515625,442.1520080566406]},{"page":236,"text":"directs “(Aircraft call sign), SPOT, CEASE LASER.” ","rect":[90.0,466.97998046875,354.251953125,455.9519958496094]},{"page":236,"text":"7. Once the aircrew has called SPOT, CEASE LASER, the","rect":[176.39999389648438,490.36798095703127,521.935177734375,481.7519836425781]},{"page":236,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) shall confirm the aircraft’s sensor was cued to acquire the correct target.","rect":[90.0,506.5799865722656,511.58758544921877,495.552001953125]},{"page":236,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A): “Latch 65, what do you have under your crosshairs?”","rect":[117.0,534.3148193359375,473.25046730041506,523.9058227539063]},{"page":236,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Latch 65 has a single armored vehicle oriented north-","rect":[117.0,558.9747924804688,495.00735303115848,548.5657958984375]},{"page":236,"text":"south.”","rect":[117.0,569.4607543945313,155.52222633361817,561.3574829101563]},{"page":236,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A): “Latch 65, that armored vehicle is your target.”","rect":[117.0,596.2947998046875,438.45932960510256,585.8858032226563]},{"page":236,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Latch 65 CAPTURED.”","rect":[117.0,618.7808227539063,322.2512912750244,610.5458374023438]},{"page":236,"text":"Note: The terms “spot” and “capture” are not synonymous. JTACs/FAC(A)s should","rect":[111.5999984741211,651.4200439453125,521.9544067382813,640.3920288085938]},{"page":236,"text":"not cease laser until directed by aircrew (common sense and judgment apply). In situations","rect":[90.0,665.2200317382813,522.07083203125,654.1799926757813]},{"page":236,"text":"where it is apparent that a “cease laser” call was not made or missed, the JTAC/FAC(A)","rect":[90.0,678.9960327148438,521.8679482421875,667.9920043945313]},{"page":236,"text":"should query the aircrew with “(Aircraft call sign), status.” Otherwise, the aircrew may","rect":[90.0,692.8200073242188,522.0180053710938,681.7919921875]},{"page":236,"text":"lose the spot before setting a designation. Due to designator jitter, laser overspill, laser","rect":[89.9999771118164,706.6200561523438,521.9963662109375,695.5800170898438]},{"page":236,"text":"V-34 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":236,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":237,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":237,"text":"underspill, and battlefield obscuration, the laser spot acquired by the aircrew may be","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.9316376953125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":237,"text":"slightly off the intended target. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,99.47996520996094,248.18283081054688,88.45196533203125]},{"page":237,"text":"Correlation is still required to confirm the correct","rect":[254.52001953125,99.45596313476563,522.0012490234375,88.64396667480469]},{"page":237,"text":"designation. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,113.39994812011719,157.64761352539063,102.56394958496094]},{"page":237,"text":"Note: After a laser hand off, JTACs/FAC(A)s should avoid going back out to use big","rect":[111.60002136230469,139.0800018310547,521.9712524414063,128.052001953125]},{"page":237,"text":"to small talk-ons, as this will likely induce confusion and unnecessarily increase time to","rect":[90.00004577636719,152.87998962402345,522.1128540039063,141.85198974609376]},{"page":237,"text":"engage. However, due to spot jitter, overspill and underspill, a JTAC/FAC(A) should back","rect":[90.00004577636719,166.6799774169922,521.9520874023438,155.6399688720703]},{"page":237,"text":"out as much as necessary to confirm the exact target acquired. In a congested target","rect":[90.00004577636719,180.47996520996095,521.9484267578125,169.45196533203126]},{"page":237,"text":"environment, it may be necessary to back out some, to confirm that the aircrew has acquired","rect":[90.00004577636719,194.2799530029297,522.072021484375,183.251953125]},{"page":237,"text":"the exact intended target and not a nearby similar target. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,208.0800018310547,365.9341125488281,197.052001953125]},{"page":237,"text":"8. If the aircrew reports NEGATIVE LASER during the laser hand off:","rect":[176.40003967285157,233.87998962402345,521.3016372070313,222.85198974609376]},{"page":237,"text":"target.","rect":[90.0,273.4800109863281,120.37199401855469,263.6640319824219]},{"page":237,"text":"a. JTAC/FAC(A) verifies proper laser setup and pointed at correct","rect":[198.0,259.6559753417969,521.980775390625,248.6519775390625]},{"page":237,"text":"b. Verifies aircraft on correct code.","rect":[198.0,296.8680114746094,369.2196044921875,288.25201416015627]},{"page":237,"text":"c. Verifies aircraft in a position to receive reflected laser energy.","rect":[198.0,325.0799865722656,510.1416015625,314.052001953125]},{"page":237,"text":"d. Many factors influence whether airborne platforms are in a","rect":[198.0,350.8799743652344,521.9639252929687,339.85198974609377]},{"page":237,"text":"position to receive properly coded laser energy (e.g., angle of incidence, reflectivity, power","rect":[90.0,364.67999267578127,522.0288369140625,353.6520080566406]},{"page":237,"text":"out, environmentals).","rect":[90.0,378.45599365234377,192.25320434570313,367.4519958496094]},{"page":237,"text":"e. Reinitiate laser hand-off procedures. If unsuccessful and unable","rect":[198.0,404.2560119628906,521.9999970703125,393.25201416015627]},{"page":237,"text":"to resolve, choose another mark.","rect":[90.0,416.0,245.95443725585938,407.052001953125]},{"page":237,"text":"For an example of laser hand off, see Appendix E, “Examples of Radio Communications","rect":[90.0,443.9399719238281,521.9927680664063,433.031982421875]},{"page":237,"text":"During Close Air Support Missions,” Example 5","rect":[90.0,457.739990234375,326.7215576171875,446.8320007324219]},{"page":237,"text":"(b) Match Sparkle. When matching IR sparkles, all participants must be","rect":[154.8000030517578,483.47998046875,522.06481640625,472.4519958496094]},{"page":237,"text":"disciplined in call sign usage to avoid confusion as to who is to SPARKLE ON or CEASE","rect":[90.00001525878906,497.2799987792969,521.9207451171875,486.25201416015627]},{"page":237,"text":"SPARKLE.","rect":[90.0000228881836,508.6679992675781,146.2728271484375,500.2560119628906]},{"page":237,"text":"1. JTACs/FAC(A)s should ensure that, prior to attempting to match","rect":[176.4000244140625,536.8800048828125,521.9544067382813,525.8519897460938]},{"page":237,"text":"sparkle, the aircraft is in position to allow observation of the sparkle they are to match. ","rect":[90.0,550.6200561523438,524.983154296875,539.592041015625]},{"page":237,"text":"This may require pushing FW aircraft into the overhead or allowing RW aircraft forward","rect":[90.0,564.4200439453125,522.0480346679688,553.3920288085938]},{"page":237,"text":"of the HA or BP. ","rect":[90.0,575.7960205078125,174.71759033203126,567.1920166015625]},{"page":237,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A): “Devil 11, proceed into the overhead and advise when","rect":[117.0,605.954833984375,495.10727825546265,595.5458374023438]},{"page":237,"text":"ready to match sparkle”","rect":[117.0,618.6148071289063,242.32569313049317,608.3375244140625]},{"page":237,"text":"SPARKLE.”","rect":[90.0,660.5280151367188,151.69439404296876,652.115966796875]},{"page":237,"text":"2. Aircrew initiates when in position: “(JTAC/FAC[A] call sign),","rect":[176.39999389648438,649.1400146484375,521.9580078125,638.1119995117188]},{"page":237,"text":"3. JTAC may initiate match sparkle if required. When the aircrew","rect":[176.39999389648438,688.7400512695313,521.9664291992187,677.7120361328125]},{"page":237,"text":"reports ready, JTAC/FAC(A) turns on IR sparkle and transmits “(Aircraft call sign),","rect":[90.0,702.5400390625,521.9663696289063,691.5120239257813]},{"page":237,"text":"MATCH SPARKLE”.","rect":[90.0,713.9280395507813,197.972412109375,705.5159912109375]},{"page":237,"text":"V-35","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":238,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":238,"text":"4. JTACs/FAC(A)s should be prepared to facilitate SNAKE and","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.65597534179688,522.06005859375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":238,"text":"STEADY calls by the aircrew.","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,236.96401977539063,88.4520263671875]},{"page":238,"text":"5. JTAC/FAC(A) should then observe the aircraft’s IR sparkle move to","rect":[176.39999389648438,125.25601196289063,521.9976196289063,114.25201416015625]},{"page":238,"text":"overlay the JTAC/FAC(A) IR sparkle.","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,274.3488464355469,128.052001953125]},{"page":238,"text":"6. Once the aircrew’s IR pointer ","rect":[176.39999389648438,164.85598754882813,360.88446044921877,153.85198974609376]},{"page":238,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) confirms what the aircrew sees there.","rect":[90.0,178.65597534179688,343.634521484375,167.6519775390625]},{"page":238,"text":"is ","rect":[366.8244934082031,162.29998779296876,377.85845947265627,153.85198974609376]},{"page":238,"text":"on ","rect":[383.7984619140625,162.0,398.8056335449219,156.0]},{"page":238,"text":"the ","rect":[404.7456359863281,162.3719940185547,422.42041015625,153.85198974609376]},{"page":238,"text":"correct ","rect":[428.36041259765627,162.3719940185547,464.69757080078127,155.06398010253907]},{"page":238,"text":"point, ","rect":[470.6375427246094,164.85598754882813,501.33111572265627,153.85198974609376]},{"page":238,"text":"the","rect":[507.2710876464844,162.3719940185547,521.9422578125,153.85198974609376]},{"page":238,"text":"Note: In some cases, ground-based pointers can “wash-out” the aircraft’s pointer. In","rect":[111.5999984741211,204.47996520996095,521.9303588867188,193.45196533203126]},{"page":238,"text":"this case, the JTAC should cease the ground-based IR sparkle to confirm the aircraft’s","rect":[89.9999771118164,218.2799530029297,522.1067817382813,207.251953125]},{"page":238,"text":"sparkle is on the appropriate location. JTAC/FAC(A) should transmit the informative call","rect":[89.9999771118164,232.05599975585938,522.0720229492188,221.052001953125]},{"page":238,"text":"“Broadsword 11, CEASING SPARKLE.”","rect":[90.0,243.46798706054688,291.5711640625,234.85198974609376]},{"page":238,"text":"Note: RW IR sparkle may not be steady on the target, due to vibration of the aircraft","rect":[111.5999984741211,271.6799621582031,521.9904189453125,260.6519775390625]},{"page":238,"text":"or the pulsed mode of the IR pointer.","rect":[89.9999771118164,285.4559631347656,267.2604064941406,274.45196533203127]},{"page":238,"text":"Note: JTACs/FAC(A)s and aircrews should be aware that most current aircraft FLIRs","rect":[111.5999755859375,311.2559509277344,521.8871772460938,300.251953125]},{"page":238,"text":"are unable to sense IR pointers and aircrew must compare what they see outside the cockpit","rect":[89.9999771118164,325.0799560546875,521.9375625,314.0519714355469]},{"page":238,"text":"to what their sensor is centered on during correlation.","rect":[89.9999771118164,338.87994384765627,346.35601806640627,327.8519592285156]},{"page":238,"text":"7. If aircrew reports NO JOY or indicates problems with skip/overspill","rect":[176.3999786376953,364.65594482421877,522.0251479492188,353.6519470214844]},{"page":238,"text":"that preclude locating the target:","rect":[90.0,378.47998046875,245.3832412109375,367.4519958496094]},{"page":238,"text":"a. JTAC/FAC(A) verifies IR sparkle is pointed at correct target.","rect":[198.0,404.27996826171877,507.2424011230469,393.2519836425781]},{"page":238,"text":"b. JTAC/FAC(A) verifies aircraft is NVG equipped.","rect":[198.0,430.0559997558594,451.64404296875,419.052001953125]},{"page":238,"text":"c. JTAC/FAC(A) verifies aircraft is in a position to acquire IR","rect":[198.0,455.8559875488281,522.02401953125,444.85198974609377]},{"page":238,"text":"energy and is searching in the correct area. ","rect":[90.0,469.67999267578127,301.21917724609377,458.6520080566406]},{"page":238,"text":"d. Many factors influence whether airborne platforms can see IR","rect":[197.99998474121095,495.47998046875,522.02401953125,484.4519958496094]},{"page":238,"text":"sparkles (e.g., IR sparkle power out, ambient light levels too high [cultural lighting],","rect":[90.0,509.2799987792969,522.0491943359375,498.25201416015627]},{"page":238,"text":"distance from target, cloud cover, NVG performance). Generally speaking, the","rect":[90.0,523.0800170898438,522.0167817382812,512.052001953125]},{"page":238,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) should expect that aircrews will attempt to position themselves to have an","rect":[90.0000228881836,536.8560791015625,521.947265625,525.85205078125]},{"page":238,"text":"unobstructed LOS to the target area.","rect":[90.00004577636719,550.6799926757813,263.96405029296877,539.6519775390625]},{"page":238,"text":"e. Reinitiate match sparkle procedures. If unsuccessful and unable","rect":[198.0000457763672,576.3960571289063,521.9952973632812,565.3920288085938]},{"page":238,"text":"to resolve, attempt sparkle walk-on or choose a different type of mark.","rect":[90.0,590.2200317382813,428.23919677734377,579.1920166015625]},{"page":238,"text":"8. JTACs/FAC(A)s must be aware that using their IR sparkle may","rect":[176.40000915527345,616.02001953125,521.9713745117188,604.9920043945313]},{"page":238,"text":"expose them to NVG-equipped enemies. Ground IR sparkle should not be left on for","rect":[90.0,629.7960205078125,521.9328286132812,618.7919921875]},{"page":238,"text":"excessive amounts of time.","rect":[90.0,641.196044921875,220.0055694580078,632.592041015625]},{"page":238,"text":"(c) Sparkle Walk-On. When the tactical situation prevents the JTAC from","rect":[154.8000030517578,669.3960571289063,522.0312514648438,658.3920288085938]},{"page":238,"text":"using a ground-based IR sparkle (e.g., dead batteries, broken equipment, concealment from","rect":[90.0000228881836,683.2200317382813,522.0311904296875,672.1920166015625]},{"page":238,"text":"enemy observation, excessive skip/overspill), a sparkle walk-on may be used to orient the","rect":[90.0000228881836,697.02001953125,522.0192231445312,685.9920043945313]},{"page":238,"text":"aircraft’s sensor to the target. The JTAC/FAC(A) observes the aircraft‘s IR sparkle and","rect":[90.00004577636719,710.8200073242188,521.962890625,699.7919921875]},{"page":238,"text":"V-36 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":238,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":239,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":239,"text":"directs the aircrew to move their IR sparkle using cardinal/sub-cardinal direction and","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0599975585938,74.6519775390625]},{"page":239,"text":"distance slew commands until the aircraft’s IR sparkle overlays the target.","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,445.57440185546877,88.45196533203125]},{"page":239,"text":"1. If holding at an IP, aircraft may need to proceed inbound to acquire","rect":[176.39999389648438,125.27995300292969,521.9855927734375,114.251953125]},{"page":239,"text":"the target on their sensors.","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,216.37680053710938,128.052001953125]},{"page":239,"text":"2. JTAC/FAC(A) begins sparkle walk-on with: “(Aircraft call sign),","rect":[176.39999389648438,164.87998962402345,522.0239868164063,153.85198974609376]},{"page":239,"text":"SPARKLE ON.”","rect":[90.0,176.26797485351563,171.93600170898439,167.85597229003907]},{"page":239,"text":"commands.","rect":[90.0,215.85601806640626,144.976806640625,207.25201416015626]},{"page":239,"text":"3. JTAC/FAC(A) observes aircraft IR sparkle and gives verbal slew","rect":[176.39999389648438,204.47996520996095,522.0887436523437,193.45196533203126]},{"page":239,"text":"a. Slew commands should be ","rect":[198.0,242.0,361.8311767578125,233.052001953125]},{"page":239,"text":"cardinal/sub-cardinal direction and distance in meters.”","rect":[90.0,255.45599365234376,355.12438671875,246.85198974609376]},{"page":239,"text":"“(Aircraft ","rect":[367.8311767578125,244.05599975585938,418.2144470214844,233.052001953125]},{"page":239,"text":"call ","rect":[424.2144470214844,242.0,444.5712890625,233.052001953125]},{"page":239,"text":"sign), ","rect":[450.5712890625,244.0800018310547,480.616943359375,233.052001953125]},{"page":239,"text":"SLEW,","rect":[486.616943359375,242.0,522.0986328125,233.25599670410157]},{"page":239,"text":"Example: “Latch 65, SLEW north 150”","rect":[117.0,285.4720764160156,315.1264133453369,275.2057800292969]},{"page":239,"text":"b. Slew commands may also include a limiting feature.","rect":[198.0,316.13995361328127,465.09002685546877,305.1119689941406]},{"page":239,"text":"Example: “Razor 53, SLEW south 50 to the east-west road”","rect":[117.0,343.7320861816406,425.09446144104006,333.4657897949219]},{"page":239,"text":"walk-on.","rect":[90.0,385.71600341796877,132.30718994140626,377.11199951171877]},{"page":239,"text":"c. Do not use “left, right, up, down” when conducting a sparkle","rect":[198.0,374.3399658203125,522.047970703125,363.3119812011719]},{"page":239,"text":"d. JTACs/FAC(A)s must be aware of the difficulties of estimating","rect":[198.0,413.9399719238281,522.0,402.9119873046875]},{"page":239,"text":"directions and distances at night, as well as the disparity of perspective between themselves","rect":[90.0,427.739990234375,522.02883984375,416.7120056152344]},{"page":239,"text":"and the aircrew. In addition, since aircrews are splitting time between looking outside and","rect":[90.0,441.53997802734377,522.0336303710938,430.5119934082031]},{"page":239,"text":"looking at their sensors, it is extremely difficult to precisely measure direction and distance","rect":[90.0,455.3399963378906,521.98083203125,444.31201171875]},{"page":239,"text":"over the ground when slewing the IR sparkle. ","rect":[90.0,469.1399841308594,314.6819763183594,458.11199951171877]},{"page":239,"text":"4. When the aircraft’s IR sparkle overlays the target, the JTAC/FAC(A)","rect":[176.39999389648438,494.9399719238281,521.89199609375,483.9119873046875]},{"page":239,"text":"should direct “(Aircraft call sign), STEADY.”","rect":[90.0,508.739990234375,311.5896271972656,497.7120056152344]},{"page":239,"text":"5. JTAC/FAC(A) completes correlation by confirming what the aircrew","rect":[176.40000915527345,534.5399780273438,522.09124609375,523.511962890625]},{"page":239,"text":"sees and where their IR sparkle is.","rect":[90.0,548.3160400390625,254.2511749267578,537.31201171875]},{"page":239,"text":"CAPTURED.”","rect":[90.0,585.5399780273438,161.64240734863282,577.115966796875]},{"page":239,"text":"6. Aircrew call “TALLY,” “CONTACT SPARKLE,” or “(target/object)","rect":[176.39999389648438,574.1400146484375,521.97598046875,563.0999755859375]},{"page":239,"text":"7. JTACs/FAC(A)s may also request that aircrew sparkle the target as","rect":[176.39999389648438,613.7400512695313,522.053986328125,602.7120361328125]},{"page":239,"text":"they ingress during the attack run to provide additional confirmation and to ensure target","rect":[90.0,627.5400390625,521.9987807617188,616.5120239257813]},{"page":239,"text":"correlation remains the same.","rect":[90.0,638.916015625,231.33120727539063,630.31201171875]},{"page":239,"text":"(d) Aircraft Laser Designation on Target","rect":[154.8000030517578,667.1400146484375,366.10195703125,656.1119995117188]},{"page":239,"text":"V-37","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":240,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":240,"text":"1. JTACs/FAC(A)s equipped with thermal laser spot imagers or see-","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,522.1007973632812,74.6519775390625]},{"page":240,"text":"spot devices may correlate by directing the aircrew to lase the target with their laser","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,521.992826171875,88.4520263671875]},{"page":240,"text":"designator.","rect":[90.0,113.28001403808594,142.99200439453126,102.25201416015625]},{"page":240,"text":"2. On vertically developed targets, the aircraft laser must be on a surface","rect":[176.39999389648438,139.0800018310547,522.005978515625,128.052001953125]},{"page":240,"text":"that the JTAC/FAC(A) can observe.","rect":[90.0,152.85598754882813,263.6015930175781,141.85198974609376]},{"page":240,"text":"(e) Ground IR Sparkle Only","rect":[154.8000030517578,178.6799774169922,302.518798828125,167.6519775390625]},{"page":240,"text":"1. The JTAC/FAC(A) must ensure the aircraft is in a position to acquire","rect":[176.4000244140625,204.45596313476563,522.0012177734375,193.45196533203126]},{"page":240,"text":"the target end of the IR sparkle. This may require bringing FW aircraft into the overhead","rect":[90.0,218.28001403808595,522.0480346679688,207.25201416015626]},{"page":240,"text":"or pushing RW aircraft forward from the HA. Depending on the target and the attacking","rect":[90.0,232.0800018310547,522.011962890625,221.052001953125]},{"page":240,"text":"aircraft profile, this may require a target acquisition run or may be conducted on the attack","rect":[90.0,245.87998962402345,522.01318359375,234.85198974609376]},{"page":240,"text":"run.","rect":[90.0,257.25604248046877,109.0103988647461,251.49603271484376]},{"page":240,"text":"2. Depending on target size and composition, JTACs/FAC(A)s may","rect":[176.39999389648438,285.4800109863281,522.0001220703125,274.4520263671875]},{"page":240,"text":"need to cease sparkle to avoid the IR energy washing out the target. ","rect":[90.0,299.2799987792969,420.1896057128906,288.25201416015627]},{"page":240,"text":"3. When attacking tactical size targets, attacking aircrews may be able","rect":[176.40000915527345,325.0799865722656,521.9963959960937,314.052001953125]},{"page":240,"text":"to see the target end of the IR pointer but unable to acquire the target. In this case, aircrews","rect":[90.0,338.8799743652344,522.0360419921875,327.85198974609377]},{"page":240,"text":"should make a contact sparkle call, indicating they are able to discern the target end from","rect":[90.0,352.6799621582031,522.0563979492188,341.6519775390625]},{"page":240,"text":"the friendly end of the IR sparkle but unable to make out the exact target. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,366.47998046875,447.50042724609377,355.4519958496094]},{"page":240,"text":"4. When ground forces employ IR sparkle, aircrews must call","rect":[176.4000244140625,392.27996826171877,521.9050307617188,381.4439697265625]},{"page":240,"text":"VISUAL and TALLY or CONTACT SPARKLE prior to receiving weapons release","rect":[90.0,406.20001220703127,521.9951752929687,395.364013671875]},{"page":240,"text":"authorization.","rect":[90.0,417.4560241699219,162.3000030517578,409.04400634765627]},{"page":240,"text":"(f) Visually Significant Mark","rect":[154.8000030517578,445.6800231933594,305.4863920898438,434.65203857421877]},{"page":240,"text":"1. IDF, direct fire, or aviation fires may be employed specifically as","rect":[176.39999389648438,471.4800109863281,522.0624091796875,460.4520263671875]},{"page":240,"text":"marks for CAS aircraft. Marks of opportunity, such as battlefield fires or smoke, not","rect":[90.0,485.2799987792969,521.9688125,474.25201416015627]},{"page":240,"text":"specifically employed for CAS, may also be used. Aircrew will generally use a","rect":[90.0,499.0799865722656,522.0551728515625,488.052001953125]},{"page":240,"text":"combination of sensors and visual lookout to acquire these marks.","rect":[90.0000228881836,512.8560180664063,406.6176452636719,501.8520202636719]},{"page":240,"text":"2. Consider the timing of the mark. JTACs/FAC(A)s may coordinate a","rect":[176.4000244140625,538.6200561523438,522.0144624023437,527.592041015625]},{"page":240,"text":"mark to arrive on deck 30 to 45 seconds prior to an assigned CAS TOT, or they may","rect":[90.0,552.4199829101563,521.9484252929688,541.3919677734375]},{"page":240,"text":"coordinate a mark earlier to take advantage of aircraft sensors while the aircraft is holding","rect":[90.0,566.2200317382813,522.01318359375,555.1920166015625]},{"page":240,"text":"at an IP or HA. This technique gives the aircrew more time to discern hard-to-find targets","rect":[90.0,580.02001953125,522.03958203125,568.9920043945313]},{"page":240,"text":"before the attack run but sacrifices surprise.","rect":[89.9999771118164,593.7960205078125,299.52117919921877,582.7919921875]},{"page":240,"text":"a. For BOT attacks using IDF, direct fire, or aviation fires as visual","rect":[197.99996948242188,619.6199951171875,521.9711318359375,608.5919799804688]},{"page":240,"text":"marks that are deliberately synchronized to arrive 30 to 45 seconds prior to CAS TOTs,","rect":[90.0,633.4199829101563,522.0335693359375,622.3919677734375]},{"page":240,"text":"there is minimal time to conduct correlation. For these types of attacks, correlation is","rect":[90.0,647.2200317382813,522.0287788085938,636.1920166015625]},{"page":240,"text":"satisfied by the aircrew being CONTACT the visual mark and the JTAC/FAC(A) providing","rect":[90.0,661.02001953125,522.0108032226563,649.9920043945313]},{"page":240,"text":"an accurate correction from that mark, “Razor 53, from the mark, east 50.” (Transmitting","rect":[90.0,674.8200073242188,522.0647583007813,663.7919921875]},{"page":240,"text":"“mark is on the deck” is redundant and, thus, not required).","rect":[90.0,688.5960083007813,374.1767578125,677.5919799804688]},{"page":240,"text":"V-38 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":240,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":241,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":241,"text":"b. If the CAS aircrew sees the mark before the JTAC/FAC(A), they","rect":[198.0,85.67997741699219,522.0623779296875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":241,"text":"shall call “CONTACT the mark” to advise the JTAC/FAC(A) that the CAS aircrew are","rect":[90.0,99.45602416992188,522.03356640625,88.4520263671875]},{"page":241,"text":"ready to receive a correction. Once the correction is given by the JTAC/FAC(A), the CAS","rect":[90.0,113.28001403808594,521.9639921875,102.25201416015625]},{"page":241,"text":"aircrew may call “CONTACT the mark” or “TALLY target” if time permits.","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,458.58721923828127,116.052001953125]},{"page":241,"text":"3. When using direct fire weapons to mark, the JTAC/FAC(A) must","rect":[176.4000244140625,152.8800506591797,521.916078125,141.85205078125]},{"page":241,"text":"consider when the mark will be visible to attacking aircraft. FW aircraft will most likely","rect":[90.0,166.6799774169922,522.043212890625,155.6519775390625]},{"page":241,"text":"only be able to acquire direct fire impacts using their sensors from inside traditional IP","rect":[90.0,180.47996520996095,522.0732451171875,169.45196533203126]},{"page":241,"text":"distances. If the threat allows, JTACs/FAC(A)s should coordinate moving them to the","rect":[90.0,194.2799530029297,522.0047578125,183.251953125]},{"page":241,"text":"overhead to aid in acquisition. JTACs/FAC(A)s must also be aware that the presence of ","rect":[90.0,208.05599975585938,525.0335693359375,197.052001953125]},{"page":241,"text":"multiple direct fire assets on a battlefield could lead to confusion.","rect":[90.0,221.85598754882813,404.1719970703125,210.85198974609376]},{"page":241,"text":"4. If the IDF, direct fire, or aviation-fires mark falls out or is unusable,","rect":[176.40000915527345,245.2559814453125,521.9940185546875,236.6519775390625]},{"page":241,"text":"the JTAC/FAC(A) must weigh the risk of continuing the attack. JTACs/FAC(A)s should","rect":[90.0,261.4800109863281,522.0648193359375,250.4520263671875]},{"page":241,"text":"have a plan to deal with a mark fall-out. This may involve flexing to a back-up mark, using","rect":[90.0,275.2799987792969,521.956787109375,264.25201416015627]},{"page":241,"text":"a mark of opportunity, or aborting an aircraft or the entire attack. In addition, the attacking","rect":[90.0,289.08001708984377,522.032470703125,278.0520324707031]},{"page":241,"text":"aircrew may call contact on something besides the intended mark. JTACs/FAC(A)s must","rect":[90.0,302.8800048828125,521.9039931640625,291.8520202636719]},{"page":241,"text":"be able to quickly weigh whether to use the new object identified by the aircrew as a new","rect":[90.0,316.6800231933594,521.98675390625,305.6400451660156]},{"page":241,"text":"mark.","rect":[90.0,327.99603271484377,117.60479736328125,319.4520263671875]},{"page":241,"text":"5. If something other than the mark referenced in line 7 is being used for","rect":[176.39999389648438,356.2799987792969,521.9975869140625,345.25201416015627]},{"page":241,"text":"cueing, it should be not be called “the mark;” it should be called by a different label (e.g.,","rect":[90.0,370.0799865722656,521.9940185546875,359.052001953125]},{"page":241,"text":"“lead’s hits,” “the black smoke”).","rect":[90.0,383.8559875488281,251.3387451171875,372.85198974609377]},{"page":241,"text":"(g) Talk-On","rect":[154.8000030517578,409.67999267578127,218.81759936523438,398.6520080566406]},{"page":241,"text":"1. The JTAC/FAC(A) who effectively executes talk on techniques while","rect":[176.40000915527345,435.47998046875,522.0180024414062,424.4519958496094]},{"page":241,"text":"considering the CAS asset’s visual/sensor perspective for a BOT will likely be able to","rect":[90.0,449.2799987792969,522.0899658203125,438.25201416015627]},{"page":241,"text":"successfully execute expeditious and complete target correlation prior to the CAS attack. ","rect":[90.0,463.0799865722656,525.02880859375,452.052001953125]},{"page":241,"text":"The objective of a talk-on is to correlate a specific target or target area between the","rect":[90.0,476.8800048828125,522.005978515625,465.84002685546877]},{"page":241,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) and the CAS aircrew to a level of fidelity such that the terminal attack","rect":[90.0,490.6199951171875,522.0923461914063,479.5920104980469]},{"page":241,"text":"controller knows the CAS asset has acquired the target. Exact brevity and language to","rect":[90.0,504.4200134277344,521.9783935546875,493.39202880859377]},{"page":241,"text":"conduct a talk-on is dependent on the situation and perspective of the JTAC/FAC(A) and","rect":[90.0,518.196044921875,522.1367797851563,507.1920166015625]},{"page":241,"text":"CAS aircrew and targeting systems available to each. The JTAC/FAC(A) must consider","rect":[90.0000228881836,532.02001953125,522.0144326171875,520.9920043945313]},{"page":241,"text":"the following basic elements that will affect talk-on effectiveness:","rect":[90.0000228881836,545.8200073242188,406.5599990234375,534.7919921875]},{"page":241,"text":"a. Aircrew perspective.","rect":[198.00001525878907,571.5960693359375,312.31561279296877,560.592041015625]},{"page":241,"text":"b. Controller perspective.","rect":[198.0,597.39599609375,322.94879150390627,586.3919677734375]},{"page":241,"text":"c. Environmental conditions.","rect":[198.0,620.7960205078125,339.7560119628906,612.1920166015625]},{"page":241,"text":"d. Target area relief. ","rect":[198.0,649.02001953125,301.5372009277344,637.9920043945313]},{"page":241,"text":"e. Resolution and currency of reference graphics. ","rect":[198.0,674.8200073242188,442.8240051269531,663.7919921875]},{"page":241,"text":"f. Ability to establish a unit of measure.","rect":[198.0,700.6199951171875,391.40167236328127,689.5919799804688]},{"page":241,"text":"V-39","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":242,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":242,"text":"2. Figure V-9 articulates the elements of a target area which should be","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,522.0035981445312,74.6519775390625]},{"page":242,"text":"considered in determining what visual aspects of a target would be most remarkable and","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,522.0900268554688,88.4520263671875]},{"page":242,"text":"effective. For example, the vertical relief of a structure will be more apparent from the","rect":[90.0,113.25601196289063,521.9520234375,102.25201416015625]},{"page":242,"text":"ground terminal controller’s position than from an overhead FW aircraft. However, low-","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,521.9568154296875,116.052001953125]},{"page":242,"text":"flying RW aircraft are more likely to perceive vertical relief. The figure applies to general","rect":[90.0,140.8800506591797,522.0444350585938,129.85205078125]},{"page":242,"text":"perspectives as they relate to target descriptions during a talk-on. It is most useful when at","rect":[90.0,154.68003845214845,521.9616103515625,143.65203857421876]},{"page":242,"text":"least one of the assets is not aided by a multispectral sensor or VDL. JTACs/FAC(A)s","rect":[90.0,168.4800262451172,522.0372016601563,157.4520263671875]},{"page":242,"text":"should select the most prominent structure/feature nearby the target for initial orientation","rect":[90.0,182.28001403808595,522.1019897460938,171.25201416015626]},{"page":242,"text":"between themselves and the aircrew.","rect":[90.0000228881836,193.656005859375,266.3113098144531,185.052001953125]},{"page":242,"text":"3. As the JTAC/FAC(A) considers the CAS asset’s perspective, they","rect":[176.4000244140625,221.8800506591797,522.0264282226563,210.85205078125]},{"page":242,"text":"should also consider whether to use large target area features to cue to smaller features or","rect":[90.0,235.6799774169922,522.0240151367187,224.6519775390625]},{"page":242,"text":"a more narrowly focused initial search pattern to expedite target correlation. The decision","rect":[90.0000228881836,249.47996520996095,522.045654296875,238.45196533203126]},{"page":242,"text":"as to which technique to use is dependent on such factors as: ","rect":[90.00004577636719,263.2559509277344,383.9520263671875,252.251953125]},{"page":242,"text":"a. Aircraft sensor capabilities (e.g., EO, IR)","rect":[198.00006103515626,289.0799560546875,409.87692041015625,278.0519714355469]},{"page":242,"text":"b. VDL capability.","rect":[198.0,314.8799743652344,290.96636962890627,303.85198974609377]},{"page":242,"text":"c. Aircraft INS.","rect":[198.0,338.26800537109377,275.6400146484375,329.6520080566406]},{"page":242,"text":"V-40 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":242,"text":"Figure V-9. General Visual Perspectives for Talk-On Consideration","rect":[146.70010375976563,719.453857421875,464.05553937149048,709.9548950195313]},{"page":242,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":243,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":243,"text":"d. GRGs/operational graphics. ","rect":[198.0,85.67997741699219,349.9800109863281,74.6519775390625]},{"page":243,"text":"e. Imagery products with associated elevation data.","rect":[198.0,111.48002624511719,446.19842529296877,100.4520263671875]},{"page":243,"text":"f. TDL/DACAS systems.","rect":[198.0,137.28001403808595,322.4064025878906,126.25201416015625]},{"page":243,"text":"4. The JTAC/FAC(A) may elect to conduct a talk-on cued by larger","rect":[176.39999389648438,163.0800018310547,522.0420205078125,152.052001953125]},{"page":243,"text":"features if CAS aircraft or terminal controller sensors (optics, NVDs) or systems are either","rect":[90.0,176.87998962402345,522.009671875,165.85198974609376]},{"page":243,"text":"not available or degraded and precision targeting systems are unavailable. In all cases, the","rect":[90.0,190.6799774169922,522.0432099609375,179.6519775390625]},{"page":243,"text":"starting point would be a feature of the target’s surroundings, which, based on perspective,","rect":[90.0,204.47996520996095,522.0012817382813,193.45196533203126]},{"page":243,"text":"is identifiable to both the JTAC/FAC(A) and CAS aircrew. From this feature, a gradually,","rect":[90.0000228881836,218.28001403808595,522.0803833007813,207.25201416015626]},{"page":243,"text":"more-detailed description would begin, ultimately resulting in proper correlation to the","rect":[90.0000228881836,232.0800018310547,522.03844921875,221.052001953125]},{"page":243,"text":"intended target. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,245.87998962402345,170.6520538330078,234.85198974609376]},{"page":243,"text":"For an example of an effective talk-on, see Appendix E, “Examples ","rect":[90.00004577636719,271.7399597167969,470.12762451171877,260.83197021484377]},{"page":243,"text":"Communications During Close Air Support Missions,” Example 4.","rect":[90.00004577636719,285.5399475097656,411.0240478515625,274.6319580078125]},{"page":243,"text":"of ","rect":[475.5780029296875,271.7399597167969,487.9163818359375,260.83197021484377]},{"page":243,"text":"Radio","rect":[493.36676025390627,269.2919616699219,522.03955078125,260.83197021484377]},{"page":243,"text":"5. JTACs/FAC(A)s and CAS aircrews may be able to generate","rect":[176.40003967285157,311.27996826171877,522.0131196289062,300.2519836425781]},{"page":243,"text":"relatively accurate and precise target coordinates with elevation, due to improvements in","rect":[90.0,325.0799865722656,521.9988403320313,314.052001953125]},{"page":243,"text":"portable tactical targeting systems, CAS aircraft sensor suites, and CAS aircraft and","rect":[90.0,338.8799743652344,521.9927978515625,327.85198974609377]},{"page":243,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) systems. Furthermore, use of mobile mensuration tools by TMO-certified","rect":[90.0,352.67999267578127,522.0,341.6520080566406]},{"page":243,"text":"operators may enhance coordinate precision and improve data accuracy. Leveraging these,","rect":[90.0,366.47998046875,522.1032104492188,355.4519958496094]},{"page":243,"text":"the JTAC/FAC(A) may elect to conduct a narrowly focused initial talk-on technique. ","rect":[90.0,380.2799987792969,525.0167846679688,369.25201416015627]},{"page":243,"text":"Using this narrowly focused cueing to the target area can result in an expeditious target","rect":[90.0,394.0799865722656,522.0623793945313,383.052001953125]},{"page":243,"text":"correlation, as the cueing should place the CAS aircrew closer to the intended target. ","rect":[90.0,407.8799743652344,502.21441650390627,396.85198974609377]},{"page":243,"text":"6. Enhanced Target Description. An enhanced target description is","rect":[176.40000915527345,433.67999267578127,522.0552680664063,422.6520080566406]},{"page":243,"text":"typically used in high-threat and/or low-altitude ingress scenarios to assist the aircrew in","rect":[90.0,447.47998046875,522.0095825195313,436.4519958496094]},{"page":243,"text":"finding the target when they will only have a few seconds to acquire the target. An","rect":[90.0,461.27996826171877,522.0191650390625,450.2519836425781]},{"page":243,"text":"enhanced target description paints a picture in the minds of the aircrew as to what the target","rect":[90.0,475.0799865722656,522.0216079101563,464.052001953125]},{"page":243,"text":"area will look like as they ingress and describes where they will find the target. It should","rect":[90.0,488.8799743652344,522.0096435546875,477.85198974609377]},{"page":243,"text":"be tailored to match the viewpoint and perspective of the attacking aircraft as they approach","rect":[90.0,502.6199645996094,522.02880859375,491.59197998046877]},{"page":243,"text":"the target area on the FAH. It is typically used when the aircrew cannot observe the target","rect":[90.0,516.4199829101563,521.9615493164063,505.3919677734375]},{"page":243,"text":"area as it is being described. The JTAC/FAC(A) will usually provide a reference (clearly","rect":[90.0,530.2200317382813,522.085205078125,519.1920166015625]},{"page":243,"text":"identifiable feature) or a mark that the pilot should see near the target. Frequently, an","rect":[90.0,544.02001953125,522.0287475585938,532.9920043945313]},{"page":243,"text":"enhanced target description will begin with a map or GRG talk-on and then provide","rect":[90.0,557.8200073242188,522.0120209960937,546.7919921875]},{"page":243,"text":"amplifying information, including features that are not on the chart. Because the","rect":[90.0,571.6199951171875,522.0167817382812,560.5919799804688]},{"page":243,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) is describing what the aircrew will see and not what he is currently looking","rect":[90.0,585.4199829101563,522.0311279296875,574.3919677734375]},{"page":243,"text":"at, the aircrew is not required to call CONTACT as the JTAC/FAC(A) is describing the","rect":[90.0,599.2200317382813,522.0048188476562,588.1920166015625]},{"page":243,"text":"area. ","rect":[90.0,610.595947265625,119.03759765625,604.8239135742188]},{"page":243,"text":"7. When coordinating a talk-on, the JTAC/FAC(A) should be specific","rect":[176.39999389648438,638.8200073242188,522.052853515625,627.7919921875]},{"page":243,"text":"about which type of talk-on he will be using (e.g., map, GRG, VDL, DRP, visual). The","rect":[90.0,652.6200561523438,522.009640625,641.592041015625]},{"page":243,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) should also be specific about when he switches from one type of talk-on to","rect":[90.0000228881836,666.4200439453125,521.990478515625,655.3920288085938]},{"page":243,"text":"another. For example, a JTAC/FAC(A) may begin a talk-on using a GRG but transition to","rect":[90.0000228881836,680.2200317382813,521.9939575195313,669.1920166015625]},{"page":243,"text":"a visual talk-on once a common frame of reference has been established. Additionally, if ","rect":[90.0000228881836,694.02001953125,524.9783935546875,682.9920043945313]},{"page":243,"text":"the JTAC/FAC(A) is utilizing a digital system, beginning the talk-on from a DRP may","rect":[90.0000228881836,707.8200073242188,521.9532470703125,696.7919921875]},{"page":243,"text":"V-41","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":244,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":244,"text":"exponentially decrease the time it takes the CAS aircraft to acquire the target. When using","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0323486328125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":244,"text":"GRGs, TRPs, DRPs, or GEOREFs, it is essential that the JTAC/FAC(A) and aircrew have","rect":[90.0,99.45596313476563,521.9807709960937,88.45196533203125]},{"page":244,"text":"a common understanding of the product or feature being used.","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,388.63201904296877,102.251953125]},{"page":244,"text":"“Latch 65, advise when ready for a GRG talk-on using the version 4.8","rect":[117.0,141.01478576660157,494.9919647064209,130.60574340820313]},{"page":244,"text":"GRG.”","rect":[117.0,151.5007781982422,150.6086826324463,143.26577758789063]},{"page":244,"text":"8. JTACs/FAC(A)s should consider the best way to begin the talk-on. ","rect":[176.39999389648438,184.1999969482422,525.011962890625,173.1719970703125]},{"page":244,"text":"Generally, visual talk-ons should be conducted big to small. Sensor talk-ons in an urban","rect":[90.0,197.99998474121095,522.0216064453125,186.97198486328126]},{"page":244,"text":"area may, on the other hand, start by orienting the aircrew’s sensor to a specific intersection","rect":[90.0,211.73997497558595,522.0095825195313,200.71197509765626]},{"page":244,"text":"or recognizable building to ensure a common starting point.","rect":[90.0,225.5399627685547,376.8647766113281,214.511962890625]},{"page":244,"text":"9. Talk-on descriptions and directions should be simple and short,","rect":[176.39999389648438,251.31600952148438,521.9916381835938,240.31201171875]},{"page":244,"text":"driving the aircrew’s eyes and/or sensors from one point to another. A technique for doing","rect":[90.0,265.1399841308594,522.0120239257813,254.11199951171876]},{"page":244,"text":"this is to give directions in the following format, known by the mnemonic “FIDO:”","rect":[90.0,278.9399719238281,489.2543916015625,267.9119873046875]},{"page":244,"text":"a. From a point (easily recognizable start point). ","rect":[197.99998474121095,304.739990234375,435.5831604003906,293.7120056152344]},{"page":244,"text":"b. In a direction (cardinal/sub-cardinal direction). ","rect":[198.0,330.5159912109375,441.5639953613281,319.5119934082031]},{"page":244,"text":"c. Distance to travel (established unit of measure or meters).","rect":[198.0,356.31597900390627,489.8424072265625,345.3119812011719]},{"page":244,"text":"aircrew to see).","rect":[90.0,395.9159851074219,163.71360778808595,384.9119873046875]},{"page":244,"text":"d. Object seen (target or object the JTAC/FAC[A] wants the","rect":[198.0,382.1399841308594,522.0696381835937,371.1000061035156]},{"page":244,"text":"Note: Use confirmers around target/object to ensure the aircrew is in the correct area.","rect":[111.5999984741211,421.7399597167969,522.1512451171875,410.6999816894531]},{"page":244,"text":"JTAC: “Razor 53, from the cubby-hole, proceed south across MSR","rect":[117.0,449.474853515625,494.98517685699468,439.0657958984375]},{"page":244,"text":"Michigan to the first building and call CONTACT.”","rect":[117.0,462.13482666015627,376.7099094390869,451.72576904296877]},{"page":244,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Razor 53 CONTACT.”","rect":[117.0,484.62078857421877,316.20789527893069,476.3857727050781]},{"page":244,"text":"JTAC: “Razor 53, that building will be called the bank; from the bank go","rect":[117.0,511.454833984375,494.9326566734314,501.0457763671875]},{"page":244,"text":"two buildings east and call CONTACT on a building with a courtyard in","rect":[117.0,524.0548095703125,495.0029691734314,513.6458129882813]},{"page":244,"text":"the middle.”","rect":[117.0,534.5408325195313,180.6104221343994,526.4375610351563]},{"page":244,"text":"10. Short, directive transmissions using “call contact” as an instruction","rect":[176.39999389648438,567.2400512695313,522.083984375,556.2120361328125]},{"page":244,"text":"are more likely to result in a successful talk-on. ","rect":[90.0,581.0400390625,320.6099853515625,570.0120239257813]},{"page":244,"text":"11. Limiting the number of cardinal directions to two in a transmission","rect":[176.39999389648438,606.8400268554688,521.988037109375,595.81201171875]},{"page":244,"text":"helps to reduce confusion.","rect":[90.0,620.6160278320313,215.94598388671876,609.6119995117188]},{"page":244,"text":"12. Features such as buildings, roads, and intersections should be named","rect":[176.39999389648438,646.4400024414063,522.00244140625,635.4119873046875]},{"page":244,"text":"throughout the talk-on if they do not already have names assigned. This allows all","rect":[90.0,660.2400512695313,521.9760146484375,649.2120361328125]},{"page":244,"text":"participants to quickly reference them without having to resort to “this road” and “that","rect":[90.0,674.0400390625,522.0275893554688,663.0120239257813]},{"page":244,"text":"building.”","rect":[90.0,687.8400268554688,138.28201000976564,676.81201171875]},{"page":244,"text":"V-42 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":244,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":245,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":245,"text":"13. Establishing units of measure may be helpful to aid in estimating","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,522.0803833007813,74.6519775390625]},{"page":245,"text":"distance over the ground. JTACs/FAC(A)s should attempt to use features along the route","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,521.992794921875,88.4520263671875]},{"page":245,"text":"of the talk-on when establishing these units of measures.","rect":[90.0,113.28001403808594,361.5768127441406,102.25201416015625]},{"page":245,"text":"14. When conducting visual talk-ons, JTACs/FAC(A)s may use linear","rect":[176.39999389648438,139.0800018310547,522.0144326171875,128.052001953125]},{"page":245,"text":"terrain features to orient aircrew to cardinal directions. Even if those linear features do not","rect":[90.0,150.45599365234376,522.0480361328125,141.85198974609376]},{"page":245,"text":"line up exactly with a cardinal direction, establishing them as “north/south” or “east/west”","rect":[90.0,166.6799774169922,521.990353515625,155.6519775390625]},{"page":245,"text":"may aid in the talk-on.","rect":[90.0,180.47996520996095,198.31680297851563,169.45196533203126]},{"page":245,"text":"15. A two-to-one ratio should be used when conducting talk-ons; give","rect":[176.39999389648438,206.28001403808595,522.0407685546875,195.25201416015626]},{"page":245,"text":"two directive statements, then ask a confirming question of the aircrew.","rect":[90.0,220.0800018310547,433.3247985839844,209.052001953125]},{"page":245,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Razor 53 is CONTACT the building with the courtyard.”","rect":[117.0,247.8147735595703,492.2305088043213,237.40573120117188]},{"page":245,"text":"JTAC: “Which side of the courtyard opens to the street?”","rect":[117.0,272.4748229980469,416.4872226715088,262.0657653808594]},{"page":245,"text":"16. JTACs/FAC(A)s should make aircrews aware of their avenue of ","rect":[176.39999389648438,302.9159851074219,525.0,291.9119873046875]},{"page":245,"text":"observation to the target, helping the aircrew to visualize what the JTAC/FAC(A) can and","rect":[90.0,316.739990234375,521.9928588867188,305.7120056152344]},{"page":245,"text":"cannot see.","rect":[90.0000228881836,328.1159973144531,143.2440185546875,320.7239990234375]},{"page":245,"text":"a. When transitioning from a map or GRG talk-on to a visual talk-","rect":[198.00003051757813,356.3399963378906,522.0359780273437,345.31201171875]},{"page":245,"text":"on, the JTAC/FAC(A) must be aware of the limitations of their perspective. The","rect":[90.0,370.1159973144531,522.0396088867187,359.11199951171877]},{"page":245,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) should not ask the aircrew to describe features that the JTAC/FAC(A)","rect":[90.0000228881836,383.9159851074219,522.0827919921875,372.9119873046875]},{"page":245,"text":"cannot see.","rect":[90.0,395.3160095214844,143.24398803710938,387.92401123046877]},{"page":245,"text":"b. If an aircrew describes a feature that is not observable by the","rect":[198.0,423.53997802734377,522.0276459960937,412.5119934082031]},{"page":245,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A), the JTAC/FAC(A) should inform the aircrew.","rect":[90.0,437.31597900390627,387.9167785644531,426.3119812011719]},{"page":245,"text":"17. Once the JTAC/FAC(A) has talked the aircrew onto the correct","rect":[176.39999389648438,463.115966796875,522.0144057617188,452.1119689941406]},{"page":245,"text":"target, correlation should be completed by verifying the aircrew is looking at the correct","rect":[90.0,476.9399719238281,522.007142578125,465.9119873046875]},{"page":245,"text":"target. This should be done by asking specific questions about the target that are unique","rect":[90.0,490.7399597167969,521.9568452148437,479.71197509765627]},{"page":245,"text":"and distinct. Examples include:","rect":[90.0000228881836,504.5159912109375,243.7403884277344,493.5119934082031]},{"page":245,"text":"“Which direction is the lead vehicle facing?”","rect":[117.0,533.71484375,349.94834327697756,523.3058471679688]},{"page":245,"text":"“How many individuals are on the north side of the lead vehicle?”","rect":[117.0,558.3748168945313,460.4499912261963,547.9658203125]},{"page":245,"text":"“What do you see directly south of the lead vehicle?”","rect":[117.0,583.0347900390625,395.6933078765869,572.6257934570313]},{"page":245,"text":"(h) VDL Talk-On","rect":[154.80001831054688,613.5360107421875,247.23602587890626,602.531982421875]},{"page":245,"text":"1. When the JTAC/FAC(A) and aircrew are both properly equipped, a","rect":[176.4000244140625,639.3599853515625,521.9951752929687,628.3319702148438]},{"page":245,"text":"VDL talk-on provides good certainty as to what the aircrew is looking at.","rect":[90.0,653.1600341796875,441.6167907714844,642.1320190429688]},{"page":245,"text":"2. For ease of JTAC/FAC(A) use, the aircrew should strive, within a","rect":[176.40000915527345,678.93603515625,521.9916352539062,667.9320068359375]},{"page":245,"text":"section, to select downlink frequency with at least 30-megahertz separation. This will","rect":[90.0,692.760009765625,522.0311904296875,681.7319946289063]},{"page":245,"text":"V-43","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":246,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":246,"text":"allow the JTAC/FAC(A) to rapidly switch between aircraft downlinks within a section","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.9759521484375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":246,"text":"while not dealing with bleed-over from the other aircraft.","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,364.2408142089844,88.45196533203125]},{"page":246,"text":"3. Most aircraft VDL feeds provide symbology, including sensor","rect":[176.39999389648438,125.27995300292969,522.06240625,114.251953125]},{"page":246,"text":"aimpoint reticle, target location and elevation, and aircraft position and elevation. ","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,525.00244140625,128.052001953125]},{"page":246,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s should strive to be familiar with symbology, but if they are not, they may","rect":[90.0,152.87998962402345,521.9556274414063,141.85198974609376]},{"page":246,"text":"query aircrews regarding the display. Some aircraft systems are also capable of ","rect":[90.0,166.6799774169922,525.0335693359375,155.6519775390625]},{"page":246,"text":"transmitting metadata that allows aircraft position and sensor point to be overlaid on the","rect":[90.0,180.4800262451172,521.977169921875,169.4520263671875]},{"page":246,"text":"map feature of some VDL receiver systems.","rect":[90.0,194.28001403808595,301.6692199707031,183.25201416015626]},{"page":246,"text":"4. When ","rect":[176.39999389648438,218.0,222.98638916015626,209.052001953125]},{"page":246,"text":"appropriate brevity codes. ","rect":[90.0,233.87998962402345,217.9992218017578,222.85198974609376]},{"page":246,"text":"conducting ","rect":[228.806396484375,220.0800018310547,285.2027893066406,209.052001953125]},{"page":246,"text":"VDL ","rect":[290.9627990722656,218.0,318.6407775878906,209.43600463867188]},{"page":246,"text":"talk-ons,","rect":[324.4607849121094,218.0,366.19317626953127,209.052001953125]},{"page":246,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s should use","rect":[375.0,220.05599975585938,522.0012177734375,209.052001953125]},{"page":246,"text":"5. When using the term SLEW to direct the aircrew to move a sensor,","rect":[176.39999389648438,259.6799621582031,522.0167846679688,248.6519775390625]},{"page":246,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s should use up, down, left, and right instead of cardinal directions, to avoid","rect":[90.0,273.4800109863281,522.0540161132813,262.4520263671875]},{"page":246,"text":"confusion. VDL talk-ons should direct the sensor from one point to another to avoid","rect":[90.0,287.2560119628906,522.0167846679688,276.25201416015627]},{"page":246,"text":"excessive slewing.","rect":[90.0,301.08001708984377,179.33639526367188,290.0520324707031]},{"page":246,"text":"6. JTACs should keep aircrews informed of HANDSHAKE status,","rect":[176.39999389648438,326.85601806640627,522.050537109375,315.8520202636719]},{"page":246,"text":"providing a common frame of reference to both participants.","rect":[90.0,340.67999267578127,380.18402099609377,329.6520080566406]},{"page":246,"text":"c. Third-Party Contributor. Third-party correlation may occur outside the normal","rect":[111.60000610351563,366.47998046875,522.0480361328125,355.4519958496094]},{"page":246,"text":"timeline of the CAS attack. JTACs/FAC(A)s must ensure all appropriate correlation","rect":[90.00001525878906,380.2560119628906,522.0216064453125,369.25201416015627]},{"page":246,"text":"methods described in previous paragraphs are coordinated with the third-party contributor","rect":[90.0000228881836,394.0799865722656,522.0192543945312,383.052001953125]},{"page":246,"text":"if the third-party contributor is conducting TGO in support of a CAS attack.","rect":[90.00004577636719,407.8799743652344,454.20965576171877,396.85198974609377]},{"page":246,"text":"d. Correlation Using DACAS Systems","rect":[111.60005950927735,433.67999267578127,307.51205517578128,422.6520080566406]},{"page":246,"text":"(1) APTD. CAS aircraft that can transmit APTD allow a VMF-capable","rect":[133.20005798339845,459.45599365234377,522.076779296875,448.4519958496094]},{"page":246,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) to see where the aircraft is and the aircraft’s DGT.","rect":[89.99999237060547,473.2559814453125,406.1399841308594,462.2519836425781]},{"page":246,"text":"(2) Sensor Point. CAS aircraft that can transmit sensor points enable","rect":[133.1999969482422,499.0559997558594,522.0731782226562,488.052001953125]},{"page":246,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s to see where the aircraft’s sensor is pointed. Once the talk-on is","rect":[89.99999237060547,512.8560180664063,521.9903876953125,501.85198974609377]},{"page":246,"text":"completed, the target location can be updated and transferred to the weapon system. ","rect":[89.99999237060547,526.6799926757813,495.59759521484377,515.6519775390625]},{"page":246,"text":"(3) Link 16 Handoff. ","rect":[133.20001220703126,552.39599609375,248.21401977539063,541.3919677734375]},{"page":246,"text":"If a target has been published as a Link 16 trackfile,","rect":[254.82000732421876,552.4199829101563,521.9794921875,541.3919677734375]},{"page":246,"text":"aircraft sensors will be cued to the approximate target location. A talk-on should be","rect":[90.00001525878906,566.2200317382813,522.0383881835937,555.1920166015625]},{"page":246,"text":"accomplished to correlate the exact target. If unable to correlate via talk-on due to weather,","rect":[90.00001525878906,580.02001953125,522.032470703125,568.9920043945313]},{"page":246,"text":"location, or timing, verification shall be accomplished by other means (e.g., index/datalink","rect":[90.00001525878906,593.8200073242188,521.988037109375,582.7919921875]},{"page":246,"text":"number, updated coordinate readback). ","rect":[90.00001525878906,607.5960083007813,280.6296081542969,596.5919799804688]},{"page":246,"text":"8. Conduct the Attack","rect":[90.00001525878906,631.1279907226563,205.57440478515626,622.7159423828125]},{"page":246,"text":"a. Additional Considerations Prior to Conducting the Attack","rect":[111.60001373291016,659.2200317382813,423.9192534179688,648.384033203125]},{"page":246,"text":"(1) After correlation, and before the attack, any questions that remain must be","rect":[133.20001220703126,685.0199584960938,522.0383881835937,673.991943359375]},{"page":246,"text":"answered. If during correlation, either the aircrew or JTAC/FAC(A) realize that an element","rect":[90.00001525878906,698.8200073242188,522.052796875,687.7919921875]},{"page":246,"text":"of the CAS brief should be changed to facilitate a successful attack, it should be discussed","rect":[90.00003814697266,712.6199951171875,522.0744018554688,701.5919799804688]},{"page":246,"text":"V-44 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":246,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":247,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":247,"text":"and amended. Additionally, other information necessary for the attack may not be decided","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.011962890625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":247,"text":"until correlation is complete and should be discussed in plain language between the","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.047970703125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":247,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) and aircrew prior to beginning the attack. Examples of this include:","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,491.5487685546875,102.251953125]},{"page":247,"text":"(a) Delayed versus continuous lase.","rect":[154.79998779296876,139.0800018310547,328.089599609375,128.052001953125]},{"page":247,"text":"attacks.","rect":[90.0,176.2559814453125,126.37200164794922,167.6519775390625]},{"page":247,"text":"(b) Section/flight versus individual clearance for simultaneous FW or RW","rect":[154.79998779296876,164.87998962402345,521.9759797363281,153.85198974609376]},{"page":247,"text":"(c) Ground commander’s intent.","rect":[154.8000030517578,204.45596313476563,312.4320068359375,193.45196533203126]},{"page":247,"text":"(d) Ordnance selection, based on aircrew’s analysis of the target.","rect":[154.8000030517578,230.2799530029297,468.66961669921877,219.251953125]},{"page":247,"text":"(e) Fuzing.","rect":[154.80001831054688,256.0799865722656,210.482421875,245.052001953125]},{"page":247,"text":"(2) JTACs/FAC(A)s must remember to issue the TOT, if it has not already been","rect":[133.20001220703126,281.8799133300781,522.0480346679688,270.8519287109375]},{"page":247,"text":"issued, and confirm mission with their fires approval chain. JTACs/FAC(A)s should","rect":[90.00004577636719,295.65594482421877,522.00244140625,284.6519470214844]},{"page":247,"text":"compare the distances required by attack geometry, from IP or HA to target, with the time","rect":[90.00004577636719,309.4799499511719,521.968869140625,298.45196533203127]},{"page":247,"text":"it will take the CAS aircraft to transit that distance and relate this to the TOT. By","rect":[90.00006866455078,323.2799377441406,521.9568481445313,312.251953125]},{"page":247,"text":"developing this timeline, and using aircraft calls to update it, JTACs/FAC(A)s can monitor","rect":[90.00006866455078,337.0799255371094,522.0025307617187,326.05194091796877]},{"page":247,"text":"the CAS attack timeline to ensure effective integration with fire and movement.","rect":[90.00009155273438,350.8799133300781,472.5960998535156,339.8519287109375]},{"page":247,"text":"(3) JTACs/FAC(A)s may also need aircrews to state the type of delivery profile","rect":[133.20010375976563,376.6799011230469,521.9592866210937,365.65191650390627]},{"page":247,"text":"they will execute to allow the JTAC/FAC(A) to plan appropriately.","rect":[90.00006866455078,390.47991943359377,412.5900573730469,379.4519348144531]},{"page":247,"text":"b. Throughout a CAS attack, the JTAC/FAC(A) must maintain awareness of the","rect":[111.60008239746094,416.2799072265625,522.0192841796875,405.2519226074219]},{"page":247,"text":"aircraft position, the friendly situation, and the objective area.","rect":[90.00009155273438,430.07989501953127,386.1792907714844,419.0399169921875]},{"page":247,"text":"(1) Changes to the friendly situation must be monitored to ensure their fire and","rect":[133.20010375976563,455.8799133300781,522.0540771484375,444.8519287109375]},{"page":247,"text":"movement will remain integrated and synchronized with the CAS attack timeline. If ","rect":[90.00009155273438,469.6799011230469,525.0169067382813,458.65191650390627]},{"page":247,"text":"changes occur, JTACs/FAC(A)s must weigh their ability to continue, shift, or abort the","rect":[90.00009155273438,483.4798889160156,522.0769013671875,472.451904296875]},{"page":247,"text":"attack based on the attack timeline. For instance, if SEAD is required, the JTAC/FAC(A)","rect":[90.00009155273438,497.25592041015627,521.8944985351562,486.2519226074219]},{"page":247,"text":"must know the SEAD timeline so he can shift the CAS TOT if the SEAD is late. The","rect":[90.00009155273438,508.6679382324219,521.9352998046875,500.05194091796877]},{"page":247,"text":"earlier these adjustments can be made, the greater the chance of mission success.","rect":[90.00009155273438,524.8799438476563,477.8448486328125,513.8399047851563]},{"page":247,"text":"(2) The JTAC/FAC(A) must also maintain awareness to the objective area for the","rect":[133.2000732421875,550.6199951171875,522.03844921875,539.5799560546875]},{"page":247,"text":"timely recognition of changes, such as target movement and/or entrance of noncombatants","rect":[90.00006866455078,564.4199829101563,522.0240791015625,553.3919677734375]},{"page":247,"text":"and civilians.","rect":[90.00006866455078,575.7960205078125,153.98046875,567.1920166015625]},{"page":247,"text":"c. TAD Discipline. The TAD net can become very congested very quickly. All","rect":[111.60006713867188,604.02001953125,522.0073256835938,592.9920043945313]},{"page":247,"text":"participants on a TAD net must use “active listening” and appropriate communications","rect":[90.00007629394531,617.820068359375,522.0408637695313,606.7920532226563]},{"page":247,"text":"discipline and cadence. Ultimately, the TAD belongs to the JTAC/FAC(A), and the","rect":[90.00006866455078,631.6200561523438,522.0144624023437,620.592041015625]},{"page":247,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) must control it by voice.","rect":[90.00009155273438,645.4201049804688,282.0025329589844,634.39208984375]},{"page":247,"text":"(1) Once an aircraft calls “IN,” all other calls should be held until after the","rect":[133.20008850097657,671.1961059570313,522.0084809570312,660.1920776367188]},{"page":247,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) has issued clearance for weapons release or an abort. An exception to this","rect":[90.00011444091797,684.9961547851563,521.9989326171875,673.9921264648438]},{"page":247,"text":"is that anyone can and should call an abort at any time they deem necessary.","rect":[90.00013732910156,698.8201293945313,455.58013916015627,687.7921142578125]},{"page":247,"text":"V-45","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":248,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":248,"text":"(2) Brevity. Using brevity codes eases coordination and improves understanding","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.0,74.6519775390625]},{"page":248,"text":"in tactical communications, since brevity codes have only one meaning. In periods of ","rect":[90.00001525878906,99.47996520996094,525.0096435546875,88.45196533203125]},{"page":248,"text":"communications jamming, brevity is required to get the message across, since","rect":[90.00001525878906,113.27995300292969,522.0024384765625,102.23995208740235]},{"page":248,"text":"transmissions must be minimized. CAS participants should always use brevity codes for","rect":[90.00001525878906,127.08000183105469,521.9316079101562,116.052001953125]},{"page":248,"text":"clearer and more concise communications. See ATP 1-02.1/MCRP 3-30B.1/NTTP 6-","rect":[90.00001525878906,138.46798706054688,522.0384194335937,129.85198974609376]},{"page":248,"text":"02.1/AFTTP 3-2.5, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Multi-Service","rect":[90.00001525878906,154.6799774169922,521.997677734375,143.6519775390625]},{"page":248,"text":"Brevity Codes, for a complete list of all multi-Service brevity codes.","rect":[90.00001525878906,168.47996520996095,417.35272216796877,157.45196533203126]},{"page":248,"text":"d. Clearance to Drop/Fire. Once the clearance requirements for a particular type of ","rect":[111.60001373291016,194.2799530029297,525.189697265625,183.251953125]},{"page":248,"text":"control are met, it is important to pass clearance in a timely manner to give aircrews time","rect":[90.00001525878906,208.0800018310547,522.0983857421875,197.052001953125]},{"page":248,"text":"to prosecute the attack before release parameters have expired. Mixed weapons loads on","rect":[90.00001525878906,221.85598754882813,521.9976196289063,210.85198974609376]},{"page":248,"text":"aircraft or between flight members will require the flight lead and the JTAC/FAC(A) to","rect":[90.00001525878906,235.6799774169922,522.014404296875,224.6519775390625]},{"page":248,"text":"coordinate different delivery patterns. When employing standoff munitions or delivery","rect":[90.00001525878906,249.47996520996095,522.0000610351563,238.45196533203126]},{"page":248,"text":"methods, the JTAC/FAC(A) must provide a timely clearance appropriate for the weapon","rect":[90.00003814697266,263.2799377441406,522.1176147460938,252.251953125]},{"page":248,"text":"being delivered. For example, medium-altitude attacks can result in weapon releases more","rect":[90.00003814697266,277.0799255371094,521.9880341796875,266.05194091796877]},{"page":248,"text":"than four nautical miles from the target.","rect":[90.00003814697266,290.87994384765627,281.0087890625,279.8519592285156]},{"page":248,"text":"e. Abort Procedures. The JTAC/FAC(A) may direct CAS aircrew to ABORT for a","rect":[111.60003662109375,316.679931640625,522.0118989257812,305.6519470214844]},{"page":248,"text":"variety of reasons (e.g., aircraft not aligned with the correct target, noncombatants or","rect":[90.00003814697266,330.4799499511719,522.0096108398437,319.45196533203127]},{"page":248,"text":"civilians entering the target area, friendly forces being endangered by the attack, safety of ","rect":[90.00003814697266,344.2799377441406,525.0264282226563,333.251953125]},{"page":248,"text":"CAS aircrews, or a change in situation that obviates the need for a CAS attack). ","rect":[90.00003814697266,358.0799255371094,525.0096435546875,347.05194091796877]},{"page":248,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s shall ABORT the CAS attack if the ground force commander directs the","rect":[90.00003814697266,371.8799133300781,521.940060546875,360.8519287109375]},{"page":248,"text":"termination of the attack.","rect":[90.00003814697266,383.25592041015627,210.640869140625,374.65191650390627]},{"page":248,"text":"(1) The CAS abort procedure can use the “challenge-reply” method to","rect":[133.20004272460938,411.47991943359377,522.0144653320313,400.4519348144531]},{"page":248,"text":"authenticate the abort command. During the CAS check-in briefing, the flight lead gives","rect":[90.00003814697266,425.2799072265625,521.9808051757813,414.2519226074219]},{"page":248,"text":"the JTAC/FAC(A) a challenge code for use with that flight only. The JTAC/FAC(A) refers","rect":[90.00003814697266,439.07989501953127,521.9904487304688,428.0519104003906]},{"page":248,"text":"to the authentication document, finds the reply, and notes but does not transmit it. The","rect":[90.00006103515625,452.8799133300781,521.968869140625,441.8519287109375]},{"page":248,"text":"reply “letter” becomes the abort code (see Figure V-10).","rect":[90.00006103515625,466.6799011230469,360.1465148925781,455.65191650390627]},{"page":248,"text":"V-46 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":248,"text":"Figure V-10. Abort Call Illustration","rect":[223.19979858398438,718.73388671875,387.65108990859985,709.2349243164063]},{"page":248,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":249,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":249,"text":"(2) The JTAC/FAC(A) may elect to use a single abort code for all aircraft under","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.061185546875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":249,"text":"their control in situations where multiple flights of aircraft with multiple abort codes would","rect":[89.99999237060547,99.47996520996094,521.9856567382813,88.45196533203125]},{"page":249,"text":"be problematic. In such cases, the JTAC/FAC(A) needs to state this nonstandard procedure","rect":[89.99999237060547,113.25595092773438,522.0239838867187,102.251953125]},{"page":249,"text":"during the situation update and establish the code. Anytime an abort message is transmitted","rect":[89.99999237060547,127.08000183105469,522.0072021484375,116.052001953125]},{"page":249,"text":"via communication methods that are suspected/known to be compromised, a new abort","rect":[89.99999237060547,140.85598754882813,521.9603896484375,129.85198974609376]},{"page":249,"text":"code shall be established using the “challenge-reply” method.","rect":[89.99999237060547,154.6799774169922,385.8407897949219,143.6519775390625]},{"page":249,"text":"(3) If no abort code was briefed, then the CAS attack is aborted by simply","rect":[133.1999969482422,180.47996520996095,521.9892578125,169.45196533203126]},{"page":249,"text":"transmitting, “ABORT, ABORT, ABORT.” ","rect":[89.99999237060547,194.2799530029297,307.682373046875,183.251953125]},{"page":249,"text":"For PLA procedures, see Chapter III “Planning and Requesting,” paragraph 9.g., “Post-","rect":[89.99999237060547,220.1399383544922,522.027494140625,209.23193359375]},{"page":249,"text":"Launch Abort (PLA) Considerations.”","rect":[89.99999237060547,233.91598510742188,274.7136259765625,223.031982421875]},{"page":249,"text":"9. Battle Damage Assessment","rect":[89.99999237060547,259.7999572753906,242.31835717773439,248.98797607421876]},{"page":249,"text":"a. Assess Effects of the Attack. Once ordnance impacts the target, the","rect":[111.59998321533203,285.4799499511719,521.9543427734375,274.45196533203127]},{"page":249,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) must assess whether the commander’s desired effects were created. This","rect":[89.99998474121094,299.2559509277344,521.9916083984375,288.251953125]},{"page":249,"text":"assessment will determine whether to continue the attack, provide subsequent corrections,","rect":[89.99999237060547,313.0559387207031,521.9519653320313,302.05194091796877]},{"page":249,"text":"abort sequential attacks, set up a reattack, or issue a new game plan/CAS brief.","rect":[89.99999237060547,326.8799133300781,468.55438232421877,315.8519287109375]},{"page":249,"text":"(1) Obscuration may preclude assessment for several minutes. JTACs/FAC(A)s","rect":[130.5,352.6799011230469,521.96633984375,341.65191650390627]},{"page":249,"text":"should weigh the need for follow-on attacks with the need to preserve ordnance until an","rect":[89.99994659423828,366.47991943359377,522.0468139648438,355.4519348144531]},{"page":249,"text":"assessment can be made. ","rect":[89.99996948242188,377.8559265136719,212.26795959472657,369.2519226074219]},{"page":249,"text":"(2) If ordnance adjustments are required for sequential attacks, they must be","rect":[133.19996643066407,406.07989501953127,521.9279145507812,395.0399169921875]},{"page":249,"text":"given in a timely manner. Corrections are given in cardinal direction and distance in meters","rect":[89.99996948242188,419.8799133300781,521.998810546875,408.8519287109375]},{"page":249,"text":"from the previous weapon impact point. In the following example, a correction is being","rect":[89.99996948242188,433.6799011230469,521.99755859375,422.65191650390627]},{"page":249,"text":"given to the second attacking aircraft in the flight, based on lead aircraft’s impacts: “Razor","rect":[89.99996948242188,447.4798889160156,521.9519624023437,436.451904296875]},{"page":249,"text":"02, from lead’s hits, north 100.”","rect":[89.99996948242188,459.0,252.6599578857422,450.5638732910156]},{"page":249,"text":"(3) Execute reattacks or issue new game plans/CAS briefs as necessary. ","rect":[133.19996643066407,487.0798645019531,483.3671569824219,476.0518798828125]},{"page":249,"text":"(a) Reattacks allow CAS aircraft to quickly reposition to attack the same","rect":[154.79995727539063,512.8799438476563,522.0599946289062,501.8519287109375]},{"page":249,"text":"target and maintain compliance with any restrictions in place. If reattacks are required, the","rect":[89.99996948242188,526.6199340820313,522.0131806640625,515.5919189453125]},{"page":249,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) must determine if there is a need for a new game plan and also determine","rect":[89.99996948242188,540.4199829101563,522.003537109375,529.3919677734375]},{"page":249,"text":"whether a new CAS brief is required.","rect":[89.99996948242188,554.1959838867188,268.9980163574219,543.1919555664063]},{"page":249,"text":"(b) A reattack by CAS aircraft under Type 1 and 2 control may be requested","rect":[154.7999725341797,580.0199584960938,522.0203247070313,568.991943359375]},{"page":249,"text":"if additional fires are required on the target; aircraft under Type 3 control are free to reattack","rect":[89.99996948242188,593.8200073242188,522.0324096679688,582.7919921875]},{"page":249,"text":"as long as their “cleared to engage” is in effect. ","rect":[89.99996948242188,607.6200561523438,322.5263671875,596.592041015625]},{"page":249,"text":"(c) In a high-threat or hostile environment, aircraft may be unable to make","rect":[154.7999725341797,633.4200439453125,521.9436005859375,622.3920288085938]},{"page":249,"text":"multiple passes due to enemy defenses. ","rect":[89.99996948242188,647.2200317382813,284.67828369140627,636.1920166015625]},{"page":249,"text":"(d) The JTAC/FAC(A) issues approval for reattack and remains aware of ","rect":[154.7999725341797,672.99609375,525.011962890625,661.9920654296875]},{"page":249,"text":"any threats to the aircraft. As was required in the initial attack, clearance to drop/fire on a","rect":[89.99996948242188,686.8201293945313,521.9832124023437,675.7921142578125]},{"page":249,"text":"reattack must be issued by the JTAC/FAC(A) before ordnance release. ","rect":[89.99996948242188,700.6201171875,435.1860046386719,689.5921020507813]},{"page":249,"text":"V-47","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":250,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":250,"text":"(e) Corrections and new restrictions can be given to the aircrew during","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,522.0072021484375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":250,"text":"maneuvering. If the reattack is against the same target, the JTAC/FAC(A) should state","rect":[89.99998474121094,99.47996520996094,521.982052734375,88.45196533203125]},{"page":250,"text":"“(Call sign), CONTINUE for a reattack, restrictions remain the same.”","rect":[89.99998474121094,113.27995300292969,429.17757885742187,102.251953125]},{"page":250,"text":"(f) If the reattack target is in close proximity to the previous target, the","rect":[154.79998779296876,139.0800018310547,522.0180024414062,128.052001953125]},{"page":250,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) must ensure the aircraft is correlated to the new target but does not require","rect":[89.99998474121094,152.87998962402345,522.0300263671875,141.85198974609376]},{"page":250,"text":"a new CAS brief.","rect":[89.99998474121094,164.26797485351563,173.33399963378907,155.6519775390625]},{"page":250,"text":"(g) JTACs/FAC(A)s ","rect":[154.79998779296876,192.47996520996095,259.14959716796877,181.45196533203126]},{"page":250,"text":"shall ","rect":[265.4496154785156,190.0,291.1920166015625,181.45196533203126]},{"page":250,"text":"applicable or change them if necessary.","rect":[89.99998474121094,206.2799530029297,279.2760009765625,195.251953125]},{"page":250,"text":"b. BDA","rect":[111.59998321533203,229.656005859375,151.941587890625,221.052001953125]},{"page":250,"text":"also ","rect":[297.4920349121094,190.0,319.828857421875,181.45196533203126]},{"page":250,"text":"ensure ","rect":[326.12884521484377,190.0,360.4476013183594,184.0]},{"page":250,"text":"previous ","rect":[366.7475891113281,192.45596313476563,411.085205078125,181.45196533203126]},{"page":250,"text":"restrictions ","rect":[417.38519287109377,190.0,473.75042724609377,181.45196533203126]},{"page":250,"text":"are","rect":[480.0504150390625,190.0,494.7180146484375,184.0]},{"page":250,"text":"still","rect":[504.0,190.05596923828126,522.0072036132813,181.45196533203126]},{"page":250,"text":"(1) BDA is used to update the enemy order of battle. Accurate BDA is critical","rect":[133.19998168945313,257.8799133300781,522.0455947265625,246.8519287109375]},{"page":250,"text":"for determining whether a target should be reattacked. There is no standard as to who is in","rect":[89.99998474121094,271.6799621582031,522.0023193359375,260.6519775390625]},{"page":250,"text":"the best position to determine BDA. Aircrew and JTACs/FAC(A)s have different","rect":[89.99998474121094,285.4559631347656,522.0048232421875,274.45196533203127]},{"page":250,"text":"capabilities based on experience, weather, terrain, weapons employment techniques, and","rect":[89.99998474121094,299.2799377441406,522.0816040039063,288.251953125]},{"page":250,"text":"enemy actions when assessing BDA. BDA is crucial in determining mission effectiveness,","rect":[89.99998474121094,313.0799255371094,522.0023193359375,302.05194091796877]},{"page":250,"text":"enemy disposition, and reattack requirements. BDA will be difficult to ascertain in a high-","rect":[89.99998474121094,326.8799133300781,522.0707680664062,315.8519287109375]},{"page":250,"text":"threat environment, but the difficulty can be mitigated by integration of JIPOE early in the","rect":[89.99998474121094,340.6799011230469,522.0035981445312,329.65191650390627]},{"page":250,"text":"planning process. This assists in developing an appropriate mix of ISR assets that","rect":[89.99998474121094,354.47991943359377,521.9183974609375,343.4519348144531]},{"page":250,"text":"maximizes collection and exploitation potential. Determination of who reports or collects","rect":[89.99998474121094,368.25592041015627,521.97122265625,357.2519226074219]},{"page":250,"text":"BDA within a given scenario is based upon the objective, assets/capabilities, experience,","rect":[89.99998474121094,382.07989501953127,522.05517578125,371.0399169921875]},{"page":250,"text":"weather, terrain, employment techniques, and enemy actions. The BDA report should","rect":[90.00000762939453,395.8799133300781,521.988037109375,384.8519287109375]},{"page":250,"text":"include:","rect":[90.00000762939453,407.25592041015627,128.6304030761719,398.65191650390627]},{"page":250,"text":"(a) Size—number and type of equipment/personnel observed.","rect":[154.8000030517578,435.4798889160156,453.3791809082031,424.451904296875]},{"page":250,"text":"(b) Activity—movement direction, stationary, dug-in.","rect":[154.8000030517578,461.2798767089844,416.05438232421877,450.25189208984377]},{"page":250,"text":"(c) Location. ","rect":[154.8000030517578,487.0558776855469,222.7967987060547,476.0518798828125]},{"page":250,"text":"(d) Time.","rect":[154.8000030517578,512.85595703125,203.11680603027345,501.8519287109375]},{"page":250,"text":"(e) Remarks—munitions expended, observed damage (number of tanks","rect":[154.8000030517578,538.6199340820313,521.9928291015625,527.5919189453125]},{"page":250,"text":"destroyed, number still active, and recommendation), mission number, and mission","rect":[90.00005340576172,552.4199829101563,522.0072021484375,541.3919677734375]},{"page":250,"text":"accomplished.","rect":[90.00005340576172,566.1959838867188,158.99046325683595,555.1919555664063]},{"page":250,"text":"(2) Accurate and timely BDA leads to a more accurate operational picture of the","rect":[133.20005798339845,592.0199584960938,522.0048188476562,580.991943359375]},{"page":250,"text":"current enemy order of battle, which helps the C2 system correctly dictate asset flow and","rect":[90.00005340576172,605.8200073242188,522.0360107421875,594.7919921875]},{"page":250,"text":"allocation.","rect":[90.00005340576172,617.196044921875,140.39044189453126,608.592041015625]},{"page":250,"text":"(3) JTACs/FAC(A)s must ensure BDA is accurate and should not overestimate","rect":[133.20005798339845,645.3960571289063,522.0024384765625,634.3920288085938]},{"page":250,"text":"BDA or report BDA that they cannot observe.","rect":[90.00007629394531,659.2200317382813,311.24407958984377,648.1920166015625]},{"page":250,"text":"(4) BDA reports may be passed throughout the time on station, or prior to aircraft","rect":[133.2000732421875,685.0200805664063,521.9664321289063,673.9920654296875]},{"page":250,"text":"egressing, and should be given for a flight, not individual aircraft. ","rect":[90.00005340576172,698.8201293945313,408.5496826171875,687.7921142578125]},{"page":250,"text":"V-48 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":250,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":251,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":251,"text":"(5) JTAC/FAC(A) Responsibilities ","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.65597534179688,318.239990234375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":251,"text":"(a) Whenever possible, the JTAC/FAC(A) provides attack flights with the","rect":[154.79998779296876,111.47996520996094,521.9928559570312,100.45196533203125]},{"page":251,"text":"BDA of their attack as they egress. BDA must also be passed to intelligence and","rect":[90.00001525878906,125.27995300292969,522.0287475585938,114.251953125]},{"page":251,"text":"controlling agencies as soon as possible. The JTAC/FAC(A) should not assume the target","rect":[90.00001525878906,139.0800018310547,522.056458984375,128.052001953125]},{"page":251,"text":"is completely destroyed because the enemy may employ deception. JTACs/FAC(A)s must","rect":[90.00001525878906,152.87998962402345,521.8920302734375,141.85198974609376]},{"page":251,"text":"use their judgment and be precise (if you do not see it, do not report it) in reporting BDA. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,166.6799774169922,524.9700317382813,155.6399688720703]},{"page":251,"text":"If conditions preclude briefing BDA for specific attacks, at a minimum, pass","rect":[90.00001525878906,180.47996520996095,522.00003125,169.45196533203126]},{"page":251,"text":"“SUCCESSFUL,” “UNSUCCESSFUL,” or “UNKNOWN” assessment to the aircraft and","rect":[90.00003814697266,192.0,522.0840454101563,183.251953125]},{"page":251,"text":"the controlling agency for the attack. That assessment reflects whether, in the","rect":[90.00003814697266,208.0800018310547,521.940060546875,197.052001953125]},{"page":251,"text":"JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s judgment, the ground force commander’s desired effects were created","rect":[90.00003814697266,221.87998962402345,522.0936279296875,210.83998107910157]},{"page":251,"text":"by that attack (e.g., has the ground commander’s intent been met for that attack?). In some","rect":[90.00003814697266,235.6799774169922,521.9556245117187,224.6519775390625]},{"page":251,"text":"cases, aircrews with various sensors may be better situated to aid the JTAC/FAC(A) in","rect":[90.00003814697266,249.47996520996095,522.1080932617188,238.45196533203126]},{"page":251,"text":"assessing hit results. ","rect":[90.00003814697266,263.2799377441406,193.69564819335938,252.251953125]},{"page":251,"text":"(b) The JTAC/FAC(A) should provide a “SALTR [size, activity, location,","rect":[154.80003356933595,289.0799560546875,522.0228271484375,278.0519714355469]},{"page":251,"text":"time, remarks]” report to the appropriate C2 agency to determine if further assets are","rect":[90.00006103515625,302.87994384765627,522.0061005859375,291.8519592285156]},{"page":251,"text":"required. JTACs/FAC(A)s develop and maintain a log of all BDA. The log should contain","rect":[90.00006103515625,316.679931640625,521.9976806640625,305.6519470214844]},{"page":251,"text":"the following elements: mission number, call sign, target coordinates, TOT, specific results","rect":[90.00006103515625,330.4799499511719,522.0191962890625,319.45196533203127]},{"page":251,"text":"(number of enemy killed by air, vehicles/structures destroyed, unexploded ordnance),","rect":[90.00008392333985,344.2799377441406,521.9569091796875,333.251953125]},{"page":251,"text":"whether the mission was successful, targets remaining, and recommendation(s).","rect":[90.00008392333985,358.0799255371094,472.81329345703127,347.05194091796877]},{"page":251,"text":"(6) Aircrew Responsibilities. Use the abbreviated USMTF INFLTREP (Figure","rect":[133.20008850097657,383.8799133300781,521.9880952148437,372.8519287109375]},{"page":251,"text":"V-11) to report CAS mission results. The INFLTREP can be used to report other tactical","rect":[90.00009155273438,397.6559143066406,522.0385146484375,386.65191650390627]},{"page":251,"text":"information of such importance and urgency that if the aircrew were to wait for a normal","rect":[90.00010681152344,411.47991943359377,521.9520888671875,400.4519348144531]},{"page":251,"text":"post-flight debriefing the information might no longer be useful. This might include the","rect":[90.00010681152344,425.2799072265625,522.0121430664062,414.2519226074219]},{"page":251,"text":"presence of SAMs, ADA, or radar warning receiver indications or numbers of remaining","rect":[90.00010681152344,439.07989501953127,521.9376831054688,428.0519104003906]},{"page":251,"text":"targets. Send the INFLTREP directly to any TAGS/MACCS agency, the supported unit,","rect":[90.00010681152344,452.8799133300781,522.0241088867188,441.8519287109375]},{"page":251,"text":"or via any available relay. Message recipients may add additional information and forward","rect":[90.00010681152344,466.6199035644531,522.0313110351563,455.5919189453125]},{"page":251,"text":"via another INFLTREP. INFLTREP information is incorporated in all-source intelligence","rect":[90.00010681152344,480.419921875,522.1032685546875,469.3919372558594]},{"page":251,"text":"reports. Use the standard USMTF MISREP format to report mission results after return to","rect":[90.00010681152344,494.1959533691406,521.9256591796875,483.19195556640627]},{"page":251,"text":"base.","rect":[90.00010681152344,505.5959777832031,114.27610778808594,496.9919738769531]},{"page":251,"text":"c. Routing/Safety of Flight. JTACs/FAC(A)s are responsible for providing RSOF","rect":[111.60010528564453,533.8200073242188,522.0241118164063,522.7919921875]},{"page":251,"text":"instructions to aircraft as they egress. This provides safe passage for exiting aircraft, and","rect":[90.00010681152344,547.6200561523438,522.1500244140625,536.592041015625]},{"page":251,"text":"allows JTACs/FAC(A)s to maintain a picture of their CAS stack and positions of assets. ","rect":[90.00010681152344,561.3960571289063,524.9676513671875,550.3920288085938]},{"page":251,"text":"Routing should include a point and an altitude block that provides deconfliction from","rect":[90.00010681152344,575.3400268554688,522.0337197265625,564.5040283203125]},{"page":251,"text":"other aircraft and fires. ","rect":[90.00010681152344,586.716064453125,213.60609436035157,578.3040771484375]},{"page":251,"text":"10. Multisensor ","rect":[90.00010681152344,613.0,175.351318359375,604.1040649414063]},{"page":251,"text":"Imagery ","rect":[182.07131958007813,614.9400634765625,228.4081268310547,604.2960205078125]},{"page":251,"text":"Reconnaissance ","rect":[235.12814331054688,613.0,318.7812805175781,604.1040649414063]},{"page":251,"text":"Reconnaissance for Close Air Support","rect":[90.00010681152344,628.7161254882813,285.36617822265625,617.9041137695313]},{"page":251,"text":"and ","rect":[325.4412841796875,613.0,347.788818359375,604.2960205078125]},{"page":251,"text":"Intelligence, ","rect":[354.50885009765627,614.9400634765625,419.852294921875,604.1040649414063]},{"page":251,"text":"Surveillance, ","rect":[426.572265625,613.0,495.9841003417969,604.1040649414063]},{"page":251,"text":"and","rect":[502.64410400390627,612.5160522460938,521.9940825195313,604.2960205078125]},{"page":251,"text":"a. When aircraft are tasked to conduct MIR or ISR, and there is not an immediate need","rect":[111.60010528564453,652.0081176757813,522.0492553710938,643.39208984375]},{"page":251,"text":"to conduct CAS attacks, the following caveat to the execution template may be used.","rect":[90.00010681152344,668.2200927734375,496.7641296386719,657.1920776367188]},{"page":251,"text":"(1) Routing/safety of flight.","rect":[133.20010375976563,694.0201416015625,260.19488525390627,682.9921264648438]},{"page":251,"text":"(2) CAS aircraft check-in.","rect":[133.20010375976563,719.796142578125,253.7521209716797,708.7921142578125]},{"page":251,"text":"V-49","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":252,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":252,"text":"Figure V-11. Inflight Report","rect":[240.41989135742188,436.5538635253906,371.51057983016968,427.0549011230469]},{"page":252,"text":"(3) Situation update/reconnaissance/surveillance briefing. Sensor allocation:","rect":[133.1999969482422,459.8999938964844,481.68603662109379,448.87200927734377]},{"page":252,"text":"(a) JTACs/FAC(A)s should develop and brief a comprehensive sensor","rect":[154.80001831054688,485.6759948730469,521.9136025390625,474.6719970703125]},{"page":252,"text":"allocation plan that provides tasking for all available sensors. Redundancy should be","rect":[89.99996948242188,499.5,521.99645703125,488.4720153808594]},{"page":252,"text":"minimized.","rect":[89.99996948242188,510.8760070800781,144.3023681640625,502.2720031738281]},{"page":252,"text":"(b) Figure V-12 provides terms for tasking aircraft sensors providing","rect":[154.7999725341797,539.1000366210938,521.988037109375,528.072021484375]},{"page":252,"text":"overwatch for patrols and convoys.","rect":[89.99996948242188,552.9000244140625,258.97923278808596,541.8720092773438]},{"page":252,"text":"(4) MIR/ISR","rect":[133.19996643066407,578.676025390625,201.16796728515625,567.6719970703125]},{"page":252,"text":"(a) While MIR/ISR is being conducted, JTACs/FAC(A)s should remain in","rect":[154.7999725341797,604.5,522.2063598632813,593.4719848632813]},{"page":252,"text":"contact with aircrews and update tasking and sensor allocation as the tactical situation","rect":[89.99999237060547,618.2400512695313,522.1751708984375,607.2120361328125]},{"page":252,"text":"develops.","rect":[89.99999237060547,632.0159912109375,134.09759521484376,621.011962890625]},{"page":252,"text":"(b) Labeling. Specific labels may be assigned to individuals and vehicles","rect":[154.79998779296876,657.8400268554688,522.0216376953125,646.81201171875]},{"page":252,"text":"that aircrews acquire while conducting MIR/ISR. This enables JTACs/FAC(A)s and","rect":[90.00001525878906,671.6400146484375,522.003662109375,660.6119995117188]},{"page":252,"text":"aircrews to quickly refer to these items of interest using the unique label assigned. These","rect":[90.00001525878906,685.4400024414063,522.0324677734375,674.4119873046875]},{"page":252,"text":"labels should be distinctive and unique to each item to reduce confusion, such as “Bongo","rect":[90.00001525878906,699.239990234375,522.0264282226563,688.2119750976563]},{"page":252,"text":"V-50 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":252,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":253,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":253,"text":"Figure V-12. Sensor Postures","rect":[235.02011108398438,249.4136962890625,377.0395345611572,239.91473388671876]},{"page":253,"text":"truck 1” or “Person 2.” Figure V-13 provides brevity codes that can be used with these","rect":[90.0,272.8799743652344,521.978390625,261.85198974609377]},{"page":253,"text":"labels to provide quick, directive tasking.","rect":[90.0,286.6799621582031,288.412841796875,275.6519775390625]},{"page":253,"text":"(c) Labeling may continue into correlation if the aircrew discovers a target.","rect":[154.8000030517578,312.47998046875,518.4144287109375,301.4519958496094]},{"page":253,"text":"(d) If the aircrew is the first to gain SA to a target, the JTAC/FAC(A)","rect":[154.80001831054688,338.27996826171877,521.9963662109375,327.2519836425781]},{"page":253,"text":"should request target coordinates and elevation from the aircrew. Depending on the","rect":[90.0,352.0799865722656,522.0203828125,341.052001953125]},{"page":253,"text":"type of attack planned, the coordinate and elevation passed from the aircrew does not need","rect":[90.0,365.8799743652344,522.0419921875,354.85198974609377]},{"page":253,"text":"to be derived through a dedicated coordinate generation method. For BOT employments,","rect":[90.0000228881836,379.6799621582031,522.0095825195313,368.6519775390625]},{"page":253,"text":"the coordinate and elevation are used by the JTAC/FAC(A) for target location verification","rect":[90.0000228881836,393.4799499511719,522.0696411132813,382.45196533203127]},{"page":253,"text":"and clearance of fires. However, if the attack is planned as a BOC for the original aircraft","rect":[90.0000228881836,407.27996826171877,522.0048842773438,396.2519836425781]},{"page":253,"text":"or other CAS assets, the coordinate and elevation must be as precise as necessary to meet","rect":[90.0000228881836,421.0799560546875,522.0048232421875,410.0519714355469]},{"page":253,"text":"ground commander’s intent. If in doubt, the aircrew should query the JTAC/FAC(A) as to","rect":[90.0000228881836,434.87994384765627,522.0,423.8519592285156]},{"page":253,"text":"the level of precision required.","rect":[90.0000228881836,448.6559753417969,236.96401977539063,437.6519775390625]},{"page":253,"text":"(5) Game Plan","rect":[133.20001220703126,474.4559631347656,210.16081530761719,463.45196533203127]},{"page":253,"text":"(6) CAS Brief. If the aircrew was the first to gain SA to the target, the lines 4","rect":[133.20001220703126,500.2799377441406,521.9928588867188,489.251953125]},{"page":253,"text":"and 6 passed should be the same as provided by the aircrew during MIR/ISR.","rect":[90.00004577636719,514.0799560546875,461.280029296875,503.05194091796877]},{"page":253,"text":"(a) If aircrews are unable to provide a grid and are only tally a target,","rect":[154.80006408691407,539.8799438476563,522.0240478515625,528.8519287109375]},{"page":253,"text":"lines 4 through 6 may be passed in the CAS brief as estimated elevation for line 4, full","rect":[90.00004577636719,553.6799926757813,522.0720229492188,542.6519775390625]},{"page":253,"text":"description of the target for line 5, and “from your TALLY” for line 6. In this case, the","rect":[90.00004577636719,567.4799194335938,522.0888642578125,556.451904296875]},{"page":253,"text":"description in line 5 is the critical item and must distinguish the target from other potential","rect":[90.00004577636719,581.2799682617188,522.03961328125,570.251953125]},{"page":253,"text":"targets in the area. When this technique is utilized, aircraft readbacks will consist of","rect":[90.00004577636719,595.0799560546875,522.019193359375,584.0519409179688]},{"page":253,"text":"elevation and the aircrew will state TALLY.","rect":[90.0,606.575927734375,315.6431884765625,598.1639404296875]},{"page":253,"text":"(b) If the aircrew are CAPTURED the target subsequent to the CAS brief,","rect":[154.8000030517578,634.679931640625,522.0047607421875,623.6519165039063]},{"page":253,"text":"and able to provide updated lines 4 and 6, the aircrew will pass the JTAC/FAC(A) an","rect":[89.99995422363281,648.4559326171875,522.0179443359375,637.451904296875]},{"page":253,"text":"updated elevation and/or coordinate for the target. The JTAC/FAC(a) and the supporting","rect":[89.9999771118164,662.2799072265625,522.0239868164063,651.2518920898438]},{"page":253,"text":"fires approval chain will use this coordinate for final fires integration, as a starting point","rect":[89.9999771118164,676.0799560546875,521.9904189453125,665.0519409179688]},{"page":253,"text":"for future correlation (if required) and for the BDA report. The coordinate passed from the","rect":[89.9999771118164,689.7959594726563,521.9447602539062,678.7919311523438]},{"page":253,"text":"aircraft to the JTAC/FAC(A) during the target correlation process does not require any","rect":[89.9999771118164,703.6199340820313,521.9951171875,692.5919189453125]},{"page":253,"text":"further readback by the JTAC/FAC(A) if the aircrew passed the coordinate to enhance SA","rect":[89.9999771118164,717.4199829101563,522.016783203125,706.3919677734375]},{"page":253,"text":"V-51","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":254,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":254,"text":"Figure V-13. Sensor Tasking Brevity Codes","rect":[202.7998046875,335.75384521484377,409.1986837310791,326.2548828125]},{"page":254,"text":"and assist in the fires approval process. The attack will be conducted based on the aircrew’s","rect":[90.0,359.0159912109375,521.9615791015625,348.0119934082031]},{"page":254,"text":"capture only. If there is a concern over the grid provided, further correlation may be","rect":[90.0,372.8399658203125,521.9423798828125,361.8119812011719]},{"page":254,"text":"warranted. The purpose of this exchange TTP is to confirm correlation of target location","rect":[90.0,386.6399841308594,522.0744018554688,375.61199951171877]},{"page":254,"text":"in an expeditious manner and ensure the supported ground element has a record of final","rect":[90.0,400.4399719238281,522.0203872070313,389.4119873046875]},{"page":254,"text":"target location.","rect":[90.0,414.2399597167969,161.97000122070313,403.21197509765627]},{"page":254,"text":"(7) Remarks/Restrictions","rect":[133.1999969482422,440.0159912109375,264.51120068359378,429.0119934082031]},{"page":254,"text":"(8) Readbacks. An aircrew can acquire a target and derive targetable data (lines","rect":[133.1999969482422,465.8399658203125,522.052765625,454.8119812011719]},{"page":254,"text":"4, 5, and 6) for the JTAC/FAC(A) while conducting CAS, ISR, escort, and other missions. ","rect":[90.0,479.6399841308594,524.9904174804688,468.61199951171877]},{"page":254,"text":"After verifying the target data provided by the aircrew, the JTAC/FAC(A) will provide the","rect":[90.0000228881836,493.4399719238281,522.1320161132812,482.4119873046875]},{"page":254,"text":"same aircrew with a CAS briefing using the target data provided by the aircrew. The","rect":[90.0000228881836,507.2399597167969,522.0360078125,496.21197509765627]},{"page":254,"text":"transmission of the target data by the JTAC/FAC(A) is considered the mandatory readback","rect":[90.0000228881836,521.0399780273438,522.0144653320313,510.011962890625]},{"page":254,"text":"and it is the responsibility of the aircrew to confirm readback was correct. Aircrew","rect":[90.0000228881836,534.8399658203125,522.0408310546875,523.8119506835938]},{"page":254,"text":"readbacks will only consist of any restrictions passed. Note: This situation only applies","rect":[90.0000228881836,548.6399536132813,522.05520703125,537.6119384765625]},{"page":254,"text":"if the aircrew that provides the target data is the same aircrew that is provided the","rect":[90.0000228881836,562.5599975585938,521.9340180664062,551.7239990234375]},{"page":254,"text":"CAS briefing by the JTAC/FAC(A).","rect":[90.0000228881836,576.3599853515625,274.3200378417969,565.5239868164063]},{"page":254,"text":"(9) Attack","rect":[133.20001220703126,602.0159912109375,187.87442309570313,591.011962890625]},{"page":254,"text":"(10) Assess effectiveness and repeat steps 4 through 9 as necessary.","rect":[133.20001220703126,627.8399658203125,462.4056091308594,616.8119506835938]},{"page":254,"text":"(11) BDA","rect":[133.2000274658203,653.615966796875,184.519224609375,642.6119384765625]},{"page":254,"text":"(12) Routing/Safety of Flight","rect":[133.2000274658203,679.3799438476563,282.4931923828125,668.3519287109375]},{"page":254,"text":"b. When it appears likely that a CAS attack will be required, JTACs/FAC(A)s should","rect":[111.60001373291016,705.1799926757813,521.9832153320313,694.1519775390625]},{"page":254,"text":"be proactive in developing the game plan, CAS brief, and restrictions. Developing this","rect":[90.0000228881836,718.9799194335938,522.0048530273438,707.951904296875]},{"page":254,"text":"V-52 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":254,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":255,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":255,"text":"information early will allow JTACs/FAC(A)s to issue a preemptive CAS brief, minimizing","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0408325195313,74.6519775390625]},{"page":255,"text":"time to kill once the target has been acquired, updating lines 4 through 6 and 8, and the","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,521.9832124023437,88.45196533203125]},{"page":255,"text":"attack has been approved.","rect":[90.0,113.25595092773438,213.98883056640626,102.251953125]},{"page":255,"text":"11. Special Operations Forces Gunship Close Air Support and Integration with","rect":[90.0,139.1999969482422,521.9592314453125,128.36399841308595]},{"page":255,"text":"Other Strike Aircraft","rect":[90.0,150.5999755859375,199.89599389648439,142.1639862060547]},{"page":255,"text":"a. Due to unique systems and capabilities, SOF gunships do not require TAC for all","rect":[111.5999984741211,178.6799774169922,522.2268081054688,167.6519775390625]},{"page":255,"text":"weapons profiles. JTACs/FAC(A)s supported by SOF gunships must establish the fire/attack","rect":[90.0,192.47996520996095,522.171630859375,181.45196533203126]},{"page":255,"text":"control and approval procedures to be used during an engagement. The SOF gunship crew","rect":[90.0,206.2799530029297,522.1463608398437,195.251953125]},{"page":255,"text":"will maintain radio contact with the supported forces at all times during firing.","rect":[90.0,220.0800018310547,454.2227783203125,209.052001953125]},{"page":255,"text":"b. The SOF gunship can accept a SOF gunship 5-line and a 9-line CAS brief. Gunship","rect":[111.59999084472656,245.8799285888672,522.0095825195313,234.8519287109375]},{"page":255,"text":"crews prefer 5 lines for gun engagements and 9 lines for PGMs. When using both gun and","rect":[89.9999771118164,259.6799621582031,521.9579467773438,248.6519775390625]},{"page":255,"text":"PGMs during a simultaneous attack, use a 9-line with gun attacks stated in the remarks. In","rect":[89.9999771118164,273.4799499511719,522.0335693359375,262.45196533203127]},{"page":255,"text":"addition to the standard briefing items, the following items are mandatory for SOF","rect":[89.9999771118164,287.2799377441406,521.9819975585938,276.251953125]},{"page":255,"text":"gunships: a detailed threat description, marking of friendly locations, identifiable ground","rect":[89.9999771118164,301.0799255371094,522.0419921875,290.05194091796877]},{"page":255,"text":"features, and the ground commander’s willingness to accept danger close.","rect":[89.9999771118164,314.8799133300781,444.31195068359377,303.8519287109375]},{"page":255,"text":"c. Locating Friendly Positions. Normally, the first consideration in the attack phase","rect":[111.59999084472656,340.6799011230469,522.0444306640625,329.65191650390627]},{"page":255,"text":"is to identify the friendly position. Various aids may be used by friendly ground forces to","rect":[89.99998474121094,354.47991943359377,521.97607421875,343.4519348144531]},{"page":255,"text":"expedite acquisition (e.g., strobe lights, flares, GLINT tape). In addition, there are several","rect":[90.0,368.2799072265625,521.9951796875,357.2519226074219]},{"page":255,"text":"electronic beacons that may be used to assist in locating friendly forces. The SOF gunship","rect":[90.0,382.07989501953127,521.9951171875,371.0519104003906]},{"page":255,"text":"crew will maintain radio contact with the ground forces at all times during firing. When","rect":[90.0,395.8799133300781,522.0455932617188,384.8519287109375]},{"page":255,"text":"employing a SOF gunship with radar beacons, the JTAC/FAC(A) must give all target","rect":[90.0,409.6799011230469,522.0780043945313,398.65191650390627]},{"page":255,"text":"ranges and bearings from the location of the beacon. The beacon should be located as close","rect":[90.0,423.4798889160156,521.9567841796875,412.451904296875]},{"page":255,"text":"as practical to the perimeter of friendly forces.","rect":[90.0,437.2798767089844,312.6767883300781,426.25189208984377]},{"page":255,"text":"d. Parameters for Attacking the Target. The type of target, its value, the","rect":[111.60000610351563,463.0798645019531,522.0275849609375,452.0518798828125]},{"page":255,"text":"proximity of friendly forces, and the damage already inflicted will determine the","rect":[90.0,476.8799133300781,522.0671967773437,465.8519287109375]},{"page":255,"text":"weapon selection, ammunition type, and the number of rounds required to successfully","rect":[90.0,490.6199035644531,521.9783935546875,479.5919189453125]},{"page":255,"text":"attack the target. Munitions selection should not be dictated to the SOF gunships; rather,","rect":[90.0,504.419921875,521.9208374023438,493.3919372558594]},{"page":255,"text":"the JTAC/FAC(A) should request the desired effects. The SOF gunship is capable of ","rect":[90.0,518.219970703125,525.016845703125,507.19195556640627]},{"page":255,"text":"extended loiter and SOF gunship crews can work a series of targets with a single ground","rect":[90.0,532.0199584960938,521.9388427734375,520.991943359375]},{"page":255,"text":"party/controller. In these cases, the call for fire briefing format can be abbreviated but must","rect":[90.0,545.8200073242188,521.9591689453125,534.7919921875]},{"page":255,"text":"include magnetic bearing and range to the target in meters from the friendly position to the","rect":[90.0,559.6200561523438,522.0047578125,548.592041015625]},{"page":255,"text":"target and a brief description of the targets.","rect":[90.0,573.4200439453125,296.5439758300781,562.3920288085938]},{"page":255,"text":"e. Adjusting SOF Gunship Fire","rect":[111.5999984741211,599.2200317382813,274.2479829101562,588.384033203125]},{"page":255,"text":"(1) If there is a significant miss distance or the wrong target was hit, adjust the","rect":[133.1999969482422,625.0200805664063,522.0324067382812,613.9800415039063]},{"page":255,"text":"round impact by giving cardinal/sub-cardinal direction and range (meters) from impact to","rect":[90.0,638.8201293945313,522.0935668945313,627.7921142578125]},{"page":255,"text":"the desired target: “adjust fire northeast 200.”","rect":[89.9999771118164,652.6201171875,308.88717358398437,641.580078125]},{"page":255,"text":"(2) Marking or confirming targets may be accomplished using the gunships IR","rect":[133.19998168945313,678.4201049804688,521.965181640625,667.39208984375]},{"page":255,"text":"pointer (SPARKLE).","rect":[90.0000228881836,692.1961669921875,191.34841918945313,681.192138671875]},{"page":255,"text":"V-53","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":256,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":256,"text":"(a) To move the IR pointer, JTAC/FAC(A) should say “move” or “roll","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,522.0012221679688,74.6519775390625]},{"page":256,"text":"SPARKLE” with direction and distance: “roll SPARKLE northeast 100.”","rect":[90.00003051757813,97.06796264648438,442.212033203125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":256,"text":"(b) Once IR pointer is over the target, say “freeze SPARKLE.”","rect":[154.80001831054688,125.27995300292969,459.6791962890625,114.251953125]},{"page":256,"text":"(3) Do nots:","rect":[133.2000274658203,151.05599975585938,194.22482446289065,140.052001953125]},{"page":256,"text":"(a) Do not ask the gunship to identify colors at night.","rect":[154.80001831054688,176.87998962402345,412.0776062011719,165.85198974609376]},{"page":256,"text":"(b) Do not reference clock positions.","rect":[154.80001831054688,202.65597534179688,333.6672058105469,191.6519775390625]},{"page":256,"text":"(c) Do not pass run-in headings/no-fire headings when passing 5-line.","rect":[154.80001831054688,228.47996520996095,492.3720397949219,217.45196533203126]},{"page":256,"text":"(d) Do not correct “left, right, short, or long.”","rect":[154.80001831054688,254.2799530029297,375.7968110351562,243.251953125]},{"page":256,"text":"f. Gunship Integration with Other Strike Aircraft","rect":[111.60002136230469,280.0799865722656,368.3148781738281,269.0639953613281]},{"page":256,"text":"(1) Gunships fly a continuous orbit around a target. JTACs/FAC(A)should strive","rect":[133.20001220703126,305.87994384765627,522.0060395507812,294.8519592285156]},{"page":256,"text":"to keep fires massed and constant while integrating CAS aircraft and gunships.","rect":[90.00003051757813,319.679931640625,468.482421875,308.6519470214844]},{"page":256,"text":"(2) FW Integration with SOF Gunship. JTACs/FAC(A)s can use three separate","rect":[133.20004272460938,345.4799499511719,522.0048188476562,334.45196533203127]},{"page":256,"text":"integration methods to employ FW CAS with gunships. Advantages and disadvantages","rect":[90.00003051757813,359.2799377441406,522.00247265625,348.251953125]},{"page":256,"text":"attributes can be found in Figure V-14.","rect":[90.00003051757813,373.0799255371094,276.9720458984375,362.05194091796877]},{"page":256,"text":"(a) Wheel (Figure V-15).","rect":[154.80003356933595,398.8799133300781,278.4012451171875,387.8519287109375]},{"page":256,"text":"(b) IP—target run-in (Figure V-16).","rect":[154.80003356933595,424.6799011230469,330.0277099609375,413.65191650390627]},{"page":256,"text":"(c) Opposite sector (Figure V-17).","rect":[154.80003356933595,450.47991943359377,322.05364990234377,439.4519348144531]},{"page":256,"text":"(3) RW Integration with SOF Gunship. Figure V-18 depicts RW procedures and","rect":[133.2000274658203,476.2799072265625,522.0167846679688,465.2519226074219]},{"page":256,"text":"radio calls to allow for continuous gunship support and the integration of RW CAS aircraft.","rect":[90.00000762939453,490.0799255371094,522.0480346679688,479.05194091796877]},{"page":256,"text":"V-54 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":256,"text":"Figure V-14. Special Operations Forces Gunship Integration Attributes","rect":[137.63999938964845,719.6941528320313,474.35206507873536,710.1951904296875]},{"page":256,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":257,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,620.0,93.0,619.0]},{"page":257,"text":"Special Operations Forces Gunship Wheel Example","rect":[99.77999877929688,95.03705596923828,422.57311450714988,81.97569274902344]},{"page":257,"text":"8 nm Orbit","rect":[282.0,161.47149658203126,337.02923230772918,153.24346923828126]},{"page":257,"text":"F-15E, F/A-18","rect":[166.3783416748047,321.478759765625,229.7099599179982,314.0091552734375]},{"page":257,"text":"Counterclockwise","rect":[155.27867126464845,331.4886169433594,240.87982075784195,324.0289611816406]},{"page":257,"text":"Wheel","rect":[183.29905700683595,341.44873046875,212.78823801563974,334.1084289550781]},{"page":257,"text":"FAH","rect":[218.7602996826172,417.2996826171875,240.73440977312894,409.3345947265625]},{"page":257,"text":"< 2 nm Orbit","rect":[275.8797912597656,246.42068481445313,340.39101819640106,238.20361328125]},{"page":257,"text":"Abeam","rect":[302.2794494628906,432.3490295410156,335.6717233068423,425.00872802734377]},{"page":257,"text":"Line","rect":[308.69903564453127,442.36883544921877,329.28521626565449,435.0285339355469]},{"page":257,"text":"A-10, F-16C","rect":[366.3599853515625,408.0,421.36809489737979,400.2297668457031]},{"page":257,"text":"Clockwise","rect":[369.4198913574219,417.709228515625,418.3422841367482,410.24957275390627]},{"page":257,"text":"Wheel","rect":[379.1400146484375,427.6693420410156,408.62921091603035,420.32904052734377]},{"page":257,"text":"Legend","rect":[100.0199966430664,527.0187377929688,133.3316284258758,517.7091064453125]},{"page":257,"text":"FAH final attack heading","rect":[105.95999908447266,543.3429565429688,204.1691138028572,535.7999267578125]},{"page":257,"text":"nm ","rect":[274.3799743652344,541.6799926757813,287.7297442793583,536.0]},{"page":257,"text":"nautical mile","rect":[303.7435302734375,541.7675170898438,348.21388308996657,535.8953857421875]},{"page":257,"text":"Figure V-15. Special Operations Forces Gunship Wheel Example","rect":[151.8000030517578,573.3541870117188,460.2356710357666,563.855224609375]},{"page":257,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":257,"text":"V-55","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.2359008789063]},{"page":258,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":258,"text":" ","rect":[111.5999984741211,678.0,114.5999984741211,677.0]},{"page":258,"text":"V-56 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":258,"text":"Figure V-16. Initial Point—Target Run-In","rect":[209.57962036132813,656.453857421875,401.1770603675842,647.0451049804688]},{"page":258,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":259,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,675.0,93.0,674.0]},{"page":259,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":259,"text":"Figure V-17. Special Operations Forces Gunship Opposite Sector Example","rect":[127.3204345703125,652.5538940429688,483.4983663482666,643.054931640625]},{"page":259,"text":"V-57","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.2359008789063]},{"page":260,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":260,"text":"Figure V-18. Rotary-Wing Integration with Special Operations Forces Gunship","rect":[119.57998657226563,652.5538940429688,491.22277569961548,643.054931640625]},{"page":260,"text":"12. Close Air Support without a Joint Terminal Attack Controller ","rect":[90.0,677.1360473632813,433.38482666015627,666.3240356445313]},{"page":260,"text":"a. In certain circumstances, the ground commander might require air support when a JTAC","rect":[111.60001373291016,702.8400268554688,522.266451171875,691.81201171875]},{"page":260,"text":"or FAC(A) is not available, or is no longer able to provide assistance, but detailed integration","rect":[90.0000228881836,716.6400146484375,522.3529052734375,705.6119995117188]},{"page":260,"text":"V-58 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":260,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":261,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":261,"text":"and synchronization with friendly forces fire and movement is still required. Aircrews","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.2160346679688,74.6519775390625]},{"page":261,"text":"executing CAS under these circumstances bear increased responsibility for the detailed","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.268798828125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":261,"text":"integration and synchronization required to minimize friendly fire and collateral damage, tasks","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,522.3408515625,102.251953125]},{"page":261,"text":"normally done by a JTAC/FAC(A). In these circumstances, CAS aircrews should assist non-","rect":[90.0000228881836,127.08000183105469,522.2508217773437,116.052001953125]},{"page":261,"text":"JTAC-qualified personnel/units to the greatest extent possible, to bring fires to bear.","rect":[90.0000228881836,140.87998962402345,471.9960632324219,129.85198974609376]},{"page":261,"text":"b. Due to the complexity of air support, the commander must consider the increased","rect":[111.60005950927735,166.6799774169922,522.016845703125,155.6519775390625]},{"page":261,"text":"risk of friendly fire and collateral damage when using personnel who are not","rect":[90.00006866455078,180.47996520996095,522.0048232421875,169.45196533203126]},{"page":261,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) qualified. The requester must notify/alert their command element when a","rect":[90.00006866455078,194.2799530029297,521.966427734375,183.251953125]},{"page":261,"text":"JTAC or FAC(A) is unavailable to conduct Type 1, 2, or 3 control. If the maneuver","rect":[90.00006866455078,208.0800018310547,522.0193154296875,197.052001953125]},{"page":261,"text":"commander accepts the risk, the request is forwarded to the CAS controlling agency","rect":[90.00006866455078,221.87998962402345,522.015625,210.85198974609376]},{"page":261,"text":"(ASOC, DASC, JAOC). This information will alert the CAS controlling agency that","rect":[90.00006866455078,235.6799774169922,521.9916396484375,224.6519775390625]},{"page":261,"text":"aircrews will be working with non-JTAC personnel. ","rect":[90.00006866455078,249.47996520996095,343.22406005859377,238.45196533203126]},{"page":261,"text":"c. Ground personnel requiring air support will normally be able to provide much of ","rect":[111.60005950927735,275.2799377441406,525.0048828125,264.251953125]},{"page":261,"text":"the information needed to complete the CAS brief. CAS aircrews should attempt to draw","rect":[90.00006866455078,289.05596923828127,521.978453125,278.0519714355469]},{"page":261,"text":"the following information from the ground personnel: ","rect":[90.00006866455078,302.87994384765627,350.948486328125,291.8519592285156]},{"page":261,"text":"(1) Target elevation.","rect":[133.20005798339845,328.679931640625,234.50405883789063,317.6519470214844]},{"page":261,"text":"(2) Target location (e.g., grid, latitude/longitude, direction and distance from","rect":[133.20005798339845,354.4799499511719,522.0168471679688,343.45196533203127]},{"page":261,"text":"reference point).","rect":[90.00006866455078,368.2559509277344,169.38006591796876,357.251953125]},{"page":261,"text":"(3) Target description (sufficient to provide PID).","rect":[133.2000732421875,394.0799255371094,374.51776123046877,383.05194091796877]},{"page":261,"text":"(4) Any target marks that the ground personnel are able to provide (e.g., smoke,","rect":[133.2000732421875,419.8799133300781,522.0552978515625,408.8519287109375]},{"page":261,"text":"direct fire, laser, IR pointer).","rect":[90.00009155273438,433.6559143066406,227.6653289794922,422.65191650390627]},{"page":261,"text":"(5) Nearest friendly location (provide sub-cardinal direction and distance from","rect":[133.20008850097657,459.47991943359377,522.1200576171875,448.4519348144531]},{"page":261,"text":"target).","rect":[90.00009155273438,473.2799072265625,124.39689636230469,462.2519226074219]},{"page":261,"text":"(6) Any restrictions the ground commander feels are necessary or SA the aircrew","rect":[133.20008850097657,499.0799255371094,521.9581284179687,488.05194091796877]},{"page":261,"text":"needs to prosecute the target safely (e.g., presence of civilians or other friendly troops). ","rect":[90.00011444091797,512.8799438476563,525.0409545898438,501.8519592285156]},{"page":261,"text":"Aircrews should be prepared to develop their own restrictions according to what they","rect":[90.00011444091797,526.6199951171875,521.9905395507813,515.5919799804688]},{"page":261,"text":"believe is necessary for the safe prosecution of the target, to include FAHs, to ensure the","rect":[90.00013732910156,540.4199829101563,522.0048798828125,529.3919677734375]},{"page":261,"text":"friendly forces and civilians are safe from the effects of all fires. ","rect":[90.00013732910156,554.2200317382813,407.52496337890627,543.1920166015625]},{"page":261,"text":"(7) Aircrews shall achieve positive target correlation through a sufficient","rect":[133.20016479492188,580.02001953125,521.9857802734375,568.9920043945313]},{"page":261,"text":"dialogue with the ground personnel, while understanding that the ground personnel are not","rect":[90.00016021728516,593.820068359375,522.0037856445313,582.7920532226563]},{"page":261,"text":"specifically trained in target correlation methods. ","rect":[90.00016021728516,607.6200561523438,331.9993896484375,596.592041015625]},{"page":261,"text":"(8) Aircrews should direct the ground personnel to use the brevity code","rect":[133.20016479492188,633.4201049804688,522.028927734375,622.39208984375]},{"page":261,"text":"“ABORT,” if any unsafe situation develops during the attack.","rect":[90.00016021728516,647.2200927734375,385.90692138671877,636.1920776367188]},{"page":261,"text":"d. Aircrews in this situation will make a timely effort to involve a JTAC/FAC(A) in","rect":[111.60015869140625,673.0201416015625,522.0025024414063,661.9921264648438]},{"page":261,"text":"the situation; be prepared to obtain information from ground personnel to complete the","rect":[90.00016021728516,686.8201293945313,521.9833344726562,675.7921142578125]},{"page":261,"text":"attack brief; and will exercise vigilance with target ID, weapons effects, friendly locations,","rect":[90.00016021728516,700.6201782226563,522.0205688476563,689.5921630859375]},{"page":261,"text":"and execution of the final attack/abort procedures.","rect":[90.00016021728516,714.3961791992188,330.9361572265625,703.3921508789063]},{"page":261,"text":"V-59","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":262,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":262,"text":"13. Forward Air Controller (Airborne) Integration","rect":[90.0,85.79997253417969,353.0064116210938,74.96397399902344]},{"page":262,"text":"a. The FAC(A) is an extension of the TACP and should communicate “FAC(A)-","rect":[111.60000610351563,111.45596313476563,521.9687783203125,100.45196533203125]},{"page":262,"text":"capable/qualified” at check-in, providing the JTAC knowledge of the capability resident","rect":[90.0,125.27995300292969,521.9855971679688,114.251953125]},{"page":262,"text":"within the asset. If the JTAC intends to utilize the FAC(A) capability in these situations,","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,522.082763671875,128.052001953125]},{"page":262,"text":"the situation update should be much more in depth than that of a normal CAS asset;","rect":[90.0,152.85598754882813,522.0047622070313,141.85198974609376]},{"page":262,"text":"therefore, the JTAC should consider using an enhanced version of the common situation","rect":[90.0,166.6799774169922,522.0216064453125,155.6519775390625]},{"page":262,"text":"update. If a FAC(A)-capable asset is going to be used ad hoc, then JTACs should be aware","rect":[90.0,180.47996520996095,522.009640625,169.45196533203126]},{"page":262,"text":"that the usual degree of detailed integration may not have taken place during mission","rect":[90.0,194.2799530029297,522.0263671875,183.251953125]},{"page":262,"text":"planning. More time may be required to allow the asset to develop the necessary SA to","rect":[90.0,208.0800018310547,521.983154296875,197.052001953125]},{"page":262,"text":"successfully perform FAC(A) duties.","rect":[90.0,221.8799285888672,268.0319519042969,210.8519287109375]},{"page":262,"text":"b. With an enhanced knowledge of the overall game plan, the FAC(A) will be better","rect":[111.5999984741211,247.6799774169922,522.0503823242187,236.6519775390625]},{"page":262,"text":"prepared and able to support the JTAC and/or ground commander. Other information to","rect":[90.0,261.4799499511719,522.0180053710938,250.45196533203126]},{"page":262,"text":"be passed to FAC(A) should be any present or developing target areas. If the JTAC has","rect":[90.0,275.2799377441406,521.9939887695313,264.251953125]},{"page":262,"text":"CAS briefs available, complete or incomplete, they should pass as much to the FAC(A) as","rect":[90.0,289.0799255371094,521.96878125,278.05194091796877]},{"page":262,"text":"the tactical situation allows. Routine “nice to know” information for a CAS asset should","rect":[90.0,300.46795654296877,522.02392578125,291.8519592285156]},{"page":262,"text":"be considered and passed as “need-to-know” information for a FAC(A), as it may become","rect":[90.0,316.679931640625,521.9328583984375,305.6519470214844]},{"page":262,"text":"critical for effective execution as the tactical situation changes.","rect":[90.0,330.47991943359377,392.1672058105469,319.4519348144531]},{"page":262,"text":"c. It is important that JTACs and ground commanders understand the capabilities that","rect":[111.60001373291016,356.2799377441406,522.0023818359375,345.251953125]},{"page":262,"text":"FAC(A)s bring to an operational area. The following list highlights these capabilities: ","rect":[90.0000228881836,370.0799255371094,510.2640380859375,359.05194091796877]},{"page":262,"text":"(1) TAC (Type 1, 2, and 3)","rect":[133.20004272460938,395.8799133300781,270.8364541015625,384.8519287109375]},{"page":262,"text":"(a) Provide final attack clearance in accordance with Type 1, 2, and 3 control.","rect":[154.800048828125,421.6799011230469,521.9856567382813,410.65191650390627]},{"page":262,"text":"(b) Coordinate and control SOF gunship fire missions.","rect":[154.80006408691407,447.4798889160156,419.03521728515627,436.451904296875]},{"page":262,"text":"(c) Be a reactive CAS asset, available to the JTAC.","rect":[154.800048828125,473.2559509277344,403.37646484375,462.251953125]},{"page":262,"text":"(d) Provide a final quality control check to prevent friendly fire.","rect":[154.800048828125,499.0799255371094,464.63525390625,488.05194091796877]},{"page":262,"text":"(2) Radio Relay","rect":[133.20004272460938,524.8800048828125,216.19204711914063,513.8519897460938]},{"page":262,"text":"(a) Provide a communication link due to LOS for the JTAC and supported unit.","rect":[154.800048828125,550.656005859375,522.1585083007813,539.6519775390625]},{"page":262,"text":"C2 system.","rect":[90.00006866455078,590.2200317382813,143.2848663330078,579.39599609375]},{"page":262,"text":"(b) Provide a communication link between the supported unit and aviation","rect":[154.80006408691407,576.39599609375,521.9568481445313,565.3919677734375]},{"page":262,"text":"(c) Perform on-scene commander duties in the event of a combat search and","rect":[154.80007934570313,615.99609375,522.074462890625,604.9920654296875]},{"page":262,"text":"rescue event where there is no ground commander or TACP/JTAC on scene.","rect":[90.00004577636719,629.820068359375,457.944091796875,618.7920532226563]},{"page":262,"text":"(3) Reconnaissance","rect":[133.20004272460938,655.5960693359375,233.84164135742189,644.592041015625]},{"page":262,"text":"(a) Perform multispectral imagery function in an attempt to fulfill CCIRs.","rect":[154.800048828125,681.4201049804688,511.33209228515627,670.39208984375]},{"page":262,"text":"(b) Provide target analysis and weaponeering recommendations.","rect":[154.80006408691407,707.2201538085938,466.010498046875,696.192138671875]},{"page":262,"text":"V-60 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":262,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":263,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":263,"text":"(c) Provide perspective from air, same perspective of CAS assets.","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.65597534179688,482.4599914550781,74.6519775390625]},{"page":263,"text":"(4) Call for Fire. Perform as an artillery spotter/perform calls for fire.","rect":[133.20001220703126,111.47996520996094,487.3248596191406,100.45196533203125]},{"page":263,"text":"(5) Asset Coordination/Deconfliction","rect":[133.20001220703126,137.25595092773438,328.8839750976563,126.251953125]},{"page":263,"text":"(a) Provide deconfliction of aircraft and surface fires.","rect":[154.80001831054688,163.05599975585938,422.0664367675781,152.052001953125]},{"page":263,"text":"(b) Pass situation updates.","rect":[154.80001831054688,188.85598754882813,287.15045166015627,177.85198974609376]},{"page":263,"text":"(c) Put targeting information into CAS brief format, tactical situation-","rect":[154.80001831054688,214.6799774169922,521.9027993164062,203.6519775390625]},{"page":263,"text":"dependent.","rect":[90.00003051757813,228.45596313476563,143.68081665039063,217.45196533203126]},{"page":263,"text":"(d) Pass targeting information","rect":[154.80003356933595,254.2799530029297,311.678466796875,243.251953125]},{"page":263,"text":"SPINS specified formats).","rect":[89.99998474121094,268.0559387207031,219.22915649414063,257.05194091796877]},{"page":263,"text":"(CAS brief, SOF gunship call for fire,","rect":[317.6400146484375,254.2799530029297,521.8368530273438,243.251953125]},{"page":263,"text":"(6) BDA. Develop and pass BDA.","rect":[133.19998168945313,293.85595703125,308.10357666015627,282.8519592285156]},{"page":263,"text":"(7) Target Marking/Designation/Coordinate Generation","rect":[133.19998168945313,319.679931640625,430.46048266601567,308.6519470214844]},{"page":263,"text":"(a) Provide talk-ons.","rect":[154.79998779296876,345.4559631347656,259.2239990234375,334.45196533203127]},{"page":263,"text":"(b) Provide marks.","rect":[154.79998779296876,371.2559509277344,250.10877990722657,360.251953125]},{"page":263,"text":"(c) Provide terminal guidance for LGWs.","rect":[154.79998779296876,397.0799255371094,361.4795837402344,386.05194091796877]},{"page":263,"text":"(d) Generate target coordinates for weapons employment.","rect":[154.79998779296876,422.8799133300781,442.9451599121094,411.8519287109375]},{"page":263,"text":"(8) SEAD Coordination Efforts ","rect":[133.19998168945313,448.6559143066406,303.3599853515625,437.65191650390627]},{"page":263,"text":"d. FAC(A) Duties and Responsibilities. It is important for the JTAC and FAC(A)","rect":[111.5999984741211,474.4559631347656,521.8871743164062,463.45196533203127]},{"page":263,"text":"to rapidly determine responsibilities for execution and expedite CAS procedures in a","rect":[90.00003051757813,488.2799377441406,521.851193359375,477.251953125]},{"page":263,"text":"tactically safe manner. The three objectives of the FAC(A) are: to achieve the ground","rect":[90.00003051757813,502.0799865722656,521.8199462890625,491.0400085449219]},{"page":263,"text":"commander’s objective, maximize and integrate fires on the battlefield, and mitigate","rect":[90.00003051757813,515.8800048828125,521.9160126953125,504.8399963378906]},{"page":263,"text":"friendly fire. The FAC(A) must understand the tasking and duties set forth by the JTAC","rect":[90.00005340576172,529.6800537109375,521.8524497070313,518.6520385742188]},{"page":263,"text":"to accomplish them autonomously and reduce the work load required of the JTAC. ","rect":[90.00005340576172,543.4800415039063,524.9280395507813,532.4520263671875]},{"page":263,"text":"Absence, or misidentification, of the tasks and duties for the FAC(A) during planning","rect":[90.00005340576172,557.2800903320313,521.8488159179688,546.2520751953125]},{"page":263,"text":"and/or execution will likely result in delayed CAS. It is important to note that these","rect":[90.00005340576172,571.080078125,521.89440625,560.0520629882813]},{"page":263,"text":"duties can change at any time during the time on station for the supporting FAC(A), at","rect":[90.00005340576172,584.880126953125,521.7960830078125,573.8521118164063]},{"page":263,"text":"the discretion of the TACP. Should TAC duties be divided between the JTAC and","rect":[90.00005340576172,596.2081298828125,521.946044921875,587.5921020507813]},{"page":263,"text":"FAC(A), the element who has the authority to provide final weapons release clearance","rect":[90.00005340576172,612.4201049804688,521.9377412109375,601.39208984375]},{"page":263,"text":"must be clearly stated. This will alleviate any confusion during the critical phase of ","rect":[90.00005340576172,626.2201538085938,525.0384521484375,615.192138671875]},{"page":263,"text":"employment. JTACs and FAC(A)s should use the following terms and brevity codes to","rect":[90.00005340576172,640.0202026367188,521.8800659179688,628.9921875]},{"page":263,"text":"quickly communicate duties and shall positively echo any responsibilities passed:","rect":[90.00007629394531,653.8201904296875,493.0455698928833,642.7921752929688]},{"page":263,"text":"(1) Brief. The FAC(A) will automatically pass information (e.g., operational","rect":[133.1999969482422,679.6199951171875,521.8596206054688,668.5919799804688]},{"page":263,"text":"area updates, available CAS briefs, BDA) to CAS assets within the operational area, as","rect":[89.99999237060547,693.39599609375,521.8584296875,682.3919677734375]},{"page":263,"text":"well as copy CAS asset check-in information. The FAC(A) will keep the JTAC updated","rect":[89.99999237060547,707.2200317382813,521.8319702148438,696.1920166015625]},{"page":263,"text":"V-61","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":264,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":264,"text":"on the situation, allowing the JTAC to focus on other duties. It is not uncommon for","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.822416015625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":264,"text":"some aspects of the brief to be passed by the FAC(A), while the JTAC retains other","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,521.8055703125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":264,"text":"aspects (e.g., a JTAC could task the FAC[A] to check aircraft into the operating area","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,521.8500336914062,102.251953125]},{"page":264,"text":"and then pass a current situation update, while retaining the CAS brief). The JTAC","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,521.8451865234375,116.052001953125]},{"page":264,"text":"will be as specific as necessary, using plain language, to clearly identify the JTAC’s","rect":[90.0,140.87998962402345,521.7623603515625,129.85198974609376]},{"page":264,"text":"desires to the FAC(A). ","rect":[90.0,154.65597534179688,211.86717224121095,143.6519775390625]},{"page":264,"text":"(2) Stack. The FAC(A) will deconflict all CAS assets from surface fires within","rect":[133.1999969482422,180.45596313476563,521.8128051757813,169.45196533203126]},{"page":264,"text":"the operational area, as well as provide deconfliction for assets upon check-in. ","rect":[90.0,194.25595092773438,525.0744018554688,183.251953125]},{"page":264,"text":"Deconfliction will include IPs, HAs, ingress and egress routings, and target areas. The","rect":[90.0,208.07994079589845,521.8535737304687,197.05194091796876]},{"page":264,"text":"FAC(A) will keep the JTAC updated of the situation as required, allowing the JTAC to","rect":[90.0,221.8799285888672,521.843994140625,210.8519287109375]},{"page":264,"text":"focus on other duties. The JTAC must keep the FAC(A) updated on any changes with","rect":[90.0000228881836,235.6799774169922,521.83447265625,224.6519775390625]},{"page":264,"text":"FSCMs/IDF operations. Further coordination should take place between the JTAC and","rect":[90.00004577636719,249.45596313476563,521.9496459960938,238.45196533203126]},{"page":264,"text":"FAC(A) if any specific axis or holding points are desired for following missions that the","rect":[90.00004577636719,263.2799377441406,521.8236665039062,252.251953125]},{"page":264,"text":"JTAC wishes to undertake.","rect":[90.00004577636719,274.6679382324219,223.516845703125,266.05194091796877]},{"page":264,"text":"(3) Mark. The FAC(A) will provide target marks for CAS attacks. It is critical","rect":[133.20004272460938,302.8799133300781,521.8800673828125,291.8519287109375]},{"page":264,"text":"that the FAC(A) and JTAC coordinate whether or not the JTAC will issue a clearance","rect":[90.00004577636719,316.6559143066406,521.9280366210937,305.65191650390627]},{"page":264,"text":"for the FAC(A) to release a mark. A CAS brief is not required to be provided for a","rect":[90.00004577636719,330.4559326171875,521.7876557617187,319.4519348144531]},{"page":264,"text":"FAC(A) mark, as it could significantly increase time to kill; however, care should be","rect":[90.00004577636719,344.2799072265625,521.8608369140625,333.2519226074219]},{"page":264,"text":"undertaken to achieve proper target confirmation prior to issuing release authority. If ","rect":[90.0000228881836,358.07989501953127,525.0204467773438,347.0519104003906]},{"page":264,"text":"the FAC(A) is provided the authorization to release airborne marks autonomously by","rect":[90.0000228881836,371.8799133300781,521.888427734375,360.8519287109375]},{"page":264,"text":"the JTAC, at a minimum the FAC(A) shall still telegraph intentions by communicating","rect":[90.0000228881836,385.6799011230469,521.8740234375,374.65191650390627]},{"page":264,"text":"an “IN” for the MARK call prior to releasing ordnance, allowing the JTAC to abort the","rect":[90.0000228881836,399.4798889160156,521.841671875,388.451904296875]},{"page":264,"text":"autonomous mark if tactically necessary. Talk-ons are considered a mark for this","rect":[90.0000228881836,413.2798767089844,521.8392036132813,402.25189208984377]},{"page":264,"text":"tasking. The FAC(A) will bring aircraft forward with deconfliction established and","rect":[90.0,427.0799865722656,521.9328002929688,416.052001953125]},{"page":264,"text":"threat permitting, to provide talk-ons to targets associated with passed CAS briefs/areas","rect":[90.0,440.8800048828125,521.9064033203125,429.8520202636719]},{"page":264,"text":"of interest.","rect":[90.0,452.2560119628906,142.95838928222657,443.6520080566406]},{"page":264,"text":"(4) Control. The FAC(A) will provide final release authority to attacking","rect":[133.20001220703126,480.4200134277344,521.8727416992188,469.39202880859377]},{"page":264,"text":"aircraft if delegated this authority by the JTAC. As always, the JTAC retains abort","rect":[90.0,494.2200012207031,521.7384047851563,483.1920166015625]},{"page":264,"text":"authority. The JTAC should always back up the FAC(A) if tactically feasible and be","rect":[90.0,508.0199890136719,521.89196484375,496.99200439453127]},{"page":264,"text":"ready to assume control if the FAC(A) is unable to obtain the proper position for a Type","rect":[90.0,521.8200073242188,521.8272065429687,510.7919921875]},{"page":264,"text":"1 control, given a dynamic tactical scenario requiring significant aircraft maneuvering. ","rect":[90.0,535.6200561523438,524.95556640625,524.592041015625]},{"page":264,"text":"In this case, the FAC(A) should clearly communicate intentions to the JTAC as soon as","rect":[90.00003051757813,549.4199829101563,521.7984321289063,538.3919677734375]},{"page":264,"text":"possible, to allow the JTAC the ability to assume TAC. In the case of a FAC(A)","rect":[90.00003051757813,563.2200317382813,521.6880166015625,552.1920166015625]},{"page":264,"text":"receiving control authority, similar to autonomous marking, the FAC(A) can release","rect":[90.00003051757813,577.02001953125,521.853634765625,565.9920043945313]},{"page":264,"text":"ordnance by effectively controlling him/herself, if prior coordination takes place with","rect":[90.00003051757813,590.8200073242188,521.988037109375,579.7919921875]},{"page":264,"text":"the JTAC. However, in this scenario, the FAC(A) should exercise utmost care to","rect":[90.00004577636719,604.5960083007813,521.9472045898438,593.5919799804688]},{"page":264,"text":"perform all necessary measures to mitigate risk of friendly fire and, at a minimum, the","rect":[90.00004577636719,618.4199829101563,521.8992890625,607.3919677734375]},{"page":264,"text":"FAC(A) shall telegraph intentions by communicating an “IN” call prior to releasing","rect":[90.00004577636719,632.2200317382813,521.888427734375,621.1920166015625]},{"page":264,"text":"ordnance, allowing the JTAC to abort the FAC(A) if tactically necessary. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,646.0199584960938,458.7264099121094,634.991943359375]},{"page":264,"text":"V-62 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":264,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":265,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":265,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) communication examples:","rect":[117.0,87.61483001708985,327.81164380264286,77.2057876586914]},{"page":265,"text":"For a FAC(A) who provides aircraft deconfliction:","rect":[117.0,112.2748031616211,374.3051435585022,101.86576080322266]},{"page":265,"text":"“Venom 11 has STACK, A3C, maintains brief, MARK, and control.”","rect":[117.0,135.0,463.6013584136963,126.52579498291016]},{"page":265,"text":"For a FAC(A) who will deconflict aircraft and provide talk-ons:","rect":[117.0,161.53480529785157,440.32815381240848,151.12576293945313]},{"page":265,"text":"“Bengal 61 has STACK and MARK, Titus maintains brief and control.”","rect":[117.0,186.19483947753907,481.3075656890869,175.78579711914063]},{"page":265,"text":"For a FAC(A) who is operating as an autonomous TACP:","rect":[117.0,210.8548126220703,412.1962568397522,200.44577026367188]},{"page":265,"text":"“Hawk 81, Broadsword 02, your brief, STACK, MARK, and control.” ","rect":[117.0,235.51478576660157,469.6720992965698,225.10574340820313]},{"page":265,"text":"e. Communication Techniques. Communication often becomes complex, with a","rect":[111.5999984741211,266.0160217285156,522.1008271484375,255.01202392578126]},{"page":265,"text":"FAC(A) and numerous CAS assets on station simultaneously. Several options and","rect":[90.00000762939453,279.8399963378906,521.9940185546875,268.81201171875]},{"page":265,"text":"techniques are available to maximize the use of verbal communication, while preserving","rect":[90.00000762939453,293.6400146484375,522.0671997070313,282.6120300292969]},{"page":265,"text":"radio time for weapons release clearance, mission approval, and passing information. ","rect":[90.00000762939453,307.4400329589844,501.9263916015625,296.41204833984377]},{"page":265,"text":"(1) Establish two or three separate frequencies for CAS coordination and","rect":[133.20001220703126,333.2160339355469,522.0192260742188,322.2120361328125]},{"page":265,"text":"execution. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,344.61602783203127,145.629638671875,336.01202392578127]},{"page":265,"text":"(a) One will serve as the primary AO/ALO frequency on which all CAS","rect":[154.80003356933595,372.84002685546877,521.9616118164063,361.8120422363281]},{"page":265,"text":"target-attack missions may be passed and coordinated, and final weapons release","rect":[90.00000762939453,386.6400146484375,521.9304169921875,375.6120300292969]},{"page":265,"text":"permission may be passed. All participants, including the JTAC, FAC(A), and CAS","rect":[90.00003051757813,400.4400329589844,522.0300322265625,389.41204833984377]},{"page":265,"text":"aircraft, should be on the frequency. This frequency will normally be the TAD net assigned","rect":[90.00003051757813,414.1800231933594,522.00244140625,403.15203857421877]},{"page":265,"text":"to the JTAC. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,425.5680236816406,157.68362426757813,416.9520263671875]},{"page":265,"text":"(b) The auxiliary frequency (UHF or VHF) can be used as a coordination","rect":[154.80003356933595,453.7799987792969,522.0384521484375,442.75201416015627]},{"page":265,"text":"frequency between the AO/ALO, JTAC, and FAC(A) to pass administrative details,","rect":[90.00003051757813,467.5799865722656,522.0672607421875,456.552001953125]},{"page":265,"text":"situation updates, new targets, coordination for SEAD, coordination for marks, and CAS","rect":[90.00007629394531,481.3799743652344,522.0492583007813,470.35198974609377]},{"page":265,"text":"mission approval. In a Marine Corps operation, this is often the TACP (local) net. ","rect":[90.00007629394531,495.156005859375,491.6040954589844,484.1520080566406]},{"page":265,"text":"(c) A third frequency could be established if numerous aircraft are","rect":[154.80007934570313,520.9800415039063,521.986935546875,509.9520263671875]},{"page":265,"text":"anticipated within an operational area, as TAC communication can quickly become","rect":[90.0000991821289,534.7799682617188,521.9113129882812,523.751953125]},{"page":265,"text":"intensive and diminish the ability to deconflict aircraft. On this additional frequency,","rect":[90.0000991821289,548.5800170898438,522.0577392578125,537.552001953125]},{"page":265,"text":"communications such as check-in, updates, and asset deconfliction can be passed by the","rect":[90.0001220703125,562.3800048828125,521.9808930664062,551.3519897460938]},{"page":265,"text":"FAC(A) and/or JTAC. This prevents these vital but lower-priority communications from","rect":[90.0001220703125,576.1799926757813,521.9677138671875,565.1519775390625]},{"page":265,"text":"interfering with target talk-ons, coordination between the FAC(A) and JTAC, or terminal","rect":[90.0001220703125,589.97998046875,522.0397353515625,578.9519653320313]},{"page":265,"text":"attack communications. If such a frequency plan is established, the FAC(A) must","rect":[90.0001220703125,603.7799682617188,522.0409560546875,592.751953125]},{"page":265,"text":"understand that coordination should occur on this frequency but all TAC is to occur on the","rect":[90.0001220703125,617.5800170898438,522.0624970703125,606.552001953125]},{"page":265,"text":"primary net to ensure the JTAC has SA and is able to abort attacks if necessary.","rect":[90.0001220703125,631.3799438476563,472.6297302246094,620.3519287109375]},{"page":265,"text":"(2) Another technique when utilizing a FAC(A) and/or several CAS assets","rect":[133.20013427734376,657.1799926757813,521.9977119140625,646.1519775390625]},{"page":265,"text":"simultaneously is to ensure that, when information is passed, it is passed to as many assets","rect":[90.0001449584961,670.9800415039063,522.0157783203125,659.9520263671875]},{"page":265,"text":"as possible. When passing a CAS brief to a FAC(A) or CAS asset, preface it with a HEADS","rect":[90.0001449584961,684.780029296875,522.02893359375,673.7520141601563]},{"page":265,"text":"UP call to all participants, alerting them to copy the information. This will potentially","rect":[90.0001449584961,698.5800170898438,522.1369018554688,687.552001953125]},{"page":265,"text":"prevent the same information from being passed several times on the same frequency. ","rect":[90.0001449584961,712.3800659179688,508.21453857421877,701.35205078125]},{"page":265,"text":"V-63","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":266,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":266,"text":"(3) A final communications technique is to inform all participants that","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.65597534179688,521.9903579101563,74.6519775390625]},{"page":266,"text":"communications are becoming intensive and to limit all calls to 10-seconds or less, as well","rect":[89.99996948242188,99.47996520996094,521.9687514648438,88.45196533203125]},{"page":266,"text":"as for attacking aircraft to provide a THIRTY SECONDS call. This will allow information","rect":[89.99996948242188,113.27995300292969,522.0707397460938,102.251953125]},{"page":266,"text":"to continue being passed in short segments to all participants within the operational area,","rect":[89.99996948242188,127.08000183105469,521.985595703125,116.052001953125]},{"page":266,"text":"as well as provide attacking aircraft with breaks in communications, in which to inform the","rect":[89.99999237060547,140.87998962402345,522.0095185546875,129.85198974609376]},{"page":266,"text":"JTAC and/or FAC(A) that they will be making an “IN” call soon and will need final attack","rect":[89.99999237060547,154.6799774169922,522.085205078125,143.6519775390625]},{"page":266,"text":"clearance. When the THIRTY SECONDS call is made, the FAC(A) should inform the","rect":[89.99999237060547,168.45596313476563,521.9448212890625,157.45196533203126]},{"page":266,"text":"aircrew that information is being passed to standby, monitor the attack, and provide weapon","rect":[89.99999237060547,182.2799530029297,522.0048217773438,171.251953125]},{"page":266,"text":"release permission (clearance) or to abort and then resume passing pertinent information","rect":[89.99999237060547,196.0800018310547,522.0216064453125,185.052001953125]},{"page":266,"text":"to the respective aircraft. ","rect":[89.99999237060547,209.85598754882813,212.32443237304688,198.85198974609376]},{"page":266,"text":"f. Holding. The FAC(A)’s holding pattern will vary greatly throughout the time on","rect":[111.59999084472656,235.6799774169922,522.0047607421875,224.6519775390625]},{"page":266,"text":"station to accommodate such tasks as target ID, coordinate generation, or visual acquisition","rect":[90.00001525878906,249.47996520996095,522.0888671875,238.45196533203126]},{"page":266,"text":"of CAS assets. If the threat and weather allows, the FAC(A) may wish to orbit over or near","rect":[90.00001525878906,263.2799377441406,521.9592568359375,252.251953125]},{"page":266,"text":"the target. This will allow the FAC(A) to be in a position to mark, accomplish talk-ons,","rect":[90.00003814697266,277.0799255371094,522.0204467773438,266.05194091796877]},{"page":266,"text":"provide final clearance, and conduct other tasks previously listed. The JTAC should","rect":[90.00003814697266,290.87994384765627,521.9664306640625,279.8519592285156]},{"page":266,"text":"provide the FAC(A) with as much airspace as possible, both laterally and vertically,","rect":[90.00003814697266,304.679931640625,522.0960693359375,293.6519470214844]},{"page":266,"text":"consistent with existing limitations, to allow the FAC(A) to manage the airspace","rect":[90.00003814697266,318.4799499511719,521.98083203125,307.45196533203127]},{"page":266,"text":"deconfliction between the FAC(A) aircraft/flight and the other CAS aircraft. This","rect":[90.00003814697266,332.2799377441406,521.985626953125,321.251953125]},{"page":266,"text":"flexibility is necessary for the CAS assets and the FAC(A) to effectively employ ordnance","rect":[90.00003814697266,346.0799255371094,522.0516938476562,335.05194091796877]},{"page":266,"text":"consistent with existing tactics and threat considerations.","rect":[90.00003814697266,359.8799133300781,362.89923095703127,348.8519287109375]},{"page":266,"text":"g. Marks. The requirement for JTAC clearance for FAC(A) marks must be clearly","rect":[111.60003662109375,385.6799011230469,522.0120239257813,374.65191650390627]},{"page":266,"text":"stated real-time. Consideration should be given to providing blanket approval for FAC(A)","rect":[89.99999237060547,399.47991943359377,522.0396401367187,388.4519348144531]},{"page":266,"text":"target marking. If the TACP determines that they will provide clearance in the form of a","rect":[90.00001525878906,413.2799072265625,521.908810546875,402.2519226074219]},{"page":266,"text":"Type 1, 2, or 3 control for FAC(A) marks, the FAC(A) should request blanket approval for","rect":[90.00001525878906,427.07989501953127,522.016751953125,416.0519104003906]},{"page":266,"text":"the use of nonlethal marks (e.g., IR pointers/markers). Ultimately, the decision will rest","rect":[90.00001525878906,440.8799133300781,522.0360122070313,429.8519287109375]},{"page":266,"text":"with the ground commander, and, as such, the TACP must provide guidance that will allow","rect":[90.00001525878906,454.6199035644531,521.992857421875,443.5919189453125]},{"page":266,"text":"an informed decision.","rect":[90.00003814697266,465.99591064453127,194.32562255859376,457.39190673828127]},{"page":266,"text":"h. Attacks","rect":[111.60003662109375,491.7958984375,165.9456336669922,483.19189453125]},{"page":266,"text":"(1) During medium-altitude, FW, FAC(A) operations, with JTAC approval, the","rect":[133.20004272460938,520.0199584960938,522.0072602539062,508.991943359375]},{"page":266,"text":"FAC(A) can execute all tasks listed above, including briefing the CAS aircraft, bringing","rect":[90.00003814697266,533.8199462890625,522.074462890625,522.7919311523438]},{"page":266,"text":"them into the target area, providing the talk-on, marking, and providing final clearance. ","rect":[90.00003814697266,547.6199951171875,525.0528564453125,536.5919799804688]},{"page":266,"text":"The JTAC must continually monitor the mission, provide necessary corrections, retain","rect":[90.00003814697266,561.4199829101563,522.0216674804688,550.3919677734375]},{"page":266,"text":"abort authority, monitor artillery and RW activities, and work with the ground commander","rect":[90.00003814697266,575.2200317382813,521.99648828125,564.1920166015625]},{"page":266,"text":"and representatives to further refine target priorities in support of the commander’s","rect":[90.00003814697266,589.02001953125,522.0480048828125,577.9920043945313]},{"page":266,"text":"objectives.","rect":[90.00003814697266,602.820068359375,141.73204040527345,591.780029296875]},{"page":266,"text":"(2) During low-altitude, FW or RW, FAC(A) operations, with JTAC approval,","rect":[133.20004272460938,628.6200561523438,521.990478515625,617.592041015625]},{"page":266,"text":"the FAC(A) will normally remain at the BP/IP, brief the CAS aircraft, provide them","rect":[90.00003814697266,642.4201049804688,521.9904189453125,631.39208984375]},{"page":266,"text":"holding instructions for deconfliction, confirm a common time hack, and possibly provide","rect":[90.00003814697266,656.2200927734375,521.92565625,645.1920776367188]},{"page":266,"text":"target marks.","rect":[90.00003814697266,670.0201416015625,152.63763427734376,658.9921264648438]},{"page":266,"text":"(3) In a time-sensitive situation, such as a troops in contact, an on-station FAC(A)","rect":[133.20004272460938,695.796142578125,521.9052407226562,684.7921142578125]},{"page":266,"text":"working with ground forces may have greater SA than CAS fighters checking in and may","rect":[90.00006103515625,709.6201782226563,522.0012817382813,698.5921630859375]},{"page":266,"text":"V-64 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":266,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":267,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":267,"text":"also be able to provide support more rapidly through the employment of own-aircraft","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.967591796875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":267,"text":"munitions. As stated previously, this ordnance release must be coordinated with the JTAC","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.038423828125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":267,"text":"and be either under a blanket approval to mark and suppress targets (“your mark and","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,521.9976196289063,102.251953125]},{"page":267,"text":"control”) or via a JTAC clearance.","rect":[90.0,127.05599975585938,255.27601623535157,116.052001953125]},{"page":267,"text":"i. Post Attack. If the FAC(A) is providing deconfliction at the IP and/or in the target","rect":[111.5999984741211,152.87998962402345,521.9915786132813,141.85198974609376]},{"page":267,"text":"area, they will continue to do so for the CAS aircraft egressing the area. Whoever has the","rect":[89.99995422363281,166.6799774169922,521.96032421875,155.6519775390625]},{"page":267,"text":"best observation of the attack and weapons effects should provide the CAS aircraft with","rect":[89.99995422363281,180.45596313476563,522.11279296875,169.45196533203126]},{"page":267,"text":"BDA. If communications are interrupted by terrain, the JTAC should plan to relay BDA","rect":[89.99995422363281,194.2799530029297,521.94476171875,183.251953125]},{"page":267,"text":"through the FAC(A) to the CAS asset. ","rect":[89.9999771118164,208.07994079589845,276.65997314453127,197.05194091796876]},{"page":267,"text":"j. Battle Handover. Prior to the FAC(A) checking out with the JTAC, a handover","rect":[111.5999755859375,233.8799285888672,522.019193359375,222.8399200439453]},{"page":267,"text":"brief shall be conducted with the JTAC or oncoming FAC(A). See Figures V-6 and V-7. ","rect":[90.0,247.6799774169922,524.9952392578125,236.6519775390625]},{"page":267,"text":"Information should include, but is not limited to:","rect":[90.0,259.05596923828127,323.99402001953129,250.45196533203126]},{"page":267,"text":"(1) Assets on station.","rect":[133.1999969482422,287.2559509277344,237.4752197265625,276.251953125]},{"page":267,"text":"(a) Location.","rect":[154.79998779296876,313.0559387207031,219.79559326171876,302.05194091796877]},{"page":267,"text":"(b) Ordnance/time on station remaining.","rect":[154.79998779296876,338.8799133300781,350.81512451171877,327.8519287109375]},{"page":267,"text":"(c) Established deconfliction plan for assets within the operational area.","rect":[154.79998779296876,364.6559143066406,501.7427978515625,353.65191650390627]},{"page":267,"text":"(2) Threat updates.","rect":[133.19998168945313,390.4559326171875,227.17198181152345,379.4519348144531]},{"page":267,"text":"(3) Missions conducted. ","rect":[133.19998168945313,416.25592041015627,254.88479614257813,405.2519226074219]},{"page":267,"text":"(a) Targets engaged/CAS briefs passed.","rect":[154.79998779296876,442.07989501953127,348.129638671875,431.0519104003906]},{"page":267,"text":"(b) Targets currently being engaged under Type 3 TAC.","rect":[154.79998779296876,467.8799133300781,426.74041748046877,456.8519287109375]},{"page":267,"text":"(c) Targets remaining and priority.","rect":[154.79998779296876,493.6799011230469,324.0840148925781,482.65191650390627]},{"page":267,"text":"(4) Communications plan.","rect":[133.19998168945313,519.4559936523438,261.8639831542969,508.45196533203127]},{"page":267,"text":"(5) Recommendations to JTAC or oncoming FAC(A).","rect":[133.19998168945313,545.2799682617188,396.4368591308594,534.251953125]},{"page":267,"text":"(6) Any other pertinent information.","rect":[133.19998168945313,571.0800170898438,309.8712158203125,560.052001953125]},{"page":267,"text":"k. FAC(A) integration in the absence of an on-scene JTAC/TACP","rect":[111.59998321533203,596.8800048828125,448.48794482421877,585.8519897460938]},{"page":267,"text":"(1) A FAC(A) is normally an extension of the TACP. However, as the demand","rect":[133.19998168945313,622.6200561523438,521.9879760742188,611.592041015625]},{"page":267,"text":"for qualified controllers increases, it is important to highlight considerations for employing","rect":[90.0,636.4200439453125,522.0191650390625,625.3920288085938]},{"page":267,"text":"a FAC(A) either as a separate terminal attack controller working directly for the ground","rect":[90.0,650.2200317382813,522.0036010742188,639.1920166015625]},{"page":267,"text":"commander or as an extension of a TACP not physically located with the supported unit","rect":[90.0,664.0200805664063,521.9711928710938,652.9920654296875]},{"page":267,"text":"commander.","rect":[90.0,675.3961181640625,149.65200805664063,666.7921142578125]},{"page":267,"text":"(2) When operating without a JTAC on scene, the FAC(A) must maintain the","rect":[133.1999969482422,703.6201171875,522.0432099609375,692.5921020507813]},{"page":267,"text":"communication links to the ground commander and receive authorization (either in","rect":[90.00004577636719,717.4201049804688,522.0408325195313,706.39208984375]},{"page":267,"text":"V-65","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":268,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":268,"text":"planning or real time) for coordination and delivery of aviation fires. The close and","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0360107421875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":268,"text":"continuous coordination with the supported ground commander will foster understanding","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0348510742188,88.45196533203125]},{"page":268,"text":"about the FAC(A) platform’s capabilities and when to leverage them. The supported","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,521.9520263671875,102.251953125]},{"page":268,"text":"commander is responsible for all fires, both aviation and surface-based, that are delivered","rect":[90.0,127.05599975585938,522.05517578125,116.052001953125]},{"page":268,"text":"in the assigned operational area. All FAC(A) fire missions (aviation or surface-to-surface)","rect":[90.0,140.87998962402345,522.008451171875,129.85198974609376]},{"page":268,"text":"must still be approved by the supported ground maneuver’s appropriate fire support","rect":[90.0,154.7999725341797,522.0119912109375,143.96397399902345]},{"page":268,"text":"coordination agency. This may require the FAC(A) to conduct detailed, real-time","rect":[90.0,168.47996520996095,521.959103515625,157.45196533203126]},{"page":268,"text":"coordination on the supported unit’s fire support coordination net. Additionally, the","rect":[90.0,182.2799530029297,521.9999970703125,171.251953125]},{"page":268,"text":"FAC(A) must understand that the unit in need of FAC(A) support may not be the one that","rect":[90.0,196.07994079589845,521.9447646484375,185.05194091796876]},{"page":268,"text":"owns the operational area. ","rect":[90.0,209.85592651367188,222.02880859375,198.8519287109375]},{"page":268,"text":"(a) FAC(A)s may be employed supporting convoys and mounted patrols","rect":[154.8000030517578,235.6799774169922,522.0575874023438,224.6519775390625]},{"page":268,"text":"from one unit that is transiting through another unit’s operational area. Often in these","rect":[90.0,249.47996520996095,521.9976166992187,238.45196533203126]},{"page":268,"text":"situations, the ground commander does not have the same SA with regard to nearby","rect":[90.0,263.2799377441406,522.0660400390625,252.251953125]},{"page":268,"text":"friendly force disposition or fire missions as the unit that was responsible for the","rect":[90.0,277.0799255371094,522.0144013671875,266.05194091796877]},{"page":268,"text":"operational area. CAS engagements resulting in friendly fire or without appropriate","rect":[90.0,290.8799133300781,521.966427734375,279.8519287109375]},{"page":268,"text":"approval can be avoided due to a FAC(A)’s ability to conduct coordination with C2 and","rect":[90.0,304.6799011230469,522.0383911132813,293.65191650390627]},{"page":268,"text":"adjacent ground agencies.","rect":[90.0,318.47991943359377,214.3343963623047,307.43994140625]},{"page":268,"text":"(b) FAC(A)s must understand who has fires approval and build each unit’s","rect":[154.8000030517578,344.25592041015627,522.0600288085938,333.2519226074219]},{"page":268,"text":"SA quickly as a radio relay between agencies. ","rect":[90.0,358.07989501953127,316.6632080078125,347.0519104003906]},{"page":268,"text":"(3) Ground commanders should provide the FAC(A)s the same direction with","rect":[133.1999969482422,383.8559265136719,521.9819946289063,372.8519287109375]},{"page":268,"text":"respect to the fire support plan and execution as would be provided to the TACP/JTAC and","rect":[90.0000228881836,397.6559143066406,522.0744018554688,386.65191650390627]},{"page":268,"text":"expect the FAC(A) to perform the tasking. While positively identifying targets may be","rect":[90.0000228881836,411.4798889160156,521.9472016601562,400.451904296875]},{"page":268,"text":"challenging for the FAC(A), this difficult task is accomplished through sound","rect":[90.0000228881836,425.2798767089844,522.00244140625,414.25189208984377]},{"page":268,"text":"understanding of the supported ground commander’s scheme of maneuver, SA, and","rect":[90.0000228881836,439.0798645019531,522.0,428.0518798828125]},{"page":268,"text":"detailed integration and coordination.","rect":[90.0000228881836,452.8798828125,269.9652099609375,441.8518981933594]},{"page":268,"text":"(4) While the emphasis is usually placed on the “control” in FAC(A), the","rect":[133.2000274658203,478.6198425292969,522.0456513671875,467.59185791015627]},{"page":268,"text":"importance of having a FAC(A) overhead may lie with the mission-essential tasks, other","rect":[90.0000228881836,492.4198913574219,522.0144326171875,481.39190673828127]},{"page":268,"text":"than TAC that the FAC(A) provides to the supported commanders. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,506.1958923339844,417.36004638671877,495.19189453125]},{"page":268,"text":"(a) The FAC(A) may be given TAC or, by focusing on the other mission","rect":[154.80001831054688,532.0199584960938,521.9820556640625,520.991943359375]},{"page":268,"text":"essential tasks, may become the critical link that allows a JTAC to provide weapons release","rect":[90.00004577636719,545.8199462890625,521.997677734375,534.7919311523438]},{"page":268,"text":"approval for a distributed maneuver unit. The role of the FAC(A) executing the","rect":[90.00004577636719,559.6199951171875,521.97008984375,548.5919799804688]},{"page":268,"text":"coordination missions allows the FAC(A) to act as a facilitator between agencies,","rect":[90.00004577636719,573.4199829101563,522.014404296875,562.3919677734375]},{"page":268,"text":"maintaining and expediting the engagement timeline.","rect":[90.00004577636719,587.2200317382813,345.3299560546875,576.1920166015625]},{"page":268,"text":"(b) When JTACs operate at greater distances from the supported ground","rect":[154.800048828125,613.02001953125,522.0120239257813,601.9920043945313]},{"page":268,"text":"maneuver units, the requirement for the FAC(A) to seamlessly assume control and","rect":[90.0,626.820068359375,522.0179443359375,615.7920532226563]},{"page":268,"text":"coordinate with the ground commander for fires approval and weapons release clearance","rect":[90.0,640.6200561523438,522.0180024414062,629.592041015625]},{"page":268,"text":"is a critical requirement. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,654.3961181640625,212.65084838867188,643.39208984375]},{"page":268,"text":"14. Joint Fires Observer Integration","rect":[90.0000228881836,680.340087890625,277.93680102539067,669.5040893554688]},{"page":268,"text":"a. JFO Action","rect":[111.60002136230469,703.6080932617188,185.58243090820313,695.18408203125]},{"page":268,"text":"V-66 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":268,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":269,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":269,"text":"(1) Once established in the assigned location/area, the JFO will contact the","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.0263642578125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":269,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) on the briefed communications net. Upon initial contact, the JFO should","rect":[90.00003814697266,99.45596313476563,521.959228515625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":269,"text":"communicate the situation to the JTAC/FAC(A) using the observer lineup brief. The JFO","rect":[90.00003814697266,113.27995300292969,522.0936264648437,102.251953125]},{"page":269,"text":"should periodically update the JTAC/FAC(A) as the battlefield situation changes. (See","rect":[90.00003814697266,127.08000183105469,522.024044921875,116.052001953125]},{"page":269,"text":"Figure V-19.)","rect":[90.00003814697266,140.87998962402345,156.00243920898439,129.85198974609376]},{"page":269,"text":"(2) Depending on the tactical situation, the JFO situation update brief should use","rect":[133.20004272460938,166.6799774169922,521.982052734375,155.6519775390625]},{"page":269,"text":"the same format as the CAS situation update brief, only including those items that are","rect":[90.00003814697266,180.47996520996095,522.0000581054687,169.45196533203126]},{"page":269,"text":"applicable. JFOs may pass the situation update directly to the JTAC/FAC(A) or may","rect":[90.00003814697266,194.2799530029297,521.99169921875,183.251953125]},{"page":269,"text":"require the CAS aircraft to relay. Clearance authority is not briefed by the JFO. JFOs","rect":[90.00003814697266,208.0800018310547,521.91848828125,197.052001953125]},{"page":269,"text":"should break the situation update into manageable transmissions using the brevity code","rect":[90.00003814697266,221.87998962402345,521.9567841796875,210.85198974609376]},{"page":269,"text":"BREAK when passing to the JTAC/FAC(A).","rect":[90.00003814697266,235.6799774169922,306.7044372558594,224.6519775390625]},{"page":269,"text":"Figure V-19. Observer Lineup","rect":[234.24005126953126,718.9137573242188,376.55709576797485,709.414794921875]},{"page":269,"text":"V-67","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":270,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":270,"text":"(3) Targets may be nominated for attack by unit leaders (e.g., platoon commanders,","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.0036010742188,74.6519775390625]},{"page":270,"text":"squad leaders) via maneuver frequencies or by JFO via TACP frequencies or surface fires","rect":[90.00001525878906,99.47996520996094,522.1500556640625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":270,"text":"frequencies. It is imperative that the communications plan is understood by all.","rect":[90.00001525878906,113.27995300292969,463.9560241699219,102.251953125]},{"page":270,"text":"(a) JFO Target Brief. When the decision has been made to attack the target","rect":[154.80001831054688,139.0800018310547,522.08990625,128.052001953125]},{"page":270,"text":"using CAS, the JFO shall contact the JTAC/FAC(A) and provide targeting information. A","rect":[90.0,152.87998962402345,521.9999375,141.85198974609376]},{"page":270,"text":"target brief should be prefaced by “advise when ready for JFO target brief.” JFOs should","rect":[89.99999237060547,166.6799774169922,521.985595703125,155.6519775390625]},{"page":270,"text":"ensure they are ready to pass the entire target brief prior to transmission. The target brief ","rect":[89.99999237060547,180.47996520996095,524.9951782226563,169.45196533203126]},{"page":270,"text":"should be prefaced by stating the first line number, “line 4:” Additional line numbers are","rect":[89.99999237060547,194.2799530029297,522.0227631835937,183.251953125]},{"page":270,"text":"not transmitted unless there is an omission. After line 8 is read, the JFO will state, “Advise","rect":[89.99999237060547,206.0,522.0167817382812,197.052001953125]},{"page":270,"text":"when ready for remarks.” At a minimum, JFOs should recommend final attack restrictions. ","rect":[89.99999237060547,221.87998962402345,525.027587890625,210.85198974609376]},{"page":270,"text":"(See Figure V-20.)","rect":[89.99999237060547,235.6799774169922,180.35278100585939,224.6519775390625]},{"page":270,"text":"1. If any lines between 4 and 8 are omitted from the brief, the line must","rect":[176.39999389648438,261.4799499511719,522.0023818359375,250.45196533203126]},{"page":270,"text":"be prefaced with the line number to identify the location of the information within the","rect":[90.0,275.2799987792969,522.06481640625,264.25201416015627]},{"page":270,"text":"attack brief, followed by either “None” or “Unknown.” Lines 4 and 8 shall not be omitted.","rect":[90.0,289.0799865722656,522.0324096679688,278.052001953125]},{"page":270,"text":"2. JFOs shall ensure line 8 references the closest friendly forces to the","rect":[176.40000915527345,314.8800048828125,521.98083203125,303.8520202636719]},{"page":270,"text":"target, which may or may not be their position. It is incumbent on the JTAC/FAC(A) to","rect":[90.0,328.67999267578127,522.1055908203125,317.6520080566406]},{"page":270,"text":"verify the direction and distance by all available battle-tracking methods.","rect":[90.0,342.47998046875,440.518798828125,331.4519958496094]},{"page":270,"text":"3. Remarks may include, but are not limited to, LTLs, IR pointer-target","rect":[176.39999389648438,368.2799987792969,521.9855971679688,357.25201416015627]},{"page":270,"text":"lines, threats to aviation, recommended/requested attack geometry (e.g., FAHs), and","rect":[90.0,382.0799865722656,521.988037109375,371.052001953125]},{"page":270,"text":"ordnance.","rect":[90.0,393.45599365234377,136.98959350585938,384.85198974609377]},{"page":270,"text":"4. The JTAC/FAC(A) shall read back the information and then verify","rect":[176.39999389648438,421.67999267578127,521.998779296875,410.6520080566406]},{"page":270,"text":"the target location/attack geometry.","rect":[90.0,435.47998046875,259.9560546875,424.4519958496094]},{"page":270,"text":"5. Readbacks. During the JFO target brief, the JFO will receive","rect":[176.39999389648438,461.27996826171877,522.0336274414062,450.2519836425781]},{"page":270,"text":"readbacks of all mandatory readback items from the TAC. The JFO should respond to","rect":[90.0,475.0799865722656,522.0059814453125,464.052001953125]},{"page":270,"text":"correct readbacks with “Chief 21, readback correct,” or “Chief 21, good readback.” If the","rect":[90.0,488.8799743652344,521.9460419921875,477.85198974609377]},{"page":270,"text":"readback is not correct, the JFO should restate the portion in question correctly, using voice","rect":[90.0,502.6199951171875,522.0107392578125,491.5920104980469]},{"page":270,"text":"inflection to draw attention to the portion that had been read incorrectly (e.g., “Chief 21,","rect":[90.00004577636719,516.4199829101563,522.0216064453125,505.3919677734375]},{"page":270,"text":"correction, FAHs 1-8-0 through 2-1-0”).","rect":[90.00004577636719,530.2200317382813,283.92608642578127,519.1920166015625]},{"page":270,"text":"(b) The JTAC/FAC(A) will then conduct CAS mission preparation.","rect":[154.800048828125,555.9960327148438,482.1107482910156,544.9920043945313]},{"page":270,"text":"(4) After the JFO target brief, the JTAC/FAC(A) will pass instructions and the","rect":[133.2000732421875,581.8200073242188,521.9292573242187,570.7919921875]},{"page":270,"text":"intended plan of action. Consider requesting an “IN with direction” or “heading” radio call","rect":[90.00006866455078,595.6199951171875,522.0168471679688,584.5919799804688]},{"page":270,"text":"from the aircrew. This can increase the JFO’s SA of the attack and allows timely aborts","rect":[90.00006866455078,609.4199829101563,522.0408637695313,598.3919677734375]},{"page":270,"text":"from the JFO if required. (See Figure V-21.)","rect":[90.00006866455078,623.2200317382813,306.6853310546875,612.1920166015625]},{"page":270,"text":"(a) The JTAC/FAC(A) to JFO instructions identify actions required by the","rect":[154.80007934570313,649.0199584960938,522.0072602539062,637.991943359375]},{"page":270,"text":"JFO to support the JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s intended plan of action.","rect":[90.00009155273438,662.7960205078125,387.66851806640627,651.7919921875]},{"page":270,"text":"(b) The intended plan of action communicates the details of the CAS attack","rect":[154.80007934570313,688.5960083007813,522.0300903320313,677.5919799804688]},{"page":270,"text":"so the JFO can brief the supported unit leader.","rect":[90.00006866455078,702.39599609375,311.6280822753906,691.3919677734375]},{"page":270,"text":"V-68 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":270,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":271,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":271,"text":"Figure V-20. Joint Fires Observer Target Brief","rect":[195.9002685546875,580.3138427734375,414.93449950790406,570.8148803710938]},{"page":271,"text":"(5) The JTAC/FAC(A) will direct the JFO to switch to the TAD frequency to","rect":[133.1999969482422,603.5400390625,521.9915771484375,592.5120239257813]},{"page":271,"text":"monitor the CAS brief. During the execution of the CAS attack, the JFO will provide TGO,","rect":[89.99999237060547,617.3400268554688,522.0120239257813,606.31201171875]},{"page":271,"text":"correlation, or target/situation updates, as required for mission success.","rect":[89.99999237060547,631.1400146484375,430.97998046875,620.1119995117188]},{"page":271,"text":"(6) JTAC/FAC(A) conducts the CAS mission using the execution template. ","rect":[133.1999969482422,656.9400024414063,525.011962890625,645.9119873046875]},{"page":271,"text":"Execution template considerations specific to JFO integration are:","rect":[89.99994659423828,670.7400512695313,406.9055495605469,659.7120361328125]},{"page":271,"text":"V-69","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":272,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":272,"text":"Examples of Tactical Air Control Party Information to Coordinate","rect":[97.80000305175781,96.03153228759766,488.11370106003366,82.82513427734375]},{"page":272,"text":"","rect":[127.19999694824219,119.36669158935547,133.13969305124017,114.68368530273438]},{"page":272,"text":"","rect":[127.19999694824219,137.7265625,133.13969305124017,133.04354858398438]},{"page":272,"text":"","rect":[127.19999694824219,156.08660888671876,133.13969305124017,151.40359497070313]},{"page":272,"text":"","rect":[127.19999694824219,174.446533203125,133.13969305124017,169.76351928710938]},{"page":272,"text":"","rect":[127.19999694824219,192.80657958984376,133.13969305124017,188.12356567382813]},{"page":272,"text":"","rect":[127.19999694824219,211.16656494140626,133.13969305124017,206.48355102539063]},{"page":272,"text":"","rect":[127.19999694824219,229.52655029296876,133.13969305124017,224.84353637695313]},{"page":272,"text":"","rect":[127.19999694824219,247.8865966796875,133.13969305124017,243.20358276367188]},{"page":272,"text":"","rect":[127.19999694824219,266.24658203125,133.13969305124017,261.5635681152344]},{"page":272,"text":"Target refinement, if applicable","rect":[138.1800079345703,123.19087219238281,287.3370943985508,112.79984283447266]},{"page":272,"text":"Ordnance / effects requested","rect":[138.1800079345703,141.43028259277345,279.2184420548008,131.14886474609376]},{"page":272,"text":"Direction of attack","rect":[138.1800079345703,157.74057006835938,225.82456688233828,149.5198211669922]},{"page":272,"text":"Abort code","rect":[138.1800079345703,176.10055541992188,191.15563687901955,168.01133728027345]},{"page":272,"text":"TOT","rect":[138.1800079345703,194.46060180664063,159.87326459008066,186.2288818359375]},{"page":272,"text":"Mark information / JFO marking responsibilities (if required)","rect":[138.1800079345703,214.99085998535157,425.4872338702975,204.5888671875]},{"page":272,"text":"Mark the target","rect":[138.1800079345703,233.35084533691407,211.83721785357228,223.0913543701172]},{"page":272,"text":"Provide corrections from the mark","rect":[138.1800079345703,249.54055786132813,302.5365419799945,241.31980895996095]},{"page":272,"text":"Set laser PRF code for marking or designation","rect":[138.1800079345703,270.0708312988281,362.84252652745706,259.6797790527344]},{"page":272,"text":"Note:","rect":[108.77999877929688,287.6296081542969,132.52725188775,280.2775573730469]},{"page":272,"text":"With the information the JFO confirms the ability to provide any required marks, TGO, talk-ons, etc. and briefs","rect":[108.77999877929688,303.16455078125,494.2687688791137,295.6064147949219]},{"page":272,"text":"the CAS mission to the ground commander.","rect":[108.77999877929688,312.04473876953127,262.8621561999122,304.49456787109377]},{"page":272,"text":"Legend","rect":[100.13999938964844,338.8020935058594,133.39593443956248,329.4775390625]},{"page":272,"text":"CAS close air support","rect":[103.91999816894531,355.2767639160156,189.25258283565439,347.814208984375]},{"page":272,"text":"JFO joint fires observer","rect":[103.91999816894531,364.24456787109377,195.9199776125522,356.6864318847656]},{"page":272,"text":"PRF pulse repetition frequency","rect":[103.91999816894531,373.18450927734377,222.03619441622306,365.63433837890627]},{"page":272,"text":"TGO terminal guidance operations ","rect":[262.0797119140625,355.3643798828125,393.43375043819347,347.8062438964844]},{"page":272,"text":"TOT time on target","rect":[262.0797119140625,364.24456787109377,337.68826703975597,356.6864318847656]},{"page":272,"text":"Figure V-21. Examples of Tactical Air Control Party Information to Coordinate","rect":[120.47979736328125,393.7138366699219,490.3390645904541,384.2148742675781]},{"page":272,"text":"(a) Routing/Safety of Flight. The JTAC/FAC(A) or higher TACP provide","rect":[154.8000030517578,417.53997802734377,521.995236328125,406.5119934082031]},{"page":272,"text":"aircraft routing, but the JFO may be required to pass safety of flight information as the","rect":[90.00000762939453,431.3399658203125,522.0276459960937,420.3119812011719]},{"page":272,"text":"battlefield situation changes or during CAS execution with non-JTAC/FAC(A) personnel.","rect":[90.00003051757813,445.1399841308594,521.8656005859375,434.11199951171877]},{"page":272,"text":"(b) CAS Aircraft Check-In. The JFO should be on TAD and monitoring","rect":[154.80001831054688,470.9399719238281,522.0000610351563,459.9119873046875]},{"page":272,"text":"the communications between the TAC and the CAS aircrew. This will enable the JFO to","rect":[90.00001525878906,482.3279724121094,522.0468139648438,473.71197509765627]},{"page":272,"text":"brief the ground commander on CAS mission status. JFOs must take care to copy the","rect":[90.00000762939453,498.53997802734377,521.9616059570312,487.5119934082031]},{"page":272,"text":"check-in accurately the first time it is passed, whether from their JTAC/FAC(A) or from","rect":[90.00000762939453,512.3400268554688,521.9952407226563,501.31201171875]},{"page":272,"text":"monitoring transmission to the JTAC/FAC(A) from the aircrew.","rect":[90.00000762939453,526.1400146484375,397.94403076171877,515.1119995117188]},{"page":272,"text":"(c) Situation Update. The JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s SITREP should include JFO","rect":[154.8000030517578,551.916015625,522.0108627929687,540.9119873046875]},{"page":272,"text":"information if applicable (e.g., general location, equipment/capabilities, and duties with","rect":[90.0,565.739990234375,521.9940185546875,554.7119750976563]},{"page":272,"text":"regard to the CAS mission).","rect":[90.00003051757813,579.5399780273438,224.38441467285157,568.511962890625]},{"page":272,"text":"(d) Game Plan. The JFO monitors the game plan to provide the ground","rect":[154.80003356933595,605.3400268554688,522.0335693359375,594.31201171875]},{"page":272,"text":"commander with pertinent information.","rect":[90.00003051757813,619.1160278320313,279.3445129394531,608.1119995117188]},{"page":272,"text":"(e) CAS Brief. The JFO monitors the CAS brief to validate accuracy.","rect":[154.80003356933595,644.9400024414063,495.1595458984375,633.9119873046875]},{"page":272,"text":"(f) Remarks/Restrictions. The JFO monitors the remarks/restrictions to","rect":[154.80003356933595,670.7160034179688,521.9905395507813,659.7119750976563]},{"page":272,"text":"identify attack geometry, TGO requirements, and TOT.","rect":[90.00005340576172,684.5399780273438,356.39520263671877,673.511962890625]},{"page":272,"text":"V-70 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":272,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":273,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":273,"text":"1. JFO confirms the ability to provide required TGO, correlation, or","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,522.0287758789062,74.6519775390625]},{"page":273,"text":"observation of the target.","rect":[90.0,99.48002624511719,209.9759979248047,88.4520263671875]},{"page":273,"text":"TOT.","rect":[90.0,136.66799926757813,116.28480529785156,128.25599670410157]},{"page":273,"text":"2. JFO and ground commander should be involved in establishment of ","rect":[176.39999389648438,125.28001403808594,525.0263671875,114.25201416015625]},{"page":273,"text":"(g) Readbacks. The JFO monitors to validate accuracy.","rect":[154.8000030517578,164.87998962402345,429.1116943359375,153.85198974609376]},{"page":273,"text":"(h) Correlation. See paragraph 14.b., “Target Correlation.”","rect":[154.79998779296876,190.6799774169922,447.6864289550781,179.6519775390625]},{"page":273,"text":"(i) Attack. See paragraph 14.c., “Mission Execution.” ","rect":[154.79998779296876,216.4800262451172,423.28912353515627,205.4520263671875]},{"page":273,"text":"(j) Assess Effects. JFO provides assessment of weapon(s) effects and","rect":[154.79998779296876,242.28001403808595,521.9039916992188,231.24000549316407]},{"page":273,"text":"updated commander’s intent. Conferring with the on-scene maneuver commander and","rect":[90.0,256.0799865722656,521.9796142578125,245.052001953125]},{"page":273,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A), JFOs shall ensure previous restrictions are still applicable to reattacks and","rect":[90.0000228881836,269.8559875488281,522.0383911132813,258.85198974609377]},{"page":273,"text":"recommend changes to them if necessary.","rect":[90.0000228881836,283.6799621582031,290.6124267578125,272.6519775390625]},{"page":273,"text":"(k) BDA. JTACs/FAC(A)s working with a JFO in a Type 2 control scenario","rect":[154.80001831054688,309.4799499511719,522.0682983398438,298.45196533203127]},{"page":273,"text":"will generally have the JFO pass BDA directly to the attacking section of aircraft over TAD","rect":[90.0,323.2799377441406,522.0515732421875,312.251953125]},{"page":273,"text":"while monitoring for accuracy. In some cases, aircrews with various sensors may be better","rect":[90.0,337.0799560546875,521.9856240234375,326.0519714355469]},{"page":273,"text":"situated to aid the JFO in assessing hit results. JFO monitors and updates ground","rect":[90.0,350.8799743652344,522.0023803710938,339.85198974609377]},{"page":273,"text":"commander on CAS mission status.","rect":[90.0,362.2679748535156,261.75244140625,353.6519775390625]},{"page":273,"text":"b. Target Correlation. Target correlation can occur either between the JFO and the","rect":[111.5999984741211,390.4799499511719,522.1008881835937,379.45196533203127]},{"page":273,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) or the JFO and the CAS aircrew. Some correlation considerations follow:","rect":[90.0,404.2559509277344,507.66476586914066,393.251953125]},{"page":273,"text":"(1) JFO to JTAC/FAC(A) Correlation","rect":[133.20001220703126,430.0559387207031,330.9299956054688,419.05194091796877]},{"page":273,"text":"frequency.","rect":[90.0,469.679931640625,140.95440673828126,458.6639404296875]},{"page":273,"text":"(a) While not required, it is recommended that the JFO utilize the TAD","rect":[154.79998779296876,455.85595703125,521.9688095703125,444.8519592285156]},{"page":273,"text":"(b) Correlation should occur prior to aircraft check-in, if possible. With","rect":[154.8000030517578,495.4559326171875,521.9939575195313,484.4519348144531]},{"page":273,"text":"systems available in the COC, this could enable the JTAC/FAC(A) to conduct a BOC","rect":[90.0,509.2799377441406,522.022798828125,498.251953125]},{"page":273,"text":"attack, minimizing time to first effects, vice a BOT attack.","rect":[90.0,523.0799560546875,369.890380859375,512.0519409179688]},{"page":273,"text":"(c) Correlation may be required to refine target location to a high enough fidelity","rect":[154.79998779296876,548.8799438476563,522.1295776367188,537.8519287109375]},{"page":273,"text":"for mission approval.","rect":[90.0,562.656005859375,188.29202270507813,551.6519775390625]},{"page":273,"text":"occurs.","rect":[89.9999771118164,599.7959594726563,123.10317993164063,594.0359497070313]},{"page":273,"text":"(d) The JFO can continue to search for additional targets once target correlation","rect":[154.8000030517578,588.4199829101563,522.21240234375,577.3919677734375]},{"page":273,"text":"(e) Line 7 of the target brief should specify which type of correlation the JFO","rect":[154.79998779296876,628.02001953125,522.1560043945312,616.9920043945313]},{"page":273,"text":"will be using (i.e., map, GRG, visual talk-on).","rect":[90.0,641.8200073242188,301.08001708984377,630.7919921875]},{"page":273,"text":"(2) JFO to Aircrew Correlation","rect":[133.20001220703126,667.5960693359375,290.8535795898438,656.592041015625]},{"page":273,"text":"(a) The JFO must be on TAD frequency.","rect":[154.8000030517578,693.4200439453125,345.69842529296877,682.3920288085938]},{"page":273,"text":"(b) Required for BOT attacks when JFO is the individual that is tally.","rect":[154.8000030517578,719.2200927734375,476.8367919921875,708.1920776367188]},{"page":273,"text":"V-71","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":274,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":274,"text":"(c) When aircraft are already on-station and in a position to participate in a","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,521.9484223632812,74.6519775390625]},{"page":274,"text":"target talk-on, JFOs should confirm that the aircrew is looking at the same reference points","rect":[90.00000762939453,99.47996520996094,522.0876166992188,88.45196533203125]},{"page":274,"text":"as they are, by asking questions with unique and distinct answers that will indicate that","rect":[89.99998474121094,113.27995300292969,522.021546875,102.251953125]},{"page":274,"text":"correlation is on track.","rect":[89.99998474121094,124.65599822998047,197.97598266601563,116.052001953125]},{"page":274,"text":"(d) When visual marking is the means to effect target correlation (e.g., IR","rect":[154.79998779296876,152.87998962402345,521.9999716796875,141.85198974609376]},{"page":274,"text":"sparkle, smoke, direct fire).","rect":[89.99998474121094,166.65597534179688,221.899169921875,155.6519775390625]},{"page":274,"text":"(e) If the JFO is employing a GLTD for correlation or terminal guidance of ","rect":[154.79998779296876,192.47996520996095,524.9771728515625,181.45196533203126]},{"page":274,"text":"an LGW, the JFO will confirm the laser is on the correct code and use appropriate laser","rect":[89.99998474121094,206.25595092773438,522.0119912109375,195.251953125]},{"page":274,"text":"brevity codes.","rect":[89.99998474121094,220.0800018310547,157.33558654785157,209.052001953125]},{"page":274,"text":"(f) The JFO will use appropriate IR and VDL brevity codes in response to","rect":[154.79998779296876,245.8799285888672,522.0155639648438,234.8519287109375]},{"page":274,"text":"aircrew or the JTAC.","rect":[89.99996185302735,257.2679748535156,191.34954833984376,248.6519775390625]},{"page":274,"text":"(3) When using DACAS ground kits, the JFO has the ability to aid correlation by","rect":[133.19996643066407,285.4799499511719,522.01318359375,274.45196533203127]},{"page":274,"text":"ensuring the aircraft’s APTD is designated on the correct target. The JFO would be able","rect":[89.99996185302735,299.2799377441406,521.9807099609375,288.251953125]},{"page":274,"text":"to confirm the target or adjust any discrepancies using voice communications over the TAD","rect":[89.99996185302735,313.0799255371094,521.9927353515625,302.0399475097656]},{"page":274,"text":"to the CAS team.","rect":[89.99993896484375,324.4679260253906,172.67514038085938,315.8519287109375]},{"page":274,"text":"For JFO DACAS integration, see Appendix D, “Digitally Aided Close Air Support","rect":[89.99993896484375,352.73992919921877,521.9639907226563,341.8319396972656]},{"page":274,"text":"Planning and Execution Considerations.”","rect":[89.99993896484375,366.5399169921875,291.9719877929688,355.6319274902344]},{"page":274,"text":"(4) While the JFO will not issue clearance for weapons release (i.e., CLEARED","rect":[133.19993591308595,392.2559509277344,522.211119140625,381.251953125]},{"page":274,"text":"HOT), informing the JFO of weapons release from the aircraft allows the JFO time to notify","rect":[89.99993896484375,406.0799255371094,522.251953125,395.05194091796877]},{"page":274,"text":"ground forces to seek cover if required.","rect":[89.99993896484375,419.8799133300781,271.1350402832031,408.8519287109375]},{"page":274,"text":"c. Mission Execution. The JFO should be kept informed as the mission progresses. ","rect":[111.59993743896485,445.6799011230469,524.91015625,434.65191650390627]},{"page":274,"text":"The JFO must know CAS mission specifics that may include when aircraft are prosecuting","rect":[89.99993896484375,459.47991943359377,522.02392578125,448.4519348144531]},{"page":274,"text":"attacks, how many aircraft are attacking the target, when they release ordnance, and","rect":[89.99993896484375,473.2799072265625,522.0155029296875,462.2519226074219]},{"page":274,"text":"approximate time of weapons impact.","rect":[89.99993896484375,487.0559387207031,271.01513671875,476.05194091796877]},{"page":274,"text":"(1) During mission execution, the JFO will pass pertinent information to the","rect":[133.19993591308595,512.8799438476563,522.0767182617187,501.8519592285156]},{"page":274,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A), ","rect":[89.99993896484375,526.5960083007813,168.09353637695313,515.5919799804688]},{"page":274,"text":"while ","rect":[174.7535400390625,524.0399780273438,204.40554809570313,515.5919799804688]},{"page":274,"text":"maintaining ","rect":[211.12554931640626,526.6199951171875,271.4040222167969,515.5919799804688]},{"page":274,"text":"communications ","rect":[278.06402587890627,524.1119995117188,360.4427490234375,515.5919799804688]},{"page":274,"text":"with ","rect":[367.10272216796877,524.1119995117188,391.423095703125,515.5919799804688]},{"page":274,"text":"the ","rect":[398.0830993652344,524.1119995117188,415.75787353515627,515.5919799804688]},{"page":274,"text":"on-scene ","rect":[422.41790771484377,524.0,468.0599365234375,518.0]},{"page":274,"text":"maneuver","rect":[474.7199401855469,524.1959838867188,521.985501953125,518.4239501953125]},{"page":274,"text":"commander. This includes, but is not limited to: ","rect":[89.99993896484375,538.0,326.30389404296877,529.3919677734375]},{"page":274,"text":"(a) Target updates, target location refinement, target movement, and change","rect":[154.79994201660157,566.2200317382813,521.94469921875,555.1920166015625]},{"page":274,"text":"in target priority.","rect":[89.99993896484375,580.02001953125,171.73675537109376,568.9920043945313]},{"page":274,"text":"(b) Troops in contact.","rect":[154.79994201660157,605.7960815429688,261.7271728515625,594.7920532226563]},{"page":274,"text":"(c) Friendly location updates and maneuver plan after the attack.","rect":[154.79994201660157,631.6200561523438,467.70233154296877,620.592041015625]},{"page":274,"text":"(d) Collateral damage considerations and updates.","rect":[154.7999267578125,657.4201049804688,397.78564453125,646.39208984375]},{"page":274,"text":"(e) Weapons impact correction and/or new desired aim point. The","rect":[154.7999267578125,683.1961059570313,521.9951142578125,672.1920776367188]},{"page":274,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) should be proactive and ensure the JFO provides timely corrections.","rect":[89.99991607666016,697.0201416015625,491.5439147949219,685.9921264648438]},{"page":274,"text":"V-72 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":274,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":275,"text":"Execution","rect":[473.3399963378906,47.25597381591797,522.0767822265625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":275,"text":"(f) Threats to aircraft (MANPADS, small arms, ADA equipment).","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.65597534179688,475.38238525390627,74.6519775390625]},{"page":275,"text":"(g) Inputs to BDA.","rect":[154.8000030517578,111.47996520996094,248.45999145507813,100.45196533203125]},{"page":275,"text":"(2) JFO should monitor TAD and be prepared to provide an ABORT call to","rect":[133.20001220703126,137.25595092773438,522.0960083007813,126.251953125]},{"page":275,"text":"prevent friendly fire or ensure safety of flight. While not certified to assess aircraft attack","rect":[89.99996185302735,151.0800018310547,522.06591796875,140.052001953125]},{"page":275,"text":"geometry, the JFO should monitor the aircraft’s employment profile if the situation","rect":[89.99996185302735,164.87998962402345,522.0575561523438,153.85198974609376]},{"page":275,"text":"dictates. The JFO should use active listening and take care to practice TAD discipline","rect":[89.99996185302735,178.6799774169922,522.0215424804687,167.6519775390625]},{"page":275,"text":"during the terminal phase of a CAS attack.","rect":[89.99996185302735,192.47996520996095,294.6287841796875,181.45196533203126]},{"page":275,"text":"(3) CAS Execution with Non-JTAC Qualified Personnel. In instances where","rect":[133.19996643066407,218.25595092773438,522.0083588867187,207.251953125]},{"page":275,"text":"a JFO facilitates CAS without a terminal attack controller present, the JFO will inform the","rect":[89.99998474121094,232.05599975585938,522.0239838867187,221.052001953125]},{"page":275,"text":"aircrew they are a JFO upon aircraft check-in, ensure aircraft safety of flight, and adhere","rect":[90.00000762939453,245.8799285888672,521.9904755859375,234.8519287109375]},{"page":275,"text":"to procedures outlined in paragraph 12, “Close Air Support without a Joint Terminal Attack","rect":[90.00003051757813,259.6799621582031,522.0384521484375,248.6519775390625]},{"page":275,"text":"Controller.”","rect":[90.00003051757813,271.0679626464844,147.67323010253907,262.45196533203127]},{"page":275,"text":"d. Laser TGO for CAS. When the JFO is providing TGO with an LTD, the JTAC","rect":[111.60002899169922,299.2799377441406,521.978609375,288.251953125]},{"page":275,"text":"should ensure all laser communications occur between the JFO and attacking aircraft. This","rect":[90.00003051757813,313.0799255371094,521.9388129882813,302.05194091796877]},{"page":275,"text":"communication will occur on TAD, and a communication check between the JFO and the","rect":[90.00005340576172,324.4679260253906,522.05407421875,315.8519287109375]},{"page":275,"text":"aircrew should be accomplished.","rect":[90.00005340576172,340.6559143066406,247.33804321289063,329.65191650390627]},{"page":275,"text":"e. FW PGM CAS Employment. Due to extended time of fall associated with PGM","rect":[111.60005187988281,366.47991943359377,521.932892578125,355.4519348144531]},{"page":275,"text":"employment, the JTAC should notify the JFO of weapons release and time of fall if the","rect":[90.00005340576172,380.2799072265625,522.025265625,369.2519226074219]},{"page":275,"text":"JFO is unable to monitor TAD. This will give the JFO SA and allow him time to notify","rect":[90.00005340576172,394.07989501953127,522.045654296875,383.0519104003906]},{"page":275,"text":"others in the target area of pending weapons impact.","rect":[90.00005340576172,407.8799133300781,340.9008483886719,396.8519287109375]},{"page":275,"text":"(1) The JTAC/FAC(A) should verify the coordinate source (i.e., PSS-SOF,","rect":[133.20005798339845,433.6799011230469,521.9268798828125,422.65191650390627]},{"page":275,"text":"Vector 21, GRG) during BOC employment if the JFO is the sole source of targeting","rect":[90.00005340576172,447.4798889160156,522.0768432617188,436.451904296875]},{"page":275,"text":"information.","rect":[90.00005340576172,458.85589599609377,149.65444946289063,450.25189208984377]},{"page":275,"text":"(2) The JTAC/FAC(A) should cross-check the intended aim point against the","rect":[133.20005798339845,487.0798645019531,522.0144013671875,476.0518798828125]},{"page":275,"text":"coordinates provided.","rect":[90.00007629394531,500.8559265136719,194.00408935546876,489.8519287109375]},{"page":275,"text":"f. Night CAS","rect":[111.6000747680664,526.679931640625,180.2472716064453,515.6639404296875]},{"page":275,"text":"(1) When the JFO is using an IR sparkle to mark a target, the JTAC/FAC(A) must","rect":[133.2000732421875,552.4199829101563,522.014466796875,541.3919677734375]},{"page":275,"text":"ensure all proper IR terminology is utilized. ","rect":[90.0000991821289,566.219970703125,303.2532958984375,555.1919555664063]},{"page":275,"text":"(2) IR TGO communication should occur on TAD between the aircraft and JFO.","rect":[133.20010375976563,591.9959716796875,521.8740844726563,580.991943359375]},{"page":275,"text":" ","rect":[90.0000991821289,630.0,93.0000991821289,629.0]},{"page":275,"text":"V-73","rect":[497.3399963378906,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":276,"text":"Chapter V","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,139.65600439453125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":276,"text":"V-74 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":276,"text":"Intentionally Blank","rect":[259.5,375.47991943359377,352.4963684082031,364.4519348144531]},{"page":276,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":277,"text":"APPENDIX A","rect":[264.6000061035156,85.03982543945313,347.38115732574468,75.29576110839844]},{"page":277,"text":"JOINT TACTICAL AIR STRIKE REQUEST","rect":[187.62001037597657,101.45999145507813,424.27206640625,91.05598449707031]},{"page":277,"text":"SECTION I—MISSION REQUEST","rect":[213.00001525878907,127.25997924804688,398.95804052734379,116.85597229003906]},{"page":277,"text":"Line 1.","rect":[90.00000762939453,151.05596923828126,125.34001159667969,142.6439666748047]},{"page":277,"text":" UNIT CALLED. Identifies the unit designation/call sign/preassigned number. ","rect":[108.00000762939453,167.99998474121095,510.3744201660156,156.97198486328126]},{"page":277,"text":" THIS IS. Identifies the request originator by unit designation/call sign/pre-","rect":[108.00001525878906,182.6999969482422,490.364408203125,171.6719970703125]},{"page":277,"text":"assigned number.","rect":[126.00003051757813,196.49998474121095,210.00604248046876,185.47198486328126]},{"page":277,"text":" REQUEST NUMBER. For preplanned missions, indicates the originator’s","rect":[108.00003051757813,211.13999938964845,492.08407666015628,200.11199951171876]},{"page":277,"text":"request number in series. For an immediate mission, this number is assigned by","rect":[126.00003051757813,224.9399871826172,510.24603271484377,213.9119873046875]},{"page":277,"text":"the ASOC/DASC. ","rect":[126.00005340576172,236.32797241210938,219.90005493164063,227.71197509765626]},{"page":277,"text":" SENT. Indicates the time and the individual who transmitted the request.","rect":[108.00005340576172,253.35598754882813,480.31201171875,242.35198974609376]},{"page":277,"text":"Line 2. (Mission Categories).","rect":[90.00003051757813,279.2399597167969,235.28404235839845,268.21197509765627]},{"page":277,"text":" PREPLANNED: For preplanned requests, enter precedence (block A) or priority","rect":[108.00003051757813,293.8799743652344,521.7120361328125,282.85198974609377]},{"page":277,"text":"(block B).","rect":[126.00003051757813,307.6559753417969,174.73562622070313,296.6519775390625]},{"page":277,"text":"- PRECEDENCE is stated numerically in descending order of importance, as","rect":[143.10003662109376,333.4799499511719,521.8512885742188,322.45196533203127]},{"page":277,"text":"determined by the requestor.","rect":[144.00003051757813,347.27996826171877,281.2728271484375,336.2519836425781]},{"page":277,"text":"- PRIORITY is expressed as shown below (#1 for emergency, #2 for priority,","rect":[142.2000274658203,373.0799560546875,521.8967895507813,362.0519714355469]},{"page":277,"text":"or #3 for routine). ","rect":[144.00003051757813,386.85595703125,232.9344482421875,375.8519592285156]},{"page":277,"text":"","rect":[108.00003051757813,409.823974609375,113.52003051757812,405.4559631347656]},{"page":277,"text":"IMMEDIATE:","rect":[126.00003051757813,411.19195556640627,203.284818359375,402.8279724121094]},{"page":277,"text":"- PRIORITY. For immediate requests, enter priority (block C). A","rect":[142.2000274658203,427.3199462890625,469.1592392578125,416.2919616699219]},{"page":277,"text":"precedence entry is not required for immediate requests because, by definition,","rect":[142.20004272460938,441.11993408203127,520.68603515625,430.0919494628906]},{"page":277,"text":"all immediate requests are precedence #1. Use the numerical designation","rect":[142.20004272460938,454.919921875,494.3424377441406,443.8919372558594]},{"page":277,"text":"below to determine priority (e.g., define the tactical situation) for preplanned","rect":[142.20004272460938,468.7199401855469,511.14483642578127,457.69195556640627]},{"page":277,"text":"(block B) or immediate (block C):","rect":[142.20005798339845,482.4959411621094,306.5341201171875,471.491943359375]},{"page":277,"text":"#1. Emergency is #1. Targets that require immediate action and supersede all","rect":[142.20005798339845,508.3199157714844,518.476869140625,497.29193115234377]},{"page":277,"text":"other categories of mission priority.","rect":[144.0000762939453,522.1199340820313,315.63848876953127,511.0919189453125]},{"page":277,"text":"#2. Priority is #2. Targets that require immediate action and supersede","rect":[144.0000762939453,547.9199829101563,487.32848828125,536.8919677734375]},{"page":277,"text":"routine targets.","rect":[144.00009155273438,561.7200317382813,216.03489685058595,550.6920166015625]},{"page":277,"text":"#3. Routine is #3. Targets of opportunity. Targets which do not demand","rect":[142.20010375976563,587.52001953125,495.84130859375,576.4920043945313]},{"page":277,"text":"urgency in execution.","rect":[144.00009155273438,601.3200073242188,247.6440887451172,590.2919921875]},{"page":277,"text":" RECEIVED. Indicates the time and the individual who received the request.","rect":[108.0000991821289,627.9360961914063,498.98419189453127,616.9320678710938]},{"page":277,"text":"Line 3. TARGET IS/NUMBER OF - Describes the type, approximate size, and","rect":[90.0000991821289,653.7600708007813,482.3521423339844,642.7320556640625]},{"page":277,"text":"mobility of the target to be attacked. It is necessary to specify, even if a rough estimate,","rect":[90.0000991821289,667.56005859375,512.5537109375,656.5320434570313]},{"page":277,"text":"the number of targets (e.g., 10 tanks) or the size of the target area (e.g., personnel on a","rect":[90.0000991821289,681.360107421875,503.6089143066406,670.3320922851563]},{"page":277,"text":"500 meter front). Otherwise planners cannot accurately determine what force is required","rect":[90.00010681152344,695.16015625,516.7897338867188,684.1321411132813]},{"page":277,"text":"A-1","rect":[503.34002685546877,753.2999267578125,521.9976196289063,745.055908203125]},{"page":278,"text":"Appendix A","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,148.98119970703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":278,"text":"— aircraft numbers/type and ordnance amount/type. Note: Item M: “Centers (CP,","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,488.5799865722656,74.6519775390625]},{"page":278,"text":"COM)” refers to C2 centers, and command posts.","rect":[90.0,99.45596313476563,327.65277099609377,88.45196533203125]},{"page":278,"text":"Line 4: TARGET LOCATION IS. Locates the target by using the MGRS prescribed","rect":[90.0,125.27995300292969,511.6920166015625,114.251953125]},{"page":278,"text":"for the area concerned.","rect":[90.0,136.656005859375,199.994384765625,128.052001953125]},{"page":278,"text":"BLOCK A. COORDINATES. Locates a point target or starting point","rect":[111.60000610351563,164.87998962402345,457.2720046386719,153.85198974609376]},{"page":278,"text":"BLOCK B. COORDINATES. When used together with A, provides from A to B","rect":[111.60001373291016,190.6799774169922,513.9096396484375,179.6519775390625]},{"page":278,"text":"coordinates.","rect":[90.0000228881836,202.05596923828126,148.33322143554688,193.45196533203126]},{"page":278,"text":"BLOCK C. COORDINATES. When used together with A and B, provides a","rect":[111.60002136230469,230.2799530029297,492.9744233398437,219.251953125]},{"page":278,"text":"route.","rect":[90.0000228881836,241.65594482421876,117.666015625,234.26393127441407]},{"page":278,"text":"BLOCK D. COORDINATES. When used together with A through C, provides a","rect":[111.60002136230469,269.8799133300781,513.0384797363281,258.8519287109375]},{"page":278,"text":"route or describes a target area.","rect":[90.0000228881836,283.679931640625,239.95684814453126,272.6519470214844]},{"page":278,"text":"BLOCK E. TGT ELEV. Target elevation in feet above MSL.","rect":[111.60002136230469,309.4799499511719,419.0135803222656,298.45196533203127]},{"page":278,"text":"BLOCK F. SHEET NO. Self-explanatory.","rect":[111.60002136230469,335.2799377441406,327.271240234375,324.251953125]},{"page":278,"text":"BLOCK G. SERIES. Self-explanatory.","rect":[111.60002136230469,361.0799255371094,310.9392395019531,350.05194091796877]},{"page":278,"text":"BLOCK H. CHART NO. Self-explanatory.","rect":[111.60002136230469,386.8799133300781,332.6712646484375,375.8519287109375]},{"page":278,"text":"CHECKED. Indicates with whom target information has been crosschecked.","rect":[111.60002136230469,412.6799011230469,486.5160217285156,401.65191650390627]},{"page":278,"text":"Line 5. TARGET TIME/DATE. Indicates the time/date when the air strike is","rect":[90.0000228881836,436.0799255371094,474.4320380859375,427.4519348144531]},{"page":278,"text":"requested.","rect":[90.0000228881836,452.25592041015627,138.91921997070313,441.2519226074219]},{"page":278,"text":"BLOCK A. ASAP - As soon as possible.","rect":[111.60002136230469,478.0559387207031,314.277587890625,467.05194091796877]},{"page":278,"text":"BLOCK B. NLT. The target is to be attacked before, but not later than the time","rect":[111.60002136230469,503.87994384765627,501.4680146484375,492.8519592285156]},{"page":278,"text":"indicated.","rect":[90.0,515.2559814453125,136.99200439453126,506.6519775390625]},{"page":278,"text":"BLOCK C. AT. Indicates time at which target is to be attacked.","rect":[111.5999984741211,543.4800415039063,426.9959716796875,532.4520263671875]},{"page":278,"text":"BLOCK D. TO. Denotes end of period of time in which support such as airborne","rect":[111.60000610351563,569.2560424804688,510.17037670898437,558.2520141601563]},{"page":278,"text":"alert or column cover is required. When TO is used, NLT and AT are unnecessary.","rect":[90.0,583.0800170898438,490.5719909667969,572.052001953125]},{"page":278,"text":"Line 6. DESIRED ORD/RESULTS. Indicates the requestor’s desired air strike results. ","rect":[90.0,608.8560791015625,522.0239868164063,597.85205078125]},{"page":278,"text":"This is essential information for the planner and must be carefully considered by the","rect":[89.9999771118164,622.6200561523438,494.23556225585937,611.592041015625]},{"page":278,"text":"requestor.","rect":[89.9999771118164,636.3961181640625,137.66038513183595,626.6040649414063]},{"page":278,"text":"BLOCK A. ORDNANCE. Desired ordnance.","rect":[111.5999755859375,659.80810546875,341.277587890625,651.1920776367188]},{"page":278,"text":"BLOCK B. DESTROY. Self-explanatory.","rect":[111.5999755859375,688.0201416015625,324.97918701171877,676.9921264648438]},{"page":278,"text":"BLOCK C. NEUTRALIZE. Self-explanatory.","rect":[111.5999755859375,713.8201293945313,346.94158935546877,702.7921142578125]},{"page":278,"text":"A-2 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,111.66360473632813,745.055908203125]},{"page":278,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6435852050781,753.4679565429688,521.9891357421875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":279,"text":"Joint Tactical Air Strike Request","rect":[364.67999267578127,49.655975341796878,522.0311904296875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":279,"text":"BLOCK D. HARASS/INTERDICT. Self-explanatory.","rect":[111.5999984741211,85.67997741699219,387.61920166015627,74.6519775390625]},{"page":279,"text":"Line 7. FINAL CONTROL. Identifies the final controller (e.g., JTAC, FAC[A]) who","rect":[90.00000762939453,111.47996520996094,511.5576171875,100.45196533203125]},{"page":279,"text":"will conduct the briefing and control the release of ordnance.","rect":[90.00000762939453,125.27995300292969,382.5994873046875,114.251953125]},{"page":279,"text":"BLOCK A. JTAC. Circle or write in the space provided, JTAC or FAC(A).","rect":[111.60000610351563,151.05599975585938,484.8564147949219,140.052001953125]},{"page":279,"text":"BLOCK B. CALL SIGN. Call sign of JTAC.","rect":[111.60002136230469,176.87998962402345,340.27203369140627,165.85198974609376]},{"page":279,"text":"BLOCK C. FREQ. Recommended TAD frequency.","rect":[111.60002136230469,202.6799774169922,371.589599609375,191.6519775390625]},{"page":279,"text":"BLOCK D. CONTROL POINT. Military grid coordinates and/or navigational aid","rect":[111.60002136230469,228.47996520996095,519.9192504882813,217.45196533203126]},{"page":279,"text":"fix of a control point which is the furthest limit of an attack aircraft’s route of flight prior","rect":[90.00000762939453,242.2799530029297,516.9360634765625,231.251953125]},{"page":279,"text":"to control by the final controller.","rect":[90.00000762939453,256.0799255371094,246.6888427734375,245.05194091796876]},{"page":279,"text":"Line 8. REMARKS. Allows incorporation of information not included elsewhere in the","rect":[90.00000762939453,281.8559265136719,520.2551850585937,270.8519287109375]},{"page":279,"text":"request. The intent of the remarks section is to capture amplifying mission relevant","rect":[90.00000762939453,295.679931640625,491.2404189453125,284.6519470214844]},{"page":279,"text":"information tailored by the user based off timing (e.g., immediate, preplanned) tactical","rect":[90.00000762939453,309.4799499511719,505.47119287109379,298.45196533203127]},{"page":279,"text":"situation, and theatre requirements. Certain missions may require extensive details, while","rect":[90.00000762939453,323.2799377441406,521.244015625,312.251953125]},{"page":279,"text":"other air requests may be less specific. Examples of mission relevant information:","rect":[90.00000762939453,337.0799255371094,483.22799829101566,326.05194091796877]},{"page":279,"text":"situation update, mission overview, CAS attack brief (9-Line/5-Line brief), FAC (A)","rect":[90.00000762939453,350.8559265136719,496.86120385742188,339.8519287109375]},{"page":279,"text":"information, expanded JTAC/JFO information, contact information, SEAD, category","rect":[90.00000762939453,364.6799011230469,498.18603515625,353.65191650390627]},{"page":279,"text":"coordinates for point targets, GARS information, digital CAS address and type, GRG,","rect":[90.00003051757813,378.47991943359377,502.9212341308594,367.4519348144531]},{"page":279,"text":"and time validation.","rect":[90.00003051757813,389.8559265136719,185.74325561523438,381.2519226074219]},{"page":279,"text":"SECTION II – COORDINATION","rect":[218.1600341796875,415.7999267578125,393.811216796875,407.3759460449219]},{"page":279,"text":"Line 9. NSFS. NSFS coordination.","rect":[90.00003051757813,441.47991943359377,265.0176086425781,432.8519287109375]},{"page":279,"text":"Line 10. ARTY. Artillery coordination.","rect":[90.00003051757813,469.6799011230469,288.368408203125,458.65191650390627]},{"page":279,"text":"Line 11. AIO/G-2/G-3. Air Intelligence Officer, G-2, G-3, or other Service equivalent","rect":[90.00003051757813,495.4798889160156,512.532044921875,484.451904296875]},{"page":279,"text":"coordination.","rect":[90.00005340576172,506.8559265136719,153.67445373535157,498.2519226074219]},{"page":279,"text":"Line 12. REQUEST. Indicates the approval or disapproval of the request.","rect":[90.00005340576172,535.0559692382813,452.7780456542969,524.0519409179688]},{"page":279,"text":"Line 13. BY. Indicates the individual who approved or disapproved the request.","rect":[90.00005340576172,560.85595703125,480.0024719238281,549.8519287109375]},{"page":279,"text":"Line 14. REASON FOR DISAPPROVAL. Self-explanatory.","rect":[90.00007629394531,586.6799926757813,397.31768798828127,575.6519775390625]},{"page":279,"text":"Line 15. RESTRICTIVE FIRE/AIR PLAN. The ACA establishes airspace that is","rect":[90.00007629394531,612.39599609375,498.05282666015628,601.3919677734375]},{"page":279,"text":"reasonably safe from friendly surface-delivered nonnuclear fires. The ACA provides a","rect":[90.00007629394531,626.2200317382813,507.1404389648437,615.1920166015625]},{"page":279,"text":"warning to aircrew of the parameters of surface-delivered fire in a specific area. A plan","rect":[90.00007629394531,640.02001953125,511.21209716796877,628.9920043945313]},{"page":279,"text":"number or code name is issued, as appropriate.","rect":[90.0000991821289,653.7960815429688,314.8273010253906,642.7920532226563]},{"page":279,"text":"Line 16. IS IN EFFECT. Establishes the time period that the applicable ACA plan will","rect":[90.0000991821289,679.5960693359375,518.756654296875,668.592041015625]},{"page":279,"text":"be in effect.","rect":[90.0000991821289,690.99609375,146.9040985107422,682.39208984375]},{"page":279,"text":"Line 17. LOCATION. Grid coordinates of the start/end points of the ACA’s centerline.","rect":[90.0000991821289,719.1961059570313,520.2625122070313,708.1920776367188]},{"page":279,"text":"A-3","rect":[503.3399963378906,753.4319458007813,521.9976196289063,745.055908203125]},{"page":280,"text":"Appendix A","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,148.98119970703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":280,"text":"Line 18. WIDTH (METERS). Defines ACA from either side of the centerline.","rect":[90.0,85.48797607421875,479.264404296875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":280,"text":"Line 19. ALTITUDE/VERTEX. ACA altitude given in feet above MSL.","rect":[90.0,111.47996520996094,451.95367431640627,100.45196533203125]},{"page":280,"text":"SECTION III – MISSION DATA","rect":[219.9600067138672,134.99993896484376,391.97997900390626,126.57594299316406]},{"page":280,"text":"Note: Mission data information transmitted to the requesting agency may be limited","rect":[111.60001373291016,163.0800018310547,522.0120239257813,152.052001953125]},{"page":280,"text":"to those items not included in the request.","rect":[89.9999771118164,176.85598754882813,289.9355773925781,165.85198974609376]},{"page":280,"text":"Line 20. MISSION NUMBER. Self-explanatory.","rect":[89.9999771118164,202.6799774169922,337.68719482421877,191.6519775390625]},{"page":280,"text":"Line 21. CALL SIGN. Self-explanatory.","rect":[89.9999771118164,228.47996520996095,294.97918701171877,217.45196533203126]},{"page":280,"text":"Line 22. NO. AND TYPE AIRCRAFT. Self-explanatory.","rect":[89.9999771118164,254.2799530029297,380.66156005859377,243.251953125]},{"page":280,"text":"Line 23. ORDNANCE. Type of ordnance either by code number or actual","rect":[89.9999771118164,280.0799865722656,455.624330078125,269.052001953125]},{"page":280,"text":"nomenclature.","rect":[89.9999771118164,291.4559631347656,158.33279418945313,282.8519592285156]},{"page":280,"text":"Line 24. EST/ALT TAKEOFF. Estimated or actual time the mission aircraft will take","rect":[89.9999771118164,317.2799377441406,515.4096650390625,308.6519470214844]},{"page":280,"text":"off.","rect":[89.9999771118164,331.05596923828127,106.9091796875,322.4639587402344]},{"page":280,"text":"Line 25. EST TOT. Estimated time on target.","rect":[89.9999771118164,359.2799377441406,317.9903564453125,348.251953125]},{"page":280,"text":"Line 26. CONTROL POINT (COORDS). The farthest limit of the attack aircraft’s","rect":[89.9999771118164,384.887939453125,502.3260505371094,374.05194091796877]},{"page":280,"text":"route of fight prior to control by the final controller. Same as line 7, item D, when","rect":[89.9999771118164,398.8799133300781,485.88238525390627,387.8519287109375]},{"page":280,"text":"designated in the request.","rect":[89.9999771118164,412.6799011230469,212.010009765625,401.65191650390627]},{"page":280,"text":"Line 27. INITIAL CONTACT. Indicates the initial control agency the flight is to","rect":[89.9999771118164,438.47991943359377,492.6719970703125,427.4519348144531]},{"page":280,"text":"contact.","rect":[89.9999771118164,449.8559265136719,127.63077545166016,442.46392822265627]},{"page":280,"text":"Line 28. JTAC/FAC(A)/TAC(A) CALL SIGN/FREQ. Call sign and frequency of the","rect":[89.9999771118164,478.0799255371094,517.8720063476562,467.05194091796877]},{"page":280,"text":"final control agency.","rect":[90.0,491.87994384765627,189.02398681640626,480.8519592285156]},{"page":280,"text":"Line 29. AIRSPACE COORDINATION AREA. Refer to lines 15 through 19 for this","rect":[90.0,517.6799926757813,517.346466796875,506.6519775390625]},{"page":280,"text":"data.","rect":[90.0,529.0560302734375,112.94879913330078,520.4520263671875]},{"page":280,"text":"Line 30. TGT DESCRIPTION. Self-explanatory.","rect":[90.0,557.280029296875,340.99920654296877,546.2520141601563]},{"page":280,"text":"Line 31. TGT COORD/ELEV. Self-explanatory.","rect":[90.0,583.0800170898438,338.33758544921877,572.052001953125]},{"page":280,"text":"Line 32. BDA REPORT (USMTF INFLTREP). This optional space is used to record","rect":[90.0,608.8560791015625,516.6744384765625,597.85205078125]},{"page":280,"text":"BDA for each mission.","rect":[90.0,620.256103515625,200.7407989501953,611.652099609375]},{"page":280,"text":"A-4 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,111.66360473632813,745.055908203125]},{"page":280,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6435852050781,753.4679565429688,521.9891357421875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":281,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,707.0,93.0,706.0]},{"page":281,"text":"Department of Defense Form 1972,","rect":[98.75999450683594,96.605712890625,318.1189876882716,83.5176010131836]},{"page":281,"text":"Joint Tactical Air Strike Request","rect":[98.75999450683594,111.42584228515625,293.8514095632716,98.33773040771485]},{"page":281,"text":"Joint Tactical Air Strike Request","rect":[364.67999267578127,49.655975341796878,522.0311904296875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":281,"text":"Figure A-1. Department of Defense Form 1972, Joint Tactical Air Strike Request","rect":[116.51956176757813,695.7538452148438,495.41887450790406,686.2548828125]},{"page":281,"text":"A-5","rect":[503.3399963378906,753.4319458007813,521.9976196289063,745.055908203125]},{"page":282,"text":"Appendix A","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,148.98119970703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":282,"text":"A-6 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,111.66360473632813,745.055908203125]},{"page":282,"text":"Intentionally Blank","rect":[259.5,361.6799011230469,352.4963684082031,350.65191650390627]},{"page":282,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6435852050781,753.4679565429688,521.9891357421875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":283,"text":"APPENDIX B","rect":[264.9599914550781,85.03982543945313,346.95966946029668,75.29576110839844]},{"page":283,"text":"SAMPLE CLOSE AIR SUPPORT AIRCREW MISSION PLANNING GUIDE","rect":[103.86000061035156,99.47998809814453,508.02713232421879,91.04399108886719]},{"page":283,"text":"Note: This is a notional mission planning guide. It provides a generalized list of ","rect":[111.59996032714844,127.55998229980469,525.0155639648438,116.531982421875]},{"page":283,"text":"planning considerations and information to consider that have been found to be useful by","rect":[89.99999237060547,141.35997009277345,521.98681640625,130.33197021484376]},{"page":283,"text":"various combat units. Units should always prepare their own checklists and guidelines","rect":[89.99999237060547,155.1599578857422,521.9964301757813,144.1319580078125]},{"page":283,"text":"tailored to their mission, situation, and equipment.","rect":[89.99999237060547,168.93600463867188,331.6488037109375,157.9320068359375]},{"page":283,"text":"1. Close Air Support Overview","rect":[89.99999237060547,194.85598754882813,250.6559738769531,184.0439910888672]},{"page":283,"text":"a. Friendly Situation","rect":[111.59999084472656,220.5599822998047,219.54239184570313,209.72398376464845]},{"page":283,"text":"(1) FEBA/FLOT.","rect":[133.1999969482422,246.33596801757813,220.13279724121095,235.33197021484376]},{"page":283,"text":"(2) Control points/IPs.","rect":[133.1999969482422,272.1359558105469,243.83999633789063,261.1319580078125]},{"page":283,"text":"(3) Scheme of maneuver.","rect":[133.1999969482422,297.93597412109377,257.5104217529297,286.9319763183594]},{"page":283,"text":"(a) Target area.","rect":[154.79998779296876,323.75994873046877,231.43919372558595,312.7319641113281]},{"page":283,"text":"(b) Key terrain.","rect":[154.79998779296876,349.5599365234375,232.04640197753907,338.5319519042969]},{"page":283,"text":"(c) JTAC/FAC(A) position and call sign.","rect":[154.79998779296876,375.3599548339844,354.4451904296875,364.33197021484377]},{"page":283,"text":"(d) Supporting arms.","rect":[154.79998779296876,401.1599426269531,257.48040771484377,390.1319580078125]},{"page":283,"text":"1. Artillery positions and planning ranges.","rect":[176.39999389648438,426.9599304199219,381.76318359375,415.93194580078127]},{"page":283,"text":"2. Mortar positions and planning ranges.","rect":[176.39999389648438,452.760009765625,373.6559753417969,441.7320251464844]},{"page":283,"text":"3. Counterfire radar positions and planning ranges.","rect":[176.39999389648438,478.55999755859377,423.3083801269531,467.5320129394531]},{"page":283,"text":"4. Gun target lines.","rect":[176.39999389648438,504.3599853515625,271.031982421875,493.3320007324219]},{"page":283,"text":"(e) Control and coordination measures.","rect":[154.8000030517578,530.1360473632813,345.3828430175781,519.1320190429688]},{"page":283,"text":"1. Permissive measures.","rect":[176.39999389648438,553.5360107421875,294.70318603515627,544.9320068359375]},{"page":283,"text":"a. CFL.","rect":[198.0,579.3480224609375,237.4031982421875,570.9359741210938]},{"page":283,"text":"b. FSCL.","rect":[198.0,605.1480102539063,244.67999267578126,596.531982421875]},{"page":283,"text":"c. BCL.","rect":[198.0,630.9480590820313,238.726806640625,622.5360107421875]},{"page":283,"text":"d. FFA.","rect":[198.0,656.7360229492188,238.06680297851563,648.1320190429688]},{"page":283,"text":"e. Kill box (ensure fires status “COLD” for CAS).","rect":[198.0,684.93603515625,441.54241943359377,673.9320068359375]},{"page":283,"text":"2. Restrictive measures.","rect":[176.39999389648438,708.3359985351563,294.0647888183594,699.7319946289063]},{"page":283,"text":"B-1","rect":[504.0,753.2999267578125,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":284,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,148.32119970703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":284,"text":"a. RFL.","rect":[198.0,83.19597625732422,237.4031982421875,75.03597259521485]},{"page":284,"text":"b. NFA.","rect":[198.0,109.05602264404297,240.0419921875,100.4520263671875]},{"page":284,"text":"c. RFA.","rect":[198.0,134.85601806640626,238.71839904785157,126.45600891113281]},{"page":284,"text":"d. Zone of fire.","rect":[198.0,160.656005859375,273.31201171875,152.052001953125]},{"page":284,"text":"3. ACMs/ACAs.","rect":[176.39999389648438,186.46798706054688,259.78680419921877,177.85198974609376]},{"page":284,"text":"b. ","rect":[111.5999984741211,238.0560302734375,123.5999984741211,229.4520263671875]},{"page":284,"text":"4. 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Deconfliction.","rect":[176.39999389648438,392.85601806640627,260.40838623046877,384.25201416015627]},{"page":289,"text":"(b) System interface.","rect":[154.8000030517578,421.0799865722656,258.1512145996094,410.052001953125]},{"page":289,"text":"(c) Cadence.","rect":[154.8000030517578,446.8559875488281,218.40721130371095,435.85198974609377]},{"page":289,"text":"(d) System update.","rect":[154.8000030517578,472.67999267578127,248.05081176757813,461.6520080566406]},{"page":289,"text":"(4) TAC.","rect":[133.20001220703126,498.45599365234377,180.1824188232422,487.4519958496094]},{"page":289,"text":"(a) Communications (required calls).","rect":[154.8000030517578,524.2560424804688,335.06640625,513.2520141601563]},{"page":289,"text":"(b) Restricted run-ins.","rect":[154.8000030517578,550.0560302734375,263.4203796386719,539.052001953125]},{"page":289,"text":"(c) Available marks.","rect":[154.8000030517578,575.8560180664063,256.19281005859377,564.8519897460938]},{"page":289,"text":"(d) Laser code/code words.","rect":[154.8000030517578,601.656005859375,288.4200134277344,590.6519775390625]},{"page":289,"text":"(e) Minimum capable hack time.","rect":[154.8000030517578,627.4560546875,314.7527770996094,616.4520263671875]},{"page":289,"text":"(5) Attack plan.","rect":[133.20001220703126,653.2559814453125,211.80963134765626,642.251953125]},{"page":289,"text":"(a) Preplanned missions: changes to the plan.","rect":[154.8000030517578,679.0800170898438,374.731201171875,668.052001953125]},{"page":289,"text":"(b) Immediate missions.","rect":[154.8000030517578,704.8560180664063,274.04156494140627,693.8519897460938]},{"page":289,"text":"B-7","rect":[504.0,753.4559326171875,522.0,745.2359008789063]},{"page":290,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,148.32119970703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":290,"text":"B-8 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,111.00360107421875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":290,"text":"1. Push profile.","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.65597534179688,252.67440795898438,74.6519775390625]},{"page":290,"text":"a. Formation.","rect":[198.0,109.05602264404297,265.31878662109377,100.4520263671875]},{"page":290,"text":"b. Tasking.","rect":[198.0,137.28001403808595,254.6508026123047,126.25201416015625]},{"page":290,"text":"2. Separation.","rect":[176.39999389648438,163.05599975585938,245.70718383789063,152.052001953125]},{"page":290,"text":"a. Initiation.","rect":[198.0,186.45599365234376,259.3320007324219,177.85198974609376]},{"page":290,"text":"b. Geometry/timing.","rect":[198.0,214.6799774169922,298.68719482421877,203.6519775390625]},{"page":290,"text":"3. Attack parameters.","rect":[176.39999389648438,240.45602416992188,281.956787109375,229.4520263671875]},{"page":290,"text":"a. Lead.","rect":[198.0,263.85601806640627,239.24880981445313,255.25201416015626]},{"page":290,"text":"b. Wingmen.","rect":[198.0,292.0799865722656,263.3219909667969,281.052001953125]},{"page":290,"text":"4. Acquisition predictions.","rect":[176.39999389648438,317.8559875488281,306.73199462890627,306.85198974609377]},{"page":290,"text":"a. Mark.","rect":[198.0,341.1960144042969,241.32000732421876,332.6520080566406]},{"page":290,"text":"b. Mil size of corrections.","rect":[198.0,367.0559997558594,324.31201171875,358.4519958496094]},{"page":290,"text":"c. Target scan technique.","rect":[198.0,395.2799987792969,320.5979919433594,384.25201416015627]},{"page":290,"text":"d. Primary sensor.","rect":[198.0,421.0799865722656,288.3023681640625,410.052001953125]},{"page":290,"text":"e. System aids.","rect":[198.0,446.8799743652344,273.0,435.85198974609377]},{"page":290,"text":"5. Release.","rect":[176.39999389648438,470.2560119628906,231.7332000732422,461.6520080566406]},{"page":290,"text":"a. Parameters.","rect":[198.0,496.0559997558594,268.62841796875,487.83599853515627]},{"page":290,"text":"b. Mode.","rect":[198.0,521.8560180664063,244.01519775390626,513.2520141601563]},{"page":290,"text":"c. Weapons allocation.","rect":[198.0,550.0560302734375,310.3283996582031,539.052001953125]},{"page":290,"text":"d. Abort criteria.","rect":[198.0,573.4559936523438,280.93682861328127,564.8519897460938]},{"page":290,"text":"6. Off-target.","rect":[176.39999389648438,601.6799926757813,242.40957641601563,590.6640014648438]},{"page":290,"text":"a. Maneuver.","rect":[198.0,625.0560302734375,264.0047912597656,616.8359985351563]},{"page":290,"text":"b. Expendables.","rect":[198.0,653.2560424804688,277.28399658203127,642.2520141601563]},{"page":290,"text":"c. Cadence.","rect":[198.0,676.6680297851563,256.63079833984377,668.052001953125]},{"page":290,"text":"d. Routing.","rect":[198.0,704.8800048828125,254.64959716796876,693.8519897460938]},{"page":290,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6435852050781,753.4679565429688,521.9891357421875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":291,"text":"f. ","rect":[111.60000610351563,495.8999938964844,121.5768051147461,487.4639892578125]},{"page":291,"text":"Sample Close Air Support Aircrew Mission Planning Guide","rect":[233.6999969482422,49.67997741699219,522.0023774414062,38.651973724365237]},{"page":291,"text":"e. Mutual support.","rect":[198.0,85.65597534179688,288.9743957519531,74.6519775390625]},{"page":291,"text":"7. Rendezvous.","rect":[176.39999389648438,109.05602264404297,253.08958435058595,100.4520263671875]},{"page":291,"text":"a. Profile.","rect":[198.0,134.85601806640626,247.93919372558595,126.25201416015625]},{"page":291,"text":"b. Deconfliction.","rect":[198.0,160.656005859375,282.0083923339844,152.052001953125]},{"page":291,"text":"c. Cadence.","rect":[198.0,186.46798706054688,256.63079833984377,177.85198974609376]},{"page":291,"text":"(6) Attack plan variations.","rect":[133.1999969482422,214.65597534179688,262.1759948730469,203.6519775390625]},{"page":291,"text":"(7) Reattack plan.","rect":[133.1999969482422,240.45596313476563,221.77920532226563,229.45196533203126]},{"page":291,"text":"(a) Criteria.","rect":[154.79998779296876,266.2559509277344,213.87838745117188,255.251953125]},{"page":291,"text":"(b) Minimum disengagement.","rect":[154.79998779296876,292.0799560546875,300.8675842285156,281.0519714355469]},{"page":291,"text":"1. Time.","rect":[176.39999389648438,315.45599365234377,219.7307891845703,306.85198974609377]},{"page":291,"text":"2. Distance.","rect":[176.39999389648438,341.2560119628906,236.40240478515626,332.6520080566406]},{"page":291,"text":"3. Terrain.","rect":[176.39999389648438,367.0559997558594,229.63677978515626,358.4519958496094]},{"page":291,"text":"(c) Communication requirement.","rect":[154.8000030517578,395.2560119628906,315.4559326171875,384.25201416015627]},{"page":291,"text":"1. Inter-flight.","rect":[176.39999389648438,421.0799865722656,247.09439086914063,410.052001953125]},{"page":291,"text":"2. JTAC/FAC(A).","rect":[176.39999389648438,446.8559875488281,266.4000244140625,435.85198974609377]},{"page":291,"text":"(d) Deconfliction.","rect":[154.8000030517578,472.656005859375,243.73681640625,461.6520080566406]},{"page":291,"text":"Return to Force","rect":[124.56000518798828,496.0559997558594,206.53201000976564,487.83599853515627]},{"page":291,"text":"(1) Rendezvous.","rect":[133.20001220703126,524.2560424804688,214.8660125732422,513.2520141601563]},{"page":291,"text":"(a) Position.","rect":[154.8000030517578,550.0560302734375,216.4835968017578,539.052001953125]},{"page":291,"text":"(b) Profile.","rect":[154.8000030517578,575.8560180664063,210.5424041748047,564.8519897460938]},{"page":291,"text":"(c) Aircraft damage assessment.","rect":[154.8000030517578,601.6799926757813,311.77679443359377,590.6519775390625]},{"page":291,"text":"(2) Dump target plan.","rect":[133.20001220703126,627.4800415039063,240.14999389648438,616.4520263671875]},{"page":291,"text":"(3) Combat checklist.","rect":[133.20001220703126,653.2559814453125,239.7864227294922,642.251953125]},{"page":291,"text":"(4) C2.","rect":[133.20001220703126,679.0560302734375,170.2128143310547,668.052001953125]},{"page":291,"text":"(a) Route.","rect":[154.8000030517578,704.8560180664063,205.79998779296876,693.8519897460938]},{"page":291,"text":"B-9","rect":[504.0,753.4559326171875,522.0,745.0679321289063]},{"page":292,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,148.32119970703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":292,"text":"g. ","rect":[111.60000610351563,317.8799743652344,123.60000610351563,309.69598388671877]},{"page":292,"text":"B-10 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,117.00479888916016,745.0679321289063]},{"page":292,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":293,"text":"APPENDIX C","rect":[264.9599914550781,85.09574127197266,346.95966946029668,75.29576110839844]},{"page":293,"text":"PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR CLOSE AIR SUPPORT USING NIGHT-","rect":[95.81999969482422,99.47998809814453,516.1176430664062,91.04399108886719]},{"page":293,"text":"VISION DEVICES AND INFRARED (LASER) POINTERS","rect":[151.1400146484375,115.48797607421875,460.735232421875,104.85597229003906]},{"page":293,"text":"Preplanned/Scheduled (Planned Location and Time)","rect":[90.00003814697266,141.45596313476563,358.7040078125,130.6439666748047]},{"page":293,"text":"1. Can an NVD acquire the target well enough to mark it with an IR pointer?","rect":[111.60003662109375,167.1599578857422,483.1440400390625,156.1319580078125]},{"page":293,"text":"2. What will the light conditions be at TOT?","rect":[111.60002899169922,192.9600067138672,327.5676240234375,181.9320068359375]},{"page":293,"text":"a. Moon phase/rise/set/angle.","rect":[133.2000274658203,218.75999450683595,276.21484375,207.73199462890626]},{"page":293,"text":"b. Overall ","rect":[133.2000274658203,242.14797973632813,187.30682373046876,233.531982421875]},{"page":293,"text":"(dusk/dawn).","rect":[90.00001525878906,258.3359680175781,153.001220703125,247.33197021484376]},{"page":293,"text":"illumination ","rect":[192.10682678222657,242.05198669433595,253.75680541992188,233.531982421875]},{"page":293,"text":"level ","rect":[258.6168212890625,242.0,284.99884033203127,233.531982421875]},{"page":293,"text":"and/or ","rect":[289.85882568359377,242.135986328125,323.58367919921877,233.531982421875]},{"page":293,"text":"changing ","rect":[328.44366455078127,244.5599822998047,375.444091796875,233.531982421875]},{"page":293,"text":"ambient ","rect":[380.3041076660156,242.135986328125,421.99212646484377,233.531982421875]},{"page":293,"text":"lighting ","rect":[426.8521728515625,244.5599822998047,467.1600341796875,233.531982421875]},{"page":293,"text":"conditions","rect":[472.02001953125,242.135986328125,522.0084541015625,233.531982421875]},{"page":293,"text":"c. What ambient light sources will interfere with the aircrew’s and my ability to","rect":[133.20001220703126,284.1599426269531,521.9832763671875,273.1319580078125]},{"page":293,"text":"acquire the target?","rect":[90.00006103515625,297.9599609375,178.5888642578125,286.9319763183594]},{"page":293,"text":"d. Are there any actions planned on my part that will change the light conditions","rect":[133.20005798339845,323.75994873046877,522.0216376953125,312.7319641113281]},{"page":293,"text":"prior to TOT?","rect":[90.00006103515625,337.53594970703127,157.3344697265625,326.5319519042969]},{"page":293,"text":"e. Are there any actions anticipated by the enemy that will change the light","rect":[133.20005798339845,363.3599548339844,522.0192885742188,352.33197021484377]},{"page":293,"text":"conditions prior to TOT?","rect":[90.00006103515625,377.1359558105469,210.32406323242189,366.1319580078125]},{"page":293,"text":"3. Will anticipated periods of low visibility negate the use of IR pointers?","rect":[111.60005950927735,402.9599304199219,467.4636506347656,391.93194580078127]},{"page":293,"text":"4. Are the pilots NVG qualified and have they worked with IR pointers? Do they","rect":[111.60005187988281,428.7599182128906,522.0132446289063,417.73193359375]},{"page":293,"text":"require a face-to-face pre-mission brief?","rect":[90.00006103515625,442.5359191894531,283.22652905273437,431.53192138671877]},{"page":293,"text":"5. What profile must the aircraft fly to acquire the IR beam?","rect":[111.60005950927735,468.35992431640627,403.1544770507812,457.3319396972656]},{"page":293,"text":"6. Is the background sufficient for the aircrew to acquire the beam?","rect":[111.60006713867188,494.159912109375,437.14327709960937,483.1319274902344]},{"page":293,"text":"7. Is there a run-in heading or FAH that optimizes the ability of the aircrew to acquire","rect":[111.6000747680664,519.9599609375,521.9592866210937,508.93194580078127]},{"page":293,"text":"the pointer’s location, the beam, and the target?","rect":[90.00008392333985,533.7599487304688,318.2508515625,522.73193359375]},{"page":293,"text":"8. Is it best to self-mark location with an IR source, and/or acquire the aircraft with","rect":[111.60008239746094,559.5360107421875,522.0636596679688,548.531982421875]},{"page":293,"text":"NVGs? Does the aircraft have IR lights?","rect":[90.00006103515625,573.3600463867188,287.599240234375,562.33203125]},{"page":293,"text":"9. Will other assets (i.e., AHs) using IR pointers confuse the CAS pilot?","rect":[111.60005950927735,599.1600341796875,460.5024995117187,588.1320190429688]},{"page":293,"text":"10. Can the strike be conducted under EMCON?","rect":[111.6000747680664,622.548095703125,347.7864045410156,613.9320678710938]},{"page":293,"text":"11. After this TOT, can IR pointers still be used as a primary mark or will it be","rect":[111.6000747680664,650.7600708007813,522.0324677734375,639.7320556640625]},{"page":293,"text":"necessary to utilize an alternate marking means?","rect":[90.00008392333985,664.56005859375,322.5829438476562,653.5320434570313]},{"page":293,"text":" ","rect":[90.00008392333985,702.0,93.00008392333985,701.0]},{"page":293,"text":"C-1","rect":[504.0,753.4679565429688,522.0,745.055908203125]},{"page":294,"text":"Appendix C","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,148.32119970703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":294,"text":"C-2 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,111.00360107421875,745.055908203125]},{"page":294,"text":"Intentionally Blank","rect":[259.5,361.6799011230469,352.4963684082031,350.65191650390627]},{"page":294,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6435852050781,753.4679565429688,521.9891357421875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":295,"text":"APPENDIX D1","rect":[262.3199768066406,85.03982543945313,349.6199951171875,73.74597930908203]},{"page":295,"text":"DIGITALLY AIDED CLOSE AIR SUPPORT PLANNING AND EXECUTION","rect":[101.15999603271485,99.47998809814453,510.71401831054689,91.04399108886719]},{"page":295,"text":"CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[251.33999633789063,113.27997589111328,360.5759916992188,104.85597229003906]},{"page":295,"text":"This appendix has general comments on network construction, mission number, call","rect":[111.59999084472656,141.35997009277345,522.0023818359375,130.33197021484376]},{"page":295,"text":"signs, and addressing. It then has planning considerations for each of the common DACAS","rect":[90.00001525878906,155.1599578857422,522.007205078125,144.1319580078125]},{"page":295,"text":"family of capabilities (VMF, Link 16, and SADL). ","rect":[90.00001525878906,168.9600067138672,336.2687683105469,157.9320068359375]},{"page":295,"text":"1. Digitally Aided Close Air Support Planning Considerations","rect":[90.00001525878906,194.87998962402345,408.29998852539065,184.0439910888672]},{"page":295,"text":"a. Digital Systems Setup. DACAS requires particular attention to the setup of digital","rect":[111.60002136230469,220.5599822998047,522.12262109375,209.531982421875]},{"page":295,"text":"systems. JTACs/FAC(A)s must be aware of aircraft capabilities and their own system’s","rect":[90.00001525878906,234.35997009277345,522.2304389648438,223.33197021484376]},{"page":295,"text":"communication prerequisites, to enable the timely and effective use of digital","rect":[90.00003814697266,248.1599578857422,522.1896376953125,237.1319580078125]},{"page":295,"text":"communications. Not all aircraft or JTAC/FAC(A) systems have the same setup requirements","rect":[90.00006103515625,261.9599914550781,522.1213081054688,250.9320068359375]},{"page":295,"text":"for digital communications; thus, it is important that air and ground system operators","rect":[90.00008392333985,275.7599182128906,522.01809765625,264.73193359375]},{"page":295,"text":"understand their digital communication requirements and be prepared to provide that","rect":[90.00008392333985,289.5599365234375,522.1129165039063,278.5319519042969]},{"page":295,"text":"information to others. When practical, the ASOC/DASC should include in the approved DD","rect":[90.00008392333985,303.3359680175781,522.1309189453125,292.33197021484377]},{"page":295,"text":"Form 1972, Joint Tactical Air Strike Request, Section III, the supporting CAS aircraft’s digital","rect":[90.00010681152344,317.1599426269531,522.242494140625,306.1319580078125]},{"page":295,"text":"communication network/data link and addressing.","rect":[90.00012969970703,330.9599304199219,322.6465148925781,319.93194580078127]},{"page":295,"text":"b. Data Link and Voice Communications. Tools like digital messaging, image","rect":[111.60012817382813,356.7599182128906,522.1513642578125,345.73193359375]},{"page":295,"text":"exchange, and FMV help increase participants’ SA but do not replace the need for the verbal","rect":[90.00012969970703,370.5599060058594,522.1538100585938,359.53192138671877]},{"page":295,"text":"give-and-take that typically completes the tactical situation picture developed by CAS","rect":[90.00012969970703,384.35992431640627,522.15491015625,373.3319396972656]},{"page":295,"text":"participants. Where practical, CAS participants should capitalize on data link capabilities and","rect":[90.00012969970703,398.13592529296877,522.0445556640625,387.1319274902344]},{"page":295,"text":"the increased SA their use may bring to a tactical situation. In some situations, digital systems","rect":[90.00012969970703,411.95989990234377,522.0457465820313,400.9319152832031]},{"page":295,"text":"may expedite the target acquisition process. When employing DACAS, aircrews and","rect":[90.00015258789063,425.7599182128906,522.1657104492188,414.73193359375]},{"page":295,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s must familiarize themselves with potential system inaccuracies. CAS","rect":[90.00015258789063,439.5599060058594,522.1609526367188,428.53192138671877]},{"page":295,"text":"participants should also use established brevity codes (see Figure D-1 for common data link","rect":[90.00017547607422,453.3598937988281,522.212646484375,442.3319091796875]},{"page":295,"text":"terminology, including DACAS brevity codes) to reduce the incidence of voice transmissions","rect":[90.00017547607422,467.1598815917969,522.139435546875,456.13189697265627]},{"page":295,"text":"interfering with digital communications. Brevity codes are also useful when working with a","rect":[90.00019836425781,480.9598693847656,522.0422333984375,469.931884765625]},{"page":295,"text":"mixed force of digital and non-digital CAS aircraft. Using brevity codes clues non-digital","rect":[90.000244140625,494.7599182128906,522.1670546875,483.73193359375]},{"page":295,"text":"participants on when to remain silent so as not to impede data transfer.","rect":[90.000244140625,508.5359191894531,418.20025634765627,497.53192138671877]},{"page":295,"text":"c. Mission Number and Call Sign","rect":[111.60025787353516,534.3599853515625,284.0006743164063,523.5239868164063]},{"page":295,"text":"(1) Mission Number. In theater, mission numbers should be as assigned per the ATO. ","rect":[133.20025634765626,560.1599731445313,525.000244140625,549.1319580078125]},{"page":295,"text":"(2) Call Sign. Use the Link 16 standard (first and last letter of the name component","rect":[133.20025634765626,585.9600219726563,522.209046875,574.9320068359375]},{"page":295,"text":"of the call sign, then the call sign number). VMF messages allow for more characters, but the","rect":[90.0002670288086,599.760009765625,522.396359375,588.7319946289063]},{"page":295,"text":"Joint Mission Planning System (JMPS) can only accommodate six characters.","rect":[90.0002670288086,613.56005859375,446.0834655761719,602.5320434570313]},{"page":295,"text":"Example: Aircraft call sign from the ATO is “Nickel 21,” the digital","rect":[119.5199966430664,664.8148193359375,493.9193221969604,654.4058227539063]},{"page":295,"text":"network call sign is “NL21.”","rect":[119.5199966430664,677.4747924804688,264.9899082183838,667.1646118164063]},{"page":295,"text":" ","rect":[90.0002670288086,695.0,234.00027465820313,694.0]},{"page":295,"text":"Disclaimer: The following terms are used by the US Air Force community: Air-to-Air (A-A), acknowledged","rect":[90.0,708.3543090820313,513.9472560882568,699.1459350585938]},{"page":295,"text":"(ACK), cannot comply (CANTCO), Gateway (GAT), and will comply (WILCO).","rect":[89.99898529052735,719.874267578125,409.9666700363159,710.6658935546875]},{"page":295,"text":"D-1","rect":[503.34002685546877,753.2999267578125,521.9976196289063,745.0679321289063]},{"page":296,"text":"Appendix D","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,148.98119970703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":296,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,702.0,93.0,701.0]},{"page":296,"text":"D-2 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,111.66360473632813,745.0679321289063]},{"page":296,"text":"Figure D-1. Common Data Link Terminology ","rect":[200.16000366210938,664.794189453125,414.58396100616457,655.2952270507813]},{"page":296,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6435852050781,753.4679565429688,521.9891357421875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":297,"text":"Digitally Aided Close Air Support Planning and Execution Considerations","rect":[164.0399932861328,49.67997741699219,521.996369140625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":297,"text":"Figure D-1. Common Data Link Terminology (Continued)","rect":[170.75999450683595,388.9141845703125,441.2779443321228,379.41522216796877]},{"page":297,"text":"2. Variable Message Format over Combat Net Radio Planning ","rect":[90.0,414.7799987792969,414.23040771484377,403.9440002441406]},{"page":297,"text":"a. VMF Addressing. In addition to the mission number and call sign described","rect":[111.5999984741211,440.4599914550781,522.051513671875,429.4320068359375]},{"page":297,"text":"above, VMF addressing includes the following: Internet protocol address, link address,","rect":[90.0,454.260009765625,522.0084228515625,443.2320251464844]},{"page":297,"text":"subnet mask, and URN. The following information is one method used to apply VMF","rect":[90.0,468.05999755859377,522.0239897460938,457.0320129394531]},{"page":297,"text":"DACAS network addressing.","rect":[90.0,481.8600158691406,230.2871856689453,470.83203125]},{"page":297,"text":"(1) Internet Protocol Address. Internet protocol address is a series of four","rect":[133.1999969482422,507.6360168457031,521.9519936523437,496.63201904296877]},{"page":297,"text":"numbers that identify the user’s router/modem on a particular network. An incorrect","rect":[90.0,521.4600219726563,521.9747939453125,510.4320068359375]},{"page":297,"text":"Internet protocol address setup can cause broadcast and multicast communications to fail. ","rect":[90.0,535.2360229492188,525.0191650390625,524.2319946289063]},{"page":297,"text":"(Broadcasting is the way stations auto-learn; Internet protocol address errors can defeat,","rect":[90.0,549.0599975585938,522.014404296875,538.031982421875]},{"page":297,"text":"and have defeated, auto-learning.) The current recommendation is to assign a unique","rect":[90.0,562.8600463867188,521.9616059570312,551.83203125]},{"page":297,"text":"Internet protocol to each aircraft. The Internet protocol address assignment scheme is","rect":[90.0000228881836,576.6599731445313,522.0240180664063,565.6319580078125]},{"page":297,"text":"based on squadron number and call sign in the following format: 1.1.YYY.XX. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,590.4600219726563,480.5880126953125,579.4320068359375]},{"page":297,"text":"YYY is the squadron number and is limited to 0-254. If a squadron","rect":[117.0,620.9920654296875,494.9282926597595,610.7257690429688]},{"page":297,"text":"number is higher than 254, divide by two (VMFA-314 = 157). If a squadron","rect":[117.0,633.7947998046875,494.9392484703064,623.3858032226563]},{"page":297,"text":"number is higher than 509, divide by three. The JICO may need to resolve","rect":[117.0,646.454833984375,495.0512603607178,636.0458374023438]},{"page":297,"text":"redundancy that may occur where the numbers of two squadrons yield a","rect":[117.0,659.1148071289063,495.04903257751467,648.705810546875]},{"page":297,"text":"common number. ","rect":[117.0,669.6007690429688,215.40824431610108,661.4974975585938]},{"page":297,"text":"XX is a tactical call sign number from the ATO. Example: VMFA-122,","rect":[117.0,696.434814453125,495.0468551559448,686.0258178710938]},{"page":297,"text":"Nickel 21 = 1.1.122.21","rect":[117.0,706.9207763671875,229.24852598571779,698.7846069335938]},{"page":297,"text":"D-3","rect":[503.3399658203125,753.4319458007813,521.99755859375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":298,"text":"Appendix D","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,148.98119970703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":298,"text":"(2) Link Addressing. Link address is the means by which radios uniquely","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.027587890625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":298,"text":"identify each other on a given channel. Link addresses should not be duplicated","rect":[89.99996948242188,99.47996520996094,522.0359497070313,88.45196533203125]},{"page":298,"text":"simultaneously on a channel. The link address is the ATO call sign number and is valid","rect":[89.99996948242188,113.27995300292969,522.0191650390625,102.251953125]},{"page":298,"text":"for numbers 05-95. Example: Call sign NL 21 would be Link 21.","rect":[89.99996948242188,127.08000183105469,408.37322998046877,116.052001953125]},{"page":298,"text":"(a) Numbers ending in 0 or 5 are reserved for JTACs.","rect":[154.79995727539063,152.87998962402345,414.78118896484377,141.85198974609376]},{"page":298,"text":"(b) Numbers ending in 6 are reserved for FAC(A)s. ","rect":[154.79995727539063,178.6799774169922,410.77679443359377,167.6519775390625]},{"page":298,"text":"(c) Numbers ending in 7 are recommended for AOs. ","rect":[154.79995727539063,204.47996520996095,411.69842529296877,193.45196533203126]},{"page":298,"text":"(d) Numbers ending in 8 are recommended for the DASC.","rect":[154.79995727539063,230.2799530029297,437.08319091796877,219.251953125]},{"page":298,"text":"(e) Numbers ending in 9 are recommended for JFOs. ","rect":[154.79995727539063,256.0799255371094,417.3384704589844,245.05194091796876]},{"page":298,"text":"(3) Subnet Mask Addressing. Configure subnet mask to 255.255.0.0 to allow","rect":[133.19996643066407,281.8799133300781,522.171568359375,270.8519287109375]},{"page":298,"text":"DACAS systems to use the last six digits of the Internet protocol address as a way to","rect":[89.99995422363281,295.679931640625,522.0047607421875,284.6519470214844]},{"page":298,"text":"identify the desired recipient. With this address scheme and the subnet mask, aircraft will","rect":[89.99994659423828,309.4799499511719,522.0587783203125,298.45196533203127]},{"page":298,"text":"not ignore broadcast messages sent from other units.","rect":[89.99994659423828,323.2799377441406,341.9086608886719,312.251953125]},{"page":298,"text":"(4) URN Addressing. URNs are used by units in a VMF interface to uniquely","rect":[133.199951171875,349.0799255371094,522.1115112304688,338.05194091796877]},{"page":298,"text":"identify friendly military units, broadcast networks, and multicast groups. URNs facilitate","rect":[89.99994659423828,362.8799133300781,522.0358857421875,351.8519287109375]},{"page":298,"text":"the exchange of messaging and SA information, particularly in low-bandwidth tactical","rect":[89.99994659423828,376.6799011230469,522.0263686523438,365.65191650390627]},{"page":298,"text":"environments. URN information provides the foundation for address book information","rect":[89.99994659423828,390.4559326171875,522.0167236328125,379.4519348144531]},{"page":298,"text":"used in digital systems such as C2 systems, blue force tracker, and AFATDS. Use of URNs","rect":[89.99994659423828,404.2799072265625,521.9351508789063,393.2519226074219]},{"page":298,"text":"in VMF messaging enhances C2, DACAS, the common tactical picture, and the common","rect":[89.99994659423828,418.07989501953127,522.0623779296875,407.0519104003906]},{"page":298,"text":"operational picture. URNs have the least effect of the three address elements within the","rect":[89.99994659423828,431.8559265136719,521.9051484375,420.8519287109375]},{"page":298,"text":"VMF DACAS domain but are important to friendly force tracking systems. ","rect":[89.99994659423828,445.6799011230469,457.624755859375,434.65191650390627]},{"page":298,"text":"(a) URNs range between 0 and 16777215, with 16777215 reserved as a","rect":[154.79994201660157,471.4798889160156,521.987912109375,460.451904296875]},{"page":298,"text":"broadcast URN. Each Service has a block of URNs. ","rect":[89.99992370605469,482.8799133300781,348.3023376464844,474.2519226074219]},{"page":298,"text":"(b) URNs for aircraft and JTACs are assigned in the joint master unit list. ","rect":[154.7999267578125,511.0799255371094,513.4655456542969,500.0399475097656]},{"page":298,"text":"(c) JTACs/FAC(A)s and CAS aircraft with VMF should not use dynamically","rect":[154.79994201660157,536.8799438476563,522.0767822265625,525.8519287109375]},{"page":298,"text":"assigned URNs for addressing. ","rect":[89.99992370605469,550.6799926757813,247.68116760253907,539.6519775390625]},{"page":298,"text":"(5) The JMPS is the tool CAS aircrews use to configure their DACAS system via","rect":[133.19992065429688,576.4199829101563,521.9999360351562,565.3919677734375]},{"page":298,"text":"their aircraft mission loads. For JTAC reference, the following JMPS data fields are","rect":[89.99994659423828,590.2200317382813,522.0360078125,579.1920166015625]},{"page":298,"text":"integral to participating in a VMF network:","rect":[89.99994659423828,604.02001953125,297.9623427734375,592.9920043945313]},{"page":298,"text":"(a) Call sign.","rect":[154.79995727539063,629.820068359375,220.14474487304688,618.7920532226563]},{"page":298,"text":"(b) Mission number.","rect":[154.79995727539063,655.5960693359375,256.13636779785159,644.592041015625]},{"page":298,"text":"(c) Internet protocol address.","rect":[154.79995727539063,681.3961181640625,296.41436767578127,670.39208984375]},{"page":298,"text":"(d) Link address.","rect":[154.79995727539063,707.1961059570313,239.46835327148438,696.1920776367188]},{"page":298,"text":"D-4 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,111.66360473632813,745.0679321289063]},{"page":298,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6435852050781,753.4679565429688,521.9891357421875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":299,"text":"Digitally Aided Close Air Support Planning and Execution Considerations","rect":[164.0399932861328,49.67997741699219,521.996369140625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":299,"text":"(e) Subnet mask.","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.65597534179688,238.84320068359376,74.6519775390625]},{"page":299,"text":"(f) URN.","rect":[154.8000030517578,111.45596313476563,201.16799926757813,100.45196533203125]},{"page":299,"text":"Note: Each JTAC enters similar information such as Internet protocol and link","rect":[111.60000610351563,137.25595092773438,521.9951782226563,126.251953125]},{"page":299,"text":"addresses, call sign, and URN into the ground kit. Upon receipt of some of some digital","rect":[90.00000762939453,151.0800018310547,522.05035546875,140.052001953125]},{"page":299,"text":"messages, some ground kits can auto-learn and add other network participants’ addressing","rect":[90.00000762939453,164.87998962402345,522.014404296875,153.85198974609376]},{"page":299,"text":"information and thus negate time-consuming manual entry of respective addressing","rect":[90.00000762939453,178.6799774169922,522.0912475585938,167.6519775390625]},{"page":299,"text":"information. While auto-learning is a benefit, it does not mitigate confusion when two","rect":[90.00000762939453,192.47996520996095,522.001220703125,181.45196533203126]},{"page":299,"text":"aircraft show up with the same URN on the same frequency. Aircrews and JTACs need to","rect":[90.00000762939453,206.2799530029297,522.0023803710938,195.251953125]},{"page":299,"text":"use their assigned URNs as provided by the joint interface control cell in the","rect":[90.00000762939453,220.0800018310547,522.0144013671875,209.0399932861328]},{"page":299,"text":"OPTASKLINK’s CNR segment or as provided for local DACAS training opportunities.","rect":[90.00000762939453,233.8799285888672,513.0780029296875,222.8519287109375]},{"page":299,"text":"(6) The following standards provide the highest probability ","rect":[133.20004272460938,259.6799621582031,454.1856384277344,248.6519775390625]},{"page":299,"text":"connectivity to expedite the use of digitally aided devices to enhance CAS:","rect":[90.00003051757813,273.4799499511719,450.2484450683594,262.45196533203127]},{"page":299,"text":"of ","rect":[459.28564453125,257.0999755859375,472.20001220703127,248.66397094726563]},{"page":299,"text":"first-time","rect":[477.3000183105469,257.2559814453125,522.0275849609375,248.6519775390625]},{"page":299,"text":"(a) Set Transport/Network Layer Protocol: IPv4","rect":[154.80007934570313,299.2799377441406,391.0224609375,288.251953125]},{"page":299,"text":"(b) Do not run N-Layer Pass-through.","rect":[154.80007934570313,325.0799255371094,339.0528564453125,314.05194091796877]},{"page":299,"text":"(c) Default the Subnet Mask = 255.255.0.0","rect":[154.80007934570313,350.8559265136719,363.53045654296877,339.8519287109375]},{"page":299,"text":"Note: Some JMPS unique planning components revert to previous settings following","rect":[111.60008239746094,376.6799011230469,522.0300903320313,365.65191650390627]},{"page":299,"text":"power removal from system.","rect":[90.00005340576172,390.47991943359377,228.04806518554688,379.4519348144531]},{"page":299,"text":"b. The VMF Mission Profile Initialization Data Load (IDL). The hybrid IDL (see","rect":[111.60005187988281,416.2799072265625,522.0144013671875,405.2519226074219]},{"page":299,"text":"Figure D-2) has been tested and validated with a majority of DACAS-capable aircraft and","rect":[90.00005340576172,430.07989501953127,522.0216674804688,419.0399169921875]},{"page":299,"text":"should be the default standard for DACAS systems in a TAC mission. Having a universal","rect":[90.0000991821289,443.8799133300781,522.0240493164063,432.8519287109375]},{"page":299,"text":"IDL is essential for ensuring connectivity between ground systems and aircraft. The IDL","rect":[90.00007629394531,457.6799011230469,521.9677421875,446.65191650390627]},{"page":299,"text":"timing parameters should be entered by a member of the unit mission planning cell or","rect":[90.00007629394531,471.4798889160156,522.0301186523437,460.451904296875]},{"page":299,"text":"weapons tactics instructor into the Unique Planning Component of JMPS.","rect":[90.00007629394531,485.2799072265625,444.60009765625,474.2519226074219]},{"page":299,"text":"c. VMF Stack. VMF stack refers to the combination of version of MIL-STD-6017,","rect":[111.60006713867188,509.0,522.030029296875,500.05194091796877]},{"page":299,"text":"Variable Message Format (VMF); MIL-STD-2045-47001,","rect":[90.00005340576172,524.8799438476563,392.46124267578127,513.971923828125]},{"page":299,"text":"Department of Defense","rect":[400.50006103515627,524.8799438476563,521.95690625,513.971923828125]},{"page":299,"text":"Interface Standard: Connectionless Data Transfer Application Layer Standard; and MIL-","rect":[90.0000991821289,538.6199951171875,521.9832436523437,527.5919799804688]},{"page":299,"text":"STD-188-220, Digital Message Transfer Device Subsystems, used by a particular DACAS","rect":[90.0000991821289,552.4199829101563,522.02405078125,541.3919677734375]},{"page":299,"text":"system (aircraft or ground kit). The commonly used stacks are currently A/C/C and","rect":[90.00007629394531,566.2200317382813,522.0025024414063,555.1920166015625]},{"page":299,"text":"B/D1/D1. When VMF stacks are mismatched, systems are unable to communicate with","rect":[90.00007629394531,580.02001953125,522.09130859375,568.9920043945313]},{"page":299,"text":"each other. When systems cannot communicate, operators will receive a CANTPRO","rect":[90.00007629394531,593.820068359375,521.9688706054687,582.7920532226563]},{"page":299,"text":"[cannot process] message.","rect":[90.00007629394531,607.6200561523438,215.7000732421875,596.7960205078125]},{"page":299,"text":"(1) Single Stack. A common reference to the ability of a system to transmit and","rect":[133.2000732421875,633.4201049804688,522.0075073242188,622.39208984375]},{"page":299,"text":"receive only one variation of the VMF stack, either A/C/C or B/D1/D1.","rect":[90.0000991821289,647.2200927734375,432.900146484375,636.1920776367188]},{"page":299,"text":"(2) Dual Stack. A common reference to the ability of a system to transmit and","rect":[133.20013427734376,673.0201416015625,522.0911865234375,661.9921264648438]},{"page":299,"text":"receive two different VMF stacks but not at the same time. Some systems have made this","rect":[90.0001220703125,686.8201293945313,522.0961005859375,675.7921142578125]},{"page":299,"text":"capability operator selectable.","rect":[90.0001449584961,700.6201782226563,233.74337768554688,689.5921630859375]},{"page":299,"text":"D-5","rect":[503.3399658203125,753.4319458007813,521.99755859375,745.2359008789063]},{"page":300,"text":"Appendix D","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,148.98119970703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":300,"text":"Figure D-2. Variable Message Format Initialization Data Load","rect":[160.97999572753907,358.794189453125,451.0018894691467,349.3854064941406]},{"page":300,"text":"(3) Simultaneous Stack. The ability of a system to transmit multiple VMF","rect":[133.1999969482422,382.1399841308594,522.07434375,371.11199951171877]},{"page":300,"text":"stacks at the same time and is intended to be used when the operator does not know the","rect":[89.99999237060547,395.9159851074219,521.979611328125,384.9119873046875]},{"page":300,"text":"VMF stack of the system they are attempting to communicate with or when the network","rect":[89.99999237060547,409.739990234375,521.9471435546875,398.7120056152344]},{"page":300,"text":"contains systems with different stack implementations.","rect":[89.99999237060547,423.53997802734377,353.27276611328127,412.5119934082031]},{"page":300,"text":"d. VMF Terminology","rect":[111.59999084472656,449.3399963378906,222.99839782714845,438.31201171875]},{"page":300,"text":"(1) Broadcast. A message addressed to all stations on the same frequency without","rect":[133.1999969482422,475.1399841308594,522.1007705078125,464.11199951171877]},{"page":300,"text":"having to know all of their addressing information and without the need to select the","rect":[89.99996948242188,488.9399719238281,522.0515717773437,477.9119873046875]},{"page":300,"text":"numerous receivers from a list. Broadcasts are not acknowledged (ACK) by the receiving","rect":[89.99996948242188,502.7399597167969,522.1343383789063,491.71197509765627]},{"page":300,"text":"stations. The ease of transmitting data to large numbers of stations simultaneously can","rect":[89.99996948242188,516.5399780273438,522.0216064453125,505.511962890625]},{"page":300,"text":"expedite message traffic. ","rect":[89.99996948242188,530.3399658203125,213.0599365234375,519.3119506835938]},{"page":300,"text":"(2) Unicast. A message addressed to one station. If the receiving station receives","rect":[133.19996643066407,556.1399536132813,522.0575874023438,545.1119384765625]},{"page":300,"text":"and decodes a message unicast to it, it can issue an ACK to the sending station. Unicast","rect":[90.00001525878906,569.9400024414063,522.027650390625,558.9119873046875]},{"page":300,"text":"should be the preferred method when there is only one CAS asset. Unicast should be used","rect":[90.00001525878906,583.739990234375,522.0336303710938,572.7119750976563]},{"page":300,"text":"if working with a flight of more than one aircraft that forwards messages to flight members. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,597.5399780273438,524.9700927734375,586.511962890625]},{"page":300,"text":"Unicast also enables the ACK function (if the sending system is configured for ACK).","rect":[90.00001525878906,611.3399658203125,503.988037109375,600.3119506835938]},{"page":300,"text":"(3) Multicast. A message addressed to more than one, but not all, stations","rect":[133.20004272460938,637.1399536132813,522.0950629882813,626.1119384765625]},{"page":300,"text":"simultaneously. When the sender has the time and the tactical situation dictates, multicast","rect":[90.00004577636719,650.9400024414063,522.1632094726563,639.9119873046875]},{"page":300,"text":"messaging can provide an expedited means of messaging multiple users. ACK messages are","rect":[90.00003814697266,664.6799926757813,522.1057099609375,653.6519775390625]},{"page":300,"text":"also enabled with multicast transmissions (if the sending system is configured for ACK).","rect":[90.00003814697266,678.47998046875,507.4176330566406,667.4519653320313]},{"page":300,"text":"(4) Auto-Learning. A capability inherent to most ground systems and aircraft","rect":[133.20004272460938,704.2799682617188,522.026673828125,693.251953125]},{"page":300,"text":"that enables the system to receive broadcast messages and identify and save the sender’s","rect":[90.00004577636719,718.0799560546875,522.0263984375,707.0519409179688]},{"page":300,"text":"D-6 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,111.66360473632813,745.0679321289063]},{"page":300,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6435852050781,753.4679565429688,521.9891357421875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":301,"text":"Digitally Aided Close Air Support Planning and Execution Considerations","rect":[164.0399932861328,49.67997741699219,521.996369140625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":301,"text":"addressing information. Auto-learning is typically accomplished when an aircraft checks","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0252387695313,74.6519775390625]},{"page":301,"text":"in, broadcasting its OSR. This enables DACAS systems to immediately unicast or","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.03115625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":301,"text":"multicast messages back to the sender without preprogramming the sender’s addressing","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,522.0108032226563,102.251953125]},{"page":301,"text":"information. A secondary way to initiate auto-learning is for the JTAC to broadcast an","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,522.03125,116.052001953125]},{"page":301,"text":"APTD Request (K02.59). Aircraft on the frequency will respond with an APTD (K02.57)","rect":[90.0,140.87998962402345,521.9760415039062,129.85198974609376]},{"page":301,"text":"that allows the JTAC’s kit to auto-learn the aircraft’s addressing information.","rect":[90.0,154.6799774169922,460.9320068359375,143.6519775390625]},{"page":301,"text":"(5) APTD. APTD is a K-series message sent from an aircraft that indicates its","rect":[133.2000274658203,180.47996520996095,522.0528266601563,169.45196533203126]},{"page":301,"text":"current position and its DGT. The DGT coordinates for this message come directly from","rect":[90.0,194.2799530029297,522.022767578125,183.251953125]},{"page":301,"text":"the weapon system or a specific weapon selected for employment. ","rect":[90.0,208.07994079589845,413.8499755859375,197.05194091796876]},{"page":301,"text":"3. Link 16 and Situation Awareness Data Link Planning","rect":[90.0,233.9999237060547,379.35369873046877,223.16392517089845]},{"page":301,"text":"a. DACAS using Link 16 and SADL entails the use of J-series messages exchanged","rect":[111.5999984741211,259.6799621582031,522.0095825195313,248.6519775390625]},{"page":301,"text":"over various RF and non-RF systems. J-series messages are both fixed format (J3.5 Land","rect":[90.0000228881836,273.4799499511719,522.0311889648438,262.45196533203127]},{"page":301,"text":"Track/Point) and non-fixed format (J28.2 Free Text). Link 16 and SADL messages enable","rect":[90.0000228881836,287.2799377441406,521.995236328125,276.251953125]},{"page":301,"text":"ELOS transfer of information between potentially large numbers of data link participants. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,301.0799255371094,525.0455932617188,290.05194091796877]},{"page":301,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s planning for DACAS with Link 16 should coordinate with the","rect":[90.00004577636719,314.8799133300781,522.052853515625,303.8519287109375]},{"page":301,"text":"appropriate C2 element (ASOC/DASC) for assignment of JU numbers and track blocks.","rect":[90.00004577636719,328.6799011230469,513.1884155273438,317.65191650390627]},{"page":301,"text":"b. Link 16 and SADL messages allow transfer of information between potentially","rect":[111.60003662109375,354.47991943359377,522.114013671875,343.4519348144531]},{"page":301,"text":"large numbers of data link participants. The range of information exchanged and the","rect":[90.0000228881836,368.2799072265625,521.979611328125,357.2519226074219]},{"page":301,"text":"greater distances at which data exchanges may occur over a network makes J-series","rect":[90.0000228881836,382.07989501953127,522.00247265625,371.0519104003906]},{"page":301,"text":"messaging attractive for building SA and providing C2.","rect":[90.0000228881836,395.8799133300781,356.5416259765625,384.8519287109375]},{"page":301,"text":"c. Link 16/SADL Addressing. Common among all Link 16 platforms are four","rect":[111.60002136230469,421.6799011230469,522.0097329101562,410.65191650390627]},{"page":301,"text":"variables:","rect":[90.0000228881836,433.055908203125,136.63441613769533,424.451904296875]},{"page":301,"text":"(1) JU Number. Also known as a source track number, this JU number defines","rect":[133.20001220703126,461.2558898925781,522.0804755859375,450.25189208984377]},{"page":301,"text":"the platform. C2 users will also be issued a “track block” associated with the machine’s","rect":[90.00001525878906,475.0558776855469,521.9688422851563,464.0518798828125]},{"page":301,"text":"JU that allows the placement of “points” on Link 16 that are identified by numbers within","rect":[90.0,488.8799133300781,521.9928588867188,477.8519287109375]},{"page":301,"text":"the track block.","rect":[90.0000228881836,500.25592041015627,164.35202026367188,491.65191650390627]},{"page":301,"text":"(2) Main net channel, also known as mission channel.","rect":[133.20001220703126,528.39599609375,394.15673828125,517.3919677734375]},{"page":301,"text":"(3) Fighter net channel.","rect":[133.20001220703126,554.219970703125,248.84402465820313,543.1919555664063]},{"page":301,"text":"(4) Call sign.","rect":[133.20001220703126,580.0199584960938,199.20001220703126,568.991943359375]},{"page":301,"text":"d. JTACs/FAC(A)s planning for DACAS with Link 16/SADL should coordinate with","rect":[111.60002136230469,605.8200073242188,521.9675903320313,594.7919921875]},{"page":301,"text":"the appropriate C2 element (ASOC/DASC) for assignment of JU numbers and track blocks. ","rect":[90.0,619.6200561523438,524.99755859375,608.592041015625]},{"page":301,"text":"JTACs/FAC(A)s should be prepared to reference published track numbers to supporting","rect":[90.0,633.4200439453125,522.040771484375,622.3920288085938]},{"page":301,"text":"aircraft and other DACAS participants.","rect":[90.0000228881836,647.196044921875,278.20318603515627,636.1920166015625]},{"page":301,"text":"e. A thorough understanding of data link standards found in SPINS is also appropriate. ","rect":[111.60002136230469,673.0200805664063,524.9904174804688,661.9920654296875]},{"page":301,"text":"A key item in the SPINS is information highlighting the difference in J-series message","rect":[90.0,686.8201293945313,522.021603515625,675.7921142578125]},{"page":301,"text":"implementation between CAS platforms. Understanding the difference between platforms’","rect":[90.0,700.6201171875,521.9292275390625,689.5921020507813]},{"page":301,"text":"J-series message implementation will aid in the timely and accurate exchange of ","rect":[90.0,714.4201049804688,525.0216064453125,703.39208984375]},{"page":301,"text":"D-7","rect":[503.3399658203125,753.4559326171875,521.99755859375,745.2359008789063]},{"page":302,"text":"Appendix D","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,148.98119970703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":302,"text":"information. For example, the length of J28.2 FTMs able to be displayed will vary between","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0072021484375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":302,"text":"aircraft types. ","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,159.01199340820313,88.45196533203125]},{"page":302,"text":"Note: Placing DRPs (e.g., friendly positions, target locations) in the objective area as","rect":[111.5999984741211,125.27995300292969,522.0312202148438,114.23995208740235]},{"page":302,"text":"a reference during a CAS talk on is a principal advantage of Link 16 and SADL. The","rect":[90.0000228881836,139.0800018310547,521.9772309570312,128.052001953125]},{"page":302,"text":"effective use of J3.5 Land Tracks as reference points will require disciplined track","rect":[90.0000228881836,152.85598754882813,522.0888671875,141.85198974609376]},{"page":302,"text":"management and timely removal of non-relevant tracks.","rect":[90.00004577636719,166.6799774169922,358.91766357421877,155.6519775390625]},{"page":302,"text":"f. Link 16-Specific Planning. Mission planners should select the appropriate Link","rect":[111.60004425048828,192.47996520996095,522.0504760742188,181.45196533203126]},{"page":302,"text":"16 IDL for the respective aircraft. The planner adds the parameters received from the","rect":[90.00004577636719,206.25595092773438,522.021603515625,195.251953125]},{"page":302,"text":"OPTASKLINK and a small set of locally determined parameters, such as the net numbers","rect":[90.00004577636719,220.0800018310547,521.9928291015625,209.052001953125]},{"page":302,"text":"used for voice and air control.","rect":[90.00006866455078,231.4559326171875,233.89205932617188,222.8519287109375]},{"page":302,"text":"g. SADL-Specific Planning. SADL has three operational modes: Gateway (GAT),","rect":[111.60006713867188,259.6799621582031,521.9951782226563,248.6519775390625]},{"page":302,"text":"Air-to-Air (A-A), and Air-to-Ground. For DACAS, the GAT and A-A modes will be used. ","rect":[90.00006866455078,273.4559631347656,524.9808349609375,262.45196533203127]},{"page":302,"text":"In GAT mode, participants gain full SA of any network being bridged through the assigned","rect":[90.00006866455078,287.2799377441406,522.0000610351563,276.251953125]},{"page":302,"text":"gateway. In A-A mode, SA is limited to the participants in that flight. Both configurations","rect":[90.00006866455078,301.0799255371094,522.0265205078125,290.05194091796877]},{"page":302,"text":"require the planning of A-A settings (Air Key, Shape, and Own Ship) to ensure full sharing","rect":[90.00006866455078,314.8799133300781,521.9784545898438,303.8519287109375]},{"page":302,"text":"of messages such as precise participant location and identification (PPLI), sensor point,","rect":[90.00006866455078,328.6799011230469,522.0936889648438,317.65191650390627]},{"page":302,"text":"and system status. Some messages, such as PPLI, can received without these settings, but","rect":[90.00006866455078,342.47991943359377,522.0360732421875,331.4519348144531]},{"page":302,"text":"full DACAS SA is diminished when [type] points cannot be shared. ","rect":[90.00006866455078,356.2799072265625,421.69927978515627,345.2519226074219]},{"page":302,"text":"(1) Both ","rect":[133.2000732421875,382.055908203125,179.53207397460938,371.0519104003906]},{"page":302,"text":"A-A ","rect":[186.43206787109376,380.0,210.75607299804688,371.25592041015627]},{"page":302,"text":"and ","rect":[217.71607971191407,380.0,238.04408264160157,371.0519104003906]},{"page":302,"text":"GAT ","rect":[245.0040740966797,380.0,272.6640625,371.25592041015627]},{"page":302,"text":"modes ","rect":[279.68408203125,380.0,313.99688720703127,371.0519104003906]},{"page":302,"text":"require ","rect":[320.9568786621094,382.055908203125,357.9264831542969,371.0519104003906]},{"page":302,"text":"information ","rect":[364.8265075683594,379.6559143066406,424.4472961425781,371.0519104003906]},{"page":302,"text":"contained ","rect":[431.40728759765627,379.6559143066406,481.0741271972656,371.0519104003906]},{"page":302,"text":"in ","rect":[488.03411865234377,379.4999084472656,500.3725280761719,371.0519104003906]},{"page":302,"text":"the","rect":[507.33251953125,379.6559143066406,522.0480927734375,371.0519104003906]},{"page":302,"text":"OPTASKLINK to properly set up communications with the desired gateway. Users must","rect":[90.00004577636719,395.8799133300781,521.9400649414063,384.8519287109375]},{"page":302,"text":"know the GAT key and Guard Channel/Hop to communicate and receive timing messages","rect":[90.00006866455078,409.6799011230469,522.0564887695313,398.65191650390627]},{"page":302,"text":"from the gateway. Similarly, there is an A-A key (0-94) required for A-A mode. Because","rect":[90.00006866455078,423.4798889160156,522.0288666992187,412.451904296875]},{"page":302,"text":"SADL radios need a time reference, JTACs will not be able to fully test communications","rect":[90.00006866455078,437.2798767089844,522.0096748046875,426.25189208984377]},{"page":302,"text":"until a SADL capable aircraft that is timed into the same GAT or A-A key is within LOS.","rect":[90.00006866455078,451.0798645019531,519.8869018554688,440.0518798828125]},{"page":302,"text":"(2) SADL planning checklist.","rect":[133.2000732421875,476.8799133300781,278.18408203125,465.8519287109375]},{"page":302,"text":"(a) Addressing information.","rect":[154.80007934570313,502.6799011230469,291.4248962402344,491.65191650390627]},{"page":302,"text":"1. Call sign.","rect":[176.40008544921876,528.4199829101563,237.42369079589845,517.3919677734375]},{"page":302,"text":"2. JU number from OPTASKLINK.","rect":[176.39999389648438,551.8200073242188,352.1268005371094,543.1920166015625]},{"page":302,"text":"(b) Settings.","rect":[154.8000030517578,580.02001953125,216.4835968017578,568.9920043945313]},{"page":302,"text":"1. GAT key.","rect":[176.39999389648438,605.8200073242188,239.4011993408203,594.7919921875]},{"page":302,"text":"2. A-A key.","rect":[176.39999389648438,631.6200561523438,236.03878784179688,620.592041015625]},{"page":302,"text":"3. Channel/Hop.","rect":[176.39999389648438,657.39599609375,258.37799072265627,646.3919677734375]},{"page":302,"text":"4. Own Ship/Shape.","rect":[176.39999389648438,683.196044921875,275.40478515625,672.1920166015625]},{"page":302,"text":"5. Frequency map.","rect":[176.39999389648438,709.02001953125,268.6907653808594,698.3759765625]},{"page":302,"text":"D-8 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,111.66360473632813,745.0679321289063]},{"page":302,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6435852050781,753.4679565429688,521.9891357421875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":303,"text":"Digitally Aided Close Air Support Planning and Execution Considerations","rect":[164.0399932861328,49.67997741699219,521.996369140625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":303,"text":"6. Crypto algorithm.","rect":[176.39999389648438,85.67997741699219,277.401611328125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":303,"text":"4. Gateway Planning Considerations ","rect":[90.0,111.59996032714844,285.681640625,100.76396179199219]},{"page":303,"text":"a. Gateways allow VMF-capable JTACs/FAC(A)s to communicate digitally with","rect":[111.5999984741211,137.2799530029297,522.0360107421875,126.251953125]},{"page":303,"text":"Link 16/SADL-capable aircraft by transmitting messages through a gateway. At the","rect":[90.0,151.07994079589845,522.0791596679687,140.05194091796876]},{"page":303,"text":"gateway, the JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s targeting and SA information is broadcast to all aircraft in","rect":[90.0,164.8799285888672,522.0120239257813,153.8519287109375]},{"page":303,"text":"the Link 16/SADL networks. Gateways provide JTACs/FAC(A)s with the capability to","rect":[90.0,178.6799774169922,521.9627685546875,167.6519775390625]},{"page":303,"text":"publish DRPs and other information onto the data link network for Link 16 and SADL-","rect":[90.0,192.45596313476563,521.903958984375,181.45196533203126]},{"page":303,"text":"capable aircraft. Gateways are capable of sending information from the Link 16/SADL","rect":[90.0,206.2799530029297,521.9988090820313,195.251953125]},{"page":303,"text":"networks back to VMF-equipped JTACs/FAC(A)s. Including a gateway in the DACAS","rect":[90.0,220.07994079589845,521.9796171875,209.05194091796876]},{"page":303,"text":"communications plan is extremely beneficial for SA of the maximum number of platforms","rect":[90.0,233.8799285888672,521.928009765625,222.8519287109375]},{"page":303,"text":"in the AO. Figure D-3 for common K- to J-series message translation. ","rect":[90.0,247.6799774169922,431.65679931640627,236.6519775390625]},{"page":303,"text":"b. A tactical gateway can be used to translate data from VMF over CNR to Link","rect":[111.59999084472656,273.4799499511719,521.9424438476563,262.45196533203127]},{"page":303,"text":"16/SADL and vice versa. Gateways can enable a JTAC/FAC(A) to provide SA for","rect":[90.0,287.2799377441406,521.89199609375,276.251953125]},{"page":303,"text":"supporting aircrews who are either not capable of the same data link as the JTAC/FAC(A)","rect":[90.0,301.0799255371094,522.048001953125,290.05194091796877]},{"page":303,"text":"or are available for ELOS/BLOS updates. In these cases, the JTAC/FAC(A) can leverage","rect":[90.00004577636719,314.8799133300781,522.0156831054687,303.8519287109375]},{"page":303,"text":"a gateway to distribute their RSOF, situation update, game plan, 9-line, and","rect":[90.00004577636719,328.679931640625,522.0336303710938,317.6519470214844]},{"page":303,"text":"remarks/restrictions. When JTACs/FAC(A)s send messages to aircraft through a gateway,","rect":[90.00004577636719,342.47991943359377,522.0432739257813,331.4519348144531]},{"page":303,"text":"they must address the message to the aircraft’s URN so the gateway sends the message to","rect":[90.00004577636719,356.2799072265625,522.08642578125,345.2519226074219]},{"page":303,"text":"the intended recipient.","rect":[90.00004577636719,370.0559387207031,197.0916290283203,359.05194091796877]},{"page":303,"text":"Figure D-3. K- to J-Series Message Translation","rect":[193.86000061035157,719.9342041015625,417.82702374649048,710.4352416992188]},{"page":303,"text":"D-9","rect":[503.3399658203125,753.4559326171875,521.99755859375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":304,"text":"Appendix D","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,148.98119970703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":304,"text":"Aircrew: “Hardrock 43, this is Hawg 21, 15 miles to the North, flight level","rect":[119.04000091552735,88.4548568725586,492.8980209274292,78.04581451416016]},{"page":304,"text":"150-160, FOREST SWEET.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,99.0,260.86646461486819,90.70572662353516]},{"page":304,"text":"JTAC: “Hawg 21, proceed to IP Lakehouse – Villa, block 14 to 16, no","rect":[119.04000091552735,125.7748031616211,493.01331463241578,115.36576080322266]},{"page":304,"text":"other air on station. Call when established, send OSR.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,136.2716522216797,409.9428195953369,128.02566528320313]},{"page":304,"text":"Aircrew: “Hawg 21, proceeding Lakehouse – Villa, block 14 to 16,","rect":[119.04000091552735,163.03431701660157,492.8902694625854,152.72410583496095]},{"page":304,"text":"standby OSR.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,175.69422912597657,196.66968727111817,165.28518676757813]},{"page":304,"text":"Aircrew: Hawg 21 transmits OSR message.","rect":[119.04000091552735,200.3542022705078,346.4929000778198,189.94515991210938]},{"page":304,"text":"JTAC: “HG21//IP LAKEHOUSE TO VILLA//14 B 16//CALL EST//SEND","rect":[119.04000091552735,222.8511199951172,492.93109970855718,214.60513305664063]},{"page":304,"text":"OSR”","rect":[119.04000091552735,235.51109313964845,148.2907199859619,227.26510620117188]},{"page":304,"text":"Aircrew: “WILCO” – This notifies the JTAC that message was received","rect":[119.04000091552735,262.2737731933594,492.8837064781189,251.86471557617188]},{"page":304,"text":"and will be followed. If the aircrew is unable to comply, the aircrew and","rect":[119.04000091552735,274.9336853027344,492.94849529647828,264.5246276855469]},{"page":304,"text":"JTAC will use voice to update airspace holding instructions.","rect":[119.04000091552735,287.5936584472656,433.8926803512573,277.1846008300781]},{"page":304,"text":"5. Digitally Aided Close Air Support Using Variable Message Format over Combat","rect":[90.0,315.41998291015627,516.9599892578125,304.583984375]},{"page":304,"text":"Net Radio","rect":[90.0,326.8079833984375,141.66000366210938,318.38397216796877]},{"page":304,"text":"a. When establishing initial digital contact with an aircraft, JTACs/FAC(A)s need to","rect":[111.5999984741211,354.8999938964844,522.05517578125,343.87200927734377]},{"page":304,"text":"know their own VMF digital address information (i.e., Internet protocol address, link","rect":[89.9999771118164,368.6999816894531,521.9627685546875,357.6719970703125]},{"page":304,"text":"address, and URN) and be prepared to pass their information to strike aircraft if required. ","rect":[89.9999771118164,382.4759826660156,525.0215454101563,371.47198486328127]},{"page":304,"text":"This is required if the aircrew is unable to auto-learn the VMF network address information","rect":[89.9999771118164,396.2760009765625,522.0143432617188,385.2720031738281]},{"page":304,"text":"form the JTAC’s/FAC(A)’s transmission.","rect":[89.9999771118164,410.0760192871094,289.9151611328125,399.072021484375]},{"page":304,"text":"Note: When using VMF over CNR, voice transmissions can interrupt a data","rect":[111.5999755859375,435.8999938964844,522.0215424804687,424.87200927734377]},{"page":304,"text":"transmission if the radio is keyed without enough delay following a data push. Because of ","rect":[89.99995422363281,449.6999816894531,525.0611572265625,438.6719970703125]},{"page":304,"text":"this, instances where voice and data are utilized together should be initiated with voice and","rect":[89.99995422363281,463.4999694824219,522.0503540039063,452.47198486328127]},{"page":304,"text":"followed by data. Also, a newly arriving aircraft should “observe” the net for several","rect":[89.99995422363281,477.2999572753906,522.0287490234375,466.27197265625]},{"page":304,"text":"seconds prior to keying the microphone.","rect":[89.99995422363281,491.0999450683594,283.2587890625,480.07196044921877]},{"page":304,"text":"b. VMF over CNR DACAS Execution. Because digital messages are short data","rect":[111.5999526977539,516.8999633789063,522.0383271484375,505.8719482421875]},{"page":304,"text":"bursts, they can sometimes be successfully transmitted/received on the edge of LOS","rect":[89.99995422363281,530.7000122070313,522.0203276367188,519.6719970703125]},{"page":304,"text":"communication ranges before voice transmissions are clear. The flight lead should collect","rect":[89.99995422363281,544.5,522.0263686523438,533.4719848632813]},{"page":304,"text":"wingmen’s data prior to checking in with the JTAC/FAC(A) to expedite the OSR/AOS. ","rect":[89.99995422363281,558.2999877929688,525.0071411132813,547.27197265625]},{"page":304,"text":"Once the JTAC/FAC(A) system has detected the aircraft’s OSR/AOS and auto-learned","rect":[89.99995422363281,572.0999755859375,522.0227661132813,561.0719604492188]},{"page":304,"text":"their addressing, the JTAC/FAC(A) will conduct RSOF via voice or digitally.","rect":[89.99995422363281,585.8999633789063,463.28875732421877,574.8719482421875]},{"page":304,"text":"(1) RSOF","rect":[133.199951171875,611.676025390625,185.25476000976563,600.6719970703125]},{"page":304,"text":"(a) Once aircraft arrive on station, aircrew advises the JTAC/FAC(A) of ","rect":[154.79995727539063,637.4759521484375,524.9735717773438,626.471923828125]},{"page":304,"text":"VMF capability by advising either FOREST SWEET or FOREST SOUR. The","rect":[89.9999771118164,651.2999877929688,522.0275849609375,640.27197265625]},{"page":304,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) issues voice RSOF instructions followed by a request for digital check in. ","rect":[90.0,665.0999145507813,525.0684204101563,654.0718994140625]},{"page":304,"text":"Following as an example of an aircraft checking in with VMF capability and RSOF with","rect":[90.0,678.8999633789063,522.011962890625,667.8719482421875]},{"page":304,"text":"an OSR/AOS request:","rect":[90.0,692.6759643554688,195.93121484375,681.6719360351563]},{"page":304,"text":"D-10 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":304,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":305,"text":"Digitally Aided Close Air Support Planning and Execution Considerations","rect":[164.0399932861328,49.67997741699219,521.996369140625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":305,"text":"(b) RSOF may be sent via preplanned FTM (K01.1) if pre-coordination was","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,521.9315498046875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":305,"text":"conducted and the JTAC/FAC(A) already has the CAS aircraft’s VMF address","rect":[89.99998474121094,99.47996520996094,522.0240180664063,88.45196533203125]},{"page":305,"text":"information. Do not delay voice transmission of the RSOF if the aircraft is on station","rect":[89.99998474121094,113.27995300292969,521.9951811523438,102.251953125]},{"page":305,"text":"and a digital message is not immediately available. ","rect":[89.99998474121094,127.19999694824219,354.0,116.36399841308594]},{"page":305,"text":"(2) Aircraft Check-In","rect":[133.19998168945313,152.85598754882813,246.177615234375,141.85198974609376]},{"page":305,"text":"(a) Once RSOF instructions are received, the aircrew can send OSR/AOS if ","rect":[154.79998779296876,178.65597534179688,524.983154296875,167.6519775390625]},{"page":305,"text":"not previously completed. A momentary delay in time, perhaps three to five seconds,","rect":[90.00000762939453,192.47996520996095,522.0479736328125,181.45196533203126]},{"page":305,"text":"should be expected by both parties as the normal time needed to accomplish the OSR/AOS","rect":[90.00000762939453,206.2799530029297,522.0120268554688,195.251953125]},{"page":305,"text":"request and reply. ","rect":[90.00000762939453,220.0800018310547,178.62240600585938,209.052001953125]},{"page":305,"text":"(b) The aircrew should send an additional free text or voice message that","rect":[154.8000030517578,245.8799285888672,521.9879775390625,234.8519287109375]},{"page":305,"text":"contains additional information that is not contained within the AOS or OSR (e.g., VDL","rect":[90.00000762939453,259.6799621582031,522.0096123046875,248.6519775390625]},{"page":305,"text":"code, laser code). ","rect":[90.00000762939453,273.4559631347656,176.8992156982422,262.45196533203127]},{"page":305,"text":"(3) Situation Update. Following receipt of the OSR/AOS, the JTAC sends a","rect":[133.20001220703126,299.2799377441406,521.9951142578125,288.251953125]},{"page":305,"text":"position report (K05.1) and observation reports (K04.1) for threats, targets, and friendly","rect":[90.00000762939453,313.0799255371094,522.0264282226563,302.05194091796877]},{"page":305,"text":"forces. The remaining elements of the situation update can be sent via voice or with an","rect":[90.00000762939453,326.8799133300781,522.0408325195313,315.8519287109375]},{"page":305,"text":"FTM (K01.1). Following is an example of an FTM situation update: ","rect":[90.00000762939453,340.6799011230469,423.3648376464844,329.65191650390627]},{"page":305,"text":"Example: SUC B//SA-8 MA1234 9876//LT ARMOR WITH INF//FRND IVO","rect":[117.0,368.2720947265625,494.97115058135986,358.00579833984377]},{"page":305,"text":"OP FEETS//81MM SW OF OP//MARK AND CONTROL BS16//IN WITH","rect":[117.0,378.8517761230469,495.0258567886353,370.60577392578127]},{"page":305,"text":"HEADING ALL ATTACKS//WINDS FROM NORTH 10KTS","rect":[117.0,391.51177978515627,405.4038598899841,383.2657775878906]},{"page":305,"text":"Note: JTACs/FAC(A)s may need to verbally pass target and threat locations if the","rect":[111.5999984741211,424.1999816894531,522.0612153320312,413.1719970703125]},{"page":305,"text":"aircraft is unable to receive observation reports (K04.1).","rect":[90.00000762939453,437.97601318359377,359.58001708984377,426.9720153808594]},{"page":305,"text":"(4) Game Plan. Some parts of the game plan are transmitted with the CAS","rect":[133.1999969482422,463.79998779296877,522.028689453125,452.7720031738281]},{"page":305,"text":"aircrew brief (K02.33) message (type of control and method of attack). Any remaining","rect":[90.00000762939453,477.5999755859375,522.014404296875,466.5719909667969]},{"page":305,"text":"items may be transmitted over voice or passed digitally with an FTM (K01.1).","rect":[90.00000762939453,491.3999938964844,465.28802490234377,480.37200927734377]},{"page":305,"text":"(5) CAS Brief. The CAS aircrew brief (K02.33) includes elements of the game","rect":[133.19998168945313,517.2000122070313,521.9257172851562,506.1719970703125]},{"page":305,"text":"plan (type of control and method of attack), the 9-line, and remarks/restrictions in one","rect":[90.0,531.0,521.992794921875,519.9719848632813]},{"page":305,"text":"message. CAS aircrew briefs are sent via unicast or multicast (dependent upon the number","rect":[89.99998474121094,544.7999877929688,522.0263955078125,533.77197265625]},{"page":305,"text":"of DACAS participants involved in the mission) to allow automated message","rect":[89.99998474121094,558.6000366210938,521.9880341796875,547.572021484375]},{"page":305,"text":"acknowledgement.","rect":[90.00000762939453,572.3999633789063,180.3192138671875,561.3719482421875]},{"page":305,"text":"Note: Some aircraft will ignore a broadcast CAS aircrew brief (K02.33) message, so","rect":[111.60000610351563,598.2000122070313,521.9904174804688,587.1719970703125]},{"page":305,"text":"the JTAC/FAC(A) should only use unicast or multicast for sending the VMF 9-line.","rect":[90.00000762939453,612.0,493.0247802734375,600.9719848632813]},{"page":305,"text":"(a) The JTAC/FAC(A) will initiate sending the CAS aircrew brief following","rect":[154.80001831054688,637.7999877929688,522.0252075195313,626.77197265625]},{"page":305,"text":"the game plan (if required) by transmitting over voice “Standby CAS Brief” followed by","rect":[90.00003051757813,651.5999755859375,522.0072631835938,640.5719604492188]},{"page":305,"text":"the digital transmission.","rect":[90.00003051757813,665.3999633789063,205.02481079101563,654.3719482421875]},{"page":305,"text":"(b) Once the aircrew has received the CAS aircrew brief, they will select a","rect":[154.80003356933595,691.199951171875,522.0456513671875,680.1719360351563]},{"page":305,"text":"will comply (WILCO) or cannot comply (CANTCO) response, ensuring all aircraft system","rect":[90.00000762939453,704.9999389648438,521.9964614257813,693.971923828125]},{"page":305,"text":"CAS pages are reviewed before committing to a WILCO.","rect":[90.00000762939453,718.7999877929688,366.182373046875,707.77197265625]},{"page":305,"text":"D-11","rect":[497.3399658203125,753.2999267578125,521.9999389648438,745.0679321289063]},{"page":306,"text":"Appendix D","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,148.98119970703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":306,"text":"Note: Receipt of WILCO message does not constitute readbacks. CANTCO message","rect":[111.5999984741211,85.67997741699219,521.9987763671875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":306,"text":"initiates digital or voice negation between the JTAC/FAC(A) and aircrew.","rect":[89.99998474121094,99.47996520996094,445.8599853515625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":306,"text":"(6) Remarks/Restrictions. The CAS aircrew briefing (K02.33) contains a free","rect":[133.19998168945313,125.27995300292969,522.0313081054687,114.251953125]},{"page":306,"text":"text comment section for remarks and restrictions not available in dropdown menus. Limit","rect":[90.0,139.05599975585938,522.05035546875,128.052001953125]},{"page":306,"text":"comments to 200 characters or less. Entries in the comments section should be limited to","rect":[89.99998474121094,150.45599365234376,522.0383911132813,141.85198974609376]},{"page":306,"text":"SA enhancing remarks and pertinent restrictions, as aircrew may be required to read several","rect":[89.99998474121094,166.6799774169922,522.040833984375,155.6519775390625]},{"page":306,"text":"pages of text on their aircraft displays.","rect":[89.99998474121094,180.47996520996095,274.27679443359377,169.45196533203126]},{"page":306,"text":"(7) Readbacks. The JTAC/FAC(A) can request either digital or verbal","rect":[133.19998168945313,206.2799530029297,522.0191665039063,195.251953125]},{"page":306,"text":"readbacks. The JTAC/FAC(A) always retains the right to request verbal readbacks","rect":[89.99998474121094,220.0800018310547,521.9615791015625,209.052001953125]},{"page":306,"text":"of required and directed CAS brief elements.","rect":[89.99998474121094,233.97598266601563,320.34246826171877,223.1639862060547]},{"page":306,"text":"Note: There is currently no joint standard for translation in aircraft and ground","rect":[111.5999984741211,259.6799621582031,522.0252075195313,248.6399688720703]},{"page":306,"text":"systems between latitude/longitude and MGRS. Regardless of the coordinate format the","rect":[90.00000762939453,273.4799499511719,521.9832734375,262.45196533203127]},{"page":306,"text":"JTAC kit is displaying, the VMF message sent from the ground kit is in latitude/longitude. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,287.2799377441406,525.0372314453125,276.251953125]},{"page":306,"text":"When the aircraft receives the K02.33 message and the target location is designated by the","rect":[90.00003051757813,301.0799560546875,522.0060395507812,290.0519714355469]},{"page":306,"text":"aircrew, the coordinate is sent directly to the targeting and weapons systems in","rect":[90.00003051757813,314.87994384765627,521.9760131835938,303.8519592285156]},{"page":306,"text":"latitude/longitude format. The risk in using MGRS for display and/or readback is that the","rect":[90.00003051757813,328.679931640625,522.0168427734375,317.6519470214844]},{"page":306,"text":"aircraft system must translate the latitude/longitude coordinate into MGRS for display to","rect":[90.00003051757813,342.4799499511719,522.0996704101563,331.45196533203127]},{"page":306,"text":"the aircrew, potentially introducing translation or rounding errors. To avoid display or","rect":[90.00003051757813,356.2799377441406,521.93887109375,345.251953125]},{"page":306,"text":"readback errors, the JTAC/FAC(A) and aircrew should keep the coordinates in","rect":[90.00003051757813,370.0559387207031,522.0240478515625,359.05194091796877]},{"page":306,"text":"latitude/longitude format during the entire DACAS process. The JTAC/FAC(A) should","rect":[90.00005340576172,383.8799133300781,522.0000610351563,372.8519287109375]},{"page":306,"text":"request verbal readbacks in latitude/longitude format to avoid translation and rounding","rect":[90.00007629394531,397.6799011230469,521.9736328125,386.65191650390627]},{"page":306,"text":"errors. ","rect":[90.00007629394531,409.0559387207031,126.96487426757813,403.283935546875]},{"page":306,"text":"(a) Digital Readback. After receiving the CAS aircrew brief (K02.33), the","rect":[154.80007934570313,437.2799072265625,522.1297578125,426.2519226074219]},{"page":306,"text":"aircrew designates the target coordinates and sends an APTD (K02.57). The APTD satisfies","rect":[90.00007629394531,451.07989501953127,522.0841376953125,440.0519104003906]},{"page":306,"text":"digital readback of lines 4 and 6 and is the most accurate representation of elevation and target","rect":[90.0000991821289,464.8799133300781,522.1801162109375,453.8519287109375]},{"page":306,"text":"location. The JTAC/FAC(A) verbally acknowledges receipt of the APTD and requests a","rect":[90.0000991821289,478.6199035644531,522.0313081054687,467.5919189453125]},{"page":306,"text":"readback of restrictions via voice. If the JTAC/FAC(A) does not receive the APTD from the","rect":[90.0000991821289,492.39593505859377,522.2221650390625,481.3919372558594]},{"page":306,"text":"CAS aircrew, the JTAC/FAC(A) sends a single APTD request (K02.59) message. The","rect":[90.0000991821289,506.2199401855469,522.055294921875,495.19195556640627]},{"page":306,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) confirms the designation point and coordinates from the aircraft’s APTD","rect":[90.0000991821289,520.0199584960938,522.1032700195312,508.991943359375]},{"page":306,"text":"match the intended target, and then requests restrictions via voice. ","rect":[90.0001220703125,533.8200073242188,402.52691650390627,522.7919921875]},{"page":306,"text":"Devil 41 designates Berserk 22’s target from the K02.33 message and","rect":[117.0,561.5548095703125,494.9898160972595,551.1458129882813]},{"page":306,"text":"sends an APTD (K02.57) to Berserk 22.","rect":[117.0,574.2147827148438,319.3624374313354,563.8057861328125]},{"page":306,"text":"BK22: “Devil 41, from Berserk 22, good APTD, readback restrictions.”","rect":[117.0,598.8748168945313,483.77918434143069,588.4658203125]},{"page":306,"text":"DL41: “Berserk 22, Devil 41, FAH 195- 225.”","rect":[117.0,621.3717651367188,346.7904758453369,613.224609375]},{"page":306,"text":"BK22: “Good readbacks. Call ready for correlation.”","rect":[117.0,648.19482421875,394.4051914215088,637.7858276367188]},{"page":306,"text":"(b) Verbal Readback. If the JTAC/FAC(A) requests verbal readbacks, or","rect":[154.8000030517578,678.6360473632813,521.9233071289062,667.6320190429688]},{"page":306,"text":"is unable to receive an APTD, the JTAC/FAC(A) will request for the aircrew to transmit","rect":[90.0,692.43603515625,521.9315810546875,681.4320068359375]},{"page":306,"text":"lines 4, 6, and restrictions. DACAS systems send and receive location information using","rect":[90.0,706.260009765625,521.9783935546875,695.2319946289063]},{"page":306,"text":"D-12 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":306,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":307,"text":"Digitally Aided Close Air Support Planning and Execution Considerations","rect":[164.0399932861328,49.67997741699219,521.996369140625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":307,"text":"the latitude/longitude format regardless of the format selected by the user for display. ","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,525.0048217773438,74.6519775390625]},{"page":307,"text":"When MGRS is selected for display, DACAS system users may note that an MGRS","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0119658203125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":307,"text":"coordinate received may have the last digit in the Easting or Northing differ by one from","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,521.9591689453125,102.251953125]},{"page":307,"text":"the coordinate that was sent. This is due to rounding that may occur when systems translate","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,522.009640625,116.052001953125]},{"page":307,"text":"coordinate formats. This is not considered an incorrect readback when using digital","rect":[90.0,140.87998962402345,522.0047622070313,129.85198974609376]},{"page":307,"text":"systems.","rect":[90.0,154.6799774169922,130.97520446777345,144.8639678955078]},{"page":307,"text":"Caution","rect":[285.5400085449219,180.2407684326172,326.4602750816345,172.00576782226563]},{"page":307,"text":"The aircraft attack position target designation will indicate the aircraft’s","rect":[117.0,207.0747833251953,494.9843047943115,196.66574096679688]},{"page":307,"text":"attack position and target designation location which may or may not be","rect":[117.0,219.67481994628907,494.9315704193115,209.3975372314453]},{"page":307,"text":"on the target. At this point during the CAS execution, the designation","rect":[117.0,232.3347930908203,494.9985746421814,221.92575073242188]},{"page":307,"text":"should be on the target. If the designation is not on the target, then the","rect":[117.0,244.9948272705078,494.9941619720459,234.58578491210938]},{"page":307,"text":"JTAC/FAC(A) should confirm the intended point of designation with the","rect":[117.0,257.6548767089844,494.9469512786865,247.24581909179688]},{"page":307,"text":"aircrew.","rect":[117.0,268.1407470703125,158.63065642547608,260.0375061035156]},{"page":307,"text":"(8) Correlation","rect":[133.1999969482422,300.8159484863281,213.22198779296876,289.81195068359377]},{"page":307,"text":"(a) In a BOC scenario, correlation is complete after the digital or verbal","rect":[154.8000030517578,326.63995361328127,521.9808364257813,315.6119689941406]},{"page":307,"text":"readback requirement has been met.","rect":[89.99996948242188,340.41595458984377,262.951171875,329.4119567871094]},{"page":307,"text":"(b) In a BOT scenario, correlation should be conducted via voice. ","rect":[154.7999725341797,366.2159729003906,478.2720031738281,355.21197509765627]},{"page":307,"text":"1. Correlation can be initiated by referencing the location in which the","rect":[176.3999786376953,391.9799499511719,522.005978515625,380.95196533203127]},{"page":307,"text":"APTD is displayed on the JTAC/FAC(A)’s kit.","rect":[90.0,405.7799987792969,316.3823547363281,394.75201416015627]},{"page":307,"text":"2. If the target location has moved, or is significantly different than the","rect":[176.39999389648438,431.5799865722656,521.9988374023437,420.552001953125]},{"page":307,"text":"briefed target location, the aircrew should send an updated APTD once","rect":[90.0,445.3799743652344,521.9951752929687,434.35198974609377]},{"page":307,"text":"TALLY/CAPTURE/CONTACT to provide the JTAC/FAC(A) updated target location and","rect":[90.0,459.1799621582031,522.0167846679688,448.1519775390625]},{"page":307,"text":"coordinates.","rect":[90.0,470.5559997558594,148.33319091796876,461.9519958496094]},{"page":307,"text":"Caution: JTACs/FAC(A)s should not digitally initiate an APTD during correlation","rect":[111.5999984741211,498.77996826171877,521.9867553710938,487.7519836425781]},{"page":307,"text":"to avoid pulling an inaccurate designation point.","rect":[90.0,512.5800170898438,321.61077880859377,501.552001953125]},{"page":307,"text":"(c) The tactical image (K04.17) provides an additional option for target","rect":[154.8000030517578,538.3800048828125,522.03961328125,527.3519897460938]},{"page":307,"text":"correlation when using VMF.","rect":[90.00004577636719,552.1799926757813,231.95281982421876,541.1519775390625]},{"page":307,"text":"1. The initial image transfer from the aircraft can typically take","rect":[176.40003967285157,577.97998046875,522.008419921875,566.9519653320313]},{"page":307,"text":"approximately 40 seconds to transfer, with several “squelch breaks” on the radio. Aircrews","rect":[90.0,591.780029296875,522.0023505859375,580.7520141601563]},{"page":307,"text":"should preface the image transfer with “Standby image” to clear the network of traffic.","rect":[90.0,605.5800170898438,506.52484130859377,594.552001953125]},{"page":307,"text":"2. Once received, the JTAC/FAC(A) can add markings to the image and","rect":[176.40000915527345,631.3800048828125,521.998779296875,620.3519897460938]},{"page":307,"text":"retransmit it back to the aircraft. Sending a marked-up image back to the aircraft is faster","rect":[90.0,645.1799926757813,522.0384194335937,634.1519775390625]},{"page":307,"text":"than the initial image transfer. ","rect":[90.0,658.9800415039063,237.34085083007813,647.9520263671875]},{"page":307,"text":"(9) Conducting the Attack ","rect":[133.1999969482422,684.780029296875,275.9100036621094,673.7520141601563]},{"page":307,"text":"D-13","rect":[497.3399658203125,753.4319458007813,521.9999389648438,745.0679321289063]},{"page":308,"text":"Appendix D","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,148.98119970703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":308,"text":"(a) IP Inbound Call. The aircraft can send a departing initial point (DPIP)","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,522.0840126953125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":308,"text":"(K02.35) message to the JTAC/FAC(A) in lieu of a voice “IP inbound” call. ","rect":[90.00000762939453,99.47996520996094,458.843994140625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":308,"text":"(b) The JTAC can initiate a continuous APTD track to graphically display","rect":[154.8000030517578,125.27995300292969,521.9904174804688,114.251953125]},{"page":308,"text":"the aircraft position and target designation. As this message recurs every five seconds, this","rect":[89.99998474121094,139.0800018310547,522.0347602539063,128.052001953125]},{"page":308,"text":"functionality should be disabled after the JTAC is satisfied with aircraft ingress profile","rect":[89.99998474121094,152.87998962402345,521.9724091796875,141.85198974609376]},{"page":308,"text":"and/or target designation location is confirmed, depending on type of attack and method of ","rect":[89.99998474121094,166.6799774169922,525.0,155.6519775390625]},{"page":308,"text":"engagement. This will avoid impact on necessary voice communications.","rect":[89.99998474121094,180.47996520996095,444.1823425292969,169.45196533203126]},{"page":308,"text":"(c) Laser brevity communication should only be conducted with voice. ","rect":[154.79998779296876,206.2799530029297,500.7215576171875,195.251953125]},{"page":308,"text":"(d) Corrections ","rect":[154.8000030517578,232.05599975585938,233.86080932617188,221.052001953125]},{"page":308,"text":"communication.","rect":[90.00000762939453,243.45599365234376,167.71080017089845,234.85198974609376]},{"page":308,"text":"from ","rect":[240.16079711914063,230.0,266.3688049316406,221.06399536132813]},{"page":308,"text":"visual ","rect":[272.7287902832031,230.0,304.4255676269531,221.052001953125]},{"page":308,"text":"mark ","rect":[310.7255554199219,230.0,338.30633544921877,221.052001953125]},{"page":308,"text":"should ","rect":[344.6063232421875,230.0,379.6391906738281,221.052001953125]},{"page":308,"text":"be ","rect":[385.939208984375,230.0,400.27679443359377,221.052001953125]},{"page":308,"text":"conducted ","rect":[406.5767822265625,230.0,458.94964599609377,221.052001953125]},{"page":308,"text":"with ","rect":[465.2496337890625,230.0,489.6048583984375,221.052001953125]},{"page":308,"text":"voice","rect":[495.90484619140627,230.0,521.9279755859375,221.052001953125]},{"page":308,"text":"(e) “IN” Call. A voice “IN” call remains the primary method of transmission.","rect":[154.8000030517578,271.6799621582031,522.1248168945313,260.6519775390625]},{"page":308,"text":"(f) CLEARED HOT/CLEARED TO ENGAGE and ABORT shall be sent","rect":[154.80001831054688,297.4559631347656,522.058900390625,286.45196533203127]},{"page":308,"text":"via voice communication.","rect":[90.0000228881836,308.85595703125,214.2924041748047,300.251953125]},{"page":308,"text":"(10) Assess Effectiveness andReattacks. Assess and repeat the attack as required. ","rect":[133.2000274658203,337.05596923828127,524.9617919921875,326.0519714355469]},{"page":308,"text":"Reattack instructions can be sent via FTM or voice, depending on timing requirements.","rect":[90.00001525878906,350.87994384765627,496.0895690917969,339.8519592285156]},{"page":308,"text":"(11) BDA. A CAS BDA (K02.28) message should be used when attacks on the","rect":[133.20001220703126,376.679931640625,521.978390625,365.6519470214844]},{"page":308,"text":"target are complete. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,390.4799499511719,190.9428253173828,379.45196533203127]},{"page":308,"text":"(a) The CAS BDA message will provide aircrew SA on the target status and","rect":[154.80003356933595,416.2799377441406,522.0972290039063,405.251953125]},{"page":308,"text":"may be required for some aircraft to activate the next CAS briefing in their DACAS systems.","rect":[90.00000762939453,430.0799255371094,522.1343994140625,419.05194091796877]},{"page":308,"text":"(b) When the CAS aircraft time on station is complete, the JTAC/FAC(A)","rect":[154.80001831054688,455.8559265136719,521.8908364257812,444.8519287109375]},{"page":308,"text":"can send a mission summary BDA that supplements any individual target CAS BDA","rect":[90.00000762939453,469.6799011230469,521.9987778320312,458.65191650390627]},{"page":308,"text":"(K02.28) messages sent. A mission summary BDA may be sent via voice or an FTM","rect":[90.00000762939453,483.4799499511719,521.9999702148438,472.45196533203127]},{"page":308,"text":"(K01.1).","rect":[90.00000762939453,497.2559509277344,130.6728057861328,486.251953125]},{"page":308,"text":"Note. The CAS BDA (K02.28) message is specific to a transmitted CAS aircrew brief ","rect":[111.60000610351563,523.0800170898438,525.0120239257813,512.052001953125]},{"page":308,"text":"(K02.33) and should not be used for mission summary BDA unless only one DACAS","rect":[90.00000762939453,536.8800048828125,522.005984375,525.8519897460938]},{"page":308,"text":"attack was executed.","rect":[90.00000762939453,548.2560424804688,188.96401977539063,539.6520385742188]},{"page":308,"text":"(12) RSOF. Sent via free text or voice.","rect":[133.20001220703126,576.3960571289063,326.8908386230469,565.3920288085938]},{"page":308,"text":"c. JFO DACAS Integration Using VMF","rect":[111.60000610351563,602.2200317382813,316.48794482421877,591.384033203125]},{"page":308,"text":"(1) System Configuration. For the digital exchange of messages, it is","rect":[133.20001220703126,628.0200805664063,522.007111328125,616.9920654296875]},{"page":308,"text":"recommended for the JFO to configure the ground kit to transmit unicast to the JTAC. The","rect":[90.0,641.8201293945313,522.0407685546875,630.7921142578125]},{"page":308,"text":"JTAC ground kit is best configured in multicast mode to communicate with the CAS","rect":[90.00000762939453,655.6201171875,522.0684233398438,644.5921020507813]},{"page":308,"text":"aircraft and the JFO simultaneously to receive acknowledgments and provide SA. If ","rect":[90.00000762939453,669.4201049804688,524.9219970703125,658.39208984375]},{"page":308,"text":"aircrew selectable, CAS aircrew will transmit digital messages in broadcast mode for","rect":[90.00000762939453,683.2201538085938,522.04922265625,672.192138671875]},{"page":308,"text":"ground parties to receive all message traffic. Once the aircraft checks in and broadcasts","rect":[90.00000762939453,697.0202026367188,521.9808051757813,685.9921875]},{"page":308,"text":"the OSR/AOS the JFO and JTAC ground kits will auto-learn the aircraft’s information. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,710.8201904296875,514.2648620605469,699.7921752929688]},{"page":308,"text":"D-14 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":308,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":309,"text":"Digitally Aided Close Air Support Planning and Execution Considerations","rect":[164.0399932861328,49.67997741699219,521.996369140625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":309,"text":"(2) JFO Action During DACAS Integration. Once initial voice contact is made","rect":[133.1999969482422,85.67997741699219,522.0600556640625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":309,"text":"on the assigned net, the JFO will send a position report (K05.1) and observer lineup and","rect":[89.99999237060547,99.47996520996094,521.988037109375,88.45196533203125]},{"page":309,"text":"situation update FTM (K01.1) to initiate digital connection with the JTAC. Once the JTAC","rect":[89.99999237060547,113.27995300292969,522.0456259765625,102.251953125]},{"page":309,"text":"receives the FTM from the JFO, the JTAC’s ground kit will auto-learn the JFO’s","rect":[89.99999237060547,127.08000183105469,522.0047919921875,116.052001953125]},{"page":309,"text":"addressing. The JFO will then utilize an observation report (K04.1) to provide the JTAC","rect":[89.99999237060547,140.87998962402345,522.05038671875,129.85198974609376]},{"page":309,"text":"with friendly positions and targeting data (lines 4 through 6 of the CAS brief) as nominated","rect":[90.00001525878906,154.6799774169922,521.97119140625,143.6519775390625]},{"page":309,"text":"by the ground force commander. The observation report provides part of the JFO target","rect":[90.00001525878906,168.47996520996095,522.0468154296875,157.45196533203126]},{"page":309,"text":"brief and is a technique to provide the JTAC SA of the battle field. To complete the JFO","rect":[90.00001525878906,182.25595092773438,521.9976181640625,171.251953125]},{"page":309,"text":"target brief, the JFO will then transmit lines 7, 8, and remarks and restrictions over voice. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,196.0800018310547,525.03369140625,185.052001953125]},{"page":309,"text":"Any additional information required (e.g., marks, specialized equipment, and TOTs) will","rect":[90.00001525878906,209.87998962402345,522.038392578125,198.85198974609376]},{"page":309,"text":"be sent using voice or an FTM. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,223.6799774169922,242.5800018310547,212.6519775390625]},{"page":309,"text":"(3) JFO Target Brief. When the decision has been made to attack the target","rect":[133.20001220703126,249.47996520996095,522.0780654296875,238.45196533203126]},{"page":309,"text":"using CAS, the JFO shall send the JTAC/FAC(A) the CAS brief (K02.33). This message","rect":[90.0,263.2799377441406,522.0192231445312,252.251953125]},{"page":309,"text":"format should be used if the JTAC/FAC(A) digital system allows them to receive and","rect":[90.00001525878906,277.0799255371094,522.032470703125,266.05194091796877]},{"page":309,"text":"modify CAS briefs from other participants. If not included in the CAS brief (K02.33), any","rect":[90.00001525878906,290.87994384765627,521.9712524414063,279.8519592285156]},{"page":309,"text":"required additional information (i.e., marks, specialized equipment, and TOTs) may be sent","rect":[90.00001525878906,304.679931640625,521.9928603515625,293.6519470214844]},{"page":309,"text":"using FTM (K01.1) or by voice. If the JTAC/FAC(A) system does not allow them to alter","rect":[90.00001525878906,318.4799499511719,521.9927651367187,307.45196533203127]},{"page":309,"text":"the CAS brief (K02.33), then the JFO will transmit a “joint fires observer target brief”","rect":[90.00001525878906,332.2799377441406,522.039669921875,321.2399597167969]},{"page":309,"text":"using an observation report (K04.1), which includes lines 4 through 6 of the 9-line. To","rect":[90.00001525878906,346.0799255371094,522.0084228515625,335.05194091796877]},{"page":309,"text":"complete the JFO target brief, the JFO will transmit lines 7, 8, remarks and restrictions,","rect":[90.00001525878906,359.8799133300781,522.0635986328125,348.8519287109375]},{"page":309,"text":"and any required additional information (e.g., marks, specialized equipment, and TOTs)","rect":[90.00001525878906,373.6799011230469,521.9663979492187,362.65191650390627]},{"page":309,"text":"will be sent using FTM (K01.1) or voice. An example of a JFO target brief is shown in","rect":[90.00001525878906,387.47991943359377,522.0060424804688,376.4519348144531]},{"page":309,"text":"Chapter V, “Execution,” (see Figure V-20). ","rect":[90.00001525878906,401.2799072265625,305.280029296875,390.2519226074219]},{"page":309,"text":"(4) As the JFO monitors the assigned net, the JFO should expect to receive","rect":[133.20001220703126,427.07989501953127,522.0108002929687,416.0519104003906]},{"page":309,"text":"communications from the JTAC and CAS aircraft as the mission progresses, such as","rect":[89.99999237060547,440.8799133300781,522.0107734375,429.8519287109375]},{"page":309,"text":"mission ","rect":[89.99999237060547,452.0399169921875,130.29479217529298,443.5919189453125]},{"page":309,"text":"updates, ","rect":[138.2747802734375,454.5959167480469,180.9635772705078,443.5919189453125]},{"page":309,"text":"mandatory ","rect":[188.94357299804688,454.6199035644531,243.20281982421876,443.5919189453125]},{"page":309,"text":"readbacks, ","rect":[251.12283325195313,452.1959228515625,305.1552429199219,443.5919189453125]},{"page":309,"text":"APTD ","rect":[313.1352233886719,452.0399169921875,347.45159912109377,443.7959289550781]},{"page":309,"text":"(K02.57), ","rect":[355.43157958984377,454.5959167480469,405.11993408203127,443.5919189453125]},{"page":309,"text":"and ","rect":[413.09991455078127,452.1959228515625,433.438720703125,443.5919189453125]},{"page":309,"text":"DPIP ","rect":[441.35870361328127,452.0399169921875,470.3770751953125,443.9759216308594]},{"page":309,"text":"(K02.35)","rect":[478.3570861816406,454.5959167480469,522.0096108398437,443.5919189453125]},{"page":309,"text":"calls/messages. The JTAC and the JFO will ensure the APTD reflects the correct","rect":[89.99999237060547,468.4198913574219,522.038392578125,457.39190673828127]},{"page":309,"text":"designation point for the CAS mission. The JFO will verify the target information is","rect":[89.99999237060547,482.2198791503906,522.095978515625,471.19189453125]},{"page":309,"text":"correct and in conjunction with the commander’s intent.","rect":[89.99999237060547,496.0199279785156,359.2296142578125,484.9799499511719]},{"page":309,"text":"(5) Target Correlation. For target correlation, the JFO will send updates over","rect":[133.19998168945313,521.8199462890625,521.9975869140625,510.79193115234377]},{"page":309,"text":"voice or via a new observation report (K04.1).","rect":[89.99998474121094,535.5960083007813,312.2220458984375,524.5919799804688]},{"page":309,"text":"(6) The JFO should be prepared to provide an ABORT over voice to prevent","rect":[133.19998168945313,561.39599609375,522.0060439453125,550.3919677734375]},{"page":309,"text":"friendly fire incidents, ensure safety of flight, or to satisfy commander’s intent.","rect":[89.99999237060547,575.2200317382813,469.216796875,564.1920166015625]},{"page":309,"text":"(7) BDA","rect":[133.1999969482422,600.9960327148438,178.52158972167968,589.9920043945313]},{"page":309,"text":"(a) The JFO will assess weapon(s) effects if able and provide corrections and","rect":[154.79998779296876,626.7960815429688,522.0023803710938,615.7920532226563]},{"page":309,"text":"updates using voice or an FTM (K01.1). After verifying with the commander and JTAC,","rect":[89.99999237060547,640.6200561523438,522.0372314453125,629.592041015625]},{"page":309,"text":"the JFO shall ensure previous restrictions are still applicable to the reattacks and","rect":[89.99999237060547,654.3961181640625,522.0767822265625,643.39208984375]},{"page":309,"text":"recommend changes to them if necessary.","rect":[89.99999237060547,668.2200927734375,290.6123962402344,657.1920776367188]},{"page":309,"text":"(b) The JFO may pass BDA to the JTAC and/or the CAS aircraft via CAS","rect":[154.79998779296876,694.0201416015625,521.9868193359375,682.9921264648438]},{"page":309,"text":"BDA (K02.28) or voice after each attack. When transmitting a digital BDA, the JFO will","rect":[89.99996948242188,707.8201293945313,522.0599379882813,696.7921142578125]},{"page":309,"text":"D-15","rect":[497.3399658203125,753.4319458007813,521.9999389648438,745.0679321289063]},{"page":310,"text":"Appendix D","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,148.98119970703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":310,"text":"broadcast the message so all parties will receive the message. If situation dictates, the JFO","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.987974609375,74.6519775390625]},{"page":310,"text":"may utilize an FTM (K01.1) to pass overall mission assessment. Example FTM:","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,521.9268203125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":310,"text":"“4TANKS/10PAX/NEUT//MSN SUCCESSFUL.”","rect":[90.0,110.87995147705078,334.70641796875,102.251953125]},{"page":310,"text":"6. Digitally Aided Close Air Support Using Link 16 and Situation Awareness Data","rect":[90.0,139.1999969482422,521.9892578125,128.36399841308595]},{"page":310,"text":"Link","rect":[90.0,150.41998291015626,114.65880114746094,142.1639862060547]},{"page":310,"text":"a. When possible, JTACs should have their C2 agency publish the J3.5 land","rect":[111.5999984741211,178.6799774169922,521.9976196289063,167.6519775390625]},{"page":310,"text":"track/point or J3.0 digital TRP in advance of aircraft check-in. Timely publishing of tracks","rect":[90.0,192.47996520996095,521.9652412109375,181.45196533203126]},{"page":310,"text":"allows aircrews to gain SA of the area or point of interest before establishing contact with","rect":[90.0,206.2799530029297,522.0335693359375,195.251953125]},{"page":310,"text":"the JTAC.","rect":[90.0,217.66799926757813,139.32240295410157,209.052001953125]},{"page":310,"text":"Note: Do not place tracks in close proximity to each other (<500 meters); consider","rect":[111.5999984741211,245.8799285888672,522.0155922851562,234.8519287109375]},{"page":310,"text":"instead employing a “stake” (center of target array), vice multiple closely placed tracks.","rect":[89.9999771118164,259.6799621582031,511.21197509765627,248.6519775390625]},{"page":310,"text":"b. Situation permitting, JTACs should send the ASOC/DASC the situation update","rect":[111.59996795654297,285.4799499511719,521.9975556640625,274.45196533203127]},{"page":310,"text":"FTM (J28.2) with relevant track numbers or index numbers referenced. This pre-built","rect":[89.9999771118164,299.2559509277344,522.0287490234375,288.251953125]},{"page":310,"text":"situation update should be marked with a SUC, giving the JTAC and aircrew a concise way","rect":[90.0,313.0799255371094,521.9639892578125,302.05194091796877]},{"page":310,"text":"to confirm and/or modify the situation update during check-in. JTACs may also confirm","rect":[90.0,326.8799133300781,521.9975869140625,315.8519287109375]},{"page":310,"text":"digital addresses with C2 agencies during this initial contact call.","rect":[90.0,340.7999267578125,420.7296447753906,329.96392822265627]},{"page":310,"text":"c. JTACs must ensure they are actively publishing a PPLI (J2.5) to allow other","rect":[111.60001373291016,366.47991943359377,521.9976166992187,355.6439208984375]},{"page":310,"text":"datalink participants to see their JU number and add them to the donor list.","rect":[90.0000228881836,380.37591552734377,478.68719482421877,369.56390380859377]},{"page":310,"text":"d. Link 16-Specific. Aircrews should ensure their JMPS load enables selection of a","rect":[111.60003662109375,406.055908203125,521.9880341796875,395.0519104003906]},{"page":310,"text":"land PPLI (J2.5). If aircrews are unable to select land PPLIs, JTACs must configure their","rect":[90.00004577636719,419.8799133300781,521.94961328125,408.8519287109375]},{"page":310,"text":"ground systems to publish friendly location as an air PPLI (J2.2), instead of a land PPLI to","rect":[90.00004577636719,433.6799011230469,522.0048217773438,422.65191650390627]},{"page":310,"text":"be donorized. Donorization allows the aircraft to receive the JTAC’s targets and/or mark","rect":[90.00004577636719,447.4798889160156,521.9521484375,436.451904296875]},{"page":310,"text":"points. ","rect":[90.00004577636719,461.2558898925781,128.3400421142578,450.25189208984377]},{"page":310,"text":"e. SADL-Specific. Coordination of SADL shape and position within the shape are","rect":[111.60004425048828,487.0558776855469,522.0046357421875,476.0518798828125]},{"page":310,"text":"crucial to enabling communication between the JTAC and aircrew for A-A mode","rect":[90.00004577636719,500.8799133300781,522.0432709960937,489.8519287109375]},{"page":310,"text":"operations. JTACs must also ensure they know what GAT and A-A keys, as well as guard","rect":[90.00004577636719,514.6199340820313,522.0276489257813,503.5919189453125]},{"page":310,"text":"channel/hops, are being utilized.","rect":[90.00004577636719,528.4199829101563,245.56321716308595,517.3919677734375]},{"page":310,"text":"f. Donorizing the CAS Participants. Prior to aircraft arrival on station, the aircrew","rect":[111.60004425048828,554.219970703125,522.0000595703125,543.1919555664063]},{"page":310,"text":"must add the CAS participants (e.g., JTAC, JFO, engagement authority) to the donor list","rect":[90.00006866455078,568.0199584960938,521.985658203125,556.991943359375]},{"page":310,"text":"using the JU number listed in the OPTASKLINK. If the CAS participant still requires","rect":[90.00006866455078,581.8200073242188,522.001251953125,570.7919921875]},{"page":310,"text":"donorization upon aircraft check-in, a request to be donorized will be transmitted in","rect":[90.00006866455078,595.5960693359375,522.0816650390625,584.592041015625]},{"page":310,"text":"conjunction with the JTAC’s RSOF. Once the aircraft donorizes the CAS participants,","rect":[90.00006866455078,609.4200439453125,522.0888671875,598.3800048828125]},{"page":310,"text":"digital messages can be sent.","rect":[90.00004577636719,623.2200317382813,228.3264617919922,612.1920166015625]},{"page":310,"text":"Note: Non-C2 platforms do not have the capability to donorize gateway/C2 nodes.","rect":[111.60004425048828,649.0200805664063,511.80487060546877,637.9920654296875]},{"page":310,"text":"(1) RSOF","rect":[133.2000732421875,674.796142578125,185.25488208007813,663.7921142578125]},{"page":310,"text":"(a) With donorization completed, the JTAC transmits RSOF or sends FTM","rect":[154.80007934570313,700.5961303710938,521.9520576171875,689.5921020507813]},{"page":310,"text":"(J28.2) and own ship PPLI (J2.X).","rect":[90.00004577636719,714.3961181640625,254.61361694335938,703.39208984375]},{"page":310,"text":"D-16 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":310,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":311,"text":"Digitally Aided Close Air Support Planning and Execution Considerations","rect":[164.0399932861328,49.67997741699219,521.996369140625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":311,"text":"(b) If the CAS participants need to be donorized upon aircraft arrival on","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.65597534179688,521.9736328125,74.6519775390625]},{"page":311,"text":"station, the JTAC will publish PPLI (J2.X) and inform the aircraft that they are WOOD","rect":[90.00000762939453,99.47996520996094,521.992857421875,88.45196533203125]},{"page":311,"text":"(SADL) or TIMBER (Link 16) capable. The JTAC issues voice RSOF with a request to","rect":[90.00000762939453,113.25595092773438,522.0731811523438,102.251953125]},{"page":311,"text":"be donorized.","rect":[90.00000762939453,124.65599822998047,155.28721618652345,116.052001953125]},{"page":311,"text":"Example RSOF:","rect":[117.0,154.6720428466797,199.54324170303347,144.40573120117188]},{"page":311,"text":"JTAC: “Hawg 21 from Spartan 11, WOOD capable, proceed to Lakehouse","rect":[117.0,179.4748077392578,494.98653257751467,169.06576538085938]},{"page":311,"text":"– Villa, block 14 to 16, no other air on station. Call when established,","rect":[117.0,190.0,494.9931137008667,181.66574096679688]},{"page":311,"text":"donorize JU38400.”","rect":[117.0,202.57176208496095,219.12937355041505,194.4246063232422]},{"page":311,"text":"(c) The JTAC publishes [type] points for threats using a TSM (J12.6) to help","rect":[154.8000030517578,235.25999450683595,522.0023803710938,224.23199462890626]},{"page":311,"text":"build the battlespace picture.","rect":[90.0,249.03598022460938,227.97601318359376,238.031982421875]},{"page":311,"text":"(2) Aircraft Check-in. After the JTAC is donorized, the aircrew will transmit","rect":[133.1999969482422,274.8360290527344,522.0106826171875,263.83203125]},{"page":311,"text":"check-in with ABORT code. If the JTAC can view the aircraft’s system status (J13.2)","rect":[90.0,288.6600036621094,521.9687783203125,277.63201904296877]},{"page":311,"text":"message, which contains the aircraft identification, weapons load, and fuel status, then an","rect":[90.0,302.4599914550781,521.9759521484375,291.4320068359375]},{"page":311,"text":"abbreviated check-in is recommended.","rect":[90.0,313.83599853515627,275.22119140625,305.23199462890627]},{"page":311,"text":"(3) Situation Update. After aircraft check-in is completed, the JTAC will send","rect":[133.1999969482422,342.0360107421875,522.040771484375,331.0320129394531]},{"page":311,"text":"enemy and threats as mark point TSM (J12.6) and transmit the situation update via FTM","rect":[90.0,355.8599853515625,521.8895881347656,344.8320007324219]},{"page":311,"text":"(J28.2) or voice. Voice confirmation of point types (e.g., target, threat, unknown) may be","rect":[90.0,369.6600036621094,522.021603515625,358.63201904296877]},{"page":311,"text":"required for multiple TSMs (J12.6). When available, index numbers should be included","rect":[90.0000228881836,383.4360046386719,521.9772338867188,372.4320068359375]},{"page":311,"text":"when referencing points.","rect":[90.0000228881836,397.2599792480469,208.94039916992188,386.23199462890627]},{"page":311,"text":"Warning","rect":[283.97998046875,424.9948425292969,327.9592680015564,414.7175598144531]},{"page":311,"text":"Not all aircraft are capable of differentiating between digital reference","rect":[117.0,449.6548156738281,494.9820770111084,439.2457580566406]},{"page":311,"text":"points (indexes, [type] points, or mark points). The TSM (J12.6) should","rect":[117.0,462.25482177734377,495.0007719078064,451.84576416015627]},{"page":311,"text":"be reserved and used only for designated targets and not for friendly","rect":[117.0,474.91485595703127,495.0501922454834,464.50579833984377]},{"page":311,"text":"positions.","rect":[117.0,487.43206787109377,168.9672347946167,477.29754638671877]},{"page":311,"text":"Example of a Situation Update using an FTM (J28.2): This FTM codes the","rect":[117.0,520.0347900390625,494.9930938568115,509.6257629394531]},{"page":311,"text":"current situation update as situation update code B, and informs the","rect":[117.0,532.5521240234375,494.9919647064209,522.2858276367188]},{"page":311,"text":"aircrew of a known SA-8 location, passes enemy composition, friendly","rect":[117.0,545.2947998046875,495.04793394470217,534.8858032226563]},{"page":311,"text":"location, friendly fire support, controlling call sign of Bullet 16.","rect":[117.0,557.954833984375,444.59049529266357,547.5458374023438]},{"page":311,"text":"JTAC: ","rect":[117.0,580.4407958984375,152.39951628875733,572.205810546875]},{"page":311,"text":"“SUC ","rect":[169.9290771484375,580.4517822265625,201.75352019500733,572.205810546875]},{"page":311,"text":"B//SA-8 ","rect":[219.34239196777345,580.4517822265625,261.5275375289917,572.205810546875]},{"page":311,"text":"MA12349876//LIGHT ","rect":[279.11639404296877,580.4517822265625,387.2013656539917,572.205810546875]},{"page":311,"text":"ARMOR ","rect":[404.79022216796877,580.4407958984375,449.33610076141357,572.205810546875]},{"page":311,"text":"WITH","rect":[466.8656921386719,580.3200073242188,494.9448326187134,572.3375244140625]},{"page":311,"text":"INFANTRY//FRIENDLIES IVO OP FEETS//81MM SW OF OP//MARK AND","rect":[117.0,593.1117553710938,495.06449204254155,584.8657836914063]},{"page":311,"text":"CONTROL BT16//WINDS FROM NORTH 10KTS.”","rect":[117.0,605.7717895507813,367.58216285705569,597.5258178710938]},{"page":311,"text":"(4) Game Plan. Game plan is sent over voice prior to the 9-line. Game plan","rect":[133.1999969482422,638.43603515625,522.0227661132813,627.4320068359375]},{"page":311,"text":"may also be passed digitally, utilizing an FTM (J28.2), if time allows.","rect":[90.0,652.260009765625,424.92242431640627,641.2319946289063]},{"page":311,"text":"(5) CAS Aircrew Brief ","rect":[133.2000274658203,678.0360107421875,254.17919921875,667.031982421875]},{"page":311,"text":"(a) The JTAC can assign a mark point (J12.6) to an aircraft for CAS","rect":[154.80003356933595,703.8600463867188,521.9916411132813,692.83203125]},{"page":311,"text":"engagement through the mission assignment (J12.0) message. The mission assignment","rect":[90.00004577636719,717.6600341796875,521.9328627929688,706.6320190429688]},{"page":311,"text":"D-17","rect":[497.3399658203125,753.4559326171875,521.9999389648438,745.0679321289063]},{"page":312,"text":"Appendix D","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,148.98119970703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":312,"text":"(J12.0) contains several portions of the CAS brief to include: target mark point (J12.6),","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0383911132813,74.6519775390625]},{"page":312,"text":"elevation, type and quantity, location, friendly location, egress heading, and weapon type. ","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,525.0216064453125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":312,"text":"The mission assignment (J12.0) is not a complete 9-line and the JTAC must still pass a full","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,521.925599609375,102.251953125]},{"page":312,"text":"9-line and remarks and restriction over voice. Using the mission assignment will increase","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,522.0119599609375,116.052001953125]},{"page":312,"text":"SA to the aircraft and can shorten time for correlation.","rect":[90.0,138.46798706054688,350.53680419921877,129.85198974609376]},{"page":312,"text":"(b) If the JTAC opts to pass a verbal 9-line rather than using a digital mission","rect":[154.8000030517578,166.6799774169922,521.9963989257813,155.6519775390625]},{"page":312,"text":"assignment (J12.0), the JTAC may reference a track number (if the target J3.5 was","rect":[89.9999771118164,180.47996520996095,521.96878125,169.45196533203126]},{"page":312,"text":"published previously by their C2 agency) or index number (if JTAC used a J12.6 mark","rect":[89.9999771118164,194.2799530029297,522.0095825195313,183.251953125]},{"page":312,"text":"point) of the target track for lines 4 and 6. For JTACs using Link 16, it is recommended","rect":[89.9999771118164,208.0800018310547,521.9939575195313,197.052001953125]},{"page":312,"text":"that JTACs reference target point, index number, target description as lines 4 through 6","rect":[89.9999771118164,221.87998962402345,522.0,210.85198974609376]},{"page":312,"text":"within a verbal 9-line. Following as an example of a 9-line using target point, index","rect":[89.9999771118164,235.6799774169922,522.0215454101563,224.6519775390625]},{"page":312,"text":"number, and description: ","rect":[89.9999771118164,249.45596313476563,212.66395568847657,238.45196533203126]},{"page":312,"text":"“Banger 21 from Hustler 35, IP Owl, 175, 8.5;”","rect":[117.0,277.2148132324219,354.19971656799319,266.8057556152344]},{"page":312,"text":"“Lines 4-6, Target Point, Index 8, 6 x T-72s;”","rect":[117.0,301.8748474121094,346.7190647125244,291.5646057128906]},{"page":312,"text":"“No mark, SW 2600, Egress right pull back to IP Owl.”","rect":[117.0,326.474853515625,397.58066749572756,316.0657958984375]},{"page":312,"text":"(c) An FTM (J28.2) can be used to pass the CAS brief. However, if the","rect":[154.8000030517578,356.97601318359377,522.00719921875,345.9720153808594]},{"page":312,"text":"JTAC’s kit is not designed to automatically populate an FTM (J28.2) when they send a","rect":[90.0,370.8000183105469,522.0095795898437,359.77203369140627]},{"page":312,"text":"target as a 9-line, this process can be time consuming and is not recommended as a primary","rect":[90.0,384.6000061035156,522.0240478515625,373.572021484375]},{"page":312,"text":"method. Additionally, depending on the aircraft, the FTM (J28.2) may be difficult to read","rect":[90.0,398.3999938964844,522.1368408203125,387.37200927734377]},{"page":312,"text":"as some of the 9-line may get curtailed from one line to the next.","rect":[90.0,412.20001220703127,400.5480041503906,401.1720275878906]},{"page":312,"text":"“Slayer 11 from Advance 35, IP Nome, 180, 10.5;”","rect":[117.0,439.9348449707031,373.8418674468994,429.5257873535156]},{"page":312,"text":"“Lines 4-6, Target Point, Index 6, 7 x Technicals;”","rect":[117.0,464.5948181152344,374.94431495666506,454.2845764160156]},{"page":312,"text":"“Gator 84 - Index 6, SW 1500m, Egress North to IP Nome.”","rect":[117.0,489.25482177734377,420.19626808166506,478.84576416015627]},{"page":312,"text":"Note: When a TSM (J12.6) is sent by a unit, it does not get a track number from the","rect":[111.5999984741211,519.7799682617188,522.0288056640625,508.751953125]},{"page":312,"text":"track pool, rather it is assigned an index number in relation to the sender’s JU number (e.g.,","rect":[90.0000228881836,533.52001953125,522.0960693359375,522.4920043945313]},{"page":312,"text":"JU 502 indexes would be 502-01, 502-02). The index number is two digits and allows for","rect":[90.0000228881836,547.3200073242188,521.9592568359375,536.2919921875]},{"page":312,"text":"64 index numbers (00-63). The index number is how the track is to be referenced on the","rect":[90.0000228881836,561.0960083007813,522.0612763671875,550.0919799804688]},{"page":312,"text":"link. It is important to understand for each participating unit that the index number may","rect":[90.0000228881836,574.9199829101563,521.9676513671875,563.8919677734375]},{"page":312,"text":"not display in the track number field. Aircrews are advised to know where the index","rect":[90.0000228881836,588.7200317382813,522.074462890625,577.6920166015625]},{"page":312,"text":"number is located in their platform systems. The aircrew may have to hover over the track","rect":[90.0000228881836,602.52001953125,522.058837890625,591.4920043945313]},{"page":312,"text":"or select the track and view a read out window. ","rect":[90.0000228881836,613.89599609375,319.5767822265625,605.2919921875]},{"page":312,"text":"(6) Remarks/restrictions are transmitted via voice or sent as a part of an FTM","rect":[133.20001220703126,642.0960083007813,522.0648505859375,631.0919799804688]},{"page":312,"text":"(J28.2).","rect":[90.00001525878906,655.89599609375,126.60961151123047,644.8919677734375]},{"page":312,"text":"(7) Readbacks. The aircrew should hook and match the JTAC’s target point by","rect":[133.20001220703126,681.7200317382813,521.9400024414063,670.6920166015625]},{"page":312,"text":"publishing their own mark point (J12.6) on the target. This is followed up by a verbal","rect":[90.0,695.5199584960938,522.0023818359375,684.491943359375]},{"page":312,"text":"readback of restrictions.","rect":[90.0,706.89599609375,205.57440185546876,698.2919921875]},{"page":312,"text":"D-18 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":312,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":313,"text":"Digitally Aided Close Air Support Planning and Execution Considerations","rect":[164.0399932861328,49.67997741699219,521.996369140625,38.651973724365237]},{"page":313,"text":"(a) For BOT, the matched point satisfies digital readbacks of lines 4 and 6","rect":[154.8000030517578,85.67997741699219,521.9472045898438,74.6519775390625]},{"page":313,"text":"and is the most accurate representation of elevation and target location. The JTAC retains","rect":[90.00000762939453,99.47996520996094,522.0047919921875,88.45196533203125]},{"page":313,"text":"the right to request verbal readbacks of elevation and target location derived from","rect":[90.00000762939453,113.27995300292969,522.1656508789063,102.251953125]},{"page":313,"text":"point/index number. The latitude/longitude (DM.MMMM) format should be used for","rect":[90.00003051757813,127.08000183105469,521.9160439453125,116.052001953125]},{"page":313,"text":"verbal readbacks of digital points. Do not readback the index number by itself.","rect":[90.00003051757813,140.87998962402345,470.1600341796875,129.85198974609376]},{"page":313,"text":"(b) BOC requires standard CAS verbal readback procedures.","rect":[154.800048828125,166.65597534179688,449.0064392089844,155.6519775390625]},{"page":313,"text":"(8) Correlation. JTACs should initiate correlation by referencing their target","rect":[133.20004272460938,192.47996520996095,521.9760756835938,181.45196533203126]},{"page":313,"text":"point/mark point index number or the aircrew’s sensor point/mark point (J12.6). This helps","rect":[90.00007629394531,206.25595092773438,522.014435546875,195.251953125]},{"page":313,"text":"speed up the correlation process along with VDL and voice communication. Once the","rect":[90.00007629394531,220.0800018310547,521.968869140625,209.052001953125]},{"page":313,"text":"aircrew designates the target, the JTAC should see on the ground kit the lock line from the","rect":[90.00007629394531,233.8799285888672,521.971310546875,222.8519287109375]},{"page":313,"text":"aircraft’s location to the intended target location, increasing confidence that the aircrew","rect":[90.0000991821289,247.6799774169922,522.126158203125,236.6519775390625]},{"page":313,"text":"intends to employ weapons on the correct target.","rect":[90.0000991821289,261.4799499511719,323.3041076660156,250.45196533203126]},{"page":313,"text":"(9) Attack. Once correlation is complete and the aircrew is TALLY/","rect":[133.20010375976563,287.2559509277344,521.9078994140625,276.251953125]},{"page":313,"text":"CAPTURE/CONTACT the aircrew should transmit “IN” and any requested calls over","rect":[90.00010681152344,301.0799255371094,522.0025307617187,290.05194091796877]},{"page":313,"text":"voice.","rect":[90.0001449584961,312.4559326171875,118.98614501953125,303.8519287109375]},{"page":313,"text":"(10) BDA. Following the attack, the JTAC should transmit BDA over voice or","rect":[133.2001495361328,340.6799011230469,522.0361000976562,329.65191650390627]},{"page":313,"text":"send FTM (J28.2). The aircraft should also send BDA to the JTAC; this will close out the","rect":[90.0001449584961,354.4559326171875,522.0361909179687,343.4519348144531]},{"page":313,"text":"JTAC’s mission assignment (J12.0) to complete the mission.","rect":[90.00016784667969,368.2799072265625,381.63604736328127,357.2519226074219]},{"page":313,"text":" ","rect":[90.00016784667969,392.0,93.00016784667969,391.0]},{"page":313,"text":"D-19","rect":[497.3399658203125,753.4559326171875,521.9999389648438,745.0679321289063]},{"page":314,"text":"Appendix D","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,148.98119970703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":314,"text":"D-20 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,117.664794921875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":314,"text":"Intentionally Blank","rect":[259.5,361.6799011230469,352.4963684082031,350.65191650390627]},{"page":314,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.644775390625,753.4679565429688,521.9902954101563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":315,"text":"APPENDIX E ","rect":[265.3799743652344,85.03982543945313,350.16867542266848,75.29576110839844]},{"page":315,"text":"EXAMPLES OF RADIO COMMUNICATIONS DURING CLOSE AIR SUPPORT","rect":[91.5,99.47998809814453,520.4867880859375,91.04399108886719]},{"page":315,"text":"MISSIONS","rect":[276.6600036621094,113.27997589111328,335.3231840820313,104.85597229003906]},{"page":315,"text":"The below examples are not intended to be directive or definitive but to show examples","rect":[111.60000610351563,141.33596801757813,521.96878125,130.33197021484376]},{"page":315,"text":"of the radio exchanges that may occur during a CAS mission. The specific information","rect":[90.0,155.1599578857422,522.0167846679688,144.1319580078125]},{"page":315,"text":"and language contained in the game plan and subsequent radio exchange will vary","rect":[90.0,168.9600067138672,521.97119140625,157.9320068359375]},{"page":315,"text":"depending upon the training, experience and in some cases the Service of the controller","rect":[90.0,182.75999450683595,521.9748208007812,171.73199462890626]},{"page":315,"text":"(JTAC or FAC[A]) and aircrew.","rect":[90.0,196.53598022460938,244.92239379882813,185.531982421875]},{"page":315,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,248.0,93.0,247.0]},{"page":315,"text":"EXAMPLE 1–TYPE 1 CONTROL, BOMB ON TARGET MISSION WITH","rect":[130.02000427246095,238.0,481.94452744293218,229.24581909179688]},{"page":315,"text":"MARK AND SUPPRESSION","rect":[234.78018188476563,250.15171813964845,377.1457298355103,241.90573120117188]},{"page":315,"text":"The following scenario provides a step-by-step example of how a Type","rect":[119.04000854492188,276.9748229980469,492.9485076751709,266.5657653808594]},{"page":315,"text":"1, BOT mission can be conducted and integrated with a mark and","rect":[119.04000854492188,289.5743408203125,493.0152982749939,279.165283203125]},{"page":315,"text":"suppression.","rect":[119.04000854492188,302.0915222167969,187.50030059051515,291.9570007324219]},{"page":315,"text":"JTAC (Texas 17) visually acquires target and verifies target location. At","rect":[119.04000854492188,326.8942565917969,492.97045727920536,316.4851989746094]},{"page":315,"text":"the direction of the supported commander, the JTAC submits an","rect":[119.04000854492188,339.41143798828127,492.98926678085328,329.1451416015625]},{"page":315,"text":"immediate JTAR, reports troops in contact, and receives two F/A-18C","rect":[119.04000854492188,352.0713806152344,492.90461045074468,341.8050842285156]},{"page":315,"text":"aircraft (Winder 61). The JTAC also coordinates with the fire support","rect":[119.04000854492188,364.87408447265627,492.9858991737366,354.46502685546877]},{"page":315,"text":"representative for integration of a target mark and suppression of enemy","rect":[119.04000854492188,377.4736328125,493.06600035095217,367.0645751953125]},{"page":315,"text":"air defenses.","rect":[119.04000854492188,387.95953369140627,186.29029387664796,379.7245178222656]},{"page":315,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Texas 17, Winder 61.”","rect":[119.04000854492188,413.0,323.8619785308838,404.3844909667969]},{"page":315,"text":"JTAC: “Winder 61, proceed to Mazda block 13 to 14, be advised SA-8","rect":[119.04000854492188,439.3107604980469,492.9693816986084,429.0444641113281]},{"page":315,"text":"active in target area, you are only aircraft on station, check in when","rect":[119.04000854492188,452.1134948730469,493.0769437828064,441.7044372558594]},{"page":315,"text":"able.”","rect":[119.04000854492188,462.599365234375,149.55343055725099,454.4961242675781]},{"page":315,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Winder 61, copy, mission number AB2061, 2 by F/A-18","rect":[119.04000854492188,489.3730163574219,492.8859161224365,478.9639587402344]},{"page":315,"text":"Hornet. 10 miles north of Mazda inbound from 200 to block 13 to 14, 4","rect":[119.04000854492188,500.0,492.9473785247803,491.6239013671875]},{"page":315,"text":"by MK-82 instantaneous and delay fuzing, and 450 rounds of 20 mm","rect":[119.04000854492188,514.69287109375,492.88151988601688,504.2838439941406]},{"page":315,"text":"each. 35 minutes of PLAYTIME. AT FLIR, Cat II coordinate capable, VDL","rect":[119.04000854492188,527.2100830078125,492.899117855072,516.9437866210938]},{"page":315,"text":"codes 4797 and 4457 respectively, TIMBER SWEET. ABORT code none.”","rect":[119.04000854492188,540.0126953125,492.94849586486819,529.6036987304688]},{"page":315,"text":"JTAC: “Texas 17, copy, advise when ready for SITREP.”","rect":[119.04000854492188,564.6123046875,414.30198097229006,554.2033081054688]},{"page":315,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Winder 61, ready.”","rect":[119.04000854492188,589.2723388671875,306.72876930236819,578.8633422851563]},{"page":315,"text":"JTAC: “Threat SA-8 active in target area and small arms. Enemy","rect":[119.04000854492188,613.9322509765625,492.9485992279053,603.5232543945313]},{"page":315,"text":"personnel are dug into fighting positions to the north. Friendlies are a","rect":[119.04000854492188,626.5922241210938,492.8935760345459,616.1832275390625]},{"page":315,"text":"company-size infantry element collocated with Texas 17. We have gun","rect":[119.04000854492188,639.252197265625,492.8968900718689,628.8432006835938]},{"page":315,"text":"position 3 active and in support, gun target line 040. Clearance will come","rect":[119.04000854492188,651.8516845703125,492.8903106536865,641.4426879882813]},{"page":315,"text":"from Texas 17. Weather is clear in the target area. Stay east of Mazda","rect":[119.04000854492188,664.5115966796875,492.89143980407717,654.1026000976563]},{"page":315,"text":"till IP inbound. Advise when ready for game plan.”","rect":[119.04000854492188,677.1715698242188,381.2302951812744,666.7625732421875]},{"page":315,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Winder 61, ready for game plan.”","rect":[119.04000854492188,701.83154296875,381.81653785705569,691.4225463867188]},{"page":315,"text":"E-1","rect":[504.6600036621094,753.2999267578125,521.9951782226563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":316,"text":"Appendix E","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,147.6600029296875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":316,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,84.0,93.0,83.0]},{"page":316,"text":"JTAC: “Winder 61, this will be a Type 1 control, BOT, 2 by MK-82 each,","rect":[119.04000091552735,88.4548568725586,492.8859359664917,78.04581451416016]},{"page":316,"text":"instantaneous fuzing, 30-second separation, advise when ready for 9-","rect":[119.04000091552735,101.1147689819336,492.95510693740848,90.70572662353516]},{"page":316,"text":"line.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,111.60070037841797,146.50098609924317,103.4974594116211]},{"page":316,"text":"In the game plan, in addition to the required type of control and method","rect":[119.04000091552735,138.3743438720703,492.8980192222595,127.9653091430664]},{"page":316,"text":"of attack, the JTAC requests 30-second spacing as the minimal time he","rect":[119.04000091552735,151.0342559814453,492.9474395599365,140.62521362304688]},{"page":316,"text":"needs ","rect":[119.04000091552735,162.0,153.8795425338745,153.4169464111328]},{"page":316,"text":"between ","rect":[161.56883239746095,162.0,208.59835356903077,153.4169464111328]},{"page":316,"text":"aircraft ","rect":[216.28765869140626,162.0,256.57108611297607,153.28518676757813]},{"page":316,"text":"to ","rect":[264.2604064941406,162.0,277.6999313278198,153.58164978027345]},{"page":316,"text":"provide ","rect":[285.38922119140627,163.55149841308595,328.1804305953979,153.4169464111328]},{"page":316,"text":"clearance, ","rect":[335.8697204589844,162.0,392.6889755172729,153.4169464111328]},{"page":316,"text":"conduct ","rect":[400.3782653808594,162.0,446.2087509078979,153.4169464111328]},{"page":316,"text":"combat","rect":[453.8980407714844,161.5201873779297,492.94726391983036,153.4169464111328]},{"page":316,"text":"assessment, and acquire the second aircraft. This spacing provides the","rect":[119.04000091552735,176.35414123535157,493.0078033294678,165.94509887695313]},{"page":316,"text":"optimum tempo for the attack and clearance process while reducing","rect":[119.04000091552735,189.01405334472657,492.890328792572,178.60501098632813]},{"page":316,"text":"time to kill and aircraft vulnerability window. If the aircrew requires a","rect":[119.04000091552735,201.6740264892578,492.9518340911865,191.26498413085938]},{"page":316,"text":"different interval due to systems or preferred tactics, it should request it","rect":[119.04000091552735,214.27357482910157,492.98473950576786,203.86453247070313]},{"page":316,"text":"from the JTAC. However, the JTAC will need this information from the","rect":[119.04000091552735,225.0,493.0078033294678,216.52444458007813]},{"page":316,"text":"aircrew to plan any SEAD or marking requirements. The JTAC’s intent","rect":[119.04000091552735,239.59339904785157,492.95290967178348,229.18435668945313]},{"page":316,"text":"is not to dictate aircrew tactics but to offer a plan that meets the","rect":[119.04000091552735,252.1106414794922,492.89034117126467,241.84432983398438]},{"page":316,"text":"requirements for the clearance and BDA.","rect":[119.04000091552735,264.7705993652344,332.2364608688354,254.50430297851563]},{"page":316,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Texas 17, Winder 61, ready.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,289.5733337402344,359.3317050933838,279.1642761230469]},{"page":316,"text":"JTAC: “Mazda, 270 Left, 12.1.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,312.0,280.30869483947756,303.76385498046877]},{"page":316,"text":"“Elevation, 350 feet, Platoon of infantry dug in, CM 367 971.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,338.8329162597656,434.56665992736819,328.4238586425781]},{"page":316,"text":"“White phosphorus, South 900, Egress left pull, back to Mazda, block","rect":[119.04000091552735,363.49285888671877,492.88374937438967,353.08380126953127]},{"page":316,"text":"13-14. Advise when ready for remarks.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,376.1528015136719,328.13538551330569,365.7437438964844]},{"page":316,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Ready.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,400.8127746582031,248.5337314605713,390.4037170410156]},{"page":316,"text":"JTAC: “Final attack heading 285-330. Threat, SA-8 north 1000 meters,","rect":[119.04000091552735,425.4123840332031,492.94742888641357,415.0033264160156]},{"page":316,"text":"continuous suppression, gun-target line 040, stay above 3000. Request","rect":[119.04000091552735,438.07232666015627,492.93752881240848,427.7620849609375]},{"page":316,"text":"IP inbound TOT 50.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,448.5582275390625,224.7883701324463,440.3232116699219]},{"page":316,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Winder 61, 350 feet, CM 367 971, final attack heading","rect":[119.04000091552735,475.3922424316406,492.8957914390564,464.9831848144531]},{"page":316,"text":"285-330, stay above 3000, TOT 50.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,488.05218505859377,301.8965549468994,477.64312744140627]},{"page":316,"text":"JTAC: “Good readback, Winder 62 go with readback.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,512.712158203125,403.19812965393069,502.3031005859375]},{"page":316,"text":"Attack Aircraft Dash 2: “Winder 62, 350 feet, CM 367 971, final attack","rect":[119.04000091552735,535.148681640625,492.9463104095459,526.9027099609375]},{"page":316,"text":"heading 285-330, stay above 3000, TOT 50.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,549.9716796875,347.1725254058838,539.5626831054688]},{"page":316,"text":"JTAC: “Good readback. Advise when ready for enhanced target","rect":[119.04000091552735,574.631591796875,492.95959302139286,564.2225952148438]},{"page":316,"text":"description.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,587.1488037109375,186.9095859527588,577.0142211914063]},{"page":316,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Ready.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,611.9515380859375,248.5337314605713,601.5425415039063]},{"page":316,"text":"JTAC: “When you roll in you will see an East West running road in a","rect":[119.04000091552735,636.5510864257813,493.01216734313967,626.14208984375]},{"page":316,"text":"large valley. There is a small urban buildup on the North side of the","rect":[119.04000091552735,649.2110595703125,492.88814390563967,638.8020629882813]},{"page":316,"text":"road. Your target is located just East of that buildup. Expect your mark","rect":[119.04000091552735,661.8709716796875,492.880422958374,651.4619750976563]},{"page":316,"text":"there.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,672.3568725585938,154.50100135803224,664.2536010742188]},{"page":316,"text":"Prior to weapon release, each attack aircraft in the flight will provide the","rect":[119.04000091552735,699.1908569335938,492.9649871673584,688.7818603515625]},{"page":316,"text":"JTAC with an IN call.","rect":[119.04000091552735,709.6768188476563,227.22921294403077,701.4418334960938]},{"page":316,"text":"E-2 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,110.33519744873047,745.0679321289063]},{"page":316,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.63519287109377,753.4679565429688,521.990234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":317,"text":"Examples of Radio Communications During Close Air Support Missions","rect":[171.3000030517578,49.67997741699219,522.014435546875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":317,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Winder 61, IP inbound.”","rect":[117.77999877929688,86.28081512451172,332.9627170562744,78.04581451416016]},{"page":317,"text":"JTAC: “Winder 61, CONTINUE.”","rect":[117.77999877929688,111.0,286.3427219390869,102.7057876586914]},{"page":317,"text":"JTAC notes the time at which the aircraft calls IP inbound and compares","rect":[117.77999877929688,137.63206481933595,491.686331161499,127.36576080322266]},{"page":317,"text":"it to the SEAD timeline to ensure the SEAD window is still effective and","rect":[117.77999877929688,148.21128845214845,491.632516292572,139.96530151367188]},{"page":317,"text":"the aircraft are deconflicted from the MARK.","rect":[117.77999877929688,160.8602752685547,348.1195175094604,152.62527465820313]},{"page":317,"text":"JTAC: “Suppression effective.”","rect":[117.77999877929688,187.5515594482422,284.57822608947756,177.28524780273438]},{"page":317,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Winder 61, CONTACT.”","rect":[117.77999877929688,210.1802215576172,329.79172706604006,201.94522094726563]},{"page":317,"text":"JTAC: “From the MARK, south 100”","rect":[117.77999877929688,235.0,307.8548069000244,226.60519409179688]},{"page":317,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Winder 61, IN”","rect":[117.77999877929688,260.0,284.0435276031494,251.26516723632813]},{"page":317,"text":"JTAC visually acquires attack aircraft and assesses attack geometry to","rect":[117.77999877929688,286.2738342285156,491.6160062828064,275.8647766113281]},{"page":317,"text":"ensure friendlies will be safe from expected effects and aircraft is","rect":[117.77999877929688,298.791015625,491.7390045013428,288.52471923828127]},{"page":317,"text":"aligned with approved target.","rect":[117.77999877929688,311.5937194824219,270.5579330368042,301.3164367675781]},{"page":317,"text":"JTAC: “Winder 61, CLEARED HOT.”","rect":[117.77999877929688,334.07965087890627,308.4586887359619,325.8446350097656]},{"page":317,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Winder 61, two AWAY.”","rect":[117.77999877929688,359.0,331.6209201812744,350.5046081542969]},{"page":317,"text":"Attack Aircraft dash 2: “Winder 62, contact lead’s hits IN.”","rect":[117.77999877929688,384.0,424.0657444000244,375.1645812988281]},{"page":317,"text":"JTAC visually acquires attack aircraft and assesses attack geometry to","rect":[117.77999877929688,410.1732177734375,491.6160062828064,399.76416015625]},{"page":317,"text":"ensure friendlies will be safe from expected effects and aircraft is","rect":[117.77999877929688,422.6903991699219,491.7390045013428,412.4241027832031]},{"page":317,"text":"aligned with approved target.","rect":[117.77999877929688,435.49310302734377,270.5579330368042,425.2158203125]},{"page":317,"text":"JTAC: “Winder 62, from lead’s hits, west 50, CLEARED HOT.”","rect":[117.77999877929688,458.0,441.65683937072756,449.7440185546875]},{"page":317,"text":"Attack Aircraft dash 2: “Winder 62, two AWAY.”","rect":[117.77999877929688,483.0,369.5985813140869,474.40399169921877]},{"page":317,"text":"JTAC: “Winder 62, direct hit egress, (cardinal direction if required) to","rect":[117.77999877929688,509.4126281738281,491.6336149253845,499.0035705566406]},{"page":317,"text":"Mazda block 13-14, standby BDA.”","rect":[117.77999877929688,522.072509765625,298.1166477203369,511.7622985839844]},{"page":317,"text":"JTAC: “Winder 61 flight, mission successful, we are no longer receiving","rect":[117.77999877929688,546.7325439453125,491.75110760116578,536.3235473632813]},{"page":317,"text":"effective fire. Proceed to Chevy, elevate block 15 to 16, contact Blacklist","rect":[117.77999877929688,559.3924560546875,491.71597119522098,548.9834594726563]},{"page":317,"text":"on Brown 20.”","rect":[117.77999877929688,569.8783569335938,192.3594455718994,561.7421875]},{"page":317,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Winder 61, copy, proceeding Chevy block 15 to 16,","rect":[117.77999877929688,596.6519775390625,491.6314193649292,586.2429809570313]},{"page":317,"text":"switching.”","rect":[117.77999877929688,609.3118896484375,177.0280704498291,599.0346069335938]},{"page":317,"text":"E-3","rect":[504.6600341796875,753.4319458007813,521.9952392578125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":318,"text":"Appendix E","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,147.6600029296875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":318,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,84.0,93.0,83.0]},{"page":318,"text":"EXAMPLE 2 – TYPE 1 CONTROL, BOMB ON COORDINATE MISSION","rect":[128.16000366210938,86.29179382324219,483.75919419097905,78.04581451416016]},{"page":318,"text":"WITH REATTACK AND CHANGE TO GAME PLAN","rect":[177.6600341796875,98.94072723388672,434.1923912124634,90.70572662353516]},{"page":318,"text":"In this example, the JTAC (Spartan 03), is part of a small reconnaissance","rect":[119.04000854492188,125.7748031616211,492.9463104095459,115.36576080322266]},{"page":318,"text":"team that is currently pinned down behind a low dike just outside a small","rect":[119.04000854492188,138.3743438720703,492.9485580368042,128.09706115722657]},{"page":318,"text":"village by an enemy machine gunner in a well-concealed spider hole. ","rect":[119.04000854492188,151.0342559814453,496.0196334762573,140.75697326660157]},{"page":318,"text":"The enemy machine gun nest is 800 meters from the friendly location","rect":[119.04000854492188,163.69422912597657,492.8957914390564,153.28518676757813]},{"page":318,"text":"and is located in a relatively featureless field of tall grass. Spartan 03 is","rect":[119.04000854492188,176.35414123535157,492.9572662200928,165.94509887695313]},{"page":318,"text":"able to reach back to the battalion TOC and, due to the proximity and","rect":[119.04000854492188,189.01405334472657,492.9474271812439,178.60501098632813]},{"page":318,"text":"concealed nature of the enemy position, requests immediate RW CAS. ","rect":[119.04000854492188,201.6740264892578,496.0119125289917,191.26498413085938]},{"page":318,"text":"Unfortunately, there are no RW assets available, and the DASC routes a","rect":[119.04000854492188,214.27357482910157,492.9540313568115,203.86453247070313]},{"page":318,"text":"single F-16 to his location. The F-16 (Fang 24), is the junior wingman of","rect":[119.04000854492188,226.93348693847657,492.97817822647098,216.52444458007813]},{"page":318,"text":"a two-ship. Fang 24’slead aircraft is currently on the tanker. Spartan 03","rect":[119.04000854492188,239.59339904785157,492.893606552124,229.18435668945313]},{"page":318,"text":"doubts that he can successfully talk Fang 24 onto the target, but he is","rect":[119.04000854492188,252.2533721923828,492.8925079193115,241.84432983398438]},{"page":318,"text":"able to generate a grid that he believes will be accurate enough to","rect":[119.04000854492188,264.9133605957031,492.8936246910095,254.6360626220703]},{"page":318,"text":"suppress the target long enough for his team to reposition.","rect":[119.04000854492188,277.5732727050781,428.3269149703979,267.1642150878906]},{"page":318,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Spartan 03, Fang 24.”","rect":[119.04000854492188,302.1728820800781,322.56519508361819,291.7638244628906]},{"page":318,"text":"JTAC: “Fang 24, Spartan 03, I am currently receiving heavy effective","rect":[119.04000854492188,326.8328552246094,492.882620223999,316.4237976074219]},{"page":318,"text":"machine gun fire from a well-concealed spider-hole approximately 800","rect":[119.04000854492188,339.4927978515625,492.88155210876467,329.083740234375]},{"page":318,"text":"meters north of my position. Hold your full check-in, Keyhole template","rect":[119.04000854492188,352.1527404785156,492.9496368255615,341.7436828613281]},{"page":318,"text":"in effect, advise when ready for 8-digit echo point.”","rect":[119.04000854492188,364.81268310546877,386.2195529937744,354.40362548828127]},{"page":318,"text":"JTAC directs aircraft to hold his full check-in due to the extremely urgent","rect":[119.04000854492188,389.4122619628906,493.04296704483036,379.0032043457031]},{"page":318,"text":"nature of their situation. For the moment, he only needs to know the","rect":[119.04000854492188,402.07220458984377,493.07259214782717,391.66314697265627]},{"page":318,"text":"aircraft’s ordnance and PLAYTIME to plan the attack. Once the threat is","rect":[119.04000854492188,414.5893859863281,493.0308746185303,404.3230895996094]},{"page":318,"text":"suppressed, he will get the full check-in and provide a more detailed","rect":[119.04000854492188,427.39208984375,493.102242855072,416.9830322265625]},{"page":318,"text":"SITREP.","rect":[119.04000854492188,437.88897705078127,160.9254104537964,429.6429748535156]},{"page":318,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Fang 24, ready.”","rect":[119.04000854492188,464.7120056152344,295.6258029937744,454.3029479980469]},{"page":318,"text":"JTAC: “Echo point ME 1234 5678, proceed immediately overhead echo","rect":[119.04000854492188,489.31158447265627,492.94846477890015,478.90252685546877]},{"page":318,"text":"at 15 block 16 thousand, you are the only aircraft on station, say","rect":[119.04000854492188,501.9715270996094,493.0023101654053,491.5624694824219]},{"page":318,"text":"ordnance and PLAYTIME.”","rect":[119.04000854492188,512.4574584960938,258.3531131744385,504.3542175292969]},{"page":318,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Fang 24, copy, 3 minutes out in the descent. Fang 24","rect":[119.04000854492188,539.2913818359375,492.89253843688967,528.8823852539063]},{"page":318,"text":"single F-16, with 4-by MK-82, and gun. Ten minutes of PLAYTIME.”","rect":[119.04000854492188,551.9513549804688,469.8718662261963,541.5423583984375]},{"page":318,"text":"JTAC: “Fang 24, advise when ready for game plan.”","rect":[119.04000854492188,576.611328125,392.2705478668213,566.2023315429688]},{"page":318,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Fang 24, ready.”","rect":[119.04000854492188,601.2108764648438,295.6258029937744,590.8018798828125]},{"page":318,"text":"JTAC: “Fang 24, Type 1, bomb on coordinate, advise when ready for 9-","rect":[119.04000854492188,625.870849609375,493.1275312538147,615.4618530273438]},{"page":318,"text":"line.”","rect":[119.04000854492188,636.3568115234375,145.48752784729005,628.2535400390625]},{"page":318,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Fang 24, ready.”","rect":[119.04000854492188,663.1907958984375,295.6258029937744,652.7817993164063]},{"page":318,"text":"JTAC elects to utilize a BOC mission due to the aircraft’s short on-","rect":[119.04000854492188,685.6163330078125,492.95840283584598,677.38134765625]},{"page":318,"text":"station time combined with the concealed nature of the enemy location. ","rect":[119.04000854492188,700.4503173828125,496.0119430465698,690.0413208007813]},{"page":318,"text":"The JTAC believes that a talk-on would take too much time and that the","rect":[119.04000854492188,710.9362182617188,492.88704527282717,702.7012329101563]},{"page":318,"text":"E-4 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,110.33519744873047,745.0679321289063]},{"page":318,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.63519287109377,753.4679565429688,521.990234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":319,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,84.0,93.0,83.0]},{"page":319,"text":"Examples of Radio Communications During Close Air Support Missions","rect":[171.3000030517578,49.67997741699219,522.014435546875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":319,"text":"desired effects can be created with only an 8-digit grid. The JTAC requires","rect":[119.04000091552735,88.4548568725586,493.12532652282717,78.04581451416016]},{"page":319,"text":"visual acquisition of the CAS aircraft prior to and at weapons release.","rect":[119.04000091552735,100.9720230102539,471.5100814743042,90.70572662353516]},{"page":319,"text":"JTAC: “From the overhead” or “lines 1-3 N/A.” “Elevation, 416 feet,","rect":[119.04000091552735,124.0,493.0089218063354,115.36576080322266]},{"page":319,"text":"Enemy machine gun nest, ME 1234 5678.\" \"No mark, South 800, Egress,","rect":[119.04000091552735,138.43470764160157,492.99796599578857,128.02566528320313]},{"page":319,"text":"back to the overhead block 15-16. Advise when ready for remarks.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,151.09461975097657,463.16636085510256,140.68557739257813]},{"page":319,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Fang 24, ready.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,175.69422912597657,290.50583839416506,165.28518676757813]},{"page":319,"text":"JTAC: “Final attack heading 270 degrees plus-or-minus 15. Request TEN","rect":[119.04000091552735,200.3542022705078,493.11652451324468,189.94515991210938]},{"page":319,"text":"SECONDS to roll-in call. Push when ready. Go with readbacks when able.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,213.01417541503907,492.99573707580569,202.60513305664063]},{"page":319,"text":"JTAC requests a 10-seconds to roll-in call allowing enough time to look","rect":[119.04000091552735,237.6741485595703,493.0078338470459,227.26510620117188]},{"page":319,"text":"for and find the aircraft and be ready to provide clearance.","rect":[119.04000091552735,250.3340606689453,414.4578658981323,239.92501831054688]},{"page":319,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Fang 24, 416 feet, ME 1234 5678, final attack heading 270","rect":[119.04000091552735,274.9336853027344,493.0111297454834,264.5246276855469]},{"page":319,"text":"plus or minus 15. Be advised, Fang 24 will employ 2 x MK-82s against that","rect":[119.04000091552735,287.5935974121094,493.0495283241272,277.2833557128906]},{"page":319,"text":"target.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,300.2535705566406,157.0483798980713,290.1409912109375]},{"page":319,"text":"JTAC: \"Fang 24, good readback.\"","rect":[119.04000091552735,324.9135437011719,297.00057080841068,314.5044860839844]},{"page":319,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Fang 24, 10-seconds to roll-in.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,349.5735168457031,373.97239112854006,339.1644592285156]},{"page":319,"text":"JTAC: “VISUAL, CONTINUE.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,372.0704345703125,275.4270420074463,363.8244323730469]},{"page":319,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Fang 24, IN from the east.” The attack aircraft may call","rect":[119.04000091552735,398.8330993652344,492.8628646774292,388.4240417480469]},{"page":319,"text":"IN from a cardinal direction to aid in situational awareness and JTAC","rect":[119.04000091552735,409.3190002441406,492.95291977691655,401.083984375]},{"page":319,"text":"visual acquisition. JTAC visually acquires attack aircraft and assesses","rect":[119.04000091552735,424.1529541015625,492.933157333374,413.743896484375]},{"page":319,"text":"attack geometry to ensure friendlies will be safe from expected effects","rect":[119.04000091552735,436.8128967285156,492.9474090423584,426.4038391113281]},{"page":319,"text":"and aircraft is aligned with approved target.","rect":[119.04000091552735,449.4728698730469,346.9968063278198,439.0638122558594]},{"page":319,"text":"JTAC: “Fang 24, CLEARED HOT.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,474.1328430175781,298.6848545074463,463.7237854003906]},{"page":319,"text":"JTAC assesses the first impacts and judges that the bomb impacted","rect":[119.04000091552735,498.732421875,492.8870023765564,488.3233642578125]},{"page":319,"text":"approximately 25 meters west of the spider hole. At this point, the JTAC","rect":[119.04000091552735,511.392333984375,492.94852524566655,500.9832763671875]},{"page":319,"text":"believes he can create better effects by switching to BOT now that he","rect":[119.04000091552735,524.05224609375,492.9496063079834,513.6432495117188]},{"page":319,"text":"has an adequate mark on deck.","rect":[119.04000091552735,536.5694580078125,282.27970427703857,526.4348754882813]},{"page":319,"text":"JTAC: “Fang 24, good impacts. Are you CONTACT your last impact?”","rect":[119.04000091552735,561.3721923828125,488.81235694885256,550.9631958007813]},{"page":319,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Fang 24, affirm.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,585.9717407226563,296.92148780822756,575.562744140625]},{"page":319,"text":"JTAC: “Request reattack. Change to game plan, bomb on target. Same","rect":[119.04000091552735,610.6317138671875,492.9419158782959,600.2227172851563]},{"page":319,"text":"ordnance, same 9-line, same restrictions. From your last impacts, adjust","rect":[119.04000091552735,623.2916259765625,492.9430524940491,612.9814453125]},{"page":319,"text":"east 25 meters.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,633.777587890625,204.03615760803224,625.6414184570313]},{"page":319,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Fang 24, CONTACT, 10-seconds to roll-in.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,660.611572265625,433.7630100250244,650.2025756835938]},{"page":319,"text":"JTAC: “VISUAL, CONTINUE.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,683.1085205078125,275.4270420074463,674.862548828125]},{"page":319,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Fang 24, IN from the east.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,709.87109375,349.4235019683838,699.4620971679688]},{"page":319,"text":"E-5","rect":[504.6600341796875,753.4319458007813,521.9952392578125,745.2359008789063]},{"page":320,"text":"Appendix E","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,147.6600029296875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":320,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,97.0,93.0,96.0]},{"page":320,"text":"JTAC again visually acquires attack aircraft, assesses attack geometry,","rect":[119.04000091552735,88.4548568725586,492.88590544891357,78.04581451416016]},{"page":320,"text":"and ensures friendlies will be safe from expected effects and aircraft is","rect":[119.04000091552735,100.9720230102539,492.935354598999,90.70572662353516]},{"page":320,"text":"aligned with approved target.","rect":[119.04000091552735,113.77474212646485,271.8179428024292,103.4974594116211]},{"page":320,"text":"JTAC: “Fang 24, CLEARED HOT.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,138.43470764160157,298.6848545074463,128.02566528320313]},{"page":320,"text":"JTAC: “Fang 24, mission successful, enemy fire ceased, say remaining","rect":[119.04000091552735,163.03431701660157,492.89804973983765,152.62527465820313]},{"page":320,"text":"PLAYTIME.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,173.3994140625,183.2279758453369,165.4169464111328]},{"page":320,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Fang 24, copy, BINGO, Fang 23 inbound to support.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,200.3542022705078,485.76758766174319,189.94515991210938]},{"page":320,"text":"JTAC: “Spartan 03, copy. Proceed to A-8 at 16,000, contact Blacklist.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,225.01417541503907,489.5370273590088,214.60513305664063]},{"page":320,"text":"E-6 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,110.33519744873047,745.0679321289063]},{"page":320,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.63519287109377,753.4679565429688,521.990234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":321,"text":"Examples of Radio Communications During Close Air Support Missions","rect":[171.3000030517578,49.67997741699219,522.014435546875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":321,"text":"EXAMPLE 3–TYPE 2 CONTROL, BOC MISSION","rect":[184.0800018310547,86.29179382324219,427.9095542984009,78.04581451416016]},{"page":321,"text":"The following scenario provides an example of how BOC may be","rect":[119.03997039794922,113.11483001708985,492.99043882751467,102.7057876586914]},{"page":321,"text":"employed as part of a Type 2 attack.","rect":[119.03997039794922,125.7748031616211,307.9684554977417,115.36576080322266]},{"page":321,"text":"Weather is 500 feet above ground level, overcast, and the JTAC (Redman","rect":[119.03997039794922,150.3743438720703,492.95176067733765,139.96530151367188]},{"page":321,"text":"01), visually acquires an enemy formation in a trench line with","rect":[119.03997039794922,163.03431701660157,493.0276578941345,152.62527465820313]},{"page":321,"text":"camouflage overhead.","rect":[119.03997039794922,175.69422912597657,235.18641204071046,165.28518676757813]},{"page":321,"text":"The JTAC has a digital portable tactical targeting system but the trench","rect":[119.03997039794922,200.3542022705078,492.95728435897828,189.94515991210938]},{"page":321,"text":"line is not on the imagery, and therefore, the JTAC cannot generate an","rect":[119.03997039794922,213.01417541503907,492.9507230796814,202.60513305664063]},{"page":321,"text":"accurate location. JTAC is able to terrain associate using a 1:50K map","rect":[119.03997039794922,225.67408752441407,492.95066204452515,215.26504516601563]},{"page":321,"text":"and derive a 6-digit grid with a high degree of confidence. At the","rect":[119.03997039794922,238.2736358642578,492.889212020874,227.86459350585938]},{"page":321,"text":"direction of the supported commander, the JTAC submits an immediate","rect":[119.03997039794922,250.79087829589845,492.8814910736084,240.52456665039063]},{"page":321,"text":"JTAR requesting RW CAS or aircraft with coordinate seeking weapons","rect":[119.03997039794922,263.5935363769531,492.94844664001467,253.18447875976563]},{"page":321,"text":"to engage the enemy formation. The ASOC routes 2 F/A-18C (Rumble","rect":[119.03997039794922,276.2535095214844,492.94954527282717,265.8444519042969]},{"page":321,"text":"41), with 2 GBU-32s equipped with airburst option as the quickest","rect":[119.03997039794922,288.9134216308594,492.94958325576786,278.5043640136719]},{"page":321,"text":"response option airborne.","rect":[119.03997039794922,301.43060302734377,254.70008391571046,291.29608154296877]},{"page":321,"text":"Attack aircraft check in and pass that they are carrying GBU-32s with an","rect":[119.03997039794922,326.1729431152344,492.95945110702515,315.7638854980469]},{"page":321,"text":"airburst fuze option. JTAC determines that they can create desired","rect":[119.03997039794922,338.8329162597656,492.89353313827515,328.4238586425781]},{"page":321,"text":"effects to the enemy personnel in the trench with the current target","rect":[119.03997039794922,351.4928283691406,492.93639966201786,341.0837707519531]},{"page":321,"text":"location and the combination of the airburst fuze on the JDAM and","rect":[119.03997039794922,361.9787292480469,492.950631526947,353.74371337890627]},{"page":321,"text":"decides to employ the F/A-18s using Type 2 control, BOC. JTAC passes","rect":[119.03997039794922,376.7523193359375,492.9397186126709,366.34326171875]},{"page":321,"text":"situation update to include weather in target area.","rect":[119.03997039794922,389.4122619628906,378.8125717086792,379.1349792480469]},{"page":321,"text":"JTAC: “Keyhole in effect, Echo point NB 234 876. Proceed to Bravo 8,","rect":[119.03997039794922,414.0722351074219,492.9506637496948,403.6631774902344]},{"page":321,"text":"block 17-19, you are the only aircraft on station, advise when ready for","rect":[119.03997039794922,426.732177734375,492.9573160133362,416.3231201171875]},{"page":321,"text":"game plan.”","rect":[119.03997039794922,439.39208984375,182.0432071685791,429.11480712890627]},{"page":321,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Redman 01, Rumble 41, proceeding to Bravo 8, block","rect":[119.03997039794922,464.05206298828127,492.8913787689209,453.64300537109377]},{"page":321,"text":"17-19, ready.”","rect":[119.03997039794922,476.7120056152344,191.1302433013916,466.4017639160156]},{"page":321,"text":"JTAC: “Type 2, bomb on coordinate, 1 by GBU-32 each, airburst,","rect":[119.03997039794922,501.31158447265627,492.9990951461792,490.90252685546877]},{"page":321,"text":"simultaneous impacts, advise when ready to copy 9-line.”","rect":[119.03997039794922,513.9714965820313,421.11411476135256,503.6612854003906]},{"page":321,"text":"In the game plan, in addition to the required type of control and method","rect":[119.03997039794922,538.6314697265625,492.8913969078064,528.2224731445313]},{"page":321,"text":"of attack, the JTAC includes the number and type of weapon with fuzing","rect":[119.03997039794922,551.2913818359375,492.95728435897828,540.8823852539063]},{"page":321,"text":"and the attack interval to be used. If the aircrew desired a different","rect":[119.03997039794922,561.7169189453125,492.9429609413147,553.48193359375]},{"page":321,"text":"interval, it could request it with the JTAC, recognizing that this change","rect":[119.03997039794922,576.5509033203125,492.8947051849365,566.1419067382813]},{"page":321,"text":"will affect his overall plan for the attack.","rect":[119.03997039794922,589.068115234375,327.4754440231323,578.8018188476563]},{"page":321,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Rumble 41, ready.”","rect":[119.03997039794922,613.8707885742188,309.67685890197756,603.4617919921875]},{"page":321,"text":"JTAC: “Lines 1-3, Bravo 8, Elevation, 1650 feet, Company of infantry in","rect":[119.03997039794922,638.53076171875,492.90784588241578,628.1217651367188]},{"page":321,"text":"trench line, NB 234 876.\" \"No mark, South 1100, Egress right pull, back","rect":[119.03997039794922,651.190673828125,492.8903106536865,640.7816772460938]},{"page":321,"text":"to Bravo 8, block 17-19. Advise when ready for remarks.”","rect":[119.03997039794922,663.8506469726563,419.89295387268069,653.441650390625]},{"page":321,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Ready.”","rect":[119.03997039794922,688.4501953125,251.58944129943849,678.0411987304688]},{"page":321,"text":"E-7","rect":[504.6600341796875,753.4559326171875,521.9952392578125,745.2359008789063]},{"page":322,"text":"Appendix E","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,147.6600029296875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":322,"text":"JTAC: “Final attack headings 280 through 320. Request IP inbound and","rect":[119.04000091552735,88.4548568725586,492.896920589447,78.04581451416016]},{"page":322,"text":"IN with heading calls, standby TOT.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,101.1147689819336,309.7405490875244,90.70572662353516]},{"page":322,"text":"Attack aircraft validate target location by cross-checking that the","rect":[119.04000091552735,125.7748031616211,492.8880828704834,115.36576080322266]},{"page":322,"text":"position is coincident with the expected target area using all appropriate","rect":[119.04000091552735,138.3743438720703,492.89253843688967,128.09706115722657]},{"page":322,"text":"means (e.g., map plot, digital map set, and radar through the weather). ","rect":[119.04000091552735,151.0342559814453,496.0119430465698,140.62521362304688]},{"page":322,"text":"Additionally, attack aircraft complete entry of lines 4 and 6 into the GBU-","rect":[119.04000091552735,163.69422912597657,492.8507673377991,153.28518676757813]},{"page":322,"text":"32s on board and confirm fuzing is set to airburst.","rect":[119.04000091552735,176.35414123535157,380.6715194625854,165.94509887695313]},{"page":322,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Rumble 41, 1650 feet, NB 234 876, final attack heading","rect":[119.04000091552735,201.0141143798828,492.8946928062439,190.60507202148438]},{"page":322,"text":"280 through 320.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,213.67408752441407,211.8759250640869,203.36387634277345]},{"page":322,"text":"JTAC: “Rumble 41, good readback. Rumble 42, go with readbacks.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,238.3340606689453,478.4823703765869,227.92501831054688]},{"page":322,"text":"Attack Aircraft dash 2: “Rumble 42, 1650 feet, NB 234 876, final attack","rect":[119.04000091552735,261.0,492.88045347595217,252.52456665039063]},{"page":322,"text":"heading 280 through 320.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,275.5935974121094,257.22764015197756,265.2833557128906]},{"page":322,"text":"JTAC: “Rumble 42, good readback; Rumble flight, report IP inbound,","rect":[119.04000091552735,300.2535705566406,492.8980209274292,289.8445129394531]},{"page":322,"text":"TOT 35, expect clearance as a flight.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,312.91351318359377,314.0206699371338,302.50445556640627]},{"page":322,"text":"In this case, the attack aircraft are able to read back the target location","rect":[119.04000091552735,337.5130920410156,492.8980192222595,327.1040344238281]},{"page":322,"text":"and elevation directly from the weapon display. If the aircraft were","rect":[119.04000091552735,350.17303466796877,492.9891570892334,339.76397705078127]},{"page":322,"text":"unable to read lines 4 and 6 directly from the weapon display, they could","rect":[119.04000091552735,362.8329772949219,492.8958219566345,352.4239196777344]},{"page":322,"text":"alternatively ","rect":[119.04000091552735,375.492919921875,186.25736540985108,365.21563720703127]},{"page":322,"text":"read ","rect":[192.26670837402345,374.0,218.55283660125733,365.21563720703127]},{"page":322,"text":"back ","rect":[224.56219482421876,374.0,252.7445785446167,365.21563720703127]},{"page":322,"text":"from ","rect":[258.7539367675781,374.0,286.2478744430542,365.0838623046875]},{"page":322,"text":"the ","rect":[292.2572021484375,374.0,311.8048812789917,365.21563720703127]},{"page":322,"text":"aircraft ","rect":[317.8142395019531,374.0,358.17667693328857,365.0838623046875]},{"page":322,"text":"system ","rect":[364.18603515625,375.492919921875,405.08866423797607,365.3803405761719]},{"page":322,"text":"designation ","rect":[411.1584167480469,375.492919921875,475.9513046188354,365.21563720703127]},{"page":322,"text":"or","rect":[481.9606628417969,373.3188781738281,492.95163974380497,367.2908630371094]},{"page":322,"text":"designated waypoint.","rect":[119.04000091552735,388.1528625488281,230.8778793258667,377.8755798339844]},{"page":322,"text":"Since correlation was complete for the BOC mission after appropriate","rect":[119.04000091552735,412.6097106933594,492.935354598999,402.3434143066406]},{"page":322,"text":"readbacks, the JTAC could have assigned the TOT prior to the","rect":[119.04000091552735,425.4123840332031,492.9933990325928,415.0033264160156]},{"page":322,"text":"readbacks in the restrictions. However, since it can take up to several","rect":[119.04000091552735,437.9295654296875,492.8914291305542,427.7950439453125]},{"page":322,"text":"minutes to input the information into the weapons, it may be best to","rect":[119.04000091552735,450.7322692871094,492.958444026947,440.3232116699219]},{"page":322,"text":"coordinate and assign TOTs after readbacks are complete or during the","rect":[119.04000091552735,463.3922119140625,493.0143951263428,452.983154296875]},{"page":322,"text":"process.","rect":[119.04000091552735,475.9093933105469,164.26990813446046,467.85009765625]},{"page":322,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Rumble flight, TOT 35.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,500.7121276855469,332.3451633453369,490.3030700683594]},{"page":322,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Rumble 41 flight, IP inbound.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,525.3116455078125,367.22413063049319,514.9026489257813]},{"page":322,"text":"JTAC: “CONTINUE.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,547.7976684570313,228.93332862854005,539.5626831054688]},{"page":322,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Rumble 41 flight, IN heading 300.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,574.631591796875,387.91065406799319,564.2225952148438]},{"page":322,"text":"JTAC compares the flight’s IN heading to the restrictions he passed and","rect":[119.04000091552735,599.2916259765625,492.88596477890015,588.8826293945313]},{"page":322,"text":"confirms that all friendlies will be safe from weapon effects.","rect":[119.04000091552735,611.808837890625,430.80729216766357,601.5425415039063]},{"page":322,"text":"JTAC: “Rumble 41 flight, CLEARED HOT.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,636.5510864257813,342.7157382965088,626.14208984375]},{"page":322,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Rumble 41 flight, 2 AWAY, 33 seconds to impact,","rect":[119.04000091552735,661.2110595703125,492.89139861297607,650.8020629882813]},{"page":322,"text":"proceeding to Bravo 8.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,673.8710327148438,243.7266788482666,663.5608520507813]},{"page":322,"text":"JTAC: “Good impacts, standby BDA.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,698.5309448242188,320.0991916656494,688.1219482421875]},{"page":322,"text":"E-8 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,110.33519744873047,745.0679321289063]},{"page":322,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.63519287109377,753.4679565429688,521.990234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":323,"text":"Examples of Radio Communications During Close Air Support Missions","rect":[171.3000030517578,49.67997741699219,522.014435546875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":323,"text":"JTAC: “Ground commander’s intent met, enemy neutralized. Switch","rect":[119.04000091552735,88.4548568725586,492.9463285484314,78.04581451416016]},{"page":323,"text":"Blacklist for routing and further tasking, you are still the only aircraft on","rect":[119.04000091552735,101.1147689819336,492.9364408531189,90.70572662353516]},{"page":323,"text":"station.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,111.60070037841797,163.6802921295166,103.4974594116211]},{"page":323,"text":"E-9","rect":[504.6600341796875,753.4559326171875,521.9952392578125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":324,"text":"Appendix E","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,147.6600029296875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":324,"text":"EXAMPLE 4–TYPE 2 CONTROL, BOT MISSION WITH TALK-ON","rect":[142.86000061035157,86.29179382324219,469.17438584136968,78.04581451416016]},{"page":324,"text":"The following scenario provides an example of how Type 2 terminal","rect":[119.03999328613281,113.11483001708985,492.8902694625854,102.7057876586914]},{"page":324,"text":"attack control may be used for a BOT attack.","rect":[119.03999328613281,125.7748031616211,351.90702361297607,115.36576080322266]},{"page":324,"text":"The JTAC (Spartan 03) is unable to acquire the target but receives real-","rect":[119.03999328613281,150.3743438720703,492.89468213272098,139.96530151367188]},{"page":324,"text":"time targeting information from a scout that is currently in contact. The","rect":[119.03999328613281,163.03431701660157,492.8969024505615,152.62527465820313]},{"page":324,"text":"JTAC will verify target location and coordinates through the use of an","rect":[119.03999328613281,175.69422912597657,492.94959392929078,165.28518676757813]},{"page":324,"text":"aircraft. The JTAC plans to use IPs Moon and Charger for holding.","rect":[119.03999328613281,188.3542022705078,467.3936874313354,177.94515991210938]},{"page":324,"text":"Attack lead aircraft checks in (Ragin’ 11), informs the JTAC regarding","rect":[119.03999328613281,213.01417541503907,492.8968900718689,202.60513305664063]},{"page":324,"text":"their onboard capabilities, receives a situation update, the following","rect":[119.03999328613281,225.67408752441407,492.96164837265015,215.26504516601563]},{"page":324,"text":"game plan, and close air support attack briefing.","rect":[119.03999328613281,238.3340606689453,372.1312362594604,227.92501831054688]},{"page":324,"text":"JTAC: “Ragin’ 11, this is Spartan 03, proceed to Moon-Charger, block","rect":[119.03999328613281,262.9336242675781,492.950735458374,252.52456665039063]},{"page":324,"text":"18-20, advise when ready for game plan.”","rect":[119.03999328613281,275.5935974121094,334.8452548980713,265.1845397949219]},{"page":324,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Ragin’ 11, WILCO, go with game plan.”","rect":[119.03999328613281,300.2535705566406,412.4791965484619,289.8445129394531]},{"page":324,"text":"JTAC: “Type 2, bomb on target, advise when ready for 9-line.”","rect":[119.03999328613281,324.9135437011719,445.9485569000244,314.5044860839844]},{"page":324,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Ragin’ 11, ready.”","rect":[119.03999328613281,349.5735168457031,303.1120090484619,339.1644592285156]},{"page":324,"text":"JTAC: “Moon, 030, 9.2.” \"Elevation, 450 feet, 2 BTR 90s, 8 digit grid NB","rect":[119.03999328613281,374.1731262207031,492.9539878921509,363.7640686035156]},{"page":324,"text":"8652 4274.\" “No mark, South 900, Egress, back to Moon-Charger, block","rect":[119.03999328613281,386.83306884765627,492.9496063079834,376.42401123046877]},{"page":324,"text":"18-20. Advise when ready for remarks.”","rect":[119.03999328613281,399.49298095703127,328.13538551330569,389.08392333984377]},{"page":324,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Ragin’ 11, ready.”","rect":[119.03999328613281,424.1529846191406,303.0724277496338,413.7439270019531]},{"page":324,"text":"JTAC: “Final attack heading 300 through 325. Request IP inbound and","rect":[119.03999328613281,448.7525634765625,492.8946928062439,438.343505859375]},{"page":324,"text":"IN with heading calls.”","rect":[119.03999328613281,461.4125061035156,236.4260654449463,451.1352233886719]},{"page":324,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Ragin’11, 450 feet, NB 8652 4274, final attack heading","rect":[119.03999328613281,486.0724792480469,492.954049495697,475.6634216308594]},{"page":324,"text":"300 through 325.”","rect":[119.03999328613281,498.732421875,211.87590980529786,488.42218017578127]},{"page":324,"text":"JTAC: “Ragin’ 11, good readbacks, advise when ready for sensor talk-","rect":[119.03999328613281,523.392333984375,492.95620557022098,512.9833374023438]},{"page":324,"text":"on.”","rect":[119.03999328613281,533.8782348632813,141.05599403381349,527.0]},{"page":324,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Ready.”","rect":[119.03999328613281,560.7122802734375,251.58945655822755,550.3032836914063]},{"page":324,"text":"JTAC: “Ragin’ flight, SLEW to lines 4 and 6. Describe what you see.”","rect":[119.03999328613281,585.3118286132813,483.3431797027588,574.90283203125]},{"page":324,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “A large 4-way intersection. On the northeast corner of","rect":[119.03999328613281,609.9718017578125,492.95947095108036,599.5628051757813]},{"page":324,"text":"the intersection, a large L-shaped building.”","rect":[119.03999328613281,622.6317749023438,348.84253883361819,612.3544921875]},{"page":324,"text":"JTAC: “Ragin’ 11, which direction is the short leg of the L pointing?”","rect":[119.03999328613281,647.2916870117188,481.4985752105713,636.8826904296875]},{"page":324,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “East.”","rect":[119.03999328613281,669.7776489257813,241.8754367828369,661.5426635742188]},{"page":324,"text":"JTAC: “Do you show any vehicles parked on the east side of the short","rect":[119.03999328613281,696.55126953125,492.94741650772098,686.1422729492188]},{"page":324,"text":"leg of the L shaped building?”","rect":[119.03999328613281,709.211181640625,277.3397617340088,698.8021850585938]},{"page":324,"text":"E-10 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,116.33760070800781,745.0679321289063]},{"page":324,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.63763427734377,753.4679565429688,521.99267578125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":325,"text":"Examples of Radio Communications During Close Air Support Missions","rect":[171.3000030517578,49.67997741699219,522.014435546875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":325,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Two vehicles appear to be in revetments.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,88.3121109008789,430.1789035797119,78.04581451416016]},{"page":325,"text":"JTAC: \"Roger the east vehicle is your target.\"","rect":[119.04000091552735,113.11483001708985,360.44624951934818,102.7057876586914]},{"page":325,"text":"Attack Aircraft: \"Ragin 11, CAPTURED.\"","rect":[119.04000091552735,137.77479553222657,331.10881665802006,127.36576080322266]},{"page":325,"text":"JTAC: “Ragin 12, the west vehicle is your target.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,162.43482971191407,380.70444679260256,152.02578735351563]},{"page":325,"text":"Attack Aircraft dash 2: “Ragin 12, CAPTURED.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,187.0343780517578,369.64634132385256,176.62533569335938]},{"page":325,"text":"JTAC: “Ragin 11, say best ordnance and interval.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,211.69435119628907,384.9613437652588,201.28530883789063]},{"page":325,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Ragin 11 will employ 2 x GBU-12s with 2-minutes","rect":[119.04000091552735,236.35438537597657,492.8836883392334,225.94534301757813]},{"page":325,"text":"separation.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,248.87156677246095,183.2411594390869,238.7370147705078]},{"page":325,"text":"Note that the JTAC completed correlation with both aircraft since the","rect":[119.04000091552735,273.5315246582031,493.0045379486084,263.2652282714844]},{"page":325,"text":"game plan included both aircraft attacking.","rect":[119.04000091552735,286.334228515625,343.3812057418823,275.9251708984375]},{"page":325,"text":"JTAC: “Ragin’ 11, copy. Push when ready, report IP inbound.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,310.9338073730469,449.66431617736819,300.5247497558594]},{"page":325,"text":"In this example, the attack aircraft acquires the target in a targeting pod","rect":[119.04000091552735,335.5938415527344,492.9639066734314,325.1847839355469]},{"page":325,"text":"and updates the target location appropriately, then sets up the","rect":[119.04000091552735,348.2537536621094,492.9804900970459,337.9764709472656]},{"page":325,"text":"system/weapon for a proper delivery. No additional readback of","rect":[119.04000091552735,360.9136962890625,492.9263593788147,350.504638671875]},{"page":325,"text":"coordinates is necessary in BOT; however, for collateral damage and","rect":[119.04000091552735,373.51324462890627,492.890328792572,363.10418701171877]},{"page":325,"text":"BDA reports, the JTAC may request an updated coordinate from the","rect":[119.04000091552735,386.1731872558594,492.88484800720217,375.7641296386719]},{"page":325,"text":"aircraft. This updated coordinate, in a BOT mission, does not require a","rect":[119.04000091552735,398.6903381347656,492.8881133880615,388.4240417480469]},{"page":325,"text":"readback from the JTAC.","rect":[119.04000091552735,409.3190002441406,249.1683608932495,401.083984375]},{"page":325,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Ragin’ 11, IP inbound.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,436.15301513671877,330.5663547515869,425.74395751953127]},{"page":325,"text":"JTAC: “Ragin’ 11, CONTINUE.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,460.81298828125,284.0133457183838,450.4039306640625]},{"page":325,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Ragin’ 11, IN heading 325.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,485.4125671386719,351.21970558166506,475.0035095214844]},{"page":325,"text":"JTAC: “Ragin’ 11, CLEARED HOT.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,510.0725402832031,306.1249485015869,499.6634826660156]},{"page":325,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Ragin’ 11, 1 AWAY, 30 seconds.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,534.7324829101563,382.4644260406494,524.323486328125]},{"page":325,"text":"Attack Aircraft dash 2: “Ragin’ 12, IP inbound.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,559.3924560546875,368.46485328674319,548.9834594726563]},{"page":325,"text":"JTAC: “Ragin’ 12, CONTINUE.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,584.0524291992188,284.0133457183838,573.6434326171875]},{"page":325,"text":"JTAC: “Ragin’ 11, good impacts.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,608.71240234375,298.02930641174319,598.3034057617188]},{"page":325,"text":"Attack Aircraft dash 2: “Ragin’ 12, IN heading 317.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,633.3119506835938,389.1514072418213,622.9029541015625]},{"page":325,"text":"JTAC: “Ragin’ 12, CLEARED HOT.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,657.971923828125,306.1249485015869,647.5629272460938]},{"page":325,"text":"Attack Aircraft dash 2: “Ragin 12, 1 AWAY, 30 seconds.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,682.6318969726563,417.4191074371338,672.222900390625]},{"page":325,"text":"E-11","rect":[498.6600341796875,753.2999267578125,521.9952392578125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":326,"text":"Appendix E","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,147.6600029296875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":326,"text":"JTAC: “Both vehicles destroyed. Ragin’ flight egress, back to Moon-","rect":[119.04000091552735,88.4548568725586,482.1200544471741,78.04581451416016]},{"page":326,"text":"Charger, block 18-20. Report established.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,101.3552474975586,344.05091285705569,90.94620513916016]},{"page":326,"text":"E-12 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,116.33760070800781,745.0679321289063]},{"page":326,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.63763427734377,753.4679565429688,521.99267578125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":327,"text":"Examples of Radio Communications During Close Air Support Missions","rect":[171.3000030517578,49.67997741699219,522.014435546875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":327,"text":"EXAMPLE 5–TYPE 3 CONTROL, BOT, USING LASER HAND OFF","rect":[138.83999633789063,86.29179382324219,473.0625700035095,78.04581451416016]},{"page":327,"text":"The following scenario provides an example of how Type 3 control may","rect":[119.03976440429688,113.11483001708985,493.0042632904053,102.7057876586914]},{"page":327,"text":"be used.","rect":[119.03974914550781,123.60076141357422,163.6701614303589,115.49752044677735]},{"page":327,"text":"The supported commander is in contact with a company of mechanized","rect":[119.03974914550781,150.3743438720703,492.93836346054078,139.96530151367188]},{"page":327,"text":"infantry 1.1 km to the north. The commander has authorized the JTAC","rect":[119.03974914550781,163.03431701660157,492.9603355484009,152.62527465820313]},{"page":327,"text":"to determine which type of CAS control best suits the situation. A flight","rect":[119.03974914550781,175.69422912597657,492.9109480018616,165.28518676757813]},{"page":327,"text":"of 2 A-10s (Razor 11) are currently in the CAS stack. Upon consideration","rect":[119.03974914550781,188.3542022705078,492.892281917572,177.94515991210938]},{"page":327,"text":"of all these factors, the JTAC (Heartless 31) decides to utilize Type 3","rect":[119.03974914550781,201.0141143798828,492.886770614624,190.60507202148438]},{"page":327,"text":"terminal attack control against the mechanized company. The following","rect":[119.03974914550781,213.67408752441407,492.8977750816345,203.26504516601563]},{"page":327,"text":"CAS brief is provided:","rect":[119.03974914550781,226.19126892089845,234.55261059951784,215.92495727539063]},{"page":327,"text":"JTAC: “Razor 11, Heartless 31, Type 3 control, bomb on target, advise","rect":[119.03974914550781,250.93360900878907,492.9449981536865,240.52456665039063]},{"page":327,"text":"when ready for 9-line.”","rect":[119.03974914550781,263.5935363769531,237.71485328674317,253.18447875976563]},{"page":327,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Razor 11, ready.”","rect":[119.03974914550781,288.2535095214844,299.99671363830569,277.8444519042969]},{"page":327,"text":"JTAC: “Lines 1-3, from the overhead” or “Lines 1-3 NA.” “Elevation,","rect":[119.03974914550781,311.0,492.8977157516479,302.50445556640627]},{"page":327,"text":"450 feet, Mechanized company in the open, NB 922 556. Lonewolf laser","rect":[119.03974914550781,325.5130615234375,492.9493814430237,315.10400390625]},{"page":327,"text":"hand off, 1511, South 1100, egress south to Mazda block 10 to 11. Advise","rect":[119.03974914550781,338.1730041503906,492.886770614624,327.7639465332031]},{"page":327,"text":"when ready for remarks.”","rect":[119.03974914550781,350.83294677734377,251.75168800354005,340.42388916015627]},{"page":327,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Razor 11, ready.”","rect":[119.03974914550781,375.492919921875,299.99671363830569,365.0838623046875]},{"page":327,"text":"JTAC: “Razor 11, laser target line 360. No attack run-ins from north to","rect":[119.03974914550781,400.1528625488281,492.8999723472595,389.7438049316406]},{"page":327,"text":"south. Recon team, call sign Lonewolf, is currently 1100 m south in","rect":[119.03974914550781,412.7524108886719,492.8955778160095,402.3433532714844]},{"page":327,"text":"position to lase, as required, contact on this TAD.”","rect":[119.03974914550781,425.26959228515627,383.7335910797119,415.13507080078127]},{"page":327,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Razor 11, 450 feet, NB 922 556.”","rect":[119.03974914550781,448.0,376.28125953674319,439.66326904296877]},{"page":327,"text":"JTAC: “Razor 11, good readback.”","rect":[119.03974914550781,474.7322998046875,301.8523654937744,464.3232421875]},{"page":327,"text":"Attack aircraft establishes communications with recon team and calls","rect":[119.03974914550781,497.2182312011719,492.9471343841553,488.98321533203127]},{"page":327,"text":"established overhead.","rect":[119.03974914550781,509.878173828125,234.61521453094483,501.7749328613281]},{"page":327,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Lonewolf, Razor 11, overhead, ready for SPOT.”","rect":[119.03974914550781,536.712158203125,460.0521945953369,526.3031616210938]},{"page":327,"text":"Observer: “Razor 11, Lonewolf, proceed to the south, run IN heading","rect":[119.03974914550781,561.311767578125,492.8933805503845,550.9027709960938]},{"page":327,"text":"320 to 040, STARE line 6, laser 1511, laser-to-target line is 360.”","rect":[119.03974914550781,573.9716796875,450.3985996246338,563.5626831054688]},{"page":327,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Lonewolf, Razor 11, IN heading 320 for laser hand off,","rect":[119.03974914550781,598.631591796875,492.9647323532104,588.2225952148438]},{"page":327,"text":"TEN SECONDS.”","rect":[119.03974914550781,609.1285400390625,206.9708652496338,600.882568359375]},{"page":327,"text":"Observer: “Lonewolf, TEN SECONDS.”","rect":[119.03974914550781,634.0,324.95093727111819,625.5425415039063]},{"page":327,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Razor 11, LASER ON.”","rect":[119.03974914550781,659.0,327.3654270172119,650.1421508789063]},{"page":327,"text":"Observer: “LASING 1511.”","rect":[119.03974914550781,683.048095703125,260.1964511871338,674.8021240234375]},{"page":327,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Razor 11, SPOT...CEASE LASER.”","rect":[119.03974914550781,708.0,387.85096168518069,699.4620361328125]},{"page":327,"text":"E-13","rect":[498.6600341796875,753.4319458007813,521.9952392578125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":328,"text":"Appendix E","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,147.6600029296875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":328,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,84.0,93.0,83.0]},{"page":328,"text":"Even though the attack aircraft has reported “SPOT,” the JTAC and","rect":[119.04000091552735,88.4548568725586,492.890328792572,78.04581451416016]},{"page":328,"text":"observer still need to conduct correlation to be certain that the aircraft","rect":[119.04000091552735,98.94072723388672,492.96499463272098,90.70572662353516]},{"page":328,"text":"is captured on the correct target.","rect":[119.04000091552735,113.77474212646485,290.7463180465698,103.4974594116211]},{"page":328,"text":"Observer: “Razor 11, what do you see in your pod?”","rect":[119.04000091552735,138.43470764160157,395.35264015197756,128.02566528320313]},{"page":328,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Razor 11, CONTACT tactical vehicle in a large field.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,163.03431701660157,482.7689609527588,152.62527465820313]},{"page":328,"text":"Observer: “Your pod is on the center vehicle in a formation of tactical","rect":[119.04000091552735,187.5515594482422,492.8881332321167,177.28524780273438]},{"page":328,"text":"vehicles. How many vehicles are in the field?”","rect":[119.04000091552735,200.3542022705078,363.02442359924319,189.94515991210938]},{"page":328,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Razor 11, five.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,223.0,289.6011142730713,214.60513305664063]},{"page":328,"text":"Observer: “Razor 12, describe the orientation of the vehicles.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,248.0,444.27060890197756,239.26516723632813]},{"page":328,"text":"Attack Aircraft dash 2: “2 vehicles to the south and 3 vehicles to the","rect":[119.04000091552735,272.09979248046877,492.9496063079834,263.8647766113281]},{"page":328,"text":"north. The vehicles to the south are oriented east-west, facing south. ","rect":[119.04000091552735,286.9337463378906,496.0250961227417,276.5246887207031]},{"page":328,"text":"The northern vehicles are also oriented east-west, facing east in a line.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,299.5936584472656,492.9430332183838,289.1846008300781]},{"page":328,"text":"Observer: “Razor 11, Lonewolf, correct, those five vehicles in the field","rect":[119.04000091552735,322.07958984375,492.95728435897828,313.8445739746094]},{"page":328,"text":"northwest of the bridge are your target.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,336.9136047363281,329.8977451324463,326.5045471191406]},{"page":328,"text":"JTAC (listening to frequency): “Razor 11, CLEARED TO ENGAGE from","rect":[119.04000091552735,361.51318359375,492.94521007156376,351.1041259765625]},{"page":328,"text":"time 45-55.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,371.99908447265627,181.4547061920166,363.8628845214844]},{"page":328,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Razor 11, COMMENCING ENGAGEMENT.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,397.0,430.1384983062744,388.4240417480469]},{"page":328,"text":"JTAC monitors progress of the mission via radio.","rect":[119.03890991210938,423.4930725097656,377.05778044891357,413.0840148925781]},{"page":328,"text":"Attack Aircraft make multiple attacks within the time window while","rect":[119.03890991210938,448.0102844238281,492.88814390563967,437.7439880371094]},{"page":328,"text":"complying with other restrictions. The attacks continue until time 55.","rect":[119.03890991210938,460.81298828125,481.54581755828857,450.53570556640627]},{"page":328,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Heartless 31, Razor 11 ENGAGEMENT COMPLETE.","rect":[119.03890991210938,483.238525390625,492.8662216110229,475.0035095214844]},{"page":328,"text":"Advise when ready to copy BDA.”","rect":[119.03890991210938,498.072509765625,296.2495517730713,487.79522705078127]},{"page":328,"text":"Aircrew passes BDA to JTAC.","rect":[119.03890991210938,522.8302001953125,274.8363143844604,512.5639038085938]},{"page":328,"text":"E-14 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,116.33760070800781,745.0679321289063]},{"page":328,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.63763427734377,753.4679565429688,521.99267578125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":329,"text":"Examples of Radio Communications During Close Air Support Missions","rect":[171.3000030517578,49.67997741699219,522.014435546875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":329,"text":"EXAMPLE 6–TYPE 3 CONTROL, BOC","rect":[208.8000030517578,86.28081512451172,403.1525962905884,78.04581451416016]},{"page":329,"text":"In this example, the JTAC (Jaguar 11) is receiving harassing fire from a","rect":[119.03960418701172,113.11483001708985,492.8921111907959,102.7057876586914]},{"page":329,"text":"large enemy force located in dense jungle on the northwest side of a","rect":[119.03960418701172,125.7748031616211,492.9503387298584,115.36576080322266]},{"page":329,"text":"river. JTAC requests FW CAS with 2000-lb ordnance. Doom 45 (B-52H)","rect":[119.03960418701172,138.3743438720703,492.94701977920536,127.9653091430664]},{"page":329,"text":"checks in to provide support. JTAC takes the aircraft check-in and","rect":[119.03960418701172,150.8915252685547,492.891061214447,140.62521362304688]},{"page":329,"text":"passes a quick SITREP.","rect":[119.03960418701172,163.55149841308595,243.18055266571046,153.28518676757813]},{"page":329,"text":"JTAC: “Doom 45, this is Jaguar 11, I am part of a company-sized element","rect":[119.03960418701172,188.3542022705078,492.94814892959598,177.94515991210938]},{"page":329,"text":"approximately 1700 meters southeast of a large river. Currently","rect":[119.03960418701172,201.0141143798828,493.00411070251467,190.60507202148438]},{"page":329,"text":"receiving fire from a large enemy force located in dense jungle tree line","rect":[119.03960418701172,213.67408752441407,492.8932098236084,203.26504516601563]},{"page":329,"text":"northwest of river. Enemy oriented southwest-to-northeast line along","rect":[119.03960418701172,226.27357482910157,492.95359173202515,215.86453247070313]},{"page":329,"text":"river approximately 100-meters wide. Ground commander’s intent to","rect":[119.03960418701172,238.9335479736328,492.94919720077515,228.52450561523438]},{"page":329,"text":"disrupt the enemy with continuous bombardment for next 30 minutes. ","rect":[119.03960418701172,251.5934600830078,496.0038558883667,241.18441772460938]},{"page":329,"text":"After bombardment, commander intends to assault across river. Advise","rect":[119.03960418701172,262.07940673828127,492.9525054779053,253.84439086914063]},{"page":329,"text":"when ready for game plan.”","rect":[119.03960418701172,276.9133605957031,263.26294898986819,266.5043029785156]},{"page":329,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Doom 45, ready.”","rect":[119.03960418701172,301.5733337402344,300.61033058166506,291.1642761230469]},{"page":329,"text":"JTAC: “Type 3, bomb on coordinate, MK-84s and MK-82s, instantaneous","rect":[119.03960418701172,326.1729431152344,492.887747177124,315.7638854980469]},{"page":329,"text":"fuzing, be advised line 6 will be a set of 2, six-digit grids to define a linear","rect":[119.03960418701172,338.8328552246094,492.9513650856018,328.4237976074219]},{"page":329,"text":"target, advise when ready for 9-line.”","rect":[119.03960418701172,351.4928283691406,311.65625953674319,341.0837707519531]},{"page":329,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Doom 45, ready.”","rect":[119.03960418701172,376.1528015136719,300.61033058166506,365.7437438964844]},{"page":329,"text":"JTAC: “Mazda, 045, 15.1.” “Elevation, 250 feet, Enemy troops in tree","rect":[119.03960418701172,400.7524108886719,492.9590972747803,390.3433532714844]},{"page":329,"text":"line, 19P HM 267 169 to 19P HM 272 173.” “No mark, Southeast 1700,","rect":[119.03960418701172,411.2492980957031,492.88663787078857,403.0032958984375]},{"page":329,"text":"Egress back to Mazda, block 24 to 25, advise when ready for remarks.”","rect":[119.03960418701172,426.072265625,488.92395973205569,415.6632080078125]},{"page":329,"text":"Attack Aircraft: \"Doom 45, ready for remarks.\"","rect":[119.03960418701172,450.7322692871094,363.63664868927006,440.3232116699219]},{"page":329,"text":"JTAC: “Final attack heading 020 through 070.”","rect":[119.03960418701172,475.3922424316406,364.8158664703369,464.9831848144531]},{"page":329,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Doom 45, elevation 250 feet, Line 6, from 19P HM 267","rect":[119.03960418701172,498.0,492.896536239624,489.6431579589844]},{"page":329,"text":"169 to 19P HM 272 173. Final attack headings 020 through 070.”","rect":[119.03960418701172,512.712158203125,453.51905250549319,502.40191650390627]},{"page":329,"text":"JTAC: “Doom 45, good readback, CLEARED TO ENGAGE time 15-45.”","rect":[119.03960418701172,537.3117065429688,487.6745090484619,526.9027099609375]},{"page":329,"text":"Attack Aircraft: ","rect":[119.03960418701172,560.0,211.24634856414796,551.5626831054688]},{"page":329,"text":"ENGAGEMENT.”","rect":[119.03960418701172,572.4575805664063,206.39646339416505,564.2225952148438]},{"page":329,"text":" ","rect":[220.91534423828126,560.0,223.96778411102296,553.0]},{"page":329,"text":"(At ","rect":[233.6367645263672,561.9716796875,252.0084945602417,551.5626831054688]},{"page":329,"text":"time ","rect":[261.677490234375,560.0,287.3311569137573,551.6943969726563]},{"page":329,"text":"1315) ","rect":[297.060546875,561.9716796875,328.2272750778198,551.5626831054688]},{"page":329,"text":"“Doom ","rect":[337.896240234375,560.0,377.6054489059448,551.6943969726563]},{"page":329,"text":"45, ","rect":[387.2744140625,560.0,405.6121322555542,551.6614990234375]},{"page":329,"text":"COMMENCING","rect":[415.2810974121094,559.7976684570313,492.91856879425048,551.5626831054688]},{"page":329,"text":"JTAC: “Jaguar 11.”","rect":[119.03960418701172,599.2916259765625,222.96531105041505,588.8826293945313]},{"page":329,"text":"Doom 45 bombs the tree line for the next 30 minutes, making multiple","rect":[119.03960418701172,623.8911743164063,492.95796812438967,613.482177734375]},{"page":329,"text":"attacks ","rect":[119.03960418701172,635.0,160.0059768600464,626.2738037109375]},{"page":329,"text":"and ","rect":[165.77377319335938,635.0,188.38160247039796,626.2738037109375]},{"page":329,"text":"adjusting ","rect":[194.14938354492188,636.5510864257813,246.10677642059327,626.2738037109375]},{"page":329,"text":"ordnance ","rect":[251.87457275390626,635.0,304.4973251266479,626.2738037109375]},{"page":329,"text":"and ","rect":[310.2651062011719,635.0,332.8729049606323,626.2738037109375]},{"page":329,"text":"interval ","rect":[338.64068603515627,635.0,380.8367721481323,626.2738037109375]},{"page":329,"text":"to ","rect":[386.60455322265627,635.0,400.0352889938354,626.4385375976563]},{"page":329,"text":"achieve ","rect":[405.8030700683594,635.0,449.2794296188354,626.2738037109375]},{"page":329,"text":"ground","rect":[455.0472106933594,636.5510864257813,492.917184261322,626.2738037109375]},{"page":329,"text":"commander’s intent.","rect":[119.03960418701172,647.0370483398438,226.6216537399292,638.9337768554688]},{"page":329,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Doom 45, ENGAGEMENT COMPLETE. Proceeding","rect":[119.03960418701172,673.8710327148438,492.8943571128845,663.4620361328125]},{"page":329,"text":"back to Mazda.”","rect":[119.03960418701172,684.35693359375,202.70720863342286,676.253662109375]},{"page":329,"text":"JTAC: “Jaguar 11, copy all, proceed to Mazda block 24-25, standby BDA.”","rect":[119.03960418701172,711.19091796875,471.59092140197756,700.7819213867188]},{"page":329,"text":"E-15","rect":[498.6600341796875,753.4319458007813,521.9952392578125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":330,"text":"Appendix E","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,147.6600029296875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":330,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,84.0,93.0,83.0]},{"page":330,"text":"EXAMPLE 7–TYPE 3 CONTROL, BOT MISSION USING RW CAS","rect":[141.95999145507813,86.29179382324219,470.06761721420289,78.04581451416016]},{"page":330,"text":"ASSETS WITH INTEGRATED SEAD","rect":[214.32037353515626,98.95170593261719,397.6468284683228,90.70572662353516]},{"page":330,"text":"In this example, a JTAC (Dealer 22), attached to an infantry company in","rect":[119.04034423828125,125.7748031616211,492.95105877304078,115.36576080322266]},{"page":330,"text":"a defensive position on the southeast corner of Trident Airfield. The","rect":[119.04033660888672,138.2316131591797,492.8961700286865,127.9653091430664]},{"page":330,"text":"ground commander has detected an enemy light armor company,","rect":[119.04033660888672,151.0342559814453,492.9917098922729,140.75697326660157]},{"page":330,"text":"consisting of 6 BRDMs and dismounted infantry approaching an","rect":[119.04033660888672,163.69422912597657,492.9818510093689,153.28518676757813]},{"page":330,"text":"obstacle belt 2000 meters to the east. In addition, the JTAC has detected","rect":[119.04033660888672,174.1800994873047,492.8752836265564,165.94509887695313]},{"page":330,"text":"an accompanying ZU-23 located approximately 1500 meters south of the","rect":[119.04033660888672,189.01405334472657,492.9543365325928,178.60501098632813]},{"page":330,"text":"light armor. The JTAC has an artillery battery in support. Ground","rect":[119.04033660888672,201.6740264892578,492.95545330429078,191.26498413085938]},{"page":330,"text":"commander’s intent is to destroy the light armor and neutralize the","rect":[119.04033660888672,214.27357482910157,492.8884490814209,203.9962921142578]},{"page":330,"text":"infantry with CAS. Weather is 2000’ overcast and clear below. JTAC","rect":[119.04033660888672,226.93348693847657,492.9082725601196,216.52444458007813]},{"page":330,"text":"immediately requests RW CAS via the JARN and begins developing","rect":[119.04033660888672,239.59339904785157,492.8862699546814,229.18435668945313]},{"page":330,"text":"targeting data and SEAD plan. He receives a section of AH-1 Cobra’s","rect":[119.04033660888672,252.2533721923828,492.8840545501709,241.84432983398438]},{"page":330,"text":"(Venom 41) in support.","rect":[119.04033660888672,264.9133605957031,238.21615142059327,254.50430297851563]},{"page":330,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Dealer 22, Venom 41, 12 km SW at Cherubs 8.”","rect":[119.04033660888672,288.0,453.3637180328369,279.1642761230469]},{"page":330,"text":"JTAC: “Venom41, Dealer 22, proceed to HA Nancy ANGELS 2 and","rect":[119.04033660888672,314.17291259765627,492.86216106796265,303.76385498046877]},{"page":330,"text":"below, you are the only aircraft on station. ZU-23 located approximately","rect":[119.04033660888672,326.8328552246094,493.00154722595217,316.4237976074219]},{"page":330,"text":"2500 meters southeast of Trident airfield. Advise established, check-in.”","rect":[119.04033660888672,337.3187255859375,492.8686923980713,329.0837097167969]},{"page":330,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Venom 41 established HA Nancy ANGELS 2 and below,","rect":[119.04033660888672,364.15277099609377,492.9576522750854,353.74371337890627]},{"page":330,"text":"mission number AX 2041, two AH-1s, each aircraft has three AGM-","rect":[119.04033660888672,375.0,492.8322126502991,366.34326171875]},{"page":330,"text":"114K2A, fourteen 2.75” HE rockets, and 250 rounds of 20mm. VDL","rect":[119.04033660888672,387.23822021484377,492.9815153160095,379.0032043457031]},{"page":330,"text":"capable, codes 1780 for Venom 41 and 1810 for Venom 42. 1+00","rect":[119.04033660888672,401.929443359375,492.9376434173584,391.66314697265627]},{"page":330,"text":"PLAYTIME, ABORT code none.”","rect":[119.04033660888672,413.0,286.49305152893069,404.32305908203127]},{"page":330,"text":"JTAC: “Dealer 22, copy. SITREP A to follow. Only known threat is the","rect":[119.04033660888672,439.39208984375,492.9872955169678,428.9830322265625]},{"page":330,"text":"previously described ZU-23. Enemy mechanized light armored company","rect":[119.04033660888672,452.0520324707031,493.005911239624,441.7417907714844]},{"page":330,"text":"approaching our position from east consisting of 6 BRDMs and","rect":[119.04033660888672,464.6515808105469,492.89048138046265,454.2425231933594]},{"page":330,"text":"dismounted troops. Friendlies in static position in southeast portion of","rect":[119.04033660888672,477.16876220703127,492.9718916053772,466.9024658203125]},{"page":330,"text":"Trident airfield. Gun Position 3, in support, gun target line 130. High-","rect":[119.04033660888672,489.9714660644531,492.89941235733036,479.5624084472656]},{"page":330,"text":"tension power lines west of target running north to south and rapidly","rect":[119.04033660888672,502.6313781738281,493.071829208374,492.2223205566406]},{"page":330,"text":"rising terrain east of targets. Advise when ready for game plan.”","rect":[119.04033660888672,515.291259765625,457.0738925933838,504.8822326660156]},{"page":330,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Venom 41, ready.”","rect":[119.04033660888672,539.9512939453125,306.11863136291506,529.5422973632813]},{"page":330,"text":"JTAC: “Venom 41, Type 3 control, bomb on target, Employ 6 x K2A","rect":[119.04033660888672,564.5508422851563,492.9082115249634,554.141845703125]},{"page":330,"text":"Hellfires from BP Viper on 6 x BRDMs. Expect approval forward of BP","rect":[119.04033660888672,577.068115234375,492.95213869857789,566.8018188476563]},{"page":330,"text":"for Rockets and Guns on dismounted troops once SEAD deemed","rect":[119.04033660888672,589.72802734375,492.97864666366578,579.4617309570313]},{"page":330,"text":"effective. Simultaneous attacks. Advise when ready for 9-line.”","rect":[119.04033660888672,602.5306396484375,452.8334445953369,592.1216430664063]},{"page":330,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Venom 41, ready.”","rect":[119.04033660888672,627.1906127929688,306.11863136291506,616.7816162109375]},{"page":330,"text":"JTAC: “Viper, 150, 3200. Elevation, 4759 feet, BRDMs and dismounted","rect":[119.04033660888672,651.6475219726563,492.8939603843689,641.3812255859375]},{"page":330,"text":"troops, LD 947 539. No mark. West 2000, egress, left, pull to the north,","rect":[119.04033660888672,664.4501342773438,492.9060165328979,654.0411376953125]},{"page":330,"text":"back to Viper ANGELS 2 and below when complete with rockets and","rect":[119.04033660888672,676.9674072265625,492.92698040390015,666.7011108398438]},{"page":330,"text":"guns. Advise when ready for remarks.”","rect":[119.04033660888672,689.77001953125,326.31531715393069,679.3610229492188]},{"page":330,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Venom 41, ready to copy.”","rect":[119.04033660888672,714.4299926757813,348.2248020172119,704.02099609375]},{"page":330,"text":"E-16 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,116.33760070800781,745.0679321289063]},{"page":330,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.63763427734377,753.4679565429688,521.99267578125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":331,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,84.0,93.0,83.0]},{"page":331,"text":"Examples of Radio Communications During Close Air Support Missions","rect":[171.3000030517578,49.67997741699219,522.014435546875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":331,"text":"JTAC: “Make your attacks northwest to southeast. Threat, ZU-23, South","rect":[119.04000091552735,88.4548568725586,492.89035931015015,78.04581451416016]},{"page":331,"text":"1500, nonstandard suppression from +2 to +5, gun target line 130. Once","rect":[119.04000091552735,101.1147689819336,492.89034117126467,90.70572662353516]},{"page":331,"text":"approved forward of BP, stay north of the 53 Northing. You will have","rect":[119.04000091552735,113.77474212646485,492.946340927124,103.3656997680664]},{"page":331,"text":"two minutes to engage the 6 BRDMs with Hellfire from the BP prior to","rect":[119.04000091552735,126.3742904663086,492.89035931015015,115.96524810791016]},{"page":331,"text":"the first suppression impact. Standby for engagement window. ","rect":[119.04000091552735,139.03419494628907,496.0197250289917,128.62515258789063]},{"page":331,"text":"Readback when able.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,149.52012634277345,235.8057041168213,141.41688537597657]},{"page":331,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Venom 41, elevation 4759 feet, LD 947 539, attacks","rect":[119.04000091552735,174.1910858154297,492.9419158782959,165.94509887695313]},{"page":331,"text":"northwest to southeast, stay north of the 53.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,189.01405334472657,356.2178440093994,178.60501098632813]},{"page":331,"text":"JTAC: “Venom 41, good readback.” ","rect":[119.04000091552735,213.67408752441407,314.0821334762573,203.26504516601563]},{"page":331,"text":"Attack Aircraft dash 2: “Venom 42, elevation 4759 feet, LD 947 539,","rect":[119.04000091552735,236.11058044433595,492.9452011032104,227.86459350585938]},{"page":331,"text":"attacks northwest to southeast, stay north of the 53.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,250.93360900878907,397.0446262359619,240.52456665039063]},{"page":331,"text":"JTAC: “Venom 42, good readback. Venom flight proceed to BP Viper","rect":[119.04000091552735,275.5935974121094,492.92881259536747,265.1845397949219]},{"page":331,"text":"for talk-on.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,286.0794677734375,181.39541053771974,277.8444519042969]},{"page":331,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Venom 41, WILCO ready for talk-on.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,312.91351318359377,402.56324195861819,302.50445556640627]},{"page":331,"text":"JTAC: “Venom flight, call CONTACT on Trident airfield.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,337.573486328125,415.4767246246338,327.1644287109375]},{"page":331,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Venom 41, CONTACT Trident airfield.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,360.0,409.99680519104006,351.7640380859375]},{"page":331,"text":"JTAC: “From the southernmost tip of the runways, you should see a","rect":[119.04000091552735,386.83306884765627,492.884817489624,376.42401123046877]},{"page":331,"text":"large, light-colored wash with vehicle tracks leading southeast from the","rect":[119.04000091552735,399.4930114746094,492.9627899017334,389.0839538574219]},{"page":331,"text":"airfield.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,409.9789123535156,163.6747989654541,401.743896484375]},{"page":331,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Venom 41, CONTACT several vehicle tracks and a wash","rect":[119.04000091552735,435.0,492.8891996421814,426.3434753417969]},{"page":331,"text":"leading southeast from the south portion of runways.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,449.4125061035156,403.32761573791506,439.0034484863281]},{"page":331,"text":"JTAC: “Using shortest runway length as one unit of measure, the target","rect":[119.04000091552735,474.0724792480469,492.93423291397098,463.6634216308594]},{"page":331,"text":"area is approximately two units of measure southeast of airfield along","rect":[119.04000091552735,486.732421875,492.96058025741578,476.3233642578125]},{"page":331,"text":"that light-colored wash. The BRDMs are oriented north-to-south in line","rect":[119.04000091552735,499.3923645019531,492.9616912689209,489.1150817871094]},{"page":331,"text":"and slowly traveling west. Northern vehicle is in the wash.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,512.0523071289063,431.51990699768069,501.7750244140625]},{"page":331,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Venom 41, TALLY.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,535.0,312.13535499572756,526.3032836914063]},{"page":331,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Venom 42, TALLY.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,559.1377563476563,312.13535499572756,550.9027709960938]},{"page":331,"text":"JTAC: “Venom 41 flight, sort north-to-south due to winds.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,585.9718017578125,429.4938144683838,575.5628051757813]},{"page":331,"text":"JTAC: “Venom 41 flight, CLEARED TO ENGAGE time 40 through 45.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,610.6317749023438,482.66358375549319,600.2227783203125]},{"page":331,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Venom 41, engagement window 40 through 45.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,635.291748046875,460.0106906890869,624.8827514648438]},{"page":331,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Venom 41 and 42, COMMENCING ENGAGEMENT.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,658.0,474.17933082580569,649.542724609375]},{"page":331,"text":"JTAC: “Suppression in the air.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,684.4085693359375,287.16138648986819,674.1422729492188]},{"page":331,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Venom 41.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,707.0372314453125,270.54746437072756,698.80224609375]},{"page":331,"text":"E-17","rect":[498.6600341796875,753.4559326171875,521.9952392578125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":332,"text":"Appendix E","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,147.6600029296875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":332,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,84.0,93.0,83.0]},{"page":332,"text":"Attack aircraft continue to engage the 6 BRDMs with Hellfire till time 42.","rect":[119.04000091552735,88.4548568725586,492.9616805953979,78.04581451416016]},{"page":332,"text":"At time 42:","rect":[119.04000091552735,110.94078826904297,175.24662610244753,102.80461120605469]},{"page":332,"text":"JTAC: “Suppression effective. Venom 41 flight, approved forward of BP","rect":[119.04000091552735,137.77479553222657,492.9045923118591,127.36576080322266]},{"page":332,"text":"for Rockets and Guns.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,148.26072692871095,241.9468173980713,140.02572631835938]},{"page":332,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Venom 41, flight PUSHING.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,175.03431701660157,356.6998691558838,164.62527465820313]},{"page":332,"text":"Attack aircraft continue to engage the targets with rockets and guns","rect":[119.04000091552735,199.69435119628907,492.8925079193115,189.28530883789063]},{"page":332,"text":"until time 45.","rect":[119.04000091552735,210.1802215576172,186.30347747039796,202.04405212402345]},{"page":332,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Venom 41 flight, ENGAGEMENT COMPLETE.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,237.0142364501953,449.6553134918213,226.60519409179688]},{"page":332,"text":"JTAC: “Venom 41 flight, left pull back to Viper ANGELS 2 and below. ","rect":[119.04000091552735,261.6742248535156,496.0185043258667,251.26516723632813]},{"page":332,"text":"Standby BDA.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,274.3341979980469,197.88738441467286,263.9251403808594]},{"page":332,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Venom 41. WILCO, ready.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,298.9338073730469,351.8795871734619,288.5247497558594]},{"page":332,"text":"JTAC: “Venom 41, Mission successful, 6 BRDMs destroyed, unknown","rect":[119.04000091552735,323.5937805175781,493.00892010116578,313.1847229003906]},{"page":332,"text":"enemy KIA. You are the only aircraft on station. Proceed HA Nancy","rect":[119.04000091552735,336.25372314453127,493.0034393157959,325.84466552734377]},{"page":332,"text":"ANGELS 2 and below, stay north of Viper en route Nancy, contact","rect":[119.04000091552735,348.9136657714844,492.9581892127991,338.5046081542969]},{"page":332,"text":"Blacklist.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,359.6400146484375,172.8639621734619,351.5367736816406]},{"page":332,"text":"E-18 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,116.33760070800781,745.0679321289063]},{"page":332,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.63763427734377,753.4679565429688,521.99267578125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":333,"text":"Examples of Radio Communications During Close Air Support Missions","rect":[171.3000030517578,49.67997741699219,522.014435546875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":333,"text":"EXAMPLE 8–VISUAL OFFSET FROM A REFERENCE POINT EXAMPLE","rect":[123.30000305175781,86.29179382324219,488.6188257102966,78.04581451416016]},{"page":333,"text":"In this example, a JTAC (Spartan 03) is part of a small SOF team, call","rect":[119.03977966308594,113.11483001708985,492.90214080047607,102.7057876586914]},{"page":333,"text":"sign Red Bull, executing a dismounted raid against a suspected IED","rect":[119.03977966308594,125.7748031616211,492.9273765640259,115.49752044677735]},{"page":333,"text":"factory in a large urban area. The SOF team is infiltrating on foot from a","rect":[119.03977966308594,138.3743438720703,492.89339292907717,127.9653091430664]},{"page":333,"text":"nearby combat outpost. The JTAC has requested CAS to provide","rect":[119.03977966308594,151.0342559814453,492.9985565032959,140.62521362304688]},{"page":333,"text":"overwatch as they execute the raid. The JTAC checked in the aircraft","rect":[119.03977966308594,163.69422912597657,492.8890058631897,153.28518676757813]},{"page":333,"text":"(Wake 71) and provided a detailed SITREP prior to departing the combat","rect":[119.03977966308594,176.35414123535157,492.9472028846741,165.94509887695313]},{"page":333,"text":"outpost. The JTAC directed Wake 71 flight to utilize neutral sensor","rect":[119.03977966308594,189.01405334472657,492.9372964820862,178.60501098632813]},{"page":333,"text":"posture. As they patrol to the target, the team comes under heavy","rect":[119.03977966308594,201.6740264892578,493.0009979095459,191.39674377441407]},{"page":333,"text":"automatic weapons fire from a technical vehicle to their east.","rect":[119.03977966308594,214.1912078857422,437.5916244430542,203.92489624023438]},{"page":333,"text":"JTAC: “Wake 71, Spartan 03, currently receiving heavy enemy fire from","rect":[119.03977966308594,238.9335479736328,492.95818004226688,228.52450561523438]},{"page":333,"text":"technical vehicle to east. All friendlies on Gas Station and north of","rect":[119.03977966308594,249.43040466308595,492.98122998428348,241.18441772460938]},{"page":333,"text":"Baseline, call CONTACT on intersection.”","rect":[119.03977966308594,262.07940673828127,335.96827125549319,253.84439086914063]},{"page":333,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Wake 71, CONTACT.”","rect":[119.03977966308594,287.0,322.5353488922119,278.5043640136719]},{"page":333,"text":"JTAC: “Wake 71, from intersection of Gas Station and Baseline, SLEW","rect":[119.03977966308594,311.3499450683594,492.9493786010742,303.10394287109377]},{"page":333,"text":"east on Baseline approximately 200 yards. Single technical vehicle on","rect":[119.03977966308594,326.1729431152344,492.9460844078064,315.7638854980469]},{"page":333,"text":"south side of Baseline parked in alleyway. Call CONTACT.”","rect":[119.03977966308594,338.8328552246094,430.8224582672119,328.4237976074219]},{"page":333,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Wake 71, from friendly position moving east on","rect":[119.03977966308594,363.49285888671877,493.0108121910095,353.08380126953127]},{"page":333,"text":"Baseline, 5 vehicles on road within 300 meters. Three parked on north","rect":[119.03975677490235,376.0100402832031,492.8933500328064,365.8425598144531]},{"page":333,"text":"side and two on south. Both vehicles on south side of road in alleyways","rect":[119.03975677490235,388.7523498535156,492.8834747161865,378.3432922363281]},{"page":333,"text":"and have personnel moving around them.","rect":[119.03975677490235,401.41229248046877,337.26725310516357,391.135009765625]},{"page":333,"text":"JTAC: “Call CONTACT on the westernmost of two vehicles parked on","rect":[119.03975677490235,425.92950439453127,493.0108121910095,415.6632080078125]},{"page":333,"text":"south side of Baseline road.”","rect":[119.03975677490235,436.55816650390627,271.27747535705569,428.3231506347656]},{"page":333,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Wake 71, CONTACT.”","rect":[119.03975677490235,461.2181396484375,322.5353183746338,452.9831237792969]},{"page":333,"text":"JTAC: “Confirm this vehicle is first vehicle parked in alleyway on south","rect":[119.03975677490235,488.0521545410156,492.9603666343689,477.6430969238281]},{"page":333,"text":"side of road from friendly position.”","rect":[119.03975677490235,500.7120666503906,306.0631809234619,490.3030090332031]},{"page":333,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Affirm.”","rect":[119.03975677490235,523.1376342773438,251.0489902496338,514.9026489257813]},{"page":333,"text":"JTAC: “Which direction is vehicle facing?”","rect":[119.03975677490235,549.9715576171875,345.71848487854006,539.5625610351563]},{"page":333,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Vehicle is facing north. It is either a pick-up or flatbed","rect":[119.03975677490235,574.631591796875,492.9592680015564,564.2225952148438]},{"page":333,"text":"truck with two personnel in back. Three more personnel moving just","rect":[119.03975677490235,587.29150390625,492.95156689834598,577.0142211914063]},{"page":333,"text":"south of truck in alleyway.”","rect":[119.03975677490235,599.951416015625,262.0114231109619,589.5424194335938]},{"page":333,"text":"JTAC: “Pick-up truck in alleyway with personnel in back is target. Label","rect":[119.03975677490235,624.551025390625,492.9526473922729,614.1420288085938]},{"page":333,"text":"target pick-up truck Technical 1. Advise when ready for game plan.”","rect":[119.03975677490235,637.2109375,480.2992649078369,626.8019409179688]},{"page":333,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Wake 71, CAPTURED technical 1, ready.”","rect":[119.03975677490235,661.8709106445313,425.20261573791506,651.4619140625]},{"page":333,"text":"JTAC: “Type 2, bomb on target, best weapons and fuzing from Wake 71,","rect":[119.03975677490235,686.5308837890625,493.0064804000854,676.1218872070313]},{"page":333,"text":"advise when ready for 9-line.”","rect":[119.03975677490235,699.1908569335938,274.83274269104006,688.7818603515625]},{"page":333,"text":"E-19","rect":[498.6600341796875,753.4559326171875,521.9952392578125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":334,"text":"Appendix E","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,147.6600029296875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":334,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Wake 71, ready.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,88.4548568725586,298.16660499572756,78.04581451416016]},{"page":334,"text":"JTAC: “Alpha 8.” “Elevation, 257 feet, Enemy personnel and Technical","rect":[119.04000091552735,113.11483001708985,492.8969222946167,102.7057876586914]},{"page":334,"text":"1,200 meters east of intersection of Gas Station and Baseline roads.\" ","rect":[119.04000091552735,124.0,496.0097152633667,115.36576080322266]},{"page":334,"text":"\"No mark, West 300, Egress back to ALPHA 8, block 15 to 16. Advise","rect":[119.04000091552735,138.3743438720703,492.9430145111084,128.0641326904297]},{"page":334,"text":"when ready for remarks.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,151.0342559814453,251.7519474029541,140.62521362304688]},{"page":334,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Wake 71, ready.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,175.69422912597657,298.16660499572756,165.28518676757813]},{"page":334,"text":"JTAC: “Final attack heading 180 plus-or-minus 20. Request IP inbound","rect":[119.04000091552735,200.3542022705078,492.9045805015564,189.94515991210938]},{"page":334,"text":"and IN with heading. Push when able. Readback when able.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,213.01417541503907,441.21628761291506,202.7368927001953]},{"page":334,"text":"In this case, since no grid was provided in the CAS brief, the aircraft","rect":[119.04000091552735,237.6741485595703,492.93972607803348,227.26510620117188]},{"page":334,"text":"should read back lines 4 and 6 and, if able, provide a rough grid of the","rect":[119.04000091552735,250.27369689941407,492.9572967376709,239.86465454101563]},{"page":334,"text":"target for final deconfliction as well as other restrictions.","rect":[119.04000091552735,262.9336242675781,415.5371200485229,252.52456665039063]},{"page":334,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Wake 71, 257 feet, 200 meters east of intersection of","rect":[119.04000091552735,286.0,492.95950146865848,277.1846008300781]},{"page":334,"text":"Gas Station and Baseline roads, located at LB 4261 9864. Final attack","rect":[119.04000091552735,298.09051513671877,492.9463104095459,289.8445129394531]},{"page":334,"text":"heading 180 plus-or-minus 20. Wake 71 will be delivering 1 x GBU 12.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,312.91351318359377,488.93311500549319,302.50445556640627]},{"page":334,"text":"The aircraft read back the elevation, description of target location from","rect":[119.04000091552735,337.5130920410156,492.90129527664188,327.1040344238281]},{"page":334,"text":"the reference point, and a rough grid of the target to serve as a double","rect":[119.04000091552735,350.17303466796877,492.895803817749,339.76397705078127]},{"page":334,"text":"check in lieu of a coordinate in line 6. In addition, the grid of the target","rect":[119.04000091552735,362.8329772949219,492.9243757362366,352.4239196777344]},{"page":334,"text":"can aid the situational awareness of other members in the CAS stack","rect":[119.04000091552735,373.3298645019531,492.941946395874,365.0838623046875]},{"page":334,"text":"and be used for fires approval. The JTAC quickly compares the grid","rect":[119.04000091552735,388.1528625488281,493.01770916366578,377.7438049316406]},{"page":334,"text":"provided ","rect":[119.04000091552735,400.6096496582031,168.54880828094483,390.4751281738281]},{"page":334,"text":"with ","rect":[175.9987335205078,399.0,201.14292449188233,390.4751281738281]},{"page":334,"text":"the ","rect":[208.59286499023438,399.0,228.1405746383667,390.4751281738281]},{"page":334,"text":"expected ","rect":[235.5301055908203,400.6096496582031,286.26871794891357,390.4751281738281]},{"page":334,"text":"target ","rect":[293.7186279296875,400.7524108886719,327.3393661422729,390.63983154296877]},{"page":334,"text":"location ","rect":[334.7892761230469,399.0,380.0883285446167,390.4751281738281]},{"page":334,"text":"and ","rect":[387.5382385253906,399.0,410.14603728485107,390.4751281738281]},{"page":334,"text":"ensures ","rect":[417.595947265625,399.0,462.8960983200073,392.0]},{"page":334,"text":"final","rect":[470.34600830078127,398.578369140625,492.95707244110107,390.3433532714844]},{"page":334,"text":"deconfliction.","rect":[119.04000091552735,411.2383117675781,190.5637161178589,403.0032958984375]},{"page":334,"text":"JTAC: “Wake 71, good readback. Push when able, we are still receiving","rect":[119.04000091552735,438.07232666015627,492.9463285484314,427.66326904296877]},{"page":334,"text":"effective fire.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,448.5582275390625,192.3973789215088,440.3232116699219]},{"page":334,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Wake 71, IP inbound.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,473.21820068359377,325.67368507385256,464.9831848144531]},{"page":334,"text":"JTAC: “Wake 71, CONTINUE.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,498.0,279.08664894104006,489.6431579589844]},{"page":334,"text":"JTAC informs Red Bull element that the aircraft is inbound for weapons","rect":[119.04000091552735,524.509033203125,492.89034117126467,514.2427368164063]},{"page":334,"text":"release.","rect":[119.04000091552735,535.1376953125,160.001979057312,527.034423828125]},{"page":334,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Wake 71, IN heading 180.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,561.9716796875,346.3798007965088,551.5626831054688]},{"page":334,"text":"JTAC: “Wake 71, CLEARED HOT.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,585.0,301.13340187072756,576.22265625]},{"page":334,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Wake 71, one AWAY 27 seconds.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,609.1176147460938,387.89524269104006,600.8826293945313]},{"page":334,"text":"JTAC: “Spartan 03.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,635.8088989257813,227.87375831604005,625.5426025390625]},{"page":334,"text":"JTAC informs Red Bull element that there are 27 seconds to impact and","rect":[119.04000091552735,660.408447265625,492.8870328941345,650.1421508789063]},{"page":334,"text":"advises to take cover.","rect":[119.04000091552735,671.037109375,233.37363738250733,662.933837890625]},{"page":334,"text":"Attack Aircraft: “Good impact.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,697.7283935546875,285.8777256011963,687.4620971679688]},{"page":334,"text":"E-20 ","rect":[90.0,753.4319458007813,116.33760070800781,745.0679321289063]},{"page":334,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.63763427734377,753.4679565429688,521.99267578125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":335,"text":"Examples of Radio Communications During Close Air Support Missions","rect":[171.3000030517578,49.67997741699219,522.014435546875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":335,"text":"JTAC: “Wake 71, good hits, target destroyed. We are no longer","rect":[119.75999450683594,88.4548568725586,493.6949869117737,78.04581451416016]},{"page":335,"text":"receiving effective fire.”","rect":[119.75999450683594,101.1147689819336,244.49830055236817,90.70572662353516]},{"page":335,"text":"E-21","rect":[498.6600341796875,753.2999267578125,521.9952392578125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":336,"text":"Appendix E","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,147.6600029296875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":336,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,108.0,93.0,107.0]},{"page":336,"text":"EXAMPLE 9–ROTARY WING FAC(A) AND TWO F-16S IN SUPPORT OF","rect":[122.94000244140625,88.4548568725586,489.04944744491578,78.04581451416016]},{"page":336,"text":"DISMOUNTED PATROL IN CONTACT. TYPE 2 BOC LGB WITH FAC(A)","rect":[124.50027465820313,101.1147689819336,487.40014477920536,90.70572662353516]},{"page":336,"text":"LASE FOLLOWED BY TYPE 1 BOT GUN","rect":[201.7808074951172,111.61167907714844,410.2196128921509,103.3656997680664]},{"page":336,"text":"The following scenario provides an example of how a FAC(A) can be","rect":[119.041015625,138.3743438720703,493.0077422943115,127.9653091430664]},{"page":336,"text":"used as an extension of the TACP.","rect":[119.041015625,148.86021423339845,299.3523971481323,140.62521362304688]},{"page":336,"text":"The AO (Siege 31) received notification that a patrol without a JTAC is in","rect":[119.041015625,175.69422912597657,492.87046184921265,165.28518676757813]},{"page":336,"text":"contact and has requested CAS. Siege 31 elects to direct a RW section","rect":[119.041015625,188.3542022705078,492.88803997421265,177.94515991210938]},{"page":336,"text":"that is FAC(A) (Scarface 24) capable to support the patrol and passes","rect":[119.041015625,201.0141143798828,492.8803619232178,190.60507202148438]},{"page":336,"text":"STACK, brief, MARK, and control to the RW FAC(A). The FAC(A) is","rect":[119.041015625,213.67408752441407,492.9462798919678,203.26504516601563]},{"page":336,"text":"familiar with the area of operations and the supported unit to provide","rect":[119.041015625,226.13084411621095,492.8880523529053,215.86453247070313]},{"page":336,"text":"more precise control of fires. Siege 31 retains fires approval authority","rect":[119.041015625,238.9335479736328,493.0099395599365,228.52450561523438]},{"page":336,"text":"and is collocated with the FSC.","rect":[119.041015625,249.43040466308595,280.9356491012573,241.18441772460938]},{"page":336,"text":"Air Officer: “Scarface 24, Siege 31, advise when ready for situation","rect":[119.041015625,276.2534484863281,492.89246502304078,265.8443908691406]},{"page":336,"text":"update.”","rect":[119.041015625,288.7706604003906,163.68349647521974,278.6361389160156]},{"page":336,"text":"RW FAC(A): “Siege 31, Scarface 24, ready.”","rect":[119.041015625,313.5733947753906,349.48703956604006,303.1643371582031]},{"page":336,"text":"Air Officer: “Threat to aircraft is small arms, RPGs, and 1st Gen","rect":[119.041015625,336.0,492.89023723983765,327.763916015625]},{"page":336,"text":"MANPADS. Last Enemy contact was taken from a compound IVO 42S","rect":[119.041015625,350.8329162597656,492.93858889389039,340.4238586425781]},{"page":336,"text":"QR 725 491. 4-6 enemy fighters observed and suspect preparing another","rect":[119.041015625,363.49285888671877,492.9506021461487,353.08380126953127]},{"page":336,"text":"attack. The friendly patrol located in trench line approximately 500","rect":[119.041015625,376.1528015136719,492.88582456970217,365.7437438964844]},{"page":336,"text":"meters south and moving eastbound toward the Patrol Base. Trail","rect":[119.041015625,388.7523193359375,492.9539291305542,378.47503662109377]},{"page":336,"text":"element of patrol strung out approximately 200 meters to west. Viper 11,","rect":[119.041015625,401.4122619628906,492.9583236618042,391.0032043457031]},{"page":336,"text":"2 x F-16 established B8-C8 at 16-18K. Mortars at PB are cold. Winds on","rect":[119.041015625,411.9091491699219,493.0198148765564,403.66314697265627]},{"page":336,"text":"the deck calm. Move sensors IVO compound and search for enemy","rect":[119.041015625,426.7321472167969,493.024221786499,416.3230895996094]},{"page":336,"text":"fighters. Priorities are enemy fighters engaging friendly patrol followed","rect":[119.041015625,439.39208984375,493.0209135093689,428.9830322265625]},{"page":336,"text":"by enemy personnel in open. Scarface 24 has STACK, brief, MARK, and","rect":[119.041015625,452.0520324707031,492.89463177108765,441.6429748535156]},{"page":336,"text":"control at time 17. Siege 31 retains approval of all fires.”","rect":[119.041015625,464.71197509765627,415.59986305236819,454.30291748046877]},{"page":336,"text":"RW FAC(A): “Scarface 24 has STACK, brief, MARK, and control time 17.","rect":[119.041015625,489.3115539550781,492.8891097946167,478.9024963378906]},{"page":336,"text":"Break, Viper 11, Scarface 24, update your ordnance and PLAYTIME.”","rect":[119.041015625,501.97149658203127,477.3129062652588,491.56243896484377]},{"page":336,"text":"FW Attack Aircraft: “Scarface 24, Viper 11, each aircraft has 2 x GBU-12","rect":[119.041015625,526.48876953125,492.8738006439209,516.2224731445313]},{"page":336,"text":"and gun, 0+30 PLAYTIME.”","rect":[119.041015625,539.2913818359375,259.92209815979006,528.981201171875]},{"page":336,"text":"The RW FAC(A) slews his sensor to the target building and sees 4-6","rect":[119.041015625,563.8909301757813,492.949514755249,553.48193359375]},{"page":336,"text":"enemy fighters with machine guns. After correlation with the AO, he is","rect":[119.041015625,576.5509033203125,492.969290145874,566.1419067382813]},{"page":336,"text":"approved to strike the compound and enemy personnel. Based on his","rect":[119.041015625,589.2108154296875,492.949514755249,578.9335327148438]},{"page":336,"text":"assessment of the situation, he decides to utilize a GBU-12 to destroy","rect":[119.041015625,601.8707275390625,492.9901336517334,591.4617309570313]},{"page":336,"text":"one of the buildings in the compound from where the patrol is receiving","rect":[119.041015625,614.5307006835938,492.9407438316345,604.1217041015625]},{"page":336,"text":"heavy machine gun fire and elects to run the FW attack aircraft parallel","rect":[119.041015625,627.1906127929688,492.8957626266479,616.7816162109375]},{"page":336,"text":"to the friendly patrol.","rect":[119.041015625,639.8505859375,228.36667937469483,629.4415893554688]},{"page":336,"text":"RW FAC(A): “Viper 11, Scarface 24, advise when ready for game plan","rect":[119.041015625,664.4501342773438,492.9517301597595,654.0411376953125]},{"page":336,"text":"and 9-line.”","rect":[119.041015625,674.9470825195313,178.88640785217286,666.7999267578125]},{"page":336,"text":"FW Attack Aircraft: “Viper 11, ready.”","rect":[119.041015625,701.7700805664063,317.0960178375244,691.361083984375]},{"page":336,"text":"E-22 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,116.33760070800781,745.0679321289063]},{"page":336,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.63763427734377,753.4679565429688,521.99267578125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":337,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,84.0,93.0,83.0]},{"page":337,"text":"Examples of Radio Communications During Close Air Support Missions","rect":[171.3000030517578,49.67997741699219,522.014435546875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":337,"text":"RW FAC(A): “Type 2, BOC for Viper 11, 1 x GBU-12 using Scarface 24’s","rect":[119.04000091552735,88.4548568725586,492.88484800720217,78.04581451416016]},{"page":337,"text":"laser. Viper 12 Type 1 BOT, gun, 2 minutes in trail, 9-line to follow.” ","rect":[119.04000091552735,101.1147689819336,496.0272933883667,90.70572662353516]},{"page":337,"text":"“BRAVO 8.” “Elevation, 2745 feet, Compound and enemy personnel QR","rect":[119.04000091552735,113.77474212646485,492.91120224761968,103.3656997680664]},{"page":337,"text":"725 491” “Scarface 24’s laser, 1688, South 500, Egress overhead, 16-","rect":[119.04000091552735,126.3742904663086,492.9529401893616,115.96524810791016]},{"page":337,"text":"18K. Advise when ready for remarks.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,139.03419494628907,317.1059970855713,128.62515258789063]},{"page":337,"text":"FW Attack Aircraft: “Viper 11, ready.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,163.69422912597657,317.0950107574463,153.28518676757813]},{"page":337,"text":"RW FAC(A): “FAH 260 through 290, LTL 310, request IN with a heading.","rect":[119.04000091552735,188.3542022705078,492.95731658172607,177.94515991210938]},{"page":337,"text":"TOT 30. Readbacks when able.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,198.84007263183595,288.3373203277588,190.60507202148438]},{"page":337,"text":"Readbacks are conducted and the AO confirms that the mission is","rect":[119.04000091552735,223.5000457763672,492.974905380249,215.26504516601563]},{"page":337,"text":"approved.","rect":[119.04000091552735,238.1913299560547,171.5924789352417,228.05677795410157]},{"page":337,"text":"Air Officer: “Scarface 24, Siege 31, TOT 30 approved.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,262.9336242675781,404.55957984924319,252.52456665039063]},{"page":337,"text":"RW FAC(A): “Siege 31, Scarface 24 copies.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,287.5936584472656,351.8883762359619,277.1846008300781]},{"page":337,"text":"FW Attack Aircraft: “Viper 11, IP inbound.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,312.1108703613281,344.4944248199463,301.8445739746094]},{"page":337,"text":"RW FAC(A): “Viper 11, CONTINUE.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,336.9136047363281,308.52405738830569,326.5045471191406]},{"page":337,"text":"FW Attack Aircraft: “Viper 11 IN heading 270.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,361.57354736328127,362.4302463531494,351.16448974609377]},{"page":337,"text":"RW FAC(A): “Viper 11, CLEARED HOT.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,386.17315673828127,330.45765113830569,375.76409912109377]},{"page":337,"text":"FW Attack Aircraft: “Viper 11, one AWAY, time of fall 30 seconds.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,410.69036865234377,468.1117343902588,400.424072265625]},{"page":337,"text":"FW FAC(A): \"Scarface 24.\"","rect":[119.04000091552735,435.49310302734377,261.4780488357544,425.08404541015627]},{"page":337,"text":"FW Attack Aircraft: \"Viper 11, TEN SECONDS.\"","rect":[119.04000091552735,460.01031494140627,366.58293775177006,449.7440185546875]},{"page":337,"text":"RW FAC(A): “TEN SECONDS.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,484.81304931640627,281.5154514312744,474.40399169921877]},{"page":337,"text":"FW Attack Aircraft: “LASER ON.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,507.24957275390627,295.5752658843994,499.0035705566406]},{"page":337,"text":"RW FAC(A): “Scarface 24, LASING 1688.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,534.0725708007813,338.4972324371338,523.66357421875]},{"page":337,"text":"The RW FAC(A) assesses a direct hit on the building in the compound,","rect":[119.04000091552735,558.7325439453125,492.90018767547607,548.3235473632813]},{"page":337,"text":"but has 2 SQUIRTERs move into a treeline to the east of the compound.","rect":[119.04000091552735,571.249755859375,492.9024154586792,560.9834594726563]},{"page":337,"text":"RW FAC(A): “Viper 12, from lead’s hit, east 50, target is two","rect":[119.04000091552735,596.052490234375,453.33680096054078,585.6434936523438]},{"page":337,"text":"fighters in tree line.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,608.71240234375,226.0378818511963,598.3034057617188]},{"page":337,"text":"enemy","rect":[458.15948486328127,596.052490234375,493.0001128997803,587.8504638671875]},{"page":337,"text":"FW Attack Aircraft: “Viper 12 is CONTACT lead’s hit, TALLY, IP","rect":[119.04000091552735,633.1692504882813,492.8880823020935,622.9029541015625]},{"page":337,"text":"inbound.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,643.7979125976563,170.92270851135255,635.6946411132813]},{"page":337,"text":"RW FAC(A): “Viper 12, CONTINUE, VISUAL.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,670.6318969726563,354.88599586486819,660.222900390625]},{"page":337,"text":"FW Attack Aircraft: “Viper 12, IN from the east heading 270.”","rect":[119.04000091552735,695.2918701171875,437.48410987854006,684.8828735351563]},{"page":337,"text":"E-23","rect":[498.6600341796875,753.4319458007813,521.9952392578125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":338,"text":"Appendix E","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,147.6600029296875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":338,"text":"RW FAC(A): “Viper 12, CLEARED HOT.”","rect":[119.69999694824219,88.4548568725586,331.11765480041506,78.04581451416016]},{"page":338,"text":"RW FAC(A): “Viper flight, advise when ready for BDA.”","rect":[119.69999694824219,113.11483001708985,408.72644996643069,102.7057876586914]},{"page":338,"text":"The RW FAC(A) assesses BDA and passes it to the FW attack aircraft. If","rect":[119.69999694824219,137.77479553222657,493.56127759170536,127.36576080322266]},{"page":338,"text":"necessary, the RW FAC(A) could integrate his own section into the","rect":[119.69999694824219,150.3743438720703,493.6667388763428,139.96530151367188]},{"page":338,"text":"attack by following up with rockets and gun. This would have to be","rect":[119.69999694824219,163.03431701660157,493.5503143157959,152.62527465820313]},{"page":338,"text":"approved through the AO.","rect":[119.69999694824219,175.93470764160157,255.8937026901245,165.52566528320313]},{"page":338,"text":"E-24 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,116.33760070800781,745.0679321289063]},{"page":338,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.63763427734377,753.4679565429688,521.99267578125,745.0679321289063]},{"page":339,"text":"APPENDIX F","rect":[265.7400207519531,85.03982543945313,346.23824229431156,75.29576110839844]},{"page":339,"text":"TERRAIN EXAMPLES","rect":[243.47999572753907,99.47998809814453,368.4479704589844,91.05598449707031]},{"page":339,"text":"Figures F-1, F-2, F-3, and F-4 provide terrain examples. ","rect":[111.59999084472656,127.55998229980469,383.9040222167969,116.531982421875]},{"page":339,"text":"Landscape Features","rect":[99.1199951171875,253.452392578125,226.54034955888018,240.5005340576172]},{"page":339,"text":"Cluster of Trees","rect":[117.30000305175781,274.4792175292969,180.18025932269837,267.7151184082031]},{"page":339,"text":"Field","rect":[162.7196807861328,294.21868896484377,182.23572424574685,287.56280517578127]},{"page":339,"text":"(Farm)","rect":[158.99989318847657,304.9447326660156,185.93302756243274,296.3949279785156]},{"page":339,"text":"Break","rect":[276.53857421875,290.3189392089844,299.9812236781671,283.6630554199219]},{"page":339,"text":"(Fire)","rect":[277.5581970214844,301.0450134277344,299.01193076067497,292.4952087402344]},{"page":339,"text":"Hedge Row","rect":[155.33944702148438,539.54541015625,201.96036892486706,531.1038208007813]},{"page":339,"text":"Brush","rect":[328.0787353515625,538.2394409179688,351.52136877699686,531.5836181640625]},{"page":339,"text":"Figure F-1. Landscape Features","rect":[229.3197021484375,563.813720703125,382.7228536529541,554.4049682617188]},{"page":339,"text":"Tree","rect":[391.49761962890627,309.21966552734377,409.6361759059031,302.56378173828127]},{"page":339,"text":"Row","rect":[391.557861328125,318.1600036621094,409.5066946084608,311.5041198730469]},{"page":339,"text":"Tree","rect":[473.3975830078125,301.23980712890627,491.53702429457499,294.58392333984377]},{"page":339,"text":"Line","rect":[473.93798828125,310.1801452636719,490.9328067652781,303.5242614746094]},{"page":339,"text":"Clear Cut Area","rect":[422.66033935546877,538.2394409179688,480.9648197047312,531.475341796875]},{"page":339,"text":"F-1","rect":[505.3199462890625,753.2999267578125,521.9927368164063,745.0679321289063]},{"page":340,"text":"Appendix F","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,147.0000029296875,38.651973724365237]},{"page":340,"text":"Terrain Features","rect":[99.1199951171875,95.01406860351563,200.82617719559893,84.68058776855469]},{"page":340,"text":"Cliff","rect":[111.35958099365235,210.68821716308595,124.98614916279796,204.67584228515626]},{"page":340,"text":"Depression","rect":[99.5999984741211,275.90728759765627,139.99091404825217,268.49200439453127]},{"page":340,"text":"Defile or","rect":[100.79942321777344,304.047607421875,130.34261703055027,298.03521728515627]},{"page":340,"text":"Sunken","rect":[101.99974060058594,312.0272216796875,129.0725867167092,306.01483154296877]},{"page":340,"text":"Road","rect":[106.01976013183594,320.0068359375,125.11505955606467,314.09063720703127]},{"page":340,"text":"Figure F-2. Terrain Features","rect":[238.50003051757813,407.9938659667969,373.52955531311036,398.5850830078125]},{"page":340,"text":"Topographical Individual Objects","rect":[99.1199951171875,443.31219482421877,299.7774038487712,429.81646728515627]},{"page":340,"text":"Communications Tower","rect":[131.57997131347657,473.1885681152344,213.93701730786905,467.0819091796875]},{"page":340,"text":"Cultural Center","rect":[109.44024658203125,498.9887390136719,162.79935251294718,492.882080078125]},{"page":340,"text":"(church, mosque,","rect":[105.42064666748047,508.70074462890627,166.76704337217795,500.98193359375]},{"page":340,"text":"synagogue, etc.)","rect":[106.74054718017578,516.8005981445313,165.4319513899003,509.081787109375]},{"page":340,"text":"Electrical","rect":[101.94001770019531,575.7892456054688,134.3052100249075,569.7803344726563]},{"page":340,"text":"Tower","rect":[107.51985931396485,583.8890991210938,128.77645669995889,577.8801879882813]},{"page":340,"text":"Building","rect":[108.7199935913086,618.1417236328125,137.01928571896526,610.5206298828125]},{"page":340,"text":"Road","rect":[106.68067932128906,686.4295043945313,125.69592146115275,680.4205932617188]},{"page":340,"text":"Sign","rect":[108.24092864990235,696.081298828125,124.13806776242228,688.3624877929688]},{"page":340,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,732.0,93.0,731.0]},{"page":340,"text":"F-2 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,109.67520141601563,745.0679321289063]},{"page":340,"text":"Saddle","rect":[407.2786560058594,118.94822692871094,432.1904684916115,112.93585205078125]},{"page":340,"text":"Gorge","rect":[476.3987121582031,235.37503051757813,498.61341160684597,227.775390625]},{"page":340,"text":"Cut","rect":[484.7384033203125,281.0675048828125,497.16304430439956,275.05511474609377]},{"page":340,"text":"Ditch","rect":[480.95880126953127,312.8072509765625,499.1526572123147,306.89105224609377]},{"page":340,"text":"Castle","rect":[456.4792175292969,485.7886047363281,479.054136793184,479.68194580078127]},{"page":340,"text":"Factory","rect":[485.7590026855469,541.1010131835938,512.3087951451323,533.4799194335938]},{"page":340,"text":"Sign","rect":[496.3789367675781,656.1812744140625,512.3367600841997,648.4624633789063]},{"page":340,"text":"Post","rect":[496.3789367675781,662.6689453125,512.2776634893654,656.6600341796875]},{"page":340,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.63519287109377,753.4679565429688,521.990234375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":341,"text":" ","rect":[90.0,415.0,93.0,414.0]},{"page":341,"text":"Ford","rect":[113.27999877929688,211.70950317382813,129.7350850562433,205.7041778564453]},{"page":341,"text":"(Crossing)","rect":[103.07970428466797,221.42054748535157,139.8817023381269,213.70639038085938]},{"page":341,"text":"Creek","rect":[111.11974334716797,267.7494812011719,132.40654647945105,261.6465148925781]},{"page":341,"text":"Pond","rect":[111.41942596435547,291.7496337890625,130.08844809335268,285.7442932128906]},{"page":341,"text":"Terrain 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CONTACT","rect":[242.33999633789063,99.47998809814453,369.68399267578129,91.05598449707031]},{"page":343,"text":"Joint Staff/J-7/Joint Doctrine Division","rect":[89.99998474121094,125.14797973632813,273.6456298828125,116.531982421875]},{"page":343,"text":"Website: http://www.jcs.mil/doctrine/","rect":[111.59999084472656,141.35997009277345,296.30407861328129,130.31996154785157]},{"page":343,"text":"E-mail: js.pentagon.j7.mbx.jedd-support@mail.mil","rect":[111.59999084472656,155.1599578857422,360.24957421875,144.1199493408203]},{"page":343,"text":"Phone number: 703-692-7273 (DSN 222)","rect":[111.59999084472656,168.93600463867188,314.62801904296875,157.9320068359375]},{"page":343,"text":"Lead Agent/United States Marine Corps (USMC)","rect":[89.99998474121094,196.5599822998047,328.2564064941406,185.531982421875]},{"page":343,"text":" ","rect":[89.99998474121094,208.0,92.99998474121094,202.0]},{"page":343,"text":"HQMC AVM TACP","rect":[111.59998321533203,210.11996459960938,212.19597155761719,199.5359649658203]},{"page":343,"text":" ","rect":[89.99998474121094,222.0,92.99998474121094,216.0]},{"page":343,"text":"Pentagon, RM 5D514","rect":[111.59998321533203,224.1599578857422,216.60479736328126,213.34796142578126]},{"page":343,"text":" ","rect":[89.99998474121094,234.0,92.99998474121094,228.0]},{"page":343,"text":"Phone Number: 703-693-8389","rect":[111.59998321533203,235.5360107421875,258.2952117919922,226.9320068359375]},{"page":343,"text":"Joint Staff Doctrine Sponsor/Joint Staff, J-6","rect":[89.99998474121094,265.5359802246094,300.6167907714844,254.531982421875]},{"page":343,"text":" ","rect":[89.99998474121094,277.0,92.99998474121094,271.0]},{"page":343,"text":"Deputy, Joint Close Air Support","rect":[111.59998321533203,279.3599548339844,266.54272607421879,268.33197021484377]},{"page":343,"text":" ","rect":[89.99998474121094,289.0,92.99998474121094,284.0]},{"page":343,"text":"DDC5I Joint Fires 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H","rect":[264.6000061035156,85.03982543945313,347.38115732574468,75.29576110839844]},{"page":345,"text":"REFERENCES","rect":[265.6199951171875,99.47998809814453,346.25039965820317,91.05598449707031]},{"page":345,"text":"The development of JP 3-09.3 is based upon the following primary references: ","rect":[111.59999084472656,127.55998229980469,491.91241455078127,116.531982421875]},{"page":345,"text":"1. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Publications ","rect":[90.0,151.0799560546875,364.3320007324219,142.6439666748047]},{"page":345,"text":"a. CJCSI 3122.06E, (U) Sensitive Target Approval and Review (STAR) Process.","rect":[111.60000610351563,179.1599578857422,498.6000061035156,168.251953125]},{"page":345,"text":"b. CJCSI 3160.01C, No-Strike and the Collateral Damage Estimation Methodology. ","rect":[111.60000610351563,204.9600067138672,521.8680419921875,193.9320068359375]},{"page":345,"text":"c. CJCSI 3505.01D, Target Coordinate Mensuration Certification and Program","rect":[111.60002136230469,230.75999450683595,488.45397802734376,219.85198974609376]},{"page":345,"text":"Accreditation.","rect":[90.00001525878906,243.0,156.36001586914063,233.6519775390625]},{"page":345,"text":"d. CJCSI 3900.01D, Position (Point and Area) Reference Procedures. ","rect":[111.60000610351563,270.3599548339844,444.1200256347656,259.33197021484377]},{"page":345,"text":"e. CJCSI 3901.01E, Requirements for Geospatial Information and Services. ","rect":[111.60003662109375,296.1599426269531,470.5800476074219,285.251953125]},{"page":345,"text":"f. JP 1, Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States.","rect":[111.60005187988281,321.9599609375,390.8400573730469,310.9439697265625]},{"page":345,"text":"g. JP 2-01, Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations. ","rect":[111.60005187988281,347.75994873046877,465.8400573730469,336.8519592285156]},{"page":345,"text":"h. JP 2-01.3, Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment. ","rect":[111.60005187988281,373.5599365234375,474.4200439453125,362.5319519042969]},{"page":345,"text":"i. JP 3-0, Joint Operations. ","rect":[111.60006713867188,399.3359680175781,242.88006591796876,388.33197021484377]},{"page":345,"text":"j. JP 3-01, Countering Air and Missile Threats.","rect":[111.60006713867188,425.1599426269531,333.5400695800781,414.1199645996094]},{"page":345,"text":"k. JP 3-02, Amphibious Operations.","rect":[111.60006713867188,450.9359436035156,281.1000671386719,439.93194580078127]},{"page":345,"text":"l. JP 3-05, Special Operations. ","rect":[111.60006713867188,476.7359313964844,259.7400817871094,465.73193359375]},{"page":345,"text":"m. JP 3-09, Joint Fire Support. ","rect":[111.60006713867188,502.5359191894531,262.14007568359377,491.7479248046875]},{"page":345,"text":"n. JP 3-30, Joint Air Operations. ","rect":[111.60006713867188,528.3359985351563,269.10009765625,517.5479736328125]},{"page":345,"text":"o. JP 3-50, Personnel Recovery. ","rect":[111.60008239746094,554.1599731445313,266.40008544921877,543.251953125]},{"page":345,"text":"p. JP 3-52, Joint Airspace Control. ","rect":[111.60008239746094,579.93603515625,279.4800720214844,569.052001953125]},{"page":345,"text":"q. JP 3-60, Joint Targeting. ","rect":[111.60008239746094,605.760009765625,244.88768005371095,594.947998046875]},{"page":345,"text":"r. JP 5-0, Joint Planning.","rect":[111.60006713867188,631.56005859375,231.046875,620.6520385742188]},{"page":345,"text":"2. Multi-Service Publications ","rect":[90.00009155273438,655.0800170898438,244.22402954101563,646.64404296875]},{"page":345,"text":"a. ATP 1-02.1/MCRP 3-30B.1/NTTP 6-02.1/AFTTP 3-2.5, Multi-Service Tactics,","rect":[111.60008239746094,681.0,498.5509033203125,672.1320190429688]},{"page":345,"text":"Techniques, and Procedures for Multi-Service Brevity Codes.","rect":[90.00009155273438,696.9600830078125,383.94012451171877,686.0520629882813]},{"page":345,"text":"H-1","rect":[503.34002685546877,753.2999267578125,521.9976196289063,745.0679321289063]},{"page":346,"text":"Appendix H","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,148.98119970703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":346,"text":"b. ATP 3-09.32/MCRP 3-31.6/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP 3-2.6, Multi-Service Tactics,","rect":[111.5999984741211,83.26797485351563,496.0559997558594,74.6519775390625]},{"page":346,"text":"Techniques, and Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower. ","rect":[90.00000762939453,99.47996520996094,409.6500244140625,88.57196044921875]},{"page":346,"text":"c. ATP 3-09.34/MCRP 3-25H/NTTP 3-09.2.1/AFTTP 3-2.59, Multi-Service Tactics,","rect":[111.60002136230469,123.0,509.7840576171875,114.251953125]},{"page":346,"text":"Techniques, and Procedures for Kill Box Planning and Employment.","rect":[90.00003051757813,139.0800018310547,411.1200256347656,128.1719970703125]},{"page":346,"text":"d. ATP 3-52.1/MCWP 3-25.13/NTTP 3-56.4/AFTTP 3-2.78 Multi-Service Tactics,","rect":[111.60002136230469,162.46798706054688,502.35601806640627,153.85198974609376]},{"page":346,"text":"Techniques, and Procedures for Airspace Control.","rect":[90.00003051757813,178.73997497558595,325.91387939453127,167.83197021484376]},{"page":346,"text":"e. ATP 3-52.2/MCRP 3-25F/NTTP 3-56.2/AFTTP 3-2.17, Multi-Service Tactics,","rect":[111.60002899169922,202.06796264648438,493.22406005859377,193.45196533203126]},{"page":346,"text":"Techniques, and Procedures for the Theater Air Ground System. ","rect":[90.00003051757813,218.2799530029297,393.7800598144531,207.3719482421875]},{"page":346,"text":"f. ATP 3-91.1/AFTTP 3-2.86, The Joint Air Ground Integration Center. ","rect":[111.60004425048828,244.0800018310547,453.1800842285156,233.052001953125]},{"page":346,"text":"3. Service Publications ","rect":[90.00007629394531,267.59991455078127,211.68247985839845,259.1639099121094]},{"page":346,"text":"a. AFTTP 3-1, Threat Guide.","rect":[111.6000747680664,293.2799377441406,250.8684539794922,284.7719421386719]},{"page":346,"text":"b. AFTTP 3-3.JTAC, Combat Aircraft Fundamentals – Joint Terminal Attack ","rect":[111.60006713867188,321.4799499511719,479.4720458984375,310.45196533203127]},{"page":346,"text":"Controller. ","rect":[90.00005340576172,332.9279479980469,145.05245971679688,324.43194580078127]},{"page":346,"text":"c. NTTP 3-02.1.3, Amphibious/Expeditionary Operations Air Control.","rect":[111.60005187988281,361.0799560546875,442.3536682128906,350.1719665527344]},{"page":346,"text":"H-2 ","rect":[90.0,753.2999267578125,111.66360473632813,745.0679321289063]},{"page":346,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6435852050781,753.4679565429688,521.9891357421875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":347,"text":"APPENDIX J","rect":[266.8799743652344,85.09574127197266,345.0435359840393,75.29576110839844]},{"page":347,"text":"ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS","rect":[204.77999877929688,99.47998809814453,407.1624174804688,91.05598449707031]},{"page":347,"text":"1. User Comments","rect":[89.99999237060547,125.27997589111328,187.26962353515627,116.85597229003906]},{"page":347,"text":"Users in the field are highly encouraged to submit comments on this publication using the","rect":[111.59999084472656,153.35997009277345,522.218380859375,142.33197021484376]},{"page":347,"text":"Joint Doctrine Feedback Form located at: https://jdeis.js.mil/jdeis/jel/jp_feedback_form.pdf ","rect":[89.99999237060547,167.1599578857422,525.038330078125,156.1199493408203]},{"page":347,"text":"and e-mail it to: js.pentagon.j7.mbx.jedd-support@mail.mil. These comments should address","rect":[89.99999237060547,180.9600067138672,522.2856147460938,169.9199981689453]},{"page":347,"text":"content (accuracy, usefulness, consistency, and organization), writing, and appearance.","rect":[89.99998474121094,194.75999450683595,485.6856384277344,183.73199462890626]},{"page":347,"text":"2. Authorship","rect":[89.99998474121094,220.65597534179688,163.6643858642578,209.84397888183595]},{"page":347,"text":"a. The lead agent for this publication is the US Marine Corps. The Joint Staff doctrine","rect":[111.59998321533203,246.35997009277345,522.0360078125,235.33197021484376]},{"page":347,"text":"sponsor for this publication is the Joint Staff J-6.","rect":[89.99996948242188,260.1359558105469,323.6639709472656,249.1319580078125]},{"page":347,"text":"b. The following staff, in conjunction with the joint doctrine development community,","rect":[111.5999755859375,285.9599609375,521.9795532226563,274.91998291015627]},{"page":347,"text":"made a valuable contribution to the revision of this joint publication: lead agent, LtCol","rect":[89.99996948242188,299.75994873046877,522.0311904296875,288.719970703125]},{"page":347,"text":"Thomas Lee, US Marine Corps; Joint Staff doctrine sponsor, Mr. Joseph Sullivan, Joint","rect":[89.99998474121094,313.53594970703127,521.9951796875,302.5319519042969]},{"page":347,"text":"Staff J-6; LCDR Adam Yates, Joint Staff J-7, Joint Doctrine Division; and CDR Jason","rect":[89.99999237060547,326.77197265625,522.0023803710938,316.33197021484377]},{"page":347,"text":"Berwanger, Joint Staff J-7, Joint Doctrine Analysis Division.","rect":[89.99999237060547,341.1599426269531,382.5575866699219,330.1319580078125]},{"page":347,"text":"3. Supersession","rect":[89.99999237060547,367.0559387207031,171.0479765625,356.2439270019531]},{"page":347,"text":"This publication supersedes JP 3-09.3, Close Air Support, 25 November 2014. ","rect":[111.59999084472656,392.7359313964844,490.5155944824219,381.73193359375]},{"page":347,"text":"4. Change Recommendations","rect":[90.0,418.679931640625,241.95839001464845,407.84393310546877]},{"page":347,"text":"a. To provide recommendations for urgent and/or routine changes to this publication,","rect":[111.60000610351563,444.35992431640627,522.0732421875,433.3319396972656]},{"page":347,"text":"please ","rect":[90.00001525878906,458.13592529296877,123.03121948242188,447.1319274902344]},{"page":347,"text":"complete ","rect":[139.9512176513672,458.13592529296877,186.93360900878907,447.1319274902344]},{"page":347,"text":"the ","rect":[203.85360717773438,456.0,221.4984130859375,447.1319274902344]},{"page":347,"text":"Joint ","rect":[238.4184112548828,456.0,264.79681396484377,447.1319274902344]},{"page":347,"text":"Doctrine ","rect":[281.716796875,456.0,326.66168212890627,447.1319274902344]},{"page":347,"text":"Feedback ","rect":[343.5816650390625,456.0,392.62335205078127,447.1319274902344]},{"page":347,"text":"Form ","rect":[409.5433349609375,456.0,438.5545654296875,447.51593017578127]},{"page":347,"text":"located ","rect":[455.474609375,456.0,493.11376953125,447.1319274902344]},{"page":347,"text":"at:","rect":[510.03375244140627,456.0,522.0552993164063,448.34393310546877]},{"page":347,"text":"https://jdeis.js.mil/jdeis/jel/jp_feedback_form.pdf ","rect":[90.00001525878906,471.95989990234377,330.6024169921875,460.919921875]},{"page":347,"text":"and ","rect":[359.3424377441406,469.5359191894531,379.684814453125,460.9319152832031]},{"page":347,"text":"e-mail","rect":[408.42486572265627,469.3799133300781,439.09204248046879,460.9319152832031]},{"page":347,"text":"it ","rect":[470.8200378417969,469.451904296875,480.48724365234377,460.9319152832031]},{"page":347,"text":"to:","rect":[509.22723388671877,469.5359191894531,521.9232192382813,462.1439208984375]},{"page":347,"text":"js.pentagon.j7.mbx.jedd-support@mail.mil.","rect":[90.00001525878906,485.7599182128906,299.71917724609377,474.7199401855469]},{"page":347,"text":"b. When a Joint Staff directorate submits a proposal to the CJCS that would change","rect":[111.60002136230469,511.5599060058594,522.0204438476562,500.53192138671877]},{"page":347,"text":"source document information reflected in this publication, that directorate will include a","rect":[90.00003814697266,525.3359985351563,522.0060395507812,514.3319702148438]},{"page":347,"text":"proposed change to this publication as an enclosure to its proposal. The Services and other","rect":[90.00003814697266,539.1599731445313,522.021634765625,528.1319580078125]},{"page":347,"text":"organizations are requested to notify the Joint Staff J-7 when changes to source documents","rect":[90.00003814697266,552.9600219726563,522.0072333984375,541.9320068359375]},{"page":347,"text":"reflected in this publication are initiated.","rect":[90.00003814697266,566.7360229492188,284.676025390625,555.7319946289063]},{"page":347,"text":"5. Lessons Learned","rect":[90.00003814697266,590.2559814453125,191.34002978515626,582.0359497070313]},{"page":347,"text":"The Joint Lessons Learned Program (JLLP) primary objective is to enhance joint force","rect":[111.60003662109375,618.3599853515625,522.050412109375,607.3199462890625]},{"page":347,"text":"readiness and effectiveness by contributing to improvements in doctrine, organization,","rect":[90.00001525878906,632.1600341796875,522.0360107421875,621.1320190429688]},{"page":347,"text":"training, materiel, leadership and education, personnel, facilities, and policy. The Joint","rect":[90.00001525878906,645.9600830078125,522.012025390625,634.9320678710938]},{"page":347,"text":"Lessons Learned Information System (JLLIS) is the DOD system of record for lessons","rect":[90.00003814697266,659.7600708007813,521.9424140625,648.7320556640625]},{"page":347,"text":"learned and facilitates the collection, tracking, management, sharing, collaborative","rect":[90.00003814697266,673.56005859375,522.0203828125,662.5320434570313]},{"page":347,"text":"resolution, and dissemination of lessons learned to improve the development and readiness","rect":[90.00003814697266,687.3361206054688,522.0180366210938,676.3320922851563]},{"page":347,"text":"of the joint force. The JLLP integrates with joint doctrine through the joint doctrine","rect":[90.00003814697266,701.16015625,521.9760712890625,690.1201171875]},{"page":347,"text":"development process by providing lessons and lessons learned derived from operations,","rect":[90.00003814697266,714.9601440429688,522.0396118164063,703.93212890625]},{"page":347,"text":"J-1","rect":[507.36004638671877,753.4679565429688,522.0576171875,745.0679321289063]},{"page":348,"text":"Appendix J","rect":[90.0,49.655975341796878,145.01759411621095,38.651973724365237]},{"page":348,"text":"events, and exercises. As these inputs are incorporated into joint doctrine, they become","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.9568452148437,74.63997650146485]},{"page":348,"text":"institutionalized for future use, a major goal of the JLLP. Lessons and lessons learned are","rect":[90.0,99.47996520996094,522.0144013671875,88.4399642944336]},{"page":348,"text":"routinely sought and incorporated into draft JPs throughout formal staffing of the","rect":[90.0,113.27995300292969,522.0192231445312,102.251953125]},{"page":348,"text":"development process. The JLLIS Website can be found at https://www.jllis.mil","rect":[90.0,127.08000183105469,521.9279799804688,116.04000091552735]},{"page":348,"text":"(NIPRNET) or http://www.jllis.smil.mil (SIPRNET).","rect":[90.0,140.87998962402345,345.66241455078127,129.83998107910157]},{"page":348,"text":"6. Distribution of Publications","rect":[90.0,164.3759765625,247.00442578125,155.96397399902345]},{"page":348,"text":"Local reproduction is authorized, and access to unclassified publications is","rect":[111.5999984741211,192.45596313476563,521.9916083984375,181.45196533203126]},{"page":348,"text":"unrestricted. However, access to and reproduction authorization for classified JPs must be","rect":[89.9999771118164,206.25595092773438,522.047970703125,195.251953125]},{"page":348,"text":"IAW DOD Manual 5200.01, Volume 1, DOD Information Security Program: Overview,","rect":[89.9999771118164,220.0800018310547,521.91845703125,209.052001953125]},{"page":348,"text":"Classification, and Declassification, and DOD Manual 5200.01, Volume 3, DOD","rect":[89.9999771118164,233.8799285888672,521.987974609375,222.8519287109375]},{"page":348,"text":"Information Security Program: Protection of Classified Information.","rect":[90.0,247.73997497558595,420.337158203125,236.83197021484376]},{"page":348,"text":"7. Distribution of Electronic Publications","rect":[90.0,271.17596435546877,302.673615234375,262.7639465332031]},{"page":348,"text":"a. Joint Staff J-7 will not print copies of JPs for distribution. 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The senior tactical air control party member attached to a ground unit","rect":[89.99999237060547,111.47996520996094,522.0000014648438,100.45196533203125]},{"page":356,"text":"who functions as the primary advisor to the ground commander on air power. Also","rect":[111.59998321533203,125.27995300292969,522.0011596679688,114.251953125]},{"page":356,"text":"called ALO. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.59998321533203,139.0800018310547,360.5639931640625,128.052001953125]},{"page":356,"text":"airspace coordination area. A three-dimensional block of airspace in a target area,","rect":[89.99998474121094,164.87998962402345,521.9676513671875,153.85198974609376]},{"page":356,"text":"established by the appropriate commander, in which friendly aircraft are reasonably safe","rect":[111.59998321533203,178.6799774169922,522.0743989257812,167.6519775390625]},{"page":356,"text":"from friendly surface fires. Also called ACA. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.59998321533203,192.47996520996095,509.0495888671875,181.45196533203126]},{"page":356,"text":"air support operations center. The principal air control agency of the theater air control","rect":[89.99999237060547,218.2799530029297,522.2005629882813,207.251953125]},{"page":356,"text":"system responsible for the direction and control of air operations directly supporting the","rect":[111.59999084472656,232.0800018310547,522.1524018554687,221.052001953125]},{"page":356,"text":"ground combat element. Also called ASOC. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60000610351563,245.8799285888672,504.189603515625,234.8519287109375]},{"page":356,"text":"Army air-ground system. The Army system which provides for interface between Army","rect":[90.00003814697266,271.6799621582031,522.0720825195313,260.6519775390625]},{"page":356,"text":"and tactical air support agencies of other Services in the planning, evaluating,","rect":[111.60003662109375,285.4799499511719,522.0108032226563,274.45196533203127]},{"page":356,"text":"processing, and coordinating of air support requirements and operations. Also called","rect":[111.60000610351563,299.2799377441406,522.05517578125,288.251953125]},{"page":356,"text":"AAGS. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60000610351563,313.0799255371094,336.24606103515625,302.05194091796877]},{"page":356,"text":"attack heading. 1. The interceptor heading during the attack phase that will achieve the","rect":[90.0,338.87994384765627,522.1511811523437,327.8519592285156]},{"page":356,"text":"desired track-crossing angle. 2. The assigned magnetic compass heading to be flown by","rect":[111.60000610351563,352.679931640625,522.0480346679688,341.6519470214844]},{"page":356,"text":"aircraft during the delivery phase of an air strike. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60000610351563,366.47991943359377,521.4911782226562,355.4519348144531]},{"page":356,"text":"attack position. The last position occupied by the assault echelon before crossing the line","rect":[90.00001525878906,392.2799377441406,522.0468110351562,381.251953125]},{"page":356,"text":"of departure. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3) ","rect":[111.60005187988281,406.0799255371094,364.19287109375,395.05194091796877]},{"page":356,"text":"begin morning nautical twilight. The start of that period where, in good conditions and","rect":[90.00004577636719,431.8799133300781,521.9903564453125,420.8519287109375]},{"page":356,"text":"in the absence of other illumination, the sun is 12 degrees below the eastern horizon","rect":[111.60005187988281,445.6799011230469,522.0192260742188,434.65191650390627]},{"page":356,"text":"and enough light is available to identify the general outlines of ground objects and","rect":[111.60005187988281,459.4798889160156,522.016845703125,448.4399108886719]},{"page":356,"text":"conduct limited military operations. Also called BMNT. (DOD Dictionary. Source:","rect":[111.60005187988281,473.2799377441406,522.0167861328125,462.251953125]},{"page":356,"text":"JP 3-09.3) ","rect":[111.60006713867188,487.0559387207031,163.8720703125,476.05194091796877]},{"page":356,"text":"brevity code. A code word, which provides no security, that serves the sole purpose of ","rect":[90.00006103515625,512.8800048828125,525.0216674804688,501.85198974609377]},{"page":356,"text":"shortening of messages rather than the concealment of their content. (DOD","rect":[111.60005187988281,526.6199951171875,522.0888657226562,515.5919799804688]},{"page":356,"text":"Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3) ","rect":[111.60005187988281,540.4199829101563,263.8416442871094,529.3919677734375]},{"page":356,"text":"close air support. Air action by aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity","rect":[90.00004577636719,566.2200317382813,521.9688720703125,555.1920166015625]},{"page":356,"text":"to friendly forces and that require detailed integration of each air mission with the fire","rect":[111.60005187988281,580.0200805664063,521.9268159179687,568.9920654296875]},{"page":356,"text":"and movement of those forces. Also called CAS. (Approved for incorporation into","rect":[111.60005187988281,593.7960815429688,522.0084228515625,582.7920532226563]},{"page":356,"text":"the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60002136230469,607.6200561523438,216.59762353515627,596.592041015625]},{"page":356,"text":"command net. A communications network that connects an echelon of command with","rect":[90.00001525878906,630.99609375,522.0755615234375,622.39208984375]},{"page":356,"text":"some or all of its subordinate echelons for the purpose of command and control. (DOD","rect":[111.59996032714844,647.1961669921875,522.0311264648437,636.192138671875]},{"page":356,"text":"Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.59996032714844,661.0201416015625,260.8799111328125,649.9921264648438]},{"page":356,"text":"contact point. 1. In land warfare, a point on the terrain, easily identifiable, where two or","rect":[89.99995422363281,686.8201293945313,522.001126953125,675.7921142578125]},{"page":356,"text":"more units are required to make contact. (JP 3-50) 2. In air operations, the position","rect":[111.59998321533203,700.59619140625,522.027587890625,689.5921630859375]},{"page":356,"text":"at which a mission leader makes radio contact with an air control agency. (JP 3-09.3) ","rect":[111.59998321533203,714.4202270507813,525.0167846679688,703.3922119140625]},{"page":356,"text":"GL-8 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,118.99199676513672,745.055908203125]},{"page":356,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6520080566406,753.4679565429688,521.9976196289063,745.0679321289063]},{"page":357,"text":"Glossary","rect":[479.3399963378906,49.67997741699219,522.0756225585938,38.651973724365237]},{"page":357,"text":"3. In personnel recovery, a location where isolated personnel can establish contact with","rect":[111.5999984741211,85.67997741699219,522.0767822265625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":357,"text":"recovery forces. Also called CP. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-50)","rect":[111.5999984741211,99.47996520996094,450.52438134765625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":357,"text":"control point. 1. A position along a route of march at which personnel are stationed to","rect":[90.0,125.27995300292969,521.972412109375,114.251953125]},{"page":357,"text":"give information and instructions for the regulation of supply or traffic. 2. A position","rect":[111.5999984741211,139.0800018310547,521.9520263671875,128.052001953125]},{"page":357,"text":"marked by coordinates (latitude, longitude), a buoy, boat, aircraft, electronic device,","rect":[111.5999984741211,152.87998962402345,522.0372314453125,141.85198974609376]},{"page":357,"text":"conspicuous terrain feature, or other identifiable object, which is given a name or","rect":[111.60002136230469,166.6799774169922,521.9904458007812,155.6399688720703]},{"page":357,"text":"number and used as an aid to navigation or control of ships, boats, or aircraft. 3. In","rect":[111.60002136230469,180.47996520996095,522.1092529296875,169.45196533203126]},{"page":357,"text":"marking mosaics, a point located by ground survey with which a corresponding point","rect":[111.60002136230469,194.2799530029297,522.012025390625,183.251953125]},{"page":357,"text":"on a photograph is matched as a check. Also called CP. (Approved for incorporation","rect":[111.60002136230469,208.0800018310547,522.0216064453125,197.052001953125]},{"page":357,"text":"into the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60004425048828,221.87998962402345,238.27686853027346,210.85198974609376]},{"page":357,"text":"danger close. None. (Approved for removal from the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[90.00004577636719,247.6799774169922,443.34005517578125,236.6519775390625]},{"page":357,"text":"direct air support center. The principal air control agency of the United States Marine","rect":[90.00005340576172,273.4799499511719,522.0695771484375,262.45196533203127]},{"page":357,"text":"Corps air command and control system responsible for the direction and control of air","rect":[111.60004425048828,287.2799377441406,521.9555947265625,276.251953125]},{"page":357,"text":"operations directly supporting the ground combat element. Also called DASC. (DOD","rect":[111.60004425048828,301.0799560546875,521.9592880859375,290.0519714355469]},{"page":357,"text":"Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60004425048828,314.87994384765627,260.88000268554688,303.8519592285156]},{"page":357,"text":"direct air support center (airborne). ","rect":[90.00004577636719,340.65594482421877,284.1793518066406,329.84393310546877]},{"page":357,"text":"Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60005187988281,354.4799499511719,169.933255859375,343.45196533203127]},{"page":357,"text":"None. (Approved for removal from the DOD","rect":[290.6400451660156,340.65594482421877,522.0816635742187,329.6519470214844]},{"page":357,"text":"direct fire. Fire delivered on a target using the target itself as a point of aim for either the","rect":[90.00006103515625,380.2799377441406,521.9616669921875,369.251953125]},{"page":357,"text":"weapon or the director. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60006713867188,394.0799255371094,411.25692529296875,383.05194091796877]},{"page":357,"text":"direct support. A mission requiring a force to support another specific force and","rect":[90.00006103515625,419.8799133300781,522.0300903320313,408.8519287109375]},{"page":357,"text":"authorizing it to answer directly to the supported force’s request for assistance. Also","rect":[111.60004425048828,433.6799011230469,522.03125,422.65191650390627]},{"page":357,"text":"called DS. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60004425048828,447.47991943359377,349.90078515625,436.4519348144531]},{"page":357,"text":"engage. 1. In air and missile defense, a fire control order used to direct or authorize units","rect":[90.00004577636719,473.2799072265625,522.0048530273438,462.2519226074219]},{"page":357,"text":"and/or weapon systems to attack a designated target. (JP 3-01) 2. To bring the enemy","rect":[111.60004425048828,487.0799255371094,522.0072021484375,476.05194091796877]},{"page":357,"text":"under fire. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60004425048828,500.87994384765627,349.83117456054688,489.8519592285156]},{"page":357,"text":"final protective fire. An immediately available, prearranged barrier of fire designed to","rect":[90.00004577636719,526.6199951171875,521.9891967773438,515.5919799804688]},{"page":357,"text":"impede enemy movement across defensive lines or areas. Also called FPF. ","rect":[111.5999984741211,540.4199829101563,524.9999389648438,529.3919677734375]},{"page":357,"text":"(Approved for incorporation into the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.5999526977539,554.2200317382813,377.87997216796875,543.1920166015625]},{"page":357,"text":"fire direction center. That element of a command post, consisting of gunnery and","rect":[89.99995422363281,580.02001953125,522.0336303710938,568.9920043945313]},{"page":357,"text":"communications personnel and equipment, by means of which the commander","rect":[111.5999526977539,593.820068359375,521.9999672851562,582.7920532226563]},{"page":357,"text":"exercises fire direction and/or fire control. Also called FDC. (DOD Dictionary. ","rect":[111.5999526977539,607.6200561523438,525.0023803710938,596.592041015625]},{"page":357,"text":"Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.5999526977539,621.3961181640625,200.5715615234375,610.39208984375]},{"page":357,"text":"fire support team. A field artillery team provided for each maneuver company/troop and","rect":[89.99995422363281,647.2200927734375,521.9423828125,636.1920776367188]},{"page":357,"text":"selected units to plan and coordinate all supporting fires available to the unit, including","rect":[111.5999526977539,661.0201416015625,521.9879760742188,649.9921264648438]},{"page":357,"text":"mortars, field artillery, naval surface fire support, and close air support integration. ","rect":[111.5999526977539,674.8201293945313,525.035888671875,663.7921142578125]},{"page":357,"text":"Also called FIST. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.59992980957031,688.6201782226563,386.8883645019531,677.5921630859375]},{"page":357,"text":"GL-9","rect":[496.0199890136719,753.4679565429688,522.0011596679688,745.055908203125]},{"page":358,"text":"Glossary","rect":[90.0,49.67997741699219,132.735595703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":358,"text":"forward air controller. An officer (aviator/pilot) member of the tactical air control party","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0684204101563,74.6519775390625]},{"page":358,"text":"who, from a forward ground or airborne position, controls aircraft in close air support","rect":[111.59999084472656,99.47996520996094,522.0455947265625,88.45196533203125]},{"page":358,"text":"of ground troops. Also called FAC. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.59999084472656,113.27995300292969,473.8440224609375,102.251953125]},{"page":358,"text":"forward air controller (airborne). A specifically trained and qualified aviation officer,","rect":[90.0,139.0800018310547,522.124755859375,128.052001953125]},{"page":358,"text":"normally an airborne extension of the tactical air control party, who exercises control","rect":[111.60000610351563,152.87998962402345,521.9603896484375,141.85198974609376]},{"page":358,"text":"from the air of aircraft engaged in close air support of ground troops. Also called","rect":[111.60001373291016,166.6799774169922,521.9376220703125,155.6519775390625]},{"page":358,"text":"FAC(A). (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60001373291016,180.47996520996095,344.20077294921875,169.45196533203126]},{"page":358,"text":"forward arming and refueling point. A temporary facility, organized, equipped, and","rect":[90.00000762939453,206.2799530029297,522.0444946289063,195.251953125]},{"page":358,"text":"deployed, to provide fuel and ammunition necessary for the employment of aviation","rect":[111.60001373291016,220.0800018310547,521.941162109375,209.052001953125]},{"page":358,"text":"maneuver units in combat. Also called FARP. (Approved for incorporation into the","rect":[111.60001373291016,233.85598754882813,522.063595703125,222.85198974609376]},{"page":358,"text":"DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60001373291016,247.6799774169922,198.88799829101564,236.6519775390625]},{"page":358,"text":"forward edge of the battle area. The foremost limits of a series of areas in which ground","rect":[90.00001525878906,273.4799499511719,521.9688720703125,262.45196533203127]},{"page":358,"text":"combat units are deployed to coordinate fire support, the positioning of forces, or the","rect":[111.60001373291016,287.2799377441406,522.1296357421875,276.251953125]},{"page":358,"text":"maneuver of units, excluding areas in which covering or screening forces are","rect":[111.60001373291016,301.0799560546875,521.992794921875,290.0519714355469]},{"page":358,"text":"operating. Also called FEBA. Approved for incorporation into the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60001373291016,314.87994384765627,522.0048500976562,303.8519592285156]},{"page":358,"text":"forward-looking infrared. ","rect":[90.0,340.679931640625,227.87643432617188,329.84393310546877]},{"page":358,"text":"An airborne, electro-optical, thermal imaging device that","rect":[235.32000732421876,340.679931640625,522.0144057617188,329.6519470214844]},{"page":358,"text":"detects far-infrared energy, converts the energy into an electronic signal, and provides","rect":[111.60000610351563,354.4799499511719,521.9772041015625,343.45196533203127]},{"page":358,"text":"a visible image for day or night viewing. Also called FLIR. (Approved for","rect":[111.60001373291016,368.2799377441406,521.9880043945312,357.251953125]},{"page":358,"text":"incorporation into the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60001373291016,382.0799255371094,305.90402001953125,371.05194091796877]},{"page":358,"text":"forward operating base. An airfield used to support tactical operations without establishing","rect":[90.00001525878906,407.8799133300781,522.1200561523438,396.8519287109375]},{"page":358,"text":"full support facilities. Also called FOB. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60008239746094,421.6799011230469,478.11010522460938,410.65191650390627]},{"page":358,"text":"general support. ","rect":[90.00009155273438,447.47991943359377,178.88047790527345,436.8359375]},{"page":358,"text":"1. Support given to the supported force as a whole and not to any","rect":[185.58009338378907,447.47991943359377,522.0300903320313,436.4519348144531]},{"page":358,"text":"particular subdivision thereof. 2. A tactical artillery mission. Also called GS. ","rect":[111.60008239746094,461.2799072265625,525.0001220703125,450.2519226074219]},{"page":358,"text":"(Approved for incorporation into the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60012817382813,475.0799255371094,377.8801552734375,464.05194091796877]},{"page":358,"text":"general support-reinforcing. The artillery mission of supporting the force as a whole and of ","rect":[90.0001220703125,500.87994384765627,524.9977416992188,489.8519592285156]},{"page":358,"text":"providing reinforcing fires for other artillery units. Also called GSR. (DOD Dictionary. ","rect":[111.60012817382813,514.6199951171875,525.0289306640625,503.59197998046877]},{"page":358,"text":"Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60010528564453,528.39599609375,197.18893212890627,517.3919677734375]},{"page":358,"text":"gun-target line. An imaginary straight line from gun to target. Also called GTL. (DOD","rect":[90.00010681152344,554.2200317382813,521.9736923828125,543.1920166015625]},{"page":358,"text":"Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60012817382813,568.02001953125,260.88009423828125,556.9920043945313]},{"page":358,"text":"head-up display. A display of flight, navigation, attack, or other information superimposed","rect":[90.00012969970703,593.820068359375,522.1357421875,582.7920532226563]},{"page":358,"text":"upon the pilot’s forward field of view. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60012817382813,607.6200561523438,475.8289162597656,596.592041015625]},{"page":358,"text":"high-altitude bombing. Horizontal bombing with the height of release over 15,000 feet. ","rect":[90.00013732910156,633.4201049804688,525.0001220703125,622.39208984375]},{"page":358,"text":"(Approved for replacement of “high altitude bombing” in the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60012817382813,647.2200927734375,495.04330224609375,636.1920776367188]},{"page":358,"text":"immediate air support. Air support to meet specific requests that arise during the course","rect":[90.00011444091797,673.0201416015625,522.0457124023437,661.9921264648438]},{"page":358,"text":"of a battle and cannot be planned in advance. (Approved for incorporation into the","rect":[111.60012817382813,686.796142578125,522.0217255859375,675.7921142578125]},{"page":358,"text":"DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60015106201172,700.6201782226563,198.88815087890627,689.5921630859375]},{"page":358,"text":"GL-10 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,124.99199676513672,745.055908203125]},{"page":358,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6520080566406,753.4679565429688,521.988037109375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":359,"text":"Glossary","rect":[479.3399963378906,49.67997741699219,522.0756225585938,38.651973724365237]},{"page":359,"text":"infrared pointer. A low-power laser device operating in the near infrared light spectrum","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.1055922851563,74.6519775390625]},{"page":359,"text":"that is visible with light-amplifying, night-vision devices. Also called IR pointer. ","rect":[111.59999084472656,99.47996520996094,525.0,88.45196533203125]},{"page":359,"text":"(Approved for incorporation into the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.59999084472656,113.27995300292969,377.87997216796875,102.251953125]},{"page":359,"text":"joint air attack team. None. (Approved for removal from the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[89.99998474121094,139.0800018310547,484.6091896972656,128.052001953125]},{"page":359,"text":"joint air-ground integration center. A staff organization designed to enhance joint","rect":[89.9999771118164,164.87998962402345,521.99273828125,153.83998107910157]},{"page":359,"text":"collaborative efforts to deconflict joint air-ground assets in the division’s airspace. ","rect":[111.5999755859375,178.6799774169922,525.0431518554688,167.6399688720703]},{"page":359,"text":"Also called JAGIC. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.59999084472656,192.47996520996095,397.52401513671875,181.45196533203126]},{"page":359,"text":"joint fires observer. A certified and qualified Service member who requests, controls,","rect":[90.0,218.2799530029297,521.9832153320313,207.251953125]},{"page":359,"text":"and adjusts surface-to-surface fires; provides targeting information in support of close","rect":[111.59999084472656,232.0800018310547,522.02282421875,221.0399932861328]},{"page":359,"text":"air support; and performs terminal guidance operations. Also called JFO. (Approved","rect":[111.59999084472656,245.8799285888672,521.9963989257813,234.8519287109375]},{"page":359,"text":"for incorporation into the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.59999084472656,259.6799621582031,322.94637841796875,248.6519775390625]},{"page":359,"text":"joint terminal attack controller. ","rect":[89.99999237060547,285.4799499511719,257.7432556152344,274.6439514160156]},{"page":359,"text":"A qualified (certified) Service member who, from a","rect":[265.1399841308594,285.4559631347656,522.17028515625,274.45196533203127]},{"page":359,"text":"forward position, directs the action of combat aircraft engaged in close air support and","rect":[111.59999084472656,299.2799377441406,522.1931762695313,288.251953125]},{"page":359,"text":"other offensive air operations. Also called JTAC. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.59999084472656,313.0799255371094,522.202787109375,302.05194091796877]},{"page":359,"text":"laser seeker. A device based on a direction-sensitive receiver that detects the energy","rect":[90.0,338.8799133300781,521.9976196289063,327.8519287109375]},{"page":359,"text":"reflected from a laser-designated target and defines the direction of the target relative","rect":[111.59999084472656,352.6799011230469,521.992794921875,341.65191650390627]},{"page":359,"text":"to the receiver. (Approved for incorporation into the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60001373291016,366.47991943359377,455.5308205566406,355.4519348144531]},{"page":359,"text":"lead aircraft. The airborne aircraft designated to exercise command of other aircraft","rect":[90.0000228881836,392.2799072265625,521.9724135742188,381.2519226074219]},{"page":359,"text":"within the flight. (Approved for incorporation into the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60003662109375,406.07989501953127,464.284818359375,395.0519104003906]},{"page":359,"text":"Marine air command and control system. A system that provides the aviation combat","rect":[90.00004577636719,431.8799133300781,522.0361342773438,420.8519287109375]},{"page":359,"text":"element commander with the means to command, coordinate, and control all air","rect":[111.60003662109375,443.25592041015627,521.9400307617187,434.65191650390627]},{"page":359,"text":"operations within an assigned sector and to coordinate air operations with other","rect":[111.60003662109375,459.4798889160156,522.04922265625,448.451904296875]},{"page":359,"text":"Services. Also called MACCS. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60003662109375,473.2799072265625,453.9084755859375,462.2519226074219]},{"page":359,"text":"Marine tactical air command center. The principal United States Marine Corps air","rect":[90.00003051757813,499.0559387207031,522.0683266601562,488.05194091796877]},{"page":359,"text":"command and control agency from which air operations and air defense warning","rect":[111.60006713867188,512.8799438476563,521.9580688476563,501.8519592285156]},{"page":359,"text":"functions are directed. Also called Marine TACC. (Approved for replacement of ","rect":[111.60008239746094,526.5960083007813,525.048095703125,515.5919799804688]},{"page":359,"text":"“tactical air command center” and its definition in the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60005950927735,540.4199829101563,459.7920510253906,529.3919677734375]},{"page":359,"text":"marking. To maintain contact on a target from such a position that the marking unit has","rect":[90.00006866455078,566.2200317382813,521.9712836914063,555.1920166015625]},{"page":359,"text":"an immediate offensive capability. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60005950927735,580.02001953125,465.84484643554688,568.9920043945313]},{"page":359,"text":"maximum ordinate. In artillery and naval gunfire support, the height of the highest point","rect":[90.00004577636719,605.820068359375,522.0072646484375,594.7920532226563]},{"page":359,"text":"in the trajectory of a projectile above the horizontal plane passing through its origin. ","rect":[111.60008239746094,619.6200561523438,525.0025024414063,608.5800170898438]},{"page":359,"text":"Also called vertex height and MAXORD. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60010528564453,633.4201049804688,505.8061806640625,622.39208984375]},{"page":359,"text":"naval surface fire support. Fire provided by Navy surface gun and missile systems in","rect":[90.00013732910156,659.2200927734375,522.0458984375,648.1920776367188]},{"page":359,"text":"support of a unit or units. Also called NSFS. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60014343261719,673.0201416015625,516.8486000976562,661.9921264648438]},{"page":359,"text":"Navy tactical air control center. The principal air operations installation (ship-based)","rect":[90.00018310546875,698.8201293945313,522.0098549804687,687.7921142578125]},{"page":359,"text":"from which all aircraft and air warning functions of tactical air operations are","rect":[111.6001968383789,712.6201782226563,522.120236328125,701.5921630859375]},{"page":359,"text":"GL-11","rect":[490.0199890136719,753.4679565429688,522.0023803710938,745.055908203125]},{"page":360,"text":"Glossary","rect":[90.0,49.67997741699219,132.735595703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":360,"text":"controlled. Also called Navy TACC. (Approved for replacement of “tactical air","rect":[111.5999984741211,85.67997741699219,522.0815712890625,74.6519775390625]},{"page":360,"text":"control center” in the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60000610351563,99.47996520996094,303.5544716796875,88.45196533203125]},{"page":360,"text":"night-vision device. Any electro-optical device used to detect visible and infrared energy","rect":[90.00001525878906,125.27995300292969,521.9940185546875,114.251953125]},{"page":360,"text":"and provide a visible image. Also called NVD. (Approved for replacement of “night","rect":[111.60006713867188,139.0800018310547,522.0455947265625,128.052001953125]},{"page":360,"text":"vision device” and its definition in the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60006713867188,152.87998962402345,385.212064453125,141.85198974609376]},{"page":360,"text":"night-vision goggle. An electro-optical, image-intensifying device that detects visible and","rect":[90.00006103515625,178.6799774169922,522.0000610351563,167.6519775390625]},{"page":360,"text":"near-infrared energy, intensifies the energy, and provides a visible image for night","rect":[111.60006713867188,192.47996520996095,522.0217299804688,181.45196533203126]},{"page":360,"text":"viewing. Also called NVG. (Approved for replacement of “night vision goggle” and","rect":[111.60009002685547,206.2799530029297,522.13916015625,195.251953125]},{"page":360,"text":"its definition in the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60009002685547,220.0800018310547,292.9645363769531,209.052001953125]},{"page":360,"text":"no-fire area. An area designated by the appropriate commander into which fires or their","rect":[90.00009155273438,245.8799285888672,522.0192543945312,234.8519287109375]},{"page":360,"text":"effects are prohibited. Also called NFA. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60006713867188,259.6799621582031,495.71764916992188,248.6519775390625]},{"page":360,"text":"post-launch abort. Deliberate action taken post-separation to cause a precision munition","rect":[90.00007629394531,285.4559631347656,521.9700927734375,274.45196533203127]},{"page":360,"text":"to miss its target. Also called PLA. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3) ","rect":[111.60011291503906,299.2799377441406,475.32977294921877,288.251953125]},{"page":360,"text":"preplanned air support. Air support in accordance with a program, planned in advance","rect":[90.00013732910156,325.0799255371094,522.0289887695312,314.05194091796877]},{"page":360,"text":"of operations. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60013580322266,338.8799133300781,365.87536401367188,327.8519287109375]},{"page":360,"text":"procedure word. A word or phrase limited to radio telephone procedure used to facilitate","rect":[90.0001449584961,364.6559143066406,522.0830048828125,353.65191650390627]},{"page":360,"text":"communication by conveying information in a condensed standard form. Also called","rect":[111.60015869140625,378.47991943359377,522.0889282226563,367.4519348144531]},{"page":360,"text":"proword. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60015869140625,392.2799072265625,347.544095703125,381.2519226074219]},{"page":360,"text":"release altitude. Altitude of an aircraft above the ground at the time of ordnance release. ","rect":[90.00016021728516,418.07989501953127,525.024169921875,407.0519104003906]},{"page":360,"text":"(DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60015869140625,431.8799133300781,293.9461953125,420.8519287109375]},{"page":360,"text":"safing. As applied to weapons and ammunition, the changing from a state of readiness","rect":[90.00016021728516,457.6799011230469,521.8885810546875,446.65191650390627]},{"page":360,"text":"for initiation to a safe condition. Also called de-arming. (DOD Dictionary. Source:","rect":[111.60018157958985,471.4798889160156,521.9257827148438,460.451904296875]},{"page":360,"text":"JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60018157958985,485.25592041015627,161.81777734375,474.2519226074219]},{"page":360,"text":"spot net. Radio communication net used by a spotter in calling fire. (DOD Dictionary. ","rect":[90.00018310546875,511.0799255371094,524.9737548828125,500.05194091796877]},{"page":360,"text":"Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60018157958985,524.85595703125,200.57177514648439,513.8519287109375]},{"page":360,"text":"spot report. A concise narrative report of essential information covering events or","rect":[90.00018310546875,550.6199951171875,522.0002114257812,539.5919799804688]},{"page":360,"text":"conditions that may have an immediate and significant effect on current planning and","rect":[111.60018157958985,564.4199829101563,521.940185546875,553.3919677734375]},{"page":360,"text":"operations that is afforded the most expeditious means of transmission consistent with","rect":[111.60020446777344,578.196044921875,521.9461669921875,567.1920166015625]},{"page":360,"text":"requisite security. Also called SPOTREP. (Note: In reconnaissance and surveillance","rect":[111.60020446777344,592.02001953125,521.9581879882812,580.9920043945313]},{"page":360,"text":"usage, spot report is not to be used.) (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60020446777344,605.820068359375,472.8650185546875,594.7920532226563]},{"page":360,"text":"supporting arms coordination center. A single location on board an amphibious warfare","rect":[90.00021362304688,631.6200561523438,522.0075043945312,620.592041015625]},{"page":360,"text":"ship in which all communication facilities incident to the coordination of fire support","rect":[111.6002197265625,645.3961181640625,522.0350356445313,634.39208984375]},{"page":360,"text":"of the artillery, air, and naval gunfire are centralized. Also called SACC. (Approved","rect":[111.60020446777344,659.2200927734375,522.0362548828125,648.1920776367188]},{"page":360,"text":"for incorporation into the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60022735595703,673.0201416015625,322.94662255859375,661.9921264648438]},{"page":360,"text":"GL-12 ","rect":[90.0,753.4679565429688,124.99199676513672,745.055908203125]},{"page":360,"text":"JP 3-09.3","rect":[476.6520080566406,753.4679565429688,521.988037109375,745.0679321289063]},{"page":361,"text":"Glossary","rect":[479.3399963378906,49.67997741699219,522.0756225585938,38.651973724365237]},{"page":361,"text":"tactical air control party. A subordinate operational component of a tactical air control","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,522.0361342773438,74.6519775390625]},{"page":361,"text":"system designed to provide air liaison to land forces and for the control of aircraft. ","rect":[111.60000610351563,99.47996520996094,525.0576171875,88.45196533203125]},{"page":361,"text":"Also called TACP. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60001373291016,113.27995300292969,392.82845849609375,102.251953125]},{"page":361,"text":"tactical air coordinator (airborne). An aircrew member who coordinates, from an","rect":[90.00001525878906,138.88800048828126,522.0083618164063,128.052001953125]},{"page":361,"text":"aircraft, the actions of other aircraft engaged in air support of ground or sea forces. ","rect":[111.59999084472656,152.87998962402345,525.0023803710938,141.85198974609376]},{"page":361,"text":"Also called TAC(A). (Approved for incorporation into the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.59999084472656,166.6799774169922,486.06002587890625,155.6519775390625]},{"page":361,"text":"tactical air direction center. An air operations installation, under the overall control of ","rect":[90.0,192.45596313476563,525.0504150390625,181.45196533203126]},{"page":361,"text":"the Navy tactical air control center or the Marine tactical air command center, from","rect":[111.60001373291016,206.2799530029297,522.0468154296875,195.251953125]},{"page":361,"text":"which aircraft and air warning service functions of tactical air operations in support of ","rect":[111.60001373291016,220.0800018310547,525.0383911132813,209.052001953125]},{"page":361,"text":"amphibious operations are directed. Also called TADC. (Approved for incorporation","rect":[111.60001373291016,233.85592651367188,521.97119140625,222.8519287109375]},{"page":361,"text":"into the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60001373291016,247.6799774169922,238.27683801269533,236.6519775390625]},{"page":361,"text":"tactical air operations center. ","rect":[90.00001525878906,273.4559631347656,248.6136016845703,262.6439514160156]},{"page":361,"text":"The principal air control agency of the United States","rect":[255.3000030517578,273.4799499511719,522.0348212890625,262.45196533203127]},{"page":361,"text":"Marine Corps air command and control system responsible for airspace control and","rect":[111.60001373291016,287.2799377441406,522.0455932617188,276.251953125]},{"page":361,"text":"management. Also called TAOC. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60001373291016,301.0799255371094,465.160794921875,290.05194091796877]},{"page":361,"text":"target location error. The difference between the coordinates generated for a target and the","rect":[90.0000228881836,326.8799133300781,522.0396088867187,315.8519287109375]},{"page":361,"text":"actual location of the target. Also called TLE. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60001373291016,340.6799011230469,515.9039284667969,329.65191650390627]},{"page":361,"text":"target reference point. A predetermined point of reference, normally a permanent","rect":[90.0,366.47991943359377,521.9843764648438,355.4519348144531]},{"page":361,"text":"structure or terrain feature that can be used when describing a target location. Also","rect":[111.59999084472656,380.2799072265625,522.1007690429688,369.2519226074219]},{"page":361,"text":"called TRP. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.59999084472656,394.07989501953127,358.52401513671875,383.0519104003906]},{"page":361,"text":"terminal attack control. The authority to control the maneuver of and grant weapons","rect":[89.99999237060547,419.8799133300781,522.053986328125,408.8519287109375]},{"page":361,"text":"release clearance to attacking aircraft. Also called TAC. (Approved for incorporation","rect":[111.59999084472656,433.6799011230469,521.9784545898438,422.65191650390627]},{"page":361,"text":"into the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60001373291016,447.4798889160156,238.27683801269533,436.451904296875]},{"page":361,"text":"terminal control. 1. A type of air control with the authority to direct aircraft to maneuver","rect":[90.00001525878906,473.2799072265625,522.0024086914062,462.2519226074219]},{"page":361,"text":"into a position to deliver ordnance, passengers, or cargo to a specific location or target. ","rect":[111.60001373291016,487.0799255371094,525.0479736328125,476.05194091796877]},{"page":361,"text":"2. Any electronic, mechanical, or visual control given to aircraft to facilitate target","rect":[111.60001373291016,500.87994384765627,522.0528579101563,489.8519592285156]},{"page":361,"text":"acquisition and resolution. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60001373291016,514.6799926757813,426.82800073242188,503.6519775390625]},{"page":361,"text":"terrain flight. Flight close to the Earth’s surface during which airspeed, height, and/or","rect":[90.0,540.4199829101563,522.0047890625,529.3919677734375]},{"page":361,"text":"altitude are adapted to the contours and cover of the ground to avoid enemy detection","rect":[111.59999084472656,554.2200317382813,522.0696411132813,543.1920166015625]},{"page":361,"text":"and fire. Also called contour flight; low-level flight; nap-of-the-Earth flight. ","rect":[111.60003662109375,568.02001953125,524.9676513671875,556.9920043945313]},{"page":361,"text":"(Approved for incorporation into the DOD Dictionary.)","rect":[111.60003662109375,581.820068359375,377.880033203125,570.7920532226563]},{"page":361,"text":"thermal crossover. The natural phenomenon that normally occurs twice daily when","rect":[90.00003051757813,607.6200561523438,521.9619140625,596.592041015625]},{"page":361,"text":"temperature conditions are such that there is a loss of contrast between two adjacent","rect":[111.60002899169922,621.4201049804688,522.0216689453125,610.3800659179688]},{"page":361,"text":"objects on infrared imagery. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60005950927735,635.2200927734375,435.1728798828125,624.1800537109375]},{"page":361,"text":"time on target. The actual time at which munitions impact the target. Also called TOT. ","rect":[90.00006866455078,661.0201416015625,525.0001220703125,649.9921264648438]},{"page":361,"text":"(DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3) ","rect":[111.60008239746094,674.8201293945313,296.94732666015627,663.7921142578125]},{"page":361,"text":"time to target. The number of minutes and seconds to elapse before aircraft ordnance","rect":[90.00008392333985,700.6201782226563,521.9928559570312,689.5921630859375]},{"page":361,"text":"impacts on target. Also called TTT. (DOD Dictionary. Source: JP 3-09.3)","rect":[111.60008239746094,714.420166015625,475.943998046875,703.3920288085938]},{"page":361,"text":"GL-13","rect":[490.0199890136719,753.4679565429688,522.0023803710938,745.055908203125]},{"page":362,"text":"Glossary","rect":[90.0,49.67997741699219,132.735595703125,38.651973724365237]},{"page":362,"text":"wing. 1. An Air Force unit composed normally of one primary mission group and the","rect":[90.0,85.67997741699219,521.992794921875,74.6519775390625]},{"page":362,"text":"necessary supporting organizations. 2. A fleet air wing is the basic organizational and","rect":[111.60001373291016,99.47996520996094,522.1055908203125,88.45196533203125]},{"page":362,"text":"administrative unit for naval-, land-, and tender-based aviation. 3. A balanced Marine","rect":[111.60001373291016,111.0,521.9988374023437,102.251953125]},{"page":362,"text":"Corps task organization of aircraft groups and squadrons, together with appropriate","rect":[111.60001373291016,127.08000183105469,522.0419892578125,116.052001953125]},{"page":362,"text":"command, air control, administrative, service, and maintenance units. 4. A flank unit;","rect":[111.60001373291016,140.2919921875,522.0000014648438,129.85198974609376]},{"page":362,"text":"that part of a military force to the right or left of the main body. (DOD Dictionary. 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