{"lines":[{"page":1,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[438.07000732421877,70.75799560546875,540.0460249023438,57.61799621582031]},{"page":1,"text":"TECHNIQUES FOR TACTICAL RADIO OPERATIONS","rect":[95.06399536132813,145.05796813964845,534.8579897460937,130.67596435546876]},{"page":1,"text":"FEBRUARY 2020","rect":[252.2899932861328,191.35556030273438,380.97404078292848,179.52919006347657]},{"page":1,"text":"DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.","rect":[90.02400207519531,438.7720031738281,431.17601123046878,430.43798828125]},{"page":1,"text":"This publication supersedes ATP 6-02.53, dated 7 January 2016.","rect":[90.02399444580078,459.6310119628906,363.6519938964844,451.27899169921877]},{"page":1,"text":"Headquarters, Department of the Army","rect":[149.7799835205078,622.822021484375,480.15198193359375,605.9559936523438]},{"page":2,"text":"This publication is available at the Army Publishing Directorate","rect":[92.18399810791016,358.8013916015625,501.740231716156,344.29376220703127]},{"page":2,"text":"Website (https://armypubs.army.mil/) and the Central Army Registry","rect":[75.7439956665039,377.161376953125,518.2487378120422,362.65374755859377]},{"page":2,"text":"site (https://atiam.train.army.mil/catalog/dashboard).","rect":[128.4199981689453,395.5213928222656,465.69996094703677,381.0137634277344]},{"page":3,"text":"Army Techniques Publication","rect":[95.42399597167969,94.68138122558594,215.27264833450318,85.62773895263672]},{"page":3,"text":"No. 6-02.53","rect":[95.42399597167969,104.1894760131836,143.4498028755188,97.32703399658203]},{"page":3,"text":"*ATP 6-02.53","rect":[455.2300109863281,67.11446380615235,540.2115134162903,56.86526107788086]},{"page":3,"text":"Headquarters","rect":[491.7490234375,94.72444915771485,544.8457534914016,85.69072723388672]},{"page":3,"text":"Department of the Army","rect":[446.6560363769531,106.20439147949219,544.851704120636,97.15074920654297]},{"page":3,"text":"Washington, DC, 13 February 2020","rect":[402.0990295410156,117.66441345214844,544.8457226753235,108.51116943359375]},{"page":3,"text":"Techniques for Tactical Radio Operations","rect":[117.13999938964844,191.02781677246095,512.9701824035644,172.51084899902345]},{"page":3,"text":"Contents","rect":[280.3699951171875,218.47555541992188,349.6044729118347,206.6811065673828]},{"page":3,"text":"Chapter 1 ","rect":[90.02407836914063,296.3621520996094,138.86897766685486,287.15911865234377]},{"page":3,"text":"Chapter 2 ","rect":[90.02398681640625,382.88214111328127,138.86888611412048,373.6791076660156]},{"page":3,"text":"Chapter 3 ","rect":[90.0240478515625,457.90216064453127,138.86894714927673,448.6991271972656]},{"page":3,"text":"Chapter 4 ","rect":[90.02413940429688,609.8521728515625,138.8690387020111,600.649169921875]},{"page":3,"text":"Chapter 5 ","rect":[90.02413940429688,650.4121704101563,138.8690387020111,641.2091674804688]},{"page":3,"text":"Page","rect":[504.94000244140627,243.9409942626953,526.4770224609375,235.61599731445313]},{"page":3,"text":"PREFACE................................................................................................................... vii","rect":[162.02001953125,260.0,540.1051837215424,252.08914184570313]},{"page":3,"text":"INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... ix","rect":[162.02008056640626,276.99957275390627,539.9978430290222,269.6391296386719]},{"page":3,"text":"OVERVIEW ...............................................................................................................1-1","rect":[162.02005004882813,294.5195617675781,540.1178991813659,287.15911865234377]},{"page":3,"text":"Tactical Radios .......................................................................................................... 1-1","rect":[162.02011108398438,307.0,540.1178991813659,298.8887634277344]},{"page":3,"text":"Tactical Radio Networks............................................................................................1-2","rect":[162.02011108398438,318.0,540.1179602165222,310.40875244140627]},{"page":3,"text":"Network Management Planning Tools ......................................................................1-4","rect":[162.02017211914063,331.171630859375,540.1180212516784,321.9287414550781]},{"page":3,"text":"Capabilities ................................................................................................................ 1-6","rect":[162.02023315429688,342.4620666503906,540.1180212516784,333.2391052246094]},{"page":3,"text":"Land Mobile Radio.....................................................................................................1-6","rect":[162.02023315429688,353.0,540.1180822868347,344.8487243652344]},{"page":3,"text":"Combat Survivor Evader Locator ..............................................................................1-7","rect":[162.02029418945313,364.0,540.1178381462097,356.2790832519531]},{"page":3,"text":"TACTICAL RADIO EMPLOYMENT BY ECHELON.................................................2-1","rect":[162.01995849609376,381.03955078125,540.1178381462097,373.6791076660156]},{"page":3,"text":"Combatant Commander Communications Team......................................................2-1","rect":[162.02001953125,393.0,540.1178381462097,385.3191223144531]},{"page":3,"text":"Signal Command (Theater) ....................................................................................... 2-3","rect":[162.02001953125,406.171630859375,540.1178381462097,396.839111328125]},{"page":3,"text":"Corps and Below .......................................................................................................2-4","rect":[162.02005004882813,417.4620666503906,540.1178991813659,408.2391052246094]},{"page":3,"text":"Special Operations Forces ........................................................................................ 2-5","rect":[162.02005004882813,428.9820861816406,540.1178991813659,419.7491760253906]},{"page":3,"text":"Tactical Command Post ............................................................................................2-6","rect":[162.02005004882813,439.0,540.1178991813659,431.2991027832031]},{"page":3,"text":"TACTICAL RADIO PLATFORMS ............................................................................3-1","rect":[162.02001953125,456.06951904296877,540.1178381462097,448.6991271972656]},{"page":3,"text":"Section I – Legacy and Enduring Radio Platforms..............................................3-1","rect":[162.02001953125,473.63165283203127,540.1178381462097,464.29913330078127]},{"page":3,"text":"Single-Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System................................................3-1","rect":[162.02005004882813,485.1516418457031,540.1178991813659,475.8191223144531]},{"page":3,"text":"Defense Advanced Global Positioning System Receiver........................................3-12","rect":[162.02005004882813,496.6716613769531,539.9977819938659,487.3391418457031]},{"page":3,"text":"MicroLight Personal Software-Defined Networked Radio ....................................... 3-13","rect":[162.02008056640626,508.0716552734375,539.9977819938659,498.7391357421875]},{"page":3,"text":"High Frequency Radios ........................................................................................... 3-13","rect":[162.02008056640626,519.5916748046875,539.9977819938659,510.3487548828125]},{"page":3,"text":"Blue Force Tracking ................................................................................................3-18","rect":[162.02008056640626,531.1116943359375,539.9978430290222,521.8687744140625]},{"page":3,"text":"Force XXI Battle Command, Brigade and Below Joint Battle Command Platform .3-19","rect":[162.02011108398438,542.6317138671875,539.9978430290222,533.2991943359375]},{"page":3,"text":"Force XXI Battle Command, Brigade and Below Joint Capabilities Release..........3-19","rect":[162.0201416015625,554.1516723632813,539.9978430290222,544.8191528320313]},{"page":3,"text":"Section II – Software Defined Radio Platforms ..................................................3-19","rect":[162.0201416015625,567.6695556640625,539.9978430290222,560.2991943359375]},{"page":3,"text":"Handheld Manpack Small Form Fit ......................................................................... 3-20","rect":[162.0201416015625,581.0421142578125,539.9978430290222,571.8191528320313]},{"page":3,"text":"Manpack Radio........................................................................................................3-21","rect":[162.0201416015625,592.5621337890625,539.9978430290222,583.4287719726563]},{"page":3,"text":"WAVEFORMS AND WAVEFORM APPLICATIONS ...............................................4-1","rect":[162.02011108398438,608.01953125,540.1179602165222,600.649169921875]},{"page":3,"text":"Lower Tier Waveforms ..............................................................................................4-1","rect":[162.02017211914063,620.0,540.1179602165222,612.2891845703125]},{"page":3,"text":"Waveform Applications..............................................................................................4-2","rect":[162.02017211914063,633.0321655273438,540.1179602165222,623.8092041015625]},{"page":3,"text":"VHF RADIOS ............................................................................................................5-1","rect":[162.02011108398438,649.0,540.1178991813659,641.2091674804688]},{"page":3,"text":"Multiband Inter/Intra Team Radio..............................................................................5-1","rect":[162.02011108398438,661.0,540.1178381462097,652.8491821289063]},{"page":3,"text":"Wideband Networking Handheld Radio ....................................................................5-2","rect":[162.02001953125,673.70166015625,540.1178381462097,664.458740234375]},{"page":3,"text":"Multichannel Manpack Radio ....................................................................................5-3","rect":[162.02001953125,684.9921264648438,540.1178381462097,675.8587646484375]},{"page":3,"text":"DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.","rect":[90.02399444580078,716.9400024414063,452.00608935546878,708.6240234375]},{"page":3,"text":"*This publication supersedes ATP 6-02.53, dated 7 January 2016.","rect":[90.02399444580078,733.4969482421875,367.1319743652344,725.1449584960938]},{"page":3,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,331.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":3,"text":"i","rect":[519.5799560546875,753.9359741210938,522.0819560546875,747.4920043945313]},{"page":4,"text":"Preface","rect":[72.02399444580078,62.259033203125,104.61299353027344,55.608036041259769]},{"page":4,"text":"Chapter 6 ","rect":[72.02399444580078,89.45216369628906,120.86888611412049,80.2491226196289]},{"page":4,"text":"Chapter 7 ","rect":[72.02401733398438,152.93226623535157,120.86891663169861,143.72921752929688]},{"page":4,"text":"Chapter 8 ","rect":[72.02401733398438,227.93238830566407,120.86891663169861,218.72933959960938]},{"page":4,"text":"Chapter 9 ","rect":[72.02401733398438,348.92236328125,120.86891663169861,339.7193298339844]},{"page":4,"text":"Chapter 10 ","rect":[72.02401733398438,412.40234375,126.50887024497986,403.1993103027344]},{"page":4,"text":"Appendix A ","rect":[72.02407836914063,556.4222412109375,130.3489199886322,547.3387451171875]},{"page":4,"text":"Appendix B ","rect":[72.02407836914063,573.9422607421875,130.3489199886322,564.8587646484375]},{"page":4,"text":"Appendix C ","rect":[72.02407836914063,591.4622802734375,130.3489199886322,582.25927734375]},{"page":4,"text":"Appendix D ","rect":[72.02401733398438,609.0122680664063,130.34885895347595,599.9287719726563]},{"page":4,"text":"Appendix E ","rect":[72.02401733398438,626.5322875976563,129.74886047935486,617.4487915039063]},{"page":4,"text":"Appendix F ","rect":[72.02401733398438,643.9322509765625,129.2688952693939,634.8487548828125]},{"page":4,"text":"Appendix G ","rect":[72.02395629882813,661.4522705078125,130.9487506160736,652.249267578125]},{"page":4,"text":"Appendix H ","rect":[72.02395629882813,678.97216796875,130.3487979183197,669.888671875]},{"page":4,"text":"Appendix I ","rect":[72.02389526367188,696.4881591796875,125.90879547691346,687.4046630859375]},{"page":4,"text":"Appendix J ","rect":[72.02383422851563,714.0081787109375,128.66871368980407,704.9246826171875]},{"page":4,"text":"ii","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,77.16599383544922,747.4920043945313]},{"page":4,"text":"ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCY RADIOS ...................................................................... 6-1","rect":[144.0199737548828,88.20716094970703,522.1178381462097,80.2491226196289]},{"page":4,"text":"Multifunctional Information Distribution System........................................................ 6-1","rect":[144.02005004882813,101.2216567993164,522.1178381462097,91.8891372680664]},{"page":4,"text":"Tactical Digital Information Link Joint Terminals ...................................................... 6-1","rect":[144.02005004882813,112.7416763305664,522.1178381462097,103.4091567993164]},{"page":4,"text":"Joint Tactical Information Distribution System.......................................................... 6-2","rect":[144.02005004882813,124.1417007446289,522.1178381462097,114.8091812133789]},{"page":4,"text":"Battlefield Awareness and Targeting System-Dismounted ...................................... 6-3","rect":[144.02005004882813,135.66171264648438,522.1178381462097,126.3292007446289]},{"page":4,"text":"AIRBORNE RADIOS................................................................................................","rect":[144.01998901367188,151.09962463378907,505.15681946372987,143.72921752929688]},{"page":4,"text":"AN/ARC-201 Radio...................................................................................................","rect":[144.02005004882813,163.0,505.1867877254486,155.36923217773438]},{"page":4,"text":"AN/ARC-210 Radio...................................................................................................","rect":[144.02005004882813,175.0,505.1867877254486,166.88925170898438]},{"page":4,"text":"AN/ARC-220 Radio...................................................................................................","rect":[144.02005004882813,186.0,505.1867877254486,178.40927124023438]},{"page":4,"text":"AN/ARC-231 Radio...................................................................................................","rect":[144.02005004882813,198.0,505.1867877254486,189.80929565429688]},{"page":4,"text":"AN/ARC-186 Radio...................................................................................................","rect":[144.02005004882813,209.0,505.1867877254486,201.32931518554688]},{"page":4,"text":"ANTENNA TECHNIQUES........................................................................................ 8-1","rect":[144.01998901367188,226.6873779296875,522.1177771110534,218.72933959960938]},{"page":4,"text":"Antenna Techniques Overview................................................................................. 8-1","rect":[144.01998901367188,239.59231567382813,522.1177771110534,230.35940551757813]},{"page":4,"text":"High Frequency Antenna Location Considerations .................................................. 8-1","rect":[144.01998901367188,251.22189331054688,522.1177771110534,241.88937377929688]},{"page":4,"text":"Ground Effects.......................................................................................................... 8-9","rect":[144.01998901367188,261.0,522.1178381462097,253.31936645507813]},{"page":4,"text":"Grounded Antenna Theory ..................................................................................... 8-10","rect":[144.02005004882813,274.1719055175781,521.9977819938659,264.8393859863281]},{"page":4,"text":"Antenna Length....................................................................................................... 8-12","rect":[144.02005004882813,285.69189453125,521.9977819938659,276.4490051269531]},{"page":4,"text":"Antenna Orientation................................................................................................ 8-13","rect":[144.02005004882813,296.0,521.9977819938659,287.8694152832031]},{"page":4,"text":"Improvement of Marginal Communications ............................................................ 8-15","rect":[144.02005004882813,308.73187255859377,521.9977819938659,299.39935302734377]},{"page":4,"text":"Types of Antennas.................................................................................................. 8-15","rect":[144.02005004882813,320.2518615722656,521.9977819938659,310.9193420410156]},{"page":4,"text":"Field Repair............................................................................................................. 8-30","rect":[144.02005004882813,331.54229736328127,521.9977819938659,322.4089660644531]},{"page":4,"text":"TACTICAL RADIO KEY MANAGEMENT................................................................ 9-1","rect":[144.01998901367188,347.0897216796875,522.1178381462097,339.7193298339844]},{"page":4,"text":"Key Management Infrastructure................................................................................ 9-1","rect":[144.02005004882813,360.6918640136719,522.1178381462097,351.3593444824219]},{"page":4,"text":"Key Distribution......................................................................................................... 9-2","rect":[144.02005004882813,372.21185302734377,522.1178381462097,362.9689636230469]},{"page":4,"text":"Automated Communications Engineering Software ................................................. 9-2","rect":[144.02005004882813,383.7318420410156,522.1178381462097,374.3993225097656]},{"page":4,"text":"Loadsets.................................................................................................................... 9-4","rect":[144.02005004882813,394.0,522.1178381462097,386.0089416503906]},{"page":4,"text":"ELECTRONIC WARFARE AND PROTECTION TECHNIQUES........................... 10-1","rect":[144.01995849609376,411.1573486328125,521.9977209587097,403.1993103027344]},{"page":4,"text":"Electronic Warfare................................................................................................... 10-1","rect":[144.02005004882813,423.0,521.9977209587097,414.8393249511719]},{"page":4,"text":"Electronic Protection Responsibilities..................................................................... 10-3","rect":[144.02005004882813,435.602294921875,521.9977209587097,426.4689636230469]},{"page":4,"text":"Communications Planning Process ........................................................................ 10-5","rect":[144.02005004882813,447.2318420410156,521.9977819938659,437.8993225097656]},{"page":4,"text":"Signal Security........................................................................................................ 10-7","rect":[144.02011108398438,458.7518310546875,521.9977819938659,449.4193115234375]},{"page":4,"text":"Emission Control..................................................................................................... 10-7","rect":[144.02011108398438,469.0,521.9977819938659,460.9393005371094]},{"page":4,"text":"Preventive Electronic Protection Techniques ......................................................... 10-8","rect":[144.02011108398438,481.562255859375,521.9977819938659,472.4289245605469]},{"page":4,"text":"Single-Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System Anti-Jamming.................... 10-14","rect":[144.02011108398438,493.1918029785156,521.9978430290222,483.8592834472656]},{"page":4,"text":"Electronic Warfare for Single-Channel Tactical Satellite...................................... 10-15","rect":[144.02011108398438,504.7117919921875,521.9978430290222,495.3792724609375]},{"page":4,"text":"Counter Radio-Controlled Improvised Explosive Device Electronic Warfare....... 10-17","rect":[144.02011108398438,516.1222534179688,521.9978430290222,506.8992614746094]},{"page":4,"text":"Purposeful Interference......................................................................................... 10-17","rect":[144.02011108398438,527.6422729492188,521.9978430290222,518.4193115234375]},{"page":4,"text":"Electromagnetic Interference................................................................................ 10-17","rect":[144.02011108398438,539.1517944335938,521.9978430290222,529.8192749023438]},{"page":4,"text":"FREQUENCY MODULATION RADIO NETWORKS ...............................................A-1","rect":[144.02000427246095,555.17724609375,521.9978430290222,547.21923828125]},{"page":4,"text":"SINGLE-CHANNEL RADIO COMMUNICATIONS TECHNIQUES .........................B-1","rect":[144.02000427246095,572.697265625,522.1178381462097,564.7392578125]},{"page":4,"text":"ANTENNA SELECTION...........................................................................................C-1","rect":[144.02000427246095,590.0,522.1178381462097,582.25927734375]},{"page":4,"text":"COMMUNICATIONS IN AUSTERE ENVIRONMENTS ...........................................D-1","rect":[144.0199432373047,608.0,522.1177771110534,599.8092651367188]},{"page":4,"text":"JULIAN DATE, SYNCHRONIZATION TIME, AND TIME 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F-1","rect":[144.01998901367188,642.099609375,522.1177771110534,634.729248046875]},{"page":4,"text":"DATA COMMUNICATIONS .....................................................................................G-1","rect":[144.01995849609376,660.0,522.1177160758972,652.249267578125]},{"page":4,"text":"COSITE INTERFERENCE........................................................................................H-1","rect":[144.01988220214845,678.0,522.1177160758972,669.7691650390625]},{"page":4,"text":"RADIO OPERATING PROCEDURES....................................................................... I-1","rect":[144.01988220214845,695.0,522.1175940055847,687.28515625]},{"page":4,"text":"FIELD REPAIR OF ANTENNAS.............................................................................. J-1","rect":[144.01980590820313,713.0,522.1177771110534,704.80517578125]},{"page":4,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":4,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":5,"text":"Appendix K ","rect":[90.02399444580078,89.45216369628906,148.34883606529236,80.36863708496094]},{"page":5,"text":"Preface","rect":[507.5799865722656,62.259033203125,540.1689780273438,55.608036041259769]},{"page":5,"text":"SINGLE-CHANNEL TACTICAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS....................... K-1","rect":[162.01992797851563,88.0,540.1177771110534,80.2491226196289]},{"page":5,"text":"GLOSSARY ................................................................................................ Glossary-1","rect":[162.02005004882813,107.1016616821289,538.4377844352722,97.7691421508789]},{"page":5,"text":"REFERENCES ........................................................................................ References-1","rect":[162.02005004882813,122.65956115722656,538.4377844352722,115.2891616821289]},{"page":5,"text":"INDEX................................................................................................................ Index-1","rect":[162.02005004882813,140.04962158203126,538.4377844352722,132.77882385253907]},{"page":5,"text":"Figures","rect":[286.13006591796877,172.43568420410157,343.82548121261598,157.67266845703126]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 3-1. Retransmission operations ........................................................................................3-10","rect":[104.42007446289063,200.22164916992188,539.9978430290222,190.97877502441407]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 3-2. Defense Advanced Global Positioning System receiver ...........................................3-13","rect":[104.42010498046875,215.70162963867188,539.9977819938659,206.36911010742188]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-1. Transmitter and receiver connection example.............................................................8-2","rect":[104.4200439453125,231.18161010742188,540.1178991813659,221.93873596191407]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-2. Components of electromagnetic waves.......................................................................8-3","rect":[104.42010498046875,246.66159057617188,540.1178991813659,237.32907104492188]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-3. Solid radiation patterns ................................................................................................ 8-4","rect":[104.42010498046875,262.1716003417969,540.1179602165222,252.83908081054688]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-4. Vertically polarized wave .............................................................................................8-5","rect":[104.420166015625,277.6515808105469,540.1180212516784,268.40869140625]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-5. Horizontally polarized wave","rect":[104.42022705078125,293.131591796875,277.2679846305847,283.8887023925781]},{"page":5,"text":"8-6","rect":[525.7002563476563,291.1595153808594,540.1180822868347,283.8887023925781]},{"page":5,"text":"........................................................................................","rect":[281.5702209472656,292.0,524.4773150691987,290.0]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-6. Circular polarization ..................................................................................................... 8-7","rect":[104.4202880859375,308.7315979003906,540.1181433219909,299.3990783691406]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-7. Antenna take-off angle.................................................................................................8-9","rect":[104.42034912109375,324.21160888671877,540.1182043571472,314.87908935546877]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-8. Quarter-wave antenna connected to ground ............................................................. 8-10","rect":[104.42041015625,339.6916198730469,539.9981482048034,330.3491516113281]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-9. Wire counterpoise......................................................................................................8-12","rect":[104.42041015625,355.171630859375,539.9981482048034,345.9287414550781]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-10. Beamwidth  ..............................................................................................................8-14","rect":[104.42041015625,370.6516418457031,539.9981482048034,361.40875244140627]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-11. Example of a declination diagram............................................................................8-14","rect":[104.42041015625,386.13165283203127,539.9977819938659,376.79913330078127]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-12. Near-vertical incidence skywave antenna, AS-2259/GR.........................................8-16","rect":[104.4200439453125,401.7316589355469,539.9977819938659,392.3991394042969]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-13. V antenna.................................................................................................................8-17","rect":[104.4200439453125,417.2116394042969,539.9977819938659,407.96875]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-14. Vertical half-rhombic antenna .................................................................................. 8-18","rect":[104.42007446289063,432.691650390625,539.9977819938659,423.359130859375]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-15. Long-wire antenna ................................................................................................... 8-19","rect":[104.4200439453125,448.191650390625,539.9977819938659,438.9487609863281]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-16. Sloping-V antenna ...................................................................................................8-20","rect":[104.42007446289063,463.6716613769531,539.9977819938659,454.3391418457031]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-17. Inverted L antenna...................................................................................................8-21","rect":[104.42007446289063,479.1516418457031,539.9977819938659,469.90875244140627]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-18. Near-vertical incidence skywave propagation .........................................................8-22","rect":[104.42007446289063,494.75164794921877,539.9977819938659,485.5087585449219]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-19. Whip antenna...........................................................................................................8-23","rect":[104.42007446289063,510.2316589355469,539.9977819938659,500.98876953125]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-20. Whip antennas mounted on a vehicle......................................................................8-24","rect":[104.42007446289063,525.711669921875,539.9977819938659,516.46875]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-21. OE-303 half-rhombic VHF antenna .........................................................................8-26","rect":[104.42007446289063,541.191650390625,539.9977819938659,531.84912109375]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-22. Half-wave dipole (doublet) antenna ......................................................................... 8-27","rect":[104.42007446289063,556.671630859375,539.9977819938659,547.339111328125]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-23. Center-fed half-wave antenna .................................................................................8-28","rect":[104.42007446289063,572.1516723632813,539.9977819938659,562.8191528320313]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-24. Improvised vertical half-wave antenna ....................................................................8-29","rect":[104.4200439453125,587.751708984375,539.9977819938659,578.419189453125]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-25. Field repair of broken whip antennas.......................................................................8-31","rect":[104.4200439453125,603.231689453125,539.9977819938659,593.899169921875]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-26. Examples of field expedient antenna insulators ......................................................8-32","rect":[104.4200439453125,618.74169921875,539.9977819938659,609.4091796875]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8-27. Repaired antenna guy lines and masts ...................................................................8-33","rect":[104.4200439453125,634.2216796875,539.9977819938659,624.978759765625]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 10-1. Local interference resolution (Army victim) ...........................................................10-19","rect":[104.4200439453125,649.70166015625,539.9977819938659,640.369140625]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 10-2. Interference resolution (Army source) ...................................................................10-20","rect":[104.42007446289063,665.181640625,539.9977819938659,655.84912109375]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure A-1. Structure of a division command network ...................................................................A-3","rect":[104.42010498046875,680.6616821289063,539.9964392204284,671.3291625976563]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure A-2. Example of a brigade administrative and logistics network.........................................A-4","rect":[104.42010498046875,696.2576904296875,539.9970495719909,686.9251708984375]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure A-3. Example of a division operations and intelligence communications network..............A-5","rect":[104.42010498046875,711.7376708984375,539.9975988883972,702.4051513671875]},{"page":5,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":5,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":5,"text":"iii","rect":[514.5400390625,753.9359741210938,522.0820170898437,747.4920043945313]},{"page":6,"text":"Preface","rect":[72.02399444580078,62.259033203125,104.61299353027344,55.608036041259769]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure A-4. Example of a corps medical operations network ........................................................ A-6","rect":[86.42399597167969,89.8216323852539,521.9977819938659,80.4891128540039]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure A-5. Example of a medical operations network in a division .............................................. A-7","rect":[86.42401123046875,105.3016128540039,521.9977819938659,95.9690933227539]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure A-6. Example of a division sustainment area command network.......................................A-8","rect":[86.42401123046875,120.7815933227539,521.9977819938659,111.4490737915039]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure A-7. Example of a division HF command network..............................................................A-9","rect":[86.4239501953125,136.26156616210938,521.9977819938659,126.9290542602539]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure A-8. Example of a cavalry squadron HF data network ..................................................... A-10","rect":[86.4239501953125,151.74154663085938,521.9976599235534,142.40902709960938]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure B-1. Radiation of radio waves from a vertical antenna.......................................................B-3","rect":[86.42388916015625,167.22152709960938,521.9976599235534,157.88900756835938]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure B-2. Wavelength of a radio wave........................................................................................B-3","rect":[86.423828125,182.82150268554688,521.9975988883972,173.48898315429688]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure B-3. Principal paths of radio waves ....................................................................................B-4","rect":[86.42376708984375,198.30148315429688,521.9975378532409,188.96896362304688]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure B-4. Possible routes for ground waves...............................................................................B-4","rect":[86.4237060546875,213.78146362304688,521.9974768180847,204.44894409179688]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure B-5. Average layer distribution of the ionosphere ..............................................................B-6","rect":[86.4237060546875,229.26144409179688,521.9975378532409,219.92892456054688]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure B-6. Skywave transmission paths.......................................................................................B-8","rect":[86.4237060546875,244.74142456054688,521.9974768180847,235.40890502929688]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure B-7. Skywave transmission hop paths................................................................................B-9","rect":[86.4237060546875,260.2214050292969,521.9974768180847,250.88888549804688]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure B-8. Wave shapes ............................................................................................................B-13","rect":[86.4237060546875,275.7314147949219,521.9974157829284,266.488525390625]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure B-9. Amplitude modulation system ................................................................................... B-14","rect":[86.42364501953125,291.3314208984375,521.9974157829284,282.0885314941406]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure B-10. Single-sideband system..........................................................................................B-15","rect":[86.42364501953125,306.8114318847656,521.9973547477722,297.4789123535156]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure C-1. 32-foot vertical whip, vertical antenna pattern ............................................................ C-3","rect":[86.423583984375,322.29144287109377,522.1173498649597,312.95892333984377]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure E-1. World time zone map .................................................................................................. E-5","rect":[86.423583984375,337.7714538574219,521.9973547477722,328.528564453125]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure H-1. Possible antenna stacks.............................................................................................H-3","rect":[86.42352294921875,353.25146484375,522.1172888298034,344.0085754394531]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure J-1. Field repair of broken whip antennas ...........................................................................J-1","rect":[86.42352294921875,368.7314758300781,522.1172277946472,359.3989562988281]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure J-2. Examples of field expedient antenna insulators...........................................................J-2","rect":[86.4234619140625,384.33148193359377,522.1171667594909,374.99896240234377]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure J-3. Repaired antenna guy lines and masts ........................................................................J-3","rect":[86.42340087890625,399.8114929199219,522.1171057243347,390.568603515625]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure K-1. Single-Channel Anti-Jam Man-Portable terminal interface with combat net radio .....K-4","rect":[86.42333984375,415.29150390625,521.9971106071472,405.958984375]},{"page":6,"text":"Tables","rect":[271.7300109863281,453.8455810546875,322.2274892692566,442.2426452636719]},{"page":6,"text":"Table 3-1. Comparison of SINCGARS versions and components................................................ 3-3","rect":[86.42401123046875,484.5621032714844,522.1178381462097,475.3391418457031]},{"page":6,"text":"Table 3-2. SINCGARS enhancements comparison ...................................................................... 3-5","rect":[86.42401123046875,500.0421142578125,522.1178381462097,490.81915283203127]},{"page":6,"text":"Table 3-2. SINCGARS enhancements comparison (continued) ................................................... 3-6","rect":[86.42401123046875,515.751708984375,522.1177771110534,506.4191589355469]},{"page":6,"text":"Table 3-3. Minimum antenna separation distance....................................................................... 3-11","rect":[86.4239501953125,531.1221313476563,521.9976599235534,521.98876953125]},{"page":6,"text":"Table 3-4. AN/VRC-100 configurations ....................................................................................... 3-15","rect":[86.42388916015625,546.7117309570313,521.9975988883972,537.3792114257813]},{"page":6,"text":"Table 3-5. Automatic link establishment system handshake....................................................... 3-17","rect":[86.423828125,562.1917114257813,521.9975988883972,552.9487915039063]},{"page":6,"text":"Table 3-6. Notional link quality analysis matrix for a radio (B3B)................................................ 3-17","rect":[86.423828125,577.6716918945313,521.9975988883972,568.3391723632813]},{"page":6,"text":"Table 8-1. Antenna length calculations........................................................................................ 8-13","rect":[86.423828125,593.1517333984375,521.9975378532409,583.9088134765625]},{"page":6,"text":"Table 8-2. Leg angle for V antennas ........................................................................................... 8-18","rect":[86.42376708984375,608.6616821289063,521.9974768180847,599.3291625976563]},{"page":6,"text":"Table 8-3. Frequency and inverted L horizontal element length ................................................. 8-20","rect":[86.4237060546875,624.26171875,521.9974768180847,615.018798828125]},{"page":6,"text":"Table 8-4. OE-254 planning ranges............................................................................................. 8-25","rect":[86.4237060546875,639.74169921875,521.9974768180847,630.399169921875]},{"page":6,"text":"Table 9-1. Initializing Automated Communications Engineering Software or communications-","rect":[86.4237060546875,655.2216796875,495.05621248340608,645.88916015625]},{"page":6,"text":"electronics operating instructions and signal operating instructions data.................. 9-4","rect":[140.41970825195313,666.6217041015625,522.1174719352722,657.3787841796875]},{"page":6,"text":"Table 10-1. Techniques for minimizing transmissions and transmission times........................... 10-9","rect":[86.42364501953125,682.2216796875,521.9973547477722,672.88916015625]},{"page":6,"text":"Table 10-2. Common jamming signals ...................................................................................... 10-12","rect":[86.42364501953125,697.6976928710938,521.9973547477722,688.3651733398438]},{"page":6,"text":"Table 10-3. Army interference resolution program functions..................................................... 10-18","rect":[86.423583984375,713.1776733398438,521.9972937126159,703.8451538085938]},{"page":6,"text":"iv","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,79.66799383544923,747.4920043945313]},{"page":6,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":6,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":7,"text":"Preface","rect":[507.5799865722656,62.259033203125,540.1689780273438,55.608036041259769]},{"page":7,"text":"Table 10-4. Joint spectrum interference resolution security classification guide ....................... 10-21","rect":[104.41999816894531,89.8216323852539,539.9977209587097,80.4891128540039]},{"page":7,"text":"Table 10-5. Joint spectrum interference resolution information requirements...........................10-22","rect":[104.41998291015625,105.19204711914063,539.9977209587097,95.9690933227539]},{"page":7,"text":"Table A-1. Example of division command networks ......................................................................A-2","rect":[104.41998291015625,120.67202758789063,539.9962561149597,111.4490737915039]},{"page":7,"text":"Table B-1. Surface conductivity......................................................................................................B-5","rect":[104.41998291015625,136.26156616210938,539.9955236930847,126.9290542602539]},{"page":7,"text":"Table B-2. Ionosphere layers .........................................................................................................B-6","rect":[104.41998291015625,151.74154663085938,539.9954626579284,142.49867248535157]},{"page":7,"text":"Table B-3. Regular variations of the ionosphere............................................................................B-7","rect":[104.41998291015625,167.22152709960938,539.9961340446472,157.88900756835938]},{"page":7,"text":"Table B-4. Irregular variations of the ionosphere ...........................................................................B-7","rect":[104.41998291015625,182.82162475585938,539.9961340446472,173.48910522460938]},{"page":7,"text":"Table C-1. Take-off angle versus distance ................................................................................... C-2","rect":[104.42001342773438,198.30166625976563,540.1177160758972,188.96914672851563]},{"page":7,"text":"Table C-2. HF antenna selection matrix........................................................................................ C-4","rect":[104.41998291015625,212.0,540.1177160758972,204.44906616210938]},{"page":7,"text":"Table E-1. Two-digit Julian date calendar (regular year) ...............................................................E-2","rect":[104.41998291015625,229.26162719726563,539.9977819938659,219.92910766601563]},{"page":7,"text":"Table E-2. Two-digit Julian date calendar (leap year) ...................................................................E-3","rect":[104.41998291015625,244.74160766601563,539.9963171501159,235.40908813476563]},{"page":7,"text":"Table E-3. Example of world time zone conversion (standard time)..............................................E-4","rect":[104.41998291015625,260.2215881347656,539.9968054313659,250.88906860351563]},{"page":7,"text":"Table F-1. Compromised network recovery procedures: compromised transmission encryption","rect":[104.41998291015625,275.7315979003906,519.7314856071472,266.3990783691406]},{"page":7,"text":"keys and key encryption keys.....................................................................................F-2","rect":[158.41998291015626,287.2516174316406,540.1177771110534,278.00872802734377]},{"page":7,"text":"Table F-2. Compromised network recovery procedures: compromised transmission encryption","rect":[104.41998291015625,302.7315979003906,519.7314856071472,293.3990783691406]},{"page":7,"text":"keysF-3","rect":[158.41998291015626,314.2516174316406,195.03779053878785,305.00872802734377]},{"page":7,"text":"Table H-1. Transmitters and transmission range with and without the frequency hopping","rect":[104.41998291015625,329.7315979003906,492.1644995231628,320.3990783691406]},{"page":7,"text":"multiplexer.................................................................................................................. H-4","rect":[158.41998291015626,341.1420593261719,540.1177771110534,332.03863525390627]},{"page":7,"text":"Table I-1. Phonetic alphabet ...........................................................................................................I-1","rect":[104.41998291015625,356.6220397949219,540.1176550407409,347.48870849609377]},{"page":7,"text":"Table I-2. Numerical pronunciation .................................................................................................I-2","rect":[104.41998291015625,372.2220458984375,540.1177160758972,363.0887145996094]},{"page":7,"text":"Table I-3. Numerals in combinations...............................................................................................I-2","rect":[104.42001342773438,386.0,540.1177160758972,378.5687255859375]},{"page":7,"text":"Table I-4. Procedure words listed alphabetically.............................................................................I-3","rect":[104.42001342773438,403.2915954589844,540.1177771110534,394.0487365722656]},{"page":7,"text":"Table K-1. AN/PSC-5/C/D, AN/PRC-117F and AN/ARC-231 line of sight interoperability............K-7","rect":[104.42001342773438,418.7716369628906,539.9975378532409,409.4391174316406]},{"page":7,"text":"Table K-2. AN/PSC-5/C/D, AN/ARC-231 and AN/PRC-117F........................................................K-8","rect":[104.42001342773438,433.0,539.9977819938659,424.9190979003906]},{"page":7,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":7,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":7,"text":"v","rect":[517.0599975585938,753.9359741210938,522.0639975585938,749.2649536132813]},{"page":8,"text":"This page intentionally left blank.","rect":[188.77999877929688,390.36138916015627,405.22001099586489,375.853759765625]},{"page":9,"text":"Preface","rect":[286.1300048828125,130.87557983398438,343.8413808708191,119.08113098144531]},{"page":9,"text":"ATP 6-02.53 is the primary doctrine publication for tactical radios and tactical radio networks. This","rect":[108.02000427246094,163.5614471435547,522.0184829835891,154.50779724121095]},{"page":9,"text":"publication describes the non-prescriptive methods to perform missions, functions, and tasks for the","rect":[108.02000427246094,175.06153869628907,521.6877429466248,166.02781677246095]},{"page":9,"text":"employment of tactical radio networks to support every warfighting function and enable command and","rect":[108.02000427246094,186.6014862060547,521.992817401886,177.54783630371095]},{"page":9,"text":"control of Army forces. ","rect":[108.02000427246094,198.0015106201172,204.859934091568,188.94786071777345]},{"page":9,"text":"This publication includes doctrine on new communications and networking capabilities. It addresses the","rect":[108.02000427246094,215.5215301513672,521.9286487083435,206.46788024902345]},{"page":9,"text":"employment of interdependent and interoperable enterprise and tactical systems in the tactical network.","rect":[108.02000427246094,227.0415496826172,522.190012216568,217.98789978027345]},{"page":9,"text":"This publication supports the Army’s goal to provide an integrated network that is interoperable across","rect":[108.02001953125,238.5615692138672,522.0257461671829,229.50791931152345]},{"page":9,"text":"all mission environments during all phases of operations. This publication implements North Atlantic","rect":[108.02001953125,250.0815887451172,521.7775256614685,241.02793884277345]},{"page":9,"text":"Treaty  Organization  standardization  agreement","rect":[108.02001953125,261.6015930175781,301.9312945613861,252.54795837402345]},{"page":9,"text":"4538","rect":[306.530029296875,259.56976318359377,326.630024433136,252.7272491455078]},{"page":9,"text":",","rect":[326.69000244140627,261.1133728027344,329.180002450943,258.48394775390627]},{"page":9,"text":"Technical  Standards  for  an  Automatic  Radio","rect":[333.6700134277344,261.6014099121094,521.9240307807922,252.5477752685547]},{"page":9,"text":"Control System for High Frequency Communication Links.","rect":[108.01998901367188,273.0314025878906,344.440012216568,263.977783203125]},{"page":9,"text":"The principal audience for ATP 6-02.53 is commanders, staffs, supervisors, planners, radio operators,","rect":[108.02000427246094,290.5315246582031,521.8145849704742,281.497802734375]},{"page":9,"text":"signal Soldiers, and other personnel responsible for operating tactical radios or employing tactical radio","rect":[108.02000427246094,302.0714111328125,521.629047870636,293.0177917480469]},{"page":9,"text":"networks across multiple domains, at all echelons. ATP 6-02.53 is a standard reference for tactical radios.","rect":[108.02000427246094,313.5715026855469,522.0700170993805,304.53778076171877]},{"page":9,"text":"It  provides  system  planners  with  guidance  and  steps  for  network  planning,  interoperability","rect":[108.02000427246094,325.1114196777344,521.9353833198547,316.05780029296877]},{"page":9,"text":"considerations, and equipment capabilities.","rect":[108.02000427246094,336.61151123046877,280.29810547828677,327.5777893066406]},{"page":9,"text":"Commanders, staffs, and subordinates ensure that their decisions and actions comply with applicable","rect":[108.02000427246094,354.0314025878906,521.6987292747498,344.977783203125]},{"page":9,"text":"United States, international, and in some cases host-nation laws and regulations. Commanders at all","rect":[108.02000427246094,365.5514221191406,521.7389727840424,356.497802734375]},{"page":9,"text":"levels ensure that their Soldiers operate in accordance with the law of war and the rules of engagement.","rect":[108.02000427246094,377.0714111328125,521.964670419693,368.0177917480469]},{"page":9,"text":"(See FM 6-27.)","rect":[108.02000427246094,388.5715026855469,169.38619905567169,379.53778076171877]},{"page":9,"text":"ATP 6-02.53 uses joint terms where applicable. Selected joint and Army terms and definitions appear in","rect":[108.02000427246094,406.1114196777344,521.6675610542297,397.0478210449219]},{"page":9,"text":"both  glossary  and  the  document.  Terms  for  which  ATP  6-02.53  is  the  proponent  publication  (the","rect":[108.02000427246094,417.51141357421877,521.8886706809998,408.4577941894531]},{"page":9,"text":"authority) are italicized in the text and marked with an asterisk (*) in the glossary. Terms and definitions","rect":[108.02000427246094,429.0314025878906,521.7252700929641,419.977783203125]},{"page":9,"text":"for which ATP 6-02.53 is the proponent publication are boldfaced in the text. For other definitions shown","rect":[108.02000427246094,440.551513671875,521.656635761261,431.5177917480469]},{"page":9,"text":"in the text, the term is italicized and the number of the proponent publication follows the definition.","rect":[108.02000427246094,452.0715026855469,505.9354956150055,443.03778076171877]},{"page":9,"text":"ATP 6-02.53 applies to the Regular Army, Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United","rect":[108.02000427246094,469.6114196777344,521.5508008003235,460.55780029296877]},{"page":9,"text":"States, and United States Army Reserve unless otherwise stated.","rect":[108.02000427246094,481.1314392089844,364.958078622818,472.07781982421877]},{"page":9,"text":"The proponent for this publication is the United States Army Cyber Center of Excellence. The preparing","rect":[108.02000427246094,498.5314025878906,521.9485058784485,489.477783203125]},{"page":9,"text":"agency is the Doctrine Branch, United States Army Cyber Center of Excellence. Send comments and","rect":[108.02000427246094,510.0514221191406,521.429829120636,500.997802734375]},{"page":9,"text":"recommendations on a DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) to","rect":[108.02000427246094,521.5714721679688,522.142475605011,512.517822265625]},{"page":9,"text":"Commander, United States Army Cyber Center of Excellence and Fort Gordon, ATTN: ATZH-OP (ATP","rect":[108.02001953125,533.0914306640625,522.0911047477722,524.0377807617188]},{"page":9,"text":"6-02.53), 506 Chamberlain Avenue, Fort Gordon, GA 30905-5735; or e-mail to usarmy.gordon.cyber-","rect":[108.02001953125,544.6113891601563,522.1765432939529,535.5577392578125]},{"page":9,"text":"coe.list.mbal-gord-fg-doctrine@mail.mil.","rect":[108.02001953125,556.1314086914063,273.6666052341461,547.0777587890625]},{"page":9,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.02399444580078,755.8169555664063,163.56299047851562,747.365966796875]},{"page":9,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":9,"text":"vii","rect":[512.1400146484375,753.9359741210938,522.0670024414062,747.4920043945313]},{"page":10,"text":"This page intentionally left blank.","rect":[188.77999877929688,390.36138916015627,405.22001099586489,375.853759765625]},{"page":11,"text":"Introduction","rect":[268.3699951171875,130.87557983398438,361.6082799940109,119.27265167236328]},{"page":11,"text":"ATP 6-02.53 expands on the foundational information about tactical radios in FM 6-02. Tactical radios","rect":[108.01998901367188,163.54151916503907,522.0112808351516,154.50779724121095]},{"page":11,"text":"are  critical  command  and  control  enablers  in  unified  land  operations.  Radio  networks  empower","rect":[108.01998901367188,175.06153869628907,521.9429007158279,166.02781677246095]},{"page":11,"text":"subordinate  decision  making  through  the  mission  command  approach.  Tactical  radio  networks","rect":[108.01998901367188,186.6014862060547,521.4996841554641,177.54783630371095]},{"page":11,"text":"synchronize  and  integrate  the  elements  of  combat  power  across  all  domains  and  the  information","rect":[108.01998901367188,198.0015106201172,521.7087597846985,188.94786071777345]},{"page":11,"text":"environment. Tactical radios and networks support the  Army’s strategic roles to shape operational","rect":[108.01998901367188,209.5215301513672,522.0303546199799,200.46788024902345]},{"page":11,"text":"environments, prevent conflict, conduct large-scale combat operations, and consolidate gains against a","rect":[108.01995849609375,221.0415496826172,521.7171618919373,211.98789978027345]},{"page":11,"text":"peer threat.","rect":[108.01995849609375,232.54164123535157,152.93953919410706,223.50791931152345]},{"page":11,"text":"Fluid tactical situations in sustained operations require versatile and adaptable tactical radios. Tactical","rect":[108.01995849609375,250.06166076660157,522.2031451473237,241.02793884277345]},{"page":11,"text":"radios provide Army forces the capability to move and communicate from higher echelons down to the","rect":[108.01995849609375,261.6015930175781,521.4298083763123,252.54795837402345]},{"page":11,"text":"squad  level.  Squad-level  radios  enable  communication  and  situational  awareness  at  the  lowest  level","rect":[108.01995849609375,273.0116882324219,521.7542315731049,263.97796630859377]},{"page":11,"text":"possible. This publication presents techniques for Soldiers to execute the Signal Corps’ core competency","rect":[108.01995849609375,284.55157470703127,521.9685254096985,275.4979553222656]},{"page":11,"text":"associated with network transport. This revision of ATP 6-02.53 includes updated information to address","rect":[108.01992797851563,296.0516662597656,522.0570572023391,287.0179443359375]},{"page":11,"text":"new or modified single-channel radio systems.","rect":[108.01992797851563,307.591552734375,294.42545533180239,298.5379333496094]},{"page":11,"text":"ATP 6-02.53 has ten chapters and eleven appendixes—","rect":[108.01992797851563,325.0916442871094,329.5699243545532,316.05792236328127]},{"page":11,"text":"Chapter 1 provides an overview of tactical radios, tactical radio networks, capabilities, and network","rect":[108.0198974609375,342.61163330078127,521.560200214386,333.5779113769531]},{"page":11,"text":"management.","rect":[108.01990509033203,354.0315246582031,161.49511170387269,345.9739074707031]},{"page":11,"text":"Chapter 2 addresses the employment of tactical radios at all echelons of the Army.","rect":[108.01990509033203,371.551513671875,441.32450318336489,362.4978942871094]},{"page":11,"text":"Chapter 3 addresses the tactical radio platforms and associated waveforms that Army forces employ at","rect":[108.01991271972656,389.0715026855469,521.7014971981049,380.01788330078127]},{"page":11,"text":"all echelons across all phases of operations.","rect":[108.01991271972656,400.57159423828127,281.94141602516177,391.5378723144531]},{"page":11,"text":"Chapter  4  discusses  the  waveform  and  waveform  application  functional  component  of  the  tactical","rect":[108.01991271972656,418.0915832519531,521.6156207332612,409.057861328125]},{"page":11,"text":"networking environment.","rect":[108.01990509033203,429.511474609375,208.92472290992738,420.4578552246094]},{"page":11,"text":"Chapter 5 describes the commercial off-the-shelf VHF radios used to support tactical radio operations.","rect":[108.01990509033203,447.0315856933594,521.6727392673492,437.99786376953127]},{"page":11,"text":"Chapter 6 addresses the ultrahigh frequency radios and systems that play a significant role in network","rect":[108.01991271972656,464.57147216796877,521.653950214386,455.5178527832031]},{"page":11,"text":"centric warfare.","rect":[108.01990509033203,474.0795593261719,170.55875611305238,467.037841796875]},{"page":11,"text":"Chapter  7  addresses  the  airborne  radios  employed  to  provide  communications  for  ground-to-air","rect":[108.01990509033203,493.6114501953125,522.0571585283279,484.5578308105469]},{"page":11,"text":"operations, air-to-air, and air-to-sea missions.","rect":[108.0198974609375,505.1115417480469,289.7985632419586,496.07781982421877]},{"page":11,"text":"Chapter  8  addresses  antenna  techniques,  concepts,  terms,  types,  effects,  and  provides  examples  of ","rect":[108.01991271972656,522.5314331054688,524.1544287204742,513.477783203125]},{"page":11,"text":"antenna field repairs.","rect":[108.01991271972656,534.031494140625,192.04247498512269,524.997802734375]},{"page":11,"text":"Chapter 9 addresses key management techniques when protecting voice, data, and video information","rect":[108.01991271972656,551.5714721679688,521.721088886261,542.517822265625]},{"page":11,"text":"over tactical radio networks.","rect":[108.01991271972656,561.0795288085938,221.62369751930238,554.037841796875]},{"page":11,"text":"Chapter 10 addresses electronic warfare and the electronic protection techniques used to prevent enemy","rect":[108.01991271972656,580.6114501953125,521.8086133003235,571.5578002929688]},{"page":11,"text":"jamming and intrusion into friendly communications systems.","rect":[108.01990509033203,592.1314697265625,355.79484009742739,583.06787109375]},{"page":11,"text":"Appendix A describes frequency modulation networks.","rect":[108.01990509033203,609.5614624023438,331.02027344703677,600.5078125]},{"page":11,"text":"Appendix B identifies radio sets essential components, characteristics, properties of radio waves, wave","rect":[108.0198974609375,627.0615234375,521.5137927513123,618.02783203125]},{"page":11,"text":"modulation, and site considerations for single-channel radios.","rect":[108.0198974609375,638.6015014648438,353.9667456150055,629.5478515625]},{"page":11,"text":"Appendix C addresses HF, VHF, UHF antennas.","rect":[108.0198974609375,656.1015014648438,305.41984009742739,647.0678100585938]},{"page":11,"text":"Appendix D addresses radio operations in unusual environments.","rect":[108.0198974609375,673.6215209960938,370.3422644138336,664.5878295898438]},{"page":11,"text":"Appendix E addresses the Julian date, synchronization time, and ZULU time. It also provides a time","rect":[108.0198974609375,691.1614990234375,521.5882556419373,682.1078491210938]},{"page":11,"text":"zone conversion chart.","rect":[108.0198974609375,700.5455322265625,198.0582983493805,693.5038452148438]},{"page":11,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.02399444580078,755.8169555664063,163.56299047851562,747.365966796875]},{"page":11,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":11,"text":"ix","rect":[514.5400390625,753.9359741210938,522.06405859375,747.4920043945313]},{"page":12,"text":"Chapter 1","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":12,"text":"Appendix F provides procedures for preventing a network compromise and addresses recovery options","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,503.97227937030797,74.08776092529297]},{"page":12,"text":"available to the commander and staff.","rect":[90.02399444580078,92.6694564819336,240.34031128883363,85.62773895263672]},{"page":12,"text":"Appendix G addresses data communications elements as binary data, baud rate, modems, and forward","rect":[90.02399444580078,112.20140075683594,503.569477558136,103.14775848388672]},{"page":12,"text":"error correction.","rect":[90.02398681640625,121.5895004272461,154.92330384254456,114.54778289794922]},{"page":12,"text":"Appendix H addresses single-channel ground airborne radio system implications and cosite interference","rect":[90.02398681640625,141.12144470214845,503.97784304428105,132.0677947998047]},{"page":12,"text":"mitigation.","rect":[90.02398681640625,152.64146423339845,133.52930665016175,143.5878143310547]},{"page":12,"text":"Appendix I addresses the proper way to pronounce letters and numbers when sending messages over","rect":[90.02398681640625,170.16148376464845,503.52703767871858,161.1078338623047]},{"page":12,"text":"the radio and the proper procedures for opening and closing a radio net.","rect":[90.02399444580078,181.68150329589845,375.94571900367739,172.6278533935547]},{"page":12,"text":"Appendix J provides recommendations on repairing antennas and antenna supports.","rect":[90.02399444580078,199.20152282714845,427.5556128025055,190.1478729248047]},{"page":12,"text":"Appendix K consists of tactical satellites, communications planning considerations, ultrahigh frequency","rect":[90.02398681640625,216.60154724121095,503.713520526886,207.5478973388672]},{"page":12,"text":"terminals, fire support networks, and airborne and air assault units.","rect":[90.02398681640625,228.1016387939453,356.8324987888336,219.0679168701172]},{"page":12,"text":"x","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,77.14799719238282,749.2649536132813]},{"page":12,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":12,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":13,"text":"Chapter 1","rect":[287.3299865722656,129.4519805908203,342.661990234375,118.36397552490235]},{"page":13,"text":"Overview","rect":[279.40997314453127,150.79556274414063,350.20850600624086,139.00111389160157]},{"page":13,"text":"This chapter introduces tactical radio operations, radio networks, and radio network","rect":[126.01997375488281,188.4915313720703,503.742534160614,178.36785888671876]},{"page":13,"text":"management across all phases of operations to support warfighting functions. Radios","rect":[126.01997375488281,201.23358154296876,503.7977948484421,191.08782958984376]},{"page":13,"text":"are  not  stand-alone  capabilities,  but  they  are  complete  interoperable  networks  that","rect":[126.01997375488281,213.83355712890626,504.04501110267639,203.68780517578126]},{"page":13,"text":"provide commanders with a mobile ad hoc networking environment.","rect":[126.01997375488281,226.55352783203126,427.6509301662445,216.40777587890626]},{"page":13,"text":"TACTICAL RADIOS","rect":[90.02398681640625,251.99050903320313,221.88766087722778,242.2748260498047]},{"page":13,"text":"1-1. Tactical radios are a necessity for Soldiers during military operations. Squad leaders and higher use","rect":[108.01998901367188,272.0713195800781,539.966856716156,263.0177001953125]},{"page":13,"text":"tactical radios to communicate and share a common view of the operational environment. Tactical radios","rect":[108.01998901367188,283.5714111328125,539.8010757570266,274.5376892089844]},{"page":13,"text":"provide Soldiers the ability to send and receive voice, data, and video communication. Tactical radio systems","rect":[108.01998901367188,295.1112976074219,539.7686660890579,286.05767822265627]},{"page":13,"text":"are the primary means for Soldiers to communicate during operations.","rect":[108.01998901367188,306.63128662109377,388.1143591403961,297.5776672363281]},{"page":13,"text":"TACTICAL RADIOS IN ARMY OPERATIONS","rect":[90.02398681640625,330.097900390625,296.666784286499,321.805908203125]},{"page":13,"text":"1-2. Army forces employ a variety of tactical radios and waveforms to shape operational environments,","rect":[108.02000427246094,349.831298828125,539.3591406345367,340.7776794433594]},{"page":13,"text":"prevent  conflict,  conduct  large-scale  combat  operations,  and  consolidate  gains  in  operations  in  multiple","rect":[108.02000427246094,361.3512878417969,539.9466540794373,352.29766845703127]},{"page":13,"text":"domains. Tactical radios and waveforms support the Army’s enterprise initiative to be an integrated and","rect":[108.02000427246094,372.87127685546877,539.815571308136,363.8176574707031]},{"page":13,"text":"interoperable network from the highest to the lowest echelon.","rect":[108.02000427246094,384.3912658691406,353.4941198825836,375.337646484375]},{"page":13,"text":"1-3.","rect":[108.02000427246094,399.8794250488281,123.8300039768219,393.0368957519531]},{"page":13,"text":"A wide variety of tactical radios support tactical communications.","rect":[133.22000122070313,401.9112548828125,396.6399939060211,392.8576354980469]},{"page":13,"text":" High frequency (HF) radios.","rect":[133.22003173828126,415.47137451171877,265.071848154068,406.4177551269531]},{"page":13,"text":" Very high frequency (VHF) radios.","rect":[133.22003173828126,428.911376953125,292.5512182712555,419.8577575683594]},{"page":13,"text":" Ultrahigh frequency (UHF) radios.","rect":[133.22003173828126,442.4913635253906,290.6317846775055,433.437744140625]},{"page":13,"text":" Multiband radios.","rect":[133.22003173828126,453.9194641113281,222.28460144996644,446.87774658203127]},{"page":13,"text":" Multimode radios.","rect":[133.22003173828126,467.3594665527344,225.04358887672425,460.3177490234375]},{"page":13,"text":" Secure wireless broadband solutions microwave radios.","rect":[133.22003173828126,480.9294128417969,373.08899903297427,473.87774658203127]},{"page":13,"text":"These radios include—","rect":[399.19000244140627,399.89947509765627,491.980019569397,392.8577575683594]},{"page":13,"text":"1-4. Enemies may use electronic warfare (EW) capabilities to interfere with U.S. communications. Radio","rect":[108.02001953125,500.3313903808594,539.8811230659485,491.27777099609377]},{"page":13,"text":"operators must learn to recognize and respond to enemy EW efforts. Chapter 10 discusses enemy EW and","rect":[108.02001953125,511.85137939453127,539.3977856636047,502.7977600097656]},{"page":13,"text":"electronic protection techniques in detail.","rect":[108.02001953125,523.3514404296875,272.94764161109927,514.3177490234375]},{"page":13,"text":"TERRESTRIAL AND SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS PRODUCTS","rect":[90.02401733398438,546.969970703125,393.5051326751709,538.6659545898438]},{"page":13,"text":"1-5. Terrestrial and satellite communications (SATCOM) radios are software-defined radio systems that","rect":[108.02001953125,566.69140625,539.8296710262299,557.6377563476563]},{"page":13,"text":"enable communications to the lowest level and support current and future communication for all services.","rect":[108.02001953125,578.1914672851563,539.6668798923492,569.1577758789063]},{"page":13,"text":"Terrestrial and SATCOM radio configurations include—","rect":[108.02001953125,589.7313842773438,335.9300317764282,580.677734375]},{"page":13,"text":" Airborne.","rect":[133.22003173828126,601.1594848632813,189.64573121070863,594.1177978515625]},{"page":13,"text":" Maritime.","rect":[133.22003173828126,614.7494506835938,190.7313482761383,607.707763671875]},{"page":13,"text":" Terrestrial fixed station.","rect":[133.22003173828126,628.189453125,247.45997071266175,621.1477661132813]},{"page":13,"text":" Vehicular.","rect":[133.22003173828126,641.7594604492188,193.05201172828675,634.707763671875]},{"page":13,"text":" Handheld and man-pack.","rect":[133.22003173828126,657.1814575195313,251.4199469089508,648.1477661132813]},{"page":13,"text":"1-6. These radios enable connectivity throughout the area of operations. Chapters 3 and 4 discuss the","rect":[108.02001953125,674.7213745117188,539.973692653656,665.667724609375]},{"page":13,"text":"tactical radio platforms and associated waveforms used by Army forces in detail.","rect":[108.02001953125,686.2413940429688,431.6498816013336,677.187744140625]},{"page":13,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.02399444580078,755.8169555664063,163.56299047851562,747.365966796875]},{"page":13,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":13,"text":"1-1","rect":[509.1400146484375,753.9359741210938,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":14,"text":"Chapter 1","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":14,"text":"TACTICAL RADIO NETWORKS","rect":[72.02399444580078,85.17062377929688,282.1801413459778,75.45494079589844]},{"page":14,"text":"1-7. Tactical radio networks play a vital role in facilitating command and control and providing situational","rect":[90.02399444580078,105.24143981933594,521.5285235652924,96.18779754638672]},{"page":14,"text":"awareness during operations. The primary function of tactical radio networks is voice transmission to enable","rect":[90.02399444580078,116.76145935058594,521.9056384544373,107.70781707763672]},{"page":14,"text":"communication  and  situational  awareness  at  all  echelons,  across  all  phases  of  operations.  It  assumes  a","rect":[90.02399444580078,128.2615509033203,521.6706531028748,119.22783660888672]},{"page":14,"text":"secondary role for data transmission where other data capabilities do not exist. Tactical radio networks are","rect":[90.02399444580078,139.80149841308595,522.0327136497498,130.7478485107422]},{"page":14,"text":"located at every echelon in the tactical force. Each echelon employs radio-based systems to provide voice","rect":[90.02399444580078,151.20152282714845,521.900450466156,142.1478729248047]},{"page":14,"text":"and  data  communication  during  all  phases  of  operations  in  the  most  austere  environments  and  provides","rect":[90.02399444580078,162.72154235839845,521.7502945070266,153.6678924560547]},{"page":14,"text":"situational  awareness  to  support  mission  accomplishment.  Tactical  radio  networks  provide  the  principal","rect":[90.02399444580078,174.2216339111328,521.6389971981049,165.1879119873047]},{"page":14,"text":"means for facilitating communication between Army and joint forces. Tactical radio networks support Army","rect":[90.02399444580078,185.76158142089845,521.7503247261047,176.69798278808595]},{"page":14,"text":"forces’ requirements for a horizontally and vertically integrated digital information network. Tactical radio","rect":[90.02399444580078,197.28160095214845,522.0431714057922,188.2279510498047]},{"page":14,"text":"networks facilitate communication and  situational understanding,  which enhances the  military decision","rect":[90.02398681640625,208.80162048339845,521.5909008979797,199.7479705810547]},{"page":14,"text":"making process by providing reliable and secure communications connectivity.","rect":[90.02398681640625,220.20164489746095,406.46329712867739,211.1479949951172]},{"page":14,"text":"1-8. As  technology  changes,  tactical  radio  capabilities  change  and  incorporate  into  the  network.  The","rect":[90.02398681640625,237.72166442871095,521.8688952903748,228.6680145263672]},{"page":14,"text":"capability enhancements enable web services at a command post allows command and control on the move","rect":[90.02398681640625,249.24168395996095,521.6308581809998,240.1880340576172]},{"page":14,"text":"capabilities in leader vehicles, and extends the data network to mounted and dismounted platoon leaders, and","rect":[90.02398681640625,260.7417907714844,521.839985370636,251.7080535888672]},{"page":14,"text":"team leaders operating on handheld Android devices. The enhancements improve the overall accuracy of","rect":[90.02398681640625,272.3116760253906,521.5302420244217,263.258056640625]},{"page":14,"text":"position location information and reduce the latency of information to the Soldier.","rect":[90.02398681640625,283.8316650390625,417.807687997818,274.7780456542969]},{"page":14,"text":"TACTICAL NETWORK","rect":[72.02398681640625,307.29827880859377,178.62174701690675,299.186279296875]},{"page":14,"text":"1-9. The tactical network is the physical communications network that provides the data backbone to","rect":[90.02400207519531,327.03167724609377,521.8374218940735,317.9780578613281]},{"page":14,"text":"support  the  exchange  of  digital  information  as  communication  and  situational  awareness  messages.  A","rect":[90.02400207519531,338.5516662597656,521.6507757892608,329.498046875]},{"page":14,"text":"communications network is an organization of stations capable of intercommunications, but not necessarily","rect":[90.02400207519531,350.0716552734375,521.647602558136,341.0180358886719]},{"page":14,"text":"on the same channel (JP 6-0). A message is any thought or idea expressed briefly in a plain or secret language","rect":[90.02399444580078,361.5916442871094,521.7257068138123,352.53802490234377]},{"page":14,"text":"and prepared in a form suitable for transmission by any means of communication. (JP 6-0). The tactical","rect":[90.02400207519531,373.11163330078127,522.0393267879487,364.0580139160156]},{"page":14,"text":"network includes the following—","rect":[90.02400207519531,384.5116271972656,224.68999576568604,375.4580078125]},{"page":14,"text":" Combat net radios.","rect":[115.2199935913086,396.0696716308594,208.96579957008363,389.01800537109377]},{"page":14,"text":" Single-channel ground and airborne radio system (SINCGARS).","rect":[115.22000122070313,411.6316223144531,390.9406530857086,402.5780029296875]},{"page":14,"text":" Vehicular and dismounted mission command systems.","rect":[115.22000122070313,425.0716247558594,350.68665528297427,416.01800537109377]},{"page":14,"text":" Joint Battle Command Platform.","rect":[115.22000122070313,436.649658203125,263.0485632419586,429.5979919433594]},{"page":14,"text":" Nett Warrior.","rect":[115.22000122070313,450.08966064453127,187.1325170993805,443.0379943847656]},{"page":14,"text":" Ad hoc self-forming networks.","rect":[115.22000122070313,465.651611328125,256.453684091568,456.5979919433594]},{"page":14,"text":" Blue Force Tracking (BFT) I and II.","rect":[115.22000122070313,479.09161376953127,277.93995118141177,470.0379943847656]},{"page":14,"text":"1-10. The tactical network forms two distinct information exchanges, the upper tier, and the lower tier. The","rect":[90.02400207519531,496.6116027832031,521.7414538841248,487.5579833984375]},{"page":14,"text":"upper tier consists of multi-channel satellite systems and other Warfighter Information Network-Tactical","rect":[90.02400207519531,508.131591796875,522.0804034481049,499.0779724121094]},{"page":14,"text":"(WIN-T) systems. The lower tier is the networking environment that consists of communications support","rect":[90.02400207519531,519.5316162109375,522.1204425106049,510.47796630859377]},{"page":14,"text":"systems by units at brigade and below.","rect":[90.02400207519531,531.0515747070313,244.40398621559144,521.9979248046875]},{"page":14,"text":"Upper Tier","rect":[72.02400207519531,555.981689453125,124.90989291763306,546.1450805664063]},{"page":14,"text":"1-11. The upper tier tactical internet provides high-throughput networking at-the-halt to corps command","rect":[90.02400207519531,573.1715698242188,521.789204120636,564.117919921875]},{"page":14,"text":"posts, and at-the-halt or on-the-move at the division and brigade combat team. The upper tier extends the","rect":[90.02400207519531,584.6915893554688,521.9188830833435,575.637939453125]},{"page":14,"text":"DODIN, to deployed forces. The upper tier uses WIN-T nodes to extend SECRET Internet Protocol Router","rect":[90.0240478515625,596.2116088867188,521.7933645830154,587.157958984375]},{"page":14,"text":"Network, ","rect":[90.0240478515625,606.0,129.91389679908753,598.677978515625]},{"page":14,"text":"Non-classified ","rect":[136.41769409179688,606.0,197.12835144996644,598.677978515625]},{"page":14,"text":"Internet ","rect":[203.6322479248047,606.0,237.157541513443,598.9967041015625]},{"page":14,"text":"Protocol ","rect":[243.67144775390626,606.0,280.07520508766177,598.677978515625]},{"page":14,"text":"Router ","rect":[286.569091796875,606.0,316.16031861305239,598.9967041015625]},{"page":14,"text":"Network, ","rect":[322.66424560546877,606.0,362.43445801734927,598.677978515625]},{"page":14,"text":"and ","rect":[368.9383544921875,606.0,385.820627450943,598.677978515625]},{"page":14,"text":"Joint ","rect":[392.58990478515627,606.0,414.51197266578677,598.677978515625]},{"page":14,"text":"Worldwide ","rect":[421.005859375,606.0,468.415598154068,598.677978515625]},{"page":14,"text":"Intelligence","rect":[474.92938232421877,607.7316284179688,521.9108264427185,598.677978515625]},{"page":14,"text":"Communications System from the regional hub node to command posts at corps, division, and brigade. For","rect":[90.0240478515625,619.2816162109375,522.1643362627029,610.2279663085938]},{"page":14,"text":"more information about the upper tier tactical internet, refer to ATP 6-02.60.","rect":[90.0240478515625,630.7816772460938,396.7090857028961,621.7479858398438]},{"page":14,"text":"Lower Tier","rect":[72.0240478515625,653.4036865234375,125.50225436782837,645.7750854492188]},{"page":14,"text":"1-12. The  lower  tier  supports  tactical  formations  down  to  the  team  leader  with  data  and  voice","rect":[90.0240478515625,672.9016723632813,521.6825549583435,663.8679809570313]},{"page":14,"text":"communications and provides situational awareness information, friendly and enemy locations. The lower","rect":[90.0240478515625,684.441650390625,521.3917532548904,675.3880004882813]},{"page":14,"text":"tier consists of interconnected voice and data, tactical radios, and operates simultaneously and transparently","rect":[90.0240478515625,695.837646484375,522.015278339386,686.7839965820313]},{"page":14,"text":"to the user.","rect":[90.0240478515625,705.3456420898438,133.99741578102113,698.303955078125]},{"page":14,"text":"1-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":14,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":14,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":15,"text":"Overview","rect":[500.0199890136719,44.259033203125,539.9979716796875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":15,"text":"1-13. The lower tier has combat net radios at the lowest tactical level using software-defined radios in","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,540.160053730011,74.08776092529297]},{"page":15,"text":"mounted and mobile configurations. The lower tier enables commanders and Soldiers to exchange secure and","rect":[108.02005004882813,94.68138122558594,539.801167011261,85.62773895263672]},{"page":15,"text":"protected  terrestrial  and  satellite-based  voice  and  data  communication  at  all  echelons.  Satellite-based","rect":[108.02005004882813,106.18148040771485,539.908833026886,97.14775848388672]},{"page":15,"text":"communications consist of narrowband SATCOM capabilities.","rect":[108.02005004882813,117.58150482177735,360.01807618141177,108.54778289794922]},{"page":15,"text":"1-14.","rect":[108.02005004882813,132.98004150390626,128.87005066871644,126.24707794189453]},{"page":15,"text":"The lower tier is composed of five primary functional components—","rect":[133.22006225585938,135.12144470214845,408.9100732803345,126.06780242919922]},{"page":15,"text":" Radio platforms.","rect":[133.22006225585938,148.66151428222657,218.29996705055238,139.62779235839845]},{"page":15,"text":" Waveforms and waveform applications.","rect":[133.22006225585938,162.2215118408203,310.90870118141177,153.1877899169922]},{"page":15,"text":" Network Operations Management System.","rect":[133.22006225585938,175.6814422607422,321.4652807712555,166.62779235839845]},{"page":15,"text":" Ancillary devices.","rect":[133.22006225585938,189.24143981933595,223.76873230934144,180.1877899169922]},{"page":15,"text":" Mission command mounted and mobile applications management.","rect":[133.22006225585938,202.6814422607422,416.6740210056305,193.62779235839845]},{"page":15,"text":"1-15. When combined, these components form a complete network capability that enables commanders to","rect":[108.02006530761719,220.2014617919922,539.588276386261,211.14781188964845]},{"page":15,"text":"exchange  protected  terrestrial  and  satellite  voice  and  data  across  their  entire  formations.  The  lower  tier","rect":[108.02008056640625,231.6014862060547,539.6362600908279,222.54783630371095]},{"page":15,"text":"requires that all functional components operate simultaneously. The failure of a single functional component","rect":[108.02008056640625,243.1215057373047,539.6467486629487,234.06785583496095]},{"page":15,"text":"to initialize and operate jeopardizes the overall lower tier capability.","rect":[108.02008056640625,254.6415252685547,380.36637330055239,245.5779266357422]},{"page":15,"text":"Radio Platforms","rect":[90.02407836914063,278.4314880371094,157.61443024921418,269.54718017578127]},{"page":15,"text":"1-16. Radio platforms are composed of a mix of all legacy radios and newly developed software defined","rect":[108.02008056640625,295.71148681640627,539.448872089386,286.6578674316406]},{"page":15,"text":"radios. The radio platform component is a combination of the hardware, which includes antenna, batteries,","rect":[108.02009582519531,307.2115783691406,539.6667578220367,298.1778564453125]},{"page":15,"text":"operational  devices,  and  the  software  design  inherent  in  the  radio  operating  system.  The  radio  operating","rect":[108.02009582519531,318.6314697265625,539.7970776557922,309.5778503417969]},{"page":15,"text":"system software allows the interaction between the radio hardware components and the Network Operations","rect":[108.02009582519531,330.1514587402344,539.5671890382766,321.09783935546877]},{"page":15,"text":"Management System and Waveform Applications component software.","rect":[108.02009582519531,341.67144775390627,394.0314428806305,332.6178283691406]},{"page":15,"text":"1-17. The hardware and software link together less rigidly in software defined radios. Software defined","rect":[108.02009582519531,359.1914367675781,539.5405468940735,350.1378173828125]},{"page":15,"text":"radios provide greater interoperability with waveform applications and network management tools while","rect":[108.02011108398438,370.71142578125,539.4277331809998,361.6578063964844]},{"page":15,"text":"minimizing  interoperability  issues  associated  with  the  enhanced  radio  platform  operating  system.  Radio","rect":[108.02011108398438,382.1114196777344,539.858051776886,373.05780029296877]},{"page":15,"text":"platforms  provide  a  comprehensive  and  overarching  system  of  systems  capability  for  the  maneuver","rect":[108.02011108398438,393.63140869140627,539.5173636064529,384.5777893066406]},{"page":15,"text":"commander. Radios are not stand-alone systems but rather a complete set of interoperable networks that","rect":[108.02011108398438,405.1513977050781,539.5943804988862,396.0977783203125]},{"page":15,"text":"provide a maneuver commander with a mobile ad hoc networking environment based on flexible and resilient","rect":[108.02011108398438,416.67138671875,539.7439166316987,407.6177673339844]},{"page":15,"text":"internet protocol (IP) based messaging.","rect":[108.02011108398438,428.1913757324219,264.66102051734927,419.13775634765627]},{"page":15,"text":"Waveforms and Waveform Applications","rect":[90.02410888671875,451.97137451171877,254.06102448749543,443.0870666503906]},{"page":15,"text":"1-18. The  waveform  application  component  is  composed  of  all  current  software  defined  waveform","rect":[108.02011108398438,469.1114807128906,539.6779571781159,460.0777587890625]},{"page":15,"text":"applications that provide a means for passing voice, data, and video across the transport layer of the tactical","rect":[108.02012634277344,480.6513671875,539.4477130184174,471.5977478027344]},{"page":15,"text":"radio network. Waveform applications are peer-to-peer programs that facilitate data exchange across the","rect":[108.02012634277344,492.1713562011719,539.6672351341248,483.11773681640627]},{"page":15,"text":"spectrum of radio networks. The optimization of each waveform application meets the mission needs of the","rect":[108.0201416015625,503.67144775390627,539.6127917747498,494.6377258300781]},{"page":15,"text":"portion on which it operates. These are important considerations for tactical radio network planners as they","rect":[108.0201416015625,515.2113647460938,539.4377026557922,506.15771484375]},{"page":15,"text":"develop their network architecture to meet their commander’s communication requirements. Plan, configure,","rect":[108.0201416015625,526.7313842773438,539.8125097751617,517.677734375]},{"page":15,"text":"and  load  waveform  applications  onto  the  radio  platforms  through  the  Network  Operations  Management","rect":[108.02012634277344,538.13134765625,539.4975177059174,529.0776977539063]},{"page":15,"text":"System.","rect":[108.02012634277344,549.6513671875,139.76262879371644,540.7670288085938]},{"page":15,"text":"Network Operations Management System","rect":[90.02412414550781,573.4113159179688,261.3450409183502,564.5170288085938]},{"page":15,"text":"1-19. The  Network  Operations  Management  System  is  the  integrated  capability  that  allows  network","rect":[108.02012634277344,590.6913452148438,539.8495678901672,581.6376953125]},{"page":15,"text":"managers to plan, configure, manage, and monitor all other components of the terrestrial and satellite-based","rect":[108.0201416015625,602.2113647460938,539.908833026886,593.15771484375]},{"page":15,"text":"tier of a tactical radio network. The Network Operations Management System also includes radio platforms,","rect":[108.0201416015625,613.7613525390625,540.0601904392242,604.7077026367188]},{"page":15,"text":"mission command mobile/mounted applications, ancillary devices, and waveform applications. The Network","rect":[108.0201416015625,625.1613159179688,539.696674823761,616.107666015625]},{"page":15,"text":"Operations Management System is the capability through which the battalion or brigade signal staff officer","rect":[108.0201416015625,636.6813354492188,539.4476614580154,627.627685546875]},{"page":15,"text":"(S-6) develops a network plan and initializes and operates the radio network for their respective command","rect":[108.0201416015625,648.181396484375,539.6642651557922,639.147705078125]},{"page":15,"text":"level.  The  functional  integration  of  Department  of  Defense  information  network  operations  capabilities","rect":[108.0201416015625,659.7213745117188,539.5474136476516,650.667724609375]},{"page":15,"text":"across the radio platform operating system, the waveform application software, and the Network Operations","rect":[108.0201416015625,671.2413940429688,540.0425308351516,662.187744140625]},{"page":15,"text":"Management System results in the achievement of network operations. The battalion S-6 conducts many","rect":[108.0201416015625,682.641357421875,539.979633808136,673.5877075195313]},{"page":15,"text":"tasks  manually  to  ensure  the  proper  planning  and  configuration  of  the  network,  and  to  ensure  proper","rect":[108.0201416015625,694.1573486328125,539.6470022783279,685.1036987304688]},{"page":15,"text":"management of the component devices of the network.","rect":[108.0201416015625,705.6773681640625,327.32935547828677,696.6237182617188]},{"page":15,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":15,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":15,"text":"1-3","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":16,"text":"Chapter 1","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":16,"text":"Ancillary Devices","rect":[72.02399444580078,83.38139343261719,144.36003571796418,74.4970703125]},{"page":16,"text":"1-20. Ancillary devices encompass all the networked and non-networked items that connect directly to the","rect":[90.02399444580078,100.68138122558594,521.7072131614685,91.62773895263672]},{"page":16,"text":"radio platform or enable the routing and transmission of data between radios, or security environments. These","rect":[90.02399444580078,112.20140075683594,521.5311267356873,103.14775848388672]},{"page":16,"text":"devices include talk selector switches that connect to the radio platform and provide cross-domain solutions,","rect":[90.02399444580078,123.58150482177735,521.9855444431305,114.54778289794922]},{"page":16,"text":"gateways for joint and multinational interoperability, enterprise services to support positioning, navigation,","rect":[90.02399444580078,135.12144470214845,521.5113623142242,126.0578384399414]},{"page":16,"text":"and timing provided by the Global Positioning System (GPS). Networked ancillary devices provide critical","rect":[90.02399444580078,146.64146423339845,522.0049029598237,137.5878143310547]},{"page":16,"text":"interconnectivity capability between radio networks and ensure that voice and data are processed and routed","rect":[90.02399444580078,158.16148376464845,521.6308178901672,149.1078338623047]},{"page":16,"text":"as prioritized by the commander.","rect":[90.02399444580078,169.68150329589845,221.85453248023988,160.6278533935547]},{"page":16,"text":"Mission Command Mobile and Mounted Applications Management","rect":[72.02399444580078,193.44151306152345,350.1825152645111,184.55718994140626]},{"page":16,"text":"1-21. The  battalion  S-6  staff  is  ensures  proper  planning,  configuration,  and  initialization  of  mission","rect":[90.02399444580078,210.6014862060547,521.5690503120422,201.54783630371095]},{"page":16,"text":"command applications that operate on mounted platforms and mobile dismounted Soldier’s platforms to","rect":[90.02399444580078,222.10157775878907,522.1289868354797,213.06785583496095]},{"page":16,"text":"support the commander’s mission. This responsibility requires the proper alignment of mounted and mobile","rect":[90.02395629882813,233.6415252685547,521.8852527122498,224.58787536621095]},{"page":16,"text":"applications with more fixed and traditional applications residing on the battle command common services","rect":[90.02397155761719,245.1615447998047,521.4812515382766,236.10789489746095]},{"page":16,"text":"stack of servers and other key information repository sources. The battalion S-6 ensures the proper alignment","rect":[90.02397155761719,256.6815490722656,522.1006671199799,247.62791442871095]},{"page":16,"text":"and interoperability between the mission command applications and the transport network of their battalion.","rect":[90.02397155761719,268.2315368652344,521.4415991306305,259.17791748046877]},{"page":16,"text":"1-22. Mounted applications consist of native applications built onto the Mounted Computing Environment","rect":[90.02397155761719,285.63153076171877,521.6584063777924,276.5779113769531]},{"page":16,"text":"Software  Development  Kit.  Mounted  applications  share  common  components,  user  interfaces,  and","rect":[90.02397155761719,297.1316223144531,521.8340039253235,288.097900390625]},{"page":16,"text":"communication methods as the GPS and Joint Battle Command-Platform web services. Web services are","rect":[90.02397155761719,306.6695556640625,521.9003894309998,299.6178894042969]},{"page":16,"text":"applications accessed via a web browser and run as local web services with limited shared data as web mail","rect":[90.02397155761719,320.1716003417969,521.4813433895112,311.13787841796877]},{"page":16,"text":"and Command Post of the Future thin client. Virtual machines run as stand-alone applications on mounted","rect":[90.02397155761719,331.69158935546877,521.7729687690735,322.6578674316406]},{"page":16,"text":"platforms with minimal sharing.","rect":[90.02397155761719,343.2314758300781,218.73703980445863,334.1778564453125]},{"page":16,"text":"1-23. Mobile applications consist of two categories, those that run natively on the mobile platform and those","rect":[90.02397155761719,360.6314697265625,521.7756335716248,351.5778503417969]},{"page":16,"text":"accessed as web services. The web service configured on a remote server is the mobile device subscribes to","rect":[90.02397155761719,372.1514587402344,521.591694355011,363.09783935546877]},{"page":16,"text":"with  an  IP  address  provided  by  the  controlling  authority.  The  battalion  S-6  configures  native  mobile","rect":[90.02397155761719,383.67144775390627,521.8439929466248,374.6178283691406]},{"page":16,"text":"applications with a planning tool. With this tool, the battalion S-6 can create, assemble, manage, and transfer","rect":[90.02397155761719,395.1914367675781,521.8798513994217,386.1378173828125]},{"page":16,"text":"mission data. Mission data includes digital map files, the unit task organization, photo image files, and other","rect":[90.02398681640625,406.71142578125,521.4912405595779,397.6578063964844]},{"page":16,"text":"files to support the mission. Before putting the mobile device into operation, the battalion S-6 ensures the","rect":[90.02398681640625,418.1114196777344,522.0516345481873,409.05780029296877]},{"page":16,"text":"conversion of a map into a format accepted by the mobile platform. Using the planning tool, the battalion S-","rect":[90.02398681640625,429.63140869140627,522.0565481767654,420.5777893066406]},{"page":16,"text":"6 provides all imported files, free of viruses or other destructive code, to the mobile platform.","rect":[90.02398681640625,441.1515197753906,463.3244421482086,432.1177978515625]},{"page":16,"text":"NETWORK MANAGEMENT PLANNING TOOLS","rect":[72.02398681640625,466.72064208984377,385.9705466194153,456.99090576171877]},{"page":16,"text":"1-24. The network management tools for the mission command network do not operate as a stovepipe","rect":[90.02398681640625,486.77142333984377,521.5980823020935,477.7178039550781]},{"page":16,"text":"environment. A universal approach to network planning and management enables the accomplishment of","rect":[90.02398681640625,498.2914123535156,521.5212698564529,489.23779296875]},{"page":16,"text":"network  management  at  the  tactical  level.  The  effectiveness  of  the  lower  tier  portion  of  network  centric","rect":[90.02398681640625,509.8114013671875,521.6034533958435,500.7577819824219]},{"page":16,"text":"warfare depends mainly on network planners’ ability to plan complex mobile networks, share the network","rect":[90.02398681640625,521.3314208984375,521.7168164253235,512.2777709960938]},{"page":16,"text":"planning data across a joint operational environment, view network performance data, and provide situational","rect":[90.02398681640625,532.7313842773438,521.9670001277924,523.6677856445313]},{"page":16,"text":"awareness data across the different tiers. The network management tools enable Soldiers to operate in a net-","rect":[90.02398681640625,544.2514038085938,522.0565481767654,535.19775390625]},{"page":16,"text":"centric environment without overburdening the network planners and managers with complexity.","rect":[90.02398681640625,555.7714233398438,478.0357458591461,546.7177734375]},{"page":16,"text":"1-25.","rect":[90.02398681640625,571.2595825195313,110.87398743629456,564.4170532226563]},{"page":16,"text":"","rect":[115.219970703125,584.1311645507813,121.22585067462922,579.4036254882813]},{"page":16,"text":"","rect":[115.219970703125,609.1211547851563,121.22585067462922,604.3936157226563]},{"page":16,"text":"","rect":[115.219970703125,622.5611572265625,121.22585067462922,617.8336181640625]},{"page":16,"text":"","rect":[115.219970703125,636.1211547851563,121.22585067462922,631.3936157226563]},{"page":16,"text":"","rect":[115.219970703125,649.5611572265625,121.22585067462922,644.8336181640625]},{"page":16,"text":"The following planning tools used for current radio systems in the lower tier—","rect":[124.57998657226563,573.2914428710938,439.9899682998657,564.23779296875]},{"page":16,"text":"Joint  Automated  Communications  Electronics  Operating  Instruction  System ","rect":[133.219970703125,586.8514404296875,455.25675415992739,577.7977905273438]},{"page":16,"text":"Communications Engineering Software.","rect":[133.219970703125,598.2514038085938,293.7055151462555,589.19775390625]},{"page":16,"text":"Joint Enterprise Network Manager.","rect":[133.219970703125,611.8414306640625,274.05436158180239,602.7877807617188]},{"page":16,"text":"Tactical Internet Management System.","rect":[133.219970703125,625.2814331054688,287.85889649391177,616.227783203125]},{"page":16,"text":"Coalition Joint Spectrum Management Planning Tool.","rect":[133.219970703125,638.8414306640625,349.95975708961489,629.7877807617188]},{"page":16,"text":"Systems Planning, Engineering and Evaluation Device.","rect":[133.219970703125,652.2814331054688,354.212473154068,643.227783203125]},{"page":16,"text":"and ","rect":[457.7965393066406,585.0,474.7883093357086,577.7977905273438]},{"page":16,"text":"Automated","rect":[477.3280944824219,585.0,521.6301465034485,577.7977905273438]},{"page":16,"text":"1-4","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":16,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":16,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":17,"text":"Overview","rect":[500.0199890136719,44.259033203125,539.9979716796875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":17,"text":"JOINT AUTOMATED COMMUNICATIONS-ELECTRONICS OPERATING INSTRUCTION SYSTEM","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.21997833251953,534.2677230834961,74.91597747802735]},{"page":17,"text":"AND AUTOMATED COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING SOFTWARE","rect":[90.02396392822266,97.03998565673828,405.39618825912478,88.7359848022461]},{"page":17,"text":"1-26.","rect":[108.01993560791016,114.72955322265625,128.86993622779847,107.88703155517578]},{"page":17,"text":"Joint ","rect":[133.21994018554688,115.0,155.14194703102113,107.70775604248047]},{"page":17,"text":"Automated ","rect":[160.43063354492188,115.0,207.30237793922425,107.70775604248047]},{"page":17,"text":"Communications-Electronics ","rect":[212.68988037109376,115.0,331.77930665016177,107.70775604248047]},{"page":17,"text":"Operating ","rect":[337.0780029296875,116.76139831542969,379.497629404068,107.70775604248047]},{"page":17,"text":"Instruction ","rect":[384.7963562011719,115.0,430.56263184547427,107.70775604248047]},{"page":17,"text":"System ","rect":[435.861328125,116.76139831542969,467.73331665992739,107.8770751953125]},{"page":17,"text":"and ","rect":[473.0321044921875,115.0,490.143381357193,107.70775604248047]},{"page":17,"text":"Automated","rect":[495.44207763671877,115.0,539.744282245636,107.70775604248047]},{"page":17,"text":"Communications  Engineering  Software  allow  the  S-6  staff  to  perform  pre-deployment  and  post-mission","rect":[108.01992797851563,128.28135681152345,540.0249218940735,119.22771453857422]},{"page":17,"text":"planning radio network planning. The S-6 staff’s radio network planning ensures interoperability of radio","rect":[108.01992797851563,139.80137634277345,539.9863476753235,130.7477264404297]},{"page":17,"text":"frequency  (RF)  networks,  cryptographic  key  tag  generation,  transmission  security  key  generation,  signal","rect":[108.01995086669922,151.20140075683595,539.5072222957612,142.1477508544922]},{"page":17,"text":"operating instructions production, and radio network planning.","rect":[108.01995086669922,162.7213592529297,358.115549325943,153.66770935058595]},{"page":17,"text":"1-27. Signal operating instructions are a series of orders issued for technical control and coordination of the","rect":[108.01995086669922,180.2413787841797,539.7858874778748,171.18772888183595]},{"page":17,"text":"signal  communication  activities  of  a  command  (JP  6-0).  The  Automated  Communications  Engineering","rect":[108.01995086669922,191.7613983154297,539.856098651886,182.70774841308595]},{"page":17,"text":"Software provides the capability to support black key packaging, and distribution provides fills for the simple","rect":[108.01995086669922,203.2814178466797,539.960753200531,194.22776794433595]},{"page":17,"text":"key loader (SKL) AN/PYQ-10 with secure network information through a direct cable connection or over-","rect":[108.01995086669922,214.8014373779297,540.0565481767654,205.74778747558595]},{"page":17,"text":"the-air rekey. Pre and post-mission planning also consist of electronic protection (EP) data and radio network","rect":[108.01995086669922,226.20140075683595,539.8063549995422,217.1477508544922]},{"page":17,"text":"engineering  for  secure  communication.  The  Joint  Automated  Communications  Electronics  Operating","rect":[108.01995086669922,237.72142028808595,539.7990307807922,228.6677703857422]},{"page":17,"text":"Instruction System and Automated Communications Engineering Software support the following radios—","rect":[108.01995086669922,249.2413787841797,533.4999170303345,240.18772888183595]},{"page":17,"text":" Harris Radios—","rect":[133.21994018554688,260.8194885253906,216.40995121002198,253.7777557373047]},{"page":17,"text":" Falcon III (AN/PRC-117G).","rect":[151.21994018554688,276.8514709472656,282.25989747047427,267.8177490234375]},{"page":17,"text":" Falcon III (AN/PRC-152A and AN/PRC-160V).","rect":[151.21994018554688,290.8914794921875,363.35682129859927,281.8577575683594]},{"page":17,"text":" Legacy radios—","rect":[133.21994018554688,304.47137451171877,217.4899377822876,295.4177551269531]},{"page":17,"text":" SINCGARS.","rect":[133.21994018554688,315.909423828125,203.05994629859925,309.0270690917969]},{"page":17,"text":" AN/PSC-5.","rect":[133.21994018554688,329.46942138671877,197.02987122535706,322.4177551269531]},{"page":17,"text":" AN/PRC-150.","rect":[133.21994018554688,342.909423828125,208.21994996070863,335.8577575683594]},{"page":17,"text":" AN/PRC-117F.","rect":[133.21994018554688,356.46942138671877,213.7399389743805,349.4177551269531]},{"page":17,"text":"JOINT ENTERPRISE NETWORK MANAGER","rect":[90.0239486694336,381.93798828125,294.7532205581665,373.82598876953127]},{"page":17,"text":"1-28. The Joint Enterprise Network Manager (JENM) is a consolidated software application for planning,","rect":[108.01998138427735,401.67138671875,540.0002539157867,392.6177673339844]},{"page":17,"text":"loading, managing, securing, and defending lower tier software-defined radios and their waveforms. The","rect":[108.01997375488281,413.1913757324219,540.0772693138123,404.13775634765627]},{"page":17,"text":"JENM provides the ability to plan waveform applications and parameter settings, and the ability to extract","rect":[108.01997375488281,424.7113952636719,539.7350054988862,415.65777587890627]},{"page":17,"text":"radio configuration files from a network plan. The JENM provides pre-deployment network management","rect":[108.01997375488281,436.1313781738281,539.8369952449799,427.0777587890625]},{"page":17,"text":"planning for waveform parameters of radios. The JENM processes configuration files tailored to the radio","rect":[108.01997375488281,447.6513671875,540.1123242378235,438.5977478027344]},{"page":17,"text":"type. It can load the configuration file to a radio, fill device, optical storage media, or USB device. The JENM","rect":[108.01997375488281,459.17138671875,540.0359585886001,450.1177673339844]},{"page":17,"text":"also provides post-deployment support in monitoring and controlling the deployed networks and radios.","rect":[108.01998138427735,470.6913757324219,522.7875463962555,461.63775634765627]},{"page":17,"text":"TACTICAL INTERNET MANAGEMENT SYSTEM","rect":[90.02397918701172,494.28997802734377,314.1377487182617,485.9859924316406]},{"page":17,"text":"1-29. The Tactical Internet Management System is part of the Joint Battle Command-Platform Blue Force","rect":[108.01996612548828,514.0114135742188,540.1408679466248,504.957763671875]},{"page":17,"text":"Tracking. The system displays blue situational awareness icons generated by radio-based systems that report","rect":[108.01995849609375,525.5314331054688,540.1267901668549,516.477783203125]},{"page":17,"text":"their geospatial position via position location information for multicast messages. It also enables the S-6 to","rect":[108.01995849609375,536.931396484375,540.026997089386,527.8777465820313]},{"page":17,"text":"maintain near real-time situational awareness. Implementation of radio-based situation awareness monitoring","rect":[108.01995849609375,548.451416015625,540.0390210151672,539.3977661132813]},{"page":17,"text":"provides the S-6 enhanced situational awareness. Using position location information reports received from","rect":[108.01995849609375,559.9713745117188,539.6504303226471,550.917724609375]},{"page":17,"text":"radios and hand-held devices enables the radio-based situation awareness system to validate position location","rect":[108.01995849609375,571.4913940429688,540.0776562690735,562.437744140625]},{"page":17,"text":"information reporting and infer radio up or down status across multiple networks.","rect":[108.01995849609375,583.0114135742188,433.74439454078677,573.957763671875]},{"page":17,"text":"COALITION JOINT SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT PLANNING TOOL","rect":[90.02396392822266,606.6400146484375,399.5040373802185,598.3359375]},{"page":17,"text":"1-30. The Coalition Joint Spectrum Management Planning Tool (CJSMPT) is the visualization and planning","rect":[108.02000427246094,626.3613891601563,539.8074536323547,617.3077392578125]},{"page":17,"text":"tool enables communications planners to automate and accelerate spectrum planning, making it easier for","rect":[108.02000427246094,637.7614135742188,539.4474783525467,628.707763671875]},{"page":17,"text":"troops to communicate while avoiding interference from jamming. CJSMPT enable planners to manage the","rect":[108.02000427246094,649.2814331054688,539.865782497406,640.2178344726563]},{"page":17,"text":"spectrum by displaying a real-time, three-dimensional view of frequency use in the battlespace for land, air,","rect":[108.02000427246094,660.8014526367188,539.8482763767242,651.747802734375]},{"page":17,"text":"and space emitters. The system automates planning and manages battlefield spectrum use. A key feature of","rect":[108.02000427246094,672.3214111328125,539.9302054033279,663.2677612304688]},{"page":17,"text":"CJSMPT is its faster-than-real-time simulation capability that can predict and visualize potential interference","rect":[108.02000427246094,683.8414306640625,539.6830432395935,674.7877807617188]},{"page":17,"text":"from on-the-move forces. Before this tool, military planners anticipated interference based on static analysis,","rect":[108.02000427246094,695.2374267578125,539.759104013443,686.1837768554688]},{"page":17,"text":"which  tended  to  cause  overly  pessimistic  solutions  and  loss  of  opportunity  for  spectrum  reuse.  By","rect":[108.02000427246094,706.7574462890625,539.8908276557922,697.7037963867188]},{"page":17,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":17,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":17,"text":"1-5","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":18,"text":"Chapter 1","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":18,"text":"coordinating all emitters and knowing their locations in a region, spectrum planners now are able to boost","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.6407061824799,74.08776092529297]},{"page":18,"text":"reuse and significantly increase communication bandwidth to coalition forces.","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,402.03104615211489,85.62773895263672]},{"page":18,"text":"SYSTEMS PLANNING, ENGINEERING, AND EVALUATION DEVICE","rect":[72.02399444580078,120.18797302246094,383.64484548568728,109.9759750366211]},{"page":18,"text":"1-31. The Systems Planning, Engineering, and Evaluation Device (SPEED) is a communications planner","rect":[90.02398681640625,138.0013885498047,521.5184012041092,128.94773864746095]},{"page":18,"text":"that plans, models, and analyze radio and jammer effects in a defined electromagnetic spectrum environment","rect":[90.02398681640625,149.40135192871095,521.5611163387299,140.33775329589845]},{"page":18,"text":"to better understand  where communications degradation or interoperability issues that  may occur. The","rect":[90.02398681640625,160.92137145996095,521.4416491966248,151.8677215576172]},{"page":18,"text":"electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation from zero to infinity. It is","rect":[90.02398681640625,172.44139099121095,521.6750991945266,163.3877410888672]},{"page":18,"text":"divided into 26 alphabetically designated bands (JP 3-13.1). SPEED has a 3D mapping and mission planning","rect":[90.02398681640625,183.9613494873047,521.8315625190735,174.90769958496095]},{"page":18,"text":"capabilities, including frequency-dependent rejection interference analysis, enhanced jammer modeling, and","rect":[90.02398681640625,195.4813690185547,521.8090405464172,186.4177703857422]},{"page":18,"text":"effectiveness prediction.","rect":[90.02398681640625,206.98146057128907,187.602121591568,197.94773864746095]},{"page":18,"text":"CAPABILITIES","rect":[72.02398681640625,232.43057250976563,172.4381064338684,222.7148895263672]},{"page":18,"text":"1-32. Army forces employ various tactical radio systems to enable communication and situational awareness","rect":[90.02398681640625,252.6013641357422,521.9715469484329,243.54771423339845]},{"page":18,"text":"during  operations.  The  type  of  tactical  radio  system  chosen  for  employment  depends  on  mission","rect":[90.02398681640625,264.0314025878906,522.0072827339172,254.97776794433595]},{"page":18,"text":"requirements.","rect":[90.02398681640625,275.5314636230469,144.54505372047425,266.49774169921877]},{"page":18,"text":"1-33. Tactical radios enable communication for Army forces during unified land operations. Tactical radios","rect":[90.02398681640625,293.0713806152344,521.7276504640579,284.01776123046877]},{"page":18,"text":"are versatile and adaptable to changing tactical situations. Key capabilities that tactical radios provide are—","rect":[90.02398681640625,304.5914001464844,521.3799829483032,295.53778076171877]},{"page":18,"text":" Lightweight.","rect":[115.219970703125,318.1513977050781,184.39441895484925,309.0977783203125]},{"page":18,"text":" Portable.","rect":[115.219970703125,329.5794982910156,169.13575196266175,322.53778076171877]},{"page":18,"text":" Mobile ad hoc networking.","rect":[115.219970703125,345.1513977050781,241.31589722633363,336.0977783203125]},{"page":18,"text":" Applications.","rect":[115.219970703125,358.5715026855469,186.67533326148988,349.53778076171877]},{"page":18,"text":" Securable.","rect":[115.219970703125,370.1494445800781,175.042062997818,363.0977783203125]},{"page":18,"text":" Multiple waveforms capable.","rect":[115.219970703125,385.57147216796877,249.9811041355133,376.5377502441406]},{"page":18,"text":" Multiband and multi-mode capable.","rect":[115.219970703125,399.1314697265625,276.55799317359927,390.0977478027344]},{"page":18,"text":" GPS capable.","rect":[115.219970703125,412.57147216796877,187.14344239234925,403.5377502441406]},{"page":18,"text":" Software-based radios that provide squad level networking and integrate with legacy platforms.","rect":[115.219970703125,426.1513671875,514.9052832126617,417.0977478027344]},{"page":18,"text":"1-34. The capabilities provided by tactical radios enhance interoperable networking between the software","rect":[90.02397155761719,443.5713806152344,521.4344470481873,434.51776123046877]},{"page":18,"text":"defined radio platform, legacy waveforms, and mobile ad hoc networking waveforms. The capabilities of","rect":[90.02397155761719,455.09136962890627,521.6109915361404,446.0377502441406]},{"page":18,"text":"tactical ","rect":[90.02397155761719,465.0,121.30835175514221,457.5577392578125]},{"page":18,"text":"radios ","rect":[126.47755432128906,465.0,153.4193823337555,457.5577392578125]},{"page":18,"text":"leverage ","rect":[158.59860229492188,466.6113586425781,194.89283204078675,457.5577392578125]},{"page":18,"text":"commercial ","rect":[200.0919189453125,465.0,249.8122808933258,457.5577392578125]},{"page":18,"text":"technology ","rect":[255.01138305664063,466.6113586425781,301.98267579078677,457.5577392578125]},{"page":18,"text":"and ","rect":[307.1618957519531,465.0,324.0441381931305,457.5577392578125]},{"page":18,"text":"employ ","rect":[329.34283447265627,466.6113586425781,361.68299317359927,457.5577392578125]},{"page":18,"text":"open-system ","rect":[366.8621826171875,466.6113586425781,420.25818848609927,458.5537414550781]},{"page":18,"text":"architecture ","rect":[425.4373779296875,465.0,475.13782715797427,457.5577392578125]},{"page":18,"text":"to ","rect":[480.3369140625,465.0,490.61573243141177,458.5537414550781]},{"page":18,"text":"ensure","rect":[495.794921875,465.0,521.9100329856873,459.0]},{"page":18,"text":"interoperability  and  portability  of  each  waveform.  The  capabilities  provide  commanders  the  ability  to","rect":[90.02397155761719,478.13134765625,521.4018750190735,469.0777282714844]},{"page":18,"text":"exercise command and control and communicate with their forces via secure voice, video, and data mediums","rect":[90.02397155761719,488.0,521.6605728273391,480.47772216796877]},{"page":18,"text":"during operations.","rect":[90.02397155761719,501.05133056640627,162.71470093727113,491.9977111816406]},{"page":18,"text":"LAND MOBILE RADIO","rect":[72.02397155761719,526.5864868164063,222.96798081016542,516.8848876953125]},{"page":18,"text":"1-35. The land mobile radio is the primary tactical system used for communications in garrison. The land","rect":[90.02397155761719,546.6513671875,521.5183300971985,537.5977172851563]},{"page":18,"text":"mobile radio supports administrative activities for public safety organizations in garrison. The land mobile","rect":[90.02397155761719,558.1713256835938,521.421690700531,549.11767578125]},{"page":18,"text":"radio enhances communications interoperability with state and local agencies when conducting homeland","rect":[90.02397155761719,569.6913452148438,521.5610547065735,560.6376953125]},{"page":18,"text":"defense or defense support of civil authorities’ missions. The land mobile radio provides non-secure logistics","rect":[90.02397155761719,581.2113647460938,521.9449966554641,572.15771484375]},{"page":18,"text":"and administrative communications to first responders.","rect":[90.02397155761719,592.7113647460938,309.92603516578677,583.6776733398438]},{"page":18,"text":"1-36. Land mobile radio systems range from single-channel analog to digital trunked systems. The most","rect":[90.02397155761719,610.1613159179688,521.7139483699799,601.107666015625]},{"page":18,"text":"basic land mobile radio systems are single-channel analog systems. Each radio is set to a frequency monitored","rect":[90.02397155761719,621.6813354492188,521.784077167511,612.627685546875]},{"page":18,"text":"by everyone using the same channel. These systems have a dedicated channel for each group or agency using","rect":[90.02397155761719,633.2012939453125,521.9839673042297,624.1476440429688]},{"page":18,"text":"the system. In smaller agencies, if the system experiences heavy usage, users may not be able to place calls.","rect":[90.02397155761719,644.7213134765625,521.5311377048492,635.6676635742188]},{"page":18,"text":"Many of these systems are VHF systems that offer very little flexibility in their operations.","rect":[90.02397155761719,656.2413330078125,452.8603003025055,647.1876831054688]},{"page":18,"text":"1-37. Trunked systems use a relatively small number of paths or channels, like commercial telephones.","rect":[90.02397155761719,673.641357421875,521.6777441501617,664.5877075195313]},{"page":18,"text":"Rather than having a dedicated line for every user, the phone company has a computer switch that manages","rect":[90.02397155761719,685.161376953125,521.6207168703079,676.1077270507813]},{"page":18,"text":"many calls over a relatively small number of telephone lines. The assumption is that not every user requires","rect":[90.02397155761719,696.6773681640625,521.6710708742141,687.6237182617188]},{"page":18,"text":"a line at the same time.","rect":[90.02397155761719,706.1854248046875,181.9448492527008,699.1437377929688]},{"page":18,"text":"1-6","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":18,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":18,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":19,"text":"Overview","rect":[500.0199890136719,44.259033203125,539.9979716796875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":19,"text":"1-38. A control console, repeaters, and radios generally make up trunked systems. Instead of using switches","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,539.7076919679641,74.08776092529297]},{"page":19,"text":"and phone lines, these systems use consoles and channels or frequencies to complete calls. The process is the","rect":[108.02000427246094,94.68138122558594,539.8319079856873,85.62773895263672]},{"page":19,"text":"dynamic allocation of a channel. When the user of a trunked system activates the push-to-talk, the system","rect":[108.02000427246094,106.20140075683594,540.1041046390534,97.14775848388672]},{"page":19,"text":"automatically searches for an unused channel on which to complete the call.","rect":[108.02005004882813,117.60142517089844,411.92960572242739,108.54778289794922]},{"page":19,"text":"1-39. Digital trunked systems offer better performance and provide a more flexible platform. This system","rect":[108.02005004882813,135.12144470214845,539.5972687015534,126.06780242919922]},{"page":19,"text":"accommodates a more significant number of users and provides an open-ended architecture. This allows for","rect":[108.02006530761719,146.64146423339845,539.9007254228592,137.5878143310547]},{"page":19,"text":"various modes of communications data, telephone-interconnect, and security functions. Faster system access,","rect":[108.02006530761719,158.16148376464845,539.824045419693,149.1078338623047]},{"page":19,"text":"more user privacy, and the ability to expand by providing a common air interface. For the continental United","rect":[108.02006530761719,169.68150329589845,539.5571484565735,160.6278533935547]},{"page":19,"text":"States, land mobile radio regulations refer to the Manual of Regulations and Procedures for Federal Radio","rect":[108.02006530761719,181.20152282714845,539.7790112495422,172.1478729248047]},{"page":19,"text":"Frequency Management (Redbook), chapter 10. The user and unit are responsible for obtaining a frequency","rect":[108.02008056640625,192.60154724121095,539.7194409370422,183.5478973388672]},{"page":19,"text":"assignment in accordance with the Manual of Regulations and Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency","rect":[108.02008056640625,204.12156677246095,540.2022693138123,195.0679168701172]},{"page":19,"text":"Management (Redbook), AR 5-12 and AR 25-1. The absence of spectrum authorization and assignments","rect":[108.02001953125,215.64158630371095,540.0475357179641,206.5879364013672]},{"page":19,"text":"prohibits the operation of RF systems.","rect":[108.02001953125,227.16160583496095,260.66004395484927,218.1079559326172]},{"page":19,"text":"1-40.","rect":[108.02002716064453,242.6497802734375,128.87002778053285,235.80726623535157]},{"page":19,"text":"The land mobile radio has the following characteristics and capabilities—","rect":[133.22003173828126,244.68162536621095,428.4700403213501,235.6279754638672]},{"page":19,"text":" Frequency range of 380–470 MHz.","rect":[133.22003173828126,258.2416076660156,291.9279272556305,249.19793701171876]},{"page":19,"text":" Power of 1–4 Watts.","rect":[133.2200164794922,269.7096252441406,233.396311044693,262.66790771484377]},{"page":19,"text":" Battery life of 10 hours.","rect":[133.22003173828126,285.2715759277344,246.82605957984925,276.21795654296877]},{"page":19,"text":" Secure National Institute of Standards and Technology type 1 and type 3 encryption for point-to-","rect":[133.22003173828126,298.7115783691406,540.0567312822342,289.657958984375]},{"page":19,"text":"point voice communications.","rect":[151.22006225585938,310.211669921875,266.795969247818,301.1779479980469]},{"page":19,"text":" Range of 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) maximum over smooth terrain.","rect":[133.22006225585938,323.67156982421877,411.6541540622711,314.6179504394531]},{"page":19,"text":" Programming of up to 512 channels.","rect":[133.22006225585938,337.2315673828125,297.05433106422427,328.1779479980469]},{"page":19,"text":" Easy radio reprogramming feature.","rect":[133.22006225585938,350.67156982421877,290.90906739234927,341.6179504394531]},{"page":19,"text":" Immerse to a depth of 1 meter (3.2 feet) for 30 minutes.","rect":[133.22006225585938,364.211669921875,374.08365845680239,355.1779479980469]},{"page":19,"text":" Supports narrowband (12.5 kHz) and wideband (25 kHz) channel spacing.","rect":[133.22006225585938,377.67156982421877,448.18750977516177,368.6179504394531]},{"page":19,"text":" Intra-squad and team communications for non-critical command, administrative, and logistics","rect":[133.22006225585938,391.2315673828125,539.8347061281204,382.1779479980469]},{"page":19,"text":"functions.","rect":[151.22006225585938,400.6196594238281,190.7711889743805,393.57794189453127]},{"page":19,"text":"COMBAT SURVIVOR EVADER LOCATOR","rect":[90.02406311035156,428.1807861328125,368.3109522380829,418.4651184082031]},{"page":19,"text":"1-41. The Combat Survivor Evader Locator (CSEL) radio provides the capabilities required for locating and","rect":[108.02006530761719,448.2515869140625,539.448872089386,439.1979675292969]},{"page":19,"text":"rescuing downed aircrew members using SATCOM. The CSEL radio is the primary search and rescue system","rect":[108.02008056640625,459.7715759277344,539.8459869632721,450.71795654296877]},{"page":19,"text":"used by special operations forces and aviation units.","rect":[108.02008056640625,471.29156494140627,315.9981482028961,462.2379455566406]},{"page":19,"text":"1-42. The CSEL radio system is composed of three segments—over-the-horizon segment, ground segment,","rect":[108.02008056640625,488.8115539550781,539.7850439548492,479.7579345703125]},{"page":19,"text":"and the user segment. The segments use GPS and other national systems to provide geo positioning and radio","rect":[108.02009582519531,500.33154296875,539.607075214386,491.2779235839844]},{"page":19,"text":"communications for personnel recovery.","rect":[108.02009582519531,511.7315368652344,269.352365732193,502.67791748046877]},{"page":19,"text":"OVER-THE-HORIZON SEGMENT","rect":[90.02409362792969,535.3301391601563,246.58661794662477,527.026123046875]},{"page":19,"text":"1-43. The over-the-horizon segment operates over UHF SATCOM systems, and search and rescue satellite","rect":[108.02011108398438,555.0515747070313,539.6782214622498,545.9979248046875]},{"page":19,"text":"assisted  tracking.  The  UHF  SATCOM  mode  supports  two-way  messaging  and  geo-position  between  the","rect":[108.02012634277344,566.5715942382813,539.8477771263123,557.5179443359375]},{"page":19,"text":"AN/GRC-242 radio set base station and the AN/PRQ-7 radio set.","rect":[108.02012634277344,577.892333984375,368.3629858493805,569.0379028320313]},{"page":19,"text":"GROUND SEGMENT","rect":[90.02412414550781,601.6901245117188,185.35660696029664,593.3741455078125]},{"page":19,"text":"1-44. The ground segment is composed of CSEL radio workstations and the ground distribution network","rect":[108.0201187133789,621.4415893554688,539.429096698761,612.387939453125]},{"page":19,"text":"interconnecting  with  base  stations.  The  ground  segment  provides  a  highly  reliable  and  timely  global","rect":[108.02012634277344,632.9615478515625,540.0699664363862,623.9078979492188]},{"page":19,"text":"connection between all CSEL radio ground elements utilizing the Defense Information System Network.","rect":[108.02012634277344,644.361572265625,526.4894506931305,635.3079223632813]},{"page":19,"text":"USER SEGMENT","rect":[90.02412414550781,667.9601440429688,168.43662405014039,659.6561279296875]},{"page":19,"text":"1-45. The user segment equipment consists of—","rect":[108.0201187133789,687.6815795898438,303.4101343154907,678.6279296875]},{"page":19,"text":" AN/PRC-7 handheld radio set.","rect":[133.2201385498047,699.235595703125,273.8456823825836,692.1838989257813]},{"page":19,"text":" J-6431/PRQ-7 radio set adapter, also referred to as the loader.","rect":[133.2201385498047,714.6575927734375,398.4091284275055,705.6239013671875]},{"page":19,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":19,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":19,"text":"1-7","rect":[509.1400146484375,753.9359741210938,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":20,"text":"Chapter 1","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":20,"text":" CSEL radio planning computer.","rect":[115.2199935913086,83.14140319824219,260.85746216773989,74.08776092529297]},{"page":20,"text":"1-46. The AN/PRQ-7 provides data communications, geo-positioning, voice beacons. The radio set adapter","rect":[90.02400207519531,100.68138122558594,521.9330130205154,91.62773895263672]},{"page":20,"text":"interfaces the CSEL radio planning computer and two AN/PRQ-7s. One AN/PRQ-7 serves as the reference","rect":[90.02400207519531,112.20140075683594,521.8149402122498,103.14775848388672]},{"page":20,"text":"in the radio set adapter to acquire and store GPS almanac, ephemeris, and timing.","rect":[90.02400207519531,123.60142517089844,415.079660654068,114.54778289794922]},{"page":20,"text":"1-47. The  CSEL  radio  planning  computer  loads  the  target  AN/PRQ-7  with  mission-specific  data  and","rect":[90.02400207519531,141.12144470214845,521.8317456245422,132.0677947998047]},{"page":20,"text":"transfers GPS key loading. Loading current almanac and ephemeris data speeds up the satellite acquisition","rect":[90.02400207519531,152.64146423339845,521.5213208198547,143.5878143310547]},{"page":20,"text":"process in the GPS receiver. Transfer of current GPS data speeds the calculation of user position and transfer","rect":[90.02400207519531,164.1415557861328,521.6599417314529,155.1078338623047]},{"page":20,"text":"of current time allows faster acquisition of GPS.","rect":[90.02400207519531,175.6615753173828,283.028879404068,166.6278533935547]},{"page":20,"text":"1-48.","rect":[90.02400207519531,191.169677734375,110.87400269508362,184.32716369628907]},{"page":20,"text":"The AN/PRQ-7 radio set has the following capabilities and characteristics—","rect":[115.22000122070313,193.20152282714845,421.5099878311157,184.1478729248047]},{"page":20,"text":" Water-resistant.","rect":[115.22000122070313,204.63955688476563,196.65653443336488,197.58787536621095]},{"page":20,"text":" GPS receiver.","rect":[115.22000122070313,218.19955444335938,188.73874878883363,211.1478729248047]},{"page":20,"text":" Secure data UHF SATCOM transmit and receive capability.","rect":[115.22000122070313,233.6415252685547,373.9630835056305,224.58787536621095]},{"page":20,"text":" VHF and UHF voice and beacon.","rect":[115.22000122070313,245.2095184326172,266.89319825172427,238.1478729248047]},{"page":20,"text":" Low probability of exploitation of one-way transmission.","rect":[115.22000122070313,260.6415100097656,362.2405798435211,251.58787536621095]},{"page":20,"text":" Search and rescue satellite transmission.","rect":[115.22000122070313,272.2295837402344,294.2333471775055,265.17791748046877]},{"page":20,"text":"1-8","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":20,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":20,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":21,"text":"Chapter 2","rect":[287.3299865722656,129.4519805908203,342.661990234375,118.36397552490235]},{"page":21,"text":"Tactical Radio Employment by Echelon","rect":[165.61997985839845,153.9556427001953,464.370029261589,139.192626953125]},{"page":21,"text":"This chapter addresses the employment of tactical radios at various Army echelons.","rect":[126.01998138427735,188.51361083984376,504.0150353908539,178.36785888671876]},{"page":21,"text":"Tactical radios support all warfighting functions at all echelons across all phases of","rect":[126.01998138427735,201.23358154296876,503.7698563642502,191.08782958984376]},{"page":21,"text":"operations.","rect":[126.01998138427735,213.8114776611328,174.70642638206483,203.68780517578126]},{"page":21,"text":"COMBATANT COMMANDER COMMUNICATIONS TEAM","rect":[90.02398681640625,239.39053344726563,469.28574238586426,229.6748504638672]},{"page":21,"text":"2-1. The geographic combatant commander (GCC) and Army Service component command (the theater","rect":[108.02000427246094,259.4413146972656,539.6239309892654,250.38768005371095]},{"page":21,"text":"army) communications team provide communications support as secure frequency modulation (FM) radio,","rect":[108.02000427246094,270.9913024902344,539.6566870212555,261.93768310546877]},{"page":21,"text":"UHF  tactical  satellite  (TACSAT)  to  GCCs  and  theater  army  commanders.  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","rect":[451.5661315917969,633.9013061523438,502.127023935318,624.8676147460938]},{"page":21,"text":"devices.","rect":[507.5652160644531,632.0,540.0448095798492,624.8676147460938]},{"page":21,"text":"Communications  security  is  the  protection  resulting  from  all  measures  designed  to  deny","rect":[169.219970703125,645.4412231445313,539.7461133003235,636.3875732421875]},{"page":21,"text":"unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived from the possession and","rect":[169.219970703125,656.9612426757813,539.532856464386,647.9075927734375]},{"page":21,"text":"study of telecommunications, or to mislead unauthorized persons in their interpretation of the","rect":[169.219970703125,668.4812622070313,539.9504382591248,659.4276123046875]},{"page":21,"text":"results of such possession and study (JP 6-0).","rect":[169.219970703125,680.0012817382813,350.43998169898989,670.9476318359375]},{"page":21,"text":"Conducts briefings on the status, relationship, and interface of 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are required and maintained.","rect":[133.22000122070313,547.7312622070313,500.63672852516177,538.6776123046875]},{"page":22,"text":" Performs maintenance management and administrative duties related to facility operations,","rect":[133.22000122070313,561.7713012695313,521.4931738376617,552.7176513671875]},{"page":22,"text":"maintenance, security, and personnel.","rect":[151.22000122070313,573.1712646484375,301.61353516578677,564.1176147460938]},{"page":22,"text":" Requisitions, receives, stores, issues, destroys, and accounts for COMSEC equipment and","rect":[133.22000122070313,587.331298828125,521.5627636909485,578.2776489257813]},{"page":22,"text":"keying  material  on  hand  receipt  from  the  property  book  officer  or  Key  Management","rect":[151.22000122070313,598.7312622070313,521.4533282527924,589.6776123046875]},{"page":22,"text":"Infrastructure operating account manager (KOAM), including over the air 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wire,","rect":[151.22000122070313,674.8412475585938,521.5528662204742,665.78759765625]},{"page":22,"text":"and COTS automated information systems.","rect":[151.22000122070313,686.3612670898438,323.95630860328677,677.3076171875]},{"page":22,"text":" Installs, operates, and maintains the standard army and COTS communications and automated","rect":[133.22000122070313,700.5172729492188,522.124897480011,691.463623046875]},{"page":22,"text":"information systems to support the GCC and theater army commander.","rect":[151.22000122070313,711.9172973632813,434.7016088962555,702.8636474609375]},{"page":22,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":22,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":23,"text":"Tactical Radio Employment by Echelon","rect":[372.07000732421877,46.04103469848633,539.9109873046875,37.716033935546878]},{"page":23,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,162.2810516357422,139.22588119220735,157.55352783203126]},{"page":23,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,275.4710998535156,139.22588119220735,270.74359130859377]},{"page":23,"text":" Develops and implements signal unit level maintenance programs.","rect":[151.22000122070313,83.74137878417969,434.992746591568,74.68773651123047]},{"page":23,"text":" Directs unit signal training and provides technical advice and assistance to the GCC and","rect":[151.22000122070313,97.80137634277344,539.6823315620422,88.74773406982422]},{"page":23,"text":"theater army commander communications team chief.","rect":[169.22000122070313,109.32139587402344,384.5368444919586,100.26775360107422]},{"page":23,"text":" Coordinates external signal, support mission requirements.","rect":[151.22000122070313,123.36137390136719,404.146555185318,114.30773162841797]},{"page":23,"text":" Prepares and implements signal portions of operation orders and reports.","rect":[151.22000122070313,137.40135192871095,459.43458008766177,128.3477020263672]},{"page":23,"text":" Plans and requests signal logistics support for unit level operations and maintenance.","rect":[151.22000122070313,151.5613250732422,508.21863770484927,142.50767517089845]},{"page":23,"text":"GCC communications NCO—","rect":[151.22000122070313,163.0093231201172,280.60999393463137,156.10704040527345]},{"page":23,"text":" Responsible for supervising, installing, operating, and maintaining a standard for the Army","rect":[151.22000122070313,179.0413055419922,539.5129590034485,169.98765563964845]},{"page":23,"text":"and  COTS  communications  and  automated  information  systems  to  support  the  GCC  and","rect":[169.22000122070313,190.4413299560547,539.6723828315735,181.38768005371095]},{"page":23,"text":"theater army commander.","rect":[169.22000122070313,201.9613494873047,271.578928232193,192.90769958496095]},{"page":23,"text":" Provides technical assistance and unit level training for automation, communication, and user","rect":[151.22000122070313,216.12132263183595,539.9889212236404,207.0676727294922]},{"page":23,"text":"owned and operated automated telecommunications computer systems. Provides local area","rect":[169.22000122070313,227.52134704589845,539.5827624778748,218.4676971435547]},{"page":23,"text":"networks  and  routers,  signal  communications,  electronic  equipment,  and  satellite  radio","rect":[169.22000122070313,239.04136657714845,539.7121777534485,229.9877166748047]},{"page":23,"text":"communications equipment.","rect":[169.22000122070313,250.5414581298828,282.28589844703677,241.5077362060547]},{"page":23,"text":" Prepares maintenance and supply requests for unit level signal support.","rect":[151.22000122070313,264.6313781738281,453.37781739234927,255.57774353027345]},{"page":23,"text":"Transmission Systems Operator NCO—","rect":[151.22000122070313,278.1913757324219,323.3299951553345,269.297119140625]},{"page":23,"text":" Plans, installs, operates, and maintains communications and automated information systems","rect":[151.21998596191407,292.23138427734377,539.6026504640579,283.1777648925781]},{"page":23,"text":"to support the GCC commander.","rect":[169.21998596191407,303.6114807128906,299.3971960544586,294.5777587890625]},{"page":23,"text":" Provides the GCC communications team chief assistance and advises on communications","rect":[151.21998596191407,315.7894287109375,539.9224746828079,308.7377624511719]},{"page":23,"text":"systems  planning,  satellite  access  requests,  propagation,  spectrum  management,  and","rect":[169.21998596191407,329.1913757324219,539.7519116401672,320.13775634765627]},{"page":23,"text":"maintenance management for the standard army and COTS communications and automated","rect":[169.21998596191407,340.71136474609377,539.5927319526672,331.6577453613281]},{"page":23,"text":"information systems used to support the GCC commander.","rect":[169.21998596191407,352.2313537597656,404.16016602516177,343.177734375]},{"page":23,"text":"2-2. United States Army Network Enterprise Technology Command supports the communications teams","rect":[108.01998901367188,369.7513427734375,539.5184219484329,360.6977233886719]},{"page":23,"text":"of combatant commanders  with secure FM radio, UHF TACSAT, record telecommunications  message","rect":[108.01998901367188,381.1513366699219,539.5372302513123,372.09771728515627]},{"page":23,"text":"support, and use COMSEC equipment maintenance.","rect":[108.01998901367188,392.65142822265627,316.8612768650055,383.6177062988281]},{"page":23,"text":"SIGNAL COMMAND (THEATER)","rect":[90.02398681640625,420.80389404296877,306.2758448896408,408.4908142089844]},{"page":23,"text":"2-3. A signal command (theater) [SC(T)] is responsible for tactical radio and tactical radio network support","rect":[108.01998901367188,438.2913513183594,539.8173419246674,429.23773193359377]},{"page":23,"text":"in theater at all echelons across all phases of operations. The SC(T) exercises control of the strategic signal","rect":[108.01998901367188,449.81134033203127,539.9712725887299,440.7577209472656]},{"page":23,"text":"brigade and joint coalition signal support elements. A signal brigade, rather than the SC(T), typically supports","rect":[108.01998901367188,461.3313293457031,539.6466568117141,452.2677307128906]},{"page":23,"text":"theater army missions other than large-scale combat operations.","rect":[108.01998901367188,472.851318359375,362.70472168922427,463.7976989746094]},{"page":23,"text":"2-4. An SC(T) uses signal brigades and battalions to extend tactical radio and tactical radio network services","rect":[108.01998901367188,490.2513122558594,540.0292862062454,481.19769287109377]},{"page":23,"text":"to the deployed theater Army organizations and other deployed subordinate organizations allocated to the","rect":[108.01998901367188,501.77130126953127,539.6567370872498,492.7176818847656]},{"page":23,"text":"theater. Allocation of SC(T) signal assets providing signal support to the theater army and large-scale combat","rect":[108.01998901367188,513.2913208007813,539.9530841121674,504.2376708984375]},{"page":23,"text":"operations occurs based on mission requirements.","rect":[108.01998901367188,524.7913818359375,306.54444336891177,515.7576904296875]},{"page":23,"text":"THEATER TACTICAL SIGNAL BRIGADE","rect":[90.02398681640625,548.4098510742188,280.82157278060915,540.1058349609375]},{"page":23,"text":"2-5. A theater tactical signal brigade supervises the installation, operation, and maintenance of in-theater","rect":[108.01997375488281,568.1312866210938,539.9107962236404,559.07763671875]},{"page":23,"text":"communications systems and network support in the theater. A theater tactical signal brigade also provides","rect":[108.01997375488281,579.6513061523438,539.9775894289016,570.59765625]},{"page":23,"text":"real-time and near real-time in-theater source information to combatant commanders and joint task force","rect":[108.01997375488281,591.0513305664063,539.6556994895935,581.9877319335938]},{"page":23,"text":"commanders  for  the  control,  management,  and  dissemination  of  high  volumes  of  data  to  deployed  and","rect":[108.01997375488281,602.5712890625,539.5370678901672,593.5176391601563]},{"page":23,"text":"dispersed forces in the theater of operations.","rect":[108.01997375488281,614.101318359375,284.68750977516177,605.067626953125]},{"page":23,"text":"2-6. A theater tactical signal brigade enables communications and situational awareness to echelons above","rect":[108.01997375488281,631.6412963867188,539.6976916770935,622.587646484375]},{"page":23,"text":"corps organizations and separate companies. The assistant chief of staff, signal (G-6), and the S-6 coordinate","rect":[108.01997375488281,643.1613159179688,539.9011218528748,634.107666015625]},{"page":23,"text":"with the supporting theater tactical signal brigades for inclusion in the network.","rect":[108.01997375488281,654.6813354492188,425.27442383766177,645.627685546875]},{"page":23,"text":"EXPEDITIONARY SIGNAL BATTALION","rect":[90.02397155761719,678.159912109375,273.72468662261965,669.8558959960938]},{"page":23,"text":"2-7. Expeditionary signal battalions oversee the engineering, installation, operation, and maintenance of","rect":[108.01995849609375,697.8773193359375,539.6478567705154,688.8236694335938]},{"page":23,"text":"nodal and extension communications to support Army units, combatant commanders, theater armies, joint","rect":[108.01995849609375,709.3973388671875,539.6223956356049,700.333740234375]},{"page":23,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":23,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":23,"text":"2-3","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":24,"text":"Chapter 2","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":24,"text":"task forces and joint land force component commands. An expeditionary signal battalion operates continually","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.660786151886,74.07779693603516]},{"page":24,"text":"in  austere  environments  to  provide  voice  and  data  networking  services.  Expeditionary  signal  battalions","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,521.9438980226516,85.62773895263672]},{"page":24,"text":"provide a pool of available signal assets to augment division and corps network support capabilities and to","rect":[90.02399444580078,106.20140075683594,521.441792011261,97.14775848388672]},{"page":24,"text":"replace supported network battle losses at all echelons. The G-6 (S-6) coordinates with the supporting units’","rect":[90.02399444580078,117.60142517089844,522.1766653642654,108.54778289794922]},{"page":24,"text":"expeditionary signal battalions for inclusions in their network.","rect":[90.02395629882813,129.12144470214845,338.4960424900055,120.06780242919922]},{"page":24,"text":"2-8. Expeditionary  signal  battalions  enable  staff  planning  and  network  management  of  all  tactical","rect":[90.02395629882813,146.64146423339845,521.6278887996674,137.5878143310547]},{"page":24,"text":"communications assets in the battalion and communications electronic maintenance sustainment performs","rect":[90.02395629882813,158.1415557861328,522.1062515382766,149.1078338623047]},{"page":24,"text":"network  restoration.  Though  the  expeditionary  signal  battalion  is  primarily  a  theater-level  asset,  the","rect":[90.02395629882813,169.68150329589845,521.8818347434998,160.6278533935547]},{"page":24,"text":"expeditionary signal battalion can also support a corps, division, brigade combat team (BCT), theater army","rect":[90.02395629882813,181.20152282714845,521.600727558136,172.1478729248047]},{"page":24,"text":"headquarters, or coalition headquarters. Expeditionary signal battalions may provide tactical radio support to","rect":[90.02395629882813,192.60154724121095,521.8863110542297,183.5478973388672]},{"page":24,"text":"the  theater  army,  depending  on  the  mission  and  type  of  assistance  required.  The  primary  tactical  radio","rect":[90.02395629882813,204.12156677246095,521.7004590034485,195.0679168701172]},{"page":24,"text":"communications capabilities employed in theater army environments are—","rect":[90.02395629882813,215.64158630371095,390.669960975647,206.5879364013672]},{"page":24,"text":" Single-channel TACSAT.","rect":[115.219970703125,229.2015838623047,237.0746557712555,220.14793395996095]},{"page":24,"text":" HF radio.","rect":[115.219970703125,240.62966918945313,171.5560553073883,233.5879364013672]},{"page":24,"text":" UHF radio.","rect":[115.219970703125,254.20957946777345,178.74717164039613,247.14793395996095]},{"page":24,"text":" SINCGARS.","rect":[115.219970703125,267.6695861816406,185.03187012672425,260.7872314453125]},{"page":24,"text":" Tropospheric scatter radio terminals.","rect":[115.219970703125,283.2116394042969,280.07020020484927,274.17791748046877]},{"page":24,"text":"CORPS AND BELOW","rect":[72.02397155761719,308.6607360839844,209.77831172943116,298.945068359375]},{"page":24,"text":"2-9. The corps and division enable the tailoring of tactical radio support to meet combatant commanders’","rect":[90.02396392822266,328.8315124511719,522.0566092119217,319.77789306640627]},{"page":24,"text":"needs. The tailoring of tactical radio support at the corps and division provides operational forces a mix of","rect":[90.02389526367188,340.23150634765627,521.8402395830154,331.1778869628906]},{"page":24,"text":"tactical  radio  and  tactical  radio  network  capabilities  that  enable  commanders  to  exercise  command  and","rect":[90.02389526367188,351.7315979003906,521.4912304878235,342.6978759765625]},{"page":24,"text":"control to support unified land operations. The advantage of the organization as a corps and division is greater","rect":[90.02389526367188,363.271484375,522.0351248369217,354.2178649902344]},{"page":24,"text":"strategic, operational, and tactical flexibility. The corps and division—","rect":[90.02389526367188,374.7914733886719,372.9098901748657,365.73785400390627]},{"page":24,"text":" On order, assume the role of the joint task force headquarters.","rect":[115.21989440917969,388.3514709472656,380.088449716568,379.2878723144531]},{"page":24,"text":" Exercise operational, strategic, and tactical command and control.","rect":[115.21989440917969,401.7914733886719,396.82129883766177,392.73785400390627]},{"page":24,"text":" Act as a land force and joint support element.","rect":[115.21989440917969,415.3514709472656,315.02027344703677,406.2878723144531]},{"page":24,"text":" Enable command and control for a BCT or support brigade, as the primary tactical and support","rect":[115.21989440917969,428.7914733886719,521.6102496395112,419.73785400390627]},{"page":24,"text":"elements in a theater.","rect":[133.2198944091797,438.319580078125,217.95958924293519,431.2778625488281]},{"page":24,"text":"CORPS","rect":[72.02389526367188,463.798095703125,105.85225486755371,455.506103515625]},{"page":24,"text":"2-10. The corps G-6 and the corps signal, intelligence, and sustainment company provide communications","rect":[90.02389526367188,483.531494140625,521.8812759523391,474.4778747558594]},{"page":24,"text":"and information support at corps level. The corps signal, intelligence, and sustainment company executes the","rect":[90.02389526367188,495.0514831542969,521.697325466156,485.99786376953127]},{"page":24,"text":"communications plan to support the corps mission objectives through the employment of WIN-T and combat","rect":[90.02389526367188,506.57147216796877,522.0717364559174,497.50787353515627]},{"page":24,"text":"net  radios  systems.  The  WIN-T  and  combat  net  radios  employed  at  corps  level  are  primarily  the  Joint","rect":[90.02389526367188,518.0914916992188,521.9003497371674,509.037841796875]},{"page":24,"text":"Network Node, High Capacity Line of Sight terminal, SINCGARS, single-channel TACSAT, and HF radios.","rect":[90.02389526367188,529.6115112304688,521.9665625095367,520.557861328125]},{"page":24,"text":"These systems are  mostly  user-owned and operated systems  with the  higher command responsible for","rect":[90.02389526367188,541.1314697265625,521.7292776689529,532.0778198242188]},{"page":24,"text":"network control.","rect":[90.02389526367188,550.51953125,155.92920899391175,543.4778442382813]},{"page":24,"text":"DIVISION","rect":[72.02389526367188,576.09228515625,118.17628574371338,568.006103515625]},{"page":24,"text":"2-11. The  division  G-6  and  the  division  signal,  intelligence,  and  sustainment  company  provide","rect":[90.02389526367188,595.8515014648438,521.917052028656,586.7978515625]},{"page":24,"text":"communications  and  information  support  at  the  division  level.  The  division  signal,  intelligence,  and","rect":[90.02389526367188,607.3714599609375,521.4316601753235,598.3178100585938]},{"page":24,"text":"sustainment  company  executes  the  communications  plan  to  support  the  division  commander’s  mission","rect":[90.02389526367188,618.9214477539063,522.1411328315735,609.8677978515625]},{"page":24,"text":"objectives through the employment of WIN-T and combat net radios. The WIN-T and combat net radios","rect":[90.02386474609375,630.4414672851563,522.0270279054641,621.3778686523438]},{"page":24,"text":"employed at division level are primarily the WIN-T increment 2, High Capacity Line of Sight terminals,","rect":[90.02386474609375,641.8414916992188,522.0698339939117,632.787841796875]},{"page":24,"text":"SINCGARS, single-channel TACSAT, and HF radios.","rect":[90.02383422851563,653.3615112304688,308.2809545993805,644.307861328125]},{"page":24,"text":"Brigade","rect":[72.02383422851563,678.3136596679688,109.45949161148072,668.4549560546875]},{"page":24,"text":"2-12. Internal brigade  combat net  radio  assets provide communications and information support at the","rect":[90.02383422851563,695.5974731445313,521.790831325531,686.5438232421875]},{"page":24,"text":"maneuver  brigade.  The  SINCGARS,  single-channel  TACSAT,  and  HF  radio  are  the  primary  means  of","rect":[90.02383422851563,706.9974975585938,521.7927542314529,697.94384765625]},{"page":24,"text":"communications  in  a  maneuver  brigade.  Brigade  signal  company  assets  enable  communications  and","rect":[90.02383422851563,718.5175170898438,521.451313495636,709.4638671875]},{"page":24,"text":"2-4","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":24,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":24,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":25,"text":"Tactical Radio Employment by Echelon","rect":[372.07000732421877,46.04103469848633,539.9109873046875,37.716033935546878]},{"page":25,"text":"situational awareness at the brigade command posts. Sustainment units operating in the division area behind","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,539.585102558136,74.08776092529297]},{"page":25,"text":"the brigade sustainment area use combat net radios as a secondary means of communication, with WIN-T as","rect":[108.0199966430664,94.68138122558594,540.1118667726516,85.62773895263672]},{"page":25,"text":"the primary means of communication.","rect":[108.0199966430664,106.20140075683594,260.23865723609927,97.14775848388672]},{"page":25,"text":"Brigade Combat Team","rect":[90.02399444580078,131.0335693359375,197.6187595434189,121.17485046386719]},{"page":25,"text":"2-13. The brigade signal company provides communication and information support at the BCT level. The","rect":[108.0199966430664,148.32139587402345,539.438780544281,139.2677459716797]},{"page":25,"text":"brigade signal company consists of a headquarters and network support platoon and two network extension","rect":[108.02000427246094,159.84141540527345,539.9067578315735,150.7877655029297]},{"page":25,"text":"platoons. The brigade signal company provides—","rect":[108.02000427246094,171.36143493652345,307.37000370025637,162.3077850341797]},{"page":25,"text":" TACSAT.","rect":[133.22000122070313,182.79946899414063,192.57393860816956,175.9171142578125]},{"page":25,"text":" Retransmission (RETRANS).","rect":[133.22000122070313,198.3415069580078,269.89344239234927,189.3077850341797]},{"page":25,"text":" AN/PRC-154.","rect":[133.22000122070313,209.79946899414063,208.18999695777894,202.74778747558595]},{"page":25,"text":" AN/PRC-155.","rect":[133.22000122070313,223.35946655273438,208.18999695777894,216.3077850341797]},{"page":25,"text":" AN/VRC-118.","rect":[133.22000122070313,236.79946899414063,209.87000489234925,229.74778747558595]},{"page":25,"text":"Battalion and Below","rect":[90.02401733398438,261.5535583496094,185.30935043144226,253.92491149902345]},{"page":25,"text":"2-14. Critical information flow begins at the lowest echelons. Tactical radio communications at battalion and","rect":[108.02001953125,280.9514465332031,539.8804516792297,271.8978271484375]},{"page":25,"text":"below play a vital role in ensuring a rapid two-way flow of information from the commander down to the","rect":[108.02003479003906,292.471435546875,539.7203357200623,283.4178161621094]},{"page":25,"text":"Soldier level and from the Soldier up to the commander. Handheld radios and manpack radios are the primary","rect":[108.02003479003906,303.9914245605469,540.1362500190735,294.93780517578127]},{"page":25,"text":"communications capabilities employed at battalion and below, allowing Soldiers instant information sharing","rect":[108.02003479003906,315.51141357421877,539.6269726753235,306.4577941894531]},{"page":25,"text":"across the squad, company, battalion, and up to higher headquarters when necessary. Communications at","rect":[108.02003479003906,327.0314025878906,539.4176837215424,317.977783203125]},{"page":25,"text":"battalion and below consist of—","rect":[108.02003479003906,336.41949462890627,238.0100336074829,329.3777770996094]},{"page":25,"text":" HCLOS.","rect":[133.22003173828126,349.98944091796877,186.34891724586488,343.1070861816406]},{"page":25,"text":" TACSAT.","rect":[133.22003173828126,363.5494384765625,192.57740235328675,356.6670837402344]},{"page":25,"text":" BFT I or II.","rect":[133.22003173828126,376.9794921875,197.90259766578675,370.2565002441406]},{"page":25,"text":" Combat net radios (SINCGARS and HF radios).","rect":[133.22003173828126,392.531494140625,344.67774415016177,383.4977722167969]},{"page":25,"text":"2-15. The battalion S-6 integrates and manages network resources at battalion and below. The battalion S-6","rect":[108.02003479003906,409.9513854980469,540.160053730011,400.89776611328127]},{"page":25,"text":"performs two primary functions regarding network resources for their commander. The first function is to","rect":[108.02005004882813,421.47137451171877,539.8767285346985,412.4177551269531]},{"page":25,"text":"perform subscriber functions associated with higher-level networks in the upper tier of the tactical network","rect":[108.02005004882813,432.9913635253906,539.7285351753235,423.937744140625]},{"page":25,"text":"and  commercial  networks,  and  BFT  I  or  BFT  II  over  which  the  battalion  has  no  network  control.  The","rect":[108.02005004882813,443.0,539.5572497825623,435.4777526855469]},{"page":25,"text":"subscriber  functions  allow  extension  of  strategic  and  operational  services  to  the  battalion  based  on  the","rect":[108.02005004882813,455.9313659667969,539.6319568138123,446.87774658203127]},{"page":25,"text":"guidance of higher-level commanders. The battalion S-6 ensures compliance and configuration according to","rect":[108.02005004882813,467.45135498046877,539.7715649604797,458.3977355957031]},{"page":25,"text":"these instructions for all systems operated by higher echelons but located in the battalion area of operations.","rect":[108.02005004882813,478.9713439941406,539.9215185642242,469.917724609375]},{"page":25,"text":"The second primary functions performed by the battalion S-6 are the administrative functions associated with","rect":[108.02005004882813,490.4913330078125,539.8962597846985,481.4377136230469]},{"page":25,"text":"network resources owned by the battalion. The battalion S-6 plans, manages, and monitors the components","rect":[108.02005004882813,502.0113220214844,539.7836197023391,492.95770263671877]},{"page":25,"text":"that comprise the lower tier tactical internet.","rect":[108.02005004882813,513.5114135742188,284.63770508766177,504.4776916503906]},{"page":25,"text":"SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES","rect":[90.0240478515625,538.9605102539063,307.14565648269658,529.244873046875]},{"page":25,"text":"2-16. Special  operations  forces  operate  worldwide  across  the  range  of  military  operations  to  support","rect":[108.02005004882813,559.13134765625,539.6978350887299,550.0776977539063]},{"page":25,"text":"combatant  commanders,  American  ambassadors,  and  other  agencies.  Special  operations  forces  include","rect":[108.02006530761719,570.5313110351563,539.815001247406,561.4776611328125]},{"page":25,"text":"special forces, Rangers, special operations aviation, civil affairs, and psychological operations.","rect":[108.02006530761719,582.0513305664063,486.5700170993805,572.9976806640625]},{"page":25,"text":"2-17. Special  operations  units  require  radio  communications  equipment  that  improve  their  operational","rect":[108.02006530761719,599.5513916015625,539.6379596004487,590.5177001953125]},{"page":25,"text":"capability without degrading their mobility. The tactical radios employed by special operations forces provide","rect":[108.02008056640625,611.121337890625,539.7821032981873,602.0676879882813]},{"page":25,"text":"the  critical  communication  link  between  special  operations  forces  commanders  and  teams  involved  in","rect":[108.02008056640625,622.6213989257813,539.6369214057922,613.5877075195313]},{"page":25,"text":"contingency operations and training exercises. The tactical radios employed by special operations forces also","rect":[108.02008056640625,634.161376953125,540.043110370636,625.1077270507813]},{"page":25,"text":"provide interoperability with other Services and agencies of the United States. Tactical radios enable special","rect":[108.02008056640625,645.5613403320313,539.5771075496674,636.5076904296875]},{"page":25,"text":"operations forces to maintain fixed and mobile communications between infiltrated and operational elements","rect":[108.02008056640625,657.0614013671875,539.7565200929641,648.0277099609375]},{"page":25,"text":"and higher echelon headquarters, allowing special operations forces to operate with any force combination","rect":[108.02008056640625,668.6013793945313,539.497211933136,659.5477294921875]},{"page":25,"text":"in  multiple  environments.  Refer  to  ATP  3-05.60  for  further  information  on  the  special  operations","rect":[108.02008056640625,680.1014404296875,539.8062027101516,671.0677490234375]},{"page":25,"text":"communications system.","rect":[108.02008056640625,691.641357421875,206.68381714820863,682.5877075195313]},{"page":25,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":25,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":25,"text":"2-5","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":26,"text":"Chapter 2","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":26,"text":"TACTICAL COMMAND POST","rect":[72.02399444580078,85.17062377929688,267.1747690858841,75.45494079589844]},{"page":26,"text":"2-18. Situational awareness is essential to enable commanders to exercise command and control effectively","rect":[90.02399444580078,105.24143981933594,521.7375073432922,96.18779754638672]},{"page":26,"text":"across  the  range  of  military  operations.  The  Standardized  Integrated  Command  Post  System  provides","rect":[90.02399444580078,116.76145935058594,521.5013931398391,107.70781707763672]},{"page":26,"text":"commanders an integrated command post capability including all supporting equipment and tools to enhance","rect":[90.02399444580078,128.28147888183595,521.7943713645935,119.22783660888672]},{"page":26,"text":"decision-making  across  all  phases  of  the  operation.  The  Standardized  Integrated  Command  Post  System","rect":[90.02399444580078,139.80149841308595,521.7233673343659,130.7478485107422]},{"page":26,"text":"provides fully integrated, digitized, and interoperable command posts to support unified action and civilian","rect":[90.02399444580078,151.20152282714845,522.000874042511,142.1478729248047]},{"page":26,"text":"crisis management teams. It includes legacy command posts, command post platforms, shelters, common","rect":[90.02399444580078,162.72154235839845,521.6905102729797,153.6678924560547]},{"page":26,"text":"shelters, and fixed command post facilities.","rect":[90.02399444580078,174.2216339111328,263.39771485328677,165.1879119873047]},{"page":26,"text":"2-19. The Standardized Integrated Command Post System consists of the integration of approved and fielded","rect":[90.02399444580078,191.76158142089845,522.0346264839172,182.7079315185547]},{"page":26,"text":"mission  command  systems  and  other  command,  control,  communications,  computers,  intelligence,","rect":[90.02399444580078,203.28160095214845,521.5412695407867,194.2279510498047]},{"page":26,"text":"surveillance,  and  reconnaissance  systems  technology  into  platforms  supporting  the  operational  needs  of","rect":[90.02399444580078,214.80162048339845,521.5511770830154,205.7479705810547]},{"page":26,"text":"infantry, armored, and Stryker BCT forces. The Standardized Integrated Command Post System consists of","rect":[90.02399444580078,226.20164489746095,521.8802176103592,217.1479949951172]},{"page":26,"text":"various systems, specifically the command post platform that includes the command post local area network","rect":[90.02399444580078,237.72166442871095,521.610981464386,228.6680145263672]},{"page":26,"text":"and command post communications system, the command center system, and the trailer mounted support","rect":[90.02399444580078,249.24168395996095,522.0473223934174,240.1880340576172]},{"page":26,"text":"system.","rect":[90.02399444580078,260.7616882324219,120.1031744480133,252.7040557861328]},{"page":26,"text":"2-20. The command post platform hosts connectivity and multiple command and control tools to enable the","rect":[90.02399444580078,278.3116760253906,521.588194606781,269.258056640625]},{"page":26,"text":"commander to visualize the battle space and make the right decision based on real-time data. When employed","rect":[90.02399444580078,289.8316650390625,521.8034863471985,280.7780456542969]},{"page":26,"text":"the command post platform and related hardware allow ground commanders form command posts at echelons","rect":[90.02399444580078,301.2316589355469,521.8557632570266,292.17803955078127]},{"page":26,"text":"ranging from brigade to corps. The command post platform contains the necessary equipment to connect to","rect":[90.02399444580078,312.75164794921877,521.401752948761,303.6980285644531]},{"page":26,"text":"the upper and lower tier and includes a secure wireless capability for rapid efficient processing and transfer","rect":[90.02399444580078,324.2716369628906,521.7763968095779,315.218017578125]},{"page":26,"text":"of mission critical battlefield information.","rect":[90.02399444580078,333.77972412109377,257.12293457984927,326.7380065917969]},{"page":26,"text":"2-21.","rect":[90.02399444580078,351.17022705078127,110.87399506568909,344.437255859375]},{"page":26,"text":"The command post platform network architecture uses the following radios—","rect":[115.2199935913086,353.3116149902344,426.5499963760376,344.25799560546877]},{"page":26,"text":" SINCGARS.","rect":[115.22000122070313,364.7496643066406,185.03190064430238,357.8673095703125]},{"page":26,"text":" AN/VRC-103.","rect":[115.22000122070313,378.3096618652344,191.87000489234925,371.25799560546877]},{"page":26,"text":" AN/VRC-104.","rect":[115.22000885009766,391.7496643066406,191.87000489234925,384.697998046875]},{"page":26,"text":" AN/PRC-117.","rect":[115.22000885009766,405.3096618652344,190.18999695777894,398.25799560546877]},{"page":26,"text":" AN/GRC-240.","rect":[115.22000122070313,418.7496643066406,191.87000489234925,411.697998046875]},{"page":26,"text":" BFT I or II.","rect":[115.22000885009766,432.2997131347656,179.90256714820863,425.57672119140627]},{"page":26,"text":" AN/PSC-5.","rect":[115.22000122070313,445.7696533203125,179.02999329566956,438.7179870605469]},{"page":26,"text":" AN/PRC-154A.","rect":[115.22000122070313,459.32965087890627,197.2409155368805,452.2779846191406]},{"page":26,"text":" AN/PRC-155.","rect":[115.22000122070313,472.7696533203125,190.18999695777894,465.7179870605469]},{"page":26,"text":" AN/VRC-118","rect":[115.22000122070313,486.32965087890627,189.32001161575318,479.2779846191406]},{"page":26,"text":"2-6","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":26,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":26,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":27,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[287.3299865722656,129.4519805908203,342.661990234375,118.36397552490235]},{"page":27,"text":"Tactical Radio Platforms","rect":[221.68997192382813,150.79556274414063,408.23047999191285,139.00111389160157]},{"page":27,"text":"This chapter addresses the tactical radio platforms and associated waveforms, which","rect":[126.01997375488281,188.4915313720703,504.1652636528015,178.36785888671876]},{"page":27,"text":"Army forces employ as communications enablers at all echelons across all phases of ","rect":[126.01997375488281,201.23358154296876,506.613210439682,191.08782958984376]},{"page":27,"text":"operations.","rect":[126.01997375488281,213.8114776611328,174.70641112327577,203.68780517578126]},{"page":27,"text":"SECTION I – LEGACY AND ENDURING RADIO PLATFORMS","rect":[99.38400268554688,238.00404357910157,439.23401098632817,229.12405395507813]},{"page":27,"text":"3-1. The legacy and enduring radio platform design focus on the complete integration of the radio-operating","rect":[108.0199966430664,261.1213684082031,540.0399975776672,252.06773376464845]},{"page":27,"text":"environment and the waveform capability. Most legacy and enduring radio platforms are non-digital and","rect":[108.01998901367188,272.6713562011719,539.8848462104797,263.61773681640627]},{"page":27,"text":"operate  on  an  analog  infrastructure.  Legacy  and  enduring  radio platforms  offer  consistency  of  design,","rect":[108.01998901367188,284.19134521484377,539.5572607517242,275.1377258300781]},{"page":27,"text":"reliability, availability, and maintainability at the expense of improved performance over time and rigidity in","rect":[108.01998901367188,295.5913391113281,539.7487988471985,286.5377197265625]},{"page":27,"text":"the network design of each radio platform type. The primary value of the legacy and enduring radio platform","rect":[108.01998901367188,307.111328125,539.6865020999909,298.0577087402344]},{"page":27,"text":"is  reliability  to  meet  mission  needs,  and  the  familiarity  and  level  of  training  Legacy  and  enduring  radio","rect":[108.01998901367188,318.6313171386719,539.9362988471985,309.57769775390627]},{"page":27,"text":"platforms continue to be in formations to support the critical node connectivity required for assured, rapid,","rect":[108.01998901367188,330.15130615234377,539.4973242282867,321.0976867675781]},{"page":27,"text":"and reliable data dissemination.","rect":[108.01998901367188,339.6593933105469,234.49212098121644,332.61767578125]},{"page":27,"text":"SINGLE-CHANNEL GROUND AND AIRBORNE RADIO SYSTEM","rect":[90.02398681640625,367.1004943847656,507.43088398742676,357.3707580566406]},{"page":27,"text":"3-2. The design of the SINCGARS family of radio sets ensures commonality among various ground and","rect":[108.01998901367188,387.2712707519531,539.541645526886,378.2176513671875]},{"page":27,"text":"airborne configurations. SINCGARS radio configurations consist of manpack and vehicle configurations.","rect":[108.01998901367188,398.6712646484375,539.5272314548492,389.6176452636719]},{"page":27,"text":"The individual components of SINCGARS radios are interchangeable from one configuration to the next.","rect":[108.01998901367188,410.1912536621094,539.9057104587555,401.13763427734377]},{"page":27,"text":"The SINCGARS design reduces the burden on the logistics system to provide repair parts.","rect":[108.01998901367188,421.71124267578127,468.81104493141177,412.6576232910156]},{"page":27,"text":"3-3. The SINCGARS operates in either the single-channel or frequency hopping mode. The SINCGARS is","rect":[108.01998901367188,439.2512512207031,539.9279068117141,430.1976318359375]},{"page":27,"text":"compatible with all current Army and multinational VHF radios in the single-channel non-secure mode. The","rect":[108.01998901367188,450.771240234375,539.906309841156,441.7176208496094]},{"page":27,"text":"SINCGARS is compatible with Air Force, Marine Corps, and Navy SINCGARS radios in frequency hopping","rect":[108.01998901367188,462.2912292480469,539.7862133979797,453.23760986328127]},{"page":27,"text":"mode. The SINCGARS stores eight single-channel frequencies, including the cue and manual frequencies","rect":[108.01998901367188,473.69122314453127,539.8433120851516,464.6376037597656]},{"page":27,"text":"and six separate hopsets.","rect":[108.01998901367188,485.1913146972656,206.7531225681305,476.1575927734375]},{"page":27,"text":"3-4. The SINCGARS operates on any of 2,320 frequencies between 30–88 MHz, with a channel separation","rect":[108.01998901367188,502.731201171875,540.0435376167297,493.6775817871094]},{"page":27,"text":"of 25 kilohertz (kHz) and operates in nuclear or hostile environments.","rect":[108.02001953125,514.2312622070313,386.6908667087555,505.19757080078127]},{"page":27,"text":"3-5. The SINCGARS accepts either digital or analog input and imposes the signal onto a single-channel or","rect":[108.02001953125,531.7711791992188,539.9120169267654,522.717529296875]},{"page":27,"text":"frequency-hopping output signal. During frequency hopping operation, the carrier frequency changes about","rect":[108.02001953125,543.2911987304688,539.4409991512299,534.237548828125]},{"page":27,"text":"100 times per second over portions of the tactical VHF range. Frequency hopping hinders threat intercept","rect":[108.02001953125,554.6912231445313,539.3977862606049,545.6375732421875]},{"page":27,"text":"and jamming capabilities to locate or disrupt friendly communication.","rect":[108.02001953125,566.2112426757813,387.40604615211489,557.1476440429688]},{"page":27,"text":"3-6. The SINCGARS provides data rates of 600, 1,200, 2,400, 4,800, and 16,000 bits per second; enhanced","rect":[108.02001953125,583.7112426757813,539.4986157417297,574.6775512695313]},{"page":27,"text":"data mode of 1200N, 2400N, 4800N, and 9600N; and packet and RS-232 data. The system improvement","rect":[108.02001953125,595.251220703125,539.8919268856049,586.1975708007813]},{"page":27,"text":"program and advanced system improvement program radios provide enhanced data mode, which provides","rect":[108.02001953125,606.771240234375,539.6042984132766,597.7175903320313]},{"page":27,"text":"forward error correction, speed, range, and data transmission accuracy.","rect":[108.02001953125,618.2012329101563,391.312326669693,609.1475830078125]},{"page":27,"text":"3-7. The RF selector switch on the SINCGARS provides the radio operator the ability to select the power","rect":[108.02001953125,635.7212524414063,539.7819510087967,626.6676025390625]},{"page":27,"text":"output  of  the  radio  and  reduce  the  radio’s  electromagnetic  signature.  The  radio  operator  reduces  the","rect":[108.02001953125,647.2412109375,539.9613025169373,638.1875610351563]},{"page":27,"text":"electromagnetic signature of the radio by selecting a lower power setting. The radio operator use a higher","rect":[108.01998901367188,658.76123046875,540.0276175127029,649.7075805664063]},{"page":27,"text":"power setting to reach far away stations, which increases the radio’s electromagnetic signature. The receiver-","rect":[108.01998901367188,670.28125,540.0566702470779,661.2276000976563]},{"page":27,"text":"transmitter (RT) has four power settings. The four power settings and maximum transmission ranges for each","rect":[108.01998901367188,681.8012084960938,539.616596698761,672.74755859375]},{"page":27,"text":"of the settings are—","rect":[108.01998901367188,693.2012329101563,188.77999210357667,684.1475830078125]},{"page":27,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.02399444580078,755.8169555664063,163.56299047851562,747.365966796875]},{"page":27,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":27,"text":"3-1","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":28,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":28,"text":" LO (low power) – 200 meters or 656.1 feet to 400 meters or 1,312.3 feet.","rect":[115.2199935913086,83.1214828491211,426.01990723609927,74.08776092529297]},{"page":28,"text":" M (medium power) – 400 meters or 1,312.3 feet to 5 kilometers or 3.1 miles.","rect":[115.2199935913086,96.70149993896485,441.078439950943,87.66777801513672]},{"page":28,"text":" HI (high power) – 5 kilometers or 3.1 miles to 10 kilometers or 6.2 miles.","rect":[115.21998596191406,110.16142272949219,427.6489050388336,101.10778045654297]},{"page":28,"text":" PA (power amplifier) – 10 kilometers or 6.2 miles to 40 kilometers or 25 miles.","rect":[115.21997833251953,123.70149993896485,451.1791479587555,114.66777801513672]},{"page":28,"text":"3-8.  Only vehicle mounted radios equipped with a power amplifier can utilize the power amplifier setting.","rect":[90.02395629882813,141.12144470214845,521.9434912204742,132.0677947998047]},{"page":28,"text":"Manpack and vehicular radios not equipped with a power amplifier can only use the low, medium, and high","rect":[90.02395629882813,152.64146423339845,521.9889721870422,143.5878143310547]},{"page":28,"text":"settings. When using the SINCGARS radio, the radio operator should always attempt communication with","rect":[90.02394104003906,164.16148376464845,521.9220776557922,155.1078338623047]},{"page":28,"text":"the lowest setting first in order to reduce the radio’s electromagnetic signature. Once the radio operator","rect":[90.02394104003906,175.68150329589845,522.0535574541092,166.6278533935547]},{"page":28,"text":"establishes communication, the radio operator operates the radio at the lowest usable power setting. The radio","rect":[90.02389526367188,187.20152282714845,522.1462597846985,178.1478729248047]},{"page":28,"text":"operator only use the power amplifier setting when necessary to achieve communication.","rect":[90.02389526367188,198.60154724121095,445.95960450172427,189.5478973388672]},{"page":28,"text":"3-9. Using lower power is particularly crucial at large command posts, which operate in multiple networks.","rect":[90.02389526367188,216.12156677246095,521.7275488376617,207.0679168701172]},{"page":28,"text":"The goal is to reduce the electromagnetic signature of the command posts. The net control station (NCS)","rect":[90.02389526367188,227.64158630371095,521.9204397783279,218.5879364013672]},{"page":28,"text":"ensures  all  members  of  the  network  operate  on  the  minimum  power  necessary  to  maintain  reliable","rect":[90.02389526367188,239.16160583496095,521.5809314231873,230.1079559326172]},{"page":28,"text":"communications. A net control station is a communications station designated to control traffic and","rect":[90.02389526367188,250.68162536621095,521.7266027946472,241.6279754638672]},{"page":28,"text":"enforce circuit discipline within a given net.","rect":[90.02391052246094,262.4715881347656,275.814523935318,253.5773162841797]},{"page":28,"text":"3-10. The SINCGARS radio also has a built-in test function that notify the radio operator when the RT is","rect":[90.02391052246094,279.6315612792969,521.7880752687454,270.57794189453127]},{"page":28,"text":"malfunctioning. The built-in test identifies the faulty circuits for repair or maintenance.","rect":[90.02391052246094,291.15155029296877,438.18616700172427,282.0979309082031]},{"page":28,"text":"3-11. The  SINCGARS  provides  outside  network  access  through  a  hailing  method.  The  cue  frequency","rect":[90.02391052246094,308.6715393066406,521.927631855011,299.617919921875]},{"page":28,"text":"provides the hailing ability to the SINCGARS. When hailing a network, an individual outside the network","rect":[90.02391052246094,320.1915283203125,521.5212597846985,311.1379089355469]},{"page":28,"text":"contacts the alternate NCS on the cue frequency. The NCS retains control of the network. Having the alternate","rect":[90.02391052246094,331.7115173339844,521.7603747825623,322.65789794921877]},{"page":28,"text":"NCS go to the cue assists in managing the network without disruption. In the active frequency-hopping mode,","rect":[90.02391052246094,343.23150634765627,521.9611914157867,334.1778869628906]},{"page":28,"text":"the SINCGARS gives audible and visual signals to the radio operator that an external subscriber wants to","rect":[90.02391052246094,354.6315002441406,521.4214673042297,345.577880859375]},{"page":28,"text":"communicate with the frequency-hopping network. The SINCGARS alternate NCS radio operator switches","rect":[90.02391052246094,366.1514892578125,521.8308609132766,357.0978698730469]},{"page":28,"text":"to the cue frequency to communicate with the outside radio system.","rect":[90.02391052246094,377.6714782714844,359.860178232193,368.61785888671877]},{"page":28,"text":"3-12. The network uses the manual channel for initial network activation. The manual channel provides a","rect":[90.02391052246094,395.17156982421877,521.5780017356873,386.1378479003906]},{"page":28,"text":"common frequency for all members of the network to verify the equipment is operational. During initial","rect":[90.02391052246094,406.7114562988281,521.7234698543549,397.6578369140625]},{"page":28,"text":"network activation, all radio operators in the network tune to the manual channel using the same frequency.","rect":[90.02391052246094,418.1114501953125,521.501047372818,409.0578308105469]},{"page":28,"text":"After  establishing  communications  on  the  manual  channel,  the  NCS  transfers  the  hopset  variables  to  the","rect":[90.02391052246094,429.6314392089844,522.0858142356873,420.57781982421877]},{"page":28,"text":"outstations  and  then  switches  the  network  to  the  frequency-hopping  mode.  Operating  a  SINCGARS","rect":[90.02391052246094,441.17144775390627,521.8188269157409,432.1178283691406]},{"page":28,"text":"frequency hopping NCS requires that operators—","rect":[90.02391052246094,452.6914367675781,289.129921913147,443.6378173828125]},{"page":28,"text":" Perform starting procedures. (Set Julian date and radio to GPS time using the Defense Advanced","rect":[115.21992492675781,466.2514343261719,521.9140820503235,457.19781494140627]},{"page":28,"text":"Global Positioning System Receiver.)","rect":[133.2199249267578,477.65142822265627,284.1239004716873,468.5978088378906]},{"page":28,"text":" Perform NCS permission checks.","rect":[115.21992492675781,491.1915283203125,266.27555298805239,482.1578063964844]},{"page":28,"text":" Perform NCS cold start net opening.","rect":[115.21992492675781,504.77142333984377,279.07413697242739,495.7178039550781]},{"page":28,"text":" Use correct call signs.","rect":[115.21992492675781,518.2114868164063,221.3161108493805,509.1578369140625]},{"page":28,"text":" Perform frequency hopping communications.","rect":[115.21992492675781,531.7714233398438,314.57154297828677,522.7177734375]},{"page":28,"text":" Perform NCS cue late net entry.","rect":[115.21992492675781,545.2114868164063,261.3553259372711,536.1578369140625]},{"page":28,"text":" Use correct call signs.","rect":[115.21992492675781,558.7714233398438,221.3161108493805,549.7177734375]},{"page":28,"text":" Perform stopping procedures.","rect":[115.21992492675781,572.2114868164063,251.77996277809144,563.1578369140625]},{"page":28,"text":"3-13.A","rect":[90.02392578125,587.6995849609375,122.41104495429993,580.8471069335938]},{"page":28,"text":"call  sign","rect":[129.01992797851563,589.7314453125,167.4456524848938,580.6777954101563]},{"page":28,"text":"is  any  combination  of  characters  or  pronounceable  words,  which  identifies  a","rect":[174.2599334716797,589.7314453125,521.6666858177185,580.6777954101563]},{"page":28,"text":"communication facility, a command, an authority, an activity, or a unit; used primarily for establishing and","rect":[90.02394104003906,601.1314697265625,521.3418774604797,592.0778198242188]},{"page":28,"text":"maintaining communications (JP 3-50). The NCS contains tactical computers that enable automated technical","rect":[90.02394104003906,612.6814575195313,521.8315020809174,603.6278076171875]},{"page":28,"text":"control and centralized dynamic network management. The NCS is the primary technical control interface.","rect":[90.02394104003906,624.2014770507813,521.4316504001617,615.1478271484375]},{"page":28,"text":"NCS software provides dynamic network monitoring and resource assignment that satisfies requirements for","rect":[90.02394104003906,635.7214965820313,522.0462332353592,626.6678466796875]},{"page":28,"text":"communications,  navigation,  identification  data  distribution,  and  position  location.  The  NCS  can  open","rect":[90.02394104003906,647.241455078125,521.5410962104797,638.1878051757813]},{"page":28,"text":"frequency hopping nets using either hot or cold start net opening procedures. The preferred method is to open","rect":[90.02394104003906,658.6414794921875,521.730366230011,649.5878295898438]},{"page":28,"text":"the  net  using  hot  start  procedures.  Before  opening  a  net,  the  NCS  must  receive  frequency  hopping  and","rect":[90.02394104003906,670.1614379882813,521.605854511261,661.1077880859375]},{"page":28,"text":"COMSEC data.","rect":[90.02394104003906,679.6795043945313,152.69222474098206,672.6278076171875]},{"page":28,"text":"3-14. For hot start net opening, each member in the net loads all frequency hopping and COMSEC data into","rect":[90.02394104003906,699.1974487304688,521.6577343940735,690.143798828125]},{"page":28,"text":"the radio, including sync time. The operator enters the net by contacting the NCS.","rect":[90.02394104003906,710.7174682617188,416.811594247818,701.663818359375]},{"page":28,"text":"3-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":28,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":28,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":29,"text":"Tactical Radio Platforms","rect":[435.07000732421877,44.259033203125,540.0820029296875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":29,"text":"3-15. For cold start net opening, net stations receive their electronic remote fill from their NCS on the manual","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,539.8830157527924,74.08776092529297]},{"page":29,"text":"channel in the frequency hopping CT modes, store it in the appropriate channel, switch over to that channel,","rect":[108.02000427246094,94.68138122558594,539.547189950943,85.62773895263672]},{"page":29,"text":"and enter the net. Operators load all frequency hopping and COMSEC data, except sync time, into the radio","rect":[108.02000427246094,106.20140075683594,539.555561542511,97.14775848388672]},{"page":29,"text":"prior to a cold start net opening.","rect":[108.02000427246094,117.60142517089844,235.76696228981019,108.54778289794922]},{"page":29,"text":"3-16. A radio loaded with all frequency hopping and COMSEC data that drifts off sync time may be","rect":[108.02000427246094,135.12144470214845,539.617979763031,126.06780242919922]},{"page":29,"text":"resynchronized by one of the following methods—","rect":[108.02001953125,146.64146423339845,311.8100366592407,137.5878143310547]},{"page":29,"text":" Enter GPS ZULU time.","rect":[133.22003173828126,158.20945739746095,245.50876832008363,151.14781188964845]},{"page":29,"text":" Enable passive late net entry. The SINCGARS radio has a built-in capability to resynchronize","rect":[133.22003173828126,173.64146423339845,539.8817126731873,164.5878143310547]},{"page":29,"text":"itself when out of synchronization by more than plus or minus 4 seconds but less than plus or","rect":[151.22003173828126,185.16148376464845,539.5209036455154,176.1078338623047]},{"page":29,"text":"minus 60 seconds. When the operator enables the late net entry mode, the radio reenters the net","rect":[151.22003173828126,196.68150329589845,539.9243975887299,187.6278533935547]},{"page":29,"text":"without further action by the operator.","rect":[151.22003173828126,208.20152282714845,303.87696290016177,199.1478729248047]},{"page":29,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,218.92124938964845,139.22591170978547,214.1937255859375]},{"page":29,"text":"Activate cue and electronic remote fill. If a SINCGARS station must enter a frequency hopping","rect":[151.22003173828126,221.6415252685547,539.5605053901672,212.58787536621095]},{"page":29,"text":"cipher text net and has the correct TSK and traffic encryption key (TEK), the station may contact","rect":[151.22003173828126,233.1615447998047,540.0742999324799,224.10789489746095]},{"page":29,"text":"the net by changing to the cue frequency, pressing PTT and waiting for the NCS to respond. This","rect":[151.22003173828126,244.6815643310547,539.6003921632766,235.62791442871095]},{"page":29,"text":"action by the operator causes the message cue indicator to appear in the display of the NCS radio.","rect":[151.22003173828126,256.2015686035156,539.7996923923492,247.14793395996095]},{"page":29,"text":"Normally  only  selected  NCSs,  their  alternate  NCSs,  or  other  designated  stations,  will  load,","rect":[151.22003173828126,267.6315612792969,539.9843237400055,258.57794189453127]},{"page":29,"text":"monitor, and respond on the cue frequency.","rect":[151.22003173828126,279.1515808105469,324.61365723609927,270.09796142578127]},{"page":29,"text":"3-17. When the NCS operates in frequency hopping-master mode. Only one radio in each frequency hopping","rect":[108.02003479003906,296.67156982421877,539.8358960151672,287.6179504394531]},{"page":29,"text":"radio net will use this mode. The frequency hopping-master radio maintains the radio net’s sync time and","rect":[108.02005004882813,308.1915588378906,539.9836621284485,299.137939453125]},{"page":29,"text":"performs  the  electronic  remote  fill.  Normally  the  designated  NCS  or  alternate  NCS  will  operate  in  the","rect":[108.02001953125,319.7115478515625,539.5770251731873,310.6579284667969]},{"page":29,"text":"frequency hopping-master mode. The NCS transmits at least once every four hours in frequency hopping-","rect":[108.02001953125,331.2315368652344,540.0565481767654,322.17791748046877]},{"page":29,"text":"master mode.","rect":[108.02001953125,340.61962890625,161.711496591568,333.5779113769531]},{"page":29,"text":"3-18. SINCGARS is capable of RETRANS in single-channel, frequency hopping, and combined frequency","rect":[108.02001953125,360.1515197753906,539.8542065620422,351.097900390625]},{"page":29,"text":"hopping  and  single-channel  modes.  In  RETRANS  mode,  SINCGARS  radios  automatically  provide","rect":[108.02003479003906,371.6715087890625,539.5341784934998,362.6178894042969]},{"page":29,"text":"communications linkage between frequency hopping and single-channel radios or nets.","rect":[108.02003479003906,383.1914978027344,456.2089331150055,374.13787841796877]},{"page":29,"text":"3-19. See  appendix  B  for  more  information  on  single-channel  radio  communications  techniques.  See","rect":[108.02003479003906,400.71148681640627,539.8974597434998,391.6578674316406]},{"page":29,"text":"appendix E for Julian date, synchronization time, and time conversion.","rect":[108.02005004882813,412.1114807128906,390.39600586891177,403.057861328125]},{"page":29,"text":"SINGLE-CHANNEL GROUND AND AIRBORNE RADIO SYSTEM TYPES","rect":[90.0240478515625,435.7300720214844,418.9714412689209,427.4140930175781]},{"page":29,"text":"3-20. Using standard components in the SINCGARS is key to tailoring radio sets for specific missions with","rect":[108.02008056640625,455.45147705078127,539.7524609565735,446.3978576660156]},{"page":29,"text":"the  RT  being  the  basic  building  block  for  all  radio  configurations.  The  number  of  RTs,  amplifiers,  the","rect":[108.02009582519531,466.9714660644531,539.547178981781,457.9178466796875]},{"page":29,"text":"installation kit, and the backpack component determine the model. Table 3-1 compares the components of","rect":[108.02009582519531,478.4715576171875,540.1494436845779,469.4378356933594]},{"page":29,"text":"several versions of SINCGARS radios.","rect":[108.02009582519531,488.0094909667969,264.36219239234927,480.95782470703127]},{"page":29,"text":"Table 3-1. Comparison of SINCGARS versions and components","rect":[164.1800994873047,507.46221923828127,465.6910803337097,498.2591857910156]},{"page":29,"text":"3-21. There are six ground unit versions of the SINCGARS (RT-1523/A/B/C/D/E/F) and three airborne","rect":[108.0199966430664,669.8013916015625,540.0584704856873,660.7477416992188]},{"page":29,"text":"versions (RT-1476/1477/1478). Most airborne versions require external COMSEC devices. The RT-1478D","rect":[108.02001953125,681.3014526367188,540.1805609455108,672.2677612304688]},{"page":29,"text":"has integrated COMSEC and an integrated data rate adapter. Airborne and ground versions are interoperable","rect":[108.02001953125,692.8414306640625,539.8062732200623,683.7877807617188]},{"page":29,"text":"in frequency-hopping and single-channel operations. The airborne versions differ in installation packages","rect":[108.02001953125,704.357421875,540.1213882570266,695.3037719726563]},{"page":29,"text":"and requirements for data-capable terminals. (See chapter 7 for airborne SINCGARS versions.)","rect":[108.02001953125,715.857421875,489.7386465654373,706.82373046875]},{"page":29,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":29,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":29,"text":"3-3","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":30,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":30,"text":"Ground Version Receiver Transmitter","rect":[72.02399444580078,82.36561584472656,252.63836276626587,74.71488952636719]},{"page":30,"text":"3-22. Either the RT-1523/A/B/C/D or the RT-1523E comprise the core component of all ground-based radio","rect":[90.02399444580078,101.76139831542969,522.127094745636,92.70775604248047]},{"page":30,"text":"sets. The RT-1523 series has internal COMSEC circuits, so they do not require additional cryptographic","rect":[90.02399444580078,113.28141784667969,521.6713855247498,104.22777557373047]},{"page":30,"text":"hardware for secure communications. The ground versions have a whisper mode for noise restriction during","rect":[90.02399444580078,124.80143737792969,521.681049823761,115.74779510498047]},{"page":30,"text":"patrols or while in defensive positions. The radio operator whispers into the handset while being heard at the","rect":[90.02399444580078,136.3214569091797,522.0870349388123,127.26781463623047]},{"page":30,"text":"receiver in a normal voice.","rect":[90.02399444580078,145.82955932617188,196.66576600074769,138.78782653808595]},{"page":30,"text":"Advanced System Improvement Program","rect":[72.02399444580078,172.79364013671876,267.2663883275986,162.9459686279297]},{"page":30,"text":"3-23. The  SINCGARS  advanced  system  improvement  program  increases  the  performance  of  the","rect":[90.02399444580078,189.9614715576172,521.5383288841248,180.90782165527345]},{"page":30,"text":"SINCGARS  system  improvement  program  (RT-1523  C/D  models).  The  advanced  system  improvement","rect":[90.02399444580078,201.4814910888672,521.8731890926362,192.42784118652345]},{"page":30,"text":"program also increases operational capabilities to support the tactical networking environment, specifically","rect":[90.02399444580078,213.0015106201172,521.6010327339172,203.94786071777345]},{"page":30,"text":"improved  data  capability,  manpower  and  personnel  integration  requirement  compliance,  and  flexible","rect":[90.02399444580078,224.4015350341797,521.401671169281,215.34788513183595]},{"page":30,"text":"interfaces with other systems.","rect":[90.02399444580078,235.9215545654297,208.68741822242738,226.86790466308595]},{"page":30,"text":"3-24. Table 3-2 on pages 3-5 through 3-6 compares SINCGARS integrated COMSEC, SINCGARS system","rect":[90.02399444580078,253.4415740966797,521.9081817874909,244.38792419433595]},{"page":30,"text":"improvement program, and the SINCGARS advanced system improvement program radio sets. All advanced","rect":[90.02399444580078,264.9915466308594,521.451557636261,255.9379119873047]},{"page":30,"text":"system improvement program radios are capable of remote operation controlled by another advanced system","rect":[90.02399444580078,276.5115661621094,522.0256134281159,267.45794677734377]},{"page":30,"text":"improvement program radio up to 4 kilometers or 2.4 miles away, via a twisted pair wire, typically WD-1 or","rect":[90.02399444580078,288.03155517578127,522.0366507158279,278.9779357910156]},{"page":30,"text":"WF-16. To remote a radio, operators use an external two-wire adapter to interface between the radio and the","rect":[90.02399444580078,299.4116516113281,521.9378650169373,290.3779296875]},{"page":30,"text":"wires.  Performance  of  the  remote  control  feature  occurs  between  the  dismounted  RT  and  the  vehicular","rect":[90.02399444580078,308.93963623046877,521.5403738603592,301.8979187011719]},{"page":30,"text":"amplifier adapter, or between two dismounted RTs. Another host controller can control the advanced system","rect":[90.02399444580078,322.4715270996094,521.7802520999909,313.41790771484377]},{"page":30,"text":"improvement program via the external control interface when the advanced system improvement program","rect":[90.02399444580078,333.99151611328127,521.9062896976471,324.9378967285156]},{"page":30,"text":"integrates as part of a more extensive system.","rect":[90.02399444580078,345.5115051269531,271.2660620212555,336.4578857421875]},{"page":30,"text":"3-4","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":30,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":30,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":31,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":31,"text":"Table 3-2. SINCGARS enhancements comparison","rect":[198.02000427246095,83.07215881347656,431.7947275037765,73.8691177368164]},{"page":31,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":31,"text":"Tactical Radio Platforms","rect":[435.07000732421877,44.259033203125,540.0820029296875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":31,"text":"3-5","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":32,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":32,"text":"Table 3-2. SINCGARS enhancements comparison (continued)","rect":[151.33999633789063,83.2016372680664,442.3730459794998,73.8691177368164]},{"page":32,"text":"Enhanced System Improvement Program Capabilities","rect":[72.02399444580078,234.71356201171876,326.3082928953171,224.85484313964845]},{"page":32,"text":"3-25. The SINCGARS advanced system improvement program for radios incorporates an enhanced system","rect":[90.02399444580078,251.8813934326172,521.9684845218659,242.82774353027345]},{"page":32,"text":"improvement program for the waveform. The waveform includes optimizations to the algorithms of the noisy","rect":[90.02399444580078,263.4313659667969,521.670795917511,254.3777313232422]},{"page":32,"text":"channel avoidance scheme, the time of day tracking scheme, and the end of message scheme. Enhancements","rect":[90.02399444580078,274.9513854980469,521.6805923585891,265.89776611328127]},{"page":32,"text":"include—","rect":[90.02399444580078,284.45947265625,129.37999820709229,277.4177551269531]},{"page":32,"text":" Enhanced  system  improvement  program  waveform—implements  a  faster  channel  access","rect":[115.22000122070313,300.0313720703125,521.8699234132766,290.9777526855469]},{"page":32,"text":"protocol, which reduces network fragmentation by shortening the collision intervals between voice","rect":[133.22000122070313,311.4313659667969,521.7100818138123,302.37774658203127]},{"page":32,"text":"and  data  transmissions.  The  result  is  the  reduction  of  voice  and  data  contention  problems","rect":[133.22000122070313,322.93145751953127,521.6501968507766,313.8977355957031]},{"page":32,"text":"associated with shared voice and data networks.","rect":[133.22000122070313,332.4594421386719,324.806223154068,325.417724609375]},{"page":32,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,345.1910705566406,121.22588119220734,340.46356201171877]},{"page":32,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,381.7910461425781,121.22588119220734,377.06353759765627]},{"page":32,"text":"","rect":[115.21998596191406,406.75103759765627,121.22586593341828,402.0235290527344]},{"page":32,"text":"Noisy  channel  avoidance  algorithm—always  reverts  to  a  known  good  frequency  instead  of","rect":[133.22000122070313,347.9113464355469,522.0293264970779,338.85772705078127]},{"page":32,"text":"continually ","rect":[133.22000122070313,359.43133544921877,180.55990052223206,350.3777160644531]},{"page":32,"text":"searching ","rect":[188.0198974609375,359.43133544921877,228.75632691383363,350.3777160644531]},{"page":32,"text":"for ","rect":[236.3359375,358.0,250.55881714820863,350.3876647949219]},{"page":32,"text":"clear ","rect":[258.018798828125,358.0,279.92090821266177,350.3777160644531]},{"page":32,"text":"frequencies, ","rect":[287.3808898925781,359.41143798828127,338.29639649391177,350.3777160644531]},{"page":32,"text":"thus ","rect":[345.77642822265627,358.0,365.0390112400055,350.3777160644531]},{"page":32,"text":"increasing ","rect":[372.4991149902344,359.43133544921877,415.9944860935211,350.3777160644531]},{"page":32,"text":"synchronization probability in high noise and jamming conditions.","rect":[133.22000122070313,370.9513244628906,399.1901342868805,361.8877258300781]},{"page":32,"text":"Time of day enhancement—uses a reference built-in test that ensures time constraints are the","rect":[133.22000122070313,384.5113220214844,521.8553454856873,375.45770263671877]},{"page":32,"text":"same during each transmission.","rect":[133.21998596191407,395.91131591796877,258.58655762672427,386.8576965332031]},{"page":32,"text":"End of message enhancement—reduces fades bridging, whereby the transmission would linger","rect":[133.21998596191407,409.4713134765625,521.5664358720779,400.4176940917969]},{"page":32,"text":"even though adding an extra end of message hops to increase the detection and probability of","rect":[133.22000122070313,420.8713073730469,521.7700491533279,411.81768798828127]},{"page":32,"text":"synchronization completes the message.","rect":[133.22000122070313,432.39129638671877,293.5062963962555,423.3376770019531]},{"page":32,"text":"Single-Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System Internet Controller Card","rect":[72.02400207519531,457.3634948730469,438.64367210769657,447.5047912597656]},{"page":32,"text":"3-26. The internet controller card, which is part of the SINCGARS vehicular amplifier adapter, supports data","rect":[90.02400207519531,474.5113830566406,522.0563952903748,465.4776611328125]},{"page":32,"text":"flow and permits a sufficient flow of information. The internet controller card is in the right-hand side of the","rect":[90.02400207519531,486.05126953125,521.8862292747498,476.9976501464844]},{"page":32,"text":"vehicular amplifier adapter and only needed when the SINCGARS system is operating in the packet mode","rect":[90.02400207519531,497.5712585449219,521.4515368919373,488.51763916015627]},{"page":32,"text":"of operation.","rect":[90.02400207519531,509.07135009765627,141.04911255836488,500.0376281738281]},{"page":32,"text":"3-27. The packet mode allows for the sharing of voice and data over the same operational network. A store","rect":[90.02400207519531,526.6112670898438,521.5582263450623,517.5576171875]},{"page":32,"text":"and forward feature in the internet controller card delays data while voice traffic is ongoing and puts data on","rect":[90.02400207519531,538.1312866210938,521.571186542511,529.07763671875]},{"page":32,"text":"the  network  when  releasing  the  push-to-talk  for  voice.  When  the  internet  controller  card  is  loaded  with","rect":[90.02400207519531,549.53125,521.836811542511,540.4776000976563]},{"page":32,"text":"initialization data, it contains routing tables that identify the addresses of all members affiliated. The internet","rect":[90.02400207519531,561.05126953125,521.6307574520112,551.9976196289063]},{"page":32,"text":"controller card loaded with initialization data also includes other routed radio networks. The application on","rect":[90.02400207519531,572.55126953125,521.9972729682922,563.517578125]},{"page":32,"text":"the host computers generate messages and the IP addresses of the individuals intended to receive the message.","rect":[90.02400207519531,584.0912475585938,521.6823828220367,575.03759765625]},{"page":32,"text":"3-28. When a message reaches an internet controller card, the internet controller card looks up its routing","rect":[90.02400207519531,601.6112670898438,521.4488110542297,592.5576171875]},{"page":32,"text":"table to determine whether that message is for a member of its network or whether it requires submission to","rect":[90.02400207519531,613.1612548828125,521.5542798042297,604.1076049804688]},{"page":32,"text":"the next adjoining network. The packet mode automatically continues this routing process until it reaches its","rect":[90.02400207519531,624.561279296875,521.5710952882766,615.4976806640625]},{"page":32,"text":"destination. The packet mode identifies if the message is for someone within its network, and if the message","rect":[90.02400207519531,636.0812377929688,521.680479763031,627.027587890625]},{"page":32,"text":"stops there, RETRANS of the message does not occur. Also, differs in a RETRANS site in that, network","rect":[90.02400207519531,647.6012573242188,521.501362323761,638.547607421875]},{"page":32,"text":"extension takes place for everything received at the RETRANS station.","rect":[90.02400207519531,659.1212768554688,374.6210424900055,650.067626953125]},{"page":32,"text":"3-29. The vehicular amplifier adapter mounted internet controller card is the predominant communications","rect":[90.02400207519531,676.621337890625,521.6565445070266,667.587646484375]},{"page":32,"text":"router  for  the  tactical  maneuver  platforms  participating  in  a  SINCGARS  enabled  tactical  networking","rect":[90.02400207519531,688.1613159179688,521.5710034370422,679.107666015625]},{"page":32,"text":"environment. The internet controller card uses commercial IP services to deliver unicast and multicast data","rect":[90.02400207519531,697.5453491210938,521.8594958763123,690.503662109375]},{"page":32,"text":"packets.","rect":[90.02400207519531,711.0573120117188,122.40394043922425,702.0236206054688]},{"page":32,"text":"3-6","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":32,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":32,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":33,"text":"Tactical Radio Platforms","rect":[435.07000732421877,44.259033203125,540.0820029296875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":33,"text":"3-30. The internet controller card has an improved microprocessor with increased memory buffer size and","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,539.369038105011,74.08776092529297]},{"page":33,"text":"an Ethernet interface. Access to the Ethernet interface is through the pin connector. Two of the nineteen pins","rect":[108.02000427246094,94.68138122558594,539.9339492921829,85.62773895263672]},{"page":33,"text":"used  as  twisted  pairs  provide  for  the  10Base-T  Ethernet  connection.  This  feature  allows  connection  of","rect":[108.02001953125,106.18148040771485,539.9361868486404,97.14775848388672]},{"page":33,"text":"multiple internet controller cards for the sharing or dissemination of information in a local area network","rect":[108.02001953125,117.60142517089844,539.3679394721985,108.54778289794922]},{"page":33,"text":"configuration.","rect":[108.02001953125,129.12144470214845,164.2143042087555,120.06780242919922]},{"page":33,"text":"SINGLE-CHANNEL GROUND AND AIRBORNE RADIO SYSTEM ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT","rect":[90.02401733398438,154.24644470214845,508.57953786849978,144.40403747558595]},{"page":33,"text":"3-31. Remote  control  devices,  data  fill  devices,  variable  storage  transfer  devices,  and  the  vehicular","rect":[108.02005004882813,172.4414520263672,539.5883474931717,163.38780212402345]},{"page":33,"text":"intercommunications system are the main categories of ancillary equipment associated with SINCGARS","rect":[108.02006530761719,183.9614715576172,539.5272619743347,174.90782165527345]},{"page":33,"text":"addressed in the following paragraphs.","rect":[108.02006530761719,195.4814910888672,262.3901159763336,186.42784118652345]},{"page":33,"text":"3-32. Remote control devices consist of intravehicular and external remotes. The intravehicular remote","rect":[108.02006530761719,210.98959350585938,539.4950549583435,203.94786071777345]},{"page":33,"text":"control unit is the remote for intravehicular radio control. The securable remote control unit is used to remote","rect":[108.02008056640625,222.38961791992188,539.5870349388123,215.34788513183595]},{"page":33,"text":"radios off the primary site location. The system improvement program or advanced system improvement","rect":[108.02008056640625,235.9215545654297,539.7345172176362,226.86790466308595]},{"page":33,"text":"program radio as a remote control unit by selecting the remote control unit option under the remote control","rect":[108.02008056640625,247.4415740966797,539.4276934871674,238.38792419433595]},{"page":33,"text":"unit key of the system improvement program or advanced system improvement program RT keypad.","rect":[108.02008056640625,258.9615783691406,510.8224585056305,249.90794372558595]},{"page":33,"text":"Intravehicular Remote Control Unit","rect":[90.02407836914063,281.73577880859377,260.21669474315646,274.0850830078125]},{"page":33,"text":"3-33. The intravehicular remote control unit operates with either an integrated COMSEC or a non-integrated","rect":[108.02008056640625,301.111572265625,539.8699536323547,292.0579528808594]},{"page":33,"text":"COMSEC radio. The intravehicular remote control unit controls up to two mounting adapters with up to three","rect":[108.02009582519531,312.6315612792969,539.5273425559998,303.57794189453127]},{"page":33,"text":"separate radio sets from a single station. The intravehicular remote control unit connects in parallel so that","rect":[108.02009582519531,324.15155029296877,539.4936724910737,315.0979309082031]},{"page":33,"text":"two different radio operators, the vehicle commander and the vehicle driver, can control the radios from their","rect":[108.02009582519531,335.6516418457031,539.5372000322342,326.617919921875]},{"page":33,"text":"respective positions in the vehicle. Set the radio function switch to the remote operating position for the","rect":[108.02009582519531,347.071533203125,539.5736682395935,338.0179138183594]},{"page":33,"text":"external control monitor to function correctly.","rect":[108.02009582519531,358.5915222167969,291.48328614234927,349.53790283203127]},{"page":33,"text":"Securable Remote Control Unit","rect":[90.02409362792969,381.3357238769531,238.23608866405488,373.6850280761719]},{"page":33,"text":"3-34. The securable remote control unit can securely remote a single radio up to 4 kilometers (2.4 miles).","rect":[108.02009582519531,400.7115173339844,539.4687597751617,391.65789794921877]},{"page":33,"text":"The securable remote control Unit and the RT are connected using field wire on the binding posts of the","rect":[108.02011108398438,412.23150634765627,539.3907458763123,403.1778869628906]},{"page":33,"text":"amplifier adapter or battery box. The securable remote control unit appears and operates almost identically","rect":[108.02011108398438,423.7514953613281,539.4277539253235,414.6978759765625]},{"page":33,"text":"to the RT. The securable remote control unit can secure the wire line between the radio and the terminal set.","rect":[108.02011108398438,433.27960205078127,539.8479101657867,426.2378845214844]},{"page":33,"text":"The securable remote control unit controls all radio functions including power output, channel selection, and","rect":[108.02011108398438,446.8114929199219,539.5671582221985,437.75787353515627]},{"page":33,"text":"radio keying.","rect":[108.02011108398438,458.33148193359377,160.61882996559144,449.2778625488281]},{"page":33,"text":"3-35. The remote also provides an intercom function from the radio to the terminal unit and vice versa.","rect":[108.02011108398438,475.7115783691406,539.901193857193,466.6778564453125]},{"page":33,"text":"COMSEC  and  data  adapter  devices  attach  directly  to  the  securable  remote  control  unit  for  secure","rect":[108.02012634277344,487.25146484375,539.4178454856873,478.1978454589844]},{"page":33,"text":"communications over the transmission line and optimal interface with digital data terminals. The securable","rect":[108.02012634277344,498.7714538574219,539.5373523216248,489.71783447265627]},{"page":33,"text":"remote control unit replaced the AN/GRA-39. Four main configurations of the securable remote control unit","rect":[108.02012634277344,510.29144287109377,539.6942950496674,501.2378234863281]},{"page":33,"text":"include—","rect":[108.0201416015625,519.7994995117188,147.38013553619386,512.7578125]},{"page":33,"text":" Manpack radio in the vehicular mounting adapter.","rect":[133.2201385498047,535.3714599609375,351.2467749118805,526.3178100585938]},{"page":33,"text":" Vehicular mounting adapter radio in manpack.","rect":[133.2201385498047,548.8114624023438,337.611643075943,539.7578125]},{"page":33,"text":" Manpack radio in manpack.","rect":[133.2201385498047,562.3515014648438,262.55298829078677,553.3178100585938]},{"page":33,"text":" Vehicular mounting adapter radio in the vehicular mounting adapter.","rect":[133.2201385498047,575.8114624023438,426.6115210056305,566.7578125]},{"page":33,"text":"SINGLE-CHANNEL GROUND AND AIRBORNE RADIO SYSTEM PLANNING","rect":[90.02413940429688,599.4100341796875,438.703106880188,591.0940551757813]},{"page":33,"text":"3-36. The initial operating plan and the unit’s standard operating procedure determine the type of network(s)","rect":[108.0201416015625,619.1614379882813,539.6903372392654,610.1077880859375]},{"page":33,"text":"needed. The network planner answers the following questions—","rect":[108.0201416015625,630.5614624023438,365.7101221084595,621.5078125]},{"page":33,"text":" What type of information passed: data, voice, or both?","rect":[133.22012329101563,644.1214599609375,368.8947741966248,635.0678100585938]},{"page":33,"text":" Does the unit require communications with users frequently not in its network?","rect":[133.22012329101563,657.6814575195313,467.7290027122498,648.6278076171875]},{"page":33,"text":" Is the network a common-user or a designated membership network?","rect":[133.22012329101563,671.1214599609375,427.2827441673279,662.0678100585938]},{"page":33,"text":" Is RETRANS needed to extend the network’s range?","rect":[133.22012329101563,684.6814575195313,362.98785280990605,675.6278076171875]},{"page":33,"text":"3-37. The G-6 (S-6), assistant chief of staff operations, and operations officer work together to answer all","rect":[108.02011108398438,702.0774536132813,539.5844317684174,693.0238037109375]},{"page":33,"text":"these questions. The answered questions begin the initial planning and coordination of the network. Many of","rect":[108.02012634277344,713.5974731445313,539.8162527666092,704.5438232421875]},{"page":33,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":33,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":33,"text":"3-7","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":34,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":34,"text":"the items are part of the unit’s standard operating procedure. (See appendix A for information on FM radio","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.8386425971985,74.08776092529297]},{"page":34,"text":"networks.)","rect":[90.02400970458985,94.66146087646485,132.41375642871857,85.62773895263672]},{"page":34,"text":"DATA NETS","rect":[72.02400970458985,118.26797485351563,129.73080253601075,110.15597534179688]},{"page":34,"text":"3-38. The SINCGARS interfaces with several types of data terminal equipment. SINCGARS also provides","rect":[90.02400207519531,138.0013885498047,521.6379287843704,128.94773864746095]},{"page":34,"text":"automatic control of the radio transmission when a data device is connected. It disables the voice circuit","rect":[90.02400207519531,147.38949584960938,521.5212603816987,140.34776306152345]},{"page":34,"text":"during data transmissions, preventing voice input from disrupting the data stream; disconnecting the data","rect":[90.02400207519531,160.9214324951172,521.4510486106873,151.86778259277345]},{"page":34,"text":"device during emergencies overrides the disable feature. A single cable from the data terminal equipment to","rect":[90.02400207519531,172.4414520263672,521.4016308784485,163.38780212402345]},{"page":34,"text":"the radio or mounting adapter connects data terminal equipment.","rect":[90.02400207519531,183.9614715576172,348.44791626930239,174.90782165527345]},{"page":34,"text":"SECURE DEVICES","rect":[72.02400207519531,207.56005859375,158.48464012145997,199.25607299804688]},{"page":34,"text":"3-39. The SINCGARS uses an internal COMSEC module. The encryption format is compatible with VHF","rect":[90.02401733398438,227.28147888183595,521.6979162712097,218.2278289794922]},{"page":34,"text":"and  UHF  wideband  tactical  secure  voice  system.  Cryptographic  equipment  devices  use  the  same  TEK.","rect":[90.02401733398438,238.80149841308595,521.7502539157867,229.7478485107422]},{"page":34,"text":"SINCGARS  uses  the  KY-57  and  KY-58 encrypted  UHF  communications  system  (VINSON)  for  non-","rect":[90.02401733398438,250.20152282714845,522.0565481767654,241.1478729248047]},{"page":34,"text":"integrated COMSEC airborne radio systems.","rect":[90.02400207519531,261.7514953613281,268.87565064430239,252.69786071777345]},{"page":34,"text":"3-40. The VINSON secure device has six preset positions: five for the TEK and one for a key encryption","rect":[90.02400207519531,279.2715148925781,521.5083203315735,270.2178955078125]},{"page":34,"text":"key (KEK). The TEK positions allow operation in five different secure networks. The KEK position allows","rect":[90.02400207519531,290.79150390625,521.8240249757766,281.7378845214844]},{"page":34,"text":"changing or updating the TEK through over-the-air rekeying. The integrated COMSEC secure module retains","rect":[90.02400207519531,302.3114929199219,521.8235977296829,293.25787353515627]},{"page":34,"text":"one TEK per preset hopset, net identifier, and one KEK.","rect":[90.02400207519531,313.81158447265627,314.6120092868805,304.7778625488281]},{"page":34,"text":"3-41. The variables are loaded and updated the same in both devices. The SKL does the initial loading.","rect":[90.02400207519531,331.2314758300781,522.0268042087555,322.1778564453125]},{"page":34,"text":"Update variables by executing a second manual fill or by performing over-the-air rekeying. In accordance","rect":[90.02400207519531,342.75146484375,521.895811794281,333.6978454589844]},{"page":34,"text":"with COMSEC regulations, only transmit the TEK over the air. Physically load the KEK into either the","rect":[90.02400207519531,354.2714538574219,521.3717639427185,345.21783447265627]},{"page":34,"text":"VINSON or integrated COMSEC radio. Control each encryption variable through COMSEC channels and","rect":[90.02400207519531,365.79144287109377,521.451069355011,356.7378234863281]},{"page":34,"text":"account for the variables in accordance with Army Regulation (AR) 380-40. (See appendix F for information","rect":[90.02400207519531,377.3114318847656,521.8587231636047,368.2578125]},{"page":34,"text":"on COMSEC compromise recovery procedures.)","rect":[90.02400207519531,388.71142578125,284.9910574541092,379.6578063964844]},{"page":34,"text":"3-42. Data input to the radio interleaves into the radio’s digital data in a noncontiguous manner to increase","rect":[90.02400207519531,406.2314147949219,521.8081042747498,397.17779541015627]},{"page":34,"text":"performance. The VINSON or integrated COMSEC circuits encrypt the data before transmission. Digital","rect":[90.02398681640625,417.75140380859377,521.5711261043549,408.6977844238281]},{"page":34,"text":"data encrypted can occur before inputting the information into the radio Transmitting and receiving terminals","rect":[90.02398681640625,429.2713928222656,521.8619888429641,420.2177734375]},{"page":34,"text":"require common COMSEC key variables coordinated between the two units passing information.","rect":[90.02398681640625,440.8114013671875,478.90235352516177,431.7577819824219]},{"page":34,"text":"SINGLE-CHANNEL GROUND AND AIRBORNE RADIO SYSTEM RETRANSMISSION STATION","rect":[72.02398681640625,464.4100036621094,503.4680643081665,456.0940246582031]},{"page":34,"text":"3-43. Due to the limited number of SATCOM channels available in a theater, there is a crucial need for the","rect":[90.02395629882813,482.12945556640627,521.7423083763123,475.0777893066406]},{"page":34,"text":"single-channel push to talk capability at the theater, corps, and division. Most of the SATCOM channels","rect":[90.02395629882813,495.5314025878906,521.5459488039016,486.477783203125]},{"page":34,"text":"available in an area of responsibility are controlled and assigned at the corps level, and higher, and FM","rect":[90.02395629882813,507.0513916015625,521.3418667917251,497.9977722167969]},{"page":34,"text":"communications at corps, division, and brigade provide single-channel communications on the move. FM","rect":[90.02395629882813,518.5714111328125,521.7883999948501,509.51776123046877]},{"page":34,"text":"RETRANS is the most available means of addressing the crucial need for the single-channel push to talk","rect":[90.02395629882813,530.0913696289063,521.9379467964172,521.0377197265625]},{"page":34,"text":"capability at the theater, corps, and division. FM RETRANS extends single-channel communications around","rect":[90.02395629882813,541.6113891601563,521.799946308136,532.5577392578125]},{"page":34,"text":"obstructions and across increased distances to its subordinate units.","rect":[90.02395629882813,551.1194458007813,358.17701172828677,544.0777587890625]},{"page":34,"text":"3-44. The commander, with the recommendation of the signal officer, decides the critical networks requiring","rect":[90.02395629882813,570.5314331054688,521.7574048042297,561.477783203125]},{"page":34,"text":"RETRANS support. RETRANS assets are primarily used to provide support for the following networks—","rect":[90.02395629882813,582.0513916015625,514.8999719619751,572.9977416992188]},{"page":34,"text":" Command.","rect":[115.219970703125,593.6094360351563,177.32288575172425,586.5577392578125]},{"page":34,"text":" Administrative and logistics.","rect":[115.219970703125,609.201416015625,248.29786133766175,600.1477661132813]},{"page":34,"text":" Operations and intelligence.","rect":[115.219970703125,622.6414184570313,245.4293920993805,613.5877685546875]},{"page":34,"text":" Fires.","rect":[115.219970703125,634.189453125,155.61997437477113,627.1477661132813]},{"page":34,"text":"3-45. The RETRANS station operates on the command network to subordinates unless specifically tasked","rect":[90.02397155761719,653.6013793945313,521.3889355659485,644.5477294921875]},{"page":34,"text":"to operate on another network. The primary radio monitors the command and operations and intelligence","rect":[90.02397155761719,665.1213989257813,521.527647731781,656.0677490234375]},{"page":34,"text":"network; the secondary radio provides the RETRANS link. Prior planning provides the RETRANS station","rect":[90.02397155761719,676.6414184570313,521.4714550971985,667.5877685546875]},{"page":34,"text":"with the appropriate variables for the command network and RETRANS network. The unit standard operating","rect":[90.02397155761719,688.0413818359375,522.0259594917297,678.9877319335938]},{"page":34,"text":"procedure should direct the assignment of the RETRANS variables in accordance with possible alternatives.","rect":[90.02397155761719,699.5574340820313,521.6407568454742,690.5037841796875]},{"page":34,"text":"3-8","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":34,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":34,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":35,"text":"Tactical Radio Platforms","rect":[435.07000732421877,44.259033203125,540.1510336914063,37.608036041259769]},{"page":35,"text":"3-46. SINCGARS can operate as either a single-channel secure or a single-channel nonsecure RETRANS","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,540.0043737907409,74.08776092529297]},{"page":35,"text":"station.  These  radios  automatically  pass  single-channel  secure  signals  even  if  the  RETRANS  radios  are","rect":[108.02000427246094,94.68138122558594,539.923399684906,85.62773895263672]},{"page":35,"text":"operating in nonsecure mode. The RETRANS radio operator cannot monitor the communications unless the","rect":[108.02000427246094,106.20140075683594,539.4675281028748,97.14775848388672]},{"page":35,"text":"secure devices are filled and in the cipher mode.","rect":[108.02000427246094,117.58150482177735,300.7460424900055,108.54778289794922]},{"page":35,"text":"RETRANSMISSION PLANNING","rect":[90.02400207519531,141.16221618652345,232.9415407180786,133.07601928710938]},{"page":35,"text":"3-47. RETRANS  planning  requires  linkage  to  the  military  decision-making  process  to  ensure  success.","rect":[108.01998138427735,160.9214324951172,539.9004004001617,151.86778259277345]},{"page":35,"text":"During RETRANS planning the G-6 (S-6)—","rect":[108.01998901367188,172.4414520263672,287.689980506897,163.38780212402345]},{"page":35,"text":" Ensures integration of the communications operations course of action into the maneuvering","rect":[133.21998596191407,186.00144958496095,539.6200757026672,176.9477996826172]},{"page":35,"text":"course of action.","rect":[151.21998596191407,195.38955688476563,217.36431336402894,188.3478240966797]},{"page":35,"text":" Plots  primary  and  secondary  RETRANS  locations  on  the  course  of  action  sketch.  Location","rect":[133.21998596191407,210.9614715576172,539.8123364448547,201.90782165527345]},{"page":35,"text":"selection  requires  mission,  enemy,  terrain  and  weather,  troops  and  support  available,  time","rect":[151.21998596191407,222.4814910888672,539.5805041770935,213.42784118652345]},{"page":35,"text":"available, civil considerations analysis.","rect":[151.21998596191407,234.0015106201172,307.33301758766177,224.94786071777345]},{"page":35,"text":" Determines whether site collocation with another unit is required and considers security, logistics,","rect":[133.21998596191407,247.44151306152345,539.9233496189117,238.3878631591797]},{"page":35,"text":"and evacuation.","rect":[151.21998596191407,256.9496154785156,213.78875184059144,249.9078826904297]},{"page":35,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,269.8312683105469,139.22586593341829,265.103759765625]},{"page":35,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,294.791259765625,139.22586593341829,290.0637512207031]},{"page":35,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,308.35125732421877,139.22586593341829,303.6237487792969]},{"page":35,"text":"Plans for contingency sites and establishes criteria, known to all concerned, that initiate relocation","rect":[151.21998596191407,272.5515441894531,539.8394360542297,263.4979248046875]},{"page":35,"text":"and evacuation procedures.","rect":[151.21998596191407,283.931640625,260.17249512672427,274.8979187011719]},{"page":35,"text":"Develops reporting procedures to the establishing headquarters.","rect":[151.21998596191407,297.51153564453127,405.87085938453677,288.4579162597656]},{"page":35,"text":"Builds a RETRANS team equipment list, and considers including the following communications","rect":[151.21998596191407,311.071533203125,539.6502578859329,302.0179138183594]},{"page":35,"text":"equipment—","rect":[151.21998596191407,322.4516296386719,203.29998111724854,313.41790771484377]},{"page":35,"text":" Defense advance global positioning system receiver.","rect":[151.21998596191407,336.63153076171877,379.4755651950836,327.5779113769531]},{"page":35,"text":" SKL.","rect":[151.21998596191407,348.6695861816406,190.43482422828675,341.7872314453125]},{"page":35,"text":" Two OE-254 or COM 201B antennas for each planned RETRANS net, including all required","rect":[151.21998596191407,364.7115478515625,539.8212475776672,355.6579284667969]},{"page":35,"text":"cables.","rect":[169.21998596191407,374.0996398925781,196.67972779273988,367.05792236328127]},{"page":35,"text":" Any additional SINCGARS radios (for backup).","rect":[151.21998596191407,390.27154541015627,362.41248536109927,381.2179260253906]},{"page":35,"text":" PRM-36 Radio Test Set.","rect":[151.21998596191407,402.3096008300781,267.61991333961489,395.2579345703125]},{"page":35,"text":" Additional batteries.","rect":[151.21998596191407,416.33966064453127,250.72266602516175,409.2979431152344]},{"page":35,"text":" Establishes a pre-combat checklist and rehearses before deployment.","rect":[133.21998596191407,431.79156494140627,425.94959473609927,422.7379455566406]},{"page":35,"text":"RETRANSMISSION MODES","rect":[90.02398681640625,455.37237548828127,217.90982627868653,447.2861633300781]},{"page":35,"text":"3-48. The SINCGARS (ground) has built-in RETRANS capability that requires the addition of a retransmit","rect":[108.01998138427735,475.1315612792969,539.9142657527924,466.07794189453127]},{"page":35,"text":"cable  (CX-13298)  for  operations.  SINCGARS  can  perform  the  RETRANS  function  in  three  ways.  The","rect":[108.01998901367188,486.65155029296877,539.5701892356873,477.5979309082031]},{"page":35,"text":"network can be—","rect":[108.01998901367188,496.0396423339844,179.05999088287354,488.9979248046875]},{"page":35,"text":" Set for single-channel-to-single-channel operation.","rect":[133.21998596191407,511.6115417480469,354.4335424900055,502.55792236328127]},{"page":35,"text":" Made of mixed modes (frequency hopping to single-channel or vice versa).","rect":[133.21998596191407,525.1715698242188,452.4665014743805,516.117919921875]},{"page":35,"text":" Used in its full capability of frequency hopping to frequency hopping.","rect":[133.21998596191407,538.611572265625,430.94556641578677,529.5579223632813]},{"page":35,"text":"3-49. These  options  enable  RETRANS  flexibility  during  operations.  They  also  increase  the  prior","rect":[108.01998901367188,556.131591796875,539.7375784502029,547.0779418945313]},{"page":35,"text":"coordination required before deployment. This ensures all users have access to the RETRANS function.","rect":[108.02000427246094,567.5315551757813,523.6198217868805,558.4779052734375]},{"page":35,"text":"Single-Channel to Single-Channel Operation","rect":[90.02400207519531,592.4837646484375,300.0472975959778,582.6250610351563]},{"page":35,"text":"3-50. Single-channel to single-channel operations requires a 10 MHz separation between the frequencies.","rect":[108.02000427246094,609.8015747070313,539.9498999118805,600.7479248046875]},{"page":35,"text":"Figure 3-1 on page 3-10 depicts RETRANS operations. Physically moving antennas farther apart or lowering","rect":[108.02001953125,621.3215942382813,539.737202167511,612.2679443359375]},{"page":35,"text":"power output lessens the effective frequency separation.","rect":[108.02003479003906,632.7215576171875,332.4752905368805,623.6679077148438]},{"page":35,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":35,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":35,"text":"3-9","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":36,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":36,"text":"Figure 3-1. Retransmission operations","rect":[205.85000610351563,488.8716125488281,387.9377844352722,479.62872314453127]},{"page":36,"text":"Note. Operators obtain frequency assignments from the signal operating instructions, which is","rect":[115.2199935913086,518.0914306640625,503.92580109882359,509.03778076171877]},{"page":36,"text":"coordinated with the unit electromagnetic spectrum manager. Units do not establish their own","rect":[115.2199935913086,529.6113891601563,503.50096559524538,520.5577392578125]},{"page":36,"text":"RETRANS frequencies without electromagnetic spectrum manager coordination. (Refer to ATP","rect":[115.2199935913086,541.1314086914063,503.6501867790222,532.0777587890625]},{"page":36,"text":"6-02.70 for more information on spectrum management operations.)","rect":[115.2199935913086,552.7714233398438,388.05938631153108,543.7177734375]},{"page":36,"text":"3-51. Table 3-3 on page 3-11 shows the minimum antenna separation distance. The network NCS monitors","rect":[90.02399444580078,584.8114013671875,521.7849014406204,575.7577514648438]},{"page":36,"text":"the RETRANS station to ensure the command hopset provides continuous communications for the unit.","rect":[90.02400207519531,596.3114624023438,504.56934571266177,587.2777709960938]},{"page":36,"text":"3-10","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":36,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":36,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":37,"text":"Table 3-3. Minimum antenna separation distance","rect":[199.72999572753907,83.07215881347656,430.1464025993347,73.95875549316406]},{"page":37,"text":"Tactical Radio Platforms","rect":[435.07000732421877,44.259033203125,540.0820029296875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":37,"text":"Frequency Hopping to Single-Channel Operations","rect":[90.02399444580078,208.5535888671875,326.16919377422337,198.6948699951172]},{"page":37,"text":"3-52. Frequency hopping to single-channel operations is a simple mode to set up and operate with no","rect":[108.02001190185547,225.72142028808595,539.7206616401672,216.6677703857422]},{"page":37,"text":"requirement for frequency or physical separation. The single-channel frequency should not be part of the","rect":[108.02000427246094,237.2413787841797,539.8275744895935,228.18772888183595]},{"page":37,"text":"hopset resource used on the frequency hopping side of the RETRANS. This method allows a single-channel","rect":[108.02000427246094,248.7613983154297,539.9550982723237,239.70774841308595]},{"page":37,"text":"radio user access to the frequency hopping net in an emergency. Avoid continual access to the frequency","rect":[108.02000427246094,260.2814025878906,539.4973340034485,251.22776794433595]},{"page":37,"text":"hopping net using this method to prevent lessening the electronic counter-countermeasures capability of the","rect":[108.02000427246094,271.8313903808594,540.0822741966248,262.77777099609377]},{"page":37,"text":"SINCGARS.","rect":[108.02000427246094,281.22943115234377,159.83190369606019,274.3470764160156]},{"page":37,"text":"Note.  The  RETRANS  station  typically  functions  as  the  NCS  during  frequency  hopping","rect":[133.22000122070313,306.5113830566406,521.812397480011,297.457763671875]},{"page":37,"text":"RETRANS operations.","rect":[133.22000122070313,318.1315002441406,225.2902319431305,309.0977783203125]},{"page":37,"text":"Frequency Hopping to Frequency Hopping Retransmission Operations","rect":[90.02399444580078,357.74359130859377,423.1530499753952,347.8848876953125]},{"page":37,"text":"3-53. Frequency  hopping  to  frequency  hopping  RETRANS  operations  allows  for  the  RETRANS  of","rect":[108.0199966430664,374.911376953125,540.0348196611404,365.8577575683594]},{"page":37,"text":"frequency hopping networks and the simplest mode with no requirement for frequency or physical separation.","rect":[108.02000427246094,386.4313659667969,539.5073339939117,377.37774658203127]},{"page":37,"text":"Frequency  hopping  RETRANS  operations  are  traditional  F1:F2  or  F1:F1,  depending  upon  the  model  of","rect":[108.02000427246094,397.95135498046877,539.6567068681717,388.8977355957031]},{"page":37,"text":"SINCGARS and mission. The SINCGARS advanced system improvement program provides the capability","rect":[108.02000427246094,409.4713439941406,539.8232617378235,400.417724609375]},{"page":37,"text":"for F1:F1 operations.","rect":[108.02000427246094,420.8514404296875,192.60035157203675,411.8177185058594]},{"page":37,"text":"3-54. F1:F2 operations require at least one of the network identifiers to be different (for example, network","rect":[108.02000427246094,438.3914489746094,539.418842792511,429.35772705078127]},{"page":37,"text":"identifier F410 to network identifier F411). Anyone, or a combination of network identifiers, may change.","rect":[108.02001953125,449.93133544921877,539.9209082126617,440.8777160644531]},{"page":37,"text":"The preferred method is for the network identifiers, for each side of the RETRANS, to locate within the same","rect":[108.02001953125,461.4314270019531,539.5670154075623,452.397705078125]},{"page":37,"text":"hopset. The RETRANS station radio operator functions as the network NCS for the outstation link. In this","rect":[108.02001953125,472.951416015625,539.4674575929641,463.9176940917969]},{"page":37,"text":"function,  the  radio  operator  answers  all  cues,  electronic  remote  refill,  and  authenticate  net  entry.  The","rect":[108.02001953125,484.4913024902344,539.6881091575623,475.43768310546877]},{"page":37,"text":"RETRANS radio operator ensures the outstation RT placement in the frequency hopping master mode; this","rect":[108.02001953125,495.89129638671877,539.4874771242141,486.8376770019531]},{"page":37,"text":"ensures timing on this link is established and maintained.","rect":[108.02001953125,507.4112854003906,336.382883310318,498.357666015625]},{"page":37,"text":"3-55. F1:F1 operations allow both network identifiers to be the same. Frequency hopping is important when","rect":[108.02001953125,524.9313354492188,539.7632031440735,515.877685546875]},{"page":37,"text":"operating in a tactical networking environment. RETRANS is not an option in the packet mode for system","rect":[108.02003479003906,536.4512939453125,539.6170440921784,527.3976440429688]},{"page":37,"text":"improvement program and earlier SINCGARS, due to the critical timing associated with the packet mode. In","rect":[108.02003479003906,547.9713134765625,539.8772778511047,538.9176635742188]},{"page":37,"text":"a traditional F1:F1 RETRANS, a member of the outstation could potentially have captured the network due","rect":[108.02003479003906,559.3712768554688,539.417540309906,550.317626953125]},{"page":37,"text":"to the relatively long delays encountered at the RETRANS site rendering the RETRANS packet lost.","rect":[108.02003479003906,570.8912963867188,510.5934545993805,561.837646484375]},{"page":37,"text":"3-56. The advanced system improvement program system overcomes this problem by assigning each radio","rect":[108.02003479003906,588.4113159179688,539.5156445503235,579.357666015625]},{"page":37,"text":"at the RETRANS site as a dedicated receiver or transmitter. The advanced system improvement program","rect":[108.02005004882813,599.9313354492188,539.5870147953034,590.877685546875]},{"page":37,"text":"shifts the incoming transmission by two hops in time and uses the same hopset on each leg of the RETRANS","rect":[108.02005004882813,611.4813232421875,539.8924353141784,602.4276733398438]},{"page":37,"text":"(commonly called F1:F1). Send packets out the moment received without going through interleaving and de-","rect":[108.02005004882813,623.0012817382813,540.1767874345779,613.9476318359375]},{"page":37,"text":"interleaving. A shift in two hops is insignificant enough to affect the performance of the outstation, making","rect":[108.02005004882813,634.4013061523438,539.477436542511,625.34765625]},{"page":37,"text":"the RETRANS site appear to be a part of one large network. (See appendix D for information on radio","rect":[108.02005004882813,645.9213256835938,539.382954120636,636.86767578125]},{"page":37,"text":"operations in unusual environments.)","rect":[108.02005004882813,657.42138671875,256.02569490528108,648.3876953125]},{"page":37,"text":"TIMING SYNCHRONIZATION","rect":[90.0240478515625,681.0398559570313,227.87794589996339,672.73583984375]},{"page":37,"text":"3-57. Frequency-hopping radios such as SINCGARS depend on accurate timing as part of the frequency-","rect":[108.02005004882813,700.75732421875,540.0566702470779,691.7036743164063]},{"page":37,"text":"hopping  scheme.  SINCGARS  obtains  timing  from  a  GPS  receiver  in  precise  positioning  service  mode.","rect":[108.02006530761719,712.2772827148438,539.636545419693,703.2236328125]},{"page":37,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":37,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":37,"text":"3-11","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":38,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":38,"text":"COMSEC enabled GPS services as precise positioning service, mitigates the effect of position, navigation,","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.5312597751617,74.08776092529297]},{"page":38,"text":"and timing jamming. Military regulations mandate using GPS receivers in precise positioning service mode","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,521.7618396263123,85.6177749633789]},{"page":38,"text":"to  support  operations.  Unencrypted  GPS  standard  positioning  service  or  course  acquisition  mode,","rect":[90.02399444580078,106.20140075683594,521.5810644626617,97.14775848388672]},{"page":38,"text":"authorization  is  for  unofficial  personal  situational  awareness  or  logistics  material  tracking.  GPS  sets","rect":[90.02399444580078,117.60142517089844,521.5013321046829,108.54778289794922]},{"page":38,"text":"employed to support tactical radio operations provides precision positioning, navigation, and timing.","rect":[90.02399444580078,129.12144470214845,491.7022497653961,120.06780242919922]},{"page":38,"text":"3-58. SINCGARS radios operate on precise GPS ZULU time (two-digit Julian date and hours: minutes:","rect":[90.02399444580078,146.64146423339845,521.8437701473237,137.5878143310547]},{"page":38,"text":"seconds, plus or minus four seconds). Sync time is a variable only in the sense that time passes and Julian","rect":[90.02399444580078,158.16148376464845,521.904194355011,149.1078338623047]},{"page":38,"text":"dates change. Use of GPS ZULU time provides a common time reference that simplifies frequency hopping","rect":[90.02399444580078,169.68150329589845,521.6009106636047,160.6278533935547]},{"page":38,"text":"net opening, late net entry, and commander’s monitoring. Use of GPS ZULU time in conjunction with a","rect":[90.02399444580078,181.20152282714845,521.6192615013123,172.13792419433595]},{"page":38,"text":"common loadset, TSK, and TEK enables operators enter different nets by simply changing the net ID using","rect":[90.02398681640625,192.60154724121095,521.7171216011047,183.5478973388672]},{"page":38,"text":"the radio’s front panel keypad.","rect":[90.02398681640625,204.12156677246095,212.31353211402894,195.0679168701172]},{"page":38,"text":"DEFENSE ADVANCED GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM RECEIVER","rect":[72.02399444580078,229.67074584960938,520.6962976970673,219.94102478027345]},{"page":38,"text":"3-59. The AN/PSN-13, Defense Advanced Global Positioning System Receiver (DAGR) is a self-contained,","rect":[90.02399444580078,249.72154235839845,522.0438940525055,240.6678924560547]},{"page":38,"text":"hand-held, 12-channel, dual-frequency (L1/L2) GPS receiver. The DAGR technology includes All in View","rect":[90.02399444580078,261.2415466308594,521.6609686603546,252.1879119873047]},{"page":38,"text":"satellite tracking and the tamper-resistant selective availability anti-spoof module (also called SAASM) device","rect":[90.02399444580078,272.7915344238281,522.0656115989685,263.7379150390625]},{"page":38,"text":"to access the precise positioning service signal. The DAGR includes provisions for installation in a wide","rect":[90.02395629882813,284.3115234375,521.7821643333435,275.2579040527344]},{"page":38,"text":"variety of tactical vehicles and for integration with Army host systems. Managers of weapons systems with","rect":[90.02397155761719,295.8315124511719,521.9084057807922,286.77789306640627]},{"page":38,"text":"a GPS requirement develop DAGR installation kits for the specific platform.","rect":[90.02397155761719,307.21160888671877,396.433420419693,298.1778869628906]},{"page":38,"text":"3-60. The DAGR provides highly accurate position, velocity and timing (PVT) data to individual Soldiers","rect":[90.02397155761719,324.7514953613281,521.5382583742141,315.6978759765625]},{"page":38,"text":"and integrated platform users. When operated with COMSEC, the DAGR provides enhanced anti-spoof and","rect":[90.02397155761719,336.271484375,521.8831372261047,327.2178649902344]},{"page":38,"text":"anti-jam protections. The DAGR supports position location, target location, rendezvous, and en route and","rect":[90.02397155761719,347.7914733886719,521.620014667511,338.7278747558594]},{"page":38,"text":"terminal navigation. The DAGR can store up to 999 waypoints in memory or 15 routes with up to 1,000 legs","rect":[90.02397155761719,359.31146240234377,521.9150894289016,350.2578430175781]},{"page":38,"text":"for each. The DAGR contains map creation and map loading applications. The GPS Map Creator application","rect":[90.02397155761719,370.7114562988281,521.9395337104797,361.6578369140625]},{"page":38,"text":"creates maps for the DAGR. The GPS Map Loader application loads and manages the created maps.","rect":[90.02397155761719,382.2314453125,490.894113779068,373.1778259277344]},{"page":38,"text":"3-61. The DAGR has a precise positioning service. Using HAVEQUICK, the DAGR communications port","rect":[90.02397155761719,399.7514343261719,521.8438922176362,390.69781494140627]},{"page":38,"text":"is configurable for time synchronizing output from the DAGR, using external connectors J1 or J2 to another","rect":[90.02397155761719,411.27142333984377,521.5810232744217,402.2178039550781]},{"page":38,"text":"piece of SINCGARS equipment. Figure 3-2 on page 3-13 depicts a DAGR.","rect":[90.02397155761719,422.7914123535156,391.20545411109927,413.73779296875]},{"page":38,"text":"3-12","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":38,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":38,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":39,"text":"Tactical Radio Platforms","rect":[435.07000732421877,44.259033203125,540.0820029296875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":39,"text":"Figure 3-2. Defense Advanced Global Positioning System receiver","rect":[158.3000030517578,391.5316467285156,471.69139558124547,382.1991271972656]},{"page":39,"text":"MICROLIGHT PERSONAL SOFTWARE-DEFINED NETWORKED","rect":[90.02400970458985,423.0205993652344,514.5694666423798,413.2908630371094]},{"page":39,"text":"RADIO","rect":[90.02400970458985,439.1065673828125,136.6929258785248,429.4049377441406]},{"page":39,"text":"3-62. The  MicroLight-DH500  radio  is  a  fully  integrated  and  lightweight  personal  software  defined","rect":[108.02001190185547,459.17138671875,539.6021313667297,450.1177673339844]},{"page":39,"text":"networked communications radio that provides Soldiers with simultaneous voice, video, data, and critical","rect":[108.02001953125,470.6714782714844,539.7579547176362,461.63775634765627]},{"page":39,"text":"position  location  information.  The  radio  uses  the  MicroLight  second-generation  technology  to  support","rect":[108.02001953125,482.21136474609377,540.0450030574799,473.1577453613281]},{"page":39,"text":"dismounted  operations.  The  radio  integrates  the  functionality  of  an  external  voice  controller  and  a  GPS","rect":[108.02001953125,493.6113586425781,540.1558020133972,484.5577392578125]},{"page":39,"text":"receiver.  The  MicroLight-DH500  radio  is  compatible  with  the  advanced  system  improvement  program–","rect":[108.02001953125,505.13134765625,540.0400586128235,496.0777282714844]},{"page":39,"text":"enhanced. The radio provides software communications architecture compliant integrated Voice over Internet","rect":[108.02005004882813,516.6513671875,539.7066241512299,507.59771728515627]},{"page":39,"text":"Protocol.","rect":[108.02005004882813,526.1593627929688,144.423898935318,519.11767578125]},{"page":39,"text":"HIGH FREQUENCY RADIOS","rect":[90.0240478515625,556.0371704101563,278.3363913459778,543.9908447265625]},{"page":39,"text":"3-63. HF radios provide tactical elements with stand-alone, terrain independent, robust communications, for","rect":[108.02005004882813,573.7514038085938,539.8533011064529,564.7177124023438]},{"page":39,"text":"the line of sight and beyond line of sight, secure voice, and data communications. Line of sight is the","rect":[108.02006530761719,585.2913208007813,540.202452419281,576.2376708984375]},{"page":39,"text":"unobstructed path from a Soldier’s weapon, weapon sight, electronic sending and receiving antennas, or piece","rect":[108.02005004882813,596.6913452148438,539.6696765403748,587.6376953125]},{"page":39,"text":"of reconnaissance equipment from one point to another (ATP 2-01.3). HF radios provide long distance, wide","rect":[108.02005004882813,608.2413330078125,539.9122302513123,599.1876831054688]},{"page":39,"text":"area, gap free, fixed or on the move, ground and ground to air communications. HF radios are terrestrial","rect":[108.02005004882813,619.7613525390625,540.0254718074799,610.7077026367188]},{"page":39,"text":"beyond line of sight systems that require a good understanding of HF capabilities and antenna design to","rect":[108.02005004882813,631.2813720703125,539.4675488471985,622.2277221679688]},{"page":39,"text":"support local beyond line of sight requirements. HF radios provide a combination of simplicity, economy,","rect":[108.02005004882813,642.8013305664063,539.4177343845367,633.7476806640625]},{"page":39,"text":"transportability, and versatility. HF radio operations require that radio operators continually adjust the system","rect":[108.02005004882813,654.3213500976563,539.7445465335846,645.2577514648438]},{"page":39,"text":"to compensate for the ionosphere, and an ever-changing terrestrial environment electromagnetic interference","rect":[108.02005004882813,665.7213745117188,539.801573513031,656.667724609375]},{"page":39,"text":"from  the  other  stations,  atmospheric  interference,  and  man-made  noise.  Successful  HF  communications","rect":[108.02005004882813,677.221435546875,539.9332779054641,668.187744140625]},{"page":39,"text":"performance depends on—","rect":[108.02005004882813,688.7413940429688,216.17005252838136,679.7077026367188]},{"page":39,"text":" Type of emission.","rect":[133.22006225585938,702.3173828125,223.00181031227113,693.2637329101563]},{"page":39,"text":" Amount of transmitter power output.","rect":[133.22006225585938,715.7374267578125,298.388986825943,706.7037353515625]},{"page":39,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":39,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":39,"text":"3-13","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":40,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":40,"text":"","rect":[115.2199935913086,80.4211196899414,121.22587356281281,75.693603515625]},{"page":40,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,105.5210952758789,121.22588119220734,100.7935791015625]},{"page":40,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,118.96109771728516,121.22588119220734,114.23358154296875]},{"page":40,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,132.52110290527345,121.22588119220734,127.7935791015625]},{"page":40,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,145.9611053466797,121.22588119220734,141.23358154296876]},{"page":40,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,159.52110290527345,121.22588119220734,154.7935791015625]},{"page":40,"text":"Characteristics  of  the  transmitter  antenna.  To  select  the  best  antenna  the  planner  requires  an","rect":[133.22000122070313,83.1214828491211,521.540668964386,74.08776092529297]},{"page":40,"text":"understanding of wavelength, frequency, resonance, and polarization.","rect":[133.22000122070313,94.68138122558594,411.1886999607086,85.62773895263672]},{"page":40,"text":"Amount of propagation path loss.","rect":[133.22000122070313,108.24137878417969,267.201975107193,99.18773651123047]},{"page":40,"text":"Characteristics of the receiver antenna.","rect":[133.22000122070313,119.6794204711914,288.68567872047427,112.62773895263672]},{"page":40,"text":"Amount of noise received.","rect":[133.22000122070313,133.22946166992188,239.1744635105133,126.18773651123047]},{"page":40,"text":"Sensitivity and selectivity of the receiver.","rect":[133.22000122070313,148.68138122558595,298.96439576148989,139.6277313232422]},{"page":40,"text":"An approved list of available frequencies within a selected frequency range.","rect":[133.22000122070313,162.2413787841797,437.25516724586489,153.18772888183595]},{"page":40,"text":"3-64. HF radios have the following characteristics that make them ideal for tactical long distance, wide area","rect":[90.02400207519531,179.6414031982422,521.7674548606873,170.58775329589845]},{"page":40,"text":"communications—","rect":[90.02400207519531,189.14950561523438,165.97998905181886,182.10777282714845]},{"page":40,"text":" HF signals reflected off the ionosphere at high angles allow beyond line of sight communications","rect":[115.21998596191406,204.72142028808595,521.6799820070266,195.6677703857422]},{"page":40,"text":"at distances up to 400 miles (643.7 kilometers), without gaps in communications coverage.","rect":[133.21998596191407,216.12144470214845,496.4208471775055,207.0677947998047]},{"page":40,"text":" HF signals reflected off the ionosphere at low angles allow communication over distances of many","rect":[115.21998596191406,229.6814422607422,521.729877948761,220.62779235839845]},{"page":40,"text":"thousands of miles.","rect":[133.21998596191407,239.18954467773438,210.549387216568,232.14781188964845]},{"page":40,"text":" HF signals do not require using either SATCOM or RETRANS assets.","rect":[115.21998596191406,254.64146423339845,415.406809091568,245.5878143310547]},{"page":40,"text":" HF systems engineered to operate independently of intervening terrain or man-made obstructions.","rect":[115.21998596191406,268.2314758300781,521.8784277439117,259.1778564453125]},{"page":40,"text":"3-65. Training  Soldiers  on  the  operation  and  use  of  HF  radios  play  a  vital  role  in  the  successful","rect":[90.02398681640625,285.6314697265625,521.5583087215424,276.5778503417969]},{"page":40,"text":"accomplishment of units’ mission requirements. Communications planners at every level need to understand","rect":[90.02398681640625,297.1514587402344,521.851459980011,288.09783935546877]},{"page":40,"text":"the concepts of propagation, path loss, antennas, antenna couplers, and digital signal processing. See chapter","rect":[90.02399444580078,308.67144775390627,521.7005301103592,299.6178283691406]},{"page":40,"text":"9 and appendix D for more information on antennas and radio communications in significant areas. The","rect":[90.02399444580078,320.1914367675781,522.0772693138123,311.1378173828125]},{"page":40,"text":"following paragraphs are examples of HF radios typically employed by Army forces.","rect":[90.02399444580078,331.71142578125,430.150461435318,322.6578063964844]},{"page":40,"text":"RF-5800H RADIO","rect":[72.02399444580078,355.2860412597656,161.092267036438,347.0180358886719]},{"page":40,"text":"3-66. The RF-5800H is an advanced HF and VHF man-pack radio that supports HF single-sideband VHF-","rect":[90.02399444580078,374.91143798828127,522.0565481767654,365.8578186035156]},{"page":40,"text":"FM and provides reliable tactical communications through enhanced secure voice and data performance,","rect":[90.02399444580078,386.4314270019531,521.776682138443,377.3778076171875]},{"page":40,"text":"networking, and extended battery life. The RF-5800 supports encrypted data, automatic link establishment","rect":[90.02399444580078,397.951416015625,521.6750079402924,388.8977966308594]},{"page":40,"text":"(ALE),  frequency  hopping,  vocoder,  data  link  layer  protocol  automatic  repeat  request,  internal  GPS,","rect":[90.02399444580078,409.4714050292969,522.1124365329742,400.41778564453127]},{"page":40,"text":"integrated telephony capability, and network management features.","rect":[90.02399444580078,420.99139404296877,358.46253418922427,411.9377746582031]},{"page":40,"text":"HIGH FREQUENCY SINGLE-SIDEBAND","rect":[72.02399444580078,446.1363830566406,258.14866733551028,436.3059997558594]},{"page":40,"text":"3-67. HF single-sideband is a terrestrial beyond line of sight tactical network capability employed as a","rect":[90.02398681640625,464.3313903808594,521.6442248802185,455.27777099609377]},{"page":40,"text":"redundant  backup  system  to  counter  jamming  in  frequencies  or  distance.  HF  propagation  requires  an","rect":[90.02398681640625,475.73138427734377,521.727924823761,466.66778564453127]},{"page":40,"text":"understanding of the radio’s power capabilities, the frequency used on the radio, and the planning distance","rect":[90.02398681640625,487.2513732910156,521.5680530052185,478.19775390625]},{"page":40,"text":"over which the used radio determines which type of antenna to use (whip, near-vertical incidence skywave,","rect":[90.02399444580078,498.7713623046875,522.0299170017242,489.7177429199219]},{"page":40,"text":"or doublet).","rect":[90.02399444580078,510.2714538574219,136.7164556980133,501.23773193359377]},{"page":40,"text":"AN/VRC-100 RADIO","rect":[72.02399444580078,533.8779907226563,176.43656635284425,525.5859375]},{"page":40,"text":"3-68. The advanced high frequency ground vehicular AN/VRC-100 radio is a multifunctional, full digital","rect":[90.02399444580078,553.6113891601563,521.7394610652924,544.5577392578125]},{"page":40,"text":"signal processing HF radio used for a variety of ground or mobile applications. The AN/VRC-100 radio is a","rect":[90.02399444580078,565.1314086914063,522.0755603294373,556.0777587890625]},{"page":40,"text":"fully integrated plug and play multi-mode voice or data communications system configured in a portable","rect":[90.02399444580078,576.5314331054688,521.8281238059998,567.477783203125]},{"page":40,"text":"case. The radio allows substantial distance communications beyond line of sight by providing users the ability","rect":[90.02399444580078,588.0513916015625,521.6608471870422,578.9977416992188]},{"page":40,"text":"to  maintain  contact  during  short,  mid,  and  long  range  operations.  As  an  advanced  data  communications","rect":[90.02399444580078,599.5714111328125,521.7191055421829,590.5177612304688]},{"page":40,"text":"system, the AN/VRC-100 provides reliable digital connectivity.","rect":[90.02399444580078,611.1213989257813,345.180246591568,602.0677490234375]},{"page":40,"text":"3-69. The AN/VRC-100 radio uses the RT, power amplifier coupler, and control display unit line replaceable","rect":[90.02399444580078,628.6414184570313,521.8323962669373,619.5877685546875]},{"page":40,"text":"units of the AN/ARC-220 system without modification, within an aluminum-structured, bracketed case. The","rect":[90.02399444580078,640.1614379882813,522.0930163841248,631.1077880859375]},{"page":40,"text":"AN/VRC-100 has a portable, metal case, with a removable top, that provides easy access for removal of line","rect":[90.02399444580078,651.5614624023438,521.6713855247498,642.5078125]},{"page":40,"text":"replaceable units. All controls and the radio input and output are located on the front panel. The AN/VRC-","rect":[90.02399444580078,663.0614624023438,522.0565481767654,654.0277709960938]},{"page":40,"text":"100 provides beyond line of sight communications for command posts, air traffic control, and vehicular","rect":[90.02399444580078,674.6014404296875,521.4715262041092,665.5477905273438]},{"page":40,"text":"applications as the high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle. The AN/VRC-100 increases the situational","rect":[90.02399444580078,686.1213989257813,521.8446246395112,677.0677490234375]},{"page":40,"text":"awareness of aviation assets. The AN/VRC-100 has capabilities that are identical to the ARC-220 HF radio,","rect":[90.02399444580078,697.6174926757813,522.115305185318,688.5838012695313]},{"page":40,"text":"3-14","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":40,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":40,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":41,"text":"Tactical Radio Platforms","rect":[435.07000732421877,44.259033203125,540.0820029296875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":41,"text":"which  makes  the  AN/VRC-100  radio  an  ideal  radio  to  support  ARC-220  HF  radio  equipped  airborne","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.1214828491211,539.882384059906,74.08776092529297]},{"page":41,"text":"platforms. Key features of the AN/VRC-100 are—","rect":[108.0199966430664,94.68138122558594,311.0900049209595,85.62773895263672]},{"page":41,"text":" Full digital signal processing with embedded ALE, EP, and data modem.","rect":[133.2200164794922,108.24137878417969,442.69434571266177,99.18773651123047]},{"page":41,"text":" Spare card slot in the RT provides for future growth.","rect":[133.2200164794922,121.68138122558594,361.29630494117739,112.62773895263672]},{"page":41,"text":" Operates on 28 volts direct current (and is compatible with 24 volts direct current vehicular power)","rect":[133.2200164794922,135.22145080566407,539.7000418291092,126.18773651123047]},{"page":41,"text":"or from 115 or 220 volts alternating current 50 and 60 Hertz power source.","rect":[151.2200164794922,146.6414031982422,450.5561010837555,137.58775329589845]},{"page":41,"text":" A personal computer or laptop connectivity.","rect":[133.2200164794922,160.20140075683595,327.5219213962555,151.1477508544922]},{"page":41,"text":" E-mail messaging using the local RS-232 interface.","rect":[133.2200164794922,173.6414031982422,356.81971192359927,164.58775329589845]},{"page":41,"text":" Capability to tune a variety of antennas.","rect":[133.2200164794922,187.20140075683595,310.63981080055239,178.1477508544922]},{"page":41,"text":"3-70. Table 3-4 lists the three configurations of the AN/VRC-100. Refer to equipment technical manual for","rect":[108.02001953125,204.60142517089845,539.9233694658279,195.5477752685547]},{"page":41,"text":"more information on the AN/VRC-100(V) 1/2/3.","rect":[108.02003479003906,216.1015167236328,303.64063477516177,207.0677947998047]},{"page":41,"text":"Table 3-4. AN/VRC-100 configurations","rect":[225.2900390625,233.70169067382813,404.62305665206909,224.36917114257813]},{"page":41,"text":"AN/PRC-150 RADIO","rect":[90.02399444580078,339.8180236816406,193.14498615264893,331.5260314941406]},{"page":41,"text":"3-71. The AN/PRC-150 radio provides tactical forces, homeland defense forces, and emergency operations","rect":[108.02000427246094,359.5514221191406,539.8798111085891,350.497802734375]},{"page":41,"text":"elements  with  secure,  terrain-independent  line  of  sight  and  beyond  line  of  sight  voice  and  data","rect":[108.02000427246094,371.0714111328125,539.8683459739685,362.0177917480469]},{"page":41,"text":"communications. The AN/PRC-150 radio does not rely on RETRANS or SATCOM. The radio provides long","rect":[108.02000427246094,382.5914001464844,539.7390942573547,373.53778076171877]},{"page":41,"text":"distance, wide area, gap free, fixed or on the move, ground, ground to air communications via plain text,","rect":[108.02000427246094,394.1114196777344,539.3910009860992,385.05780029296877]},{"page":41,"text":"secure analog voice with robust data, and digital voice modes and advanced serial tone electronic counter-","rect":[108.02000427246094,405.51141357421877,540.1766653642654,396.4577941894531]},{"page":41,"text":"countermeasures modem IP networking.","rect":[108.02000427246094,417.0314025878906,269.3222143650055,407.977783203125]},{"page":41,"text":"3-72. The AN/PRC-150 supports Red and Black key management and ALE link protection. HF signals travel","rect":[108.02000427246094,434.5514221191406,539.7831622371674,425.497802734375]},{"page":41,"text":"longer distances over the ground than the VHF or UHF signals. HF signals are least affected by factors as","rect":[108.02000427246094,446.0914306640625,539.3976944093704,437.0378112792969]},{"page":41,"text":"terrain  or  vegetation.  The  AN/PRC-150  vehicular  radio  systems  provide  units  with  beyond  line  of  sight","rect":[108.02000427246094,457.6114196777344,539.9635211238862,448.55780029296877]},{"page":41,"text":"communications  without  having to rely on satellite availability on a  saturated tactical communications","rect":[108.02000427246094,469.1314392089844,539.5870864992141,460.07781982421877]},{"page":41,"text":"network. The systems’ manpack and vehicular configurations have reliable communications while on the","rect":[108.02000427246094,480.5314025878906,539.583555934906,471.477783203125]},{"page":41,"text":"move and allow for rapid transmission of data and imagery to display the Common Operational Picture.","rect":[108.02000427246094,492.0514221191406,539.5433447360992,482.997802734375]},{"page":41,"text":"When employed the AN/PRC-150 radio supports single-channel radio operations, and frequency hopping","rect":[108.02000427246094,503.5714416503906,539.7674145698547,494.517822265625]},{"page":41,"text":"radio operations. The AN/PRC-150 has the following characteristics and capabilities—","rect":[108.02000427246094,515.0914916992188,456.7900171279907,506.037841796875]},{"page":41,"text":" Operates from 1.6–29.9999 MHz using skywave modulation with selectable low, medium, and","rect":[133.22000122070313,528.6514282226563,539.6282544136047,519.5977783203125]},{"page":41,"text":"high output power. It also operates from 20.0000–59.9999 MHz FM with a maximum output of","rect":[151.22000122070313,540.0514526367188,539.9189749345779,530.997802734375]},{"page":41,"text":"10.0 watts.","rect":[151.21998596191407,549.5595092773438,194.69535279273988,542.6970825195313]},{"page":41,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,562.4111938476563,139.22586593341829,557.6836547851563]},{"page":41,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,575.8511962890625,139.22586593341829,571.1236572265625]},{"page":41,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,600.93115234375,139.22586593341829,596.20361328125]},{"page":41,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,614.4011840820313,139.22586593341829,609.6736450195313]},{"page":41,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,639.3612060546875,139.22586593341829,634.6336669921875]},{"page":41,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,652.921142578125,139.22586593341829,648.193603515625]},{"page":41,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,666.3612060546875,139.22586593341829,661.6336669921875]},{"page":41,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,679.921142578125,139.22586593341829,675.193603515625]},{"page":41,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,693.357177734375,139.22586593341829,688.629638671875]},{"page":41,"text":"Manpack, mobile and fixed station configurations.","rect":[151.21998596191407,565.1314697265625,352.815988779068,556.0778198242188]},{"page":41,"text":"Embedded ","rect":[151.21998596191407,577.0,196.50811219215394,569.517822265625]},{"page":41,"text":"type","rect":[202.36990356445313,578.5714721679688,219.38162112045289,570.5137939453125]},{"page":41,"text":"1","rect":[227.6899871826172,576.4300537109375,232.66998720169068,569.6970825195313]},{"page":41,"text":"multinational ","rect":[241.00997924804688,577.0,296.617258310318,569.517822265625]},{"page":41,"text":"cryptographic ","rect":[302.404052734375,578.5714721679688,360.27161622047427,569.517822265625]},{"page":41,"text":"communications between ground and aircraft.","rect":[151.21998596191407,590.0914916992188,334.49390625953677,581.037841796875]},{"page":41,"text":"Able to interface with SINCGARS cryptographic ignition key embedded in the removable keypad.","rect":[151.21998596191407,603.6514282226563,539.7497045993805,594.5977783203125]},{"page":41,"text":"Advanced ","rect":[151.21998596191407,616.0,194.1276342868805,608.0678100585938]},{"page":41,"text":"electronic ","rect":[200.99012756347657,616.0,242.79221558570863,608.0678100585938]},{"page":41,"text":"counter-countermeasures ","rect":[249.66461181640626,616.0,352.7906286716461,609.0637817382813]},{"page":41,"text":"serial-tone ","rect":[359.75274658203127,616.0,404.53055787086489,608.0678100585938]},{"page":41,"text":"communications reliability in jamming environments.","rect":[151.21998596191407,628.6414184570313,366.14686036109927,619.5778198242188]},{"page":41,"text":"Supports frequency hopping in HF narrowband, wideband, and list.","rect":[151.21998596191407,642.0814819335938,420.409006357193,633.02783203125]},{"page":41,"text":"Programmable system presets for one-button operation.","rect":[151.21998596191407,655.6414184570313,373.25562500953677,646.5877685546875]},{"page":41,"text":"Internal tuning unit matches a wide variety of whip, dipole, and long-wire antenna automatically.","rect":[151.21998596191407,669.0814819335938,539.935617685318,660.02783203125]},{"page":41,"text":"Internal, high-speed serial-tone modem provides data operation up to 9,600 bits per second.","rect":[151.21998596191407,682.6414184570313,517.2315771579742,673.5877685546875]},{"page":41,"text":"Embedded ALE digital voice 600 simplifies HF operation by automatically selecting an accepted","rect":[151.21998596191407,696.0774536132813,539.6899609565735,687.0238037109375]},{"page":41,"text":"channel.","rect":[151.21998596191407,705.5855102539063,184.65569519996644,698.5438232421875]},{"page":41,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":41,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":41,"text":"3-15","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":42,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":42,"text":"","rect":[115.2199935913086,80.4211196899414,121.22587356281281,75.693603515625]},{"page":42,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,116.9211196899414,121.22588119220734,112.193603515625]},{"page":42,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,130.4811248779297,121.22588119220734,125.75360107421875]},{"page":42,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,143.92112731933595,121.22588119220734,139.193603515625]},{"page":42,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,157.4811248779297,121.22588119220734,152.75360107421876]},{"page":42,"text":"Supports  North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)  standardization agreement (STANAG)","rect":[133.22000122070313,83.14140319824219,521.9234915361404,74.08776092529297]},{"page":42,"text":"4538 automatic radio control system link setup and data link protocols in third-generation ALE","rect":[133.22000122070313,94.68138122558594,521.9899789686203,85.62773895263672]},{"page":42,"text":"radio mode.","rect":[133.22000122070313,104.1894760131836,180.86863160133363,97.14775848388672]},{"page":42,"text":"Point-to-point protocol or Ethernet supports networking capabilities.","rect":[133.22000122070313,119.64140319824219,407.02247071266177,110.58776092529297]},{"page":42,"text":"Supports STANAG 4538-compliant wireless IP data transfer.","rect":[133.22000122070313,133.1814727783203,378.9928686618805,124.14775848388672]},{"page":42,"text":"Supports frequency hopping in HF narrowband, wideband, and list.","rect":[133.22000122070313,146.6414031982422,402.409006357193,137.58775329589845]},{"page":42,"text":"Does not support frequency hopping SINCGARS compatible loadsets.","rect":[133.22000122070313,160.20140075683595,415.18766236305239,151.1477508544922]},{"page":42,"text":"3-73. The AN/PRC-150 transceiver has an extended frequency range of 1.6–60 MHz in combination with","rect":[90.02400207519531,177.60142517089845,521.9565625190735,168.5477752685547]},{"page":42,"text":"16 kilobits per second digital voice and data enables fixed frequency interoperability with other VHF FM","rect":[90.02398681640625,189.12144470214845,521.4018033151626,180.0677947998047]},{"page":42,"text":"combat net radios. The AN/PRC-150 provides type 1 voice and data encryption compatible with advanced","rect":[90.02398681640625,200.64146423339845,521.663471698761,191.5878143310547]},{"page":42,"text":"narrowband digital voice terminal (ANDVT)/KY-99A, ANDVT/KY-100, VINSON/KY-57, and KG-84C","rect":[90.02398681640625,212.16148376464845,522.002939166069,203.1078338623047]},{"page":42,"text":"cryptographic devices.","rect":[90.02398681640625,223.68150329589845,180.4010717868805,214.6278533935547]},{"page":42,"text":"3-74. The AN/PRC-150 is also capable of data communications utilizing the Tactical Chat software provided","rect":[90.02398681640625,241.20152282714845,521.8355298042297,232.1478729248047]},{"page":42,"text":"with  the  radio.  Point-to-point  data  transmission  can  be  completely  secure.  The  use  of  the  radios  third-","rect":[90.02398681640625,252.60154724121095,522.1765432939529,243.5478973388672]},{"page":42,"text":"generation ALE enables synchronized scanning to happen quickly and smoothly.","rect":[90.02398681640625,264.1515197753906,413.425363779068,255.09788513183595]},{"page":42,"text":"AUTOMATIC LINK ESTABLISHMENT","rect":[72.02398681640625,287.71234130859377,248.68212270736695,279.4581298828125]},{"page":42,"text":"3-75. HF radios with ALE capability permits radio stations to contact one another automatically. The success","rect":[90.02397155761719,307.4715270996094,521.8132827882766,298.41790771484377]},{"page":42,"text":"of ALE is dependent on active frequency propagation and HF antenna construction and use. ALE occurs","rect":[90.02397155761719,318.99151611328127,521.6009414796829,309.9378967285156]},{"page":42,"text":"when a specialized radio modem, known as an ALE adaptive controller assigned the task of automatically","rect":[90.02397155761719,330.5115051269531,522.129292011261,321.4578857421875]},{"page":42,"text":"controlling an HF receiver and transmitter. ALE controllers can be external devices or an embedded option","rect":[90.02397155761719,342.031494140625,521.670551776886,332.9778747558594]},{"page":42,"text":"in modern HF radio equipment.","rect":[90.02397155761719,353.4115905761719,216.22718262672425,344.37786865234377]},{"page":42,"text":"3-76. ALE controllers’ function on the principles of link quality analysis and sounding. ALE tasks are","rect":[90.02397155761719,370.95147705078127,521.5241076927185,361.8978576660156]},{"page":42,"text":"accomplished using the following common elements—","rect":[90.02397155761719,382.4714660644531,310.7299585342407,373.4178466796875]},{"page":42,"text":" Each controller has a predetermined set of frequencies, adequately propagated for conditions","rect":[115.21995544433594,396.0314636230469,521.5704849367141,386.97784423828127]},{"page":42,"text":"programmed into memory channels.","rect":[133.21995544433595,407.43145751953127,277.87903809547427,398.3778381347656]},{"page":42,"text":" Channels continuously scanned typically at a rate of two channels per second.","rect":[115.21995544433594,420.991455078125,444.39039063453677,411.9378356933594]},{"page":42,"text":" Each controller has a predetermined set of network call signs programmed into memory that","rect":[115.21995544433594,434.55145263671877,521.6700640926362,425.4978332519531]},{"page":42,"text":"include its station network call sign, network call signs, group call signs, and individual call signs.","rect":[133.21995544433595,445.9714660644531,521.7298681735992,436.9178466796875]},{"page":42,"text":" ALE controllers transmit link quality analysis, which sounds the programmed frequencies for best","rect":[115.21995544433594,459.5314636230469,522.0063067684174,450.47784423828127]},{"page":42,"text":"link quality factors on a regular, automated, or operator-initiated basis.","rect":[133.21995544433595,470.93145751953127,415.9184057712555,461.8778381347656]},{"page":42,"text":" ALE units RT in listening mode, log station call signs and associated frequencies, and assign a","rect":[115.21995544433594,484.491455078125,521.6202380638123,475.4378356933594]},{"page":42,"text":"ranking score relevant to the quality of the link on a per channel basis.","rect":[133.21995544433595,496.0114440917969,414.13099122047427,486.95782470703127]},{"page":42,"text":" When a station desires to place a call, the ALE controller element attempts to link to the outstation","rect":[115.21995544433594,509.5515441894531,521.7497143745422,500.517822265625]},{"page":42,"text":"using the data collected during ALE and sounding activities. If the sending ALE has not obtained","rect":[133.21995544433595,520.9714965820313,521.550434589386,511.9178466796875]},{"page":42,"text":"the outstation’s data, the controller seeks the station, and attempt to link a logical circuit between","rect":[133.21995544433595,532.491455078125,521.7382397651672,523.4378051757813]},{"page":42,"text":"two users on a network that enables the users to communicate using all programmed channels.","rect":[133.219970703125,544.011474609375,510.1463415622711,534.9578247070313]},{"page":42,"text":"3-77. When  the  receiving  station  hears  its  address,  it  stops  scanning  and  stays  on  that  frequency. A","rect":[90.02397155761719,561.5314331054688,521.6676825275421,552.477783203125]},{"page":42,"text":"handshake, a sequence of events governed by hardware or software, requiring an agreement of the state of","rect":[90.02397155761719,572.9314575195313,521.6379080400467,563.8778076171875]},{"page":42,"text":"the operational mode before information exchange, is required between the two stations. The two stations","rect":[90.02397155761719,584.4514770507813,521.5710952882766,575.3978271484375]},{"page":42,"text":"automatically  do  a  handshake  to  confirm  that  a  link  establishment.  Upon  a  successful  link,  the  ALE","rect":[90.02397155761719,595.9714965820313,521.7562143201828,586.9178466796875]},{"page":42,"text":"controllers cease the channel scanning process and alert the radio operators that the system has established a","rect":[90.02397155761719,607.491455078125,521.5212390403748,598.4378051757813]},{"page":42,"text":"connection and that stations should now exchange traffic.","rect":[90.02397155761719,619.0414428710938,319.5820105075836,609.98779296875]},{"page":42,"text":"3-78. Table 3-5 on page 3-17 outlines communication between two stations during the handshake and link","rect":[90.02397155761719,636.4414672851563,521.8786206245422,627.3878173828125]},{"page":42,"text":"quality analysis.","rect":[90.02397918701172,647.9614868164063,154.86358094215394,638.9078369140625]},{"page":42,"text":"3-16","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":42,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":42,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":43,"text":"Tactical Radio Platforms","rect":[435.07000732421877,44.259033203125,540.0820029296875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":43,"text":"Table 3-5. Automatic link establishment system handshake","rect":[173.5399932861328,89.2216567993164,453.5011694450378,79.97877502441406]},{"page":43,"text":"3-79. The channel numbers represent programmed frequencies, and the numbers in the matrix are the most","rect":[108.0199966430664,234.1213836669922,539.4687091121674,225.06773376464845]},{"page":43,"text":"recent channel-quality scores. Thus, if a radio operator wanted to make a call from B3B to T6Y, the radio","rect":[108.02000427246094,245.6414031982422,539.5153393745422,236.58775329589845]},{"page":43,"text":"would attempt to call on Channel 18, which has the highest link quality analysis score.","rect":[108.02000427246094,257.1614074707031,453.7621557712555,248.10777282714845]},{"page":43,"text":"3-80. When making multi-station calls, the radio B3B selects the channel with the best average rating. Thus,","rect":[108.02000427246094,274.7113952636719,539.710275888443,265.65777587890627]},{"page":43,"text":"for a multi-station call to all addresses in the matrix, select channel 14. Table 3-6 outlines the link quality","rect":[108.02001953125,286.23138427734377,540.0063061714172,277.1777648925781]},{"page":43,"text":"analysis matrix for B3B.","rect":[108.02001953125,297.6313781738281,206.42002320289613,288.5777587890625]},{"page":43,"text":"Table 3-6. Notional link quality analysis","rect":[220.25,315.2116394042969,406.2768957633972,305.96875]},{"page":43,"text":"matrix for a radio (B3B)","rect":[257.69000244140627,326.7316589355469,368.6106863603592,317.3991394042969]},{"page":43,"text":"3-81. Upon completion of a link session, the ALE controllers send a link termination command and return","rect":[108.0199966430664,435.7514953613281,539.7566113471985,426.7177734375]},{"page":43,"text":"to the scanning mode to await further traffic. Built-in safeguards that ALE controllers return to the SCAN","rect":[108.02000427246094,447.2913818359375,539.6660345783233,438.2377624511719]},{"page":43,"text":"mode in case of a loss-of-contact condition.","rect":[108.02000427246094,456.7994689941406,282.55265259742739,449.75775146484377]},{"page":43,"text":"3-82. ALE controllers can send short orderwire digital messages known as electronic message displays to","rect":[108.02000427246094,476.33135986328127,539.7140698432922,467.2777404785156]},{"page":43,"text":"members of the network. Messages sent to ANY or ALL members of the NET or GROUP. ALE controllers","rect":[108.02001953125,487.7313537597656,539.5770767335891,478.677734375]},{"page":43,"text":"can contact individual stations by their call sign, ALL stations, or ANY stations on the NET or GROUP.","rect":[108.02001953125,499.2513427734375,539.5272314548492,490.1977233886719]},{"page":43,"text":"ALL calls and ANY calls make use of wildcard characters in substitution for individual call signs as @?@","rect":[108.02001953125,510.7713317871094,539.5730623788834,501.71771240234377]},{"page":43,"text":"ALL and @@? ANY. NULL address calls used for systems maintenance and sent as @@@. (Refer to ATP","rect":[108.02001953125,522.2913208007813,539.4872229118347,513.2376708984375]},{"page":43,"text":"6-02.72 for more information on HF ALE.)","rect":[108.02001953125,533.7913818359375,281.01849275684358,524.7576904296875]},{"page":43,"text":"Frequency Selection","rect":[90.02401733398438,558.7634887695313,185.18404686355593,548.90478515625]},{"page":43,"text":"3-83. For ALE to function correctly, frequency selection is essential to consult with the spectrum manager","rect":[108.02001953125,575.9313354492188,539.8812552080154,566.877685546875]},{"page":43,"text":"early in the process. When selecting frequencies to use in a network, take the following considerations—","rect":[108.02003479003906,587.4513549804688,527.6200342178345,578.397705078125]},{"page":43,"text":" Time of operation.","rect":[133.22003173828126,600.9913940429688,225.75071167945863,591.9577026367188]},{"page":43,"text":" Communicated distance.","rect":[133.22003173828126,612.4793701171875,249.89373230934144,605.4276733398438]},{"page":43,"text":" Power level.","rect":[133.22003173828126,626.0293579101563,201.10137391090394,618.9876708984375]},{"page":43,"text":" Type of antenna used.","rect":[133.22003173828126,641.4813232421875,239.32621216773988,632.4276733398438]},{"page":43,"text":" Transmission in voice, data, or continuous wave mode.","rect":[133.22003173828126,653.0293579101563,371.38575196266177,645.9876708984375]},{"page":43,"text":" Location of transmitter and receiver.","rect":[133.22003173828126,666.4693603515625,297.2934362888336,659.4276733398438]},{"page":43,"text":"3-84. HF propagation changes daily. Lower frequencies work better at night, and higher frequencies work","rect":[108.02003479003906,686.0013427734375,539.598042011261,676.9476928710938]},{"page":43,"text":"better during the day. Operators should select frequencies based on the type of network and the distance","rect":[108.02005004882813,697.3973388671875,539.5458362083435,688.3436889648438]},{"page":43,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":43,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":43,"text":"3-17","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":44,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":44,"text":"between  the  radios.  When  using  these  parameters,  use  a  good  propagation  program  to  determine  which","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.5715527534485,74.08776092529297]},{"page":44,"text":"frequencies propagate.","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,180.37113404273988,85.62773895263672]},{"page":44,"text":"Third Generation Automatic Link Establishment","rect":[72.02399444580078,117.42561340332031,303.0364579267502,109.77488708496094]},{"page":44,"text":"3-85. The third generation HF ALE system uses a family of scalable burst waveform signaling formats for","rect":[90.02399444580078,136.8014373779297,521.5483084306717,127.74779510498047]},{"page":44,"text":"transmission of all control and data traffic signaling. Scalable burst waveforms define the various kinds of","rect":[90.02399444580078,148.3214569091797,521.4913626298904,139.26780700683595]},{"page":44,"text":"signaling  required  in  the  system,  to  meet  their  specific  requirements  as  to  payload,  duration,  time","rect":[90.02399444580078,159.8414764404297,521.628966091156,150.78782653808595]},{"page":44,"text":"synchronization,  and  acquisition  and  demodulation  performance  in  the  presence  of  noise,  fading,  and","rect":[90.02399444580078,171.3614959716797,521.3817944526672,162.30784606933595]},{"page":44,"text":"multipath.  The  burst  waveforms  use  the  primary  binary  phase-shift  key  serial  tone  modulation  at  2400","rect":[90.02399444580078,182.7615203857422,521.9816479682922,173.70787048339845]},{"page":44,"text":"symbols per second as used in the serial tone modem waveform. The low-level modulation and demodulation","rect":[90.02399444580078,194.2815399169922,521.9153027534485,185.22789001464845]},{"page":44,"text":"techniques are like those of serial tone modems.","rect":[90.02399444580078,205.78163146972657,282.114572763443,196.74790954589845]},{"page":44,"text":"3-86. The waveforms used in the third generation HF ALE system design balance the potentially conflicting","rect":[90.02399444580078,223.3215789794922,521.7824902534485,214.26792907714845]},{"page":44,"text":"objectives of maximizing the time diversity achieved through interleaving and minimizing on-air time and","rect":[90.02399444580078,234.8415985107422,521.8640332221985,225.7779998779297]},{"page":44,"text":"link turn-around delay. The latter goal plays an important role in improving the performance of ALE and","rect":[90.02399444580078,246.2416229248047,521.2614941596985,237.18797302246095]},{"page":44,"text":"automatic requests for RETRANS systems, which by their nature require a high level of agility.","rect":[90.02399444580078,257.7616271972656,472.413156747818,248.70799255371095]},{"page":44,"text":"3-87. Third generation HF ALE systems establish one-to-one and one-to-many broadcast and multicast links.","rect":[90.02399444580078,275.3116149902344,521.9432470798492,266.25799560546877]},{"page":44,"text":"It uses a specialized carrier sense multiple access schemes to share calling channels and monitors traffic","rect":[90.02398681640625,286.83160400390627,521.4616076927185,277.7779846191406]},{"page":44,"text":"channels before using them to avoid electromagnetic interference and collisions.","rect":[90.02398681640625,298.3515930175781,411.19059205055239,289.2979736328125]},{"page":44,"text":"3-88. Calling  and  traffic  channels  may  share  frequencies,  but  the  system  is  likely  to  achieve  better","rect":[90.02398681640625,315.87158203125,521.5782766923904,306.8179626464844]},{"page":44,"text":"performance when they are separate. Each calling channel is associated with one or more traffic channels","rect":[90.02398681640625,327.2715759277344,521.9188736085891,318.21795654296877]},{"page":44,"text":"that are in the same frequency range to have similar propagation characteristics. The concept of associated","rect":[90.02398681640625,338.79156494140627,521.6706738471985,329.7379455566406]},{"page":44,"text":"control and traffic frequencies reduces to the case in which the control and traffic frequencies are identical.","rect":[90.02398681640625,350.2916564941406,517.3480322360992,341.2579345703125]},{"page":44,"text":"3-89. Third generation HF ALE receivers continuously scan its list of calling channels, listening for second","rect":[90.02398681640625,367.83154296875,521.7984204292297,358.7779235839844]},{"page":44,"text":"generation or third generation calls. Second generation ALE is an asynchronous system in the sense that a","rect":[90.02398681640625,379.3515319824219,521.3818347434998,370.29791259765627]},{"page":44,"text":"calling  station  makes  no  assumption  about  when  a  destination  station  listens  to  any  channel.  The  third","rect":[90.02398681640625,390.87152099609377,521.884907245636,381.8179016113281]},{"page":44,"text":"generation HF ALE system includes a similar asynchronous mode; synchronous operation is likely to provide","rect":[90.02398681640625,402.2715148925781,521.8200671653748,393.2178955078125]},{"page":44,"text":"superior performance under conditions of moderate to high network load.","rect":[90.02398681640625,413.79150390625,383.38590455055239,404.7378845214844]},{"page":44,"text":"SINGLE-CHANNEL TACTICAL SATELLITE RADIO","rect":[72.02398681640625,437.41009521484377,310.40226459503176,429.1061096191406]},{"page":44,"text":"3-90. Single-channel TACSAT radios are small, lightweight, manpack, multiband, multimode radio, VHF,","rect":[90.02400207519531,457.1315002441406,521.5937597751617,448.077880859375]},{"page":44,"text":"and UHF radios. VHF and UHF provide communications for the corps and division and supports Army","rect":[90.02400207519531,468.6514892578125,521.4316601753235,459.5978698730469]},{"page":44,"text":"special operations forces communications requirements, in war, and in operations other than war.","rect":[90.02400207519531,480.1515808105469,478.710275888443,471.11785888671877]},{"page":44,"text":"3-91. Single-channel TACSAT radios provide wideband and narrowband range extension for voice and data.","rect":[90.02400207519531,497.69146728515627,521.6832373142242,488.6378479003906]},{"page":44,"text":"The beyond line of sight range extension capability is used in the Army’s SATCOM on-the-move OE-563","rect":[90.02400207519531,509.0914611816406,522.039936542511,500.037841796875]},{"page":44,"text":"functionality in moving vehicular platforms, versus stationary. Narrowband terminals are preferred for initial","rect":[90.02395629882813,520.6115112304688,521.8003741512299,511.557861328125]},{"page":44,"text":"communications  in  contingency  situations,  since  the  terminals  are  small,  light,  and  very  mobile.","rect":[90.02395629882813,532.1314697265625,521.6853125095367,523.0778198242188]},{"page":44,"text":"Disadvantages of narrowband terminals are difficulty in obtaining access to the UHF space segment and the","rect":[90.02395629882813,543.6514892578125,521.6409900169373,534.5978393554688]},{"page":44,"text":"lack of anti-jam capability for threat mitigation.","rect":[90.02395629882813,555.1714477539063,280.4987280368805,546.1078491210938]},{"page":44,"text":"Note. See appendix K for a detailed discussion on single-channel TACSAT radio capabilities","rect":[115.2199935913086,578.3314208984375,503.98790437030797,569.2777709960938]},{"page":44,"text":"employed within Army formations.","rect":[115.2199935913086,589.9713745117188,256.6420385837555,580.917724609375]},{"page":44,"text":"BLUE FORCE TRACKING","rect":[72.02399444580078,630.1905517578125,243.28539414024355,620.4608764648438]},{"page":44,"text":"3-92. Ground-based line-of-sight radios in an operational environment with obstructive terrain can cause","rect":[90.02399444580078,650.2413940429688,521.6795642356873,641.187744140625]},{"page":44,"text":"significant network limitations and hinder commanders’ ability to communicate and provide and maintain","rect":[90.02399444580078,661.7614135742188,521.8943676948547,652.707763671875]},{"page":44,"text":"situational awareness. To overcome network limitations, units may employ BFT.","rect":[90.02398681640625,673.2814331054688,413.5656530857086,664.227783203125]},{"page":44,"text":"3-93. BFT is a GPS enabled system that provides commanders and Soldiers with location information about","rect":[90.02398681640625,690.8014526367188,521.7675372371674,681.747802734375]},{"page":44,"text":"friendly military forces. In NATO military symbology, the color blue typically denotes friendly forces. The","rect":[90.02398681640625,702.1974487304688,521.8871448020935,693.143798828125]},{"page":44,"text":"system provides a common picture of the location of friendly forces.","rect":[90.02398681640625,713.7174072265625,363.635080575943,704.6637573242188]},{"page":44,"text":"3-18","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":44,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":44,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":45,"text":"Tactical Radio Platforms","rect":[435.07000732421877,44.259033203125,540.0820029296875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":45,"text":"3-94. Typical employment of BFT systems consists of a computer used to display location information, a","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,539.5482165794373,74.08776092529297]},{"page":45,"text":"satellite terminal and satellite antenna used to transmit location. A GPS receiver, to determine its own position","rect":[108.02000427246094,94.66146087646485,539.908344745636,85.62773895263672]},{"page":45,"text":"software to send and receive orders and mapping software, usually as a geographic information system that","rect":[108.02000427246094,106.20140075683594,539.4177447566987,97.14775848388672]},{"page":45,"text":"plots the BFT device on a map. The system displays the location of the host vehicle on the computer’s terrain-","rect":[108.02000427246094,117.60142517089844,540.0566092119217,108.54778289794922]},{"page":45,"text":"map  display,  the  locations  of  other  friendly  platforms  in  blue,  and  the  enemy  in  red  in  their  respective","rect":[108.02001953125,129.12144470214845,539.5877673606873,120.06780242919922]},{"page":45,"text":"locations. BFT sends and receives text and imagery messages and has a mechanism for reporting the locations","rect":[108.02001953125,140.64146423339845,539.6367691164016,131.5878143310547]},{"page":45,"text":"of enemy forces and other battlefield conditions, for example, the location of minefields, battlefield obstacles,","rect":[108.02001953125,152.16148376464845,539.8455908298492,143.1078338623047]},{"page":45,"text":"and damaged bridges.","rect":[108.02001953125,163.68150329589845,195.279611825943,154.6278533935547]},{"page":45,"text":"3-95.  Additional  capability  in  some  BFT  devices  found  in  route  planning  tools.  By  inputting  grid","rect":[108.02001953125,181.20152282714845,539.5386548042297,172.1478729248047]},{"page":45,"text":"coordinates, the BFT becomes both the map and compass for motorized units. With proximity warnings","rect":[108.02003479003906,192.60154724121095,539.8400161867141,183.5478973388672]},{"page":45,"text":"enabled, the vehicle crew is aware as they approach critical or turn points.","rect":[108.02003479003906,204.12156677246095,403.60303711891177,195.0679168701172]},{"page":45,"text":"3-96. The BFT system continually transmits locations over the Force XXI Battle Command, Brigade and","rect":[108.02003479003906,221.64158630371095,539.667866230011,212.5879364013672]},{"page":45,"text":"Below (FBCB2) network. BFT monitors the location and progress of friendly and enemy forces and sends","rect":[108.02005004882813,233.16160583496095,539.7753799562454,224.1079559326172]},{"page":45,"text":"those  coordinates  to  a  central  location,  typically  command  posts.  There  the  data  are  consolidated  into a","rect":[108.02005004882813,244.68162536621095,539.7365710716248,235.6279754638672]},{"page":45,"text":"common operational picture, and sent to numerous destinations, as the headquarters element, other in-theater","rect":[108.02005004882813,256.1817321777344,540.0307303056717,247.1479949951172]},{"page":45,"text":"forces, or back out to other military units for situational awareness. The system also allows users to input or","rect":[108.02005004882813,267.6316223144531,539.4775076494217,258.5780029296875]},{"page":45,"text":"update  operational  graphics  obstacles,  engineer  reconnaissance  on  the  road,  and  enemy  forces.  Once","rect":[108.02005004882813,279.1516418457031,539.4374988059998,270.0980224609375]},{"page":45,"text":"uploaded and sent to higher headquarters or mailed to other subscribers of that user’s list, or other BFT users","rect":[108.02005004882813,290.671630859375,540.0563858156204,281.6180114746094]},{"page":45,"text":"within the subscription system.","rect":[108.02005004882813,302.1916198730469,232.3009741306305,293.13800048828127]},{"page":45,"text":"FORCE XXI BATTLE COMMAND, BRIGADE AND BELOW JOINT","rect":[90.0240478515625,327.7408447265625,518.7080027284623,318.0111083984375]},{"page":45,"text":"BATTLE COMMAND PLATFORM","rect":[90.02407836914063,343.8067932128906,311.62778340148926,334.10516357421877]},{"page":45,"text":"3-97. Joint Battle Command Platform (JBCP) is one of the Army’s friendly force tracking systems that","rect":[108.02008056640625,363.8716125488281,539.8462725887299,354.8179931640625]},{"page":45,"text":"equips Soldiers with a faster satellite network, secure data encryption and advanced logistics. JBC-P includes","rect":[108.02008056640625,375.3916015625,539.9756363039016,366.3379821777344]},{"page":45,"text":"an intuitive interface with features like touch-to-zoom maps and drag-and-drop icons. JBC-P is interoperable","rect":[108.02008056640625,386.9115905761719,540.1507556419373,377.85797119140627]},{"page":45,"text":"with  the  Nett  Warrior  handheld  device,  managed  by  PEO  Soldier,  delivering  situational  awareness","rect":[108.02009582519531,398.31158447265627,539.6526382570266,389.2579650878906]},{"page":45,"text":"capabilities  to  dismounted  Soldiers.  JBC-P  incorporates  the  common  hardware  solution  known  as  the","rect":[108.02009582519531,409.8116760253906,539.7880237083435,400.7779541015625]},{"page":45,"text":"Mounted  Family  of  Computer  Systems.  The  Mounted  Family  of  Computer  Systems  ensures  tactical","rect":[108.02009582519531,421.3515625,539.9533282527924,412.2979431152344]},{"page":45,"text":"computers are scalable and tailorable to the mission and vehicle. Ranging in options from a detachable tablet","rect":[108.02009582519531,432.8715515136719,539.7164508113862,423.81793212890627]},{"page":45,"text":"to a fully loaded, vehicle-mounted workstation, the Mounted Family of Computer Systems runs not only","rect":[108.02009582519531,444.41156005859377,539.7439160346985,435.3579406738281]},{"page":45,"text":"JBC-P but can also run other software applications, reducing size, weight and power demands. JBC-P builds","rect":[108.02009582519531,455.9315490722656,539.9799087648391,446.8779296875]},{"page":45,"text":"on the situational awareness capability known as FBCB2 and BFT.","rect":[108.02009582519531,467.33154296875,376.17322754859927,458.2779235839844]},{"page":45,"text":"FORCE XXI BATTLE COMMAND, BRIGADE AND BELOW JOINT","rect":[90.02409362792969,493.0,518.7018992128373,483.1510314941406]},{"page":45,"text":"CAPABILITIES RELEASE","rect":[90.02409362792969,508.96075439453127,259.3184458436966,499.2450866699219]},{"page":45,"text":"3-98. The FBCB2 Joint Capabilities Release is the next generation of battlefield situational awareness and","rect":[108.02009582519531,529.1315307617188,539.682514667511,520.077880859375]},{"page":45,"text":"mission command system featuring enhanced capabilities. The FBCB2 Joint Capabilities Release tactical","rect":[108.02011108398438,540.5315551757813,539.6468096981049,531.4779052734375]},{"page":45,"text":"network has greater bandwidth allowing the movement of more information to more users within seconds","rect":[108.02011108398438,552.0515747070313,539.7574966554641,542.9979248046875]},{"page":45,"text":"rather than in minutes. The Joint Capabilities Release system upgrade includes BFT 2, a high-tech, high-","rect":[108.02011108398438,563.5715942382813,540.0566092119217,554.5179443359375]},{"page":45,"text":"speed force-tracking satellite communications network. The BFT 2 is approximately ten times faster than the","rect":[108.02011108398438,575.091552734375,539.7624499778748,566.0379028320313]},{"page":45,"text":"existing BFT system. Employment of the Joint Capabilities Release system with the BFT 2 transceiver and","rect":[108.02011108398438,586.611572265625,539.5471386909485,577.5579223632813]},{"page":45,"text":"network upgrade enables friendly positions to update in seconds.","rect":[108.02011108398438,598.131591796875,366.8007605075836,589.0779418945313]},{"page":45,"text":"SECTION II – SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO PLATFORMS","rect":[99.38400268554688,622.2039794921875,420.56601171875,613.323974609375]},{"page":45,"text":"3-99. The software defined radio platform is a combination of the hardware inherent to the radio, including","rect":[108.0199966430664,645.44140625,539.448627948761,636.3877563476563]},{"page":45,"text":"an antenna, batteries, vehicular, man-pack or base mounts, and the software design inherent in the radio","rect":[108.02000427246094,656.8414306640625,539.7854809761047,647.7877807617188]},{"page":45,"text":"operating system. The radio operating system software allows the interaction between the radio hardware","rect":[108.02000427246094,668.3613891601563,539.6494128684998,659.3077392578125]},{"page":45,"text":"components and the network operations and waveform applications component software. In legacy radios,","rect":[108.02000427246094,679.8814086914063,539.6468603610992,670.8277587890625]},{"page":45,"text":"the hardware and software design merge within the radio and include the waveform. In software defined","rect":[108.02000427246094,691.4014282226563,539.9021191596985,682.3477783203125]},{"page":45,"text":"radios, the hardware, and software are less rigidly coupled. This provides a software defined radios greater","rect":[108.02000427246094,702.9174194335938,539.7963553056717,693.86376953125]},{"page":45,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":45,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":45,"text":"3-19","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":46,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":46,"text":"interoperability  with  waveform  applications  and  network  management  tools  while  also  minimizing","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.700581073761,74.08776092529297]},{"page":46,"text":"interoperability issues associated with enhancing the radio platform operating system.","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,432.92762207984927,85.62773895263672]},{"page":46,"text":"3-100. The software defined radio platform supports the design as an interoperable family of advanced","rect":[90.02399444580078,112.20140075683594,521.3665356636047,103.14775848388672]},{"page":46,"text":"software-reprogrammable,  multi-band,  multi-mode,  net-centric,  and  reliable  radio  sets.  The  required","rect":[90.02399444580078,123.60142517089844,521.9201855659485,114.54778289794922]},{"page":46,"text":"capabilities of the software defined radio platform require the software defined radio platform sets to be","rect":[90.02399444580078,135.1015167236328,521.5014026145935,126.06780242919922]},{"page":46,"text":"interoperable with the current equipment used by military land, air, and maritime defense forces. The Joint","rect":[90.02399444580078,146.64146423339845,521.5410968074799,137.5878143310547]},{"page":46,"text":"Tactical Radio Ground Domain has three Programs of Record: The Handheld Manpack Small Form Fit, the","rect":[90.02399444580078,158.16148376464845,521.8976428489685,149.1078338623047]},{"page":46,"text":"Networking Vehicular Radio, and Airborne Maritime Fixed radio.","rect":[90.02399444580078,169.68150329589845,354.75980591773989,160.6278533935547]},{"page":46,"text":"HANDHELD MANPACK SMALL FORM FIT","rect":[72.02399444580078,195.23068237304688,355.94188944721227,185.51499938964845]},{"page":46,"text":"3-101. The Handheld Manpack Small Form Fit radio program provides single-channel handheld and two-","rect":[90.02399444580078,215.28147888183595,522.1767263994217,206.2278289794922]},{"page":46,"text":"channel  manpack  radios  to  support  Army  operations.  The  Handheld  Manpack  Small  Form  Fit  program","rect":[90.02399444580078,226.80149841308595,521.6889435062409,217.7478485107422]},{"page":46,"text":"consists of handheld and manpack radios. Handheld Manpack Small Form Fit radios are interoperable with","rect":[90.02399444580078,238.1815948486328,521.9157910346985,229.1478729248047]},{"page":46,"text":"legacy radios. Handheld Manpack Small Form Fit radios provide joint interoperable connectivity to Soldiers","rect":[90.02399444580078,249.72154235839845,522.1343887453079,240.65794372558595]},{"page":46,"text":"at the tactical edge, while on-the-move, or at-the-halt. Handheld Manpack Small Form Fit radios provide line","rect":[90.02399444580078,261.2415466308594,521.961241481781,252.1879119873047]},{"page":46,"text":"of sight and beyond line of sight capabilities for dismounted personnel and platforms. The radios are scalable,","rect":[90.02401733398438,272.7915344238281,521.955393075943,263.7379150390625]},{"page":46,"text":"modular Software Communications Architecture compliant, enable net-centric operations, and operate in","rect":[90.02401733398438,284.2916259765625,522.168842792511,275.2579040527344]},{"page":46,"text":"multiband and multimode to deliver reliable and secure tactical communications.","rect":[90.02401733398438,293.8196105957031,413.676340341568,286.77789306640627]},{"page":46,"text":"LEADER RADIO","rect":[72.02401733398438,319.2628479003906,149.0922975540161,311.1861267089844]},{"page":46,"text":"3-102. The Handheld Manpack Small Form Fit radio program provides the baseline capabilities required","rect":[90.02400970458985,339.0315246582031,521.9881176948547,329.9779052734375]},{"page":46,"text":"for the Leader Radio. The Leader Radio is a handheld, software defined radio with type 1 certification for","rect":[90.02400970458985,350.551513671875,521.9551077470779,341.4978942871094]},{"page":46,"text":"encryption.  The  Leader  Radio  provides  two-channel  secure  voice  and  data  via  multiple  waveforms  and","rect":[90.02400207519531,362.0715026855469,521.911762714386,353.01788330078127]},{"page":46,"text":"provides connectivity to the Nett Warrior end user device. The Leader Radio consists of the AN/PRC-163","rect":[90.02400207519531,373.59149169921877,521.899555683136,364.5378723144531]},{"page":46,"text":"and the AN/PRC-148C).","rect":[90.02400207519531,385.0915832519531,188.62996888160706,376.057861328125]},{"page":46,"text":"AN/PRC-163","rect":[72.02400207519531,407.72467041015627,133.81859922409059,400.09600830078127]},{"page":46,"text":"3-103.","rect":[90.02400207519531,425.19964599609377,115.91400361061096,418.35711669921877]},{"page":46,"text":"The AN/PRC-163 is a two-channel, handheld, cross band, software-defined radio that supports","rect":[124.58000183105469,427.2115783691406,522.1039322023391,418.1778564453125]},{"page":46,"text":"seamless and simultaneous networking for over 200 users when utilizing the Tactical  Scalable  Mobile  Ad","rect":[90.02400207519531,438.771484375,522.0622754096985,429.7178649902344]},{"page":46,"text":"Hoc  Networking  waveform.  The  AN/PRC-163  provides  Soldiers  the  capability  to  get  mission  critical","rect":[90.02400207519531,450.2914733886719,522.0858355770112,441.23785400390627]},{"page":46,"text":"information by viewing a liquid crystal display screen. The intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance","rect":[90.02400207519531,461.69146728515627,521.8062732200623,452.6378479003906]},{"page":46,"text":"video module provides full-motion video capabilities for advanced situational awareness. The AN/PRC-163","rect":[90.02400207519531,473.1915588378906,522.1599926948547,464.1578369140625]},{"page":46,"text":"software defined design supports simple updates to future waveforms. The AN/PRC-163 is interoperable","rect":[90.02395629882813,484.7314453125,522.0622546653748,475.6778259277344]},{"page":46,"text":"with—","rect":[90.02395629882813,494.2395324707031,117.73995304107666,487.19781494140627]},{"page":46,"text":"","rect":[115.21995544433594,507.0911560058594,121.22583541584015,502.3636474609375]},{"page":46,"text":"","rect":[115.21995544433594,520.5311889648438,121.22583541584015,515.8036499023438]},{"page":46,"text":"","rect":[115.21995544433594,534.0911865234375,121.22583541584015,529.3636474609375]},{"page":46,"text":"","rect":[115.21995544433594,547.5311889648438,121.22583541584015,542.8036499023438]},{"page":46,"text":"","rect":[115.2199478149414,561.0911865234375,121.22582778644562,556.3636474609375]},{"page":46,"text":"","rect":[115.21995544433594,574.5311889648438,121.22583541584015,569.8036499023438]},{"page":46,"text":"","rect":[115.21995544433594,588.0911865234375,121.22583541584015,583.3636474609375]},{"page":46,"text":"Tactical Scalable Mobile Ad Hoc Networking waveform.","rect":[133.21995544433595,509.8114318847656,362.7997534275055,500.7578125]},{"page":46,"text":"HAVEQUICK I/II.","rect":[133.21995544433595,523.05224609375,210.2804663181305,514.1978149414063]},{"page":46,"text":"SINCGARS.","rect":[133.21995544433595,534.8095092773438,185.03185486793519,527.9271240234375]},{"page":46,"text":"FM frequency shift keying.","rect":[133.21995544433595,550.25146484375,242.41935181617738,541.1978149414063]},{"page":46,"text":"Amplitude modulation (AM) amplitude shift keying.","rect":[133.21994018554688,563.8114624023438,344.0658667087555,554.7578125]},{"page":46,"text":"Integrated waveform.","rect":[133.21995544433595,577.25146484375,219.0353491306305,568.1978149414063]},{"page":46,"text":"Project 25.","rect":[133.21995544433595,590.8114624023438,176.57584595680238,581.7478637695313]},{"page":46,"text":"AN/PRC-148C","rect":[72.02395629882813,613.45458984375,141.78945297050476,605.8259887695313]},{"page":46,"text":"3-104. The AN/PRC-148C is a two-channel handheld software defined radio that supports simultaneous","rect":[90.02395629882813,632.9415283203125,521.9783218507766,623.9078369140625]},{"page":46,"text":"narrowband and wideband voice and data communications. Optimized for communications in RF challenged","rect":[90.02395629882813,644.3614501953125,521.831684589386,635.3078002929688]},{"page":46,"text":"environment,  the  AN/148C  provides  reliable  voice  and  data  communications  in  harsh  and  unpredictable","rect":[90.02395629882813,655.8615112304688,521.610899684906,646.8278198242188]},{"page":46,"text":"operational environments. The AN/PRC-148C is interoperable with the following—","rect":[90.02395629882813,667.4014892578125,426.909951210022,658.3478393554688]},{"page":46,"text":" Tactical Scalable Mobile Ad Hoc Networking waveform.","rect":[115.21994018554688,680.9614868164063,362.7997534275055,671.9078369140625]},{"page":46,"text":" HAVEQUICK I/II.","rect":[115.21994018554688,694.1982421875,210.28043580055238,685.3438110351563]},{"page":46,"text":" SINCGARS.","rect":[115.21994018554688,705.9555053710938,185.03183960914613,699.0731201171875]},{"page":46,"text":"3-20","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":46,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":46,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":47,"text":"Tactical Radio Platforms","rect":[435.07000732421877,44.259033203125,540.0820029296875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":47,"text":" FM.","rect":[133.22000122070313,81.12947845458985,168.10999512672425,74.40647888183594]},{"page":47,"text":" AM","rect":[133.22000122070313,94.58001708984375,167.15456515598297,87.83709716796875]},{"page":47,"text":".","rect":[167.1800079345703,94.7094955444336,169.67000794410706,93.63381958007813]},{"page":47,"text":" Integrated waveform.","rect":[133.22000122070313,110.16142272949219,237.03537964820863,101.10778045654297]},{"page":47,"text":" Project 25.","rect":[133.22000122070313,123.72142028808594,194.5758764743805,114.6578140258789]},{"page":47,"text":"Nett Warrior End User Device","rect":[90.02400207519531,146.34559631347657,233.58819186782837,138.6948699951172]},{"page":47,"text":"3-105. The Nett Warrior end user device AN/PRC-154A is a type 1 secret and below single-channel hand-","rect":[108.02000427246094,165.84141540527345,540.1765432939529,156.7877655029297]},{"page":47,"text":"held  radio  employed  by  dismounted  leaders  using  the  Nett  Warrior  application  device  for  situational","rect":[108.02001953125,177.36143493652345,539.5072833309174,168.3077850341797]},{"page":47,"text":"awareness. Employment of the Nett Warrior end user device provides the leader secret access to the platoon,","rect":[108.02001953125,188.76145935058595,539.9983007907867,179.7078094482422]},{"page":47,"text":"the company, or other systems operating on the same network.","rect":[108.02001953125,200.28147888183595,357.926340341568,191.2278289794922]},{"page":47,"text":"3-106. The  Nett  Warrior  radio  can  transmit  and  receive  push-to-talk  voice  and  data  communications","rect":[108.02001953125,217.7815704345703,539.8787124757766,208.7478485107422]},{"page":47,"text":"simultaneously.  The  Nett  Warrior  radio  provides  team  leaders  and  above  voice  communications  and","rect":[108.01998901367188,229.32151794433595,539.9748120307922,220.2678680419922]},{"page":47,"text":"automatic position location information beaconing. Any squad member, regardless of security clearance, can","rect":[108.01998901367188,240.84153747558595,539.5869946479797,231.7878875732422]},{"page":47,"text":"use the radio. The non-cryptographic controlled radio item can either be keyed secret to allow leaders to send","rect":[108.01998901367188,252.24156188964845,539.7925000190735,243.1879119873047]},{"page":47,"text":"and receive information or sensitive-but-unclassified to connect leaders to their non-cleared squad members","rect":[108.01998901367188,263.7716369628906,539.9927261476516,254.73789978027345]},{"page":47,"text":"and the squad members to each other.","rect":[108.01998901367188,275.2916564941406,258.5653784275055,266.2579345703125]},{"page":47,"text":"MANPACK RADIO","rect":[90.02398681640625,300.84674072265627,213.36531967735292,291.1451110839844]},{"page":47,"text":"3-107. The manpack radio AN/PRC-155 is a two-channel radio that provides better performance and range","rect":[108.01998901367188,320.91156005859377,539.9715564231873,311.8579406738281]},{"page":47,"text":"for use at the lowest echelon and is employable in a dismounted manpack configuration or mounted in a","rect":[108.01998901367188,332.4315490722656,539.7867419700623,323.3779296875]},{"page":47,"text":"vehicle. The AN/PRC-155 radio operates over the Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) waveform and","rect":[108.01998901367188,343.9515380859375,539.9879956245422,334.887939453125]},{"page":47,"text":"other versions of legacy waveforms that include SINCGARS, Enhanced Position Location Reporting System,","rect":[108.01998901367188,355.4715270996094,539.6671240329742,346.41790771484377]},{"page":47,"text":"UHF SATCOM, and HF communications. The AN/PRC-155 radio is capable of type 1 and type 2 encryption","rect":[108.01998901367188,366.87152099609377,540.1198315620422,357.8179016113281]},{"page":47,"text":"and is capable of operating over a classified network.","rect":[108.01998901367188,378.3915100097656,320.646066904068,369.337890625]},{"page":47,"text":"NETWORKING GROUND RADIO","rect":[90.02398681640625,401.9901123046875,242.842267036438,393.67413330078127]},{"page":47,"text":"3-108. The networking ground radio AN/PRC-162 is a two-channel software-defined radio. The AN/PRC-","rect":[108.01998901367188,421.7115173339844,540.0566702470779,412.65789794921877]},{"page":47,"text":"162  is  manpack  or  vehicle  mount  configurable  and  supports  narrowband  and  wideband  waveforms.  The","rect":[108.01998901367188,433.23150634765627,539.7264392356873,424.1778869628906]},{"page":47,"text":"AN/PRC-162 provides high-speed mobile ad hoc networked communications, point-to-point data and voice","rect":[108.01998901367188,444.7715148925781,539.9642322044373,435.7178955078125]},{"page":47,"text":"next-generation SATCOM, and MUOS. The AN/PRC-162 is interoperable with legacy  waveforms and","rect":[108.01998901367188,456.29150390625,539.8355298042297,447.2378845214844]},{"page":47,"text":"consists of an open-architecture design that allows for future upgrades. The AN/PRC-162 radio provides the","rect":[108.01998901367188,467.6914978027344,539.9409167747498,458.63787841796877]},{"page":47,"text":"capability  for  real-time  sharing  of  data,  images,  voice,  and  video  between  assets  on  the  battlefield.  The","rect":[108.01998901367188,479.21148681640627,540.181456325531,470.1578674316406]},{"page":47,"text":"AN/PRC-162 is interoperable with the following—","rect":[108.01998901367188,490.7314758300781,313.2499780654907,481.6778564453125]},{"page":47,"text":" HAVEQUICK I/II.","rect":[133.219970703125,504.09228515625,228.2804663181305,495.23785400390627]},{"page":47,"text":" SINCGARS enhanced system improvement program.","rect":[133.219970703125,517.7315063476563,365.724191904068,508.6778564453125]},{"page":47,"text":" VHF and UHF line of sight.","rect":[133.219970703125,531.29150390625,263.29456543922427,522.2378540039063]},{"page":47,"text":" Advanced Narrowband Digital Voice Terminal.","rect":[133.219970703125,544.7315063476563,342.39982056617739,535.6778564453125]},{"page":47,"text":" Demand-assigned multiple access (DAMA).","rect":[133.219970703125,558.29150390625,328.795725107193,549.2378540039063]},{"page":47,"text":" 25 kHz DAMA.","rect":[133.219970703125,569.6996459960938,215.74802613258363,562.6778564453125]},{"page":47,"text":" Integrated waveform.","rect":[133.219970703125,585.29150390625,237.04874634742738,576.2378540039063]},{"page":47,"text":"WIDEBAND HF/VHF TACTICAL RADIO","rect":[90.02397155761719,608.7881469726563,283.5222291946411,600.49609375]},{"page":47,"text":"3-109. The AN/PRC-160 (Falcon III) radio is a small, lightweight, manpack HF/VHF wideband tactical","rect":[108.01995849609375,628.521484375,539.8025103816987,619.4678344726563]},{"page":47,"text":"radio system. The AN/PRC-160 provides continuous coverage from 1.5 to 60 MHz. The AN/PRC-160 high-","rect":[108.01995849609375,640.04150390625,540.0563040361404,630.9878540039063]},{"page":47,"text":"speed wideband waveform transmits data in bandwidths from 3 kHz to 24 kHz. The AN/PRC-160 supports","rect":[108.01995849609375,651.5415649414063,539.9424331789016,642.5078735351563]},{"page":47,"text":"data rates of up to 120 kbps through technology that optimizes channel selection and adapts the selected","rect":[108.01995849609375,663.0814819335938,539.4375195503235,654.02783203125]},{"page":47,"text":"channel to real-time conditions.","rect":[108.01995849609375,672.5895385742188,234.52108216285706,665.5478515625]},{"page":47,"text":"3-110. The embedded Selective Availability Anti-Spoofing module or commercial GPS receiver ensures","rect":[108.01995849609375,692.0015258789063,539.9318130617141,682.9478759765625]},{"page":47,"text":"accurate position location information for enhanced situational awareness. The AN/PRC-160 protects the","rect":[108.01995849609375,703.49755859375,539.875792263031,694.4638671875]},{"page":47,"text":"confidentiality  of  legacy  and  modern  voice  and  data  classified  up  to  U.S.  top  secret.  The  AN/PRC-160","rect":[108.01995849609375,715.0375366210938,540.1394238471985,705.98388671875]},{"page":47,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":47,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":47,"text":"3-21","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":48,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":48,"text":"supports secure interoperability with coalition and Partnership for Peace forces through modern algorithms","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.8441055421829,74.08776092529297]},{"page":48,"text":"and advanced encryption standard encryption.","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,273.77604126930239,85.62773895263672]},{"page":48,"text":"3-22","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":48,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":48,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":49,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[287.3299865722656,129.4519805908203,342.661990234375,118.36397552490235]},{"page":49,"text":"Waveforms and Waveform Applications","rect":[164.2999725341797,153.74815368652345,465.5126760368347,139.00111389160157]},{"page":49,"text":"This  chapter  discusses  the  waveforms  and  waveform  applications in  the  tactical","rect":[126.01997375488281,188.4915313720703,504.10360485267639,178.36785888671876]},{"page":49,"text":"networking environment. The tactical networking environment includes all current and","rect":[126.01998901367188,201.23358154296876,504.14698362350466,191.08782958984376]},{"page":49,"text":"future software defined waveform applications. It provides the means to pass voice and","rect":[126.01998901367188,213.8114776611328,504.1335253715515,203.68780517578126]},{"page":49,"text":"data across the transport layer of the tactical networking environment.","rect":[126.01998901367188,226.55352783203126,433.76009154319766,216.40777587890626]},{"page":49,"text":"LOWER TIER WAVEFORMS","rect":[90.02398681640625,251.99050903320313,279.0563315315247,242.2748260498047]},{"page":49,"text":"4-1. A waveform is the representation of a signal that consists of the frequency, modulation type, message","rect":[108.01998901367188,272.0713195800781,539.4386584739685,263.0177001953125]},{"page":49,"text":"format, and transmission system. The term waveform refers to a known set of characteristics, for example,","rect":[108.01998901367188,283.59130859375,539.4770605564117,274.5376892089844]},{"page":49,"text":"frequency  bands,  modulation  techniques,  message  standards,  and  transmission  systems.  In  tactical  radio","rect":[108.01998901367188,295.1112976074219,539.7363476753235,286.05767822265627]},{"page":49,"text":"system usage, the term waveform describes the entire set of radio functions that occur from the user input to","rect":[108.01998901367188,306.63128662109377,539.8479199409485,297.5776672363281]},{"page":49,"text":"the RF output.","rect":[108.01998901367188,318.0113830566406,165.3198492527008,308.9776611328125]},{"page":49,"text":"4-2. Lower  tier  waveforms  of  the  tactical  networking  environment  process  voice  and  essential  data","rect":[108.01998901367188,335.55126953125,539.6876819114685,326.4976501464844]},{"page":49,"text":"elements. The data elements  within the tactical networking environment is centered on friendly  forces","rect":[108.01998901367188,347.0712585449219,539.5471695070266,338.01763916015627]},{"page":49,"text":"situational awareness and transport capabilities to enable communications in disconnected, intermittent, and","rect":[108.01998901367188,358.57135009765627,539.5593457221985,349.5376281738281]},{"page":49,"text":"limited  bandwidth  environments.  The  spectrum  and  bandwidth  availability  are  limited,  and  only  critical","rect":[108.01998901367188,370.1112365722656,539.7758380184174,361.0576171875]},{"page":49,"text":"functions  operate  within  this  portion  of  the  tactical  networking  environment.  The  following  paragraphs","rect":[108.01998901367188,381.6312255859375,539.7272232179641,372.5776062011719]},{"page":49,"text":"discuss the fundamental waveforms and capabilities operating within the lower tier.","rect":[108.01998901367188,393.0312194824219,442.23780274391177,383.97760009765627]},{"page":49,"text":"SINGLE-CHANNEL GROUND AIRBORNE RADIO SYSTEM","rect":[90.02398681640625,416.62982177734377,361.1777877807617,408.3138427734375]},{"page":49,"text":"4-3. The SINCGARS provides the primary means of communication for units across all echelons via highly","rect":[108.02001953125,436.3712158203125,539.7874341011047,427.3175964355469]},{"page":49,"text":"reliable, secure, easily maintained combat net radio voice and data handling capability. The SINCGARS","rect":[108.02001953125,447.8912048339844,539.7328894157409,438.83758544921877]},{"page":49,"text":"offers network data services via mounted and dismounted configurations.","rect":[108.02001953125,459.41119384765627,401.49833130836489,450.3575744628906]},{"page":49,"text":"SINGLE-CHANNEL TACTICAL SATELLITE","rect":[90.02401733398438,483.0097961425781,292.52863454818728,474.705810546875]},{"page":49,"text":"4-4. Single-channel TACSAT provides interoperability between legacy TACSAT radios and software-","rect":[108.02001953125,502.731201171875,540.0566092119217,493.6775817871094]},{"page":49,"text":"defined radios. Single-channel TACSAT provides users can interoperate with legacy radio waveforms. The","rect":[108.02001953125,514.1312255859375,540.0639636497498,505.07757568359377]},{"page":49,"text":"interoperability enables voice and limited data exchange for beyond line of sight lowest tactical level users","rect":[108.02001953125,525.6511840820313,539.5074356203079,516.5975341796875]},{"page":49,"text":"in the lower tier.","rect":[108.02001953125,535.1592407226563,173.92533326148988,528.1175537109375]},{"page":49,"text":"MOBILE USER OBJECTIVE SYSTEM WAVEFORM","rect":[90.02401733398438,560.769775390625,326.50789642333987,552.4657592773438]},{"page":49,"text":"4-5. The  MUOS  is  a  UHF  SATCOM  system  that  provides  satellite  network  connectivity  and","rect":[108.02001953125,580.4913940429688,539.8075757026672,571.437744140625]},{"page":49,"text":"communications services for mounted and dismounted units to support beyond line-of-sight communications","rect":[108.02001953125,592.0114135742188,539.9279068117141,582.957763671875]},{"page":49,"text":"capability at Brigade and below. Currently, MUOS is a U.S. only system.","rect":[108.02001953125,603.5314331054688,401.4018042087555,594.477783203125]},{"page":49,"text":"4-6. MUOS  primarily  intended  for  mobile  user’s  aerial,  maritime  platforms,  ground  vehicles,  and","rect":[108.02001953125,620.96142578125,539.7455639839172,611.9077758789063]},{"page":49,"text":"dismounted soldiers. MUOS extends users’ voice and data communications networks beyond their lines of","rect":[108.02001953125,632.4814453125,539.7120657548904,623.4277954101563]},{"page":49,"text":"sight. The MUOS waveform operates as a global cellular service provider to support Soldiers with modern","rect":[108.02001953125,644.0014038085938,539.983540058136,634.94775390625]},{"page":49,"text":"cell phone-like capabilities. It adopts a commercial third generation wideband code division multiple access","rect":[108.02001953125,655.5214233398438,539.5464370851516,646.4677734375]},{"page":49,"text":"mobile  phone  architecture  for  use  in  the  military  UHF  SATCOM  frequency  spectrum  using  four","rect":[108.02001953125,667.0414428710938,539.5371389970779,657.98779296875]},{"page":49,"text":"geosynchronous satellites in place of cell towers covering the globe. By operating in the UHF frequency band","rect":[108.02001953125,678.5614624023438,539.7060132026672,669.5078125]},{"page":49,"text":"300 -320 MHz to transmit User to Base and 360-380 MHz to receive Base to User, a lower frequency band","rect":[108.02001953125,689.96142578125,539.6105542182922,680.9077758789063]},{"page":49,"text":"than that used by conventional terrestrial cellular networks. MUOS provides Soldiers with the tactical ability","rect":[108.02001953125,701.4774780273438,540.1140942573547,692.423828125]},{"page":49,"text":"to communicate in disadvantaged environments, as heavily forested regions where the forest canopy would","rect":[108.02001953125,712.9974365234375,539.497456073761,703.9437866210938]},{"page":49,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.02399444580078,755.8169555664063,163.56299047851562,747.365966796875]},{"page":49,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":49,"text":"4-1","rect":[509.1400146484375,753.9359741210938,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":50,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":50,"text":"unacceptably attenuate higher frequency signals. The radio uses the MUOS waveform when operating on","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.5410962104797,74.08776092529297]},{"page":50,"text":"one of four 5 MHz channels on one of 16 beams on one of four geosynchronous satellites.","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,449.89701294898989,85.62773895263672]},{"page":50,"text":"4-7. MUOS waveform provides military point-to-point and communication users with precedence-based","rect":[90.02399444580078,112.20140075683594,521.908588886261,103.14775848388672]},{"page":50,"text":"and pre-emptive access to voice and data up to 64Kbps that span the globe. Each MUOS terminal has a 10-","rect":[90.02398681640625,123.60142517089844,521.9364309892654,114.54778289794922]},{"page":50,"text":"digit  Defense  Switched  Network  assigned  phone  number  when  provisioned.  Users  in  the  field  establish","rect":[90.02398681640625,135.12144470214845,522.0090527534485,126.06780242919922]},{"page":50,"text":"connections on demand within seconds, freeing resources for other users.","rect":[90.02398681640625,146.64146423339845,382.5790503025055,137.5878143310547]},{"page":50,"text":"INTEGRATED WAVEFORM","rect":[72.02398681640625,170.22805786132813,200.34537506103517,162.11605834960938]},{"page":50,"text":"4-8. SATCOM integrated waveform is an enhanced method of multiplexing radio networks on the same","rect":[90.02400207519531,189.96141052246095,521.5422351341248,180.9077606201172]},{"page":50,"text":"channel. An integrated waveform uses carrier phase modulation to allow more access using the same channel.","rect":[90.02400207519531,201.48143005371095,521.6208593845367,192.4277801513672]},{"page":50,"text":"Carrier  phase  modulation  implemented  in  radios  provides  higher  data  throughput  on  the  UHF  dedicated","rect":[90.02400207519531,213.0013885498047,521.9242749214172,203.94773864746095]},{"page":50,"text":"satellite channels in line-of-sight-mode. An integrated waveform is an augmentation to time division multiple","rect":[90.02400207519531,224.4014129638672,521.6996448020935,215.34776306152345]},{"page":50,"text":"access services. Integrated waveform is a flexible waveform structure that allows communication access","rect":[90.02400207519531,235.9214324951172,521.6806533937454,226.86778259277345]},{"page":50,"text":"tailoring  based  upon  operational  requirements.  Single-channel  TACSAT  capable  radios  that  support","rect":[90.02400207519531,247.44139099121095,521.9308673152924,238.3877410888672]},{"page":50,"text":"integrated waveform technology are the AN/PRC-155, AN/PSC-5C/D, AN/PRC-117F/G, and AN/PRC-148.","rect":[90.02400207519531,258.9613952636719,522.190012216568,249.9077606201172]},{"page":50,"text":"Integrated waveform—","rect":[90.02398681640625,270.5113830566406,183.49997806549073,261.457763671875]},{"page":50,"text":" Supports data rates up to 19.2 kilobits per second.","rect":[115.21998596191406,284.0514831542969,332.38016724586489,275.01776123046877]},{"page":50,"text":" Provides up to fourteen networks operating at 2400 bits per second each.","rect":[115.21998596191406,297.5113830566406,423.9035131931305,288.457763671875]},{"page":50,"text":" Supports narrowband voice operations with mixed excitation linear prediction.","rect":[115.21998596191406,311.0514831542969,447.487863779068,302.01776123046877]},{"page":50,"text":"LINK 16 WAVEFORM","rect":[72.02398681640625,334.5379943847656,175.76107025146485,326.25799560546877]},{"page":50,"text":"4-9. Link 16 is a time division multiple access-based, secure, jam-resistant high-speed digital data link,","rect":[90.02400970458985,354.2713928222656,521.8252050876617,345.2077941894531]},{"page":50,"text":"which  operates  in  the  frequency  band  960–1,215  MHz.  The  frequency  range  limits  the  exchange  of","rect":[90.02400970458985,365.7913818359375,521.7893362627029,356.7377624511719]},{"page":50,"text":"information to users within line of sight of one another. Emerging technologies provide the means to pass","rect":[90.02399444580078,377.3113708496094,521.4316299562454,368.25775146484377]},{"page":50,"text":"Link 16 data over long-haul protocols as Transmission Control Protocol, IP, and UHF SATCOM. Link 16","rect":[90.02399444580078,388.7113952636719,521.5439648628235,379.65777587890627]},{"page":50,"text":"uses the transmission characteristics, protocols, conventions, and fixed-length or variable-length message","rect":[90.02399444580078,400.23138427734377,522.0097033958435,391.1777648925781]},{"page":50,"text":"formats. The radios and waveform can support throughputs upwards of 238 kilobits per second, information","rect":[90.02399444580078,411.7513732910156,521.8891186714172,402.69775390625]},{"page":50,"text":"passed is typically at one of the three following data rates—","rect":[90.02399444580078,423.2713928222656,329.8100061416626,414.2177734375]},{"page":50,"text":" 31.6 kilobits per second.","rect":[115.2199935913086,436.8315124511719,231.21640992164613,427.79779052734377]},{"page":50,"text":" 57.6 kilobits per second.","rect":[115.2199935913086,450.2715148925781,231.297189950943,441.23779296875]},{"page":50,"text":" 115.2 kilobits per second.","rect":[115.2199935913086,463.8315124511719,236.13669800758363,454.79779052734377]},{"page":50,"text":"WAVEFORM APPLICATIONS","rect":[72.02399444580078,489.2806091308594,267.77627171707158,479.56494140625]},{"page":50,"text":"4-10. The  waveform  application  is  composed  of  all  current  and  future  software  defined  waveform","rect":[90.02399444580078,509.3114929199219,521.7065216312409,500.27777099609377]},{"page":50,"text":"applications that provide a means of providing voice and data across the transport layer of the network in","rect":[90.02399444580078,520.8514404296875,521.4715161323547,511.79779052734377]},{"page":50,"text":"both the lower and upper tier. Waveform applications are peer-to-peer programs that facilitate the exchange","rect":[90.02399444580078,532.3713989257813,521.8634021263123,523.3177490234375]},{"page":50,"text":"of application data across the spectrum of radio networks. These are essential considerations for lower tier","rect":[90.02399444580078,543.8714599609375,521.6308889970779,534.8377685546875]},{"page":50,"text":"planners  as  they  develop  their  network  architecture  to  meet  their  commander’s  command  and  control","rect":[90.02399444580078,555.4114379882813,521.9884234676362,546.3577880859375]},{"page":50,"text":"requirements.  The  Network  Operations  Management  System  are  plans,  configures,  and  loads  waveform","rect":[90.02399444580078,566.9314575195313,521.9396759281159,557.8778076171875]},{"page":50,"text":"applications onto the radio platforms.","rect":[90.02399444580078,578.3114624023438,239.48377442359925,569.2777709960938]},{"page":50,"text":"4-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":50,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":50,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":51,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[287.3299865722656,129.4519805908203,342.661990234375,118.36397552490235]},{"page":51,"text":"VHF Radios","rect":[270.16998291015627,150.79556274414063,359.78541163253785,139.192626953125]},{"page":51,"text":"This  chapter  describes  the  commercial-off-the-shelf  VHF  radios  used  to  support","rect":[126.01997375488281,188.4915313720703,504.07735973548889,178.36785888671876]},{"page":51,"text":"tactical  radio  operations.  Soldiers  use  both  Multiband  Inter/Intra  Team  Radios  and","rect":[126.01997375488281,201.2115020751953,503.797709941864,191.08782958984376]},{"page":51,"text":"multiband  handheld  radios  to  control  and  coordinate  movement,  send  and  receive","rect":[126.01997375488281,212.0,503.77578342056276,203.68780517578126]},{"page":51,"text":"instructions, request logistical or fire support, and gather and disseminate information.","rect":[126.01997375488281,226.55352783203126,504.253103017807,216.40777587890626]},{"page":51,"text":"MULTIBAND INTER/INTRA TEAM RADIO","rect":[90.02395629882813,251.99050903320313,369.75725693321228,242.2748260498047]},{"page":51,"text":"5-1. Use the Multiband Inter/Intra Team Radio (MBITR) (AN/PRC-148) for special operations forces and","rect":[108.01995849609375,272.0514221191406,539.813862323761,263.0177001953125]},{"page":51,"text":"company  size  networks  depending  on  command  guidance  and  mission  requirements.  When  used  as a","rect":[108.01995849609375,283.59130859375,539.8776843528748,274.5376892089844]},{"page":51,"text":"handheld radio, the MBITR supports the secure communications requirements for a platoon, squad, or team.","rect":[108.01995849609375,295.0914001464844,539.5072119235992,286.05767822265627]},{"page":51,"text":"The MBITR enables small-unit leaders’ adequate control of subordinate elements activities. The MBITR can","rect":[108.01995849609375,306.61138916015627,539.7993969917297,297.5776672363281]},{"page":51,"text":"perform ground-to-air, ship to shore, DAMA TACSAT, civil, military, and multinational communications.","rect":[108.01995849609375,318.0312805175781,534.6672461032867,308.9776611328125]},{"page":51,"text":"5-2. The MBITR communicates with similar AM and FM radios to perform two-way communications. The","rect":[108.01995086669922,335.55126953125,539.988585231781,326.4976501464844]},{"page":51,"text":"frequency  and  waveforms  are  interoperable  with  legacy  and  new  systems.  The  MBITR  ensures","rect":[108.01994323730469,347.0712585449219,539.7064102296829,338.01763916015627]},{"page":51,"text":"interoperability with virtually any common U.S. military or commercial waveforms operating in the 30–512","rect":[108.01994323730469,358.59124755859377,540.1394848823547,349.5376281738281]},{"page":51,"text":"MHz frequency range with either FM or AM radio RF output, and with a user-selectable power output from","rect":[108.01992797851563,370.1112365722656,540.0103546390534,361.0576171875]},{"page":51,"text":"0.1–5 watts. The AN/VRC-111 is the vehicular version of the MBITR.","rect":[108.01992797851563,379.6292724609375,391.01270508766177,372.5776062011719]},{"page":51,"text":"5-3. The MBITR consists of a portable, battery-operated transceiver capable of operating in non-secure","rect":[108.01992797851563,399.0312194824219,539.947813747406,389.97760009765627]},{"page":51,"text":"analog  or  secure  digital  voice  and  data.  It  can  store  up  to  256  channels  organized  in  16  groups  with  16","rect":[108.01992797851563,410.55120849609377,539.4077343940735,401.4975891113281]},{"page":51,"text":"channels each and transmit voice in whisper mode. The MBITR is software upgradeable to add the following","rect":[108.01992797851563,422.0711975097656,539.7812085151672,413.017578125]},{"page":51,"text":"capabilities—","rect":[108.01992797851563,433.5712890625,163.45732975006104,424.5375671386719]},{"page":51,"text":" SINCGARS.","rect":[133.2199249267578,445.1692199707031,203.03182435035706,438.286865234375]},{"page":51,"text":" HAVEQUICK I/II.","rect":[133.2199249267578,460.4119873046875,228.28043580055238,451.55755615234377]},{"page":51,"text":" ANDVT.","rect":[133.2199249267578,472.1692199707031,188.72925782203675,465.286865234375]},{"page":51,"text":" RETRANS.","rect":[133.2199249267578,485.6092224121094,199.1872808933258,478.72686767578127]},{"page":51,"text":" ANDVT/KYV-5.","rect":[133.2199249267578,499.1692199707031,221.41991639137269,492.1175537109375]},{"page":51,"text":"5-4. The MBITR is tunable in 5 or 6.25 kHz tuning steps using 25.0 kHz channel bandwidth. The MBITR","rect":[108.0199203491211,518.5712280273438,539.8070773496628,509.517578125]},{"page":51,"text":"provides narrow band operations using 12.5 kHz and 5 kHz bandwidth when configured as an ANDVT. The","rect":[108.01991271972656,530.0911865234375,539.8944690208435,521.0375366210938]},{"page":51,"text":"MBITR automatically selects the correct tuning size. For emergencies, the radio circuitry can receive explicit","rect":[108.01991271972656,541.6112060546875,539.6565753231049,532.5575561523438]},{"page":51,"text":"messages while set for secure mode operation.","rect":[108.01991271972656,553.1311645507813,293.574777841568,544.0775146484375]},{"page":51,"text":"5-5. When operating in the secure mode, the radio disables the transmission of any tone squelch signals.","rect":[108.01991271972656,570.5311889648438,539.5755712985992,561.4775390625]},{"page":51,"text":"Encryption key fill occurs through the audio and key fill connector. The urban MBITR has a standard U-","rect":[108.01991271972656,582.0512084960938,540.0563650712967,572.99755859375]},{"page":51,"text":"283/U six-pin connector, fully compatible with the SKL.","rect":[108.01991271972656,593.5712280273438,334.56019043922427,584.517578125]},{"page":51,"text":"SYSTEM MANAGEMENT","rect":[90.02391052246094,617.1997680664063,206.96059560775758,608.895751953125]},{"page":51,"text":"5-6. MBITR system management is the responsibility of the S-6 or communications section at all echelons.","rect":[108.01992797851563,636.9212036132813,539.8348486423492,627.8675537109375]},{"page":51,"text":"The tactical network implements software-based MBITR management. Planners and operators can configure","rect":[108.01992797851563,648.4412231445313,539.8098132591248,639.3875732421875]},{"page":51,"text":"the MBITR manually using the radio control panel or through a software-based application.","rect":[108.01992797851563,659.961181640625,474.9297888278961,650.9075317382813]},{"page":51,"text":"5-7.  The software-based application has an interface that allows uploading and downloading assigned","rect":[108.01992797851563,677.3612060546875,539.6175122261047,668.3075561523438]},{"page":51,"text":"frequency lists, waveform types, and radio power settings. Once configured, the MBITR can distribute this","rect":[108.01992797851563,688.8811645507813,539.5868423585891,679.8275146484375]},{"page":51,"text":"information (clone) to another MBITR. This cloning feature allows the S-6 system manager to disseminate","rect":[108.01992797851563,700.397216796875,539.9041736106873,691.3435668945313]},{"page":51,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.02399444580078,755.8169555664063,163.56299047851562,747.365966796875]},{"page":51,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":51,"text":"5-1","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":52,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":52,"text":"technical information down the tactical echelons to each radio. The system manager can clone configuration","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.7304272651672,74.08776092529297]},{"page":52,"text":"information to other MBITRs by means of a cloning cable or over-the-air.","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,385.94755005836489,85.62773895263672]},{"page":52,"text":"USE DURING URBAN OPERATIONS","rect":[72.02399444580078,118.27997589111328,239.98111534118653,109.9759750366211]},{"page":52,"text":"5-8. During urban operations, communication inside buildings or over urban terrain is a challenge. For","rect":[90.02400207519531,138.0013885498047,521.6179495439529,128.94773864746095]},{"page":52,"text":"these  conditions,  the  MBITR  system  provides  RETRANS  capability  called  back-to-back.  RETRANS","rect":[90.02400207519531,149.4014129638672,521.9005529899597,140.34776306152345]},{"page":52,"text":"configuration  requires  two  MBITRs  and  a  small  cable  kit  with  electronic  filters.  The  radios  repeat  the","rect":[90.02401733398438,160.9214324951172,521.6295154075623,151.86778259277345]},{"page":52,"text":"transmission with no loss of signal quality.","rect":[90.02401733398438,172.4414520263672,261.196604013443,163.38780212402345]},{"page":52,"text":"WIDEBAND NETWORKING HANDHELD RADIO","rect":[72.02401733398438,197.99063110351563,389.92543930625916,188.2609100341797]},{"page":52,"text":"5-9. The  AN/PRC-152A  (Falcon  III)  radio  is  a  wideband  networking handheld  radio  that  provides","rect":[90.02401733398438,218.0414276123047,522.1917617921829,208.98777770996095]},{"page":52,"text":"simultaneous voice, video, and high-speed data in a portable form factor. The AN/PRC-152A radio delivers","rect":[90.02397155761719,229.5614471435547,521.9930313234329,220.50779724121095]},{"page":52,"text":"ad hoc, self-healing, and adaptive networking capabilities to dismounted Soldiers on the move. The voice","rect":[90.02397155761719,241.08140563964845,521.9274890403748,232.0277557373047]},{"page":52,"text":"and data capabilities of the AN/PRC-152A are National Security Agency (NSA)-certified to secure networks","rect":[90.02397155761719,252.60142517089845,522.0087173585891,243.5477752685547]},{"page":52,"text":"classified up to top secret.","rect":[90.02397155761719,264.0115051269531,194.09498047828675,254.97776794433595]},{"page":52,"text":"5-10. The AN/PRC-152 encryption device maximizes battery life in battery-powered radios. The AN/PRC-","rect":[90.02397155761719,281.5514221191406,522.0565481767654,272.497802734375]},{"page":52,"text":"152 also supports all software defined radio, COMSEC, and transmission security (TRANSEC) requirements","rect":[90.02397155761719,293.0714111328125,521.9503677492141,284.0177917480469]},{"page":52,"text":"and the ability to support numerous device compatibility modes: KY-57/VINSON, ANDVT/KYV-5, KG-","rect":[90.02397155761719,304.5914001464844,522.0566092119217,295.53778076171877]},{"page":52,"text":"84C, DS-101, and DS-102.","rect":[90.02397155761719,314.1094665527344,198.34995484352113,307.05780029296877]},{"page":52,"text":"5-11. The  AN/PRC-152  includes  an  embedded  GPS  receiver  to  display  local  position  and  to  provide","rect":[90.02397155761719,333.6314392089844,521.6773669700623,324.57781982421877]},{"page":52,"text":"automatic  position  reporting  for  situational  awareness.  The  vehicular  version  of  the  AN/PRC-152  is  the","rect":[90.02397155761719,345.03143310546877,522.0424182395935,335.9778137207031]},{"page":52,"text":"AN/VRC-110.","rect":[90.02397155761719,354.5494689941406,148.66996216773988,347.497802734375]},{"page":52,"text":"AN/PRC-152A FREQUENCY RANGE","rect":[72.02397155761719,381.6763916015625,250.45133352279664,371.8460388183594]},{"page":52,"text":"5-12. The AN/PRC-152A covers the multiband frequency range, with 5 watts of transmit power for line of","rect":[90.02400207519531,399.87139892578127,521.5296927080154,390.8177795410156]},{"page":52,"text":"sight narrowband waveforms including SINCGARS, HAVEQUICK I/II, AM/FM VULOS, and 10 W burst","rect":[90.02400207519531,411.3913879394531,521.5710650691987,402.3377685546875]},{"page":52,"text":"for legacy SATCOM. The AN/PRC-152A standard high band enhancement increases frequency coverage to","rect":[90.02400207519531,422.9114074707031,521.8138012886047,413.8577880859375]},{"page":52,"text":"520 MHz, and adds the 762-870 MHz band for Project 25 conventional and trunking interoperability. The","rect":[90.02400207519531,434.3114013671875,521.5861194114685,425.247802734375]},{"page":52,"text":"AN/PRC- 152A supports the following waveforms—","rect":[90.02400207519531,445.8514099121094,303.5300073623657,436.79779052734377]},{"page":52,"text":" Narrowband. VHF 30-225 MHz, UHF 225-512 MHz.","rect":[115.21998596191406,457.41943359375,348.6399939060211,450.3577880859375]},{"page":52,"text":" Legacy SATCOM. Receive 243-270 MHz, Transmit 291-318 MHz.","rect":[115.21998596191406,472.9714050292969,405.5199987888336,463.91778564453127]},{"page":52,"text":" Highband (VULOS/Project 25). 512-520 and 762-870 MHz.","rect":[115.22001647949219,486.411376953125,375.5198767185211,477.3477783203125]},{"page":52,"text":" Wideband. 225-450 MHz.","rect":[115.22001647949219,497.96942138671877,238.33988404273988,490.9177551269531]},{"page":52,"text":"AN/PRC-152A SECURITY","rect":[72.02401733398438,523.4500122070313,200.89137363433839,515.14599609375]},{"page":52,"text":"5-13.","rect":[90.02400207519531,541.1395263671875,110.87400269508362,534.2969970703125]},{"page":52,"text":"The AN/PRC-152A has the following security capabilities:","rect":[115.22000122070313,543.1714477539063,351.79878723716737,534.1177368164063]},{"page":52,"text":" Encryption: type 1 encryption (suite A/B), NSA-certified for U.S. top secret and below","rect":[115.2199935913086,556.7313842773438,481.1687811603546,547.677734375]},{"page":52,"text":" Encryption modes—","rect":[115.22000122070313,570.1714477539063,216.1699914932251,561.1177978515625]},{"page":52,"text":" KY-57 (VINSON).","rect":[133.22000122070313,584.3114624023438,228.38001465797425,575.2777709960938]},{"page":52,"text":" KYV-5 Advanced Narrowband Digital Voice Terminal.","rect":[133.22000122070313,598.3713989257813,374.9198706150055,589.3177490234375]},{"page":52,"text":" KG-84C.","rect":[133.22000122070313,610.439453125,188.03000855445863,603.5570678710938]},{"page":52,"text":" FASCINATOR.","rect":[133.22000122070313,624.4794311523438,216.37998414039613,617.5970458984375]},{"page":52,"text":" Tactical Secure Voice Cryptographic Interoperability Specification.","rect":[133.22000122070313,640.5214233398438,422.1998083591461,631.4677734375]},{"page":52,"text":" VHF/UHF line of sight.","rect":[133.22000122070313,654.5614624023438,246.73996949195863,645.5078125]},{"page":52,"text":" High Performance Waveform.","rect":[133.22000122070313,668.6014404296875,272.4199011325836,659.5477905273438]},{"page":52,"text":" High assurance internet protocol encryptor.","rect":[133.22000122070313,682.7614135742188,324.859934091568,673.707763671875]},{"page":52,"text":" Advanced encryption standard (type 1 & 3).","rect":[133.22000122070313,696.7974243164063,327.49991822242739,687.7437744140625]},{"page":52,"text":" Type 3 Data Encryption Standard.","rect":[133.22000122070313,710.83740234375,288.25992798805239,701.7837524414063]},{"page":52,"text":"5-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":52,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":52,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":53,"text":"VHF Radios","rect":[489.5799865722656,44.259033203125,540.1420004882813,37.716033935546878]},{"page":53,"text":" Key fill device compatibility: AN/PYQ-10 (SKL).","rect":[133.22000122070313,83.14140319824219,352.6474096775055,74.08776092529297]},{"page":53,"text":" Key storage: stores up to 300 keys.","rect":[133.2200164794922,96.72142028808594,291.30518555641177,87.66777801513672]},{"page":53,"text":"MULTICHANNEL MANPACK RADIO","rect":[90.02401733398438,122.15060424804688,334.3653196773529,112.43492126464844]},{"page":53,"text":"5-14. The AN/PRC-158 (Falcon IV) radio is a multichannel manpack radio equipped with dual channel","rect":[108.02000427246094,142.1814727783203,539.5738726863862,133.1477508544922]},{"page":53,"text":"connectivity  to  provide  forward-deployed  Soldiers  with  simultaneous  send  and  receive  capabilities  in  a","rect":[108.02001953125,153.72142028808595,540.1943347434998,144.6677703857422]},{"page":53,"text":"compact  and  lightweight  form  factor.  The  AN/PRC-158  routing  and  crossbanding  technologies  support","rect":[108.02001953125,165.24143981933595,539.9461261043549,156.1877899169922]},{"page":53,"text":"communications redundancy, voice and data communications. The AN/PRC-158 is NSA-certified secure up","rect":[108.02001953125,176.76145935058595,539.884418964386,167.70774841308595]},{"page":53,"text":"to top secret security classification.","rect":[108.01998901367188,188.2814178466797,248.77988648414613,179.22776794433595]},{"page":53,"text":"5-15. The AN/PRC-158 covers the multiband frequency range, with up to 10 watts of transmit power for","rect":[108.01998901367188,205.80137634277345,539.6174612627029,196.7477264404297]},{"page":53,"text":"narrowband waveforms and up to 20 watts of power for SATCOM and wideband waveforms. The AN/PRC-","rect":[108.01998901367188,217.1814727783203,540.1765432939529,208.1477508544922]},{"page":53,"text":"152A supports the following waveforms—","rect":[108.01998901367188,228.72142028808595,279.6500024795532,219.6677703857422]},{"page":53,"text":" Narrowband Waveforms. AM/FM, VULOS, SINCGARS, HAVEQUICK I/II, and Project 25.","rect":[133.22000122070313,242.2814178466797,526.4564306735992,233.2178192138672]},{"page":53,"text":" Wideband Waveforms. Advanced networking waveform.","rect":[133.22000122070313,255.84141540527345,380.28003907203677,246.7877655029297]},{"page":53,"text":" UHF SATCOM Waveforms—","rect":[133.22000122070313,267.31939697265627,274.48999881744387,260.2677001953125]},{"page":53,"text":" Advanced Narrowband Digital Voice Terminal and 56 kb/s data.","rect":[151.22000122070313,283.4714050292969,427.98075318336489,274.41778564453127]},{"page":53,"text":" Access to 5 kHz and 25 kHz UHF satellite communications channels.","rect":[151.22000122070313,295.5194091796875,447.6397497653961,288.457763671875]},{"page":53,"text":" Multiple access 5 kHz And 25 kHz UHF satellite communications.","rect":[151.22000122070313,311.531494140625,436.7595007419586,302.4977722167969]},{"page":53,"text":" High performance waveform.","rect":[151.22000122070313,325.5914001464844,287.65992188453677,316.53778076171877]},{"page":53,"text":" SATCOM time division multiple access waveform.","rect":[151.22000122070313,339.6114807128906,375.1181433200836,330.5777587890625]},{"page":53,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":53,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":53,"text":"5-3","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":54,"text":"This page intentionally left blank.","rect":[188.77999877929688,390.36138916015627,405.22001099586489,375.853759765625]},{"page":55,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[287.3299865722656,129.4519805908203,342.661990234375,118.36397552490235]},{"page":55,"text":"Ultrahigh Frequency Radios","rect":[208.24998474121095,153.9556427001953,421.5075490837097,139.192626953125]},{"page":55,"text":"This  chapter  addresses  the  ultrahigh  frequency  radios  and  systems,  multifunctional","rect":[126.01998901367188,188.51361083984376,504.0373817081451,178.36785888671876]},{"page":55,"text":"information distribution systems, tactical digital information link-joint terminals, and","rect":[126.01998901367188,201.23358154296876,504.089946269989,191.0767822265625]},{"page":55,"text":"joint  tactical  information  distribution  systems  and  their  roles  in  network  centric","rect":[126.01998901367188,213.83355712890626,503.79790866470338,203.6767578125]},{"page":55,"text":"warfare.","rect":[126.01998901367188,224.32345581054688,162.4520013332367,216.41880798339845]},{"page":55,"text":"6-1. UHF radios and systems played an essential role in the military today and played a vital role in recent","rect":[108.01998901367188,243.9613494873047,539.6570636043549,234.90769958496095]},{"page":55,"text":"urban  combat  operations.  The  Army  uses  UHF  radios  systems  for  ground-to-air,  ship-to-shore,  and","rect":[108.01998901367188,255.4813690185547,539.9931225776672,246.42771911621095]},{"page":55,"text":"multinational communications are—","rect":[108.02001953125,265.0194396972656,254.6900110244751,257.97772216796877]},{"page":55,"text":" The Multifunctional Information Distribution System (MIDS).","rect":[133.22000122070313,280.4713439941406,401.7648718357086,271.417724609375]},{"page":55,"text":" The Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS).","rect":[133.22000122070313,294.0313415527344,394.2145483493805,284.97772216796877]},{"page":55,"text":"MULTIFUNCTIONAL INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM","rect":[90.02400207519531,319.4605407714844,507.626501663208,309.744873046875]},{"page":55,"text":"6-2. The MIDS is a high capacity digital information distribution system allowing the secure and jam-","rect":[108.02000427246094,339.6313171386719,540.1765432939529,330.5677185058594]},{"page":55,"text":"resistant exchange of real-time data between a wide variety of users, including all the components of a tactical","rect":[108.02000427246094,351.03131103515627,539.8716632137299,341.9776916503906]},{"page":55,"text":"air  force,  and  when  appropriate,  land  and  naval  forces.  The  MIDS  is  the  follow-on  to  JTIDS  terminals,","rect":[108.02000427246094,362.5314025878906,539.848215341568,353.4976806640625]},{"page":55,"text":"providing improvements over the Class 2 family of terminals. Smaller and lighter than its predecessor, the","rect":[108.02000427246094,374.0712890625,539.467344997406,365.0176696777344]},{"page":55,"text":"MIDS  installed  platforms  have  a  smaller  footprint  and  the  weight  is  fully  compatible  with  Link  16","rect":[108.02000427246094,385.5912780761719,539.646870136261,376.53765869140627]},{"page":55,"text":"participants.","rect":[108.02000427246094,397.09136962890627,157.0431616306305,388.0576477050781]},{"page":55,"text":"6-3. The MIDS consists of the AN/USQ-140, MIDS-Low Volume Terminal (2) [LVT (2)], a terminal","rect":[108.02000427246094,414.6113586425781,540.0478717098237,405.57763671875]},{"page":55,"text":"controller, and an antenna. The MIDS LVT (2) provides jam-resistant, near real-time, digital data and voice","rect":[108.02001953125,426.03125,540.0426013450623,416.9676513671875]},{"page":55,"text":"communications,  position  location  reporting,  navigation,  and  identification  capabilities  to  host  platforms.","rect":[108.02001953125,437.5712585449219,539.8833105564117,428.51763916015627]},{"page":55,"text":"The MIDS-LVT (2) supports all operational modes of the Link 16 waveform and provides a distributed","rect":[108.02001953125,449.07135009765627,539.399067401886,440.0376281738281]},{"page":55,"text":"network with control service and NATO interoperability.","rect":[108.02001953125,460.6112365722656,336.25345826148989,451.5576171875]},{"page":55,"text":"6-4. The MIDS-LVT (2) features random frequency hopping over fifty-one frequencies and is employed to","rect":[108.02001953125,478.1312255859375,540.0347485542297,469.0776062011719]},{"page":55,"text":"support air defense operations. The MIDS-LVT (2) also has an expanded data rate, up to 2 megabits per","rect":[108.02001953125,489.5312194824219,539.6556692705154,480.47760009765627]},{"page":55,"text":"second  to  support  ground,  airborne  and  maritime  operations.  The  MIDS-LVT  (2)  uses  two  antennas  to","rect":[108.02001953125,501.05120849609377,539.9919018745422,491.9975891113281]},{"page":55,"text":"transmit and receive data. The terminal also features encryption and navigation capabilities. The MIDS-","rect":[108.02001953125,512.5712280273438,540.0565481767654,503.517578125]},{"page":55,"text":"LVT(2) has the following characteristics and capabilities—","rect":[108.02001953125,524.0912475585938,345.6700220108032,515.03759765625]},{"page":55,"text":" Link  16  messaging  tactical  digital  information  link-joint  and  distribution  systems  message","rect":[133.22003173828126,537.6511840820313,539.895567653656,528.5875854492188]},{"page":55,"text":"standard.","rect":[151.22003173828126,547.0392456054688,187.52421021461488,539.99755859375]},{"page":55,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,559.8909301757813,139.22591170978547,555.1633911132813]},{"page":55,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,573.450927734375,139.22591170978547,568.723388671875]},{"page":55,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,586.8909301757813,139.22591170978547,582.1633911132813]},{"page":55,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,600.450927734375,139.22591170978547,595.723388671875]},{"page":55,"text":"Receive sensitivity classified meets specifications with a 2–3 decibel (dB) margin.","rect":[151.22003173828126,562.6112060546875,480.637277841568,553.5575561523438]},{"page":55,"text":"Transmit spectral performance greater than -60 dB in 1030/1090 MHz bands.","rect":[151.22003173828126,576.1712036132813,460.7536413669586,567.1175537109375]},{"page":55,"text":"Output transmit power 1, 25 or 200 watts.","rect":[151.22003173828126,589.5912475585938,318.4085485935211,580.5575561523438]},{"page":55,"text":"Host interfaces dual Army data distribution system interface (increased speed X.25) and multiple","rect":[151.22003173828126,603.1712036132813,539.7928454856873,594.1175537109375]},{"page":55,"text":"Ethernets interface.","rect":[151.22003173828126,612.5892333984375,228.85872864723206,605.5475463867188]},{"page":55,"text":" Key fill interface DS-101 protocol.","rect":[133.22003173828126,628.1611938476563,291.4155066013336,619.1075439453125]},{"page":55,"text":" Voice capability optional 2.4 kilobits per second linear predictive coding-10 and 16 kilobits per","rect":[133.22003173828126,641.6011962890625,539.7517996416092,632.5475463867188]},{"page":55,"text":"second continuous variable slope delta.","rect":[151.22003173828126,653.1012573242188,308.10999512672427,644.0675659179688]},{"page":55,"text":"TACTICAL DIGITAL INFORMATION LINK JOINT TERMINALS","rect":[90.02403259277344,678.6703491210938,509.8207663459778,668.940673828125]},{"page":55,"text":"6-5. The  tactical  digital  information  link-joint  is  an  approved  data  link  used  to  exchange  real-time","rect":[108.02003479003906,698.7172241210938,539.9486682395935,689.6536254882813]},{"page":55,"text":"information;  NATO  Link  16  is  the  near  equivalent  of  tactical  digital  information  link-joint.  The  tactical","rect":[108.02003479003906,710.2371826171875,539.9377032527924,701.173583984375]},{"page":55,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.02399444580078,755.8169555664063,163.56299047851562,747.365966796875]},{"page":55,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":55,"text":"6-1","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":56,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":56,"text":"digital information link-joint is the protocol approved for joint, U.S. only air and missile defense surveillance","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.5819690208435,74.07779693603516]},{"page":56,"text":"and  battle  management.  The  tactical  digital  information  link-joint  is  a  communication,  navigation,  and","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,521.8671460151672,85.6177749633789]},{"page":56,"text":"identification  system  that  supports  information  exchange  between  tactical  communications  systems.  The","rect":[90.02399444580078,106.20140075683594,521.5512073020935,97.14775848388672]},{"page":56,"text":"tactical digital information link-joint is a secure, frequency hopping, jam-resistant, high capacity link, and","rect":[90.02399444580078,117.60142517089844,521.8771557807922,108.5378189086914]},{"page":56,"text":"uses the JTIDS or MIDS communications data terminal for voice and data exchange.","rect":[90.02399444580078,129.12144470214845,429.1719763278961,120.06780242919922]},{"page":56,"text":"6-6. JTIDS  and  MIDS  operate  in  time  division  multiple  access  with  time  slots  allocated  between","rect":[90.02399444580078,146.6215362548828,521.5881543159485,137.5878143310547]},{"page":56,"text":"participating  JTIDS  units  for  the  transmission  of  data.  This  eliminates  the  requirement  for  an  NCS  by","rect":[90.02399444580078,158.16148376464845,522.1239819526672,149.1078338623047]},{"page":56,"text":"providing a node-less communications architecture.","rect":[90.02399444580078,169.68150329589845,296.6354467868805,160.6278533935547]},{"page":56,"text":"6-7. Army tactical digital information link-joint terminals are the JTIDS Class 2M and the MIDS l LVT-2.","rect":[90.02399444580078,187.20152282714845,522.0582983493805,178.13792419433595]},{"page":56,"text":"Other services’ JTIDS and MIDS terminals exchange data and voice. Army JTIDS class 2M and MIDS LVT-","rect":[90.02399444580078,198.60154724121095,522.0564871416092,189.5478973388672]},{"page":56,"text":"2 terminals have no voice capability. Tactical digital information link-joint networks participants include—","rect":[90.02399444580078,210.12156677246095,519.7000207901001,201.05796813964845]},{"page":56,"text":" Joint Land Attack Cruise Missile Defense Elevated Netted Sensor System.","rect":[115.22003173828125,223.6815643310547,431.28299927711489,214.62791442871095]},{"page":56,"text":" F/A-18 Hornet and Super Hornet.","rect":[115.22003173828125,237.2216339111328,267.6752417087555,228.1879119873047]},{"page":56,"text":" Airborne Warning and Control System.","rect":[115.22003173828125,250.6815643310547,291.07609009742739,241.62791442871095]},{"page":56,"text":" E-2C Hawkeye aircraft.","rect":[115.22003173828125,264.2715759277344,228.37998414039613,255.2179412841797]},{"page":56,"text":" Tactical Air Operations Module.","rect":[115.22003173828125,277.6916809082031,263.6363317966461,268.657958984375]},{"page":56,"text":" Short-Range Air Defense.","rect":[115.22003173828125,291.2715759277344,237.1627905368805,282.21795654296877]},{"page":56,"text":" Aegis-class ships.","rect":[115.22003173828125,304.7115783691406,204.74000000953675,295.657958984375]},{"page":56,"text":" Medium Extended Air Defense System.","rect":[115.22003173828125,318.2715759277344,292.6298315525055,309.21795654296877]},{"page":56,"text":" Patriot.","rect":[115.22003173828125,329.6996765136719,162.4426519870758,322.657958984375]},{"page":56,"text":" Air Operations Center.","rect":[115.22003173828125,345.2516784667969,224.4237768650055,336.21795654296877]},{"page":56,"text":" Terminal High Altitude Area Defense.","rect":[115.22003173828125,358.7115783691406,287.2789099216461,349.657958984375]},{"page":56,"text":" Army air and missile defense commands.","rect":[115.22003173828125,372.1515808105469,298.5799353122711,363.09796142578127]},{"page":56,"text":" Joint Tactical Ground Station.","rect":[115.22003173828125,383.7096252441406,253.6144506931305,376.657958984375]},{"page":56,"text":"6-8. The enhanced position location reporting system is the primary data distribution system for forward","rect":[90.02403259277344,403.111572265625,521.6935620307922,394.0579528808594]},{"page":56,"text":"area air defense  weapon systems. The typical short-range air defense battalion  uses  enhanced position","rect":[90.02403259277344,414.6315612792969,521.9412426948547,405.57794189453127]},{"page":56,"text":"location reporting system to establish a data network to interconnect the tactical air control party, air support","rect":[90.02403259277344,426.15155029296877,521.8722125301362,417.0979309082031]},{"page":56,"text":"operations  center,  command  nodes,  platoon  and  section  headquarters,  and  individual  weapons  systems.","rect":[90.02403259277344,437.6915588378906,521.5811865329742,428.637939453125]},{"page":56,"text":"Establishment of an enhanced position location reporting system data network in a short-range air defense","rect":[90.02403259277344,449.2115478515625,521.871641872406,440.1579284667969]},{"page":56,"text":"battalion, enable commanders to exercise airspace control to integrate and synchronize Army forces actions","rect":[90.02403259277344,460.7315368652344,521.5112808351516,451.67791748046877]},{"page":56,"text":"and operations with all airspace users. It passes the air picture and weapons control orders down, and then","rect":[90.02403259277344,472.11163330078127,522.160053730011,463.0779113769531]},{"page":56,"text":"sends weapons systems status back up through the system. The extended air picture received from air defense","rect":[90.0240478515625,483.6515197753906,521.6506335716248,474.597900390625]},{"page":56,"text":"and missile defense units, and E-3 Sentry-Airborne Warning and Control Systems fuse together with the air","rect":[90.0240478515625,495.1715087890625,521.7358694658279,486.1178894042969]},{"page":56,"text":"picture received from the AN/MPQ-64, Sentinel, filtered at the forward area air, defense command node for","rect":[90.0240478515625,506.6716003417969,521.6815481767654,497.63787841796877]},{"page":56,"text":"geographical areas of interest, and broadcast to all subscribers.","rect":[90.0240478515625,518.2114868164063,340.47986817359927,509.1578369140625]},{"page":56,"text":"JOINT TACTICAL INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM","rect":[72.0240478515625,543.7606811523438,468.1402040557861,534.0450439453125]},{"page":56,"text":"6-9. JTIDS is a UHF terminal that operates in the 960–1215 MHz frequency band. It uses the Department","rect":[90.0240478515625,563.8115234375,521.6927081356049,554.7578735351563]},{"page":56,"text":"of Defense (DOD) primary tactical data link to provide secure, jam-resistant, high-capacity interoperable","rect":[90.0240478515625,575.3314819335938,522.0700671653748,566.2678833007813]},{"page":56,"text":"voice, and data communications for tactical platforms and weapon systems. Using tactical digital information","rect":[90.0240478515625,586.7315063476563,521.6535840034485,577.6778564453125]},{"page":56,"text":"link-joint and the Interim JTIDS message specification, the Army JTIDS allows air, defense artillery units to","rect":[90.0240478515625,598.2515258789063,521.7216992378235,589.1879272460938]},{"page":56,"text":"exchange  mission  essential  data  in  near  real-time,  with  other  Army  joint  communications  organizations","rect":[90.0240478515625,609.801513671875,521.7391250734329,600.7379150390625]},{"page":56,"text":"performing joint area of responsibility air and missile defense.","rect":[90.02406311035156,621.321533203125,338.784982919693,612.2579345703125]},{"page":56,"text":"6-10. Army JTIDS supports joint interoperability and situational awareness, through the integration of Link","rect":[90.02406311035156,638.8414916992188,521.4985547065735,629.7778930664063]},{"page":56,"text":"16 messages and standard waveforms.","rect":[90.02406311035156,650.2415161132813,242.8791754245758,641.1878662109375]},{"page":56,"text":"6-11. Host platforms for Army JTIDS and MIDS include—","rect":[90.02406311035156,667.7615356445313,329.81006717681887,658.7078857421875]},{"page":56,"text":" Forward Area Air Defense Command and Control System.","rect":[115.22006225585938,681.321533203125,368.395578622818,672.2678833007813]},{"page":56,"text":" Patriot Power Projection Platform.","rect":[115.22006225585938,694.8775024414063,271.2357885837555,685.8139038085938]},{"page":56,"text":" Joint Land Attack Cruise Missile Defense Elevated Netted Sensor System.","rect":[115.22006225585938,708.3175048828125,431.283029794693,699.2638549804688]},{"page":56,"text":"6-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":56,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":56,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":57,"text":"Ultrahigh Frequency Radios","rect":[420.07000732421877,46.04103469848633,539.931978515625,37.716033935546878]},{"page":57,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,80.4211196899414,139.22588119220735,75.693603515625]},{"page":57,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,94.00113677978516,139.22588119220735,89.27362060546875]},{"page":57,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,107.4411392211914,139.22588119220735,102.713623046875]},{"page":57,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,121.00113677978516,139.22588119220735,116.27362060546875]},{"page":57,"text":"Terminal High-Altitude Area Defense.","rect":[151.22000122070313,83.14140319824219,305.939768075943,74.08776092529297]},{"page":57,"text":"Medium Extended Air Defense System.","rect":[151.22000122070313,96.72142028808594,310.62980103492739,87.66777801513672]},{"page":57,"text":"Joint Tactical Ground Station.","rect":[151.22000122070313,108.15946197509766,271.5766088962555,101.10778045654297]},{"page":57,"text":"Air and Missile Defense Planning and Control System at air defense artillery brigades and Army","rect":[151.22000122070313,123.72142028808594,539.6303906440735,114.66777801513672]},{"page":57,"text":"air and missile defense commands.","rect":[151.22000122070313,133.10952758789063,290.759592294693,126.06780242919922]},{"page":57,"text":"6-12. The Army employs the JTIDS and MIDS at several operational levels as the medium to broadcast and","rect":[108.02000427246094,152.64146423339845,539.7825512886047,143.5878143310547]},{"page":57,"text":"receive an enhanced joint air picture. An in-theater joint data network provides shared joint command and","rect":[108.02001953125,164.16148376464845,539.7387890815735,155.09788513183595]},{"page":57,"text":"control data and targeting information. Sources of the joint data network include—","rect":[108.02001953125,175.68150329589845,439.63001346588137,166.61790466308595]},{"page":57,"text":" E-3A Sentry-Airborne Warning and Control System.","rect":[133.22003173828126,189.2415008544922,362.58497071266177,180.18785095214845]},{"page":57,"text":" Control and reporting center.","rect":[133.22003173828126,202.68150329589845,267.0947058200836,193.6278533935547]},{"page":57,"text":" Intelligence platforms.","rect":[133.22003173828126,216.2415008544922,241.58707642555238,207.18785095214845]},{"page":57,"text":" E-2C Hawkeye aircraft.","rect":[133.22003173828126,229.68150329589845,246.27588868141175,220.6278533935547]},{"page":57,"text":" Aegis ships.","rect":[133.22003173828126,243.2415008544922,200.00406861305238,234.18785095214845]},{"page":57,"text":" Fighter aircraft.","rect":[133.22003173828126,256.6814880371094,213.77878785133363,247.6278533935547]},{"page":57,"text":" Marine Corps tactical air operations module.","rect":[133.22003173828126,270.2516174316406,329.79285645484927,261.2178955078125]},{"page":57,"text":" Air defense and airspace management cell.","rect":[133.22003173828126,283.7115173339844,322.52213501930239,274.65789794921877]},{"page":57,"text":" Air defense artillery brigades.","rect":[133.22003173828126,297.2715148925781,270.36161255836489,288.2178955078125]},{"page":57,"text":" Short-range air defense.","rect":[133.22003173828126,310.7115173339844,246.76734375953675,301.65789794921877]},{"page":57,"text":" Patriot.","rect":[133.22003173828126,322.2596130371094,180.4426519870758,315.2178955078125]},{"page":57,"text":" Terminal High-Altitude Area Defense.","rect":[133.22003173828126,337.7115173339844,305.939768075943,328.65789794921877]},{"page":57,"text":" Joint Tactical Ground Station.","rect":[133.22003173828126,349.2695617675781,271.57666993141177,342.2178955078125]},{"page":57,"text":"6-13. The Army JTIDS system is comprised of the Class 2M terminal, the JTIDS terminal controller, and","rect":[108.02003479003906,368.6715087890625,539.3889966011047,359.6178894042969]},{"page":57,"text":"the JTIDS antenna.","rect":[108.02005004882813,378.1895446777344,184.73194336891175,371.13787841796877]},{"page":57,"text":"BATTLEFIELD AWARENESS AND TARGETING SYSTEM-","rect":[90.0240478515625,405.74072265625,470.49538834667205,396.010986328125]},{"page":57,"text":"DISMOUNTED","rect":[90.0240478515625,421.8207092285156,186.56699471855164,412.10504150390627]},{"page":57,"text":"6-14. The AN/PRC-161 Battlefield Awareness and Targeting System-Dismounted radio is a ruggedized,","rect":[108.02005004882813,441.8915100097656,539.9300634860992,432.837890625]},{"page":57,"text":"handheld radio that delivers real-time Link 16 communications to dismounted and mobile Soldiers at the","rect":[108.02005004882813,451.4095458984375,539.682188747406,444.3578796386719]},{"page":57,"text":"tactical edge. The AN/PRC-161 radio provides full Link 16 network access to special operations forces,","rect":[108.02005004882813,464.9314880371094,539.6964819431305,455.87786865234377]},{"page":57,"text":"expeditionary forces, joint terminal attack controllers, ground vehicles, maritime craft, unmanned aircraft","rect":[108.02005004882813,476.33148193359377,539.9032794246674,467.26788330078127]},{"page":57,"text":"systems, and coalition forces.","rect":[108.02005004882813,487.8514709472656,225.85813355445863,478.7978515625]},{"page":57,"text":"6-15. The AN/PRC-161 radio bridges the gap between air and ground forces by providing real-time fused","rect":[108.02005004882813,505.3714599609375,540.0400586128235,496.3178405761719]},{"page":57,"text":"air and ground situational awareness to coordinate and direct forces instantaneously via machine-to-machine","rect":[108.02005004882813,516.8914794921875,540.0648181419373,507.83782958984377]},{"page":57,"text":"interface. The AN/PRC-161 radio includes type 1 encryption and J-Voice capability, which enables direct","rect":[108.02005004882813,528.4114379882813,539.8858233699799,519.3577880859375]},{"page":57,"text":"voice communications with other Link 16 radios.","rect":[108.02005004882813,537.9194946289063,305.05994629859927,530.8778076171875]},{"page":57,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":57,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":57,"text":"6-3","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":58,"text":"This page intentionally left blank.","rect":[188.77999877929688,390.36138916015627,405.22001099586489,375.853759765625]},{"page":59,"text":"Chapter 7","rect":[287.3299865722656,140.9720001220703,342.661990234375,129.88400268554688]},{"page":59,"text":"Airborne Radios","rect":[252.76998901367188,162.19558715820313,377.1303518180847,150.5926513671875]},{"page":59,"text":"Airborne  radios  play  a  vital  role  in  providing  communications  between  ground","rect":[126.01998901367188,200.03363037109376,503.85306882858279,189.88787841796876]},{"page":59,"text":"elements and airborne elements. The capabilities of airborne radios enable users to","rect":[126.01998901367188,212.7315216064453,503.81986570358279,202.60784912109376]},{"page":59,"text":"achieve  close  air  support,  search  and  rescue,  air-to-air,  and  air-to-ground","rect":[126.01998901367188,225.35357666015626,504.1984667778015,215.20782470703126]},{"page":59,"text":"communications. ","rect":[126.02001953125,236.0,204.32677245140077,227.80780029296876]},{"page":59,"text":"This ","rect":[211.3040771484375,236.0,233.78148436546327,227.80780029296876]},{"page":59,"text":"chapter ","rect":[241.2333984375,237.9314727783203,276.373708486557,227.80780029296876]},{"page":59,"text":"addresses ","rect":[283.8037109375,236.0,328.64818358421328,227.80780029296876]},{"page":59,"text":"the ","rect":[336.10015869140627,236.0,352.39513182640078,227.80780029296876]},{"page":59,"text":"airborne ","rect":[359.7257385253906,236.0,399.16063475608828,227.80780029296876]},{"page":59,"text":"radios ","rect":[406.6126403808594,236.0,436.21080565452578,227.80780029296876]},{"page":59,"text":"that ","rect":[443.8270263671875,236.0,463.1470239162445,227.80780029296876]},{"page":59,"text":"provide","rect":[470.6170349121094,237.9314727783203,504.0572165260315,227.80780029296876]},{"page":59,"text":"communications  for  ground-to-air  operations,  air-to-air  operations  and  air-to-sea","rect":[126.02001953125,250.67352294921876,504.0889853248596,240.52777099609376]},{"page":59,"text":"missions.","rect":[126.02011108398438,261.0734558105469,167.37596678733827,253.15777587890626]},{"page":59,"text":"7-1.","rect":[108.02011108398438,278.8194274902344,123.83011078834534,271.95697021484377]},{"page":59,"text":"The SINCGARS airborne platforms include—","rect":[133.22010803222657,280.8114318847656,319.2501001358032,271.7777099609375]},{"page":59,"text":" The AN/ARC-201.","rect":[133.2200927734375,292.2693786621094,227.9000952243805,285.21771240234377]},{"page":59,"text":" The AN/ARC-210.","rect":[133.2200927734375,305.8293762207031,227.9000952243805,298.7777099609375]},{"page":59,"text":" The AN/ARC-220.","rect":[133.2200927734375,319.2693786621094,227.89998841285706,312.21771240234377]},{"page":59,"text":" The AN/ARC-231.","rect":[133.22000122070313,332.8294372558594,227.89998841285706,325.77777099609377]},{"page":59,"text":" The AN/ARC-186.","rect":[133.22000122070313,346.2694396972656,227.89998841285706,339.2177734375]},{"page":59,"text":"AN/ARC-201 RADIO","rect":[90.02400207519531,373.80657958984377,220.2942442378998,364.1049499511719]},{"page":59,"text":"7-2. The AN/ARC-201 SINCGARS radio is a tactical airborne radio subsystem that provides secure, anti-","rect":[108.02000427246094,393.87139892578127,540.0566702470779,384.8177795410156]},{"page":59,"text":"jam voice and data communications. Ground and airborne versions are interoperable even though they are","rect":[108.02000427246094,405.3913879394531,540.1373889427185,396.3277893066406]},{"page":59,"text":"physically different from each other. The significant change in the airborne mode is the faceplate attached to","rect":[108.02000427246094,416.9114074707031,539.656635761261,407.8577880859375]},{"page":59,"text":"the various configurations and the add-on modules that change each version’s capabilities. Airborne versions","rect":[108.02000427246094,428.431396484375,539.9965713624954,419.3777770996094]},{"page":59,"text":"RT-1476, RT-1477A/B/C, and RT-1478 require the KY-58 security equipment for ciphertext operation.","rect":[108.02001953125,439.8514099121094,523.2642920017242,430.79779052734377]},{"page":59,"text":"RT-1476","rect":[90.02401733398438,463.426025390625,134.66001892089845,455.15802001953127]},{"page":59,"text":"7-3. The RT-1476, AN/ARC-201 is the base radio in all three versions, and they all operate in the single-","rect":[108.02000427246094,483.17138671875,540.1765432939529,474.1177673339844]},{"page":59,"text":"channel and frequency hopping modes. The RT-1476, AN/ARC-201 typically mounts in the cockpit of an","rect":[108.02000427246094,494.6913757324219,539.7751049995422,485.63775634765627]},{"page":59,"text":"aircraft.","rect":[108.02000427246094,504.1994934082031,139.29442811012269,497.15777587890627]},{"page":59,"text":"RT-1477","rect":[90.02400207519531,529.7860107421875,134.66000366210938,521.5180053710938]},{"page":59,"text":"7-4. The RT-1477, mounts in an isolated equipment compartment on the aircraft and consists of radio and","rect":[108.02000427246094,549.511474609375,539.516254901886,540.477783203125]},{"page":59,"text":"a radio set control, C-11466. The radio set control is co-located with the pilot and can remotely control from","rect":[108.02000427246094,560.9314575195313,540.0229278812409,551.8778076171875]},{"page":59,"text":"the cockpit. Dedicated cables transmit control and status signals back and forth between the RT-1477 and","rect":[108.02000427246094,572.451416015625,539.998920917511,563.3977661132813]},{"page":59,"text":"radio set control. The RT-1477 is capable of RETRANS operation.","rect":[108.02000427246094,583.9514770507813,375.822824716568,574.9177856445313]},{"page":59,"text":"RT-1478","rect":[90.02400207519531,607.5760498046875,134.66000366210938,599.3080444335938]},{"page":59,"text":"7-5. The RT-1478, mounts in the remote equipment compartment of the aircraft and operates controlled by","rect":[108.02000427246094,627.3214111328125,540.2697339057922,618.2677612304688]},{"page":59,"text":"the aircraft’s system control display unit. The optional data rate adapter enables the radio to process 1,200","rect":[108.02000427246094,638.8414306640625,539.6369824409485,629.7877807617188]},{"page":59,"text":"and 2,400 Hz frequency. The operation of the data rate adapter is automatic and no operator interface is","rect":[108.02000427246094,650.3613891601563,539.9892471437454,641.3077392578125]},{"page":59,"text":"necessary.","rect":[108.02000427246094,661.7614135742188,149.24442505836488,655.0284423828125]},{"page":59,"text":"AN/ARC-210 RADIO","rect":[90.02400207519531,687.2965087890625,220.3477110347748,677.5949096679688]},{"page":59,"text":"7-6. The AN/ARC-210 offered in several models, which when coupled with ancillary equipment, provides","rect":[108.01998901367188,707.357421875,539.7242324953079,698.3037719726563]},{"page":59,"text":"the aviation community with exceptional long-range capability. The RT-1556B provides line of sight VHF","rect":[108.01998901367188,718.87744140625,539.9799597282409,709.8237915039063]},{"page":59,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.02399444580078,755.8169555664063,163.56299047851562,747.365966796875]},{"page":59,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":59,"text":"7-1","rect":[509.1400146484375,753.9359741210938,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":60,"text":"Chapter 7","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":60,"text":"and  UHF  capability  and  HAVEQUICK  I  and  HAVEQUICK  II,  and  SINCGARS  electronic  counter-","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,522.1765432939529,74.08776092529297]},{"page":60,"text":"countermeasures waveforms. The RT-1794I, RT-1824I, RT-1851I, and RT-1851AI are network capable and","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.66146087646485,521.8898510932922,85.62773895263672]},{"page":60,"text":"include embedded cryptographic algorithms, 5 kHz and 25 kHz and DAMA SATCOM.","rect":[90.02399444580078,106.20140075683594,440.6527807712555,97.14775848388672]},{"page":60,"text":"7-7. The AN/ARC-210 provides air-to-air and air-to-ground, two-way voice communications via UHF and","rect":[90.02399444580078,123.60142517089844,521.8174023628235,114.54778289794922]},{"page":60,"text":"VHF. The embedded SATCOM functions that operate in the UHF radio band data and voice communications.","rect":[90.02400207519531,135.1015167236328,521.7702734470367,126.06780242919922]},{"page":60,"text":"7-8.","rect":[90.02400207519531,150.62954711914063,105.83400177955628,143.76710510253907]},{"page":60,"text":"The AN/ARC-210 provides the following key features—","rect":[115.22000122070313,152.64146423339845,343.5099878311157,143.5878143310547]},{"page":60,"text":" 30–400 MHz frequency range provides VHF and UHF in all radios; 121.5 and 243.0 MHz guard","rect":[115.21998596191406,166.20140075683595,521.371967792511,157.1477508544922]},{"page":60,"text":"channels, and four-channel scan.","rect":[133.22000122070313,176.0,263.87378907203677,168.5477752685547]},{"page":60,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,188.44114685058595,121.22588119220734,183.713623046875]},{"page":60,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,213.52110290527345,121.22588119220734,208.7935791015625]},{"page":60,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,238.48106384277345,121.22588119220734,233.7535400390625]},{"page":60,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,263.4710388183594,121.22588119220734,258.7435302734375]},{"page":60,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,277.0310974121094,121.22588119220734,272.3035888671875]},{"page":60,"text":"30–512 MHz frequency range providing VHF and UHF in the RT-1851AI; 121.5 and 243.0 MHz","rect":[133.22000122070313,191.16136169433595,522.027159450531,182.1077117919922]},{"page":60,"text":"guard channels, four-channel scan.","rect":[133.22000122070313,202.68138122558595,272.2633764743805,193.6277313232422]},{"page":60,"text":"Synthesizer  speed  and  rapid  radio  response  time  handle  any  developed  electronic  counter-","rect":[133.22000122070313,216.2413787841797,522.1766043291092,207.18772888183595]},{"page":60,"text":"countermeasures algorithm or link requirement.","rect":[133.22000122070313,227.64134216308595,323.6552221775055,218.5876922607422]},{"page":60,"text":"Data rates up to 80,000 bits per second for SATCOM and 100,000 bits per second for line of sight","rect":[133.22000122070313,241.2013397216797,521.5305987606049,232.14768981933595]},{"page":60,"text":"with bandwidth efficient advanced modulation technology.","rect":[133.22000122070313,252.6013641357422,369.05994629859927,243.54771423339845]},{"page":60,"text":"Compatible with Link 11, Link 4A and improved data modem.","rect":[133.22000122070313,266.1714172363281,384.1622107028961,257.1376953125]},{"page":60,"text":"Digital Time Division Command/Response Multiplex Data Bus remote control and built-in-test to","rect":[133.22000122070313,279.7513732910156,522.0547680854797,270.69775390625]},{"page":60,"text":"the module level.","rect":[133.21998596191407,289.1394348144531,202.1332495212555,282.09771728515627]},{"page":60,"text":"","rect":[115.21998596191406,301.9910583496094,121.22586593341828,297.2635498046875]},{"page":60,"text":"","rect":[115.21997833251953,357.6710510253906,121.22585830402375,352.94354248046877]},{"page":60,"text":"","rect":[115.21997833251953,371.1110534667969,121.22585830402375,366.383544921875]},{"page":60,"text":"Channel spacing of—","rect":[133.21998596191407,304.7113342285156,220.36997318267823,295.65771484375]},{"page":60,"text":" 25 kHz (30–512 MHz).","rect":[133.21998596191407,318.8514404296875,245.1239721775055,309.8177185058594]},{"page":60,"text":" 8.33 kHz (118–137 MHz).","rect":[133.21998596191407,332.8914489746094,257.7134802341461,323.85772705078127]},{"page":60,"text":" 12.5 kHz (400–512 MHz).","rect":[133.21998596191407,346.9314270019531,257.7134802341461,337.897705078125]},{"page":60,"text":"Tuning capability: 5 kHz with remote control, 2.5 kHz via 1553 bus.","rect":[133.219970703125,360.3913269042969,407.41886353492739,351.33770751953127]},{"page":60,"text":"Optional power amplifiers, mounts, and low noise amplifier and diplexer.","rect":[133.219970703125,373.8114318847656,427.2305700778961,364.7777099609375]},{"page":60,"text":"AN/ARC-220 RADIO","rect":[72.02397918701172,399.36651611328127,202.29422897911074,389.6648864746094]},{"page":60,"text":"7-9. The  AN/ARC-220  radio  system  is  a  microprocessor-based  communications  system  intended  for","rect":[90.02397918701172,419.43133544921877,521.8910208330154,410.3777160644531]},{"page":60,"text":"airborne applications. The ground version of the AN/ARC-220 is the AN/VRC-100. The AN/ARC-220 radio","rect":[90.02397918701172,430.9513244628906,521.997944355011,421.897705078125]},{"page":60,"text":"system uses advanced digital signal processor technology to provide two-way communication.","rect":[90.02397918701172,442.4913330078125,467.85352540016177,433.4377136230469]},{"page":60,"text":"7-10. The AN/ARC-220 consists of three interchangeable units; an RT (RT-1749/URC or RT-1749A/URC),","rect":[90.02397918701172,459.8913269042969,522.013742685318,450.83770751953127]},{"page":60,"text":"power amplifier coupler (AM-7531/URC), and control display unit (C-12436/URC). The AN/ARC-220 has","rect":[90.02397918701172,471.41131591796877,522.0757949953079,462.3576965332031]},{"page":60,"text":"embedded  ALE,  serial  tone  data  modem,  and  anti-jamming  functions.  The  AN/ARC-220  provides  the","rect":[90.02397918701172,482.9313049316406,521.846495388031,473.8677062988281]},{"page":60,"text":"electrical interface with other AN/ARC-220 and associated aircraft systems. The AN/ARC-220 can program","rect":[90.02397918701172,494.4512939453125,522.0386749515534,485.3976745605469]},{"page":60,"text":"up to twenty-five free text data messages in real time and retrieve data messages to be stored for later viewing.","rect":[90.02397918701172,505.9712829589844,521.7557470798492,496.91766357421877]},{"page":60,"text":"The AN/ARC-220 radio system provides the following capabilities—","rect":[90.02397918701172,517.4912719726563,368.5900049209595,508.4376220703125]},{"page":60,"text":" Frequency range from 2.000–29.9999 MHz in 100 Hz steps.","rect":[115.22000122070313,530.9313354492188,374.5186560153961,521.877685546875]},{"page":60,"text":" Twenty user programmable simplex or half-duplex channels.","rect":[115.22000885009766,544.4912719726563,377.23987793922427,535.4376220703125]},{"page":60,"text":" Twelve programmable electronic countermeasures hop sets.","rect":[115.22000885009766,557.9313354492188,372.7480261325836,548.877685546875]},{"page":60,"text":" Certified for ALE in accordance.","rect":[115.22000885009766,569.4893188476563,264.9012243747711,562.4376220703125]},{"page":60,"text":" An integrated data modem that enables communication in noisy environments.","rect":[115.22000885009766,584.9313354492188,447.9042761325836,575.877685546875]},{"page":60,"text":" Built-in integration with external GPS units allows position data report submission with the push","rect":[115.22000885009766,598.4912719726563,521.6037793159485,589.4376220703125]},{"page":60,"text":"of a button.","rect":[133.22000122070313,607.9093627929688,178.85668396949769,600.86767578125]},{"page":60,"text":" Embedded ALE, electronic countermeasures, and data.","rect":[115.22000885009766,621.4692993164063,352.88785767555239,614.4276123046875]},{"page":60,"text":" Rapid and efficient tuning to a variety of antennas.","rect":[115.22000885009766,637.0413208007813,336.12732911109927,627.9876708984375]},{"page":60,"text":"AN/ARC-231 RADIO","rect":[72.02400970458985,662.4564208984375,202.29425949668886,652.7548217773438]},{"page":60,"text":"7-11. The AN/ARC-231 is an airborne VHF/UHF line of sight and DAMA SATCOM radio system that has","rect":[90.02400970458985,682.5213012695313,521.6249893312454,673.4676513671875]},{"page":60,"text":"multiband multi-mission, secure anti-jam voice, data and imagery capabilities. The RT-1808 is the primary","rect":[90.02400970458985,694.041259765625,522.0027050971985,684.9776611328125]},{"page":60,"text":"radio for the AN/ARC-231. One key feature of the RT-1808 is that it capitalizes on the AN/PSC-5 Spitfire’s","rect":[90.02400970458985,705.5572509765625,522.0144546632766,696.5036010742188]},{"page":60,"text":"expandable  architecture  and  permits  users  to  upgrade  as  new  requirements  drive  new  capabilities.  The","rect":[90.02397155761719,717.0772705078125,521.5212390403748,708.0236206054688]},{"page":60,"text":"7-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":60,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":60,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":61,"text":"Airborne Radios","rect":[470.1400146484375,44.259033203125,540.1239951171875,37.716033935546878]},{"page":61,"text":"AN/ARC-231,  used  in  the  Army  Airborne  Command  and  Control  System  provides  communications","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,540.1044204835891,74.08776092529297]},{"page":61,"text":"capabilities  to  corps,  division  maneuver  brigade,  or  attack  helicopter  commander’s  airborne  tactical","rect":[108.0199966430664,94.68138122558594,539.9998980770112,85.62773895263672]},{"page":61,"text":"command post.","rect":[108.01995849609375,106.18148040771485,169.0249273777008,97.14775848388672]},{"page":61,"text":"7-12.","rect":[108.01995849609375,121.5895004272461,128.86995911598206,114.72705841064453]},{"page":61,"text":"The AN/ARC-231 has the following characteristics and capabilities—","rect":[133.219970703125,123.60142517089844,413.82996463775637,114.54778289794922]},{"page":61,"text":" HAVEQUICK I, HAVEQUICK II, and SINCGARS communications modes.","rect":[133.219970703125,136.96221923828126,461.04725098609927,128.10777282714845]},{"page":61,"text":" DAMA and non-DAMA satellite communications modes.","rect":[133.219970703125,148.70950317382813,383.26026368141177,141.6677703857422]},{"page":61,"text":" Frequency ranges of—","rect":[133.219970703125,164.1614227294922,242.80997562408448,155.11773681640626]},{"page":61,"text":" 30–87.975 MHz VHF FM SINCGARS.","rect":[151.219970703125,176.31942749023438,328.46119141578677,169.43707275390626]},{"page":61,"text":" 108–173.995 MHz VHF AM and VHF FM.","rect":[151.22000122070313,190.35940551757813,344.49662232398989,183.30772399902345]},{"page":61,"text":" 225–399.995 MHz UHF AM HAVEQUICK II ground, air band, UHF SATCOM band.","rect":[151.22000122070313,206.4014129638672,518.5177710056305,197.34776306152345]},{"page":61,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,231.16111755371095,139.22588119220735,226.43359375]},{"page":61,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,244.7211151123047,139.22588119220735,239.99359130859376]},{"page":61,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,258.1611022949219,139.22588119220735,253.43359375]},{"page":61,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,283.1510925292969,139.22588119220735,278.423583984375]},{"page":61,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,296.7110900878906,139.22588119220735,291.98358154296877]},{"page":61,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,310.1510925292969,139.22588119220735,305.423583984375]},{"page":61,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,323.7110900878906,139.22588119220735,318.98358154296877]},{"page":61,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,337.1510925292969,139.22588119220735,332.423583984375]},{"page":61,"text":"Embedded data control waveform analog to digital converter and tactical IP.","rect":[151.22000122070313,285.8713684082031,456.8156225681305,276.8177490234375]},{"page":61,"text":"SINCGARS system improvement program.","rect":[151.22000122070313,299.4313659667969,325.3805639743805,290.37774658203127]},{"page":61,"text":"Access To 5 kHz and 25 kHz UHF satellite communications channels.","rect":[151.22000122070313,310.87939453125,432.87980103492739,303.8177490234375]},{"page":61,"text":"8.33 kHz air traffic control channelization coverage to 512 Hz.","rect":[151.22000122070313,326.4313659667969,402.1720983982086,317.37774658203127]},{"page":61,"text":"Minimal size and weight are suitable for installation in rotary wing and fixed-wing platforms.","rect":[151.22000122070313,339.8713684082031,525.5461523532867,330.8177490234375]},{"page":61,"text":"AN/ARC-186 RADIO","rect":[90.02399444580078,365.40655517578127,220.2942442378998,355.7049255371094]},{"page":61,"text":"7-13. The AN/ARC-186 is a VHF AM and FM radio used in many types of  fixed-wing aircraft. The","rect":[108.0199966430664,385.47137451171877,540.1361682395935,376.4177551269531]},{"page":61,"text":"AN/ARC-186 provides line of sight communications with limited range at terrain-flight altitudes but greater","rect":[108.01998901367188,396.9913635253906,539.9356375322342,387.937744140625]},{"page":61,"text":"range at administrative altitudes generally associated with air traffic control communications. The AN/ARC-","rect":[108.01998901367188,408.5113830566406,540.0565481767654,399.457763671875]},{"page":61,"text":"186 radio can back up the SINCGARS in the same 30–89.975 MHz frequency range. Two disadvantages of","rect":[108.01998901367188,420.0314025878906,539.9143362627029,410.977783203125]},{"page":61,"text":"the AN/ARC-186 radio is that it has no frequency-hopping mode capability with the SINCGARS and it lacks","rect":[108.01998901367188,431.4313659667969,539.7997940187454,422.37774658203127]},{"page":61,"text":"a KY-58 interface to provide secure FM communications.","rect":[108.01998901367188,442.95147705078127,339.27002930641177,433.9177551269531]},{"page":61,"text":"7-14. Battalions typically operate a command network, operations and intelligence, and administrative and","rect":[108.01998901367188,460.4913635253906,539.4287915229797,451.437744140625]},{"page":61,"text":"logistics network using the SINCGARS. Battalions also operate an internal air operations network using","rect":[108.01998901367188,472.0113830566406,539.621235370636,462.957763671875]},{"page":61,"text":"HAVEQUICK  II.  The  AN/ARC-186  provides  a  secondary  means  of  secure  tactical  communications  to","rect":[108.01998901367188,483.5313720703125,539.8293042182922,474.4777526855469]},{"page":61,"text":"overcome SINCGARS and HAVEQUICK II line of sight constraints.","rect":[108.01998901367188,494.9313659667969,385.6550085544586,485.87774658203127]},{"page":61,"text":"7-15. Normally used for administrative purposes, the AN/ARC-186 radio may function as a platoon internal","rect":[108.01998901367188,512.4513549804688,539.7946368465424,503.3977355957031]},{"page":61,"text":"network. The battalion command post may also have access to WIN-T and SATCOM for communicating","rect":[108.01998901367188,523.9713745117188,539.8621411323547,514.917724609375]},{"page":61,"text":"with higher headquarters.","rect":[108.01998901367188,535.4913940429688,209.65183472633363,526.437744140625]},{"page":61,"text":"7-16.","rect":[108.01998901367188,550.9993896484375,128.86998963356019,544.136962890625]},{"page":61,"text":"The AN/ARC-186 has the following capabilities—","rect":[133.21998596191407,553.0113525390625,337.2499780654907,543.9577026367188]},{"page":61,"text":" Secure communications when employed with the KY-58.","rect":[133.21998596191407,566.5713500976563,380.89945435523989,557.5177001953125]},{"page":61,"text":" Frequency ranges of—","rect":[133.21998596191407,580.0113525390625,242.80997562408448,570.9676513671875]},{"page":61,"text":" AM transmit and receive ranges are 16–151.975 MHz.","rect":[151.21998596191407,594.1713256835938,387.88721680641177,585.11767578125]},{"page":61,"text":" AM receive only ranges, 108.000–115.975 MHz.","rect":[151.22000122070313,608.2413940429688,366.16724610328677,599.187744140625]},{"page":61,"text":" FM transmit and receive rangers, 30.000–87.975 MHz.","rect":[151.2200164794922,622.2813720703125,389.82703614234927,613.2277221679688]},{"page":61,"text":" Channel spacing is 25 kHz.","rect":[133.2200164794922,635.7213745117188,260.7401831150055,626.667724609375]},{"page":61,"text":" 20 preset channels with electronic memory.","rect":[133.2200164794922,649.1614379882813,325.31531739234927,640.1077880859375]},{"page":61,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":61,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":61,"text":"7-3","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":62,"text":"This page intentionally left blank.","rect":[188.77999877929688,390.36138916015627,405.22001099586489,375.853759765625]},{"page":63,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[287.3299865722656,129.4519805908203,342.661990234375,118.36397552490235]},{"page":63,"text":"Antenna Techniques","rect":[236.32998657226563,153.74815368652345,393.4242971305847,139.192626953125]},{"page":63,"text":"The antenna is the key component in establishing reliable communications to support","rect":[126.01998138427735,188.51361083984376,503.85284191322327,178.36785888671876]},{"page":63,"text":"operations. This chapter addresses antenna techniques, concepts, terms, ground effects,","rect":[126.01998138427735,201.23358154296876,503.97444701194766,191.08782958984376]},{"page":63,"text":"antenna length, types of antennas, and examples of antenna field repairs.","rect":[126.01998138427735,213.83355712890626,445.2665002346039,203.68780517578126]},{"page":63,"text":"ANTENNA TECHNIQUES OVERVIEW","rect":[90.02397918701172,241.70713806152345,338.981162071228,229.6748504638672]},{"page":63,"text":"8-1. All radios, whether transmitting or receiving, require an antenna. Network-centric operations require","rect":[108.01998138427735,259.4413146972656,539.9270007591248,250.38768005371095]},{"page":63,"text":"establishing ","rect":[108.01997375488281,270.9913024902344,158.11875367164613,261.93768310546877]},{"page":63,"text":"tactical ","rect":[164.50315856933595,269.0,195.8871557712555,261.93768310546877]},{"page":63,"text":"networking ","rect":[202.2814483642578,270.9913024902344,250.20894837379456,261.93768310546877]},{"page":63,"text":"environments ","rect":[256.5933532714844,269.0,313.50477051734927,261.93768310546877]},{"page":63,"text":"that ","rect":[319.88909912109377,269.0,337.358957529068,261.93768310546877]},{"page":63,"text":"provide ","rect":[343.7432861328125,270.9714050292969,376.7707006931305,261.93768310546877]},{"page":63,"text":"reliable ","rect":[383.16497802734377,269.0,415.62464356422427,261.93768310546877]},{"page":63,"text":"communications ","rect":[422.009033203125,269.0,490.4542944431305,261.93768310546877]},{"page":63,"text":"to ","rect":[496.838623046875,269.0,507.11731934547427,262.9336853027344]},{"page":63,"text":"enable","rect":[513.501708984375,269.0,539.5272204856873,261.93768310546877]},{"page":63,"text":"communications  in  support  of  unified  land  operations  in  austere  environments.  The  antenna  is  the  key","rect":[108.01997375488281,282.39129638671877,540.080219745636,273.3376770019531]},{"page":63,"text":"component in establishing reliable communications in support of operations. When planning and establishing","rect":[108.01997375488281,293.9112854003906,540.0393261909485,284.857666015625]},{"page":63,"text":"networks to support reliable communications, what is between two antennas is an important consideration.","rect":[108.01997375488281,305.411376953125,539.7186377048492,296.3776550292969]},{"page":63,"text":"Line of sight is the path between two antennas. Line of sight can have the following characteristics—","rect":[108.01997375488281,316.9512634277344,513.0999536514282,307.89764404296877]},{"page":63,"text":" No obstacles reside between the two antennas.","rect":[133.219970703125,328.4993591308594,336.6745092868805,321.4576416015625]},{"page":63,"text":" Partial obstructions such as trees between the two antennas.","rect":[133.219970703125,341.9393615722656,389.67640137672427,334.89764404296877]},{"page":63,"text":" Full obstructions exist between the two antennas.","rect":[133.219970703125,355.4993591308594,348.04053711891177,348.4576416015625]},{"page":63,"text":"8-2. Identifying the specific line of sight conditions in the tactical radio networking environment provides","rect":[108.01997375488281,374.9112548828125,540.0717056398391,365.8576354980469]},{"page":63,"text":"the  information  necessary  for  determining  what  type  of  communications  system  and  antennas  to  install.","rect":[108.01997375488281,386.4312438964844,539.945383310318,377.37762451171877]},{"page":63,"text":"Tactical  radio  networking  environments  established  require  employing  antennas  to  establish  tactical","rect":[108.01997375488281,397.95123291015627,539.4773761043549,388.8976135253906]},{"page":63,"text":"networking environments that are—","rect":[108.01997375488281,409.4712219238281,252.7699670791626,400.4176025390625]},{"page":63,"text":" Reliable.","rect":[133.219970703125,420.8993225097656,186.9365484714508,413.85760498046877]},{"page":63,"text":" Robust.","rect":[133.219970703125,434.47930908203127,181.90671753883363,427.4375915527344]},{"page":63,"text":" Capable of interconnection between networks of the same type.","rect":[133.219970703125,449.93121337890627,405.0605261325836,440.8775939941406]},{"page":63,"text":" Capable of interconnection between networks that are dissimilar.","rect":[133.219970703125,463.4713134765625,410.88004517555239,454.4375915527344]},{"page":63,"text":"8-3. The antenna can be a significant hazard. Planners and installers must assess and manage antenna","rect":[108.01997375488281,480.8912048339844,539.9428698997498,471.83758544921877]},{"page":63,"text":"assembly, emplacement, electromagnetic discharge, and physical hazards. Refer to ATP 5-19 for detailed","rect":[108.01997375488281,492.41119384765627,540.0491528511047,483.3575744628906]},{"page":63,"text":"guidance on risk management.","rect":[108.01997375488281,503.9311828613281,230.032297372818,494.8775634765625]},{"page":63,"text":"8-4.","rect":[108.01997375488281,519.4193725585938,123.82997345924378,512.5768432617188]},{"page":63,"text":"The G-6 (S-6) and radio planners consider the following when establishing a tactical radio network—","rect":[133.219970703125,521.4512329101563,539.7399682998657,512.3975830078125]},{"page":63,"text":" Antenna location.","rect":[133.219970703125,532.9992065429688,222.18497681617738,525.95751953125]},{"page":63,"text":" Antenna selection.","rect":[133.219970703125,546.4392700195313,225.431955575943,539.3975830078125]},{"page":63,"text":" Environment and terrain conditions.","rect":[133.219970703125,559.9992065429688,295.39100098609927,552.95751953125]},{"page":63,"text":" Mode of transmission.","rect":[133.219970703125,573.4392700195313,240.75040650367738,566.3975830078125]},{"page":63,"text":" Enemy situation.","rect":[133.219970703125,589.0111694335938,218.8085424900055,579.95751953125]},{"page":63,"text":" Frequency band.","rect":[133.219970703125,602.4512329101563,217.73288941383363,593.3975830078125]},{"page":63,"text":" Antenna masking.","rect":[133.219970703125,616.0411987304688,223.85828614234925,606.987548828125]},{"page":63,"text":" Electronic warfare (EW) system deconfliction.","rect":[133.219970703125,629.481201171875,337.86768555641177,620.4275512695313]},{"page":63,"text":" Signals intelligence system deconfliction.","rect":[133.219970703125,643.0411987304688,317.61170411109927,633.987548828125]},{"page":63,"text":"HIGH FREQUENCY ANTENNA LOCATION CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[90.02397155761719,670.7869873046875,503.95058812332158,658.7406616210938]},{"page":63,"text":"8-5. During operations, units are not always able to locate their fixed and mobile radio assets at the most","rect":[108.01997375488281,688.5211791992188,539.5780230770112,679.467529296875]},{"page":63,"text":"technically  ideal  positions  for  the  best  communications  operations.  HF  communications  planners  should","rect":[108.01997375488281,700.0371704101563,539.527241230011,690.9835205078125]},{"page":63,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.02399444580078,755.8169555664063,163.56299047851562,747.365966796875]},{"page":63,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":63,"text":"8-1","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":64,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":64,"text":"comply with as many of the following criteria as possible to gain the best technical advantages for the tactical","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.8438311824799,74.08776092529297]},{"page":64,"text":"situation—","rect":[90.02399444580078,92.6694564819336,134.2999963760376,85.62773895263672]},{"page":64,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,105.5210952758789,121.22588119220734,100.7935791015625]},{"page":64,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,130.4811248779297,121.22588119220734,125.75360107421875]},{"page":64,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,143.92112731933595,121.22588119220734,139.193603515625]},{"page":64,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,157.4811248779297,121.22588119220734,152.75360107421876]},{"page":64,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,193.96116638183595,121.22588119220734,189.233642578125]},{"page":64,"text":"Use ground radials and ground stakes under vertical antenna to improve antenna efficiency and","rect":[133.22000122070313,108.24137878417969,521.3811841011047,99.18773651123047]},{"page":64,"text":"lower take-off angles for better ground wave communications.","rect":[133.22000122070313,119.64140319824219,382.9283239841461,110.58776092529297]},{"page":64,"text":"Place vertical antennas on higher spots if possible, to enhance ground wave communications.","rect":[133.22000122070313,133.20140075683595,505.6520788669586,124.14775848388672]},{"page":64,"text":"Avoid placing vertical antennas behind metal fencing that shield ground wave signals.","rect":[133.22000122070313,146.6414031982422,477.79630494117739,137.58775329589845]},{"page":64,"text":"Avoid placing a vertical antenna near vertical conducting structures as masts, tight poles, trees, or","rect":[133.22000122070313,160.20140075683595,521.8492727861404,151.1477508544922]},{"page":64,"text":"metal buildings. Antennas need to be at distances of one wavelength or more to eliminate major","rect":[133.22000122070313,171.60142517089845,521.5580130205154,162.53782653808595]},{"page":64,"text":"pattern distortions and antenna impedance changes by induced current and reflections.","rect":[133.22000122070313,183.12144470214845,477.85599732398989,174.0677947998047]},{"page":64,"text":"Locate the antenna as far from the radio as practical to reduce electromagnetic interference effects","rect":[133.22000122070313,196.6814422607422,521.9325454835891,187.62779235839845]},{"page":64,"text":"between radio and antenna system.","rect":[133.22000122070313,208.2014617919922,272.620187997818,199.14781188964845]},{"page":64,"text":"8-6. Units that are operating in less than ideal positions may need to communicate using simplex operation.","rect":[90.02400207519531,225.6014862060547,521.8869726657867,216.54783630371095]},{"page":64,"text":"Simplex operation, or one-way-reversible, consists of sending and receiving radio signals on one antenna.","rect":[90.02400207519531,237.1215057373047,521.9456884860992,228.06785583496095]},{"page":64,"text":"Single-channel radios normally use simplex operation. Use two antennas during duplex operation: one for","rect":[90.02400207519531,248.6415252685547,521.3735037431717,239.58787536621095]},{"page":64,"text":"transmitting and one for receiving. In either case, the transmitter generates a radio signal; a transmission line","rect":[90.02400207519531,260.1615295410156,521.700499294281,251.10789489746095]},{"page":64,"text":"delivers the signal from the transmitter to the antenna.","rect":[90.02400207519531,271.7115173339844,306.14124512672427,262.65789794921877]},{"page":64,"text":"8-7. The  transmitting  antenna  sends  the  radio  signal  into  space  toward  the  receiving  antenna,  which","rect":[90.02400207519531,289.23150634765627,521.7475781440735,280.1778869628906]},{"page":64,"text":"intercepts the signal and sends it through a transmission line to the receiver. The receiver processes the radio","rect":[90.02400207519531,300.6315002441406,521.7104687690735,291.577880859375]},{"page":64,"text":"signal for supporting an AN/UXC-10 facsimile. Figure 8-1 is an example of a typical transmitter and receiver","rect":[90.02400207519531,312.1514892578125,521.7510061845779,303.0978698730469]},{"page":64,"text":"connection.","rect":[90.02400207519531,321.6595764160156,136.28818726539613,314.61785888671877]},{"page":64,"text":"Figure 8-1. Transmitter and receiver connection example","rect":[162.5,574.5517578125,431.2001135368347,565.308837890625]},{"page":64,"text":"8-8. The function of all antennas depends on whether it is transmitting or receiving. A transmitting antenna","rect":[90.02400207519531,597.8914794921875,521.9428698997498,588.8378295898438]},{"page":64,"text":"transforms  the  output  RF  signal,  in  the  form  of  an  alternating  electrical  current  produced  by  a  radio","rect":[90.02400207519531,609.4414672851563,521.620991230011,600.3878173828125]},{"page":64,"text":"transmitter, RF output power, into an electromagnetic field. The receiving antenna reverses this process; it","rect":[90.02400207519531,620.9614868164063,521.5611773738862,611.9078369140625]},{"page":64,"text":"transforms the electromagnetic field into electrical energy delivered to a radio receiver.","rect":[90.02400207519531,632.4815063476563,438.50220704078677,623.4278564453125]},{"page":64,"text":"ANTENNA CONCEPTS AND TERMS","rect":[72.02400207519531,656.068115234375,237.62412071228028,647.7760620117188]},{"page":64,"text":"8-9. An antenna transmits and receives electromagnetic waves, referred to as radio waves. Selecting the","rect":[90.02400207519531,675.801513671875,521.4686267356873,666.7478637695313]},{"page":64,"text":"right  antenna  concepts  and  terms  are  important.  The  following  paragraphs  discuss  several  terms  and","rect":[90.02400207519531,687.3214721679688,521.8487133979797,678.267822265625]},{"page":64,"text":"relationships to describe antenna fundamentals.","rect":[90.02400207519531,698.697509765625,279.30384278297427,689.663818359375]},{"page":64,"text":"8-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":64,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":64,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":65,"text":"Antenna Techniques","rect":[451.510009765625,45.924034118652347,540.0880454101563,37.716033935546878]},{"page":65,"text":"Forming a Radio Wave","rect":[90.02399444580078,84.5736083984375,199.78365695571899,74.71488952636719]},{"page":65,"text":"8-10. When created around the conductor an alternating electric current flows through a conductor. If the","rect":[108.0199966430664,101.76139831542969,539.3889148216248,92.70775604248047]},{"page":65,"text":"length of the conductor is short in comparison to a wavelength, the electric and magnetic fields generally die","rect":[108.02000427246094,113.28141784667969,539.9442126731873,104.22777557373047]},{"page":65,"text":"out within one or two wavelengths. Lengthening the conductor, the intensity of the field enlarges. Thus, an","rect":[108.02000427246094,124.80143737792969,539.4773755073547,115.74779510498047]},{"page":65,"text":"ever-increasing amount of energy escapes into space.","rect":[108.02000427246094,136.3214569091797,320.65796875953677,127.26781463623047]},{"page":65,"text":"Radiation","rect":[90.02400207519531,159.04354858398438,136.59072410964968,151.41490173339845]},{"page":65,"text":"8-11. A wire connected to a transmitter and properly grounded, oscillates electrically, causing the wave to","rect":[108.02000427246094,178.4414520263672,539.6391797065735,169.38780212402345]},{"page":65,"text":"convert the transmitter power into an electromagnetic radio wave. The alternating flow of electrons impressed","rect":[108.02001953125,189.9614715576172,539.6467480659485,180.90782165527345]},{"page":65,"text":"on the bottom end of the wire creates electromagnetic energy. The electrons travel upward on the wire to the","rect":[108.02001953125,201.4814910888672,539.8509509544373,192.42784118652345]},{"page":65,"text":"top, where they have no place to go and bounce back toward the lower end. As the electrons reach the lower","rect":[108.02001953125,213.0015106201172,539.3777151689529,203.94786071777345]},{"page":65,"text":"end in phase, they are in step with the radio energy applied by the transmitter. The energy of their motion","rect":[108.02001953125,224.4015350341797,539.5471386909485,215.34788513183595]},{"page":65,"text":"strongly reinforced as they bounce up along the wire. This regenerative process sustains the oscillation. The","rect":[108.02001953125,235.9215545654297,539.6180407981873,226.86790466308595]},{"page":65,"text":"wire is resonant at the frequency at which the source of energy is alternating.","rect":[108.02001953125,247.4415740966797,415.32581543922427,238.38792419433595]},{"page":65,"text":"8-12. The energy stored at any location along the wire is equal to the product of the voltage and the current","rect":[108.02001953125,264.9915466308594,539.8795977840424,255.9379119873047]},{"page":65,"text":"at that point. High voltage at a given point requires a low current. High current requires low voltage. The","rect":[108.02003479003906,276.5115661621094,539.5173327903748,267.45794677734377]},{"page":65,"text":"electric current reaches its maximum near the bottom end of the wire.","rect":[108.02003479003906,286.0196533203125,385.8344213962555,278.9779357910156]},{"page":65,"text":"Radiation Fields","rect":[90.02403259277344,310.6336975097656,167.36359074687958,303.00506591796877]},{"page":65,"text":"8-13. RF power delivered to an antenna creates two fields: an induction field, which associates with the","rect":[108.02003479003906,330.13165283203127,539.5167224388123,321.0979309082031]},{"page":65,"text":"stored energy and a radiation field. At the antenna, the intensities of these fields are large and are proportional","rect":[108.02005004882813,341.6715393066406,539.6963702449799,332.617919921875]},{"page":65,"text":"to the RF power delivered to the antenna.","rect":[108.02005004882813,353.0516357421875,273.2963354587555,344.0179138183594]},{"page":65,"text":"8-14. The electric and magnetic field components radiating from an antenna form the electromagnetic field.","rect":[108.02005004882813,370.5915222167969,539.6090185642242,361.53790283203127]},{"page":65,"text":"Transmitting  and  receiving  electromagnetic  energy  through  free  space.  A  radio  wave  is  a  moving","rect":[108.02006530761719,382.11151123046877,539.616840839386,373.0578918457031]},{"page":65,"text":"electromagnetic field that has velocity in the direction of travel. Its components are of electric and magnetic","rect":[108.02006530761719,393.6315002441406,539.7872912864685,384.577880859375]},{"page":65,"text":"intensity arranged at right angles to each other. Figure 8-2 is a visual representation of the components of","rect":[108.02006530761719,405.1514892578125,539.7712698564529,396.0978698730469]},{"page":65,"text":"electromagnetic waves.","rect":[108.02006530761719,416.6714782714844,201.66404175758363,407.61785888671877]},{"page":65,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":65,"text":"Figure 8-2. Components of electromagnetic waves","rect":[195.50006103515626,713.5377197265625,434.29029298019409,704.2052001953125]},{"page":65,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":65,"text":"8-3","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":66,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":66,"text":"Radiation Patterns","rect":[72.02399444580078,82.3435287475586,160.99969914531708,74.71488952636719]},{"page":66,"text":"8-15. The radiation pattern is a graphical depiction of the relative field strength transmitted from or received","rect":[90.02399444580078,101.76139831542969,521.6279492378235,92.70775604248047]},{"page":66,"text":"by, the antenna. The full- or solid-radiation pattern appears as a three-dimensional figure that looks somewhat","rect":[90.02399444580078,113.28141784667969,521.8261920223237,104.22777557373047]},{"page":66,"text":"like  a  doughnut  with  a  transmitting  antenna  in  the  center.  The  top  figure  shows  a  quarter-wave  vertical","rect":[90.02399444580078,124.80143737792969,522.0797930965424,115.74779510498047]},{"page":66,"text":"antenna; the middle figure shows a half-wave horizontal antenna, located one-half wavelength above the","rect":[90.02399444580078,136.3214569091797,521.8352038841248,127.26781463623047]},{"page":66,"text":"ground; and the bottom figure shows a vertical half-rhombic antenna. Figure  8-3  is  an  example  of  solid","rect":[90.02399444580078,147.8414764404297,522.0219311714172,138.78782653808595]},{"page":66,"text":"antenna radiation patterns.","rect":[90.02399444580078,159.34156799316407,195.62986207008363,150.30784606933595]},{"page":66,"text":"Figure 8-3. Solid radiation patterns","rect":[214.489990234375,470.9917297363281,379.28721070480347,461.6592102050781]},{"page":66,"text":"POLARIZATION","rect":[72.02400207519531,500.4828186035156,147.818039894104,492.4060974121094]},{"page":66,"text":"8-16. The direction of the lines of force making up the electric field determines the polarization of a radiated","rect":[90.02399444580078,520.2515258789063,521.7276196479797,511.1978759765625]},{"page":66,"text":"wave.  Polarization  can  be  vertical,  horizontal,  or  elliptical.  A  single-wire  antenna  when  used  to  extract,","rect":[90.02399444580078,531.7715454101563,521.815012216568,522.7178955078125]},{"page":66,"text":"receive energy from a passing radio wave, maximum pickup results if the antenna is oriented to ensure that","rect":[90.02399444580078,543.29150390625,521.4018756160737,534.2378540039063]},{"page":66,"text":"it lies in the same direction as the electric field component.","rect":[90.02399444580078,554.6715698242188,325.6998083591461,545.6378784179688]},{"page":66,"text":"8-17. Horizontal or vertical polarization is satisfactory for VHF or UHF signals. The original polarization","rect":[90.02399444580078,572.2114868164063,521.6379590034485,563.1578369140625]},{"page":66,"text":"produced at the transmitting antenna maintains as the wave travels to the receiving antenna. Use a horizontal","rect":[90.02399444580078,583.7315063476563,521.8697711238862,574.6778564453125]},{"page":66,"text":"antenna for transmitting, and use a horizontal antenna for receiving.","rect":[90.02399444580078,595.2515258789063,361.1093237400055,586.1978759765625]},{"page":66,"text":"8-4","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":66,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":66,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":67,"text":"Antenna Techniques","rect":[451.510009765625,45.924034118652347,540.0880454101563,37.716033935546878]},{"page":67,"text":"Vertical Polarization","rect":[90.02399444580078,82.35456848144531,188.1408034553528,74.71488952636719]},{"page":67,"text":"8-18. In a vertically polarized wave, the lines of electric force are at right angles to the surface of the Earth.","rect":[108.0199966430664,101.76139831542969,539.8346045017242,92.70775604248047]},{"page":67,"text":"Figure 8-4 illustrates a vertically polarized wave. Use a vertical antenna for efficient reception of vertically","rect":[108.02000427246094,113.28141784667969,539.9251294136047,104.22777557373047]},{"page":67,"text":"polarized waves.","rect":[108.02000427246094,124.7815170288086,175.03092408180238,115.74779510498047]},{"page":67,"text":"Figure 8-4. Vertically polarized wave","rect":[229.1300048828125,469.6716613769531,400.85947632980347,460.42877197265627]},{"page":67,"text":"8-19. Vertical polarization is necessary at medium and low frequencies during the extensive use of ground-","rect":[108.02000427246094,493.01141357421877,540.0566092119217,483.9577941894531]},{"page":67,"text":"wave transmission. Vertical lines of force are perpendicular to the ground, and the radio wave can travel a","rect":[108.02001953125,504.5314025878906,539.7576892356873,495.477783203125]},{"page":67,"text":"considerable distance along the ground with a minimum amount of loss.","rect":[108.02001953125,516.0514526367188,396.19266724586489,506.997802734375]},{"page":67,"text":"8-20. Vertical polarization provides a stronger received signal at frequencies up to approximately 50 MHz","rect":[108.02001953125,533.5714111328125,539.6976916770935,524.5177612304688]},{"page":67,"text":"when antenna heights are limited to 3.05 meters 10 feet or less over land, as in a vehicular installation.","rect":[108.02003479003906,545.0914306640625,517.130197763443,536.0377807617188]},{"page":67,"text":"8-21. Reflections from aircraft flying over the transmission path have a lesser effect on vertically polarized","rect":[108.02003479003906,562.6113891601563,539.468647480011,553.5577392578125]},{"page":67,"text":"radiation. This factor is essential in areas where aircraft traffic is heavy.","rect":[108.02005004882813,574.0114135742188,394.7105505466461,564.957763671875]},{"page":67,"text":"8-22. Using vertical polarization results in a lesser production and pick up of electromagnetic interference","rect":[108.02005004882813,591.5314331054688,539.5084826927185,582.477783203125]},{"page":67,"text":"from  strong  VHF  and  UHF  transmissions,  television  and  FM  broadcasts.  This  factor  is  important  when","rect":[108.02006530761719,603.0514526367188,539.5273022651672,593.997802734375]},{"page":67,"text":"locating an antenna in an urban area that has television or FM broadcast stations.","rect":[108.02006530761719,614.6014404296875,431.07447266578677,605.5477905273438]},{"page":67,"text":"Horizontal Polarization","rect":[90.02406311035156,637.323486328125,200.99816429519655,629.6948852539063]},{"page":67,"text":"8-23. In a horizontally polarized wave, the lines of electric force are parallel to the surface of the Earth. Use","rect":[108.02006530761719,656.721435546875,539.548399684906,647.6677856445313]},{"page":67,"text":"a horizontal antenna for the reception of horizontally polarized waves. Figure 8-5 on page 8-6 is an example","rect":[108.02008056640625,668.2413940429688,539.899718044281,659.187744140625]},{"page":67,"text":"of a horizontal polarized wave.","rect":[108.02008056640625,679.741455078125,232.05198121070863,670.707763671875]},{"page":67,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":67,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":67,"text":"8-5","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":68,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":68,"text":"Figure 8-5. Horizontally polarized wave","rect":[204.77000427246095,390.5716247558594,389.1984045524597,381.3287353515625]},{"page":68,"text":"8-24. At high  frequencies,  with  skywave transmission, it  makes little difference  whether  horizontal  or","rect":[90.02400970458985,414.0313720703125,522.0464773759842,404.9777526855469]},{"page":68,"text":"vertical  polarization.  The  skywave,  after  reflection  by  the  ionosphere,  arrives  at  the  receiving  antenna","rect":[90.02400970458985,425.5513610839844,521.8307483177185,416.49774169921877]},{"page":68,"text":"elliptically  polarized.  Mounting  the  transmitting  and  receiving  antennas  either  horizontally  or  vertically.","rect":[90.02400970458985,437.09136962890627,521.603342294693,428.0377502441406]},{"page":68,"text":"Horizontal antennas are preferred since they radiate at high angles and have inherent directional properties.","rect":[90.02400970458985,448.6113586425781,518.4157812595367,439.5577392578125]},{"page":68,"text":"8-25. A simple horizontal, half-wave antenna is bidirectional. This characteristic is useful when minimizing","rect":[90.02400970458985,466.0113525390625,521.7714428901672,456.9577331542969]},{"page":68,"text":"electromagnetic  interference  from  specific  directions  and  masking  signals  from  the  enemy.  Horizontal","rect":[90.02400970458985,477.5313415527344,521.9297686824799,468.47772216796877]},{"page":68,"text":"antennas are less likely to pick up man-made interference. Antennas located near dense forests, horizontally","rect":[90.02400970458985,489.05133056640627,521.8320508003235,479.9977111816406]},{"page":68,"text":"polarized waves suffer lower losses, and especially at frequencies above 100 MHz. Small changes in antenna","rect":[90.02400970458985,500.5713195800781,521.8848865013123,491.5177001953125]},{"page":68,"text":"location do not cause significant variations in the field intensity of horizontally polarized waves.","rect":[90.02400970458985,512.09130859375,475.3729040622711,503.0376892089844]},{"page":68,"text":"Elliptical Polarization","rect":[72.02400970458985,537.0214233398438,175.04931175613405,527.184814453125]},{"page":68,"text":"8-26. The field rotates as the electrical waves travel through space. Under these conditions, horizontal and","rect":[90.02400970458985,554.2113647460938,521.6909375190735,545.15771484375]},{"page":68,"text":"vertical components of the field exist, and the wave has elliptical polarization.","rect":[90.02400970458985,565.7113647460938,402.26249146461489,556.6776733398438]},{"page":68,"text":"8-27. Satellites and satellite terminals use an elliptical polarization, called circular polarization. Circular","rect":[90.02400970458985,583.2313842773438,521.6479178056717,574.1976928710938]},{"page":68,"text":"polarization  describes  a  wave  whose  plane  of  polarization  rotates  through  360  degrees  as  it  progresses","rect":[90.02400970458985,594.6513061523438,521.4614761476516,585.59765625]},{"page":68,"text":"forward;  the  rotation  can  be  clockwise  or  counterclockwise.  Circular  polarization  occurs  when  equal","rect":[90.02400970458985,606.1513671875,521.6120806941987,597.11767578125]},{"page":68,"text":"magnitudes of vertically and horizontally polarized waves combine with a phase difference of 90 degrees.","rect":[90.02400970458985,617.7213745117188,521.4914038181305,608.667724609375]},{"page":68,"text":"Depending on their phase relationship, this causes rotation either in one direction or the other. Figure 8-6 on","rect":[90.02400970458985,629.2413330078125,522.149555683136,620.1876831054688]},{"page":68,"text":"page 8-7 is an example of circular polarization.","rect":[90.02400970458985,640.7613525390625,278.779855966568,631.7077026367188]},{"page":68,"text":"8-6","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":68,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":68,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":69,"text":"Antenna Techniques","rect":[451.510009765625,45.924034118652347,540.1239951171875,37.716033935546878]},{"page":69,"text":"Figure 8-6. Circular polarization","rect":[239.92999267578126,306.4516296386719,390.0242196912765,297.1191101074219]},{"page":69,"text":"DIRECTIONALITY","rect":[90.02400207519531,335.9427185058594,176.71283054351808,327.8659973144531]},{"page":69,"text":"8-28. Vertical transmitting antennas radiate equally in horizontal directions; vertical receiving antennas","rect":[108.02000427246094,355.7113952636719,539.5881851320266,346.65777587890627]},{"page":69,"text":"accept radio signals equally from all horizontal directions. Thus, other stations operating on the same or","rect":[108.02001953125,367.23138427734377,539.3380423173904,358.1777648925781]},{"page":69,"text":"nearby frequencies may interfere with the desired signal, making reception difficult or impossible.  Use","rect":[108.02001953125,378.7513732910156,539.9573962669373,369.69775390625]},{"page":69,"text":"directional antennas to improve the reception of the desired signal.","rect":[108.02001953125,390.2713623046875,374.5597937107086,381.2177429199219]},{"page":69,"text":"8-29. Horizontal half-wave antennas accept radio signals from all directions. The most robust reception","rect":[108.02001953125,407.7913513183594,540.120502948761,398.73773193359377]},{"page":69,"text":"occurs from a direction perpendicular to the antenna, while the weakest reception occurs from the direction","rect":[108.02001953125,419.17144775390627,539.9285473823547,410.1377258300781]},{"page":69,"text":"of the ends of the antenna. When eliminating or reducing interfering signals, change the antenna installation,","rect":[108.02001953125,430.7113342285156,539.8790991306305,421.65771484375]},{"page":69,"text":"to ensure that each end of the antenna points directly at the interfering station.","rect":[108.02001953125,442.2513427734375,419.1959936618805,433.1977233886719]},{"page":69,"text":"RESONANCE","rect":[90.02401733398438,465.8121643066406,151.31589651107789,457.7259521484375]},{"page":69,"text":"8-30. In a resonant antenna, almost all the radio signals fed to the antenna radiate. If the antenna receives a","rect":[108.02001953125,485.57135009765627,540.0582263450623,476.5177307128906]},{"page":69,"text":"frequency other than the one for which resonant, much of the transmitted signal is lost and not radiated. A","rect":[108.02003479003906,497.0913391113281,540.0669134845733,488.0377197265625]},{"page":69,"text":"resonant antenna effectively radiates a radio signal for frequencies close to its design frequency. When using","rect":[108.02001953125,508.4913330078125,540.0076489448547,499.4377136230469]},{"page":69,"text":"a resonant antenna for a radio circuit, build a separate antenna for each frequency for use on the radio circuit.","rect":[108.02001953125,520.0113525390625,539.995676279068,510.95770263671877]},{"page":69,"text":"8-31.  Achievement of resonance happens in two ways: physically matching the length of the antenna to the","rect":[108.02001953125,537.5313110351563,539.6966540794373,528.4776611328125]},{"page":69,"text":"wavelength and electronically matching the length of the antenna to the wavelength. A non-resonant antenna,","rect":[108.02003479003906,549.0513305664063,539.8907568454742,539.9976806640625]},{"page":69,"text":"on the other hand, effectively radiates a broad range of frequencies with less efficiency.","rect":[108.02003479003906,560.5713500976563,457.86207032203677,551.5177001953125]},{"page":69,"text":"RECEPTION","rect":[90.02403259277344,584.1226196289063,148.18756198883058,576.0458984375]},{"page":69,"text":"8-32. Electrons in the path of radio waves have an influence on other electrons in the path of radio waves.","rect":[108.02002716064453,603.8713989257813,540.0700170993805,594.8377075195313]},{"page":69,"text":"For example, as an HF wave enters the ionosphere, the HF wave reflects or refracts back to the Earth by the","rect":[108.02001953125,615.3214111328125,539.8068835716248,606.2677001953125]},{"page":69,"text":"action of free electrons in this region of the atmosphere. When the radio wave encounters the wire or metallic","rect":[108.02000427246094,626.8414306640625,539.5371081809998,617.7877807617188]},{"page":69,"text":"conductors of the receiving antenna, the radio wave’s electric field causes the electrons in the antenna to","rect":[108.02000427246094,638.3613891601563,539.8914380073547,629.3077392578125]},{"page":69,"text":"oscillate back and forth in step with the wave as it passes. The movement of these electrons within the antenna","rect":[108.02000427246094,649.8614501953125,539.8478991966248,640.8277587890625]},{"page":69,"text":"is the small alternating electrical current, which the radio receiver detects.","rect":[108.02000427246094,661.4014282226563,403.33753418922427,652.3477783203125]},{"page":69,"text":"8-33. When radio waves encounter electrons that are free to move under the influence of the wave’s electric","rect":[108.02000427246094,676.9194946289063,540.0670154075623,669.8677978515625]},{"page":69,"text":"field, the free electrons oscillate in sympathy with the wave. This generates the electric current, which then","rect":[108.01998901367188,690.3214111328125,539.487446308136,681.2677612304688]},{"page":69,"text":"creates waves of its own called reflected or scattered waves. This process is electromagnetic scattering. All","rect":[108.01998901367188,701.83740234375,539.4576617488862,692.7837524414063]},{"page":69,"text":"materials that are good electric conductors reflect or scatter RF energy. Since a receiving antenna is a good","rect":[108.01998901367188,713.357421875,539.4760937690735,704.3037719726563]},{"page":69,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":69,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":69,"text":"8-7","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":70,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":70,"text":"conductor, it too acts as a scatter. Only a portion of the energy that touches the antenna converts into received","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.630756855011,74.08776092529297]},{"page":70,"text":"electrical power: the wire reradiates a sizeable portion of the total power.","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.66146087646485,381.7889196872711,85.62773895263672]},{"page":70,"text":"8-34. If an antenna is located within a congested urban environment or within a building, many objects may","rect":[90.02399444580078,112.20140075683594,522.0312085151672,103.1377944946289]},{"page":70,"text":"scatter or reradiate the energy in a manner that interferes with reception. For example, the electric wiring","rect":[90.02399444580078,123.60142517089844,521.781391620636,114.54778289794922]},{"page":70,"text":"inside a building can strongly reradiate RF energy. If a receiving antenna is near wires, the reflected energy","rect":[90.02399444580078,135.12144470214845,521.6928296089172,126.06780242919922]},{"page":70,"text":"can cancel the energy received directly from the desired signal path. When this condition exists, move the","rect":[90.02399444580078,146.64146423339845,521.950987575531,137.5878143310547]},{"page":70,"text":"receiving antenna to another location within the room where the reflected and direct signals may reinforce","rect":[90.02399444580078,158.16148376464845,521.6829822044373,149.1078338623047]},{"page":70,"text":"rather than cancel each other.","rect":[90.02399444580078,167.66958618164063,207.24320435523988,160.6278533935547]},{"page":70,"text":"Note. For more information on wave propagation, refer to TC 9-64.","rect":[115.2199935913086,193.08140563964845,385.4799597263336,184.0277557373047]},{"page":70,"text":"RECIPROCITY","rect":[72.02399444580078,231.15267944335938,141.2507028579712,223.07595825195313]},{"page":70,"text":"8-35. Reciprocity refers to the various properties of an antenna that apply equally, regardless of whether","rect":[90.02398681640625,250.92137145996095,521.8086844072342,241.8677215576172]},{"page":70,"text":"utilizing  the  antenna  for  transmitting  or  receiving.  For  example,  the  more  efficient  an  antenna  is  for","rect":[90.02398681640625,262.4713439941406,521.8531790361404,253.41770935058595]},{"page":70,"text":"transmitting, the more efficient it is for the antenna to receive the same frequency. The directive properties","rect":[90.02398681640625,273.9913635253906,521.9077652101516,264.937744140625]},{"page":70,"text":"of a given antenna are the same whether used for transmission or reception.","rect":[90.02398681640625,285.5113525390625,391.6828405857086,276.4577331542969]},{"page":70,"text":"8-36. If using the transmitting antenna as a receiving antenna, the antenna receives best in the same directions","rect":[90.02398681640625,303.0313415527344,521.8636367921829,293.97772216796877]},{"page":70,"text":"in which it produces maximum radiation, at right angles to the axis of the antenna. The minimum amount of","rect":[90.02398681640625,314.43133544921877,522.0158377275467,305.3777160644531]},{"page":70,"text":"signal received from transmitters located in line with the antenna wire.","rect":[90.02398681640625,325.9513244628906,371.941721200943,316.897705078125]},{"page":70,"text":"IMPEDANCE","rect":[72.02398681640625,349.5026550292969,131.5078444480896,341.4259338378906]},{"page":70,"text":"8-37. Impedance is the relationship between voltage and current at any point in an alternating current circuit.","rect":[90.02397918701172,369.2713317871094,521.5783178806305,360.21771240234377]},{"page":70,"text":"The impedance of an antenna is equal to the ratio of the voltage to the current at the point on the antenna","rect":[90.02397918701172,380.79132080078127,521.770567653656,371.7377014160156]},{"page":70,"text":"where the feed points connect. If the feed point is located at a point of maximum voltage point, the impedance","rect":[90.02397918701172,392.3113098144531,521.797911403656,383.2576904296875]},{"page":70,"text":"is as much as 500 to 10,000 ohms.","rect":[90.02397918701172,402.0,227.232980966568,394.6576843261719]},{"page":70,"text":"8-38. The input impedance of an antenna depends on the conductivity or impedance of the ground. For","rect":[90.02397918701172,421.2312927246094,521.9580984697342,412.17767333984377]},{"page":70,"text":"example, if the ground is a simple stake driven about 1 meter (3.2 feet) into soil of average conductivity, the","rect":[90.02397918701172,432.75128173828127,521.8331897239685,423.6976623535156]},{"page":70,"text":"impedance of the monopole may be 2–3 times the quoted values. Resistance occurs at a point on the antenna","rect":[90.02397918701172,444.2912902832031,521.9595935325623,435.2376708984375]},{"page":70,"text":"circuit where the current is high, a significant amount of transmitter power dissipates as heat into the ground","rect":[90.02397155761719,455.811279296875,521.9358105659485,446.7576599121094]},{"page":70,"text":"rather than radiated as intended. It is essential to provide a good ground or artificial ground, counterpoise","rect":[90.02397155761719,467.3312683105469,521.8472888450623,458.27764892578127]},{"page":70,"text":"connection as possible when using a vertical whip or monopole.","rect":[90.02397155761719,478.73126220703127,346.0846655368805,469.6776428222656]},{"page":70,"text":"8-39. How much power an antenna radiates depends on the amount current applied to it. Maximum power","rect":[90.02397155761719,496.2313537597656,521.9275808916092,487.1976318359375]},{"page":70,"text":"emits when there is maximum current flowing. Maximum current flows when the impedance minimized","rect":[90.02397155761719,507.771240234375,521.8796582221985,498.7176208496094]},{"page":70,"text":"when the antenna is resonated so that its impedance is pure resistance. When capacitive reactance equates to","rect":[90.02397155761719,519.2713012695313,521.9287304878235,510.23760986328127]},{"page":70,"text":"inductive reactance, they cancel each other, and impedance equals pure resistance.","rect":[90.02397155761719,530.8112182617188,419.3163549900055,521.757568359375]},{"page":70,"text":"BANDWIDTH","rect":[72.02397155761719,554.362548828125,134.34643268585206,546.285888671875]},{"page":70,"text":"8-40. Antenna bandwidth describes the range of frequencies over which the antenna can adequately radiate","rect":[90.02397155761719,574.1312255859375,521.9405505638123,565.0775756835938]},{"page":70,"text":"or receive energy. The bandwidth of an antenna reflects the frequency range over which it performs within","rect":[90.02397155761719,585.53125,522.140522480011,576.4776000976563]},{"page":70,"text":"certain  specified  limits.  These  limits  are  with  respect  to  impedance  match,  gain,  and  radiation  pattern","rect":[90.02397155761719,597.0512084960938,522.2503247261047,587.99755859375]},{"page":70,"text":"characteristics.","rect":[90.02397155761719,606.5892944335938,149.60466980934144,599.547607421875]},{"page":70,"text":"8-41. Necessary bandwidth for a given class of emission is the width of the frequency band, which is just","rect":[90.02397155761719,626.1212768554688,522.1018878231049,617.0576782226563]},{"page":70,"text":"enough to ensure the transmission of the information at the rate and the quality required under specified","rect":[90.02397155761719,637.6412353515625,521.7265820503235,628.5875854492188]},{"page":70,"text":"conditions.  Bandwidth  computing  describes  the  maximum  data  transfer  rate  of  a  network  or  internet","rect":[90.02397155761719,649.1612548828125,521.7412921199799,640.1076049804688]},{"page":70,"text":"connection. It measures how much data transmitted over a connection in a specified amount of time. In the","rect":[90.02397155761719,660.541259765625,522.0565783958435,651.507568359375]},{"page":70,"text":"radio communications process, information changes from speech or writing to a low frequency signal used","rect":[90.02397155761719,672.0812377929688,521.9070019721985,663.027587890625]},{"page":70,"text":"to modulate a much higher frequency radio signal. Natural laws govern and limit signal transmission. The","rect":[90.02395629882813,683.6012573242188,522.0546863059998,674.547607421875]},{"page":70,"text":"more words per minute, the higher the modulation frequency needed, which generates a wider bandwidth","rect":[90.02395629882813,695.1172485351563,521.9367871284485,686.0635986328125]},{"page":70,"text":"signal. To transmit and receive the necessary information, the antenna bandwidth must be wide as or wider","rect":[90.02396392822266,706.6372680664063,521.9804373369217,697.5836181640625]},{"page":70,"text":"than the signal bandwidth; otherwise, it limits the signal frequencies, and cause voices and writing to be","rect":[90.02396392822266,718.0372314453125,522.045225856781,708.9835815429688]},{"page":70,"text":"8-8","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":70,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":70,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":71,"text":"Antenna Techniques","rect":[451.510009765625,45.924034118652347,540.0880454101563,37.716033935546878]},{"page":71,"text":"unintelligible. Too wide of bandwidth is also bad, since it accepts additional voices and degrades the signal","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,539.9646807918549,74.08776092529297]},{"page":71,"text":"to noise ratio.","rect":[108.02000427246094,92.6694564819336,162.68631958961488,85.62773895263672]},{"page":71,"text":"ANTENNA GAIN","rect":[90.02400207519531,118.27997589111328,167.75685214996339,109.96397399902344]},{"page":71,"text":"8-42. The antenna gain depends on its design. Transmitting antennas designed for high efficiency in radiating","rect":[108.02000427246094,138.0013885498047,539.6678051948547,128.94773864746095]},{"page":71,"text":"energy, and receiving antennas designed for high efficiency. On many radio circuits, transmission is required,","rect":[108.02001953125,149.4014129638672,540.069895029068,140.34776306152345]},{"page":71,"text":"between a transmitter and only one receiving station. Directed energy radiates in one direction and useful","rect":[108.02001953125,160.9214324951172,539.9720660457612,151.86778259277345]},{"page":71,"text":"just in that direction. Directional receiving antennas increase the energy gain in the favored direction and","rect":[108.02001953125,172.4414520263672,540.0224194526672,163.3778533935547]},{"page":71,"text":"reduce the reception of unwanted noise in signals from other directions. Transmitting and receiving antennas","rect":[108.02001953125,183.9614715576172,539.5970352296829,174.90782165527345]},{"page":71,"text":"should have small energy losses and should be as efficient as radiators and receptors.","rect":[108.02001953125,195.4814910888672,447.94693970680239,186.42784118652345]},{"page":71,"text":"8-43. For example, current omnidirectional antennas, when employed in forward combat areas, transmit and","rect":[108.02001953125,213.0015106201172,539.7910351753235,203.94786071777345]},{"page":71,"text":"receive signals equally in all directions, and provide a similarly strong signal to enemy EW units, and friendly","rect":[108.02003479003906,224.4015350341797,539.7561841011047,215.34788513183595]},{"page":71,"text":"units. The directional High-Capacity Line-of-Sight (HCLOS) Radio provides quick-to-deploy, long-range","rect":[108.02003479003906,235.9215545654297,539.940977809906,226.86790466308595]},{"page":71,"text":"wireless  broadband  connectivity  for  military  and  commercial  applications.  With  advanced  waveform","rect":[108.02005004882813,247.4415740966797,539.6967560062409,238.38792419433595]},{"page":71,"text":"capability and MIMO technology that minimizes errors and optimizes speed, the multi-mission radio delivers","rect":[108.02005004882813,258.9615783691406,539.9197281007766,249.90794372558595]},{"page":71,"text":"high throughput data in both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint applications.","rect":[108.02005004882813,270.5115661621094,429.3192846775055,261.45794677734377]},{"page":71,"text":"TAKE-OFF ANGLE","rect":[90.02400207519531,294.0981750488281,181.40212392807008,285.8061828613281]},{"page":71,"text":"8-44. The antenna’s take-off angle is the angle above the horizon that an antenna radiates the largest amount","rect":[108.02000427246094,313.8315734863281,539.6925250301362,304.7779541015625]},{"page":71,"text":"of energy. The take-off angle of an HF communications antenna can determine whether a circuit is thriving","rect":[108.02002716064453,325.2315673828125,540.123188495636,316.1779479980469]},{"page":71,"text":"or not. HF skywave antennas are design support exact take-off angles, depending on the circuit distance. Use","rect":[108.02002716064453,336.7515563964844,539.987852809906,327.69793701171877]},{"page":71,"text":"high  take-off  angles  for  short-range  communications  and  use  low  take-off  angles  for  long-range","rect":[108.02002716064453,348.27154541015627,540.060850856781,339.2179260253906]},{"page":71,"text":"communications. Figure 8-7 depicts an example of an antenna take-off angle.","rect":[108.02002716064453,359.7915344238281,417.39982056617739,350.7379150390625]},{"page":71,"text":"Figure 8-7. Antenna take-off angle","rect":[234.4100341796875,625.2218017578125,395.56287598800659,615.8892822265625]},{"page":71,"text":"GROUND EFFECTS","rect":[90.02403259277344,656.5906982421875,218.78480138015747,646.8610229492188]},{"page":71,"text":"8-45. Since most tactical antennas erected occur over the Earth, and not in free space, except for those on","rect":[108.02003479003906,676.7415771484375,539.8647656440735,667.7078857421875]},{"page":71,"text":"satellites, the ground alters the free-space radiation patterns of antennas. The ground also affects the electrical","rect":[108.02005004882813,688.1615600585938,540.0657550106049,679.10791015625]},{"page":71,"text":"characteristics  of  antennas,  specifically  those  mounted  relatively  close  to  the  ground  wavelength.  For","rect":[108.02005004882813,699.6775512695313,539.4575491533279,690.6239013671875]},{"page":71,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":71,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":71,"text":"8-9","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":72,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":72,"text":"example, medium and HF antennas, elevated above the ground by only a fraction of a wavelength, have","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.646788356781,74.08776092529297]},{"page":72,"text":"radiation patterns that are entirely different from the free-space patterns.","rect":[90.02398681640625,94.68138122558594,378.7040808200836,85.62773895263672]},{"page":72,"text":"GROUNDED ANTENNA THEORY","rect":[72.02398681640625,120.23056030273438,290.63083749198918,110.50083923339844]},{"page":72,"text":"8-46. When using grounded antennas, it is important that the ground have as high conductivity as possible.","rect":[90.02398681640625,140.28135681152345,522.0543310642242,131.2277069091797]},{"page":72,"text":"This reduces ground loss and provides the best possible reflecting surface for the down-going radiated energy","rect":[90.02398681640625,151.80137634277345,522.1238598823547,142.7477264404297]},{"page":72,"text":"from the antenna.","rect":[90.02398681640625,161.18948364257813,160.10254883766175,154.1477508544922]},{"page":72,"text":"8-47. The ground is an excellent conductor for medium and low frequencies and acts as a large mirror for","rect":[90.02398681640625,180.72142028808595,521.9765310869217,171.6677703857422]},{"page":72,"text":"the radiated energy. Resulting in the ground reflecting a significant amount of energy that radiates downward","rect":[90.02398681640625,192.24143981933595,522.0005078315735,183.1877899169922]},{"page":72,"text":"from an antenna  mounted over it. Thus, a quarter-wave antenna erected  vertically,  with its lower end","rect":[90.02398681640625,203.76145935058595,521.700092792511,194.7078094482422]},{"page":72,"text":"connected electrically to the ground, behaves like a half-wave antenna. Under these conditions, the vertical","rect":[90.02398681640625,215.28147888183595,521.8791095027924,206.2278289794922]},{"page":72,"text":"antenna quarter wavelength and the ground creates the half wavelength. The ground portrays the quarter","rect":[90.02398681640625,226.80149841308595,522.0260305986404,217.7478485107422]},{"page":72,"text":"wavelength  of  radiated  energy  that  reflects  on  completing  the  half  wavelength.  At  higher  frequencies,","rect":[90.02398681640625,238.20152282714845,521.924143075943,229.1478729248047]},{"page":72,"text":"artificial grounds constructed of large metal surfaces are common to provide better wave propagation. Figure","rect":[90.02398681640625,249.72154235839845,522.0555407981873,240.6678924560547]},{"page":72,"text":"8-8 is an example of a quarter-wave antenna connected to the ground.","rect":[90.02398681640625,261.2415466308594,368.663400888443,252.1879119873047]},{"page":72,"text":"Figure 8-8. Quarter-wave antenna connected to ground","rect":[166.69998168945313,573.11181640625,427.1580087537765,563.779296875]},{"page":72,"text":"TYPES OF GROUNDS","rect":[72.02398681640625,602.650146484375,171.6119441986084,594.3341674804688]},{"page":72,"text":"8-48. Establish the ground connection in a way as to introduce the least possible amount of resistance to","rect":[90.02397918701172,622.4015502929688,521.3390698432922,613.347900390625]},{"page":72,"text":"ground. At higher frequencies, artificial grounds constructed of large metal surfaces are standard.","rect":[90.02397918701172,633.9215698242188,478.77271485328677,624.867919921875]},{"page":72,"text":"8-49. The ground connections take many forms, depending on the type of installation and the tolerated loss.","rect":[90.02397918701172,651.4415893554688,522.0204565525055,642.387939453125]},{"page":72,"text":"In many simple field installations, one or more metal rods driven into the soil make the ground connection.","rect":[90.02397918701172,662.9616088867188,521.5014746189117,653.907958984375]},{"page":72,"text":"Connect ground leads to existing grounded devices to accommodate for unsatisfactory arrangements. Ground","rect":[90.02397918701172,674.4816284179688,522.0399975776672,665.427978515625]},{"page":72,"text":"connections typically consist of metal structures or underground pipes systems. In an emergency, create a","rect":[90.02397918701172,685.881591796875,521.511290309906,676.8279418945313]},{"page":72,"text":"ground connection by forcing one or more bayonets into the soil.","rect":[90.02397918701172,697.3975830078125,349.36243653297427,688.3439331054688]},{"page":72,"text":"8-10","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":72,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":72,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":73,"text":"Antenna Techniques","rect":[451.510009765625,45.924034118652347,540.0880454101563,37.716033935546878]},{"page":73,"text":"SOIL CONDITIONS","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.21997833251953,179.38663291931153,74.91597747802735]},{"page":73,"text":"8-50. When erecting an antenna over soil with low conductivity, treat the soil to reduce resistance. Favorable,","rect":[108.0199966430664,102.96141052246094,539.9683935642242,93.90776824951172]},{"page":73,"text":"less  favorable,  or  unfavorable  are  the  categories  used  to  describe  soil  ground  conditions.  The  following","rect":[108.02000427246094,114.48143005371094,539.5074048042297,105.42778778076172]},{"page":73,"text":"paragraphs address a variety of grounding techniques used during these soil conditions.","rect":[108.02000427246094,126.00144958496094,456.91895508766177,116.94780731201172]},{"page":73,"text":"Favorable Soil Conditions","rect":[90.02400207519531,148.62562561035157,212.37555363750458,140.9748992919922]},{"page":73,"text":"8-51. Ground connections take many forms, depending on the type of installation and the tolerated loss. In","rect":[108.02000427246094,168.12144470214845,539.438862323761,159.0677947998047]},{"page":73,"text":"many simple field installations, one or more metal rods driven into the soil make the ground connection.","rect":[108.02001953125,179.64146423339845,539.3580420017242,170.5878143310547]},{"page":73,"text":"Connect ground leads to existing grounded devices to accommodate for unsatisfactory arrangements. Ground","rect":[108.02001953125,191.16148376464845,539.710590839386,182.1078338623047]},{"page":73,"text":"connections typically consist of metal structures or underground pipe systems. In an emergency, forcing one","rect":[108.02001953125,202.56150817871095,539.4973132591248,193.5078582763672]},{"page":73,"text":"or more bayonets into the soil can make a ground connection.","rect":[108.02001953125,214.08152770996095,354.042062997818,205.0278778076172]},{"page":73,"text":"Less Favorable Soil Conditions","rect":[90.02401733398438,236.8257598876953,235.90262272930145,229.17503356933595]},{"page":73,"text":"8-52. When erecting an antenna over soil with low conductivity, treat the soil with substances that are highly","rect":[108.02001953125,256.2015686035156,539.8271679878235,247.14793395996095]},{"page":73,"text":"conductive when in solution, to reduce its resistance. (rocky terrain vs. normal soil conditions)","rect":[108.02003479003906,267.7515563964844,485.8166189775467,258.69793701171877]},{"page":73,"text":"8-53. For simple installations, fabricate a single ground rod in the field from the pipe or conduit. It is essential","rect":[108.02003479003906,285.27154541015627,539.6790362606049,276.2179260253906]},{"page":73,"text":"to  establish  a  low  resistance  connection  between  the  ground  wire  and  the  ground  rod.  Clean  the  rod","rect":[108.02005004882813,296.7915344238281,539.6267895698547,287.7379150390625]},{"page":73,"text":"thoroughly by scraping and sandpapering at the desired connection point and install a clean ground clamp.","rect":[108.02005004882813,308.3115234375,539.8885595798492,299.2579040527344]},{"page":73,"text":"Solder a ground wire to adjoin to the clamp cover. Cover with tape to prevent an increase in resistance caused","rect":[108.02005004882813,319.8315124511719,539.6667675971985,310.7679138183594]},{"page":73,"text":"by oxidation.","rect":[108.02005004882813,331.23150634765627,160.61882996559144,322.1778869628906]},{"page":73,"text":"Unfavorable Soil Conditions","rect":[90.0240478515625,353.9757080078125,223.30330327129364,346.32501220703127]},{"page":73,"text":"8-54. Unfavorable soil conditions occur when there is a high resistance of the soil or a large buried ground","rect":[108.02005004882813,373.47149658203127,539.8503003120422,364.4178771972656]},{"page":73,"text":"system  is  not  practical.  A  counterpoise  or  a  ground  screen  can  replace  the  direct  ground  connection  in","rect":[108.02006530761719,384.8714904785156,539.6069531440735,375.81787109375]},{"page":73,"text":"unfavorable soil.","rect":[108.02006530761719,394.37957763671877,175.1405279636383,387.3378601074219]},{"page":73,"text":"COUNTERPOISE","rect":[90.02406311035156,419.97808837890627,167.70688772201539,411.68609619140627]},{"page":73,"text":"8-55. When the high resistance of the soil or because a large buried ground system is not practical and","rect":[108.02005004882813,439.7314758300781,540.0302929878235,430.6778564453125]},{"page":73,"text":"prevents using an actual ground connection, a counterpoise can replace the usual direct ground connection.","rect":[108.02006530761719,451.25146484375,539.5373022556305,442.1978454589844]},{"page":73,"text":"The counterpoise is a device made of wire, erected a short distance above the ground and insulated from it.","rect":[108.02006530761719,462.7714538574219,539.557199716568,453.71783447265627]},{"page":73,"text":"The size of the counterpoise should be equal to, or larger than, the size of the antenna. Figure 8-9 on page","rect":[108.02006530761719,474.29144287109377,539.9324939231873,465.2378234863281]},{"page":73,"text":"8-12 is an example of wire counterpoise.","rect":[108.02006530761719,485.6715087890625,270.69056153297427,476.6377868652344]},{"page":73,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":73,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":73,"text":"8-11","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":74,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":74,"text":"Figure 8-9. Wire counterpoise","rect":[226.72999572753907,342.4516296386719,367.20493531417847,333.208740234375]},{"page":74,"text":"8-56. When using a vertically mounted antenna, create the counterpoise into a simple geometric pattern;","rect":[90.02400207519531,365.7913818359375,521.6180011043549,356.7377624511719]},{"page":74,"text":"perfect symmetry is not required. The counterpoise appears to the antenna as an artificial ground that helps","rect":[90.02400207519531,377.3113708496094,521.5892837648391,368.25775146484377]},{"page":74,"text":"to produce the pattern of radiation needed. In some VHF antenna installations on vehicles, use the metal roof","rect":[90.02400207519531,388.81146240234377,521.7005301103592,379.7777404785156]},{"page":74,"text":"of the vehicle or shelter as a counterpoise for the antenna.","rect":[90.02400207519531,400.3314514160156,320.5827124118805,391.2977294921875]},{"page":74,"text":"GROUND SCREEN","rect":[72.02400207519531,423.949951171875,158.41690158843995,415.63397216796877]},{"page":74,"text":"8-57. A ground screen consists of a large area of metal mesh or screen laid on the surface of the ground under","rect":[90.02400970458985,443.69134521484377,521.6479178056717,434.6377258300781]},{"page":74,"text":"the antenna. There are two advantages to using ground screens. First, the ground screen reduces ground","rect":[90.02400970458985,455.2113342285156,521.4613842964172,446.15771484375]},{"page":74,"text":"absorption losses that occur when an antenna erects over an area with poor conductivity. Secondly, the height","rect":[90.02400970458985,466.611328125,521.7984820613862,457.5577087402344]},{"page":74,"text":"of the antenna can be set accurately. Thus, the radiation resistance of the antenna will be determined more","rect":[90.02400970458985,478.1313171386719,521.4415881614685,469.07769775390627]},{"page":74,"text":"accurately.","rect":[90.02400970458985,489.65130615234377,133.40975403785706,480.5976867675781]},{"page":74,"text":"ANTENNA LENGTH","rect":[72.02400970458985,515.2005004882813,204.73009628868105,505.4707946777344]},{"page":74,"text":"8-58. An antenna has a physical and electrical length; the two are never the same. The reduced velocities of","rect":[90.02400970458985,535.2513427734375,521.6048269853592,526.1976928710938]},{"page":74,"text":"the  wave  on  the  antenna,  and  a  capacitive  effect,  known  as  end  effect  makes  the  antenna  seem  longer","rect":[90.02400970458985,546.7713623046875,521.5013113603592,537.7177124023438]},{"page":74,"text":"electrically than physically. End result, contributing factors are the ratio of the diameter of the antenna to its","rect":[90.02400970458985,558.2913208007813,521.7283828859329,549.2376708984375]},{"page":74,"text":"length, and the capacitive effect of terminal equipment used to support the antenna.","rect":[90.02400970458985,569.6913452148438,422.77775025367739,560.6376953125]},{"page":74,"text":"8-59. To calculate the physical length of an antenna, apply a correction factor of 0.95 for frequencies between","rect":[90.02400970458985,587.2113647460938,521.6180005073547,578.15771484375]},{"page":74,"text":"3.0–50.0 MHz. Table 8-1 on page 8-13 illustrates antenna length calculation for a half-wave antenna.","rect":[90.02400970458985,598.7313842773438,494.87064576148989,589.677734375]},{"page":74,"text":"8-12","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":74,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":74,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":75,"text":"Table 8-1. Antenna length calculations","rect":[223.85000610351563,83.2016372680664,405.90061402511597,73.95875549316406]},{"page":75,"text":"Antenna Techniques","rect":[451.510009765625,45.924034118652347,540.0880454101563,37.716033935546878]},{"page":75,"text":"ANTENNA ORIENTATION","rect":[90.02399444580078,380.16656494140627,264.04978280448918,370.4649353027344]},{"page":75,"text":"8-60. The orientation of an antenna is critical. Determining the position of an antenna concerning the points","rect":[108.0199966430664,400.23138427734377,539.6940811281204,391.1777648925781]},{"page":75,"text":"of the compass can make the difference between a marginal and good radio circuit.","rect":[108.02000427246094,411.7513732910156,439.8175756931305,402.69775390625]},{"page":75,"text":"8-61. If the azimuth of the radio path not provided, determine azimuth by the best available means. The","rect":[108.02000427246094,429.2713623046875,540.0408923606873,420.2177429199219]},{"page":75,"text":"accuracy required in determining the azimuth of the path depends on the radiation pattern of the directional","rect":[108.02001953125,440.8113708496094,539.4178057918549,431.75775146484377]},{"page":75,"text":"antenna.","rect":[108.02001953125,450.3194580078125,141.4458258152008,444.27374267578127]},{"page":75,"text":"8-62. If the antenna beamwidth is vast, for example, a 90-degree angle between half-power points, an error","rect":[108.02001953125,469.8513488769531,539.8838186845779,460.7977294921875]},{"page":75,"text":"of 10 degrees in azimuth is of little consequence. In transportable operation, the rhombic and V antennas may","rect":[108.02003479003906,481.2513427734375,539.775288105011,472.1977233886719]},{"page":75,"text":"have a narrow beam as to require great accuracy in azimuth determination. Erect the antenna with the correct","rect":[108.02003479003906,492.7713317871094,539.7962237606049,483.71771240234377]},{"page":75,"text":"azimuth unless a line of known azimuth is available at the site. A magnetic compass determines the best","rect":[108.02003479003906,504.29132080078127,539.8158160457612,495.2377014160156]},{"page":75,"text":"direction of the path. Figure 8-10 on page 8-14 is an example of a beamwidth measured on relative field","rect":[108.02003479003906,515.8113403320313,539.6868481636047,506.7576904296875]},{"page":75,"text":"strength and corresponding power patterns.","rect":[108.02003479003906,527.3313598632813,280.70658326148989,518.2777099609375]},{"page":75,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":75,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":75,"text":"8-13","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":76,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":76,"text":"Figure 8-10. Beamwidth","rect":[240.88999938964845,370.0516357421875,353.1284067029953,360.8087463378906]},{"page":76,"text":"8-63. This  example  shows  the  relationship  between  the  three-north  point’s  magnetic,  grid  and  true  as","rect":[90.02400207519531,393.5113830566406,521.8574722414016,384.457763671875]},{"page":76,"text":"represented  on  topographic  maps  by  a  declination  diagram.  It  is  important  to  understand  the  difference","rect":[90.02398681640625,405.0313720703125,521.5113513450623,395.9777526855469]},{"page":76,"text":"between the three north points. It is also important to understand how to calculate the three north points.","rect":[90.02398681640625,416.4114685058594,521.9321386814117,407.37774658203127]},{"page":76,"text":"Magnetic azimuths determined by using magnetic instruments such as a lensatic compass or an M2 compass,","rect":[90.02398681640625,427.95135498046877,521.7501928806305,418.8977355957031]},{"page":76,"text":"while a grid azimuth plotted on a map between two points, the points are joined together by a straight line","rect":[90.02398681640625,439.4913635253906,521.3620593528748,430.4277648925781]},{"page":76,"text":"and a protractor is used to measure the angle between grid north and drawn line. Figure 8-11 is an example","rect":[90.02398681640625,451.0113525390625,521.8765857200623,441.9577331542969]},{"page":76,"text":"of a declination diagram.","rect":[90.02398681640625,462.5313415527344,189.7235815525055,453.47772216796877]},{"page":76,"text":"8-14","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":76,"text":"Figure 8-11. Example of a declination diagram","rect":[188.0599822998047,712.9376220703125,405.6353543405533,703.6051025390625]},{"page":76,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":76,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":77,"text":"Antenna Techniques","rect":[451.510009765625,45.924034118652347,540.0880454101563,37.716033935546878]},{"page":77,"text":"IMPROVEMENT OF MARGINAL COMMUNICATIONS","rect":[90.02399444580078,85.17062377929688,445.9537924690247,75.44090270996094]},{"page":77,"text":"8-64. Under certain situations, it may not be possible to orient directional antennas to the correct azimuth of","rect":[108.0199966430664,105.24143981933594,539.9143362627029,96.18779754638672]},{"page":77,"text":"the desired radio path, possibly causing marginal communications. To improve marginal communications—","rect":[108.02000427246094,116.76145935058594,540.1000146865845,107.70781707763672]},{"page":77,"text":" Check, tighten, and tape cable couplings and connections.","rect":[133.22003173828126,130.3214569091797,382.463449716568,121.26781463623047]},{"page":77,"text":" Check antenna adjustment for the proper operating frequency (if possible).","rect":[133.22003173828126,143.76145935058595,449.871896982193,134.69786071777345]},{"page":77,"text":" Change the heights of antennas.","rect":[133.22003173828126,157.3214569091797,278.5287573337555,148.26780700683595]},{"page":77,"text":" Move the antenna a short distance away, and in different locations, from its original location.","rect":[133.22003173828126,170.76145935058595,523.1364843845367,161.7078094482422]},{"page":77,"text":" Separate transmitters from receiving equipment, if possible.","rect":[133.22003173828126,184.3214569091797,390.33960938453677,175.26780700683595]},{"page":77,"text":" Separate transmitters from power fields.","rect":[133.22003173828126,197.7415313720703,311.71546387672427,188.7078094482422]},{"page":77,"text":" Ensure transmission lines are not crossing power lines.","rect":[133.22003173828126,211.3214569091797,370.31055665016177,202.26780700683595]},{"page":77,"text":"8-65. An improvised antenna may change the performance of a radio set; use a distant station to test if an","rect":[108.02003479003906,228.7214813232422,539.558247089386,219.66783142089845]},{"page":77,"text":"antenna is operating correctly. If the signal received from this station is strong, the antenna is operating","rect":[108.02005004882813,240.2415008544922,539.457661151886,231.18785095214845]},{"page":77,"text":"satisfactorily. If the signal is weak, adjust the height and length of the antenna and the transmission line, to","rect":[108.02005004882813,251.7615203857422,539.3379101753235,242.6979217529297]},{"page":77,"text":"receive the strongest signal at a given setting on the volume control of the receiver. This is the best method","rect":[108.02005004882813,263.3114929199219,539.527241230011,254.2578582763672]},{"page":77,"text":"of tuning an antenna when the transmission is dangerous or forbidden.","rect":[108.02005004882813,274.8315124511719,389.36368775367739,265.77789306640627]},{"page":77,"text":"8-66. Impedance matching a load to its source is an important consideration in transmission systems. If the","rect":[108.02005004882813,292.23150634765627,539.4587390403748,283.1778869628906]},{"page":77,"text":"load and source are mismatched, part of the power reflects along the transmission line toward the source.","rect":[108.02006530761719,303.7514953613281,539.567209482193,294.6978759765625]},{"page":77,"text":"This  prevents  maximum  power  transfer  and  can  be  responsible  for  erroneous  measurements  of  other","rect":[108.02006530761719,315.2515869140625,539.4242849931717,306.2178649902344]},{"page":77,"text":"parameters. It may also cause circuit damage in high-power applications.","rect":[108.02006530761719,326.7914733886719,399.6757299900055,317.73785400390627]},{"page":77,"text":"8-67. The power reflected from the load interferes with the forward incident power, creating standing waves","rect":[108.02006530761719,344.31146240234377,540.1345108156204,335.2578430175781]},{"page":77,"text":"of voltages and current to exist along the line. Standing wave maximum-to-minimum ratio directly relates to","rect":[108.02005004882813,355.8314514160156,539.9138989448547,346.77783203125]},{"page":77,"text":"the impedance mismatch of the load. Therefore, the standing wave ratio provides the means of determining","rect":[108.02005004882813,367.2314453125,539.497456073761,358.1778259277344]},{"page":77,"text":"impedance and mismatch.","rect":[108.02005004882813,378.7315368652344,211.95267701148988,369.69781494140627]},{"page":77,"text":"8-68. After an adequate site selection and proper antenna orientation, the signal level at the receiver is","rect":[108.02005004882813,396.27142333984377,539.8408706789016,387.2178039550781]},{"page":77,"text":"proportional to the strength of the transmitted signal. Obtain a stronger signal by utilizing a high-gain antenna.","rect":[108.02006530761719,407.7914123535156,540.028879404068,398.73779296875]},{"page":77,"text":"Using a high quality transmission line as short as possible and adequately matched at both ends reduces signal","rect":[108.02006530761719,419.3114013671875,539.8374835262299,410.2577819824219]},{"page":77,"text":"loss between the antenna and the equipment.","rect":[108.02006530761719,430.6914978027344,286.2841589450836,421.65777587890627]},{"page":77,"text":"CAUTION","rect":[287.69000244140627,463.0419921875,342.2539963378906,454.17401123046877]},{"page":77,"text":"Excessive ","rect":[157.6999969482422,481.0195617675781,205.32874024009704,473.7786560058594]},{"page":77,"text":"signal ","rect":[211.41424560546876,482.99163818359377,240.3082476863861,473.7786560058594]},{"page":77,"text":"strength ","rect":[246.4137420654297,482.99163818359377,285.38719666099549,473.7786560058594]},{"page":77,"text":"may ","rect":[291.4727783203125,482.99163818359377,313.05611145591737,475.0]},{"page":77,"text":"result ","rect":[319.16162109375,481.0195617675781,346.38231384849549,473.7786560058594]},{"page":77,"text":"in ","rect":[352.4778137207031,481.0,363.05528748130799,473.7786560058594]},{"page":77,"text":"enemy ","rect":[369.140869140625,482.99163818359377,401.9989215145111,475.0]},{"page":77,"text":"intercept ","rect":[408.10443115234377,482.882080078125,449.14961731529237,473.7786560058594]},{"page":77,"text":"and","rect":[455.2252197265625,481.0195617675781,471.92807984542847,473.7786560058594]},{"page":77,"text":"electromagnetic interference, or in the operator interfering with adjacent","rect":[157.6999969482422,494.5116271972656,472.2581988582611,485.1791076660156]},{"page":77,"text":"frequencies.","rect":[157.6999969482422,506.0420837402344,212.01192200279236,496.8191223144531]},{"page":77,"text":"TYPES OF ANTENNAS","rect":[90.02399444580078,546.1605834960938,238.58587254714966,536.4449462890625]},{"page":77,"text":"8-69. Tactical antennas design requires that the antennas be rugged and that the antennas permit mobility","rect":[108.01998901367188,566.21142578125,539.5483593940735,557.1577758789063]},{"page":77,"text":"with the least possible sacrifice of efficiency. When vehicles are on the move mount your antenna on the side","rect":[108.02000427246094,577.7313842773438,539.7861316184998,568.677734375]},{"page":77,"text":"over rough terrain. Mounting of antennas also takes place on single masts or suspended between sets of masts.","rect":[108.02000427246094,589.1314086914063,539.5561010837555,580.0777587890625]},{"page":77,"text":"All tactical antennas must be easy to install. Small antennas mounted on the helmets of personnel who use","rect":[108.02000427246094,600.6514282226563,539.507384059906,591.5977783203125]},{"page":77,"text":"the radio sets. Large antennas must be accessible to dismantle, pack, and transport.","rect":[108.02000427246094,612.201416015625,438.91553711891177,603.1477661132813]},{"page":77,"text":"8-70. A Hertz antenna, also known as a doublet, dipole, an ungrounded, or a half-wave antenna mounts in a","rect":[108.02000427246094,629.721435546875,539.953428981781,620.6677856445313]},{"page":77,"text":"vertical, horizontal, or slanting position and generally used at higher frequencies above 2 MHz. With Hertz","rect":[108.02001953125,641.2413940429688,539.5371081809998,632.187744140625]},{"page":77,"text":"antennas, the wavelength to which any wire electrically tunes depends directly upon its physical length. The","rect":[108.02001953125,652.7614135742188,539.6071765403748,643.707763671875]},{"page":77,"text":"Hertz antenna is center-fed, and its total wire length is equal to approximately one half of the wavelength of","rect":[108.02001953125,664.1614379882813,539.7190847978592,655.1077880859375]},{"page":77,"text":"the transmitted signal.","rect":[108.02001953125,675.6814575195313,196.484689950943,666.6278076171875]},{"page":77,"text":"8-71. A Marconi antenna is a quarter-wave antenna with one end usually grounded through the output of the","rect":[108.02001953125,693.201416015625,539.8057849388123,684.1477661132813]},{"page":77,"text":"transmitter or the coupling coil at the end of the feed line, which is required for the antenna to resonate.","rect":[108.02003479003906,704.7174072265625,539.3878881931305,695.6637573242188]},{"page":77,"text":"Positioned perpendicular to the Earth, a Marconi antenna is generally useful at lower frequencies. When used","rect":[108.02003479003906,716.2374267578125,539.773579120636,707.1837768554688]},{"page":77,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":77,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":77,"text":"8-15","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":78,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":78,"text":"on vehicles or aircraft, Marconi antennas operate at high frequencies and the vehicle or aircraft serves as the","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.501280544281,74.08776092529297]},{"page":78,"text":"ground for the antenna.","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,183.11016297340394,85.62773895263672]},{"page":78,"text":"8-72. The main advantage of the Marconi antenna over the Hertz antenna is that, for any given frequency,","rect":[90.02399444580078,112.20140075683594,521.8295996189117,103.14775848388672]},{"page":78,"text":"the Marconi antenna is physically much shorter. This is particularly important in all field and vehicular radio","rect":[90.02399444580078,123.60142517089844,521.6109204292297,114.54778289794922]},{"page":78,"text":"installations. Typical Marconi antennas include the inverted L and the whip.","rect":[90.02399444580078,135.12144470214845,394.6207983493805,126.06780242919922]},{"page":78,"text":"8-73. The best kinds of wire for antennas are copper and aluminum. In an emergency, use any available wire.","rect":[90.02399444580078,152.64146423339845,521.8659155368805,143.5878143310547]},{"page":78,"text":"The exact length of most antennas is critical. An expedient antenna should be the same length as the antenna","rect":[90.02399444580078,164.16148376464845,521.6806018333435,155.1078338623047]},{"page":78,"text":"it replaces.","rect":[90.02399444580078,175.6615753173828,133.29021668434144,166.6278533935547]},{"page":78,"text":"HIGH FREQUENCY ANTENNAS","rect":[72.02399444580078,200.80650329589845,220.32604026794435,190.98809814453126]},{"page":78,"text":"8-74. HF antennas vary in size, shape, and capability. The following paragraphs describe HF antennas and","rect":[90.02400207519531,219.0015106201172,521.697895526886,209.94786071777345]},{"page":78,"text":"HF near-communications. See appendix C for information on antenna selection.","rect":[90.02400207519531,230.38160705566407,409.859201669693,221.34788513183595]},{"page":78,"text":"Near-Vertical Incidence Skywave Antenna","rect":[72.02400207519531,255.35369873046876,272.2526659965515,245.49497985839845]},{"page":78,"text":"8-75. The  near-vertical  incidence  skywave  antenna,  AS-2259/GR,  is  a  lightweight  sloping  dipole","rect":[90.02400207519531,272.6714782714844,521.9669177513123,263.61785888671877]},{"page":78,"text":"omnidirectional antenna. The AS-2259/GR antenna provides high-angle radiation, near-vertical incidence to","rect":[90.02400207519531,284.07147216796877,521.8659863471985,275.0178527832031]},{"page":78,"text":"permit short-range skywave propagation to support HF communications varying from zero to 300 miles. The","rect":[90.02400207519531,295.5914611816406,521.7036120872498,286.537841796875]},{"page":78,"text":"frequency range of the antenna is 2.0 to 12.0 MHz. The maximum RF power capacity is 1000 watts. The","rect":[90.02400207519531,307.1114501953125,521.5606677513123,298.0578308105469]},{"page":78,"text":"antenna operates with older AM and HF radio sets and with the improved HF radio. Figure 8-12 is an example","rect":[90.02400207519531,318.6314392089844,522.0353991966248,309.57781982421877]},{"page":78,"text":"of the near-vertical incidence skywave antenna.","rect":[90.02400207519531,330.15142822265627,280.310861825943,321.0978088378906]},{"page":78,"text":"Figure 8-12. Near-vertical incidence skywave antenna, AS-2259/GR","rect":[138.86000061035157,634.941650390625,455.0590399494171,625.609130859375]},{"page":78,"text":"Harris RF-1944, Inverted Vee HF Antenna","rect":[72.02400207519531,664.0,273.7001757621765,655.9749145507813]},{"page":78,"text":"8-76. The Harris RF-1944 Inverted Vee HF antenna is a lightweight, broadband dipole COTS antenna that","rect":[90.02400207519531,683.1214599609375,521.6756182918549,674.0678100585938]},{"page":78,"text":"provides radiation patterns to support HF skywave communications. The antenna’s primary use is for its ALE","rect":[90.02400207519531,694.5174560546875,521.9856454725266,685.4638061523438]},{"page":78,"text":"and frequency hopping capabilities. Other capabilities of the RF-1944 antenna are—","rect":[90.02401733398438,706.0374145507813,427.98999881744387,696.9837646484375]},{"page":78,"text":"8-16","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":78,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":78,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":79,"text":"Antenna Techniques","rect":[451.510009765625,45.924034118652347,540.0880454101563,37.716033935546878]},{"page":79,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,80.4211196899414,139.22588119220735,75.693603515625]},{"page":79,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,94.00113677978516,139.22588119220735,89.27362060546875]},{"page":79,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,107.4411392211914,139.22588119220735,102.713623046875]},{"page":79,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,121.00113677978516,139.22588119220735,116.27362060546875]},{"page":79,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,134.44114685058595,139.22588119220735,129.713623046875]},{"page":79,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,176.0811004638672,139.22588119220735,171.35357666015626]},{"page":79,"text":"Horizontal polarization.","rect":[151.22000122070313,83.1214828491211,246.62687134742738,74.08776092529297]},{"page":79,"text":"Radiation patterns ideal for HF skywave communications from 0–500 miles (0–804.7 kilometers).","rect":[151.22000122070313,96.72142028808594,539.9284155368805,87.66777801513672]},{"page":79,"text":"1.6–30 MHz frequency range.","rect":[151.22000122070313,110.16142272949219,271.1890661716461,101.11773681640625]},{"page":79,"text":"Up to 20 watts power and 50 ohms input impedance.","rect":[151.22000122070313,123.70149993896485,362.0233862400055,114.66777801513672]},{"page":79,"text":"Gain—","rect":[151.22000122070313,135.15945434570313,180.50000858306886,128.10777282714845]},{"page":79,"text":" Gain of 16 decibels at 2 MHz.","rect":[151.22000122070313,149.31942749023438,289.8754675388336,142.2677459716797]},{"page":79,"text":" 2 decibels isotropic (dBi) at 30 MHz.","rect":[151.22000122070313,165.34144592285157,318.32911133766177,156.30772399902345]},{"page":79,"text":"Weight: 9 pounds.","rect":[151.22000122070313,178.80137634277345,224.69495606422425,169.7477264404297]},{"page":79,"text":"8-77. The RF-1944 antenna does not include a mast. The primary components are a balanced to unbalanced","rect":[108.02000427246094,196.20140075683595,539.9362378120422,187.1477508544922]},{"page":79,"text":"transformer, two radiation elements with integral terminating loads, two ground stakes, a coaxial cable, a","rect":[108.02001953125,207.72142028808595,539.4973132591248,198.6677703857422]},{"page":79,"text":"weighing  throwing  line,  and  a  carrying  bag.  The  RF-1944  antenna  lightweight  supports  transporting  the","rect":[108.02001953125,219.24143981933595,539.677061794281,210.1877899169922]},{"page":79,"text":"antenna.","rect":[108.02001953125,228.74954223632813,141.4458258152008,222.7038116455078]},{"page":79,"text":"Note. A balanced to an unbalanced transformer is a device used to couple a balanced device or","rect":[133.22000122070313,254.02149963378907,521.5693655595779,244.98777770996095]},{"page":79,"text":"line to an unbalanced device or line.","rect":[133.22000122070313,263.6994323730469,277.64002442359927,256.65771484375]},{"page":79,"text":"V Antenna","rect":[90.02399444580078,302.9645690917969,141.13245725631715,295.3469543457031]},{"page":79,"text":"8-78. The V antenna is a medium- to long-range, broadband skywave antenna. The V antenna provides point-","rect":[108.0199966430664,322.47137451171877,540.1767263994217,313.4177551269531]},{"page":79,"text":"to-point communications to ranges exceeding 4,000 kilometers (2,500 miles). The V antenna consists of two","rect":[108.02000427246094,333.8713684082031,539.561665058136,324.8177490234375]},{"page":79,"text":"wires arranged to form a V, with its ends at the apex (where the legs come together) attached to a transmission","rect":[108.02000427246094,345.391357421875,539.7262768745422,336.3377380371094]},{"page":79,"text":"line (figure 8-13). Radiation lobes off each wire combine to increase gain in the direction of an imaginary","rect":[108.02000427246094,356.9113464355469,539.819721698761,347.85772705078127]},{"page":79,"text":"line bisecting the apex angle; the pattern is bidirectional. Adding terminating resistors 300 ohms to the far","rect":[108.02000427246094,368.43133544921877,539.4275808916092,359.3777160644531]},{"page":79,"text":"end of each leg makes the pattern unidirectional (in the direction away from the apex angle).","rect":[108.02000427246094,379.9513244628906,477.95350098609927,370.897705078125]},{"page":79,"text":"Figure 8-13. V antenna","rect":[261.77001953125,659.66162109375,368.3013098258972,650.418701171875]},{"page":79,"text":"8-79. The angle between the legs varies with the length of the legs to achieve maximum performance. Use","rect":[108.02001953125,683.1213989257813,539.5283191184998,674.0677490234375]},{"page":79,"text":"Table 8-2 on page 8-18 shows the angle and the length of the legs. When using the V antenna with more than","rect":[108.02003479003906,694.6373901367188,539.7568554878235,685.583740234375]},{"page":79,"text":"one frequency or wavelength, use an apex angle that is midway between the extreme angles determined by","rect":[108.02003479003906,706.1574096679688,539.6860547065735,697.103759765625]},{"page":79,"text":"the chart in table 8-2.","rect":[108.02003479003906,715.6654052734375,193.19002747535706,708.6237182617188]},{"page":79,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":79,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":79,"text":"8-17","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":80,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":80,"text":"Table 8-2. Leg angle for V antennas","rect":[213.0500030517578,83.2016372680664,380.75828004074097,73.8691177368164]},{"page":80,"text":"Vertical Half-Rhombic Antenna and the Long Wire Antenna","rect":[72.02399444580078,235.7935791015625,357.8364977836609,225.9348602294922]},{"page":80,"text":"8-80. The  vertical  half-rhombic  antenna  and  the  long-wire  antenna  are  two  field  expedient  directional","rect":[90.02399444580078,252.96141052246095,521.8753863582612,243.9077606201172]},{"page":80,"text":"antennas. The long wire antenna directive pattern radiates in the horizontal and vertical planes. The vertical","rect":[90.02399444580078,264.5113830566406,521.5238238582612,255.45774841308595]},{"page":80,"text":"half-rhombic antenna radiates to the front and back of the sloping wires if resistors not used. These antennas","rect":[90.02399444580078,276.0314025878906,521.5721939210891,266.977783203125]},{"page":80,"text":"consist of a single wire, preferably two or more wavelengths long, supported on poles at the height of 3–7","rect":[90.02399444580078,287.431396484375,522.1599926948547,278.3777770996094]},{"page":80,"text":"meters 10–20 feet above the ground. The antennas operate satisfactorily as low as 1 meter approximately 3.2","rect":[90.02398681640625,298.9513854980469,521.713276386261,289.89776611328127]},{"page":80,"text":"feet above the ground. The antenna’s primary use is for transmitting or receiving HF signals. Resistors on","rect":[90.02398681640625,310.47137451171877,522.109760761261,301.4177551269531]},{"page":80,"text":"the far end of the wire connected to the ground through a non-inductive resistor of 500–600 ohms. To ensure","rect":[90.02398681640625,321.9913635253906,521.975889919281,312.937744140625]},{"page":80,"text":"that there no resistor burn out from the output power of the transmitter, use a resistor rated at least one-half","rect":[90.02398681640625,333.491455078125,522.1675711259842,324.4577331542969]},{"page":80,"text":"the wattage output of the transmitter. A good ground, such as many ground rods or a counterpoise at both","rect":[90.02398681640625,345.0313415527344,521.6059155464172,335.97772216796877]},{"page":80,"text":"ends of the antenna.","rect":[90.02398681640625,354.41943359375,169.82346558570863,347.3777160644531]},{"page":80,"text":"8-81. Figure 8-14 is an example of a vertical half-rhombic antenna.","rect":[90.02398681640625,373.9513244628906,360.67078614234927,364.897705078125]},{"page":80,"text":"8-18","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":80,"text":"Figure 8-14. Vertical half-rhombic antenna","rect":[197.29998779296876,632.0616455078125,396.60718751144409,622.7291259765625]},{"page":80,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":80,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":81,"text":"8-82. Figure 8-15 is an example of the long wire antenna.","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,339.7030737400055,74.08776092529297]},{"page":81,"text":"Antenna Techniques","rect":[451.510009765625,45.924034118652347,540.0880454101563,37.716033935546878]},{"page":81,"text":"Figure 8-15. Long-wire antenna","rect":[241.1300048828125,314.0116271972656,388.95423340988159,304.76873779296877]},{"page":81,"text":"Sloping V Antenna","rect":[90.02400207519531,344.9035949707031,179.39661741256715,335.0448913574219]},{"page":81,"text":"8-83. The sloping V antenna is a field expedient directional antenna with legs sloping downward from its","rect":[108.02000427246094,362.1913757324219,539.5084732179641,353.13775634765627]},{"page":81,"text":"apex. To ensure that the antenna radiates in only one direction, add non-inductive terminating resistors from","rect":[108.02001953125,373.59136962890627,539.9841095218659,364.5377502441406]},{"page":81,"text":"the end of each leg not at the apex to ground. The resistors should be approximately 500 ohms and have a","rect":[108.02001953125,385.1113586425781,539.7410876731873,376.0577392578125]},{"page":81,"text":"power rating at least one half that of the output power of the transmitter used. Without the resistors, the","rect":[108.02001953125,396.63134765625,539.4675281028748,387.5777282714844]},{"page":81,"text":"antenna  radiates  bi-directionally,  front  and  back.  A  balanced  transmission  line  feeds  the  antenna.  Figure","rect":[108.02001953125,408.1513366699219,540.0358264427185,399.09771728515627]},{"page":81,"text":"8-16 on page 8-20 is an example of a sloping V antenna.","rect":[108.02001953125,419.67132568359377,333.79691529273989,410.6177062988281]},{"page":81,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":81,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":81,"text":"8-19","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":82,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":82,"text":"Figure 8-16. Sloping-V antenna","rect":[223.72999572753907,452.63165283203127,370.35816407394409,443.29913330078127]},{"page":82,"text":"Inverted L Antenna","rect":[72.02400207519531,481.1735534667969,165.62447690963746,473.5669860839844]},{"page":82,"text":"8-84. The inverted L is a combination antenna made up of vertical and horizontal wire sections. It provides","rect":[90.02400207519531,500.6715087890625,522.1063736085891,491.6377868652344]},{"page":82,"text":"radiation when using no resistors from the vertical element for ground wave propagation, and high-angle","rect":[90.02400207519531,512.21142578125,522.0729968528748,503.15777587890627]},{"page":82,"text":"radiation from the horizontal element for short-range skywave propagation, 0–400 kilometers 0–250 miles.","rect":[90.02400207519531,523.6113891601563,522.042551279068,514.5577392578125]},{"page":82,"text":"The classic inverted L has a quarter-wave vertical section and a half-wave horizontal section.","rect":[90.02401733398438,535.1114501953125,462.439523935318,526.0777587890625]},{"page":82,"text":"8-85. Table 8-3 outlines the frequency and length of the horizontal element. Using a vertical height of 11–","rect":[90.02401733398438,552.6514282226563,522.1599926948547,543.5977783203125]},{"page":82,"text":"12 meters 35–40 feet, this combination provides reasonable performance for short-range skywave circuits.","rect":[90.02398681640625,564.1714477539063,515.469797372818,555.1177978515625]},{"page":82,"text":"Table 8-3. Frequency and inverted L horizontal element length","rect":[149.7799835205078,581.7516479492188,443.9603158826828,572.5087280273438]},{"page":82,"text":"8-20","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":82,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":82,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":83,"text":"8-86. Figure 8-17 is an example inverted L antenna.","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,317.3285620212555,74.08776092529297]},{"page":83,"text":"Antenna Techniques","rect":[451.510009765625,45.924034118652347,540.0880454101563,37.716033935546878]},{"page":83,"text":"Figure 8-17. Inverted L antenna","rect":[241.1300048828125,399.5716247558594,388.89573121261597,390.3287353515625]},{"page":83,"text":"Near-Vertical Incidence Skywave Communications","rect":[90.02400207519531,430.4635925292969,329.9485516843796,420.6048889160156]},{"page":83,"text":"8-87. The standard communications techniques used in the past do not support the widely deployed and fast-","rect":[108.02000427246094,447.6513977050781,540.0566702470779,438.5977783203125]},{"page":83,"text":"moving formations of today’s Army. Coupling this with the problems expected in deploying multi-channel","rect":[108.02001953125,459.17138671875,539.9550982723237,450.1177673339844]},{"page":83,"text":"line of sight systems with network extensions to keep up with present and future operation, HF radio and the","rect":[108.02002716064453,470.6913757324219,539.6566150169373,461.63775634765627]},{"page":83,"text":"near-vertical incidence skywave mode plays an essential role in establishing reliable communications. The","rect":[108.02002716064453,482.21136474609377,539.8068225364685,473.1577453613281]},{"page":83,"text":"HF radio is quickly deployable, securable, and capable of data transmission. HF communications typically","rect":[108.02002716064453,493.6113586425781,539.746479511261,484.5577392578125]},{"page":83,"text":"deploy first and are frequently the only, means of communicating with fast-moving or widely separated units.","rect":[108.02002716064453,505.13134765625,540.032053232193,496.0777282714844]},{"page":83,"text":"With this reliance on HF radio, communications planners, commanders, and operators require familiarization","rect":[108.02002716064453,516.6314086914063,539.6566967964172,507.59771728515627]},{"page":83,"text":"with  near-vertical  incidence  skywave  techniques  and  their  applications  and  shortcomings  to  provide","rect":[108.02002716064453,528.1713256835938,539.672178981781,519.11767578125]},{"page":83,"text":"communications that are more reliable.","rect":[108.02002716064453,537.6793823242188,264.36197876930239,530.6376953125]},{"page":83,"text":"8-88. Near-vertical incidence skywave propagation merely is skywave propagation that uses antennas with","rect":[108.02002716064453,557.0913696289063,539.609272480011,548.0377197265625]},{"page":83,"text":"high angle radiation and low operating frequencies. Just as the proper selection of antenna can increase the","rect":[108.02003479003906,568.6113891601563,539.457579372406,559.5577392578125]},{"page":83,"text":"reliability of a long-range circuit, the same holds true for short-range communications.","rect":[108.02003479003906,580.13134765625,454.18580079078677,571.0776977539063]},{"page":83,"text":"8-89. Near-vertical incidence skywave propagation uses a high take-off angle of 60–90 degrees antennas to","rect":[108.02003479003906,597.6513671875,539.9452710151672,588.5977172851563]},{"page":83,"text":"radiate the signal upward. The signal reflects from the ionosphere and returns to Earth in a circular pattern","rect":[108.02008056640625,609.2013549804688,539.6467480659485,600.147705078125]},{"page":83,"text":"around the transmitter. Due to near-vertical radiation angle, the area between the maximum ground wave","rect":[108.02008056640625,620.7213745117188,539.5898425559998,611.667724609375]},{"page":83,"text":"distance and the shortest skywave distances where no communications are possible. Communications are","rect":[108.02008056640625,632.1213989257813,539.7066638450623,623.0677490234375]},{"page":83,"text":"continuous out to several hundred kilometers from the transmitter. The nearly vertical angle of radiation also","rect":[108.02008056640625,643.641357421875,539.8439526557922,634.5877075195313]},{"page":83,"text":"requires lower frequencies.","rect":[108.02008056640625,655.1414184570313,216.38492798805238,646.1077270507813]},{"page":83,"text":"8-90. Generally, near-vertical incidence skywave propagation uses frequencies up to 8 MHz. The steep up","rect":[108.02008056640625,672.681396484375,539.7600903511047,663.6277465820313]},{"page":83,"text":"and  down  propagation  of  the  signal  gives  the  radio  operator  the  ability  to  communicate  over  nearby","rect":[108.02009582519531,684.2013549804688,539.9861035346985,675.147705078125]},{"page":83,"text":"ridgelines, mountains, and dense vegetation. A valley location may give the radio operator terrain shielding","rect":[108.02009582519531,695.7174072265625,539.4774975776672,686.6637573242188]},{"page":83,"text":"from hostile intercept or protect the circuit from ground wave and long wave electromagnetic interference.","rect":[108.02009582519531,707.1173706054688,539.4575293064117,698.063720703125]},{"page":83,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":83,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":83,"text":"8-21","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":84,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":84,"text":"Antennas used for near-vertical incidence skywave propagation require high take-off angle radiation with","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,522.005756855011,74.08776092529297]},{"page":84,"text":"very little ground wave radiation. Figure 8-18 is an example of near-vertical incidence skywave propagation.","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,521.9367773532867,85.62773895263672]},{"page":84,"text":"Figure 8-18. Near-vertical incidence skywave propagation","rect":[160.57998657226563,367.8916320800781,433.4364206190109,358.64874267578127]},{"page":84,"text":"8-91. Using the HF antenna table matrix in appendix C, the AS-2259/GR and the half-wave dipole are the","rect":[90.02398681640625,391.23138427734377,521.9722888450623,382.1777648925781]},{"page":84,"text":"only antennas listed that meet the requirements of near-vertical incidence skywave propagation. While the","rect":[90.02398681640625,402.7513732910156,521.7263171653748,393.69775390625]},{"page":84,"text":"inverted V and inverted L have high angle radiation, they can also have strong ground wave radiation that","rect":[90.02398681640625,414.2713623046875,521.6338702449799,405.2177429199219]},{"page":84,"text":"could interfere with the close-in near-vertical incidence skywave communications.","rect":[90.02398681640625,425.7913513183594,419.91056275367739,416.73773193359377]},{"page":84,"text":"Disadvantages of Using the Near-Vertical Incidence Skywave Propagation","rect":[72.02398681640625,449.57135009765627,378.8877661247253,440.6870422363281]},{"page":84,"text":"8-92. It is important to understand that where near-vertical incidence skywave and ground wave signals are","rect":[90.02398681640625,466.8513488769531,521.706358669281,457.7977294921875]},{"page":84,"text":"present,  the  ground  wave  can  cause  destructive  electromagnetic  interference.  Proper  antenna  selection","rect":[90.02398681640625,478.2513427734375,521.551167011261,469.1977233886719]},{"page":84,"text":"suppresses ground wave radiation and minimizes this effect while maximizing how much energy going into","rect":[90.02398681640625,489.7713317871094,521.9279370307922,480.71771240234377]},{"page":84,"text":"the near-vertical incidence skywave mode.","rect":[90.02398681640625,501.29132080078127,260.49659180641177,492.2377014160156]},{"page":84,"text":"Advantages of Using the Near-Vertical Incidence Skywave Propagation","rect":[72.02398681640625,525.0513305664063,366.74732423019409,516.1669921875]},{"page":84,"text":"8-93.","rect":[90.02398681640625,540.3193969726563,110.87398743629456,533.4569702148438]},{"page":84,"text":"The following are advantages of using near-vertical incidence skywave in a tactical environment—","rect":[115.21998596191406,542.3313598632813,511.7800073623657,533.2777099609375]},{"page":84,"text":" Skip-zone-free omnidirectional communications.","rect":[115.22000122070313,555.8713989257813,329.5400183200836,546.8377075195313]},{"page":84,"text":" Terrain does not affect the loss of signal. This gives a more constant received signal level over the","rect":[115.22000122070313,569.3313598632813,521.6402575950623,560.2777099609375]},{"page":84,"text":"operational range instead of one that varies widely with distance.","rect":[133.22000122070313,580.8513793945313,392.74769043922427,571.7977294921875]},{"page":84,"text":" Operators can operate from protected, dug-in positions. Tactical commanders do not have to","rect":[115.22000122070313,594.2913818359375,521.9164624214172,585.2377319335938]},{"page":84,"text":"control the high ground for HF communications purposes.","rect":[133.22000122070313,605.8113403320313,365.62659668922427,596.7576904296875]},{"page":84,"text":" Orientation, such as doublets and inverted antennas are not as critical.","rect":[115.22000122070313,617.3994140625,412.285715341568,610.3477172851563]},{"page":84,"text":"8-94.","rect":[90.02400207519531,634.7893676757813,110.87400269508362,627.9269409179688]},{"page":84,"text":"The following are advantages of using near-vertical incidence skywave in an EW environment—","rect":[115.22000122070313,636.8013305664063,503.38001346588137,627.7476806640625]},{"page":84,"text":" There is a lower probability of geolocation. Near-vertical incidence skywave energy from above","rect":[115.22000122070313,650.3613891601563,521.8226916770935,641.3077392578125]},{"page":84,"text":"at very steep angles makes direction finding from nearby but beyond ground wave range locations","rect":[133.22000122070313,661.7613525390625,521.7596939210891,652.7077026367188]},{"page":84,"text":"more difficult.","rect":[133.22000122070313,671.2694091796875,190.83861756324769,664.2277221679688]},{"page":84,"text":" Communications are more laborious to jam. Ground wave jammers are subject to path loss.","rect":[115.22000122070313,686.8413696289063,522.0459082126617,677.7777709960938]},{"page":84,"text":"Terrain features to attenuate a ground wave jammer without degrading the desired communication","rect":[133.2200164794922,698.3573608398438,521.7199902534485,689.2937622070313]},{"page":84,"text":"path.  The  terrain  attenuates  the  jamming  signal,  while  the  skywave  near-vertical  incidence","rect":[133.2200164794922,709.7573852539063,521.876280544281,700.6937866210938]},{"page":84,"text":"8-22","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":84,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":84,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":85,"text":"Antenna Techniques","rect":[451.510009765625,45.924034118652347,540.0880454101563,37.716033935546878]},{"page":85,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,105.5210952758789,139.22588119220735,100.7935791015625]},{"page":85,"text":"skywave path loss. This forces the jammer to move very close to the target or put out more power.","rect":[151.22000122070313,83.14140319824219,539.9295752048492,74.07779693603516]},{"page":85,"text":"Either tactic makes jamming more difficult.","rect":[151.22000122070313,94.68138122558594,325.97815918922427,85.6177749633789]},{"page":85,"text":"Operators  can  use  low  power  successfully.  Successful  near  vertical  incidence  skywave  is","rect":[151.22000122070313,108.24137878417969,539.9442642335891,99.18773651123047]},{"page":85,"text":"capable with very low power HF sets. This results in much lower probabilities of low probability","rect":[151.22000122070313,119.64140319824219,540.1035351753235,110.58776092529297]},{"page":85,"text":"of interception and detection.","rect":[151.22000122070313,131.14149475097657,268.17032837867739,122.10778045654297]},{"page":85,"text":"VHF AND UHF ANTENNAS","rect":[90.02400207519531,154.760009765625,239.73198229980469,146.45602416992188]},{"page":85,"text":"8-95. Army forces employ a wide array of VHF and UHF antennas to extend communications over a more","rect":[108.02000427246094,174.48143005371095,539.448790309906,165.4277801513672]},{"page":85,"text":"extended  range  and  to  more  users.  The  following  paragraphs  address  VHF  and  UHF  antennas  and  their","rect":[108.02001953125,186.00144958496095,539.9328299150467,176.9477996826172]},{"page":85,"text":"characteristics and capabilities.","rect":[108.02001953125,197.3815460205078,232.56987977027894,188.3478240966797]},{"page":85,"text":"Whip Antenna","rect":[90.02401733398438,222.3316192626953,159.52079343795777,212.49497985839845]},{"page":85,"text":"8-96. Whip antennas for VHF tactical radio sets are usually 4.5 meters (15 feet) long. A vehicular whip","rect":[108.02001953125,239.6415252685547,539.508442401886,230.58787536621095]},{"page":85,"text":"antenna in HF operations has a planning range of 400–4,000 kilometers (250–2,500 miles).","rect":[108.02003479003906,251.0415496826172,472.779855966568,241.98789978027345]},{"page":85,"text":"8-97. Lightweight portable FM radios use two whip antennas: 0.9-meter 2.9 feet long semi-rigid steel tape","rect":[108.02005004882813,268.5915222167969,540.0208728294373,259.53790283203127]},{"page":85,"text":"antenna, and a 3-meter (9.8 feet) long multi-section whip antenna. These antennas are shorter than a quarter","rect":[108.02006530761719,280.1115417480469,539.7709036455154,271.05792236328127]},{"page":85,"text":"wavelength to ensure they are a practical length. A quarter wavelength antenna for a 5.0 MHz radio would","rect":[108.02006530761719,291.63153076171877,539.383930683136,282.5779113769531]},{"page":85,"text":"be over 14 meters or 45.9 feet long. An antenna tuning unit, either built into the radio set or supplied with it,","rect":[108.02006530761719,303.1515197753906,539.5471289157867,294.097900390625]},{"page":85,"text":"compensates for the missing length of the antenna. The tuning unit varies the electrical length of the antenna","rect":[108.02006530761719,314.6715087890625,539.7492053489685,305.6178894042969]},{"page":85,"text":"to accommodate a range of frequencies.","rect":[108.02006530761719,326.0715026855469,267.2007849216461,317.01788330078127]},{"page":85,"text":"8-98. Whip antennas on tactical radio sets radiate equally in all directions on the horizontal plane. Since","rect":[108.02006530761719,343.59149169921877,539.4090564231873,334.5378723144531]},{"page":85,"text":"stations in a radio net lie in random directions and change their positions frequently, the radiation pattern is","rect":[108.02008056640625,355.1114807128906,539.8364761476516,346.057861328125]},{"page":85,"text":"ideal for tactical communications.","rect":[108.02008056640625,364.61956787109377,243.8346197605133,357.5778503417969]},{"page":85,"text":"8-99. When a whip antenna mounts on a vehicle, the metal of the vehicle affects the operation of the antenna.","rect":[108.02008056640625,384.1315612792969,539.7177832126617,375.09783935546877]},{"page":85,"text":"Thus, the direction in which the vehicle is facing may also affect transmission and reception, particularly of","rect":[108.02009582519531,395.67144775390627,539.7730398759842,386.6178283691406]},{"page":85,"text":"distant or weak signals. Tactical whip antennas are electrically short, vertical, base loaded types, fed with a","rect":[108.02009582519531,407.0714416503906,539.4277331809998,398.017822265625]},{"page":85,"text":"non-resonant coaxial cable of about 52 ohms impedance. Figure 8-19 is an example of a whip antenna.","rect":[108.02009582519531,418.5914306640625,519.0138647556305,409.5378112792969]},{"page":85,"text":"Figure 8-19. Whip antenna","rect":[252.7700958251953,637.8217163085938,377.1496984977722,628.5787963867188]},{"page":85,"text":"8-100. To attain efficiency with a tactical whip, comparable to that of a half-wave antenna, the height of","rect":[108.02009582519531,661.2814331054688,539.9185476884842,652.227783203125]},{"page":85,"text":"the vertical radiator should be a quarter wavelength. This is not always possible; therefore use the loaded","rect":[108.02009582519531,672.8014526367188,539.4177441596985,663.747802734375]},{"page":85,"text":"whip instead. The loading increases the electrical length of the vertical radiator to a quarter wavelength. The","rect":[108.02009582519531,684.3214721679688,539.6641833763123,675.267822265625]},{"page":85,"text":"ground, counterpoise, or any conducting surface large enough, supplies the missing quarter-wavelength of","rect":[108.02009582519531,695.7174682617188,540.0095511064529,686.663818359375]},{"page":85,"text":"the antenna.","rect":[108.02009582519531,705.2255249023438,156.18662476539613,698.183837890625]},{"page":85,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":85,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":85,"text":"8-23","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":86,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":86,"text":"8-101. Figure 8-20 shows the best direction for whip antennas mounted on vehicles. A vehicle with a whip","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.669819355011,74.08776092529297]},{"page":86,"text":"antenna mounted on the left rear side of the vehicle transmits its strongest signal in a line running from the","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,521.451475856781,85.62773895263672]},{"page":86,"text":"antenna through the right front side of the vehicle. Similarly, an antenna mounted on the right rear side of the","rect":[90.02399444580078,106.20140075683594,521.8414905052185,97.14775848388672]},{"page":86,"text":"vehicle radiates its strongest signal in a direction toward the left front side. Obtain the best reception from","rect":[90.02399444580078,117.60142517089844,521.5609527835846,108.54778289794922]},{"page":86,"text":"signals traveling in the direction shown by the dashed arrows on the figure. In some cases, the best path for","rect":[90.02399444580078,129.12144470214845,521.6406546220779,120.06780242919922]},{"page":86,"text":"transmission can be determined by driving the vehicle in a small circle until the best position is located.","rect":[90.02399444580078,140.64146423339845,521.5495703220367,131.5878143310547]},{"page":86,"text":"Normally, the best direction for receiving from a distant station is also the best direction for transmitting to","rect":[90.02399444580078,152.16148376464845,521.2923169136047,143.1078338623047]},{"page":86,"text":"that station.","rect":[90.02399444580078,161.66958618164063,136.52721619606019,154.6278533935547]},{"page":86,"text":"Figure 8-20. Whip antennas mounted on a vehicle","rect":[179.41998291015626,413.0117492675781,414.3191320915222,403.76885986328127]},{"page":86,"text":"8-102. A whip antenna mounted on a vehicle may require leaving the antenna fully extended for instant use","rect":[90.02398681640625,436.49151611328127,521.6754138450623,427.4378967285156]},{"page":86,"text":"while the vehicle is in motion. The base-mounted insulator of the whip is fitted with a coil spring attached to","rect":[90.02398681640625,448.0115051269531,521.8067212104797,438.9578857421875]},{"page":86,"text":"a mounting bracket on the vehicle. The spring base allows horizontal tie down of the whip antenna when the","rect":[90.02398681640625,459.531494140625,521.6356189231873,450.4778747558594]},{"page":86,"text":"vehicle is in motion, and when driving under low bridges or obstructions. Even in the vertical position, if the","rect":[90.02398681640625,471.0514831542969,521.5311877708435,461.99786376953127]},{"page":86,"text":"antenna hits an obstruction, the whip usually will not break because the spring base absorbs most of the","rect":[90.02398681640625,482.45147705078127,521.689512966156,473.3978576660156]},{"page":86,"text":"shock.","rect":[90.02398681640625,491.9595642089844,115.670969247818,484.9178466796875]},{"page":86,"text":"8-103. The energy leaving a whip antenna travels downward and the ground reflects the energy with","rect":[90.02398681640625,511.491455078125,521.6853222846985,502.4378356933594]},{"page":86,"text":"practically no loss. To obtain a greater distance in transmitting and receiving, necessary to raise the whip","rect":[90.02398681640625,523.011474609375,521.481342792511,513.9578247070313]},{"page":86,"text":"antenna.  When  raised,  the  efficiency  of  a  whip  antenna  decreases  because  it  is  further  from  the  ground.","rect":[90.02398681640625,534.5314331054688,521.5988867282867,525.477783203125]},{"page":86,"text":"Therefore, when using a whip antenna at the top of a mast, supply an elevated substitute for the ground plane.","rect":[90.02398681640625,546.0514526367188,521.4615576267242,536.997802734375]},{"page":86,"text":"DANGER","rect":[271.010009765625,578.0020141601563,322.85000463867189,569.1339721679688]},{"page":86,"text":"When fully extended while in motion, avoid antenna contact with","rect":[139.6999969482422,597.8316650390625,454.2681161756515,588.4991455078125]},{"page":86,"text":"overhead  power  lines.  Death  or  serious  injury  can  result  if a","rect":[139.6999969482422,609.3816528320313,453.91819215011597,600.0491333007813]},{"page":86,"text":"vehicular antenna strikes a high-voltage transmission line. When","rect":[139.6999969482422,620.9016723632813,454.08613985729218,611.6886596679688]},{"page":86,"text":"tied down, ensure the antenna tip protector is in place.","rect":[139.6999969482422,632.4121704101563,398.92891419029237,623.3286743164063]},{"page":86,"text":"Broadband Omnidirectional Antenna","rect":[72.02399444580078,669.4945678710938,248.729350566864,661.8549194335938]},{"page":86,"text":"8-104. The OE-254 is a broadband omnidirectional antenna that contains a balanced to the unbalanced","rect":[90.02399444580078,686.9994506835938,521.5200390815735,679.94775390625]},{"page":86,"text":"transformer and supports frequency hopping. Table 8-4 on page 8-25 shows the planning ranges for the OE-","rect":[90.02399444580078,700.5173950195313,522.0565481767654,691.4637451171875]},{"page":86,"text":"254 antenna. The OE-254 antenna—","rect":[90.02395629882813,709.9154663085938,236.92994022369386,702.86376953125]},{"page":86,"text":"8-24","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":86,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":86,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":87,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,80.4211196899414,139.22588119220735,75.693603515625]},{"page":87,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,94.00113677978516,139.22586593341829,89.27362060546875]},{"page":87,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,118.9611587524414,139.22586593341829,114.233642578125]},{"page":87,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,132.5211639404297,139.22586593341829,127.79364013671875]},{"page":87,"text":"Antenna Techniques","rect":[451.510009765625,45.924034118652347,540.0880454101563,37.716033935546878]},{"page":87,"text":"Operates in the 30–88 MHz range without any physical adjustments.","rect":[151.22000122070313,83.14140319824219,425.3424780368805,74.07779693603516]},{"page":87,"text":"Has an input impedance of 50 ohms unbalanced with an average voltage standing wave ratio of","rect":[151.21998596191407,96.72142028808594,539.6303396806717,87.66777801513672]},{"page":87,"text":"3:1 or less, at RF power levels up to 350 watts.","rect":[151.21998596191407,108.10152435302735,338.637277841568,99.06780242919922]},{"page":87,"text":"Capable of assembly and setup by one individual.","rect":[151.21998596191407,121.68144226074219,349.93775391578677,112.62779998779297]},{"page":87,"text":"Meets  the  broadband  and  power  handling  requirements  of  the  frequency  hopping  multiplexer","rect":[151.21998596191407,135.24143981933595,539.5306692705154,126.18779754638672]},{"page":87,"text":"(FHMUX).","rect":[151.21998596191407,146.6215362548828,196.38860535621644,137.5878143310547]},{"page":87,"text":"Table 8-4. OE-254 planning ranges","rect":[233.32998657226563,164.22171020507813,396.5120031852722,154.88919067382813]},{"page":87,"text":"COM 201B Antenna","rect":[90.02399444580078,331.76458740234377,186.72770261764527,324.13592529296877]},{"page":87,"text":"8-105. The COM 201B antenna is a commercial, VHF and UHF, vertically polarized, omnidirectional","rect":[108.0199966430664,351.1513977050781,539.6454669246674,342.0977783203125]},{"page":87,"text":"antenna. Its unique design supports quick employment to support different applications. The COM 201B","rect":[108.01998901367188,362.67138671875,539.5770968809128,353.6177673339844]},{"page":87,"text":"antenna has a tripod leg structure that allows mounting the antenna directly on the ground or on a standard","rect":[108.01998901367188,374.1913757324219,539.7890820503235,365.13775634765627]},{"page":87,"text":"communications  mast.  The  COM  201B  tripod  legs  provide  the  ground  wave  radiation  of  the  signal","rect":[108.01998901367188,385.71136474609377,539.6331988582612,376.6577453613281]},{"page":87,"text":"transmitted,  and  are  necessary  for  proper  operations.  The  COM  201B  supports  quick  assembly  and","rect":[108.01998901367188,397.1113586425781,539.745991230011,388.0577392578125]},{"page":87,"text":"disassembly for transport. This makes it ideal for situations where there is not enough time to erect an OE-","rect":[108.01998901367188,408.63134765625,540.1765432939529,399.5777282714844]},{"page":87,"text":"254 antenna.","rect":[108.01998901367188,418.1394348144531,158.9354956150055,411.2769775390625]},{"page":87,"text":"Note. The COM 201B is not an Army-issued replacement for the OE-254 antenna.","rect":[133.22000122070313,443.5713806152344,463.53504395484927,434.51776123046877]},{"page":87,"text":"8-106. The antennas ease of operations makes it ideal for use as a field expedient antenna or mounting to a","rect":[108.0199966430664,475.73138427734377,540.0135486106873,466.6777648925781]},{"page":87,"text":"vehicle when requiring more elevation. The eye fitting at the top of the antenna facilitates suspending it from","rect":[108.01998901367188,487.1313781738281,539.8160187015534,478.0777587890625]},{"page":87,"text":"buildings or trees when a mast is not available and when requiring more height.","rect":[108.01998901367188,498.6513671875,425.78382325172427,489.5977478027344]},{"page":87,"text":"8-107.","rect":[108.01998901367188,514.159423828125,133.909982919693,507.2969970703125]},{"page":87,"text":"","rect":[133.219970703125,527.0111083984375,139.2258506746292,522.2835693359375]},{"page":87,"text":"","rect":[133.21995544433595,540.4511108398438,139.22583541584016,535.7235717773438]},{"page":87,"text":"","rect":[133.21995544433595,554.0111083984375,139.22583541584016,549.2835693359375]},{"page":87,"text":"","rect":[133.21995544433595,578.9710693359375,139.22583541584016,574.2435302734375]},{"page":87,"text":"","rect":[133.21995544433595,592.5311279296875,139.22583541584016,587.8035888671875]},{"page":87,"text":"","rect":[133.21995544433595,606.0010986328125,139.22583541584016,601.2735595703125]},{"page":87,"text":"","rect":[133.21995544433595,619.5610961914063,139.22583541584016,614.8335571289063]},{"page":87,"text":"The COM 201B antenna has the following characteristics and capabilities—","rect":[142.57998657226563,516.17138671875,447.9099817276001,507.11773681640627]},{"page":87,"text":"Operates in the 30–88 MHz range.","rect":[151.219970703125,529.7313842773438,289.25892090797427,520.677734375]},{"page":87,"text":"Vertically polarized.","rect":[151.21995544433595,543.17138671875,233.3202612400055,534.1177368164063]},{"page":87,"text":"Input impedance of 50 ohms unbalanced with an average voltage standing wave ratio of 2.5:1, at","rect":[151.21995544433595,556.7313842773438,539.6600543270112,547.677734375]},{"page":87,"text":"RF power levels up to 200 watts.","rect":[151.21995544433595,568.1114501953125,282.9209997653961,559.0777587890625]},{"page":87,"text":"Maximum power towards the horizon with a typical antenna gain of 0 dBi.","rect":[151.21995544433595,581.6913452148438,450.29480957984927,572.6376953125]},{"page":87,"text":"Does not require active tuning.","rect":[151.21995544433595,595.2514038085938,274.66422486305239,586.19775390625]},{"page":87,"text":"One individual can assemble and erect.","rect":[151.21995544433595,606.7194213867188,307.65177369117739,599.667724609375]},{"page":87,"text":"Assembly can be stored in a space less than 36 inches long by 10 inches in diameter.","rect":[151.21995544433595,622.2813720703125,489.44166016578677,613.2277221679688]},{"page":87,"text":"Quick Erect Antenna Mast","rect":[90.02395629882813,646.7271728515625,216.8735245771408,637.2548828125]},{"page":87,"text":"8-108. The quick erect antenna mast, AB 1386/U is used for elevating tactical communications antennas to","rect":[108.01995849609375,664.4013671875,539.7954297065735,655.3477172851563]},{"page":87,"text":"a  maximum  height  of  33  feet  (10  meters)  which  results  in  more  reliable  communications  over  extended","rect":[108.01995849609375,675.8013916015625,539.5471386909485,666.7477416992188]},{"page":87,"text":"ranges. The quick erect antenna mast uses the same antenna elements and RF cable as the OE-254 antenna.","rect":[108.01995849609375,687.3213500976563,540.0144140720367,678.2677001953125]},{"page":87,"text":"The quick erect antenna mast mounts to the OE-254 and WIN-T antenna.","rect":[108.01995849609375,698.8174438476563,401.16044068336489,689.7837524414063]},{"page":87,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":87,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":87,"text":"8-25","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":88,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":88,"text":"8-109. The  mast  can  deploy  and  operate  in  a  ground  or  vehicular  (wheeled  and  tracked)  mounted","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.426411151886,74.08776092529297]},{"page":88,"text":"configuration. The antenna erects in less than 8 minutes with 2 Soldiers and in 15 minutes with one Soldier.","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,520.9871923923492,85.62773895263672]},{"page":88,"text":"VHF Half-Rhombic Antenna","rect":[72.02399444580078,117.41456604003906,208.29871702194215,109.77488708496094]},{"page":88,"text":"8-110. The OE-303, VHF half-rhombic antenna is a vertically polarized antenna that, when used with VHF","rect":[90.02399444580078,136.8014373779297,521.8161413688659,127.74779510498047]},{"page":88,"text":"FM tactical radios, extends the range of transmission considerably, and provides degrees of EP. The half-","rect":[90.02399444580078,148.32139587402345,522.0565481767654,139.2677459716797]},{"page":88,"text":"rhombic antenna, when properly employed, decreases VHF FM radio susceptibility to hostile EW operations","rect":[90.02399444580078,159.84141540527345,521.7006118898391,150.7877655029297]},{"page":88,"text":"and enhances the communications ranges of the deployed radio sets. This effect occurs by directing the","rect":[90.02399444580078,171.36143493652345,521.8788440208435,162.3077850341797]},{"page":88,"text":"maximum signal strength in the direction of the desired friendly unit.","rect":[90.02399444580078,182.7613983154297,366.0256140232086,173.70774841308595]},{"page":88,"text":"8-111. The VHF half-rhombic antenna is a high gain, lightweight, directional antenna. It operates over the","rect":[90.02399444580078,200.2814178466797,521.534971950531,191.22776794433595]},{"page":88,"text":"frequency range of 30–88 MHz. The antenna and ancillary equipment, guy wires, stakes, tools, and mast","rect":[90.02399444580078,211.8014373779297,521.8551226863862,202.74778747558595]},{"page":88,"text":"sections fit in a carrying bag for manpack or vehicular transportation.","rect":[90.02399444580078,223.3214569091797,367.0814001560211,214.26780700683595]},{"page":88,"text":"8-112. The planning range for the OE-303 is equivalent to the planning range of the OE-254. The OE-303","rect":[90.02399444580078,240.84141540527345,522.0399975776672,231.7877655029297]},{"page":88,"text":"half rhombic antenna is used with the AB-1244 mast assembly, consisting of 12 tubular mast sections five","rect":[90.02398681640625,252.24143981933595,521.6778552513123,243.1877899169922]},{"page":88,"text":"lower-mast sections, one mast transition adapter, five upper-mast sections, and antenna adapter, a mast base","rect":[90.02398681640625,263.7715148925781,521.7382800559998,254.73777770996095]},{"page":88,"text":"assembly, and different ancillary equipment. Stabilization of the erected mast assembly occurs by a two-","rect":[90.02398681640625,275.3114318847656,522.0564871416092,266.2578125]},{"page":88,"text":"level, four-way guying system. Figure 8-21 is an example of the OE-303 VHF half-rhombic antenna.","rect":[90.02398681640625,286.8314208984375,494.00135254859927,277.7778015136719]},{"page":88,"text":"8-26","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":88,"text":"","rect":[115.21997833251953,582.451171875,121.22585830402375,577.7236328125]},{"page":88,"text":"","rect":[115.21997833251953,618.961181640625,121.22585830402375,614.233642578125]},{"page":88,"text":"Figure 8-21. OE-303 half-rhombic VHF antenna","rect":[186.61997985839845,565.6716918945313,407.13523316574097,556.3391723632813]},{"page":88,"text":"The  OE-303  antenna  handles  RF  power  levels  up  to  200  watts.  It  matches  nominal  50-ohm","rect":[133.219970703125,585.1514892578125,522.1482940921784,576.1177978515625]},{"page":88,"text":"impedance with a voltage standing wave ratio of no more than 2:1, over the entire frequency range","rect":[133.219970703125,596.6914672851563,521.6896960716248,587.6378173828125]},{"page":88,"text":"of the antenna.","rect":[133.219970703125,606.1094360351563,192.1632788181305,599.0677490234375]},{"page":88,"text":"The OE-303 half rhombic antenna has the following characteristics and capabilities—","rect":[133.219970703125,621.6814575195313,476.9799585342407,612.6278076171875]},{"page":88,"text":" Erected in a geographical area of 53.3 meters (175 feet) in diameter, or less, depending upon","rect":[133.219970703125,635.8414306640625,522.0620312690735,626.7877807617188]},{"page":88,"text":"the frequency.","rect":[151.219970703125,647.241455078125,208.26087403297425,638.1878051757813]},{"page":88,"text":" Mounted on any structure approximately 15.2 meters 50 feet in height.","rect":[133.219970703125,661.4014282226563,433.5661108493805,652.3477783203125]},{"page":88,"text":" Azimuth directional change within 1 minute.","rect":[133.219970703125,675.44140625,330.4003393650055,666.3877563476563]},{"page":88,"text":" Transported by manpack or tactical vehicle when fitted into a package.","rect":[133.219970703125,689.4813842773438,434.34293580055239,680.427734375]},{"page":88,"text":" Operation with the four-port FHMUX.","rect":[133.219970703125,703.4974365234375,305.81998658180239,694.4637451171875]},{"page":88,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":88,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":89,"text":"Antenna Techniques","rect":[451.510009765625,45.924034118652347,540.0880454101563,37.716033935546878]},{"page":89,"text":"8-113. The OE-303 half-rhombic antenna supports special applications and is a task assigned as required.","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,539.8084814548492,74.08776092529297]},{"page":89,"text":"Its primary use is on command and intelligence networks to a higher headquarters. Units that habitually","rect":[108.01998901367188,94.68138122558594,539.606831073761,85.62773895263672]},{"page":89,"text":"operate  over  extended  distances  from  parent  units  and  special  task  units  use  the  OE-303  half-rhombic","rect":[108.01998901367188,106.18148040771485,539.9366443138123,97.14775848388672]},{"page":89,"text":"antenna.","rect":[108.01998901367188,115.5895004272461,141.4699957370758,109.54378509521485]},{"page":89,"text":"High Frequency Antennas Usable at VHF and UHF","rect":[90.02398681640625,142.55364990234376,332.3671745958328,132.69493103027345]},{"page":89,"text":"8-114. Simple vertical half-wave dipole doublet and quarter wave monopole antenna are very popular for","rect":[108.01998901367188,159.8414764404297,539.7681570634842,150.78782653808595]},{"page":89,"text":"omnidirectional transmission and reception over short-range distances. For longer distances, typically use","rect":[108.01998901367188,171.3614959716797,539.7377917747498,162.30784606933595]},{"page":89,"text":"rhombic antennas made of wire similar in design to HF versions to provide an advantage at frequencies as","rect":[108.01998901367188,182.7615203857422,539.4473159914016,173.70787048339845]},{"page":89,"text":"high as 1 GHz.","rect":[108.01998901367188,194.2815399169922,167.81983399391175,185.22789001464845]},{"page":89,"text":"8-115. The dipole doublet antenna also considered a center fed antenna is a half-wave antenna consisting","rect":[108.01998901367188,211.8015594482422,540.140522480011,202.74790954589845]},{"page":89,"text":"of two-quarter wavelength sections on each side of the center. Figure 8-22 is an example of the improvised","rect":[108.01998901367188,223.3215789794922,539.810444355011,214.26792907714845]},{"page":89,"text":"dipole doublet antenna used with FM radios.","rect":[108.01998901367188,234.82167053222657,286.403635263443,225.78794860839845]},{"page":89,"text":"Figure 8-22. Half-wave dipole (doublet) antenna","rect":[202.72998046875,449.6318359375,426.98508668136597,440.29931640625]},{"page":89,"text":"8-116. A transmission line conducts electrical energy from one point to another and transfers the output of","rect":[108.01998138427735,473.0915832519531,539.8932180986404,464.0379638671875]},{"page":89,"text":"a transmitter to an antenna. It is possible to connect an antenna directly to a transmitter; the antenna generally","rect":[108.01997375488281,484.611572265625,539.7762036323547,475.5579528808594]},{"page":89,"text":"is located distances away. In a vehicular installation, for example, the antenna is mounted outside, and the","rect":[108.01997375488281,496.1315612792969,539.843321559906,487.07794189453127]},{"page":89,"text":"transmitter inside the vehicle.","rect":[108.01997375488281,505.6396484375,226.07593750953675,498.5979309082031]},{"page":89,"text":"8-117. Operators may use pieces of wood to support center-fed half-wave FM antennas. These antennas","rect":[108.01997375488281,525.0515747070313,539.8879287843704,515.9979248046875]},{"page":89,"text":"rotate to any position to obtain the best performance. If the antenna is vertical, position the transmission line","rect":[108.01997375488281,536.5715942382813,539.9624011497498,527.5179443359375]},{"page":89,"text":"horizontally from the antenna, for a distance equal to at least one-half of the antenna’s length, before dropping","rect":[108.01997375488281,548.091552734375,540.012592792511,539.0379028320313]},{"page":89,"text":"down to the radio set.","rect":[108.01995849609375,557.599609375,194.27355408668519,550.5579223632813]},{"page":89,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":89,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":89,"text":"8-27","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":90,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":90,"text":"8-118.","rect":[90.02399444580078,81.10955810546875,115.91399598121643,74.26703643798828]},{"page":90,"text":"Figure 8-23 is an example of a horizontal (A) and vertical (B) center-fed half-wave antenna.","rect":[124.57999420166016,83.14140319824219,492.97062134742739,74.08776092529297]},{"page":90,"text":"Figure 8-23. Center-fed half-wave antenna","rect":[197.77999877929688,382.2916564941406,396.2465002555847,372.9591369628906]},{"page":90,"text":"8-119. Figure 8-24 on page 8-29 is an example of an improvised vertical half-wave antenna. FM radios","rect":[90.02400207519531,405.63140869140627,522.1138809328079,396.5777587890625]},{"page":90,"text":"primarily use this technique. An improvised vertical half-wave antenna is effective in heavily wooded areas","rect":[90.02400207519531,417.1513671875,521.9019668703079,408.0977478027344]},{"page":90,"text":"to increase the range of portable radios. The top guy wire can connect to a limb or pass over the limb and","rect":[90.02400207519531,428.67138671875,521.5326733589172,419.6177673339844]},{"page":90,"text":"connect to the tree trunk or a stake.","rect":[90.02400207519531,438.1994934082031,230.2409155368805,431.15777587890627]},{"page":90,"text":"8-28","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":90,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":90,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":91,"text":"Antenna Techniques","rect":[451.510009765625,45.924034118652347,540.0880454101563,37.716033935546878]},{"page":91,"text":"Figure 8-24. Improvised vertical half-wave antenna","rect":[195.25999450683595,500.63165283203127,434.78647828292847,491.29913330078127]},{"page":91,"text":"SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS ANTENNAS","rect":[90.02400207519531,530.0499877929688,298.71283531188967,521.7459716796875]},{"page":91,"text":"8-120. The most important consideration in addressing line of sight equipment is the antenna elevation with","rect":[108.02000427246094,549.7714233398438,539.8432202339172,540.7177734375]},{"page":91,"text":"respect to the path terrain. Choose sites that exploit natural elevations.","rect":[108.02000427246094,561.271484375,388.1749975681305,552.23779296875]},{"page":91,"text":"8-121. The  most  important  consideration  in  siting  over-the-horizon  systems  is  the  antenna  horizon","rect":[108.02000427246094,578.8114624023438,540.1496777534485,569.7578125]},{"page":91,"text":"screening angles at the terminals. As the horizon angle increases, the transmission loss increases, resulting in","rect":[108.02000427246094,590.3314819335938,539.6867260932922,581.27783203125]},{"page":91,"text":"a weaker signal.","rect":[108.02000427246094,601.8514404296875,172.5010015964508,592.7977905273438]},{"page":91,"text":"8-122. The effect of the horizon on transmission loss is very significant. Except where the consideration of","rect":[108.02000427246094,619.2814331054688,539.6653738603592,610.227783203125]},{"page":91,"text":"one or more other factors outweighs the effect of horizon angles, the site with the most negative angle should","rect":[108.02000427246094,630.8014526367188,539.7973217964172,621.747802734375]},{"page":91,"text":"be the first choice. If no sites with negative angles exist, the site with the smallest positive angle should be","rect":[108.02000427246094,642.3214721679688,539.696593044281,633.267822265625]},{"page":91,"text":"the first choice.","rect":[108.02000427246094,651.8295288085938,169.71229004859925,644.787841796875]},{"page":91,"text":"8-123. The horizon angle can be determined by using transit at each site and sighting along the circuit path.","rect":[108.02000427246094,671.3615112304688,539.8659765720367,662.307861328125]},{"page":91,"text":"The on-site survey determines the visual horizon angle. The radio horizon angle is slightly different from the","rect":[108.02000427246094,682.8814697265625,539.5917346458435,673.8278198242188]},{"page":91,"text":"visual horizon angle: the difference is generally insignificant.","rect":[108.02000427246094,694.2774658203125,353.26502442359927,685.2238159179688]},{"page":91,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":91,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":91,"text":"8-29","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":92,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":92,"text":"8-124. Measure the horizon angle between the tangent at the exact location of the antenna and a direct line","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.5430896263123,74.08776092529297]},{"page":92,"text":"of sight to the horizon. The tangent line is a right angle 90 degrees to a plumb line at the antenna site. If the","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,521.4514148216248,85.62773895263672]},{"page":92,"text":"line of sight to the horizon is below the tangent line, the horizon angel is negative.","rect":[90.02399444580078,106.20140075683594,418.3510229587555,97.14775848388672]},{"page":92,"text":"8-125. Trees, building, hills, or the Earth can block a portion of the UHF signals, causing an obstruction","rect":[90.02399444580078,123.60142517089844,521.5559277534485,114.54778289794922]},{"page":92,"text":"loss. To avoid signal loss due to obstruction and shielding required clearance between the direct line of sight","rect":[90.02399444580078,135.12144470214845,521.5709429988862,126.06780242919922]},{"page":92,"text":"and the terrain, use path profile plots to determine if adequate clearance in line of sight systems.","rect":[90.02399444580078,146.64146423339845,473.117258310318,137.5878143310547]},{"page":92,"text":"8-126. SATCOM sets weaken or distort signals may result from operated near steel bridges, water towers,","rect":[90.02399444580078,164.16148376464845,521.575754404068,155.1078338623047]},{"page":92,"text":"power lines, or power units. The presence of congested air-traffic conditions on the proximity of microwave","rect":[90.02399444580078,175.68150329589845,521.7325427513123,166.6278533935547]},{"page":92,"text":"equipment can result in significant signal fading.","rect":[90.02399444580078,187.20152282714845,284.92127442359927,178.1478729248047]},{"page":92,"text":"8-127. For line of sight and TACSAT communications, the AN/PSC-5 family of radios is the most widely","rect":[90.02399444580078,204.60154724121095,521.9576001167297,195.5478973388672]},{"page":92,"text":"used radios. The AN/PSC-5 provides a line of sight communications with the AS-3566 antenna and long-","rect":[90.02399444580078,216.12156677246095,522.0566702470779,207.0679168701172]},{"page":92,"text":"range SATCOM with the AS-3567 and AS-3568 antennas. The AS-3566, AS-3567, and AS-3568 antennas","rect":[90.02399444580078,227.64158630371095,521.9084365968704,218.5879364013672]},{"page":92,"text":"characteristics are as follows—","rect":[90.02399444580078,237.14968872070313,215.2099847793579,230.1079559326172]},{"page":92,"text":"","rect":[115.21998596191406,250.24131774902345,121.22586593341828,245.5137939453125]},{"page":92,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,348.07110595703127,121.22588119220734,343.3435974121094]},{"page":92,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,459.9311218261719,121.22588119220734,455.20361328125]},{"page":92,"text":"AS-3566, Low Gain Antenna.","rect":[133.21998596191407,251.0,258.36194825172427,244.0673065185547]},{"page":92,"text":" Frequency range (line of sight): 30–400 MHz.","rect":[133.21998596191407,266.7915954589844,335.9470007419586,257.73797607421877]},{"page":92,"text":" DAMA: 225–400 MHz.","rect":[133.21998596191407,278.8196716308594,247.63749146461488,271.947265625]},{"page":92,"text":" Non DAMA: 225–400 MHz.","rect":[133.219970703125,292.85968017578127,267.4269812107086,285.9872741699219]},{"page":92,"text":" Polarization: directional.","rect":[133.22000122070313,307.01947021484377,249.97339844703675,299.9777526855469]},{"page":92,"text":" Power capability: determined by terminating resistor.","rect":[133.22000122070313,323.0713806152344,364.1847631931305,314.01776123046877]},{"page":92,"text":" Azimuth (bearing): directional.","rect":[133.22000122070313,337.1113586425781,275.720041513443,328.0577392578125]},{"page":92,"text":"AS-3567, Medium Gain Antenna.","rect":[133.22000122070313,349.0,275.6226599216461,341.8971252441406]},{"page":92,"text":" Frequency range: 225–399.995 MHz.","rect":[133.22000122070313,364.59136962890627,301.48719239234927,355.7170104980469]},{"page":92,"text":" Beamwidth: 85 degrees.","rect":[133.22000122070313,378.6313781738281,247.94158387184144,369.5777587890625]},{"page":92,"text":" Orientation: Directional.","rect":[133.22000122070313,390.6694030761719,249.27622437477113,383.61773681640627]},{"page":92,"text":" Elevation (0–90 degrees).","rect":[133.22000122070313,406.8313903808594,254.26421570777894,397.77777099609377]},{"page":92,"text":" Input impedance: 50 ohms.","rect":[133.22000122070313,420.85150146484377,259.79398560523989,411.8177795410156]},{"page":92,"text":" Voltage standing wave ratio: 1.5:1","rect":[133.22000122070313,434.931396484375,289.1660656929016,425.8777770996094]},{"page":92,"text":" Gain: 6 dB (225–318 MHz). 5 dB (318–399.995 MHz).","rect":[133.22000122070313,448.9515075683594,373.73368287086489,439.91778564453127]},{"page":92,"text":"AS-3568, High Gain Antenna.","rect":[133.22000122070313,462.6513977050781,260.63282227516177,453.75714111328127]},{"page":92,"text":" Frequency range: 240–400 MHz.","rect":[133.22000122070313,476.4513854980469,283.8878881931305,467.5770263671875]},{"page":92,"text":" Beamwidth: 77 degrees.","rect":[133.22000122070313,490.61138916015627,247.94158387184144,481.5577697753906]},{"page":92,"text":" Orientation: Directional.","rect":[133.22000122070313,502.6494445800781,249.27622437477113,495.5977783203125]},{"page":92,"text":" Elevation: (0 to 90 degrees).","rect":[133.22000122070313,518.6914672851563,264.8241674900055,509.6378173828125]},{"page":92,"text":" Azimuth: +180 degrees.","rect":[133.22000122070313,532.7314453125,247.56307435035706,523.6777954101563]},{"page":92,"text":" Input impedance: 50 ohms.","rect":[133.22000122070313,546.75146484375,259.79398560523989,537.7177734375]},{"page":92,"text":" Voltage standing wave ratio: 1.5:1.","rect":[133.22000122070313,560.8114013671875,291.695871591568,551.7577514648438]},{"page":92,"text":" Gain: 8 dB (240–318 MHz) and 6 dB (318–400 MHz).","rect":[133.22000122070313,574.8314208984375,370.763986825943,565.7977294921875]},{"page":92,"text":" Power: up to 140 watts.","rect":[133.22000122070313,588.8714599609375,245.7404272556305,580.0170288085938]},{"page":92,"text":"FIELD REPAIR","rect":[72.02401733398438,614.1400146484375,172.0168695964813,604.6489868164063]},{"page":92,"text":"8-128. Antennas that are broken or damaged cause poor communications or even communications failure.","rect":[90.02401733398438,634.4014282226563,521.6798193454742,625.3477783203125]},{"page":92,"text":"If a spare antenna is available, replace the damaged antenna. When a spare is not available, the user may have","rect":[90.02401733398438,645.92138671875,521.7304065208435,636.8677368164063]},{"page":92,"text":"to  construct  an  emergency  antenna.  The  following  paragraphs  provide  recommendations  on  repairing","rect":[90.02401733398438,657.44140625,521.6606640815735,648.3877563476563]},{"page":92,"text":"antennas and antenna supports.","rect":[90.02401733398438,668.94140625,214.32486939430238,659.90771484375]},{"page":92,"text":"8-30","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":92,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":92,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":93,"text":"Antenna Techniques","rect":[451.510009765625,45.924034118652347,540.0880454101563,37.716033935546878]},{"page":93,"text":"REPAIR OF A WHIP ANTENNA","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.20797729492188,235.45514011383058,74.927978515625]},{"page":93,"text":"8-129. If a whip antenna is broken into two sections, temporarily repair the antenna by rejoining the","rect":[108.01997375488281,102.96141052246094,539.5957019309998,93.8978042602539]},{"page":93,"text":"sections. Remove the paint and clean the sections to ensure a good electrical connection. Place the sections","rect":[108.01997375488281,114.48143005371094,539.5770156984329,105.42778778076172]},{"page":93,"text":"together, secure them with a pole or branch, and lash them with bare wire or tape above and below the break","rect":[108.01997375488281,126.00144958496094,540.1217846870422,116.94780731201172]},{"page":93,"text":"(see figure 8-25 antenna A).","rect":[108.01997375488281,137.40147399902345,220.39280152320863,128.34776306152345]},{"page":93,"text":"8-130. For severely damaged whip antennas, use a length of field wire direct-1/TT the same length as the","rect":[108.01998901367188,154.9214324951172,539.9389636497498,145.86778259277345]},{"page":93,"text":"original antenna. Remove the insulation from the lower end of the field wire antenna, twist the conductors","rect":[108.01998901367188,166.44139099121095,539.9716079835891,157.3877410888672]},{"page":93,"text":"together, insert them in the antenna base connector, and secure with a wooden block. Use either a pole or a","rect":[108.01998901367188,177.96141052246095,539.5870349388123,168.9077606201172]},{"page":93,"text":"tree to support the antenna wire (see figure 8-25, antenna B).","rect":[108.01998901367188,189.48143005371095,351.2050268650055,180.4277801513672]},{"page":93,"text":"Figure 8-25. Field repair of broken whip antennas","rect":[198.260009765625,456.3516540527344,431.50742554855347,447.0191345214844]},{"page":93,"text":"WIRE ANTENNAS","rect":[90.02401733398438,485.8780212402344,175.32285118103028,477.5980224609375]},{"page":93,"text":"8-131. Emergency repair of a wire antenna may involve the repair or replacement of the wire used as the","rect":[108.02001953125,505.6114196777344,539.589903591156,496.55780029296877]},{"page":93,"text":"antenna or transmission line. It may also require the repair or replacement of the assembly used to support","rect":[108.02001953125,517.1314086914063,539.8744708309174,508.0777587890625]},{"page":93,"text":"the  antenna.  When  one  or  more  antenna  wires  are  broken,  reconnecting  the  broken  wires  can  repair  the","rect":[108.02001953125,528.6514282226563,539.4584338645935,519.5977783203125]},{"page":93,"text":"antenna. To do this, lower the antenna to the ground, clean the ends of the wires, and twist the wires together.","rect":[108.02001953125,540.0514526367188,539.6567480564117,530.997802734375]},{"page":93,"text":"When possible, solder the connection and reassemble.","rect":[108.02001953125,551.5514526367188,324.019846200943,542.5177612304688]},{"page":93,"text":"8-132. Damaged antenna supports may require using a substitute for the damaged support and if properly","rect":[108.02001953125,569.0913696289063,540.080708026886,560.0377197265625]},{"page":93,"text":"insulated may consist of any material of adequate strength. Radiating elements not correctly insulated may","rect":[108.02001953125,580.6113891601563,540.1530957221985,571.5577392578125]},{"page":93,"text":"short field antennas to ground and be ineffective.","rect":[108.02001953125,592.1314086914063,303.951975107193,583.0777587890625]},{"page":93,"text":"8-133. Operators may use many common items as expedient field insulators. Plastic or glass, including","rect":[108.02001953125,609.6813354492188,539.9646191596985,600.627685546875]},{"page":93,"text":"plastic spoons, buttons, bottlenecks, and plastic bags is the best  insulator. Wood and rope also act as","rect":[108.02001953125,621.0813598632813,539.4575698976516,612.0277099609375]},{"page":93,"text":"insulators, although they are less effective than plastic and glass. The radiating element, the actual antenna","rect":[108.02001953125,632.6013793945313,539.7963855247498,623.5477294921875]},{"page":93,"text":"wire, should only touch the antenna terminal, and physically separated from all other objects other than the","rect":[108.02001953125,644.121337890625,539.4504382591248,635.0577392578125]},{"page":93,"text":"supporting insulator.","rect":[108.02001953125,655.6412963867188,190.6880133152008,646.587646484375]},{"page":93,"text":"8-134. Figure 8-26 on page 8-32 is an example of field expedient antenna insulators.","rect":[108.02001953125,673.1614379882813,452.1454870700836,664.107666015625]},{"page":93,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":93,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":93,"text":"8-31","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":94,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.6239951171875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":94,"text":"Figure 8-26. Examples of field expedient antenna insulators","rect":[155.89999389648438,439.0716247558594,437.8915197868347,429.7391052246094]},{"page":94,"text":"ANTENNA GUYS","rect":[72.02398681640625,468.6099853515625,151.44428062438966,460.29400634765627]},{"page":94,"text":"8-135. Antenna guys stabilize the supports for an antenna. They usually made of wire, manila rope, or nylon","rect":[90.02398681640625,488.3313903808594,521.8284497261047,479.27777099609377]},{"page":94,"text":"rope. Repair broken guy rope by tying the two broken ends together. If the rope is too short after completing","rect":[90.02398681640625,499.85137939453127,521.9989819526672,490.7977600097656]},{"page":94,"text":"the tie, add another piece of rope or a piece of dry wood or cloth to lengthen it. Broken guy wire can replace","rect":[90.02398681640625,511.2513732910156,521.9140613059998,502.19775390625]},{"page":94,"text":"another piece of wire. To ensure that the guys made of wire do not affect the operation of the antenna, cut","rect":[90.02398681640625,522.7714233398438,521.7680255184174,513.7177734375]},{"page":94,"text":"the wire into several short lengths and connect the pieces with insulators. Figure 8-27 on page 8-33 shows an","rect":[90.02398681640625,534.2913818359375,522.0222973823547,525.2377319335938]},{"page":94,"text":"example of repaired guy lines with wood.","rect":[90.02398681640625,545.8114624023438,256.33985352516177,536.7578125]},{"page":94,"text":"8-32","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":94,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":94,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":95,"text":"Antenna Techniques","rect":[451.510009765625,45.924034118652347,540.0880454101563,37.716033935546878]},{"page":95,"text":"Figure 8-27. Repaired antenna guy lines and masts","rect":[194.4199981689453,467.99163818359377,435.44614625167847,458.7487487792969]},{"page":95,"text":"ANTENNA MASTS","rect":[90.02400207519531,497.4922180175781,176.15787315368653,489.2380065917969]},{"page":95,"text":"8-136. Masts support antennas and if broken, replace the mast with another mast of the same length. When","rect":[108.02000427246094,517.2514038085938,539.6951489448547,508.19775390625]},{"page":95,"text":"long poles are not available as replacements, overlap and lash short poles together with rope or wire to provide","rect":[108.02000427246094,528.6514282226563,539.7862536888123,519.5977783203125]},{"page":95,"text":"a pole of the required length.","rect":[108.02000427246094,540.1714477539063,223.31522583961488,531.1177978515625]},{"page":95,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":95,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":95,"text":"8-33","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":96,"text":"This page intentionally left blank.","rect":[188.77999877929688,390.36138916015627,405.22001099586489,375.853759765625]},{"page":97,"text":"Chapter 9","rect":[287.3299865722656,129.4519805908203,342.661990234375,118.36397552490235]},{"page":97,"text":"Tactical Radio Key Management Techniques","rect":[146.0599822998047,153.9556427001953,483.79056910324098,139.192626953125]},{"page":97,"text":"Key Management Infrastructure is a single, automated, network-accessible, electronic-","rect":[126.01998138427735,188.51361083984376,504.17656412792209,178.36785888671876]},{"page":97,"text":"based key management system, and a predominantly electronic cryptographic product","rect":[126.01998138427735,201.23358154296876,503.9986854190826,191.08782958984376]},{"page":97,"text":"delivery infrastructure. The chapter addresses key management techniques protecting","rect":[126.01998138427735,213.83355712890626,503.886088848114,203.68780517578126]},{"page":97,"text":"voice, data, and video information over tactical radio networks.","rect":[126.01998138427735,225.0,405.07030272483828,216.40777587890626]},{"page":97,"text":"KEY MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE","rect":[90.02398681640625,251.99050903320313,363.7582041444779,242.2607879638672]},{"page":97,"text":"9-1. Key management infrastructure (KMI) is a unified, scalable, interoperable, and trusted infrastructure","rect":[108.01998901367188,272.0713195800781,539.681212184906,263.0177001953125]},{"page":97,"text":"that provides net-centric key management services to systems that rely on cryptography while serving the","rect":[108.01998901367188,283.59130859375,540.0710437278748,274.5376892089844]},{"page":97,"text":"DOD  and  the  broader  cryptographic  community.  KMI  builds  on  the  foundation  for  a  new  automated","rect":[108.01998901367188,295.1112976074219,539.9873242378235,286.05767822265627]},{"page":97,"text":"infrastructure to deliver key management products and services to support the warfighter. KMI provides the","rect":[108.01998901367188,306.63128662109377,539.9509265403748,297.5776672363281]},{"page":97,"text":"foundation for key management in a general-purpose networking environment.","rect":[108.01998901367188,318.0312805175781,423.4674780368805,308.9776611328125]},{"page":97,"text":"9-2. KMI  automates  the  functions  of  key  management,  control,  and  distribution,  EP  generation  and","rect":[108.01998901367188,335.55126953125,539.752583026886,326.4976501464844]},{"page":97,"text":"distribution, signal operating instruction management. The commander appoints a KOAM to manage the","rect":[108.01998901367188,347.0712585449219,540.0269763450623,338.01763916015627]},{"page":97,"text":"account. KOAMs oversee COMSEC policies and procedures to subordinate units and mitigate COMSEC","rect":[108.01998901367188,358.59124755859377,540.004892291069,349.5376281738281]},{"page":97,"text":"risk for the command.","rect":[108.02000427246094,368.0993347167969,196.1062262058258,361.0576171875]},{"page":97,"text":"9-3. The KMI account provides commanders the necessary tools to work with the widely proliferating","rect":[108.02000427246094,387.6312255859375,539.7403149604797,378.5776062011719]},{"page":97,"text":"COMSEC systems associated with the WIN-T, JTIDS, SINCGARS, and other keying methods, electronic","rect":[108.02000427246094,399.0312194824219,539.6307361106873,389.97760009765627]},{"page":97,"text":"key generation, over-the-air rekeying, and electronic bulk encryption and transfer fielded by the Army.","rect":[108.02000427246094,410.55120849609377,519.253244638443,401.4975891113281]},{"page":97,"text":"9-4. The KMI hardware and software provide communications planners the ability to design, develop,","rect":[108.02000427246094,428.0711975097656,539.4588720798492,419.017578125]},{"page":97,"text":"generate,  distribute,  and  manage  decentralized  and  automated  communications-electronics  operating","rect":[108.02000427246094,439.6112060546875,539.929340839386,430.5575866699219]},{"page":97,"text":"instructions  and  signal  operating  instructions.  The  KOAM  produces  the  EP  fill  variables  to  support","rect":[108.02000427246094,451.1311950683594,539.8595172176362,442.07757568359377]},{"page":97,"text":"SINCGARS in electronic formats. The KMI software also produces signal operating instructions in either","rect":[108.02000427246094,462.53118896484377,539.6365042314529,453.4775695800781]},{"page":97,"text":"electronic or hard copy format. The objective is to use the SKL to eliminate the need for hard copy signal","rect":[108.02000427246094,474.0511779785156,539.9449664363862,464.9875793457031]},{"page":97,"text":"operating instructions.","rect":[108.02000427246094,485.5711669921875,197.19187378883363,476.5175476074219]},{"page":97,"text":"9-5. COMSEC planning and key distribution are essential to the success of military operations and are a","rect":[108.02000427246094,503.0911560058594,539.8281238059998,494.03753662109377]},{"page":97,"text":"command  responsibility.  The  controlling  authority  is  the  commander,  who  establishes  a  cryptographic","rect":[108.02000427246094,514.6111450195313,539.4674670677185,505.5574951171875]},{"page":97,"text":"network. Within divisions, brigades, and battalions, commanders may delegate authority and responsibilities","rect":[108.02000427246094,526.1311645507813,539.8371475343704,517.0775146484375]},{"page":97,"text":"depending upon command policy and operational situations.","rect":[108.02000427246094,537.5311889648438,348.9722692966461,528.4775390625]},{"page":97,"text":"9-6. Units at corps and division levels and separate brigades with authorized KMI hardware and software","rect":[108.02000427246094,555.0511474609375,539.4687488059998,545.9974975585938]},{"page":97,"text":"can  design,  develop,  generate,  and  distribute  communications-electronics  operating  instructions  and","rect":[108.02000427246094,566.5711669921875,539.865620136261,557.5175170898438]},{"page":97,"text":"SINCGARS frequency hopping data, and with HF, UHF, and VHF frequency assignments at their respective","rect":[108.02000427246094,578.0911865234375,539.8870837669373,569.0375366210938]},{"page":97,"text":"levels and subordinate levels, as appropriate.","rect":[108.02000427246094,589.5911865234375,286.9712927341461,580.5574951171875]},{"page":97,"text":"9-7. Brigades and separate battalion units use KMI capable devices or components to distribute generated","rect":[108.02000427246094,607.1311645507813,539.588276386261,598.0775146484375]},{"page":97,"text":"communications-electronics operating instructions and SINCGARS frequency hopping data for use at their","rect":[108.02000427246094,618.5611572265625,539.5953665361404,609.5075073242188]},{"page":97,"text":"respective and subordinate levels.","rect":[108.02000427246094,630.0612182617188,242.76883912086488,621.0275268554688]},{"page":97,"text":"Note. Refer to AR 380-40, AR 380-5, AR 25-2, and AR 380-53 for additional information on","rect":[133.22000122070313,651.3494262695313,521.9374585151672,644.3077392578125]},{"page":97,"text":"controlling authority and commanders’ responsibilities regarding cryptographic networks.","rect":[133.22000122070313,665.0014038085938,492.86341309547427,655.94775390625]},{"page":97,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.02399444580078,755.8169555664063,163.56299047851562,747.365966796875]},{"page":97,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":97,"text":"9-1","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":98,"text":"Chapter 9","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.61299353027344,37.608036041259769]},{"page":98,"text":"KEY DISTRIBUTION","rect":[72.02399444580078,85.17062377929688,209.33516793632507,75.45494079589844]},{"page":98,"text":"9-8. Key distribution is critical in achieving secure transmissions. Commanders ensure the establishment","rect":[90.02399444580078,105.24143981933594,521.7998248348237,96.18779754638672]},{"page":98,"text":"of these procedures in the unit’s standard operating procedure. The KOAM is responsible for the brigade","rect":[90.02399444580078,116.76145935058594,521.8807361106873,107.70781707763672]},{"page":98,"text":"COMSEC account. The property book officer provides logistical support for the control and distribution of","rect":[90.02400207519531,128.28147888183595,521.4018240556717,119.22783660888672]},{"page":98,"text":"internal  brigade  and  subordinate  battalion  COMSEC  material  using  the  Information  Systems  Security","rect":[90.02400207519531,139.80149841308595,521.6606640815735,130.7478485107422]},{"page":98,"text":"Program.","rect":[90.02400207519531,151.20152282714845,126.78634095191956,142.4665985107422]},{"page":98,"text":"9-9. The representative authorized to order keys is the requesting unit’s KOAM, with a valid COMSEC","rect":[90.02400207519531,168.72154235839845,521.9025363340378,159.6678924560547]},{"page":98,"text":"account,  with  a  requirement.  TB  380-41  provides  more  information  on  the  procedures  for  safeguarding,","rect":[90.02398681640625,180.24156188964845,521.5280859470367,171.1879119873047]},{"page":98,"text":"accounting, supply control, and distribution of COMSEC material.","rect":[90.02398681640625,191.76158142089845,356.579904794693,182.7079315185547]},{"page":98,"text":"JOINT COMMUNICATIONS SECURITY KEY DISTRIBUTION","rect":[72.02398681640625,215.3599853515625,351.4774332046509,207.05599975585938]},{"page":98,"text":"9-10. A  joint  contingency  force,  corps,  and  division  key  management  plan  provide  guidance  on  the","rect":[90.02399444580078,235.08140563964845,521.5482776145935,226.01780700683595]},{"page":98,"text":"COMSEC key distribution; it does not change current unit procedures. The KOAM is responsible for key","rect":[90.02399444580078,246.60142517089845,522.0169262886047,237.5477752685547]},{"page":98,"text":"management plan coordination, and the spectrum manager is responsible for the satellite access request. The","rect":[90.02399444580078,258.0013732910156,521.6805407981873,248.94773864746095]},{"page":98,"text":"KOAM and spectrum manager need to ensure prior coordination between the two to identify all requests for","rect":[90.02399444580078,269.5513610839844,521.4103079423904,260.49774169921877]},{"page":98,"text":"COMSEC from all units.","rect":[90.02399444580078,279.0694274902344,189.86307740211488,272.01776123046877]},{"page":98,"text":"ORDERWIRE KEY DISTRIBUTION","rect":[72.02399444580078,304.6579895019531,233.94221591949464,296.3659973144531]},{"page":98,"text":"9-11. The DAMA key management plan provides guidance on obtaining orderwire keys using the KMI with","rect":[90.02397918701172,324.3913879394531,521.807514667511,315.3377685546875]},{"page":98,"text":"the DAMA control system. It also provides instructions for the receipt of over-the-air rekeying by the users.","rect":[90.02397918701172,335.911376953125,521.9147436618805,326.8577575683594]},{"page":98,"text":"The Spitfire provides an over-the-air rekeying capability for orderwire keys. Spitfire operators should have","rect":[90.02397918701172,347.4313659667969,521.8558948020935,338.37774658203127]},{"page":98,"text":"the current and next orderwire keys for each footprint in which they operate.","rect":[90.02397918701172,358.8313903808594,395.36771607398989,349.77777099609377]},{"page":98,"text":"Note. Only the requesting unit’s KOAM with a valid COMSEC account can order these keys.","rect":[115.2199935913086,382.11138916015627,503.672922372818,373.0577697753906]},{"page":98,"text":"(Refer to TB 380-41.)","rect":[115.2199935913086,393.73150634765627,202.99655061817169,384.6977844238281]},{"page":98,"text":"9-12. The DAMA key management plan provides guidance on obtaining orderwire keys using KMI with the","rect":[90.02399444580078,425.911376953125,521.6821277122498,416.8577575683594]},{"page":98,"text":"DAMA control system. It also provides instructions for the receipt of over-the-air rekeying by the users. The","rect":[90.02399444580078,437.3313903808594,521.9561755638123,428.27777099609377]},{"page":98,"text":"Spitfire provides an over-the-air rekeying capability for orderwire keys. Spitfire operators should have the","rect":[90.02399444580078,448.85137939453127,521.7811267356873,439.7977600097656]},{"page":98,"text":"current and next orderwire keys for each footprint in which they operate.","rect":[90.02399444580078,460.3713684082031,380.6469519138336,451.3177490234375]},{"page":98,"text":"MANAGEMENT CLIENT","rect":[72.02399444580078,483.9579772949219,186.79755544662477,475.6659851074219]},{"page":98,"text":"9-13. The Management Client (MGC) is a component of the KMI that provides management of COMSEC","rect":[90.02399444580078,503.6913757324219,521.8331393613815,494.63775634765627]},{"page":98,"text":"material both physical and electronic. This component interfaces with the advanced key processor assigned","rect":[90.02399444580078,515.2113647460938,521.4018750190735,506.15771484375]},{"page":98,"text":"to distribute keys. Using this platform provides local real-time electronic key generation, distribution, and","rect":[90.02399444580078,526.7313842773438,521.7969555854797,517.677734375]},{"page":98,"text":"management to support the mission at all Army command levels that have a COMSEC account. The lowest","rect":[90.02399444580078,538.1314086914063,521.6433917293549,529.0777587890625]},{"page":98,"text":"command level that has a COMSEC account is the brigade. The battalion may have a COMSEC account","rect":[90.02399444580078,549.6513671875,521.9608966121674,540.5977172851563]},{"page":98,"text":"depending on unit design and real-world mission requirements. Tandem use of the management client and","rect":[90.02399444580078,561.17138671875,521.8201489448547,552.1177368164063]},{"page":98,"text":"advanced key processor enables the KOAM to—","rect":[90.02399444580078,572.69140625,286.0099878311157,563.6377563476563]},{"page":98,"text":" Order and account for all forms of COMSEC material.","rect":[115.21998596191406,584.2494506835938,351.42774415016177,577.19775390625]},{"page":98,"text":" Store key in encrypted form.","rect":[115.21998596191406,599.69140625,247.65040040016175,590.6377563476563]},{"page":98,"text":" Perform key generation and automatic key distribution.","rect":[115.21998596191406,613.2813720703125,354.2322790622711,604.2277221679688]},{"page":98,"text":" Perform COMSEC material accounting functions.","rect":[115.21998596191406,626.7213745117188,333.3642065525055,617.667724609375]},{"page":98,"text":" Communicate directly with other KMI accounts.","rect":[115.21998596191406,640.2813720703125,327.3802282810211,631.2277221679688]},{"page":98,"text":"AUTOMATED COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING SOFTWARE","rect":[72.02398681640625,665.7105712890625,493.40233866596227,655.9808959960938]},{"page":98,"text":"9-14. Automated Communications Engineering Software (ACES) is a network planning software program","rect":[90.02398681640625,685.7614135742188,521.7786041507721,676.707763671875]},{"page":98,"text":"that plans, creates, distributes, manages, and verifies cryptonets and key related information. ACES allow","rect":[90.02398681640625,697.2774047851563,521.5611151447296,688.2237548828125]},{"page":98,"text":"users  to  perform  fully  automated  cryptographic  network,  signal  operating  instructions,  communications-","rect":[90.02398681640625,708.7974243164063,522.0566702470779,699.7437744140625]},{"page":98,"text":"9-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":98,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":98,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":99,"text":"Tactical Radio Key Management Techniques","rect":[349.989990234375,46.04103469848633,540.0069296875,37.716033935546878]},{"page":99,"text":"electronics operating instructions, joint communications-electronics operating instructions and EP planning,","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,539.7022802829742,74.07779693603516]},{"page":99,"text":"management, validation and generation distribution at the time and location needed.","rect":[108.0199966430664,94.68138122558594,443.681955575943,85.62773895263672]},{"page":99,"text":"9-15. The network planning functionality of ACES incorporates cryptonet planning, key management, and","rect":[108.0199966430664,112.20140075683594,539.8380932807922,103.14775848388672]},{"page":99,"text":"key  tag  generation.  The  planning  concept  relates  to  the  development  of  network  structures  supporting","rect":[108.02000427246094,123.60142517089844,539.686665058136,114.54778289794922]},{"page":99,"text":"missions and plans. The data for a given plan includes individual networks, which are assigned individual","rect":[108.02000427246094,135.12144470214845,539.4176226863862,126.06780242919922]},{"page":99,"text":"network members. Designated network members define the platforms, specific equipment fill locations, and","rect":[108.02000427246094,146.64146423339845,539.4152417182922,137.5878143310547]},{"page":99,"text":"associate key tags and keys with the equipment locations.","rect":[108.02000427246094,158.16148376464845,337.956613779068,149.1078338623047]},{"page":99,"text":"9-16. Network members then download the equipment records, which include platform data, network data,","rect":[108.02000427246094,175.6615753173828,539.3891088962555,166.6278533935547]},{"page":99,"text":"and  key  tags  associating  the  data  with  the  required  key.  Similarly,  the  EP  data  and  signal  operating","rect":[108.02001953125,187.20152282714845,539.5251660346985,178.1478729248047]},{"page":99,"text":"instructions generated by the ACES workstation operator enables the data download to the SKL.","rect":[108.02001953125,198.60154724121095,493.56177735328677,189.5478973388672]},{"page":99,"text":"COMBAT NET RADIO MODULE","rect":[90.02401733398438,222.18814086914063,241.54398488998414,213.89614868164063]},{"page":99,"text":"9-17. The combat net radio planning module provides the necessary functions and procedures to create and","rect":[108.02000427246094,241.9215545654297,539.7046704292297,232.86790466308595]},{"page":99,"text":"modify  hopsets,  loadsets,  and  to  generate  SINCGARS  transmission  security  keys.  It  also  provides  the","rect":[108.02001953125,253.4415740966797,539.7464587669373,244.38792419433595]},{"page":99,"text":"capability to plan combat net radio networks in all bands. Combat net radio network planning integrates with","rect":[108.02001953125,264.9915466308594,540.0146679878235,255.9379119873047]},{"page":99,"text":"the master net list module.","rect":[108.02001953125,274.4996643066406,213.6159155368805,267.45794677734377]},{"page":99,"text":"RESOURCE MANAGER MODULE","rect":[90.02401733398438,300.0723876953125,246.82399892807008,291.9861755371094]},{"page":99,"text":"9-18. The resource manager module contains imported frequency resources. The resource manager module","rect":[108.02001953125,319.8315734863281,539.5284411888123,310.7779541015625]},{"page":99,"text":"allows using resources to create, edit, merge, delete, and print resources. The resource manager also provides","rect":[108.02003479003906,331.2315673828125,539.9263809328079,322.1779479980469]},{"page":99,"text":"the planner with the ability to import and export resources in ACES, integrated system control, and standard","rect":[108.02003479003906,342.7515563964844,539.636860370636,333.69793701171877]},{"page":99,"text":"frequency action format formats. Resource managers coordinate frequency resources are for specific garrison","rect":[108.02003479003906,354.27154541015627,539.5869336128235,345.2179260253906]},{"page":99,"text":"installations and training areas. Authorization for using frequency resources outside of the continental United","rect":[108.02003479003906,365.7915344238281,539.7085766792297,356.7379150390625]},{"page":99,"text":"States and its possessions are under guidance outlined in strategic agreements and established channels for","rect":[108.02003479003906,377.3115234375,539.6268606767654,368.2579040527344]},{"page":99,"text":"coordination.  Spectrum  managers  should  contact  organizational,  theater  army  or  geographic  combatant","rect":[108.02003479003906,388.7115173339844,539.9204303035737,379.65789794921877]},{"page":99,"text":"command spectrum management offices for additional information.","rect":[108.02003479003906,400.23150634765627,378.314523935318,391.1778869628906]},{"page":99,"text":"SIGNAL OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS MODULE","rect":[90.02403259277344,423.8301086425781,312.823983669281,415.526123046875]},{"page":99,"text":"9-19. The signal operating instructions module allows the creation of editions and updates. Signal operating","rect":[108.02000427246094,443.5715026855469,539.628071308136,434.51788330078127]},{"page":99,"text":"instructions is a series of orders issued to control and coordination of the signal operations of a command or","rect":[108.02001953125,455.09149169921877,539.5088186845779,446.0378723144531]},{"page":99,"text":"activity. It provides the guidance needed to ensure the speed, simplicity, and security of communications.","rect":[108.02001953125,466.6114807128906,539.4477026462555,457.557861328125]},{"page":99,"text":"Net selection occurs from the master net list included in a generated signal operating instructions edition.","rect":[108.02001953125,478.1314697265625,539.6486914157867,469.0778503417969]},{"page":99,"text":"Before signal operating instructions generation, save and validate the master net list.","rect":[108.02001953125,489.5314636230469,445.03653931617739,480.47784423828127]},{"page":99,"text":"MASTER NET LIST MODULE","rect":[90.02401733398438,513.1181030273438,229.87398672103883,505.0060729980469]},{"page":99,"text":"9-20. The  master  net  list  maintains  all  networks  requiring  signal  operating  instructions  assignments.","rect":[108.0199966430664,532.8515014648438,540.0476171970367,523.7978515625]},{"page":99,"text":"Networks  created  from  the  master  net  list  or  imported  have  editing  potential,  which  allows  tracking  of","rect":[108.02000427246094,544.3715209960938,539.5572195634842,535.31787109375]},{"page":99,"text":"individual frequency assignments with assigned equipment. The ACES version of the master net list has a","rect":[108.02000427246094,555.8915405273438,539.477354763031,546.837890625]},{"page":99,"text":"direct correlation to standard frequency action format line item numbers.","rect":[108.02000427246094,567.4114990234375,398.847238779068,558.3578491210938]},{"page":99,"text":"9-21. The master net list is the database link for all information listed under a plan, as networks, frequencies,","rect":[108.02000427246094,584.9115600585938,539.6279394626617,575.8778686523438]},{"page":99,"text":"and equipment. The master net list provides the ability to create, edit, organize, and delete networks. Before","rect":[108.02001953125,596.3314819335938,539.5172107200623,587.27783203125]},{"page":99,"text":"creating the master net list, the ACES workstation operator identifies the number of networks required, types","rect":[108.02001953125,607.8815307617188,539.5750015382766,598.827880859375]},{"page":99,"text":"of  equipment  used,  and  equipment  specifications,  as  maximum  transmit  power,  frequency  bands,  and","rect":[108.02001953125,619.4015502929688,539.5271191596985,610.347900390625]},{"page":99,"text":"emission designators.","rect":[108.02001953125,630.9215087890625,193.94498658180238,621.8678588867188]},{"page":99,"text":"9-22. The master net list module of the ACES software also displays in joint or Service-specific views. The","rect":[108.02001953125,648.4415283203125,539.868956325531,639.3779296875]},{"page":99,"text":"master net list also incorporates several standard frequency action format compatible fields to facilitate the","rect":[108.02003479003906,659.8414916992188,539.4177234153748,650.787841796875]},{"page":99,"text":"transfer of data to and from other frequency management systems such as Spectrum XXI, including Service","rect":[108.02003479003906,671.3615112304688,539.782774684906,662.307861328125]},{"page":99,"text":"specific systems. The database capabilities of the ACES workstation allow the data in the master net list to","rect":[108.02003479003906,682.8815307617188,539.5968823432922,673.827880859375]},{"page":99,"text":"create the initial standard frequency action format proposal and the signal operating instructions.","rect":[108.02003479003906,694.3975219726563,493.74122071266177,685.3438720703125]},{"page":99,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":99,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":99,"text":"9-3","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":100,"text":"Chapter 9","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.61299353027344,37.608036041259769]},{"page":100,"text":"9-23. The software components on the ACES workstation include the ACES core module, general-purpose","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,522.0429065208435,74.08776092529297]},{"page":100,"text":"module, combat net radio module, resource manager module, signal operating instructions module master","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,522.0433035478592,85.62773895263672]},{"page":100,"text":"net list module.","rect":[90.02399444580078,104.1894760131836,151.73618531227113,97.14775848388672]},{"page":100,"text":"COMMUNICATIONS-ELECTRONICS OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS AND SIGNAL OPERATING","rect":[72.02399444580078,129.67999267578126,503.15278339385989,121.3759994506836]},{"page":100,"text":"INSTRUCTIONS DEVELOPMENT","rect":[72.02392578125,143.4421844482422,223.85228872299195,135.35598754882813]},{"page":100,"text":"9-24. The  Military  Communications  Electronics  Board  has  designated  ACES  as  the  Joint  Spectrum","rect":[90.02395629882813,163.20140075683595,521.7175689945221,154.1477508544922]},{"page":100,"text":"Management Planning software. ACES helps the production of the communications-electronics operating","rect":[90.02395629882813,174.72142028808595,521.9406933784485,165.6677703857422]},{"page":100,"text":"instruction and signal operating instructions generation. Building an initial Master Net List to support first-","rect":[90.02395629882813,186.24143981933595,522.1765432939529,177.1877899169922]},{"page":100,"text":"time generation takes four to seven days. The hopset provides frequency resources for the loadset. The TSK","rect":[90.02395629882813,197.76145935058595,521.9344061603546,188.7078094482422]},{"page":100,"text":"determines  the  frequency  hop  pattern  for  the  radio.  ACES  can  generate  division-size  communication-","rect":[90.02395629882813,209.28147888183595,521.9366140947342,200.2278289794922]},{"page":100,"text":"electronics operating instructions and signal operating instructions in two to five hours.","rect":[90.02395629882813,220.80149841308595,438.3152868747711,211.7478485107422]},{"page":100,"text":"9-25. ACES automates the generation process, the signal officer, communications chief, and frequency","rect":[90.02395629882813,238.20152282714845,521.797016620636,229.1478729248047]},{"page":100,"text":"manager  initially  design  the  communications-electronics  operating  instructions  and  signal  operating","rect":[90.02395629882813,249.72154235839845,521.739643573761,240.6678924560547]},{"page":100,"text":"instructions  on  paper.  Table  9-1  lists  the  initial  steps  for  designing  and  developing  communications-","rect":[90.02395629882813,261.2415466308594,522.0565481767654,252.1879119873047]},{"page":100,"text":"electronics operating instructions and signal operating instructions data. The following paragraphs provide","rect":[90.02395629882813,272.7915344238281,521.6706531028748,263.7379150390625]},{"page":100,"text":"more  detail  on  communications-electronics  operating  instructions  and  signal  operating  instructions","rect":[90.02395629882813,284.3115234375,521.7061050539016,275.2579040527344]},{"page":100,"text":"development.","rect":[90.02395629882813,295.8116149902344,143.9773199558258,286.77789306640627]},{"page":100,"text":"Table 9-1. Initializing Automated Communications Engineering Software or communications-","rect":[76.70399475097656,311.3716125488281,517.2566824541092,302.0390930175781]},{"page":100,"text":"electronics operating instructions and signal operating instructions data","rect":[124.58000183105469,322.8916320800781,469.48765015792847,313.67864990234377]},{"page":100,"text":"LOADSETS","rect":[72.02399444580078,458.56060791015627,146.78628148269653,448.8449401855469]},{"page":100,"text":"9-26. The G-6 (S-6) section identifies requirements for the construction of loadsets to support the radios that","rect":[90.02399444580078,478.71148681640627,522.0556842098237,469.6777648925781]},{"page":100,"text":"their organization employs. Once defined, the frequency manager constructs the loadsets using ACES, saves","rect":[90.02399444580078,490.1313781738281,521.7702530031204,481.0777587890625]},{"page":100,"text":"the loadsets to file, and distributes the loadsets to subordinate organizational units or elements for follow-on","rect":[90.02399444580078,501.6513671875,522.0293164253235,492.5977478027344]},{"page":100,"text":"distribution to respective users.","rect":[90.02399444580078,513.1514282226563,214.98685669898988,504.11773681640627]},{"page":100,"text":"9-27. For  example,  the  commander  of  an  infantry  battalion  would  typically  be  a  member  of  several","rect":[90.02399444580078,530.6913452148438,521.4684649715424,521.6376953125]},{"page":100,"text":"frequencies hopping SINCGARS networks. One of the commander’s SINCGARS could be preset to operate","rect":[90.02399444580078,542.2113647460938,522.0761096458435,533.15771484375]},{"page":100,"text":"in the following nets—","rect":[90.02395629882813,553.7313842773438,182.41996097564698,544.677734375]},{"page":100,"text":" Brigade command network.","rect":[115.21995544433594,567.17138671875,244.32378602027894,558.1177368164063]},{"page":100,"text":" Brigade operations network.","rect":[115.21995544433594,580.7313842773438,246.59459900856019,571.677734375]},{"page":100,"text":" Battalion command network.","rect":[115.21995544433594,592.159423828125,249.38346314430238,585.1177368164063]},{"page":100,"text":" Battalion operations network.","rect":[115.21995544433594,607.71142578125,251.52488160133363,598.677734375]},{"page":100,"text":" Brigade RETRANS network.","rect":[115.21995544433594,621.2013549804688,250.45911622047425,612.147705078125]},{"page":100,"text":"9-28. Radio operators typically load all six preset channels on the SINCGARS, with operational network","rect":[90.02395629882813,638.7213745117188,521.6479077339172,629.667724609375]},{"page":100,"text":"identifiers and TEKs. If a requirement to perform over-the-air rekeying arises, all stations involved with an","rect":[90.02395629882813,650.2413940429688,521.766254901886,641.187744140625]},{"page":100,"text":"over-the-air rekeying load a KEK into preset Channel 6 on the SINCGARS, with an appropriate network","rect":[90.02395629882813,661.6414184570313,521.483784198761,652.5877685546875]},{"page":100,"text":"identifier.","rect":[90.02395629882813,671.1494140625,129.0771200656891,664.1077270507813]},{"page":100,"text":"9-4","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":100,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":100,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":101,"text":"Tactical Radio Key Management Techniques","rect":[349.989990234375,46.04103469848633,540.0069296875,37.716033935546878]},{"page":101,"text":"LOADSET UPDATES","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.21997833251953,185.5269832611084,75.09597778320313]},{"page":101,"text":"9-29. The responsible signal section personnel using ACES and revised loadset software, as appropriate,","rect":[108.01998901367188,102.96141052246094,540.0087988376617,93.90776824951172]},{"page":101,"text":"maintain loadset data. Update loadset data with new replacement key data before the current key expires. The","rect":[108.02000427246094,114.48143005371094,539.8757312278748,105.42778778076172]},{"page":101,"text":"loadset data is then saved to file, and distributed to users via SKL, to ensure they are in place and available","rect":[108.02000427246094,126.00144958496094,539.5372912864685,116.94780731201172]},{"page":101,"text":"for loading into the SINCGARS at the appropriate key changeover time. The signal sections should have","rect":[108.02000427246094,137.40147399902345,539.4677112083435,128.3478240966797]},{"page":101,"text":"several sets of loadsets with associated keys, already constructed and distributed (or available for expeditious","rect":[108.02000427246094,148.92149353027345,539.6269424562454,139.8678436279297]},{"page":101,"text":"distribution) for immediate use.","rect":[108.02000427246094,160.4215850830078,234.54187989234925,151.3878631591797]},{"page":101,"text":"LOADSET REVISIONS AND CREATIONS","rect":[90.02400207519531,184.02810668945313,277.08405113220217,175.73611450195313]},{"page":101,"text":"9-30. Existing loadsets may require revision when the required network content changes, unit reassignment","rect":[108.02000427246094,203.7615203857422,539.6079913387299,194.70787048339845]},{"page":101,"text":"or attachment. New loadsets may require construction to meet new requirements and create a new task force","rect":[108.02001953125,215.2815399169922,539.5769031028748,206.22789001464845]},{"page":101,"text":"organization.","rect":[108.02001953125,226.8015594482422,160.39965271949769,217.74790954589845]},{"page":101,"text":"JOINT COMMUNICATIONS ELECTRONICS OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS SYSTEM","rect":[90.02401733398438,250.27996826171876,471.00093841552737,241.97598266601563]},{"page":101,"text":"9-31. The  Joint  Automated  Communications  Electronics  Operating  Instructions  System  has  the  same","rect":[108.01996612548828,270.0313415527344,539.6876208763123,260.97772216796877]},{"page":101,"text":"primary function as ACES. The Joint Automated Communications Electronics Operating Instructions System","rect":[108.01995849609375,281.5513610839844,539.6966339359284,272.49774169921877]},{"page":101,"text":"interfaces between the joint communications-electronics operating instructions generation tool with service","rect":[108.01995849609375,293.0713806152344,539.6630847434998,284.0077819824219]},{"page":101,"text":"specific communications planning software and spectrum management automated tools.","rect":[108.01995849609375,304.59136962890627,460.00647950172427,295.5377502441406]},{"page":101,"text":"9-32. The joint communications-electronics operating instruction is the primary controlling document for","rect":[108.01995849609375,322.1113586425781,539.8842459306717,313.0477600097656]},{"page":101,"text":"single-channel radio communications in joint operations and exercises. The joint communications-electronics","rect":[108.01995849609375,333.6313781738281,540.0859878664016,324.5677795410156]},{"page":101,"text":"operating  instruction  provides  radio  information  for  joint  forces,  Service-specific  elements,  and  units","rect":[108.01995849609375,345.0313720703125,540.0249527101516,335.9677734375]},{"page":101,"text":"including—","rect":[108.01995849609375,356.5513610839844,155.65996646881104,347.49774169921877]},{"page":101,"text":" Daily changing and non-changing frequency assignments.","rect":[133.219970703125,370.1113586425781,383.17603516578677,361.0577392578125]},{"page":101,"text":" SINCGARS cue, manual and net identification assignments.","rect":[133.219970703125,383.5513610839844,392.5607397556305,374.49774169921877]},{"page":101,"text":" Call sign assignments.","rect":[133.219970703125,397.1113586425781,240.76035523414613,388.0577392578125]},{"page":101,"text":" Call word assignments.","rect":[133.219970703125,410.5513610839844,244.59494996070863,401.49774169921877]},{"page":101,"text":" Daily changing code words.","rect":[133.219970703125,424.1113586425781,263.1603796482086,415.0577392578125]},{"page":101,"text":"SIMPLE KEY LOADER","rect":[90.02396392822266,447.6099548339844,197.3953561782837,439.30596923828127]},{"page":101,"text":"9-33. The SKL AN/PYQ-10 is a handheld digital computer running the Windows operating system, core","rect":[108.01995849609375,467.3313293457031,539.6158435325623,458.2777099609375]},{"page":101,"text":"library,  and  SKL  user  application  software.  The  SKL  interfaces  with  the  KMI,  ACES,  and  any  end","rect":[108.01995849609375,478.8513488769531,540.024555683136,469.7977294921875]},{"page":101,"text":"cryptographic unit (ECU) that requires COMSEC key and data. The SKL integrates the functions of—","rect":[108.01995849609375,490.3713684082031,518.2599573135376,481.3177490234375]},{"page":101,"text":" COMSEC key management.","rect":[133.219970703125,503.9313659667969,265.14246582984927,494.87774658203127]},{"page":101,"text":" Distribution.","rect":[133.219970703125,515.3594360351563,201.9164068698883,508.3177490234375]},{"page":101,"text":" EP management.","rect":[133.219970703125,530.9313354492188,218.81849122047425,522.1964111328125]},{"page":101,"text":" Signal operating instructions management.","rect":[133.219970703125,544.3713989257813,322.0539038181305,535.3177490234375]},{"page":101,"text":" Benign fill.","rect":[133.219970703125,557.9313354492188,196.647531747818,548.877685546875]},{"page":101,"text":" Other specialized capabilities into one comprehensive system.","rect":[133.219970703125,571.3713989257813,399.5028784275055,562.3177490234375]},{"page":101,"text":"9-34. The hardware platform that hosts the SKL software including the Secure Library is a vendor-supplied","rect":[108.01997375488281,588.891357421875,540.0241894721985,579.8377075195313]},{"page":101,"text":"ruggedized  personal  digital  assistant  device  equipped  with  a  KOV-21  Personal  Computer  Memory  Card","rect":[108.01997375488281,600.4113159179688,539.723530292511,591.357666015625]},{"page":101,"text":"International Association card. The SKL has no hard drive, so all programs are stored in non-volatile flash","rect":[108.01997375488281,611.9613647460938,539.9897046089172,602.90771484375]},{"page":101,"text":"memory.","rect":[108.01997375488281,623.361328125,143.72574830055238,616.6283569335938]},{"page":101,"text":"9-35. The KOV-21 provides type 1 encryption and decryption services and provides a secure interface","rect":[108.01997375488281,640.8812866210938,539.6516101341248,631.82763671875]},{"page":101,"text":"between the host computer and interfacing devices. The SKL uses an embedded KOV-21 approach. The NSA","rect":[108.01996612548828,652.4013061523438,540.0990179767608,643.34765625]},{"page":101,"text":"requires using a cryptographic ignition key to lock and unlock the KOV-21 information security card.","rect":[108.01996612548828,663.9213256835938,514.5542089939117,654.86767578125]},{"page":101,"text":"9-36. The cryptographic ignition key is a separate, removable, non-volatile memory device designed to","rect":[108.01996612548828,681.4412841796875,539.8825879096985,672.3876342773438]},{"page":101,"text":"protect internal SKL keys and data from physical compromise when the SKL is in an unattended, non-secured","rect":[108.01995849609375,692.8412475585938,540.0073437690735,683.78759765625]},{"page":101,"text":"environment.  Removal  of  the  cryptographic  ignition  key  from  the  SKL  prevents  the  KOV-21  card  from","rect":[108.01995849609375,704.3572387695313,540.0816437015534,695.3035888671875]},{"page":101,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":101,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":101,"text":"9-5","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":102,"text":"Chapter 9","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,113.61299353027344,37.608036041259769]},{"page":102,"text":"unlocking. This results in denied access to the data. The absence of the cryptographic ignition key precludes","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.4913833742141,74.08776092529297]},{"page":102,"text":"using SKL operations.","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,179.54453492164613,85.62773895263672]},{"page":102,"text":"9-6","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":102,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":102,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":103,"text":"Chapter 10","rect":[283.9700012207031,129.4519805908203,346.0459929199219,118.36397552490235]},{"page":103,"text":"Electronic Warfare and Protection Techniques","rect":[139.33999633789063,153.74815368652345,490.5202443962097,139.00111389160157]},{"page":103,"text":"This chapter addresses electronic warfare and the electronic protection techniques used","rect":[126.0199966430664,188.4915313720703,503.9414782524109,178.36785888671876]},{"page":103,"text":"to prevent enemy jamming and intrusion into friendly communications systems. It also","rect":[126.0199966430664,201.23358154296876,503.93030881881716,191.0767822265625]},{"page":103,"text":"discusses  electronic  protection  responsibilities; communications  services  planning,","rect":[126.0199966430664,213.83355712890626,504.21211791038516,203.68780517578126]},{"page":103,"text":"signal  security,  emission  control,  preventive  and  remedial  electronic  protection","rect":[126.0199966430664,226.55352783203126,503.8750720024109,216.40777587890626]},{"page":103,"text":"techniques  and  the  joint  spectrum  interference  resolution  reporting  procedures  and","rect":[126.0199966430664,239.15350341796876,503.83109617233279,228.9967041015625]},{"page":103,"text":"requirements.","rect":[126.0199966430664,251.7313995361328,186.221120595932,241.60772705078126]},{"page":103,"text":"ELECTRONIC WARFARE","rect":[90.02400207519531,277.3264465332031,259.9501749696732,267.62481689453127]},{"page":103,"text":"10-1. Electronic warfare is military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to","rect":[108.02000427246094,297.3913879394531,539.6585278511047,288.3377685546875]},{"page":103,"text":"control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy (JP 3-13.1). EW uses electromagnetic energy to","rect":[108.02000427246094,308.911376953125,539.914204120636,299.8577575683594]},{"page":103,"text":"determine, exploit, reduce, or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum; it also involves actions","rect":[108.02000427246094,320.431396484375,539.8349502687454,311.3777770996094]},{"page":103,"text":"taken to retain friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. EW consists of three divisions that have a unique","rect":[108.02000427246094,331.8313903808594,539.9451892356873,322.77777099609377]},{"page":103,"text":"role in supporting unified land operations. The divisions of electronic warfare are—","rect":[108.02000427246094,343.35137939453127,443.470009803772,334.2977600097656]},{"page":103,"text":" Electronic warfare support (ES).","rect":[133.22000122070313,356.8915100097656,281.11207032203677,347.8577880859375]},{"page":103,"text":" Electronic attack (EA).","rect":[133.22000122070313,370.4515075683594,243.49942994117738,361.41778564453127]},{"page":103,"text":" EP.","rect":[133.22000122070313,381.77001953125,165.44292664527894,375.176513671875]},{"page":103,"text":"10-2. Electronic warfare support is the division of electronic warfare involving actions tasked by, or under","rect":[108.01998901367188,401.4313659667969,540.0832815752029,392.37774658203127]},{"page":103,"text":"direct control of, an operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate or localize sources","rect":[108.02000427246094,412.83135986328127,539.7502945070266,403.7777404785156]},{"page":103,"text":"of  intentional  and  unintentional  radiated  electromagnetic  energy  for  the  purpose  of  immediate  threat","rect":[108.02000427246094,424.35137939453127,539.4576007137299,415.2977600097656]},{"page":103,"text":"recognition, targeting, planning, and conduct of future operations (JP 3-13.1).","rect":[108.02000427246094,435.891357421875,418.5998022556305,426.8377380371094]},{"page":103,"text":"10-3. ES provides the information required to combat threat electronic countermeasures, including threat","rect":[108.02000427246094,453.411376953125,539.7674151668549,444.3577575683594]},{"page":103,"text":"detection,  warning,  avoidance,  target  location,  and  homing.  It  also  provides  targeting  information  for","rect":[108.0199966430664,464.9313659667969,539.9234305009842,455.87774658203127]},{"page":103,"text":"electronic or physical attack, and produces measurement and signals intelligence.","rect":[108.0199966430664,476.3313903808594,433.082590341568,467.27777099609377]},{"page":103,"text":"10-4. Electronic attack is the division of electronic warfare involving the use of electromagnetic energy,","rect":[108.0199966430664,493.85137939453127,539.4920752048492,484.7977600097656]},{"page":103,"text":"directed  energy,  or  antiradiation  weapons  to  attack  personnel,  facilities,  or  equipment  with  the  intent  of","rect":[108.0199966430664,505.3713684082031,539.9078665361404,496.3177490234375]},{"page":103,"text":"degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability and is considered a form of fires (JP 3-13.1)","rect":[108.0199966430664,516.8914184570313,540.1463308916092,507.8377685546875]},{"page":103,"text":"10-5. EA includes actions taken to prevent or reduce the enemy’s effective use of frequencies, including","rect":[108.0199966430664,534.4114379882813,540.0285840034485,525.3577880859375]},{"page":103,"text":"jamming and deception. EA employs weapons that use either electromagnetic or directed energy as their","rect":[108.02001190185547,545.931396484375,539.5022879228592,536.8677978515625]},{"page":103,"text":"primary destructive mechanism (lasers, RF weapons, and particle beams).","rect":[108.02001190185547,557.3314208984375,403.09583497047427,548.2777709960938]},{"page":103,"text":"10-6. Electronic protection is the division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to protect personnel,","rect":[108.02001190185547,574.8514404296875,539.6687109470367,565.7977905273438]},{"page":103,"text":"facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum that","rect":[108.0199966430664,586.3713989257813,539.3679400691987,577.3177490234375]},{"page":103,"text":"degrade, neutralize or destroy friendly combat capability friendly combat capability (JP 3-13.1).","rect":[108.0199966430664,597.8914184570313,492.50623536109927,588.8377685546875]},{"page":103,"text":"10-7. EP ensures friendly effective use of frequencies, despite the enemy’s use of electronic warfare. EP","rect":[108.0199966430664,615.44140625,540.1031897087097,606.3877563476563]},{"page":103,"text":"measures include—","rect":[108.01995086669922,624.949462890625,187.09995365142823,617.9077758789063]},{"page":103,"text":"","rect":[133.21994018554688,637.68115234375,139.2258201570511,632.95361328125]},{"page":103,"text":"","rect":[133.21994018554688,651.2411499023438,139.2258201570511,646.5136108398438]},{"page":103,"text":"","rect":[133.21994018554688,664.68115234375,139.2258201570511,659.95361328125]},{"page":103,"text":"","rect":[133.21994018554688,678.2411499023438,139.2258201570511,673.5136108398438]},{"page":103,"text":"","rect":[133.21994018554688,691.6771240234375,139.2258201570511,686.9495849609375]},{"page":103,"text":"","rect":[133.21994018554688,705.2371215820313,139.2258201570511,700.5095825195313]},{"page":103,"text":"Careful siting of radio equipment.","rect":[151.21994018554688,640.4014282226563,286.785471200943,631.3477783203125]},{"page":103,"text":"Employment of directional antennas.","rect":[151.21994018554688,653.96142578125,298.7773230075836,644.9077758789063]},{"page":103,"text":"Operations using the lowest power required.","rect":[151.21994018554688,667.4014282226563,328.29480957984927,658.3477783203125]},{"page":103,"text":"Staying off the air unless necessary.","rect":[151.21994018554688,680.96142578125,294.8133337497711,671.9077758789063]},{"page":103,"text":"Using a random schedule.","rect":[151.21994018554688,694.3973999023438,254.91349244117738,685.34375]},{"page":103,"text":"Using good radio techniques and continued operation.","rect":[151.21994018554688,707.9573974609375,367.33204102516177,698.9037475585938]},{"page":103,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.02399444580078,755.8169555664063,163.56299047851562,747.365966796875]},{"page":103,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":103,"text":"10-1","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":104,"text":"Chapter 10","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,118.64399938964844,37.608036041259769]},{"page":104,"text":"ELECTRONIC WARFARE WHEN ATTACKING ENEMY COMMAND AND CONTROL NODES","rect":[72.02399444580078,83.20797729492188,497.71613121032717,74.91597747802735]},{"page":104,"text":"10-8. EW contributes to the success of information operations by using offensive and defensive tactics and","rect":[90.02400207519531,102.96141052246094,521.7661328315735,93.90776824951172]},{"page":104,"text":"techniques in a variety of combinations to shape, disrupt, and exploit adversarial use of the electromagnetic","rect":[90.02400207519531,114.48136901855469,521.4018542747498,105.42772674560547]},{"page":104,"text":"spectrum  while  protecting  friendly  freedom  of  action.  ES,  as  combat  information,  can  provide  real-time","rect":[90.02400207519531,126.00138854980469,522.0688464622498,116.94774627685547]},{"page":104,"text":"information required for locating and identifying enemy command and control nodes, and for supporting","rect":[90.02400207519531,137.4014129638672,521.4616284370422,128.34776306152345]},{"page":104,"text":"early warning and offensive systems during attack missions on enemy command and control capabilities.","rect":[90.02400207519531,148.92137145996095,521.3917334079742,139.8677215576172]},{"page":104,"text":"Signals  intelligence  elements  in  support  of  EW  provide  timely  information  about  an  enemy’s","rect":[90.02400207519531,160.44139099121095,522.0144546632766,151.3877410888672]},{"page":104,"text":"communications capabilities and limitations. The additional information received updates previously known","rect":[90.02397155761719,171.9613494873047,521.662983417511,162.90769958496095]},{"page":104,"text":"information about the enemy’s command and control capabilities. This updated information plans enemy","rect":[90.02397155761719,183.4813690185547,522.005268573761,174.42771911621095]},{"page":104,"text":"command, control attack operations, provide damage assessment feedback on the effectiveness of the overall","rect":[90.02397155761719,195.0013885498047,521.7103472957612,185.94773864746095]},{"page":104,"text":"warfare plan for the enemy command and control attack operations.","rect":[90.02397155761719,206.4014129638672,360.677072763443,197.34776306152345]},{"page":104,"text":"10-9. EA is present in most enemy command and control attack operations in a combat environment. It","rect":[90.02397155761719,223.92137145996095,521.9932452449799,214.8677215576172]},{"page":104,"text":"includes jamming and electromagnetic deception or destruction of enemy command and control nodes, with","rect":[90.02397155761719,235.44139099121095,521.521137714386,226.37779235839845]},{"page":104,"text":"directed-energy weapons or anti-radiation missiles.","rect":[90.02397155761719,246.96141052246095,294.45813965797427,237.9077606201172]},{"page":104,"text":"10-10. EP protects the electromagnetic spectrum for friendly forces. Coordinating using the electromagnetic","rect":[90.02397155761719,264.5113830566406,521.8776233177185,255.45774841308595]},{"page":104,"text":"spectrum  through  the  joint  restricted  frequency  list  is  a  means  of  preventing  fratricide  between  friendly","rect":[90.02397155761719,276.0314025878906,521.6308789253235,266.9678039550781]},{"page":104,"text":"electronic emissions. Equipment and procedures designed to avoid enemy disruption or exploitation of the","rect":[90.02397155761719,287.4313659667969,521.351866481781,278.37774658203127]},{"page":104,"text":"electromagnetic spectrum are the best things friendly forces use their uninterrupted use of the electromagnetic","rect":[90.02397155761719,298.9513854980469,521.5956408958435,289.89776611328127]},{"page":104,"text":"spectrum during enemy command and control attack operations. In combat, EP includes, but is not limited","rect":[90.02397155761719,310.4714050292969,521.3617749214172,301.41778564453127]},{"page":104,"text":"to, the application of good training and sound procedures for countering enemy EA. U.S. forces (operators,","rect":[90.02397155761719,321.99139404296877,521.938791513443,312.9377746582031]},{"page":104,"text":"users, and planners) must understand the threat situation and the vulnerability of electronic equipment to","rect":[90.02397155761719,333.5113830566406,521.4713940620422,324.457763671875]},{"page":104,"text":"enemy EA efforts and take appropriate actions to safeguard equipment from attack. EP minimizes an enemy’s","rect":[90.02397155761719,344.9114074707031,522.1343887453079,335.8577880859375]},{"page":104,"text":"opportunity  for  successful  ES  and  EA  against  U.S.  forces.  For  more  information  on  joint  EW,  refer  to","rect":[90.02394104003906,356.431396484375,521.5909008979797,347.3677978515625]},{"page":104,"text":"JP  3-13.1.  For  more  information  on  joint  electromagnetic  spectrum  management  operations  in  the","rect":[90.02394104003906,367.9513854980469,521.4627673606873,358.8877868652344]},{"page":104,"text":"electromagnetic  operational  environment,  refer  to  CJCSM  3320.01C.  For  information  on  policy  and","rect":[90.02394104003906,379.47137451171877,521.7513012886047,370.4177551269531]},{"page":104,"text":"procedures for the management and use of the electromagnetic spectrum, refer to DODI 4650.01.","rect":[90.02394104003906,390.9913635253906,479.02173829078677,381.937744140625]},{"page":104,"text":"ELECTRONIC WARFARE WHEN PROTECTING FRIENDLY COMMAND NODES","rect":[72.02394104003906,414.5780029296875,441.6493282318115,406.2860107421875]},{"page":104,"text":"10-11. EW can also contribute to friendly command node protection efforts by monitor an impending","rect":[90.02397155761719,434.3114013671875,521.8916821479797,425.2577819824219]},{"page":104,"text":"enemy attack on friendly command nodes. ES is a common task between EW and signals intelligence that","rect":[90.02397155761719,445.73138427734377,521.5411578426362,436.6777648925781]},{"page":104,"text":"can be actioned from EW assets or intelligence data. EW supports signals security monitoring to identify","rect":[90.02397155761719,457.25140380859377,521.421772480011,448.1977844238281]},{"page":104,"text":"potential sources of information for an enemy to obtain knowledge about friendly information systems.","rect":[90.02397155761719,468.7713928222656,502.1605932712555,459.7177734375]},{"page":104,"text":"10-12. To defend friendly force command nodes from enemy attack, exercise EP measures to safeguard","rect":[90.02397155761719,486.2914123535156,521.3964428901672,477.23779296875]},{"page":104,"text":"friendly forces from exploitation by enemy ES and signals intelligence operations. Frequency management","rect":[90.02397155761719,497.8114013671875,521.9100543270112,488.7577819824219]},{"page":104,"text":"using the joint restricted frequency list is an essential defense measure against attack operations on command","rect":[90.02397155761719,509.3313903808594,521.700336933136,500.2677917480469]},{"page":104,"text":"nodes by the enemy.","rect":[90.02397155761719,520.7314453125,172.00473999977113,511.67779541015627]},{"page":104,"text":"ENEMY ATTACK ON FRIENDLY COMMAND NODES","rect":[72.02397155761719,544.3180541992188,317.9093074798584,536.0260009765625]},{"page":104,"text":"10-13. Understanding  the  threat  to  the  electromagnetic  spectrum  is  the  key  to  practicing  sound  EP","rect":[90.02398681640625,564.0514526367188,521.8541662712097,554.997802734375]},{"page":104,"text":"techniques. An enemy attack on friendly command nodes encompasses the integration of EW and physical","rect":[90.02398681640625,575.5714721679688,521.4316607723237,566.517822265625]},{"page":104,"text":"destruction of resources, to deny friendly forces electronic control systems. Potential adversaries consider","rect":[90.02398681640625,587.0914306640625,521.3220511064529,578.0377807617188]},{"page":104,"text":"the attack on friendly command nodes integral to all combat operations. They have invested in developing","rect":[90.02398681640625,598.6114501953125,521.616352558136,589.5578002929688]},{"page":104,"text":"techniques  and  equipment  to  deny  their  enemies  the  effective  use  of  the  electromagnetic  spectrum  for","rect":[90.02398681640625,610.1614379882813,521.6207571611404,601.1077880859375]},{"page":104,"text":"communications.","rect":[90.02398681640625,619.5494995117188,158.46915650367738,612.5078125]},{"page":104,"text":"10-14. The  enemy  attack  on  friendly  command  nodes  disrupts  or  destroys  at  least  60  percent  of  the","rect":[90.02398681640625,639.0814819335938,521.9346911888123,630.02783203125]},{"page":104,"text":"information, intelligence, and weapons systems communications, 30 percent by jamming and 30 percent by","rect":[90.02398681640625,650.6014404296875,521.6706738471985,641.537841796875]},{"page":104,"text":"destructive  fires.  When  accomplishing  this  goal,  enemy  forces  expend  considerable  resources  gathering","rect":[90.02398681640625,662.1214599609375,521.7204785346985,653.0678100585938]},{"page":104,"text":"combat information about their enemies. As locations are determined, and units identified, enemy forces","rect":[90.02398681640625,673.6414184570313,521.5087173585891,664.5877685546875]},{"page":104,"text":"establish priorities to—","rect":[90.02398681640625,685.021484375,183.85999393463136,675.98779296875]},{"page":104,"text":" Jam communications assets.","rect":[115.21998596191406,696.5955200195313,246.06681275367738,689.5438232421875]},{"page":104,"text":" Deceptively enter radio networks.","rect":[115.21998596191406,712.1574096679688,268.52662110328677,703.103759765625]},{"page":104,"text":"10-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":104,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":104,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":105,"text":"Electronic Warfare and Protection Techniques","rect":[342.54998779296877,45.924034118652347,540.0368979492188,37.608036041259769]},{"page":105,"text":" Interfere with the normal flow of their enemy’s communications.","rect":[133.22000122070313,83.14140319824219,411.3491003513336,74.08776092529297]},{"page":105,"text":"ELECTRONIC PROTECTION RESPONSIBILITIES","rect":[90.02400207519531,108.71060180664063,416.8981589241028,98.99491882324219]},{"page":105,"text":"COMMANDER","rect":[90.02400207519531,134.82797241210938,157.65806674957276,126.53597259521485]},{"page":105,"text":"10-15. EP is a command responsibility. The more emphasis the commander places on EP, the greater the","rect":[108.02000427246094,154.56138610839845,539.5159900169373,145.5077362060547]},{"page":105,"text":"benefits, regarding casualty reduction and combat survivability, in a hostile environment. Commanders at all","rect":[108.0199966430664,166.08140563964845,539.9864093074799,157.0277557373047]},{"page":105,"text":"levels ensure the training of their ability to practice sound EP techniques.","rect":[108.0199966430664,177.6013641357422,400.3659460544586,168.54771423339845]},{"page":105,"text":"10-16. Commanders continually measure the effectiveness of the EP techniques; they also consider EP","rect":[108.0199966430664,195.00144958496095,539.4860632438659,185.9477996826172]},{"page":105,"text":"while planning tactical operations. Commanders’ EP responsibilities are—","rect":[108.0199966430664,206.52146911621095,406.75000858306887,197.4678192138672]},{"page":105,"text":" Review all after action reports for jamming or deception, and assess the effectiveness of defensive","rect":[133.22000122070313,220.0814666748047,539.7299182395935,211.0178680419922]},{"page":105,"text":"EP.","rect":[151.22000122070313,229.46002197265626,165.44292664527894,222.8665008544922]},{"page":105,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,242.32115173339845,139.22588119220735,237.5936279296875]},{"page":105,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,278.9511413574219,139.22588119220735,274.2236328125]},{"page":105,"text":"Ensure the G-6 (S-6) and the assistant chief of staff, intelligence (G-2), and the battalion or brigade","rect":[151.22000122070313,245.0414276123047,540.064268825531,235.98777770996095]},{"page":105,"text":"intelligence staff officer (S-2) report and adequately analyze all encounters of electromagnetic","rect":[151.22000122070313,256.5614318847656,539.7277209739685,247.50779724121095]},{"page":105,"text":"interference, deception, or jamming.","rect":[151.22000122070313,268.1114196777344,296.337229013443,259.0478210449219]},{"page":105,"text":"Analyze how enemy efforts to disrupt or destroy friendly communications systems on friendly","rect":[151.22000122070313,281.6714172363281,539.6203808784485,272.6177978515625]},{"page":105,"text":"operation plans.","rect":[151.22000122070313,293.0515441894531,214.97397828102113,284.017822265625]},{"page":105,"text":"10-17.","rect":[108.01998901367188,308.5794982910156,133.90999817848206,301.717041015625]},{"page":105,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,321.4311218261719,139.22591170978547,316.70361328125]},{"page":105,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,334.8711242675781,139.22591170978547,330.14361572265627]},{"page":105,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,348.4311218261719,139.22591170978547,343.70361328125]},{"page":105,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,361.8711242675781,139.22591170978547,357.14361572265627]},{"page":105,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,398.35113525390627,139.22591170978547,393.6236267089844]},{"page":105,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,423.4311218261719,139.22591170978547,418.70361328125]},{"page":105,"text":"Ensure the unit exercise COMSEC techniques daily. Units should—","rect":[142.5800018310547,310.5914001464844,415.51001834869387,301.53778076171877]},{"page":105,"text":"Change network call signs and frequencies often the signal operating instructions.","rect":[151.22003173828126,324.1513977050781,478.2667944431305,315.0977783203125]},{"page":105,"text":"Use approved encryption systems, codes, and authentication systems.","rect":[151.22003173828126,337.5914001464844,428.60611939430239,328.53778076171877]},{"page":105,"text":"Control emissions.","rect":[151.22003173828126,349.1494445800781,226.019602060318,342.0977783203125]},{"page":105,"text":"Make EP equipment requirements known through quick reaction capabilities designed to expedite","rect":[151.22003173828126,364.5914001464844,539.9940783958435,355.53778076171877]},{"page":105,"text":"procedure  for  solving,  research,  development,  procurement,  testing,  evaluation,  installations","rect":[151.22003173828126,376.1114196777344,539.5008438234329,367.05780029296877]},{"page":105,"text":"modification, and logistics problems as they pertain to EW.","rect":[151.22003173828126,387.51141357421877,388.61661744117739,378.4577941894531]},{"page":105,"text":"Ensure quick repair of radios with mechanical or electrical faults; this is one way to reduce radio-","rect":[151.22003173828126,401.0714111328125,540.0566092119217,392.0177917480469]},{"page":105,"text":"distinguishing characteristics.","rect":[151.22003173828126,412.5914001464844,269.89344239234927,403.53778076171877]},{"page":105,"text":"Practice network discipline.","rect":[151.22003173828126,426.1315002441406,262.30396485328677,417.0977783203125]},{"page":105,"text":"STAFF","rect":[90.0240249633789,449.6499938964844,121.48680639266968,441.34600830078127]},{"page":105,"text":"10-18. The organized staff assists the commander in accomplishing mission requirements. Specifically, the","rect":[108.02002716064453,469.3713684082031,539.6553943138123,460.3177490234375]},{"page":105,"text":"staff responds immediately to the commander and subordinate units. The staff should—","rect":[108.0199966430664,480.891357421875,459.0700159072876,471.8377380371094]},{"page":105,"text":" Keep the commander informed.","rect":[133.22003173828126,494.4314880371094,278.24988770484927,485.39776611328127]},{"page":105,"text":" Reduce the time to control, integrate and coordinate operations.","rect":[133.22003173828126,507.891357421875,405.2199194431305,498.8377380371094]},{"page":105,"text":" Reduce the chance for error.","rect":[133.22003173828126,519.439453125,264.684396982193,512.3977661132813]},{"page":105,"text":"10-19. All  staff  officers  provide  information,  furnish  estimates,  and  provide  recommendations  to  the","rect":[108.02001953125,538.8314819335938,540.0158069114685,529.7977905273438]},{"page":105,"text":"commander; prepare plans and orders for military operations, and supervise subordinates to achieve mission","rect":[108.0199966430664,550.3713989257813,539.5371899604797,541.3177490234375]},{"page":105,"text":"accomplishment. ","rect":[108.0199966430664,561.8714599609375,178.3476049900055,552.8377685546875]},{"page":105,"text":"Staff ","rect":[184.02479553222657,560.0,205.92684388160706,552.8477172851563]},{"page":105,"text":"members ","rect":[211.58413696289063,560.0,250.52768921852113,552.8377685546875]},{"page":105,"text":"should ","rect":[256.06549072265627,560.0,285.27808594703677,552.8377685546875]},{"page":105,"text":"help ","rect":[290.8158874511719,561.8714599609375,310.4570105075836,552.8377685546875]},{"page":105,"text":"the ","rect":[315.9947204589844,560.0,330.69571900367739,552.8377685546875]},{"page":105,"text":"commander ","rect":[336.25341796875,560.0,385.98368287086489,552.8377685546875]},{"page":105,"text":"carrying ","rect":[391.521484375,561.8914184570313,427.31778931617739,552.8377685546875]},{"page":105,"text":"out ","rect":[432.85546875,560.0,448.16410279273989,553.833740234375]},{"page":105,"text":"communications ","rect":[453.7017822265625,560.0,522.1569921970367,552.8377685546875]},{"page":105,"text":"EP","rect":[527.6947021484375,559.75,539.3379309196472,553.156494140625]},{"page":105,"text":"responsibilities. Staff officers’ responsibilities are—","rect":[108.0199966430664,573.3914794921875,316.970009803772,564.3577880859375]},{"page":105,"text":" G-2 (S-2) Staff. Advises the commander of enemy capabilities that deny the effective unit use of","rect":[133.22000122070313,586.971435546875,539.7702932939529,577.9177856445313]},{"page":105,"text":"the  electromagnetic  spectrum.  They  also  keep  the  commander  informed  of  the  unit’s  signal","rect":[151.22000122070313,598.3713989257813,540.0805255184174,589.3177490234375]},{"page":105,"text":"security posture.","rect":[151.22003173828126,609.9214477539063,217.10544800758363,600.8677978515625]},{"page":105,"text":" Operations Staff. Exercise staff responsibility for EP, ES, and EA scenarios in command post","rect":[133.22003173828126,623.4814453125,539.6645098934174,614.4277954101563]},{"page":105,"text":"and  field  training  exercises,  and  evaluate  EP  techniques  employed.  The  operations  staff  also","rect":[151.22003173828126,634.8814086914063,539.5107617378235,625.8277587890625]},{"page":105,"text":"include EP in the unit training program.","rect":[151.22003173828126,646.4014282226563,310.01233887672427,637.3477783203125]},{"page":105,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":105,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":105,"text":"10-3","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":106,"text":"Chapter 10","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,118.64399938964844,37.608036041259769]},{"page":106,"text":"","rect":[115.2199935913086,80.6611099243164,121.22587356281281,75.93359375]},{"page":106,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,309.9111022949219,121.22588119220734,305.18359375]},{"page":106,"text":"G-6 (S-6) Staff—","rect":[133.22000122070313,83.22203063964844,205.46000003814698,74.48710632324219]},{"page":106,"text":" Assists the cyber electronic warfare officer with the preparation of the EP policy.","rect":[133.22000122070313,97.32139587402344,475.87000489234927,88.26775360107422]},{"page":106,"text":" Plans  alternate  means  of  communications  for  those  systems  most  vulnerable  to  enemy","rect":[133.22000122070313,111.36137390136719,521.6423535346985,102.30773162841797]},{"page":106,"text":"jamming.","rect":[151.22000122070313,122.76139831542969,189.10999512672425,113.69779205322266]},{"page":106,"text":" Ensures distribution of available COMSEC equipment to those systems most vulnerable to","rect":[133.22000122070313,136.92137145996095,521.7222485542297,127.86772918701172]},{"page":106,"text":"enemy information-gathering activities and ensures measures taken to protect critical friendly","rect":[151.22000122070313,148.32139587402345,521.940083026886,139.2677459716797]},{"page":106,"text":"frequencies from intentional and unintentional electromagnetic interference.","rect":[151.22000122070313,159.84141540527345,455.44828248023989,150.7877655029297]},{"page":106,"text":" Enforces  proper  use  of  radio,  EP,  emission  control,  and  TRANSEC  procedures  on","rect":[133.22000122070313,173.98146057128907,521.6824536323547,164.94773864746095]},{"page":106,"text":"communications channels.","rect":[151.22000122070313,183.38949584960938,257.104807138443,176.34776306152345]},{"page":106,"text":" Performs frequency management duties, and issues signal operating instructions on a timely","rect":[133.22000122070313,199.56138610839845,521.729145526886,190.5077362060547]},{"page":106,"text":"basis.","rect":[151.22000122070313,208.94949340820313,173.62000489234925,201.9077606201172]},{"page":106,"text":" Prepares  and  maintains  a  restricted  frequency  list  of  taboo,  protected,  and  guarded","rect":[133.22000122070313,225.0013885498047,521.592670917511,215.94773864746095]},{"page":106,"text":"frequencies.","rect":[151.22000122070313,236.50148010253907,199.66544556617738,227.46775817871095]},{"page":106,"text":" Prepares the EP and restricted frequency list appendixes to the signal annex with appropriate","rect":[133.22000122070313,250.56138610839845,521.9243152122498,241.5077362060547]},{"page":106,"text":"cross-references to the other annexes EW, operations security, and deception to the signal","rect":[151.22000122070313,261.9913635253906,521.5481768856049,252.93772888183595]},{"page":106,"text":"operating instructions for related information.","rect":[151.22000122070313,273.5113830566406,333.856516122818,264.457763671875]},{"page":106,"text":" Participates in the CEMA working group to deconflict friendly EMS requirements with EW","rect":[133.22000122070313,287.67138671875,521.6225769500733,278.6177673339844]},{"page":106,"text":"activities and information collection efforts, compiles information, and distributes the JRFL.","rect":[151.22000122070313,299.0514831542969,520.7526342868805,290.01776123046877]},{"page":106,"text":"Cyber  electronic  warfare  officer.  As  a  member  of  the  operations  staff,  the  cyber  electronic","rect":[133.22000122070313,312.6313781738281,521.6298816184998,303.5777587890625]},{"page":106,"text":"warfare  officer  plans,  coordinates,  and  supports  the  execution  of  EW  and  other  cyber","rect":[133.2200164794922,324.0313720703125,521.9580374345779,314.9777526855469]},{"page":106,"text":"electromagnetic  activities.  The  cyber  electronic  warfare  officer  integrates  efforts  across  the","rect":[133.2200164794922,335.5513610839844,521.610411403656,326.49774169921877]},{"page":106,"text":"warfighting functions to ensure EW operations support the commander’s objectives. The cyber","rect":[133.2200164794922,347.07135009765627,521.9303274736404,338.00775146484377]},{"page":106,"text":"electronic warfare officer—","rect":[133.22000122070313,356.5794372558594,244.7300043106079,349.5377197265625]},{"page":106,"text":" Leads the EW working group.","rect":[133.22000122070313,372.7513427734375,271.9065954685211,363.6977233886719]},{"page":106,"text":" Plans, coordinates and assesses EA, EP, and ES requirements.","rect":[133.22000122070313,386.7714538574219,399.19413208961489,377.73773193359377]},{"page":106,"text":" Supports the G-2 (S-2) during the intelligence preparation of the battlefield process.","rect":[133.22000122070313,400.83135986328127,486.44693970680239,391.7777404785156]},{"page":106,"text":" Provides information collection requirements to the G-2 (S-2) to support the assessment of","rect":[133.22000122070313,414.8514709472656,521.8605032548904,405.8177490234375]},{"page":106,"text":"EW.","rect":[151.22000122070313,424.2694091796875,169.28739380836488,417.5364685058594]},{"page":106,"text":" Supports the fire support coordinator to ensure the integration of EA with all other effects.","rect":[133.22000122070313,440.45135498046877,512.0171911716461,431.3977355957031]},{"page":106,"text":" Provides  EW  support  derived  from  tactical  targeting  information  to  the  fire  support","rect":[133.22000122070313,454.4913635253906,521.6823321590424,445.437744140625]},{"page":106,"text":"coordinator.","rect":[151.22000122070313,463.87945556640627,199.84470582008363,456.8377380371094]},{"page":106,"text":" Coordinates with the G-6 (S-6) to plan, assess, and implement friendly EP measures.","rect":[133.22000122070313,480.0513610839844,490.2037146091461,470.99774169921877]},{"page":106,"text":" Prioritizes EW effects and targets with the fire support 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intelligence","rect":[133.22000122070313,641.0014038085938,521.9259021263123,631.94775390625]},{"page":106,"text":"collection activities.","rect":[151.22000122070313,650.3894653320313,231.54741883277894,643.3477783203125]},{"page":106,"text":"10-20.","rect":[90.02400207519531,667.8895263671875,115.91000580787659,661.0469970703125]},{"page":106,"text":"Electronic ","rect":[124.58000946044922,668.0,168.06540894508363,660.8677368164063]},{"page":106,"text":"warfare ","rect":[173.7326202392578,668.0,206.54090332984925,660.877685546875]},{"page":106,"text":"capabilities ","rect":[212.09860229492188,669.9014282226563,260.06592774391177,660.8677368164063]},{"page":106,"text":"are ","rect":[265.5838317871094,668.0,280.28479981422427,662.0]},{"page":106,"text":"critical ","rect":[285.8424072265625,668.0,316.0411169528961,660.8677368164063]},{"page":106,"text":"to ","rect":[321.57891845703127,668.0,331.85758423805239,661.8637084960938]},{"page":106,"text":"maintaining ","rect":[337.3953857421875,669.92138671875,387.519846200943,660.8677368164063]},{"page":106,"text":"communications ","rect":[393.06982421875,668.0,461.634592294693,660.8677368164063]},{"page":106,"text":"in ","rect":[467.1723937988281,668.0,477.34159302711489,660.8677368164063]},{"page":106,"text":"a ","rect":[482.8792724609375,668.0,489.79151368141177,662.0]},{"page":106,"text":"hostile","rect":[495.3492126464844,668.0,521.8728015403748,660.8677368164063]},{"page":106,"text":"electromagnetic  operational  environment.  Refer  to  ATP  3-12.3  for  more  information  about  electronic","rect":[90.02400970458985,681.44140625,521.9709460716248,672.3877563476563]},{"page":106,"text":"warfare.","rect":[90.02400970458985,690.949462890625,122.95179200172425,683.917724609375]},{"page":106,"text":"10-4","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":106,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":106,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":107,"text":"Electronic Warfare and Protection Techniques","rect":[342.54998779296877,45.924034118652347,540.0368979492188,37.608036041259769]},{"page":107,"text":"COMMUNICATIONS PLANNING PROCESS","rect":[90.02399444580078,85.17062377929688,373.2278403205872,75.44090270996094]},{"page":107,"text":"10-21. Planning  counters  the  enemy’s  attempts  to  take  advantage  of  the  vulnerabilities  of  friendly","rect":[108.0199966430664,105.24137878417969,539.967915058136,96.18773651123047]},{"page":107,"text":"communications systems. Planning counters the enemy’s attempts to take advantage of the vulnerabilities of","rect":[108.0199966430664,116.76139831542969,540.0074148759842,107.70775604248047]},{"page":107,"text":"friendly communications systems. At a minimum, planners should consider the following four categories of","rect":[108.0199966430664,128.28135681152345,539.6169119462967,119.22771453857422]},{"page":107,"text":"EP planning: deployment, employment, replacement, and concealment.","rect":[108.0199966430664,139.80137634277345,393.09513306617739,130.7477264404297]},{"page":107,"text":"COMMUNICATIONS PLANNING","rect":[90.02399444580078,163.26797485351563,239.197247505188,154.97598266601563]},{"page":107,"text":"10-22.","rect":[108.0199966430664,180.96954345703126,133.90999817848206,174.1270294189453]},{"page":107,"text":"When ","rect":[142.5800018310547,182.0,168.82457947731019,173.9477996826172]},{"page":107,"text":"conducting ","rect":[174.24288940429688,183.00144958496095,221.10462403297425,173.9477996826172]},{"page":107,"text":"communications ","rect":[226.52291870117188,182.0,295.07755494117739,173.9477996826172]},{"page":107,"text":"planning, ","rect":[300.4957580566406,183.00144958496095,340.7198278903961,173.9477996826172]},{"page":107,"text":"use ","rect":[346.14984130859377,182.0,361.82691407203677,175.0]},{"page":107,"text":"spectrum ","rect":[367.384521484375,182.9815216064453,406.318186044693,174.9438018798828]},{"page":107,"text":"management ","rect":[411.85595703125,183.00144958496095,465.33118653297427,174.9438018798828]},{"page":107,"text":"tools ","rect":[470.73944091796877,182.0,492.65149903297427,173.9477996826172]},{"page":107,"text":"to ","rect":[498.06982421875,182.0,508.46802735328677,174.9438018798828]},{"page":107,"text":"enable","rect":[513.8862915039063,182.0,539.9117419700623,173.9477996826172]},{"page":107,"text":"electromagnetic spectrum planning and to define and support requirements. Coordinate all frequency use","rect":[108.0199966430664,194.52146911621095,539.3976428489685,185.4678192138672]},{"page":107,"text":"before activation of emitters to mitigate or eliminate electromagnetic interference or other negligible effects.","rect":[108.0199966430664,206.0414276123047,539.5571386814117,196.98777770996095]},{"page":107,"text":"Consider the following when conducting electromagnetic spectrum management planning—","rect":[108.0199966430664,217.5614471435547,477.9400110244751,208.50779724121095]},{"page":107,"text":" Transmitter and receiver locations.","rect":[133.22000122070313,229.10952758789063,290.371164560318,222.0677947998047]},{"page":107,"text":" Antenna technical parameters and characteristics.","rect":[133.22000122070313,244.54151916503907,348.93592286109927,235.50779724121095]},{"page":107,"text":" Number of frequencies desired and separation requirements.","rect":[133.22000122070313,258.1015319824219,392.152414560318,249.0677947998047]},{"page":107,"text":" Nature of the operation (fixed, mobile land, mobile aeronautical, and over water or maritime).","rect":[133.22000122070313,271.5715637207031,526.7192480564117,262.537841796875]},{"page":107,"text":" Physical effects of the operational environment ground, soil, humidity, and topology.","rect":[133.22000122070313,285.15142822265627,491.1948034763336,276.0978088378906]},{"page":107,"text":" All electromagnetic spectrum-dependent equipment includes emitters, sensors, and unmanned","rect":[133.22000122070313,298.5914306640625,539.640766620636,289.5378112792969]},{"page":107,"text":"aerial sensors.","rect":[151.22000122070313,308.0995178222656,207.70240235328675,301.05780029296877]},{"page":107,"text":" Start and end dates for use.","rect":[133.22000122070313,321.6694641113281,259.305979013443,314.6177978515625]},{"page":107,"text":"CONTROL OF COMPROMISING EMANATIONS","rect":[90.02399444580078,347.1380310058594,308.18292808532717,338.8460388183594]},{"page":107,"text":"10-23. Radios can create a significant vulnerability control of compromising emanations if TEMPEST","rect":[108.0199966430664,366.8713684082031,539.6056405897141,357.8177490234375]},{"page":107,"text":"installation guidelines not followed. Radios with embedded cryptographic devices should be installed and","rect":[108.0199966430664,378.391357421875,539.7359204292297,369.3377380371094]},{"page":107,"text":"operate any applicable operations security doctrine for that device or radio. The TEMPEST countermeasure","rect":[108.0199966430664,389.911376953125,539.417540309906,380.8577575683594]},{"page":107,"text":"review for a facility, platform, or system may set additional countermeasure requirements for radios operating","rect":[108.0199966430664,401.3113708496094,539.577045917511,392.25775146484377]},{"page":107,"text":"in those environments. Compliance with all TEMPEST requirements is critical for the protection of classified","rect":[108.0199966430664,412.81146240234377,539.5383496284485,403.7777404785156]},{"page":107,"text":"information.  Refer  to  AR  380-27  for  more  information  about  control  of  compromising  emanations.  The","rect":[108.0199966430664,424.35137939453127,539.7880847434998,415.2977600097656]},{"page":107,"text":"supporting certified TEMPEST technical authority can provide guidance on countermeasure compliance.","rect":[108.0199966430664,435.8913879394531,527.8077490329742,426.8377685546875]},{"page":107,"text":"PRIMARY, ALTERNATE, CONTINGENCY, AND EMERGENCY COMMUNICATION PLAN","rect":[90.02399444580078,461.39801025390627,497.6049966812134,451.1860046386719]},{"page":107,"text":"10-24.","rect":[108.02000427246094,477.1795654296875,133.90999817848206,470.3370361328125]},{"page":107,"text":"The ","rect":[142.5800018310547,478.0,160.6474096775055,470.15777587890627]},{"page":107,"text":"primary, ","rect":[166.08560180664063,479.2113952636719,202.49936890602113,470.15777587890627]},{"page":107,"text":"alternate, ","rect":[207.91757202148438,478.0,247.22974610328675,470.15777587890627]},{"page":107,"text":"contingency, ","rect":[252.64794921875,479.2113952636719,306.33240723609927,470.15777587890627]},{"page":107,"text":"and ","rect":[311.7506103515625,478.0,328.632883310318,470.15777587890627]},{"page":107,"text":"emergency ","rect":[334.05108642578127,479.2113952636719,380.42481446266177,472.0]},{"page":107,"text":"(PACE) ","rect":[385.8431091308594,479.1914978027344,420.334543466568,470.15777587890627]},{"page":107,"text":"communication ","rect":[425.7528076171875,478.0,490.37342286109927,470.15777587890627]},{"page":107,"text":"plan ","rect":[495.7916259765625,479.1914978027344,515.4327490329742,470.15777587890627]},{"page":107,"text":"is ","rect":[520.8509521484375,478.0,529.9445288181305,470.15777587890627]},{"page":107,"text":"a","rect":[535.3627319335938,478.0,539.784971950531,472.0]},{"page":107,"text":"communication plan for a specific mission or task, not a specific unit. The plan considers both intra- and","rect":[108.0199966430664,490.71148681640627,540.0422558784485,481.6777648925781]},{"page":107,"text":"inter-unit sharing of information. The PACE plan designates the order in which an element will move through","rect":[108.0199966430664,502.13140869140627,539.6733593940735,493.0777893066406]},{"page":107,"text":"available communications systems until establishing contact with the desired distant element.","rect":[108.0199966430664,513.6514282226563,481.46280884742739,504.5977783203125]},{"page":107,"text":"10-25. The G-6 (S-6) develops a PACE plan for each phase of an operation to ensure that the commander","rect":[108.0199966430664,531.1514892578125,539.4519339189529,522.1177978515625]},{"page":107,"text":"can maintain command and control of the formation. The plan reflects the training, equipment status, and","rect":[108.0199966430664,542.69140625,539.4673047065735,533.6377563476563]},{"page":107,"text":"actual  capabilities  of  the  formation.  Higher  headquarters  evaluate  communication  requirements  with","rect":[108.0199966430664,554.21142578125,539.8872265815735,545.1577758789063]},{"page":107,"text":"subordinate echelons and work with the G-6 (S-6) to develop an effective plan. Upon receipt of an order from","rect":[108.0199966430664,565.71142578125,539.9000641117096,556.677734375]},{"page":107,"text":"a higher headquarters, the receiving unit evaluates the PACE plan for two essential elements—","rect":[108.0199966430664,577.1314086914063,487.9000024795532,568.0777587890625]},{"page":107,"text":" Availability of assets to execute the plan to higher.","rect":[133.22000122070313,590.69140625,353.9159643650055,581.6377563476563]},{"page":107,"text":" Ability to nest with the higher command’s PACE plan.","rect":[133.22000122070313,604.2514038085938,370.7729284763336,595.19775390625]},{"page":107,"text":"10-26. Viable PACE plans are crucial to the commander’s situational awareness.  A subordinate unit,","rect":[108.02001190185547,621.6614990234375,539.8947851657867,612.6278076171875]},{"page":107,"text":"untrained on a communications system or lacks the subcomponents to make the system mission capable does","rect":[108.0199966430664,633.201416015625,540.0834243898391,624.1477661132813]},{"page":107,"text":"not ensure continuity of command and control by including the communications system in the PACE plan.","rect":[108.0199966430664,644.721435546875,539.397775888443,635.6677856445313]},{"page":107,"text":"Commanders’ ability to exercise command and control during an operation can suffer due to communications","rect":[108.0199966430664,656.2413940429688,540.0144546632766,647.187744140625]},{"page":107,"text":"systems  that  are  in  transit  or  otherwise  unavailable.  If  a  unit  does  not  have  four  viable  methods  of","rect":[108.02001190185547,667.6414184570313,539.6866140947342,658.5877685546875]},{"page":107,"text":"communication, it is appropriate to issue a PACE plan with only two or three systems listed.","rect":[108.02001190185547,679.1614379882813,477.2970983982086,670.1077880859375]},{"page":107,"text":"10-27. If the unit cannot execute the full PACE plan to its higher command, it must inform the issuing","rect":[108.02001190185547,696.6774291992188,539.8498120307922,687.623779296875]},{"page":107,"text":"headquarters with an assessment of shortfalls, gaps, and possible mitigation measures as part of mission","rect":[108.0199966430664,708.1974487304688,539.5271191596985,699.143798828125]},{"page":107,"text":"analysis during the military decision-making process. During course of action development, the S-6 nests the","rect":[108.0199966430664,719.7174072265625,540.062803981781,710.6637573242188]},{"page":107,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":107,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":107,"text":"10-5","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":108,"text":"Chapter 10","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,118.64399938964844,37.608036041259769]},{"page":108,"text":"signal support plan with the higher command’s plan whenever practical. This aids in maintaining continuity","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.8374829292297,74.08776092529297]},{"page":108,"text":"of effort.","rect":[90.02398681640625,92.6694564819336,125.46162629127503,85.6376953125]},{"page":108,"text":"10-28. If a higher command places any form of information requirement on one or more of its subordinate","rect":[90.02398681640625,112.20140075683594,521.4263904075623,103.14775848388672]},{"page":108,"text":"units, subordinate units address the requirement as follows:","rect":[90.02399444580078,123.58150482177735,327.13390076255799,114.54778289794922]},{"page":108,"text":" Generate an executable PACE plan.","rect":[115.2199935913086,137.14149475097657,276.61414551734927,128.10777282714845]},{"page":108,"text":" Include the PACE plan in the operation order or fragmentary order when published.","rect":[115.22000122070313,150.72142028808595,467.9258825778961,141.6677703857422]},{"page":108,"text":" Publish the data requirement in the base operation order or fragmentary order execution paragraph","rect":[115.22000122070313,164.1614227294922,521.6203808784485,155.10777282714845]},{"page":108,"text":"in the tasks section of the order including a reference to the specific annex for detailed format and","rect":[133.22000122070313,175.6814422607422,521.670063495636,166.62779235839845]},{"page":108,"text":"PACE.","rect":[133.22000122070313,185.19949340820313,161.12796998023988,178.317138671875]},{"page":108,"text":"GEOMETRY","rect":[72.02400207519531,210.6800537109375,130.31355381011964,202.3640594482422]},{"page":108,"text":"10-29. Planners analyze the terrain and determine methods to make the geometry of the operations work in","rect":[90.02398681640625,230.40147399902345,521.6455273628235,221.3478240966797]},{"page":108,"text":"favor of friendly forces. Adhering rigidly to standard command post deployment makes it easier for the","rect":[90.02399444580078,241.92149353027345,521.6508777122498,232.8678436279297]},{"page":108,"text":"enemy to use direction finding to aim jamming equipment at friendly radios.","rect":[90.02399444580078,253.44151306152345,395.62671875953677,244.37791442871095]},{"page":108,"text":"10-30. Deploying units and communications systems perpendicular to the forward line of own troops","rect":[90.02399444580078,270.9914855957031,521.6653946046829,261.9378662109375]},{"page":108,"text":"enhance  the  enemy’s  ability  to  intercept  communication  because  U.S.  forces  aim  transmissions  in  the","rect":[90.02399444580078,282.511474609375,521.6597888450623,273.4578552246094]},{"page":108,"text":"enemy’s  direction.  When  possible,  friendly  forces  install  terrestrial  line  of  sight  communications  links","rect":[90.02399444580078,294.0314636230469,522.1117447023391,284.97784423828127]},{"page":108,"text":"parallel to the forward line of own troops. This supports keeping the primary strength of U.S. transmissions","rect":[90.02399444580078,305.43145751953127,521.8636978273391,296.3778381347656]},{"page":108,"text":"in friendly terrain.","rect":[90.02399444580078,316.9514465332031,162.85154175758363,307.8978271484375]},{"page":108,"text":"10-31. Single-channel TACSAT systems reduce friendly command post vulnerability to enemy direction","rect":[90.02399444580078,334.471435546875,521.6511425971985,325.4178161621094]},{"page":108,"text":"efforts.  Tactical  SATCOM  is  inherently  resistant  to  enemy  direction  finding.  When  possible,  use  terrain","rect":[90.02399444580078,345.9914245605469,521.6906323432922,336.93780517578127]},{"page":108,"text":"features  to  mask  friendly  communication  from  enemy  positions.  This  may  require  moving  senior","rect":[90.02399444580078,357.51141357421877,521.6635428056717,348.4577941894531]},{"page":108,"text":"headquarters farther forward and using more jump or tactical command posts to ensure that commanders can","rect":[90.02399444580078,368.9114074707031,521.7104077339172,359.8478088378906]},{"page":108,"text":"continue to direct their units effectively.","rect":[90.02399444580078,380.431396484375,250.14097046852113,371.3777770996094]},{"page":108,"text":"10-32. Selecting command post locations requires careful planning as command post locations generally","rect":[90.02399444580078,397.9513854980469,521.7964673042297,388.89776611328127]},{"page":108,"text":"determine antenna locations. The proper installation and positioning of antennas around command posts are","rect":[90.02399444580078,409.47137451171877,521.590880153656,400.4177551269531]},{"page":108,"text":"critical. Disperse and position antennas and emitters at the maximum remote distance and terrain dependent","rect":[90.02399444580078,420.9714660644531,521.9829303035737,411.937744140625]},{"page":108,"text":"from the command post to ensure that not all of a unit’s transmissions are coming from one central location","rect":[90.02399444580078,432.5113525390625,521.7387890815735,423.4577331542969]},{"page":108,"text":"system design.","rect":[90.02400207519531,443.9313659667969,148.7382299900055,434.87774658203127]},{"page":108,"text":"10-33. Establish alternate routes of communication when designing communications systems. This involves","rect":[90.02400207519531,461.45135498046877,521.6653946046829,452.3977355957031]},{"page":108,"text":"establishing enough communications paths to ensure that the loss of one or more routes does not severely","rect":[90.02400970458985,472.9713439941406,521.5708203315735,463.917724609375]},{"page":108,"text":"degrade  the  overall  system.  The  commander  establishes  the  priorities  of  critical  communications  links.","rect":[90.02400970458985,484.4913330078125,521.6507666110992,475.4377136230469]},{"page":108,"text":"Provide high priority links with the most significant number of alternate routes.","rect":[90.02400970458985,496.0113220214844,407.6105749607086,486.95770263671877]},{"page":108,"text":"10-34. Alternate routes enable friendly units to continue to communicate despite the enemy’s efforts to","rect":[90.02400970458985,513.5313110351563,522.099750995636,504.4776916503906]},{"page":108,"text":"deny them communication systems. Alternate routes also transmit false messages and orders on the route","rect":[90.02398681640625,524.9313354492188,521.5710437278748,515.877685546875]},{"page":108,"text":"experiencing electromagnetic interference, while they transmit actual messages and orders through another","rect":[90.02398681640625,536.4513549804688,521.6473074541092,527.397705078125]},{"page":108,"text":"route or means. A definite benefit of continuing to operate in a degraded system is the probability the enemy","rect":[90.02398681640625,547.9713134765625,521.6209301948547,538.9176635742188]},{"page":108,"text":"will waste efforts to impair friendly communications elsewhere.","rect":[90.02398681640625,559.4913330078125,345.76688599586489,550.4376831054688]},{"page":108,"text":"10-35. Three routing concepts, or variation of them, can be used in communications—","rect":[90.02398681640625,577.0113525390625,441.9099817276001,567.9577026367188]},{"page":108,"text":" Straight-line system. Provides no alternate routes of communications.","rect":[115.219970703125,590.5713500976563,411.35328125953677,581.5177001953125]},{"page":108,"text":" Circular system. Provides one alternate route of communications.","rect":[115.219970703125,604.0113525390625,394.76954102516177,594.9577026367188]},{"page":108,"text":" Grid system. Provides as many alternate routes of communications as can be practically planned.","rect":[115.219970703125,617.601318359375,520.9115087985992,608.5476684570313]},{"page":108,"text":"10-36. Avoid establishing a pattern of communication. Enemy intelligence analysts may be able to extract","rect":[90.02397155761719,635.0013427734375,521.7449542293549,625.9476928710938]},{"page":108,"text":"information from the design, and the text, of friendly transmissions. If easily identifiable patterns of friendly","rect":[90.02397918701172,646.5213012695313,521.5410962104797,637.4676513671875]},{"page":108,"text":"established communication, the enemy can gain valuable information.","rect":[90.02397918701172,658.0413208007813,369.820383310318,648.9876708984375]},{"page":108,"text":"10-37. The number of friendly transmissions tends to increase or decrease according to the type of tactical","rect":[90.02397918701172,675.4413452148438,521.5756427059174,666.3876953125]},{"page":108,"text":"operations executed. Execute this deceptive communication traffic by using false peaks, or traffic leveling.","rect":[90.02397918701172,686.9613647460938,521.8263647556305,677.90771484375]},{"page":108,"text":"False peaks to prevent the enemy from connecting an increase of communications with a tactical operation.","rect":[90.02397918701172,698.4773559570313,521.7204687595367,689.4237060546875]},{"page":108,"text":"Transmission increases on a random schedule create false peaks.","rect":[90.02397918701172,709.9773559570313,348.2668249607086,700.9436645507813]},{"page":108,"text":"10-6","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":108,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":108,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":109,"text":"Electronic Warfare and Protection Techniques","rect":[342.54998779296877,45.924034118652347,540.0368979492188,37.608036041259769]},{"page":109,"text":"10-38. Tactically  accomplish  traffic  leveling  by  designing  messages  to  transmit  when  a  decrease  in","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,540.0442090034485,74.08776092529297]},{"page":109,"text":"transmission traffic. Traffic leveling keeps the transmission traffic constant. Coordinate messages transmitted","rect":[108.0199966430664,94.68138122558594,539.696430683136,85.62773895263672]},{"page":109,"text":"for traffic leveling or false peaks to avoid operational security violations, electromagnetic interference, and","rect":[108.0199966430664,106.20140075683594,539.4773755073547,97.14775848388672]},{"page":109,"text":"confusion among friendly equipment operators.","rect":[108.0199966430664,117.60142517089844,298.01835083961489,108.54778289794922]},{"page":109,"text":"10-39. ACES equipment, software, and subsequent signal operating instructions development resolve many","rect":[108.0199966430664,135.1213836669922,539.7948803901672,126.06774139404297]},{"page":109,"text":"problems concerning communications patterns; they allow users to change frequencies often, and at random.","rect":[108.0199966430664,146.6414031982422,539.5470678806305,137.58775329589845]},{"page":109,"text":"This is an important aspect of confusing enemy traffic analysts. Enemy traffic analysts are confused when","rect":[108.0199966430664,158.16136169433595,539.5515332221985,149.1077117919922]},{"page":109,"text":"frequencies,  network  call  signs,  locations,  and  operators  often  change.  The  enemy  uses  U.S.  tactics,","rect":[108.0199966430664,169.68138122558595,539.4972631931305,160.6277313232422]},{"page":109,"text":"techniques,  and  procedures  to  help  perform  their  mission.  These  procedures  require  flexibility  to  avoid","rect":[108.0199966430664,181.20140075683595,539.8261303901672,172.1477508544922]},{"page":109,"text":"establishing communications patterns.","rect":[108.0199966430664,192.6013641357422,260.87610840797427,183.54771423339845]},{"page":109,"text":"REPLACEMENT","rect":[90.02399444580078,216.15267944335938,165.67807912826539,208.07595825195313]},{"page":109,"text":"10-40. Replacement  involves  establishing  alternate  routes  and  means  of  doing  what  the  commander","rect":[108.01998901367188,235.92137145996095,539.5260305986404,226.8677215576172]},{"page":109,"text":"requires. FM voice communications are the most critical communications used by the commander during","rect":[108.0199966430664,247.44139099121095,539.8531079292297,238.3877410888672]},{"page":109,"text":"enemy engagements and require reserving critical systems for critical operations.","rect":[108.0199966430664,258.9613342285156,432.03882813453677,249.90769958496095]},{"page":109,"text":"10-41. Use alternate means of communication before enemy engagements. This ensures the enemy cannot","rect":[108.0199966430664,276.5113830566406,539.5658770809174,267.457763671875]},{"page":109,"text":"establish a database to destroy primary means of communication. If the primary means degrades, replace","rect":[108.0199966430664,288.0313720703125,539.954649684906,278.9777526855469]},{"page":109,"text":"primary systems with alternate methods of communication. Replacements require preplanning and careful","rect":[108.0199966430664,299.431396484375,539.5869952449799,290.3777770996094]},{"page":109,"text":"coordination; if not, compromise of the alternative means of communication occurs and is no longer use as","rect":[108.0199966430664,310.9513854980469,539.5372207765579,301.89776611328127]},{"page":109,"text":"the primary means of communication. Users of communications equipment require knowledge of how and","rect":[108.0199966430664,322.47137451171877,539.3678784370422,313.4177551269531]},{"page":109,"text":"when to use the primary and alternate means of communication. This planning and expertise ensure the most","rect":[108.0199966430664,333.99139404296877,539.7066851863862,324.9377746582031]},{"page":109,"text":"efficient use of communications systems.","rect":[108.0199966430664,345.5113830566406,272.98743653297427,336.457763671875]},{"page":109,"text":"CONCEALMENT","rect":[90.02399444580078,368.9779968261719,167.74323415756227,360.6860046386719]},{"page":109,"text":"10-42. Operation plans should include provisions to conceal communications personnel, equipment, and","rect":[108.01998901367188,388.6914978027344,539.4561352729797,379.65777587890627]},{"page":109,"text":"transmissions. It is difficult to conceal most communications systems; installing antennas as low as possible","rect":[108.0199966430664,400.23138427734377,539.5272815208435,391.1777648925781]},{"page":109,"text":"on the backside of terrain features, and behind manmade obstacles, helps conceal communications equipment","rect":[108.0199966430664,411.73150634765627,539.8030596981049,402.6977844238281]},{"page":109,"text":"while still permitting communication.","rect":[108.0199966430664,423.2713928222656,258.933908700943,414.2177734375]},{"page":109,"text":"SIGNAL SECURITY","rect":[90.02399444580078,448.8406066894531,219.54300790214539,439.1108703613281]},{"page":109,"text":"10-43. EP and signal security are closely related. They are defensive arts based on the same principle. If","rect":[108.0199966430664,468.8913879394531,539.4961233720779,459.8377685546875]},{"page":109,"text":"adversaries do not have access to the essential elements of friendly information of U.S. forces, they are much","rect":[108.0199966430664,480.411376953125,539.7331128120422,471.3577575683594]},{"page":109,"text":"less effective. The purpose of practicing sound EP techniques is to ensure the continued effective use of the","rect":[108.0199966430664,491.931396484375,539.517149684906,482.8777770996094]},{"page":109,"text":"electromagnetic spectrum. The goal of signal security is to ensure the enemy cannot exploit the friendly use","rect":[108.0199966430664,503.3313903808594,539.7277209739685,494.27777099609377]},{"page":109,"text":"of  the  electromagnetic  spectrum  for  communication.  Signal  security  techniques  are  designed  to  give","rect":[108.0199966430664,514.8513793945313,539.4675281028748,505.7977294921875]},{"page":109,"text":"commanders confidence in the security of their transmissions. Plan signal security and EP based on the","rect":[108.0199966430664,526.3713989257813,539.556944606781,517.3177490234375]},{"page":109,"text":"enemy’s ability to gather intelligence and degrade friendly communications systems.","rect":[108.0199966430664,537.8914184570313,446.9190466403961,528.8377685546875]},{"page":109,"text":"10-44. Tactical commanders ensure effective employment of all communications equipment, despite the","rect":[108.0199966430664,555.4114379882813,539.5061023216248,546.3577880859375]},{"page":109,"text":"enemy’s concerted efforts to degrade friendly communication to gain a tactical advantage. Modifying and","rect":[108.0199966430664,566.9314575195313,539.9209179878235,557.8778076171875]},{"page":109,"text":"developing  equipment,  to  make  friendly  communication  less  susceptible  to  enemy  exploitation  is  an","rect":[108.0199966430664,578.3314208984375,539.557026386261,569.2777709960938]},{"page":109,"text":"expensive  process.  Equipment  that  solves  EP  problems  is  being  developed  and  fielded.  Ultimately,  the","rect":[108.0199966430664,589.8514404296875,539.4475085716248,580.7977905273438]},{"page":109,"text":"commander, staff planners, and radio operators are responsible for the security and continued operation of","rect":[108.0199966430664,601.3713989257813,539.7520437822342,592.3177490234375]},{"page":109,"text":"communications equipment.","rect":[108.0199966430664,612.9014892578125,221.0858862400055,603.8677978515625]},{"page":109,"text":"EMISSION CONTROL","rect":[90.02400207519531,638.4705810546875,234.39736430072785,628.7549438476563]},{"page":109,"text":"10-45. The control of friendly electromagnetic emissions is essential to successfully defend against enemy","rect":[108.0199966430664,658.5214233398438,539.555805683136,649.4677734375]},{"page":109,"text":"attempts to destroy or disrupt U.S. communications. Emission control is the selective and controlled use of","rect":[108.0199966430664,670.0414428710938,540.0263968095779,660.98779296875]},{"page":109,"text":"electromagnetic, acoustic, or other emitters to optimize command and control capabilities while minimizing,","rect":[108.01998138427735,681.44140625,539.6766455173492,672.3877563476563]},{"page":109,"text":"for operations security: a. detection by enemy sensors; b. mutual interference among friendly systems; and/or","rect":[108.01998138427735,692.96142578125,539.8384085283279,683.9077758789063]},{"page":109,"text":"c. enemy interference with the ability to execute a military deception plan (JP 3-13.1). When operating radios,","rect":[108.01998138427735,704.4774169921875,539.9679663181305,695.4237670898438]},{"page":109,"text":"exercise emission control at all times. Only turn transmitters when needed to accomplish the mission. Enemy","rect":[108.01998138427735,715.9973754882813,539.9546093940735,706.9437255859375]},{"page":109,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":109,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":109,"text":"10-7","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":110,"text":"Chapter 10","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,118.64399938964844,37.608036041259769]},{"page":110,"text":"intelligence analysts look for patterns they can turn into valuable information. Inactive friendly transmitters","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.4216201906204,74.08776092529297]},{"page":110,"text":"do not provide the enemy with usable intelligence. Emission control can be total; for example, the commander","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,521.5709524736404,85.62773895263672]},{"page":110,"text":"may direct radio silence whenever desired. Radio silence is the status on a radio network in which all","rect":[90.02399444580078,106.20140075683594,521.6930743465424,97.14775848388672]},{"page":110,"text":"stations are directed to continuously monitor without transmitting, except under established criteria.","rect":[90.02398681640625,117.84141540527344,518.888010263443,108.94712829589844]},{"page":110,"text":"10-46. Keep power output to a minimum and keep transmissions to a minimum of 20 seconds absolute","rect":[90.02395629882813,135.1015167236328,521.9283435325623,126.06780242919922]},{"page":110,"text":"maximum,  15  seconds  maximum  preferred  and  should  contain  only  mission-critical  information.  Good","rect":[90.02396392822266,146.64146423339845,521.9054760932922,137.5878143310547]},{"page":110,"text":"emission control makes using communications equipment appear random and is consistent with good EP","rect":[90.02396392822266,158.16148376464845,521.5711462516784,149.1078338623047]},{"page":110,"text":"practices. This technique alone will not eliminate the enemy’s ability to find a friendly transmitter; but when","rect":[90.02396392822266,169.68150329589845,521.8518261909485,160.6278533935547]},{"page":110,"text":"combined with other EP techniques, it makes locating a transmitter more difficult.","rect":[90.02398681640625,181.20152282714845,418.0765173435211,172.1478729248047]},{"page":110,"text":"PREVENTIVE ELECTRONIC PROTECTION TECHNIQUES","rect":[72.02398681640625,208.9473114013672,456.08181370925908,196.91502380371095]},{"page":110,"text":"10-47. In  planning  communications,  consider  the  enemy’s  capabilities  to  deny  the  effective  use  of","rect":[90.02398681640625,226.80149841308595,522.0959158525467,217.7478485107422]},{"page":110,"text":"communications equipment. EP techniques also force enemies to doubt the effectiveness of their jamming","rect":[90.02400207519531,238.20152282714845,521.521137714386,229.13792419433595]},{"page":110,"text":"and deception efforts. Radio operators use preventive EP techniques to safeguard friendly communications","rect":[90.02400207519531,249.72154235839845,522.0238540773391,240.6678924560547]},{"page":110,"text":"from enemy disruption and destruction. Preventive EP techniques include all measures taken to avoid enemy","rect":[90.02400207519531,261.2415466308594,521.780170917511,252.1879119873047]},{"page":110,"text":"detection and to deny enemy intelligence analysts useful information. These techniques include EP designed","rect":[90.02400207519531,272.7915344238281,521.5113110542297,263.7379150390625]},{"page":110,"text":"circuit equipment features and radio systems installation and operating procedures. Refer to AR 380-5 for","rect":[90.02400207519531,284.3115234375,522.0204763994217,275.2579040527344]},{"page":110,"text":"the Department of the Army information security program.","rect":[90.02400207519531,295.8315124511719,325.647775888443,286.77789306640627]},{"page":110,"text":"10-48. EP designed circuits focus on technology enhancements, to mitigate the effects of enemy radio","rect":[90.02400207519531,313.23150634765627,521.615620136261,304.1778869628906]},{"page":110,"text":"electronic combat threats and reduce vulnerabilities to electronic countermeasures.","rect":[90.02400970458985,322.7395935058594,420.36405396461489,315.6978759765625]},{"page":110,"text":"10-49. Radio operators have little control over the effectiveness of EP designed circuits; therefore, their","rect":[90.02400970458985,342.271484375,521.5857840166092,333.2178649902344]},{"page":110,"text":"primary focus is radio systems installation and operating procedures. Appendix C addresses operations in","rect":[90.02400970458985,353.7914733886719,522.0085034370422,344.73785400390627]},{"page":110,"text":"cold weather, jungle, urban, desert, and nuclear environments.","rect":[90.02400970458985,365.31146240234377,338.47620606422427,356.24786376953127]},{"page":110,"text":"10-50. Incorrect  operating  procedures  can  jeopardize  the  unit’s  mission  and  ultimately  increase  unit","rect":[90.02400970458985,382.7114562988281,521.9450885066987,373.6478576660156]},{"page":110,"text":"casualties. Communications equipment operators require the instinctive use of preventive and remedial EP","rect":[90.02398681640625,394.2115478515625,521.9912512321472,385.1778259277344]},{"page":110,"text":"techniques. Maintenance personnel require knowledge that improper modifications to equipment may cause","rect":[90.02398681640625,405.7514343261719,521.5211169700623,396.69781494140627]},{"page":110,"text":"the equipment to develop peculiar characteristics readily identifiable by the enemy. Commanders and staff","rect":[90.02398681640625,417.27142333984377,521.6505423173904,408.2178039550781]},{"page":110,"text":"develop plans to ensure the continued use of friendly communications equipment and systems, while also","rect":[90.02398681640625,428.7914123535156,521.6579174995422,419.73779296875]},{"page":110,"text":"evaluating joint spectrum interference resolution (JSIR) reports and after-action reports to initiate appropriate","rect":[90.02398681640625,440.3314208984375,522.0319812278748,431.267822265625]},{"page":110,"text":"remedial actions.","rect":[90.02398681640625,449.7195129394531,158.1006109714508,442.67779541015627]},{"page":110,"text":"10-51. Effective jamming depends on knowing the frequencies, line of bearing, received signal strength","rect":[90.02398681640625,469.25140380859377,522.0813794136047,460.18780517578127]},{"page":110,"text":"indicator value, and approximate locations of units to be jammed. Using the techniques addressed in the","rect":[90.02401733398438,480.7713928222656,521.7836291770935,471.7077941894531]},{"page":110,"text":"following paragraphs reduces the vulnerability of communication from enemy disruption or destruction. Do","rect":[90.02401733398438,492.2913818359375,521.6308789253235,483.2377624511719]},{"page":110,"text":"not disclose this information.","rect":[90.02401733398438,501.7994689941406,206.41654419898988,494.75775146484377]},{"page":110,"text":"10-52. The most effective preventive EP technique is to minimize radio transmissions, transmission times,","rect":[90.02401733398438,521.3114013671875,521.8745214939117,512.2777099609375]},{"page":110,"text":"and power output when possible. Normal day-to-day operations require radio communications, it is important","rect":[90.0240249633789,532.7313842773438,521.8622637996674,523.677734375]},{"page":110,"text":"to keep communication to the minimum needed to accomplish the mission.","rect":[90.02403259277344,544.2314453125,389.8002417087555,535.19775390625]},{"page":110,"text":"10-53. Minimizing transmissions safeguard radios for critical transmissions. This does not advocate total,","rect":[90.02403259277344,561.7714233398438,521.882395029068,552.7177734375]},{"page":110,"text":"continuing radio silence, it advocates minimum transmissions and transmission times. Table 10-1 on page","rect":[90.02404022216797,573.2913818359375,521.909239528656,564.2377319335938]},{"page":110,"text":"10-9 lists techniques for minimizing transmissions and transmission times.","rect":[90.02404022216797,584.8114013671875,388.28959107398989,575.7577514648438]},{"page":110,"text":"10-8","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,90.22500067138673,747.4649658203125]},{"page":110,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":110,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":111,"text":"Electronic Warfare and Protection Techniques","rect":[342.54998779296877,45.924034118652347,540.0368979492188,37.608036041259769]},{"page":111,"text":"Table 10-1. Techniques for minimizing transmissions and transmission times","rect":[131.89999389648438,83.2016372680664,498.01770997238159,73.8691177368164]},{"page":111,"text":"10-54.","rect":[108.0199966430664,473.5795593261719,133.90999817848206,466.7370300292969]},{"page":111,"text":"times—","rect":[108.0199966430664,485.1194763183594,139.57999515533448,478.0777587890625]},{"page":111,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,497.8511047363281,139.22588119220735,493.12359619140627]},{"page":111,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,607.201171875,139.22588119220735,602.4736328125]},{"page":111,"text":"The following are additional techniques to consider for minimizing transmissions and transmission","rect":[142.5800018310547,475.61138916015627,539.634907245636,466.5577697753906]},{"page":111,"text":"Protect transmissions from enemy interception.","rect":[151.22000122070313,500.5713806152344,340.239572763443,491.51776123046877]},{"page":111,"text":" Use low power.","rect":[151.22000122070313,514.71142578125,232.13733887672425,505.677734375]},{"page":111,"text":" Select the proper antenna. Select the antenna with the shortest range possible. Use directional","rect":[151.22000122070313,528.7714233398438,539.8716021785737,519.7177734375]},{"page":111,"text":"antennas.","rect":[169.22000122070313,538.1594848632813,206.61985230445863,532.11376953125]},{"page":111,"text":" Select a site that masks transmitted signals from the enemy interception.","rect":[151.22000122070313,554.3314208984375,457.99024415016177,545.2777709960938]},{"page":111,"text":" Use mobile antennas.","rect":[151.22000122070313,566.37939453125,254.826242685318,559.3177490234375]},{"page":111,"text":" Use decoy antennas.","rect":[151.22000122070313,582.4114379882813,250.971750497818,573.3577880859375]},{"page":111,"text":" Use steerable null antenna processors.","rect":[151.22000122070313,596.4314575195313,321.478586435318,587.3977661132813]},{"page":111,"text":"Practice good radio operator procedures.","rect":[151.22000122070313,609.9214477539063,313.69996094703677,600.8677978515625]},{"page":111,"text":" Reduce operator distinguishing characteristics.","rect":[151.22000122070313,624.0814208984375,356.099436044693,615.0277709960938]},{"page":111,"text":" Operate on a random schedule.","rect":[151.22000122070313,638.1014404296875,293.346994638443,629.0677490234375]},{"page":111,"text":" Authenticate.","rect":[151.22000122070313,650.1494750976563,222.68531250953675,643.1077880859375]},{"page":111,"text":" Encrypt all essential elements of friendly information.","rect":[151.22000122070313,666.201416015625,385.2025854587555,657.1477661132813]},{"page":111,"text":" Use COMSEC equipment when available.","rect":[151.22000122070313,680.221435546875,338.06189942359927,671.187744140625]},{"page":111,"text":" Use prowords.","rect":[151.22000122070313,694.2574462890625,227.446115732193,685.2237548828125]},{"page":111,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":111,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":111,"text":"10-9","rect":[504.1000061035156,754.0439453125,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":112,"text":"Chapter 10","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,118.64399938964844,37.608036041259769]},{"page":112,"text":"LOW POWER","rect":[72.02399444580078,83.17269897460938,136.5747537612915,75.09597778320313]},{"page":112,"text":"10-55. Power controls and antennas are closely related. The strength of the signal transmitted by an antenna","rect":[90.02400207519531,102.96141052246094,521.6056506614685,93.90776824951172]},{"page":112,"text":"depends on the strength of the signal delivered to it by the transmitter; the stronger the signal, the farther it","rect":[90.02400970458985,114.48143005371094,521.5710040340424,105.42778778076172]},{"page":112,"text":"travels. Plan and install a radio communications system, allowing all stations to communicate with each","rect":[90.02400970458985,126.00144958496094,521.5212597846985,116.94780731201172]},{"page":112,"text":"other. In carefully planned and installed communications systems, users can generally operate on low power,","rect":[90.02400970458985,137.40147399902345,521.8310034275055,128.3478240966797]},{"page":112,"text":"thereby decreasing the range, and making it more difficult for the enemy to detect and intercept transmissions.","rect":[90.02400970458985,148.92149353027345,521.630930185318,139.8678436279297]},{"page":112,"text":"It also reserves high power for penetrating enemy jamming.","rect":[90.02400970458985,160.44151306152345,328.755197763443,151.37791442871095]},{"page":112,"text":"RADIO OPERATOR PROCEDURES","rect":[72.02400970458985,184.02810668945313,232.89125633239747,175.73611450195313]},{"page":112,"text":"10-56. The radio operator is essential to the success of preventive EP techniques. The radio operator ensures","rect":[90.02403259277344,203.74159240722657,521.9442642335891,194.70787048339845]},{"page":112,"text":"that radio transmissions are minimized and protected; thereby preventing the enemy from intercepting and","rect":[90.02404022216797,215.2815399169922,521.3320508003235,206.22789001464845]},{"page":112,"text":"disrupting  or  destroying  communications  based  on  information  detected  in  the  pattern  or  content  of","rect":[90.02404022216797,226.8015594482422,521.8543997392654,217.74790954589845]},{"page":112,"text":"transmissions.","rect":[90.02404022216797,236.18966674804688,146.8358404636383,229.14793395996095]},{"page":112,"text":"10-57. Voice characteristics or overused phrases readily identify many radio operators. The enemy can use","rect":[90.02404022216797,255.7216033935547,521.6554553489685,246.66795349121095]},{"page":112,"text":"these distinguishing characteristics to identify a unit, even though frequencies and network call signs change","rect":[90.02404022216797,267.2715759277344,521.9684436302185,258.21795654296877]},{"page":112,"text":"periodically. Strictly adhering to the proper use of procedure words, or unit standing operating procedures","rect":[90.02404022216797,278.7915954589844,521.4517105226516,269.73797607421877]},{"page":112,"text":"helps  keep  operator-distinguishing  characteristics  to  a  minimum.  Minimize  using  accents  and  overused","rect":[90.02404022216797,290.31158447265627,521.638813495636,281.2579650878906]},{"page":112,"text":"phrases to a minimum. The enemy must not be able to associate a radio operator with a unit.","rect":[90.02404022216797,301.8315734863281,458.7708532810211,292.7779541015625]},{"page":112,"text":"10-58. The enemy can gather information based on the pattern, and the content, of radio communications.","rect":[90.02404022216797,319.2315673828125,521.595773935318,310.1779479980469]},{"page":112,"text":"Therefore, do not develop patterns through hourly radio checks, daily reports at specific times, or any other","rect":[90.02404022216797,330.7515563964844,521.7882376298904,321.69793701171877]},{"page":112,"text":"periodic  transmission.  Make  periodic  reports  by  alternate  means  of  communication.  Take  all  reasonable","rect":[90.02404022216797,342.27154541015627,521.5910632591248,333.2179260253906]},{"page":112,"text":"measures to deny information to enemy intelligence analysts.","rect":[90.02404022216797,353.7915344238281,334.78101563453677,344.7379150390625]},{"page":112,"text":"Authentication","rect":[72.02404022216797,376.513671875,142.46358787918093,368.8850402832031]},{"page":112,"text":"10-59. Radio systems that do not use secure devices require authentication. The enemy has skilled experts,","rect":[90.02404022216797,395.9115295410156,521.8493139743805,386.85791015625]},{"page":112,"text":"whose sole mission is to enter networks by imitating friendly radio stations. Using proper authentication","rect":[90.02404022216797,407.4315185546875,521.441792011261,398.3778991699219]},{"page":112,"text":"minimizes  the  threat  to  radio  communications.  The  supplemental  instructions  to  the  signal  operating","rect":[90.02404022216797,418.9515075683594,521.920795917511,409.89788818359377]},{"page":112,"text":"instructions list the procedures for authentication. Report all instances in which the enemy attempts to enter","rect":[90.02404022216797,430.47149658203127,521.5212698564529,421.4178771972656]},{"page":112,"text":"networks deceptively to insert false information. Authentication is required if the user—","rect":[90.02404022216797,441.8915100097656,443.2300806045532,432.837890625]},{"page":112,"text":" Suspects the enemy is on the network.","rect":[115.2200927734375,455.4515075683594,286.06714844703677,446.39788818359377]},{"page":112,"text":" Challenged by someone to authenticate. Do not break radio silence to do this.","rect":[115.2200927734375,469.0115051269531,442.7172338962555,459.9578857421875]},{"page":112,"text":" Transmits directions or orders that affect the tactical situation, as change locations, shift fire, or","rect":[115.2200927734375,482.4515075683594,521.4409475908279,473.39788818359377]},{"page":112,"text":"change frequencies.","rect":[133.2200927734375,493.97149658203127,212.47185730934144,484.9178771972656]},{"page":112,"text":" Talks about enemy contact give an early warning report or issues a follow-up report. This rule","rect":[115.2200927734375,507.4114990234375,521.8309924583435,498.3578796386719]},{"page":112,"text":"applies even if using a brevity list or operations code.","rect":[133.2200927734375,518.9315185546875,346.90198731422427,509.87786865234377]},{"page":112,"text":" Tells a station to go to radio or listening silence or asks it to break that silence. Use transmission","rect":[115.2200927734375,532.4915161132813,521.5505566596985,523.4378662109375]},{"page":112,"text":"authentication for this.","rect":[133.2200927734375,541.8795776367188,223.23862671852113,534.837890625]},{"page":112,"text":"","rect":[115.2200927734375,554.731201171875,121.22597274494172,550.003662109375]},{"page":112,"text":"","rect":[115.2200927734375,568.291259765625,121.22597274494172,563.563720703125]},{"page":112,"text":"","rect":[115.2200927734375,581.731201171875,121.22597274494172,577.003662109375]},{"page":112,"text":"","rect":[115.2200927734375,595.291259765625,121.22597274494172,590.563720703125]},{"page":112,"text":"Transmits to a station under radio silence. Use transmission authentication for this.","rect":[133.2200927734375,555.45947265625,464.20780396461489,548.3978271484375]},{"page":112,"text":"Cancels a message by radio or visual means, and the other station cannot recognize the sender.","rect":[133.2200927734375,571.0115356445313,511.4013464450836,561.9578857421875]},{"page":112,"text":"Resumes transmitting after an extended period, or if this is the first transmission.","rect":[133.2200927734375,584.4514770507813,455.98392701148989,575.3978271484375]},{"page":112,"text":"Authorized to transmit a CLASSIFIED message in the clear. Use transmission authentication for","rect":[133.2200927734375,598.0115356445313,521.5139456377029,588.9578857421875]},{"page":112,"text":"this.","rect":[133.2200927734375,607.4295043945313,149.99268555641175,600.3878173828125]},{"page":112,"text":" Sends a message in the blind, because of no response by a called station. Use transmission","rect":[115.2200927734375,623.0015258789063,521.6203808784485,613.9478759765625]},{"page":112,"text":"authentication for this.","rect":[133.2200927734375,632.3895263671875,223.23862671852113,625.3478393554688]},{"page":112,"text":"Encryption","rect":[72.02409362792969,659.3536987304688,125.3146620979309,649.4949951171875]},{"page":112,"text":"10-60. Encrypt all essential elements of friendly information not for use by the enemy. The supplemental","rect":[90.02409362792969,676.6414794921875,521.6846514949799,667.5878295898438]},{"page":112,"text":"instructions to the signal operating instructions contain a broad, general list of these items of information.","rect":[90.02410125732422,688.04150390625,521.6876928806305,678.9878540039063]},{"page":112,"text":"These items apply to most Army units engaged in training exercises or tactical operations. The list supports","rect":[90.02410125732422,699.5574951171875,522.0775650148391,690.5038452148438]},{"page":112,"text":"the  Army  self-monitoring  program  and  is  not  encompassing.  Individual  units  should  develop  essential","rect":[90.02410125732422,711.0775146484375,521.5673419246674,702.0238647460938]},{"page":112,"text":"10-10","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,95.26500158691407,747.4649658203125]},{"page":112,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":112,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":113,"text":"Electronic Warfare and Protection Techniques","rect":[342.54998779296877,45.924034118652347,540.0368979492188,37.608036041259769]},{"page":113,"text":"elements of friendly information list included in unit operation orders, operation plans, or field standing","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,539.4077343940735,74.08776092529297]},{"page":113,"text":"operating procedures. Encrypt these items of information manually or electronically before transmission.","rect":[108.0199966430664,94.68138122558594,539.3836767673492,85.62773895263672]},{"page":113,"text":"Manually encrypt by using approved operations codes. Perform electronic encryption by using COMSEC","rect":[108.0199966430664,106.20140075683594,539.4178561582565,97.14775848388672]},{"page":113,"text":"devices  as  the  KIV-7,  KG-95,  KY-57/58,  KY-99A,  KY-100,  and  SKL.  Using  manual  and  electronic","rect":[108.0199966430664,117.60142517089844,539.9413440208435,108.54778289794922]},{"page":113,"text":"encryption together is not required, as either method protects essential elements of friendly information from","rect":[108.0199966430664,129.12144470214845,539.7363067874909,120.06780242919922]},{"page":113,"text":"enemy exploitation.","rect":[108.0199966430664,140.64146423339845,187.25184082984925,131.5878143310547]},{"page":113,"text":"EQUIPMENT AND COMMUNICATIONS ENHANCEMENTS","rect":[90.02399444580078,165.76646423339845,355.6789302825928,155.93606567382813]},{"page":113,"text":"10-61. Use equipment enhancements to reduce the  vulnerability of friendly communication to hostile","rect":[108.02000427246094,183.96141052246095,539.7284533958435,174.9077606201172]},{"page":113,"text":"exploitations. Frequency  hopping is particularly  useful to lessen the effects of enemy communications","rect":[108.0199966430664,195.48143005371095,539.5272110109329,186.4277801513672]},{"page":113,"text":"jamming, and in denying friendly position location data to the enemy.","rect":[108.0199966430664,207.0013885498047,386.90995240211489,197.9377899169922]},{"page":113,"text":"10-62. Adaptive antenna techniques achieve more survivable communications systems. These techniques","rect":[108.0199966430664,224.4014129638672,539.7198989992141,215.34776306152345]},{"page":113,"text":"typically link with spread spectrum waveforms to combine frequency hopping with pseudo-noise coding.","rect":[108.0199966430664,235.9214324951172,528.626291513443,226.86778259277345]},{"page":113,"text":"10-63. Spread spectrum techniques suppress electromagnetic interference by other users, whether hostile","rect":[108.0199966430664,253.44139099121095,540.0822131614685,244.3877410888672]},{"page":113,"text":"or friendly. Spread spectrum techniques provide channel sharing and eliminate multi-path electromagnetic","rect":[108.01998138427735,264.9913635253906,539.9719226341248,255.93772888183595]},{"page":113,"text":"interference (self-jamming) caused by a delayed signal. Deliberately spread across an extensive frequency","rect":[108.01998138427735,276.5113830566406,539.9108471870422,267.4477844238281]},{"page":113,"text":"band in the operating spectrum, the transmitted information becomes hard to detect from normal noise levels.","rect":[108.01998138427735,288.0313720703125,539.6842749118805,278.9777526855469]},{"page":113,"text":"JTIDS use spread spectrum techniques.","rect":[108.01998138427735,299.4114685058594,265.1986792087555,290.37774658203127]},{"page":113,"text":"10-64. Adjustable  power  automatically  limits  the  radiated  power  to  a  level  sufficient  for  effective","rect":[108.01998138427735,316.9513854980469,539.4761950950623,307.8877868652344]},{"page":113,"text":"communications, thereby reducing the electromagnetic signature of the subscriber.","rect":[108.0199966430664,328.47137451171877,438.4310095310211,319.4177551269531]},{"page":113,"text":"10-65. The FHMUX and high-power broadband vehicular whip antennas are available for use to enhance","rect":[108.0199966430664,345.99139404296877,539.5897815208435,336.9377746582031]},{"page":113,"text":"communications. The FHMUX is an antenna multiplexer used with SINCGARS in stationary and mobile","rect":[108.0199966430664,357.5113830566406,539.6368396263123,348.457763671875]},{"page":113,"text":"operations. This multiplexer allows up to four SINCGARS to transmit and receive through one VHF-FM","rect":[108.0199966430664,368.9114074707031,539.9720547800064,359.8577880859375]},{"page":113,"text":"broadband  antenna  OE-254  or  high-power  broadband  vehicular  whip  antenna  while  operating  in  the","rect":[108.0199966430664,380.431396484375,539.6191394309998,371.3777770996094]},{"page":113,"text":"frequency hopping mode, non-hopping mode, or a combination of both. Using one antenna instead of up to","rect":[108.0199966430664,391.9513854980469,539.614399433136,382.89776611328127]},{"page":113,"text":"four reduces visual and electronic profiles of command posts and minimize emplacement and displacement","rect":[108.0199966430664,403.4515075683594,539.6243487606049,394.41778564453127]},{"page":113,"text":"times.","rect":[108.0199966430664,412.9794921875,132.09331727027894,405.9377746582031]},{"page":113,"text":"REMEDIAL ELECTRONIC PROTECTION TECHNIQUES","rect":[90.02399444580078,440.1363830566406,347.1752681732178,430.4859924316406]},{"page":113,"text":"10-66. Remedial EP techniques that help reduce the effectiveness of enemy efforts to  jam U.S. radio","rect":[108.02001190185547,458.3313903808594,540.0915722846985,449.2677917480469]},{"page":113,"text":"networks are—","rect":[108.0199966430664,467.719482421875,169.34000492095948,460.6777648925781]},{"page":113,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,480.57110595703127,139.22588119220735,475.8435974121094]},{"page":113,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,494.131103515625,139.22588119220735,489.4035949707031]},{"page":113,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,507.57110595703127,139.22588119220735,502.8435974121094]},{"page":113,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,563.2511596679688,139.22588119220735,558.5236206054688]},{"page":113,"text":"Identify jamming signals.","rect":[151.22000122070313,483.2913818359375,253.489328622818,474.227783203125]},{"page":113,"text":"Determine if the electromagnetic interference is obvious or subtle jamming.","rect":[151.22000122070313,496.85137939453127,454.1036169528961,487.78778076171877]},{"page":113,"text":"Recognize jamming and electromagnetic interference by—","rect":[151.22000122070313,510.2913818359375,387.4300012588501,501.227783203125]},{"page":113,"text":" Determining whether electromagnetic interference is internal or external to the radio.","rect":[151.22000122070313,524.451416015625,509.367990732193,515.3977661132813]},{"page":113,"text":" Determining whether electromagnetic interference is jamming or unintentional.","rect":[151.22000122070313,538.4913940429688,486.5158178806305,529.4277954101563]},{"page":113,"text":" Reporting jamming and electromagnetic interference incidents.","rect":[151.22000122070313,552.5314331054688,421.4171850681305,543.4678344726563]},{"page":113,"text":"Overcome jamming and electromagnetic interference by—","rect":[151.22000122070313,565.971435546875,389.3500146865845,556.9078369140625]},{"page":113,"text":" Continuing to operate.","rect":[151.22000122070313,580.1314086914063,258.9003393650055,571.0777587890625]},{"page":113,"text":" Improving the signal-to-jamming ratio.","rect":[151.22000122070313,594.1714477539063,325.753732919693,585.1078491210938]},{"page":113,"text":" Adjusting the receiver.","rect":[151.22000122070313,608.2413940429688,260.49173951148989,599.1777954101563]},{"page":113,"text":" Increasing the transmitter power output.","rect":[151.22000122070313,622.2814331054688,329.29410767555239,613.227783203125]},{"page":113,"text":" Adjusting or changing the antenna.","rect":[151.22000122070313,636.3214111328125,309.3261206150055,627.2578125]},{"page":113,"text":" Establishing a RETRANS station.","rect":[151.22000122070313,650.3613891601563,305.24488282203677,641.3077392578125]},{"page":113,"text":" Relocating the antenna.","rect":[151.22000122070313,664.4014282226563,263.24610352516177,655.3477783203125]},{"page":113,"text":" Using an alternate path for communications.","rect":[151.22000122070313,678.44140625,346.7482397556305,669.3877563476563]},{"page":113,"text":" Changing the frequencies.","rect":[151.22000122070313,692.4813842773438,273.80591797828677,683.427734375]},{"page":113,"text":" Acquiring another satellite.","rect":[151.22000122070313,706.5173950195313,278.25235962867739,697.4637451171875]},{"page":113,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":113,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":113,"text":"10-11","rect":[499.05999755859377,754.0349731445313,522.1809409179688,747.4649658203125]},{"page":114,"text":"Chapter 10","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,118.64399938964844,37.608036041259769]},{"page":114,"text":" Timely downloading and installing software upgrades.","rect":[133.22000122070313,83.74137878417969,369.31717896461489,74.68773651123047]},{"page":114,"text":" Enhancements to tactical radio ancillary communications electronics equipment and COMSEC","rect":[115.22000122070313,97.20140075683594,521.6102389707565,88.14775848388672]},{"page":114,"text":"devices.","rect":[133.22000122070313,106.7094955444336,165.5900366306305,99.66777801513672]},{"page":114,"text":" Use directional antennas (omnidirectional, bi-directional, and unidirectional).","rect":[115.22000122070313,122.2614974975586,442.55460572242739,113.22777557373047]},{"page":114,"text":"ELECTROMAGNETIC JAMMING","rect":[72.02400207519531,145.74801635742188,224.5653200149536,137.63601684570313]},{"page":114,"text":"10-67. Electromagnetic jamming is deliberate radiation, radiation, or reflection of electromagnetic energy","rect":[90.02401733398438,165.4813690185547,521.615620136261,156.4177703857422]},{"page":114,"text":"to  prevent  or  reducing  an  enemy’s  effective  use  of  the  electromagnetic  spectrum,  and  with  the  intent  of","rect":[90.0240249633789,177.0013885498047,521.7359915361404,167.94773864746095]},{"page":114,"text":"degrading or neutralizing the enemy’s combat capability (JP 3-13.1). Jamming is an effective way for the","rect":[90.0240249633789,188.52134704589845,521.8221423606873,179.4676971435547]},{"page":114,"text":"enemy to disrupt friendly communications. An enemy only needs a transmitter tuned to a U.S. frequency,","rect":[90.02400970458985,200.04136657714845,521.531076669693,190.9877166748047]},{"page":114,"text":"with enough power to override friendly signals, to jam U.S. systems. Jammers operate against receivers, not","rect":[90.02400970458985,211.56138610839845,521.8085528621674,202.49778747558595]},{"page":114,"text":"transmitters. The two modes of jamming are spot and barrage jamming. Spot jamming concentrated power","rect":[90.02400970458985,222.9613494873047,521.4614554033279,213.8977508544922]},{"page":114,"text":"directed toward one channel or frequency. Barrage jamming is power spread over several frequencies or","rect":[90.02400970458985,234.4813690185547,521.4217215166092,225.4177703857422]},{"page":114,"text":"channels at the same time.","rect":[90.02400970458985,243.98947143554688,195.03148865699769,236.94773864746095]},{"page":114,"text":"Obvious Jamming","rect":[72.02400970458985,270.98358154296877,158.0655016899109,261.1248779296875]},{"page":114,"text":"10-68. Obvious jamming is normally simple to detect. When experiencing jamming, it is important to","rect":[90.02400970458985,288.1513366699219,521.5558667182922,279.0877380371094]},{"page":114,"text":"recognize and overcome the incident than to identify it formally. Table 10-2 lists the common jamming","rect":[90.02400970458985,299.6713562011719,521.983051776886,290.6077575683594]},{"page":114,"text":"signals.","rect":[90.02400970458985,311.1913757324219,120.22268891334534,302.13775634765627]},{"page":114,"text":"Table 10-2. Common jamming signals","rect":[207.52999877929688,328.7716064453125,386.2652075309753,319.4390869140625]},{"page":114,"text":"Subtle Jamming","rect":[72.02399444580078,629.7135620117188,148.82210874557496,619.8548583984375]},{"page":114,"text":"10-69. Subtle jamming is not apparent when no sound is coming from the receivers. Although everything","rect":[90.02399444580078,646.8814086914063,521.5061841011047,637.8178100585938]},{"page":114,"text":"appears normal to the radio operator, the receiver cannot receive an incoming friendly signal. Often, users","rect":[90.02399444580078,658.4014282226563,521.9502456789016,649.3477783203125]},{"page":114,"text":"assume their radios are malfunctioning, instead of recognizing subtle jamming.","rect":[90.02399444580078,669.9214477539063,405.94520020484927,660.8578491210938]},{"page":114,"text":"10-12","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,95.26500158691407,747.4649658203125]},{"page":114,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":114,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":115,"text":"Electronic Warfare and Protection Techniques","rect":[342.54998779296877,45.924034118652347,540.0368979492188,37.608036041259769]},{"page":115,"text":"RECOGNIZING ELECTROMAGNETIC JAMMING","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.20797729492188,316.51533222198489,75.09597778320313]},{"page":115,"text":"10-70. Tactical radio operations require that radio operators be capable of recognizing electromagnetic","rect":[108.02001953125,102.96141052246094,539.4364001731873,93.90776824951172]},{"page":115,"text":"jamming. This is not always an easy task, as electromagnetic interference can be internal and external. If the","rect":[108.0199966430664,114.48143005371094,539.5770862083435,105.4178237915039]},{"page":115,"text":"electromagnetic interference or suspected jamming remains, after grounding or disconnecting the antenna,","rect":[108.0199966430664,126.00138854980469,539.357980966568,116.93778228759766]},{"page":115,"text":"the disturbance is most likely internal  and caused by a malfunction of the radio. Contact maintenance","rect":[108.0199966430664,137.4014129638672,539.672911403656,128.34776306152345]},{"page":115,"text":"personnel  to  repair  it.  Eliminate  or  substantially  reduce  the  electromagnetic  interference  or  suspected","rect":[108.0199966430664,148.9214324951172,539.4275097846985,139.86778259277345]},{"page":115,"text":"jamming  by  grounding  the  radio  equipment  or  disconnecting  the  receiver  antenna.  The  source  of  the","rect":[108.0199966430664,160.44139099121095,539.9389026145935,151.37779235839845]},{"page":115,"text":"disturbance is most likely external to the radio. Check external electromagnetic interference further for enemy","rect":[108.0199966430664,171.96141052246095,539.666645526886,162.9077606201172]},{"page":115,"text":"jamming or unintentional electromagnetic interference.","rect":[108.0199966430664,183.48143005371095,328.4447729587555,174.41783142089845]},{"page":115,"text":"10-71. Sources  having  nothing  to  do  with  enemy  jamming  may  cause ","rect":[108.0199966430664,201.00144958496095,417.754953622818,191.93785095214845]},{"page":115,"text":"Unintentional electromagnetic interference may be caused by—","rect":[108.0199966430664,212.40147399902345,363.4300012588501,203.3478240966797]},{"page":115,"text":" Other radios (friendly and enemy).","rect":[133.22000122070313,225.9614715576172,289.98267579078677,216.90782165527345]},{"page":115,"text":" Other electronic or electric and electromechanical equipment.","rect":[133.22000122070313,239.5015411376953,397.769846200943,230.4678192138672]},{"page":115,"text":" Atmospheric conditions.","rect":[133.22000122070313,252.94154357910157,249.38579773902894,243.90782165527345]},{"page":115,"text":" Malfunction of the radio.","rect":[133.22000122070313,264.5395202636719,251.61686158180238,257.497802734375]},{"page":115,"text":" A combination of any of the above.","rect":[133.22000122070313,279.9914245605469,292.960764169693,270.93780517578127]},{"page":115,"text":"electromagnetic ","rect":[420.43414306640627,201.00144958496095,486.68812012672427,191.9477996826172]},{"page":115,"text":"interference.","rect":[489.36737060546877,200.0,540.0532324314117,191.9477996826172]},{"page":115,"text":"10-72. Unintentional electromagnetic interference travels typically only a short distance; a search of the","rect":[108.01998901367188,297.5113830566406,539.595762966156,288.457763671875]},{"page":115,"text":"immediate area may reveal its source. Moving the receiving antenna short distances may cause noticeable","rect":[108.0199966430664,309.0313720703125,539.4176623802185,299.9777526855469]},{"page":115,"text":"variations in the strength of the interfering signal. Conversely, little or no variation normally indicates enemy","rect":[108.0199966430664,320.431396484375,539.8029370307922,311.3777770996094]},{"page":115,"text":"jamming.  Regardless  of  the  source,  take  appropriate  actions  to  reduce  the  effect  of  electromagnetic","rect":[108.0199966430664,331.9513854980469,539.3976428489685,322.8877868652344]},{"page":115,"text":"interference on friendly communications.","rect":[108.0199966430664,343.47137451171877,273.306223154068,334.4177551269531]},{"page":115,"text":"10-73. The enemy can use powerful unmodulated, or noise modulated jamming signals. A lack of noise","rect":[108.0199966430664,360.99139404296877,539.8741443138123,351.92779541015627]},{"page":115,"text":"characterizes unmodulated jamming signals. Noise modulated obvious electromagnetic interference noise","rect":[108.0199966430664,372.5113830566406,539.4575183372498,363.4477844238281]},{"page":115,"text":"characterizes jamming signals.","rect":[108.0199966430664,383.9114074707031,230.88660645484925,374.8478088378906]},{"page":115,"text":"10-74. In all cases, report suspected enemy jamming and any unidentified or unintentional electromagnetic","rect":[108.0199966430664,401.4313659667969,539.9315173606873,392.3677673339844]},{"page":115,"text":"interference that disrupts the ability of U.S. forces to communicate. This applies even if the radio operator","rect":[108.0199966430664,412.95135498046877,539.5671072587967,403.8977355957031]},{"page":115,"text":"can overcome the effects of jamming or electromagnetic interference. The JSIR report is the format used","rect":[108.0199966430664,424.47137451171877,539.397602558136,415.40777587890627]},{"page":115,"text":"when reporting this information. As it applies to remedial EP techniques, use the information in the JSIR","rect":[108.0199966430664,436.0113830566406,539.7351779356003,426.957763671875]},{"page":115,"text":"report provided to higher headquarters to destroy the enemy jamming efforts or take other action to the benefit","rect":[108.0199966430664,447.5313720703125,539.5670367488862,438.4677734375]},{"page":115,"text":"of U.S. forces.","rect":[108.0199966430664,456.93939208984377,165.8776342868805,449.8876953125]},{"page":115,"text":"OVERCOMING JAMMING","rect":[90.02399444580078,482.5179748535156,211.72530841827393,474.2259826660156]},{"page":115,"text":"10-75. The enemy continually strives to perfect and use new and more confusing forms of jamming, which","rect":[108.01998901367188,502.25140380859377,539.6577954292297,493.18780517578127]},{"page":115,"text":"requires radio operators to be increasingly alert to the possibility of jamming. Training and experience are","rect":[108.0199966430664,513.7714233398438,539.4672839622498,504.7077941894531]},{"page":115,"text":"the most important tools operators have to determine when a signal is a jamming signal. Exposure to the","rect":[108.0199966430664,525.2914428710938,539.7819201927185,516.2278442382813]},{"page":115,"text":"effects  of  jamming  in  training,  or  actual  situations,  is  invaluable.  The  ability  to  recognize  jamming  is","rect":[108.0199966430664,536.8114624023438,539.4973037843704,527.7478637695313]},{"page":115,"text":"important, as jamming is a problem that requires action. The following paragraphs address the actions to take","rect":[108.0199966430664,548.3314208984375,539.9431140403748,539.267822265625]},{"page":115,"text":"for detected enemy jamming. If any of the actions taken alleviate the jamming problem, merely continue","rect":[108.0199966430664,559.7314453125,539.3878772239685,550.6678466796875]},{"page":115,"text":"normal operations and submit a JSIR report to higher headquarters.","rect":[108.0199966430664,571.2514038085938,376.6312048435211,562.19775390625]},{"page":115,"text":"Continue to Operate","rect":[90.02399444580078,596.1815185546875,186.69454562759399,586.3449096679688]},{"page":115,"text":"10-76. Enemy jamming usually involves a period of jamming followed by a brief listening period. Operator","rect":[108.0199966430664,613.4014282226563,540.0129080400467,604.3378295898438]},{"page":115,"text":"activity during this short period indicates to the enemy how effective jamming has been. If the operation is","rect":[108.0199966430664,624.9214477539063,539.5770156984329,615.8578491210938]},{"page":115,"text":"continuing in a normal manner, as before the jamming began, enemies assume their jamming has not been","rect":[108.0199966430664,636.4414672851563,539.616840839386,627.3778686523438]},{"page":115,"text":"particularly effective. On the other hand, if they hear a discussion of the problem on the air or if the operation","rect":[108.0199966430664,647.96142578125,539.6892285346985,638.9077758789063]},{"page":115,"text":"has terminated entirely, the enemy may assume the jamming has been effective. Because the enemy jammer","rect":[108.0199966430664,659.4814453125,539.5768728837967,650.4178466796875]},{"page":115,"text":"is monitoring operation this way, unless otherwise ordered, never terminate operations or in any way disclose","rect":[108.0199966430664,671.0014038085938,539.7390124778748,661.94775390625]},{"page":115,"text":"to the enemy that the radio is adversely affected. This means normal operations should continue even when","rect":[108.0199966430664,682.4014282226563,539.5471997261047,673.3477783203125]},{"page":115,"text":"degraded by jamming.","rect":[108.0199966430664,693.9214477539063,197.53057312965394,684.8578491210938]},{"page":115,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":115,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":115,"text":"10-13","rect":[499.05999755859377,754.0349731445313,522.1809409179688,747.4649658203125]},{"page":116,"text":"Chapter 10","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,118.64399938964844,37.608036041259769]},{"page":116,"text":"Improve the Signal-to-Jamming Ratio","rect":[72.02399444580078,84.5736083984375,250.91553831100465,74.71488952636719]},{"page":116,"text":"10-77. The signal-to-jamming ratio is the relative strength of the desired signal to the jamming signal at the","rect":[90.02399444580078,101.76139831542969,521.834044216156,92.69779205322266]},{"page":116,"text":"receiver. Signal refers to the signal received. Jamming refers to the hostile or unidentified electromagnetic","rect":[90.02398681640625,113.28141784667969,521.3619372825623,104.22777557373047]},{"page":116,"text":"interference  received.  It  is  always  best  to  have  a  signal-to-jamming  ratio  in  which  the  desired  signal  is","rect":[90.02398681640625,124.80143737792969,521.8871353273391,115.73783111572266]},{"page":116,"text":"stronger  than  the  jamming  signal.  In  this  situation,  the  jamming  signal  cannot  significantly  degrade  the","rect":[90.02401733398438,136.3214569091797,521.5611560325623,127.25785064697266]},{"page":116,"text":"desired  signal.  To  improve  the  signal-to-jamming  ratio  operators  and  signal  leaders  can  consider  the","rect":[90.02401733398438,147.8414764404297,521.6483142356873,138.7778778076172]},{"page":116,"text":"following—","rect":[90.02400207519531,159.3614959716797,138.73999881744386,150.30784606933595]},{"page":116,"text":" Increase the transmitter power output. To increase the power output at the time of jamming,","rect":[115.22000122070313,172.80149841308595,521.7647802829742,163.73789978027345]},{"page":116,"text":"set the transmitter to a setting less than full power when jamming begins. Using low power as a","rect":[133.22000122070313,184.32151794433595,521.6102893333435,175.25791931152345]},{"page":116,"text":"preventive EP technique depends on the enemy not being able to detect radio transmissions. Once","rect":[133.22000122070313,195.84153747558595,521.9656970481873,186.7878875732422]},{"page":116,"text":"the enemy begins jamming the radios, the threat of detection becomes obvious. Use the reserve","rect":[133.22000122070313,207.36155700683595,521.4111316184998,198.29795837402345]},{"page":116,"text":"power on the terrestrial line of sight radios to override the enemy’s jamming signal.","rect":[133.22000122070313,218.76158142089845,467.4860632419586,209.69798278808595]},{"page":116,"text":" Adjust or change the antenna. When jamming occurs, the radio operator should ensure optimal","rect":[115.22000122070313,232.3215789794922,521.7146197566987,223.2579803466797]},{"page":116,"text":"adjustment of the antenna to receive the desired incoming signal. Specific methods that apply to","rect":[133.22000122070313,243.8415985107422,521.4609570503235,234.7779998779297]},{"page":116,"text":"radio sets are in the appropriate operator’s manual. Depending on the antenna, some methods","rect":[133.22000122070313,255.2416229248047,521.8812759523391,246.18797302246095]},{"page":116,"text":"include—","rect":[133.22000122070313,264.7796936035156,172.57999515533448,257.73797607421877]},{"page":116,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,319.7513122558594,121.22588119220734,315.0238037109375]},{"page":116,"text":"","rect":[115.219970703125,356.3512878417969,121.22585067462922,351.623779296875]},{"page":116,"text":" Reorient the antenna.","rect":[133.22000122070313,278.9396667480469,236.38315796852113,271.89794921875]},{"page":116,"text":" Change the antenna polarization. Required by all stations.","rect":[133.22000122070313,294.9915771484375,382.222238779068,285.9379577636719]},{"page":116,"text":" Install an antenna with a longer range.","rect":[133.22000122070313,309.0315856933594,304.02637696266177,299.97796630859377]},{"page":116,"text":"Establish a RETRANS station. This can increase the range and power of a signal between two","rect":[133.22000122070313,322.4715881347656,521.5605664253235,313.41796875]},{"page":116,"text":"or more radio stations. Depending on the situation and available resources, this may be a viable","rect":[133.21998596191407,333.9915771484375,521.876280544281,324.9379577636719]},{"page":116,"text":"method to improve the signal-to-jamming ratio.","rect":[133.21998596191407,345.5115661621094,323.713693857193,336.4479675292969]},{"page":116,"text":"Relocate  the  antenna.  Improve  the  signal-to-jamming  ratio  by  relocating  the  antenna  and","rect":[133.219970703125,359.0715637207031,521.7790112495422,350.0079650878906]},{"page":116,"text":"associated radio set affected by the jamming or unidentified electromagnetic interference. This","rect":[133.21994018554688,370.4715576171875,522.0764663820266,361.407958984375]},{"page":116,"text":"may mean moving it a few meters or several hundred meters. It is best to relocate the antenna and","rect":[133.21994018554688,381.9915466308594,521.5605664253235,372.93792724609377]},{"page":116,"text":"associated radio set, and a terrain feature between them  and any  suspected enemy jamming","rect":[133.21994018554688,393.51153564453127,521.6003003120422,384.44793701171877]},{"page":116,"text":"location.","rect":[133.21994018554688,403.0196228027344,167.84086060523988,395.9779052734375]},{"page":116,"text":"","rect":[115.21994018554688,415.7512512207031,121.22582015705109,411.02374267578127]},{"page":116,"text":"","rect":[115.21994018554688,475.2912292480469,121.22582015705109,470.563720703125]},{"page":116,"text":"Use  an  alternate  route  for  communications.  In  some  instances,  enemy  jamming  prevents","rect":[133.21994018554688,418.4715270996094,521.9567154054641,409.4079284667969]},{"page":116,"text":"friendly  forces  from  communicating  with  another  radio  station.  When  degraded  radio","rect":[133.21994018554688,429.99151611328127,521.7297558784485,420.9378967285156]},{"page":116,"text":"communications  occur  between  two  radio  stations  that  require  communication  between  one","rect":[133.21994018554688,441.5116271972656,521.5305163841248,432.4779052734375]},{"page":116,"text":"another, use another radio station or route of communications as a network extension between the","rect":[133.21994018554688,451.0,521.8095691184998,443.8778991699219]},{"page":116,"text":"two radio stations.","rect":[133.21994018554688,462.4396057128906,206.66500306129456,455.39788818359377]},{"page":116,"text":"Change frequencies. If a communications network cannot overcome enemy jamming using the","rect":[133.21994018554688,478.0115051269531,521.6694323997498,468.9479064941406]},{"page":116,"text":"above measures, the commander or designated representative may direct to switch the network to","rect":[133.21994018554688,489.531494140625,521.6004223823547,480.4778747558594]},{"page":116,"text":"an  alternate  or  spare  frequency.  Preplanned  and  well-coordinated  actions  required  practical,","rect":[133.21994018554688,500.9314880371094,521.897775888443,491.87786865234377]},{"page":116,"text":"dummy stations to continue to operate on the frequency being jammed, to mask the change to an","rect":[133.21994018554688,512.4514770507813,521.580219745636,503.38787841796877]},{"page":116,"text":"alternate  frequency.  During  enemy  jamming,  it  may  be  difficult  to  coordinate  a  change  of","rect":[133.21994018554688,523.9714965820313,521.9989309892654,514.9078979492188]},{"page":116,"text":"frequency. All radio operators require knowledge of when, and under what circumstances, they","rect":[133.21994018554688,535.4915161132813,521.670063495636,526.4378662109375]},{"page":116,"text":"are to switch to an alternate or spare frequency. If frequency change and transition do not occur","rect":[133.21994018554688,547.011474609375,521.6303396806717,537.9578247070313]},{"page":116,"text":"smoothly, the enemy may discover what is happening, and try to degrade communications on the","rect":[133.21994018554688,558.531494140625,521.7224109153748,549.4778442382813]},{"page":116,"text":"new frequency.","rect":[133.21994018554688,569.9314575195313,194.70298218727113,560.8877563476563]},{"page":116,"text":"SINGLE-CHANNEL GROUND AND AIRBORNE RADIO SYSTEM","rect":[72.02394104003906,595.4806518554688,489.43076191711426,585.7509765625]},{"page":116,"text":"ANTI-JAMMING","rect":[72.02394104003906,611.5906372070313,181.7808165035248,601.8609619140625]},{"page":116,"text":"10-78. Jamming is the intentional transmission of signals that interrupts your ability to transmit and receive.","rect":[90.02394104003906,631.761474609375,521.6253759860992,622.7078247070313]},{"page":116,"text":"If the radio signal is jammed, the radio operator hears strong static, strange noise, random noise, no noise, or","rect":[90.0239486694336,643.1614990234375,521.6108084306717,634.097900390625]},{"page":116,"text":"the  network  may  be  quiet  with  no  signals  heard.  Jamming  depends  upon  the  type  of  signal  used  to  jam","rect":[90.0239486694336,654.6814575195313,521.8002105960846,645.6178588867188]},{"page":116,"text":"transmit and receive capabilities and whether the radio network is operating in single-channel or frequency","rect":[90.0239486694336,666.2014770507813,521.9284253120422,657.1478271484375]},{"page":116,"text":"hopping mode.","rect":[90.0239486694336,677.7214965820313,149.91346192359925,668.6678466796875]},{"page":116,"text":"10-79. The simplest method the enemy can use to disrupt your communication is to transmit noise or audio","rect":[90.0239486694336,695.2374877929688,521.814838886261,686.183837890625]},{"page":116,"text":"signals  onto  a  single-channel  operating  frequency,  or  on  multiple  frequency  hopping  frequencies  during","rect":[90.0239486694336,706.6375122070313,521.8977856636047,697.5838623046875]},{"page":116,"text":"10-14","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,95.26500158691407,747.4649658203125]},{"page":116,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":116,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":117,"text":"Electronic Warfare and Protection Techniques","rect":[342.54998779296877,45.924034118652347,540.0368979492188,37.608036041259769]},{"page":117,"text":"frequency hopping operation. If the enemy can generate enough power onto a unit’s hopset, to disrupt or stop","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,539.9128003120422,74.08776092529297]},{"page":117,"text":"communication capability.","rect":[108.01998901367188,94.68138122558594,214.46256470680238,85.62773895263672]},{"page":117,"text":"10-80. SINCGARS, as designed, is jam-resistant due to its frequency hopping capability. If SINCGARS is","rect":[108.01998901367188,112.20140075683594,539.7386367921829,103.1377944946289]},{"page":117,"text":"jammed, it may be necessary for you to take corrective actions. The action taken depends on the type of","rect":[108.0199966430664,123.60142517089844,539.5771170244217,114.5378189086914]},{"page":117,"text":"jamming or electromagnetic interference disrupting network communications and the authorized frequency","rect":[108.0199966430664,135.1213836669922,539.9472851753235,126.05777740478516]},{"page":117,"text":"hopping hopset available to the network.  Modern EW equipment is capable of detecting and jamming","rect":[108.0199966430664,146.6414031982422,539.8628735542297,137.5778045654297]},{"page":117,"text":"frequency  hopping  radios.  Frequency  hopping  alone  does  not  eliminate  interference  caused  by  modern","rect":[108.0199966430664,158.1614227294922,539.5371289253235,149.10777282714845]},{"page":117,"text":"jammers. Use the steerable null antenna processor in the non-hopping mode of the SINCGARS. The null","rect":[108.0199966430664,169.68138122558595,539.9821368465424,160.61778259277345]},{"page":117,"text":"antenna processor provides EP for the single-channel combat net radios in the VHF range (30 to 88 MHz).","rect":[108.01998138427735,181.20140075683595,533.858957529068,172.1477508544922]},{"page":117,"text":"10-81. When  radio  electromagnetic  interference  occurs,  the  radio  operator  determines  if  jamming ","rect":[108.01998138427735,198.60142517089845,529.2061865329742,189.53782653808595]},{"page":117,"text":"equipment failure caused electromagnetic interference. To do this, the radio operator—","rect":[108.0199966430664,210.12144470214845,456.9099817276001,201.0677947998047]},{"page":117,"text":" Disconnects antenna; if the noise continues, the radio may be faulty.","rect":[133.219970703125,223.6814422607422,424.0443823337555,214.62779235839845]},{"page":117,"text":" Set the function FCTN switch to squelch off SQ OFF and listen for modulated noise.","rect":[133.219970703125,237.2215118408203,490.76651978492739,228.1877899169922]},{"page":117,"text":" Look for a small signal strength indication on the RT front panel.","rect":[133.219970703125,250.6814422607422,411.893137216568,241.62779235839845]},{"page":117,"text":"or","rect":[531.5068969726563,197.0,539.8533621416092,191.0]},{"page":117,"text":"10-82.","rect":[108.01995849609375,266.1995849609375,133.90999817848206,259.35699462890627]},{"page":117,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,278.9510803222656,139.22588119220735,274.22357177734377]},{"page":117,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,292.5110778808594,139.22588119220735,287.7835693359375]},{"page":117,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,305.9510803222656,139.22588119220735,301.22357177734377]},{"page":117,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,319.5110778808594,139.22588119220735,314.7835693359375]},{"page":117,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,332.9510803222656,139.22588119220735,328.22357177734377]},{"page":117,"text":"The following are corrective actions to take if jamming is indicated—","rect":[142.5800018310547,268.2313537597656,421.98999881744387,259.1677551269531]},{"page":117,"text":"Reposition or reorient antenna to eliminate electromagnetic interference.","rect":[151.22000122070313,281.6713562011719,441.28504395484927,272.61773681640627]},{"page":117,"text":"Notify supervisor of suspected jamming signals.","rect":[151.22000122070313,295.2313537597656,344.37671875953677,286.1677551269531]},{"page":117,"text":"Continue to operate.","rect":[151.22000122070313,308.6514587402344,232.55338501930238,299.61773681640627]},{"page":117,"text":"Work through jamming.","rect":[151.22000122070313,322.2313537597656,247.91166138648988,313.1677551269531]},{"page":117,"text":"Report electromagnetic interference and jamming to the NCS.","rect":[151.22000122070313,335.6713562011719,399.23401856422427,326.6077575683594]},{"page":117,"text":"10-83. The NCS conducts a network call in single-channel mode and instructs all network members to","rect":[108.01998901367188,353.19140625,539.6991772651672,344.1377868652344]},{"page":117,"text":"switch  to  frequency  hopping  mode  2  and  continue  to  operate  normally  on  RT-1523F  advanced  system","rect":[108.0199966430664,364.7113952636719,539.9310699710846,355.65777587890627]},{"page":117,"text":"improvement program-enhanced pure networks.","rect":[108.0199966430664,376.1114196777344,300.5199987888336,367.05780029296877]},{"page":117,"text":"10-84. The NCS conducts a network call in single-channel mode and instructs all non-RT-1523F advanced","rect":[108.0199966430664,393.6313781738281,539.9864087104797,384.5777587890625]},{"page":117,"text":"system improvement program-enhanced radios to switch to the backup single-channel secure frequency and","rect":[108.02001190185547,405.1513671875,539.893452167511,396.0977478027344]},{"page":117,"text":"cipher text. All RT-1523F radios switch to frequency hopping mode 2. The NCS operates the network in a","rect":[108.02001190185547,416.67138671875,539.4584338645935,407.6177673339844]},{"page":117,"text":"frequency hopping mixed network operation utilizing a SINCGARS mixed-mode RETRANS site and station","rect":[108.02001190185547,428.1913757324219,540.083149433136,419.13775634765627]},{"page":117,"text":"to provide communications between the single-channel stations and the frequency hopping stations. Once","rect":[108.02001190185547,439.73138427734377,539.6639392356873,430.6777648925781]},{"page":117,"text":"neutralization of the jamming source occurs, the NCS instructs the network to switch back to frequency","rect":[108.02001190185547,451.1313781738281,539.4674878120422,442.0677795410156]},{"page":117,"text":"hopping mode 1.","rect":[108.02001190185547,462.6513977050781,175.46912598609925,453.5977783203125]},{"page":117,"text":"Note. Operate SINCGARS in the single-channel and cipher text mode only when required.","rect":[133.22000122070313,486.0513916015625,496.2883093357086,476.9977722167969]},{"page":117,"text":"ELECTRONIC WARFARE FOR SINGLE-CHANNEL TACTICAL","rect":[90.02399444580078,526.2406005859375,501.66601054096227,516.5109252929688]},{"page":117,"text":"SATELLITE","rect":[90.02399444580078,542.320556640625,169.47634379291535,532.6049194335938]},{"page":117,"text":"10-85. Single-channel  TACSAT  communications  enhance  commanders’  ability  to  operate.  During","rect":[108.0199966430664,562.3713989257813,539.8963208198547,553.3177490234375]},{"page":117,"text":"operations, the enemy uses EW to direct parts of their resources against our satellite systems. How vulnerable","rect":[108.02001190185547,573.8914184570313,539.8525378684998,564.8377685546875]},{"page":117,"text":"we are to enemy EW and the success of our actions to deny the enemy success in EW efforts depends on our","rect":[108.02001190185547,585.4114379882813,539.6567068681717,576.3577880859375]},{"page":117,"text":"equipment and training of our signal personnel.","rect":[108.02001190185547,596.931396484375,297.3696081638336,587.8777465820313]},{"page":117,"text":"10-86. Single-channel TACSAT communications are high on the enemy’s target list. Shortly after placing","rect":[108.02001190185547,614.3613891601563,539.9712109565735,605.3077392578125]},{"page":117,"text":"tactical  communications  in  operation,  the  enemy  compiles  data  on  the  satellite.  This  data  most  likely","rect":[108.01998138427735,625.8814086914063,539.6468091011047,616.8277587890625]},{"page":117,"text":"includes—","rect":[108.01998138427735,635.3894653320313,151.21646976470948,628.3477783203125]},{"page":117,"text":" Data indicating the satellite’s orbit and location.","rect":[133.21998596191407,650.96142578125,343.6010229587555,641.9077758789063]},{"page":117,"text":" Information on frequency, bandwidth, and modulation used in the satellite.","rect":[133.22000122070313,664.4014282226563,450.31949830055239,655.3477783203125]},{"page":117,"text":" The amount, type, and frequency of traffic extended by the satellite.","rect":[133.22000122070313,677.96142578125,422.67981934547427,668.9077758789063]},{"page":117,"text":"10-87. With the satellite network extension located, direct the primary enemy threat toward locating ground","rect":[108.01998901367188,695.357421875,539.7849316596985,686.3037719726563]},{"page":117,"text":"stations through radio direction finding. Due to the directional antennas used with super high frequency and","rect":[108.0199966430664,706.87744140625,540.0319409370422,697.8237915039063]},{"page":117,"text":"extremely high frequency single-channel TACSAT communications radios has a low probability of intercept","rect":[108.0199966430664,718.3973999023438,539.8343096981049,709.34375]},{"page":117,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":117,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":117,"text":"10-15","rect":[499.05999755859377,754.0349731445313,522.1809409179688,747.4649658203125]},{"page":118,"text":"Chapter 10","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,118.64399938964844,37.608036041259769]},{"page":118,"text":"and direction-finding. A satellite-based intercept station orbiting near satellites can be successful. In this case,","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.8576147556305,74.08776092529297]},{"page":118,"text":"an enemy on their home ground, far from the area of operations, can do the analysis.","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,427.1303198337555,85.62773895263672]},{"page":118,"text":"10-88. Even without ground station locations, the enemy can direct jamming efforts towards their satellites.","rect":[90.02399444580078,112.20140075683594,521.6056616306305,103.1377944946289]},{"page":118,"text":"Single-channel TACSAT communications networks working through the satellite is operating in a stressed","rect":[90.02399444580078,123.60142517089844,521.6763501167297,114.54778289794922]},{"page":118,"text":"mode. Due to the directional antennas and frequencies used, jamming directed toward ground stations occurs","rect":[90.02399444580078,135.12144470214845,521.6607559328079,126.0578384399414]},{"page":118,"text":"locally. Besides jamming, enemies may attempt deception from either the ground or using their own satellites.","rect":[90.02399444580078,146.64146423339845,521.8767187595367,137.57786560058595]},{"page":118,"text":"The  enemy  may  attempt  to  insert  false  or  misleading  information  and  may  establish  dummy  networks","rect":[90.02399444580078,158.16148376464845,521.5312393312454,149.1078338623047]},{"page":118,"text":"operating through our satellites to cause confusion.","rect":[90.02399444580078,169.68150329589845,293.89518189430239,160.6278533935547]},{"page":118,"text":"DEFENSIVE ELECTRONIC WARFARE","rect":[72.02399444580078,193.26809692382813,249.9857726097107,185.15609741210938]},{"page":118,"text":"10-89. TACSAT communications operate in the environment just described. It is necessary to use available","rect":[90.02400207519531,213.0015106201172,521.9496448020935,203.9379119873047]},{"page":118,"text":"anti-jamming  equipment  and  sound  countermeasures.  Communications  discipline,  security,  and  training","rect":[90.02400970458985,224.4015350341797,521.6101880073547,215.3379364013672]},{"page":118,"text":"underlie electronic counter-countermeasures. COMSEC techniques give the commander confidence in the","rect":[90.02400970458985,235.9215545654297,521.6458728294373,226.86790466308595]},{"page":118,"text":"security  of  communications.  Electronic  counter-countermeasures  equipment  and  techniques  provide","rect":[90.02400970458985,247.4415740966797,521.7149646263123,238.38792419433595]},{"page":118,"text":"confidence  in  the  continued  operation  of  TACSAT  communications  in  a  hostile  EW  or  the  stressed","rect":[90.02400970458985,258.9416809082031,521.5211987495422,249.90794372558595]},{"page":118,"text":"environment. Particularly in single-channel TACSAT communications, the two are closely related techniques","rect":[90.02400970458985,270.5115661621094,522.0153701906204,261.45794677734377]},{"page":118,"text":"serving an electronic counter-countermeasures role.","rect":[90.02400970458985,282.0315856933594,296.8281042575836,272.97796630859377]},{"page":118,"text":"10-90. COMSEC techniques protect the transmitted information. Physical security safeguards COMSEC","rect":[90.02400970458985,299.43157958984377,521.5160006895065,290.3779602050781]},{"page":118,"text":"material and information  from access or observation by  unauthorized personnel  using physical  means.","rect":[90.02400970458985,310.9515686035156,521.8612158298492,301.89794921875]},{"page":118,"text":"TRANSEC  protects  transmissions  from  hostile  interception  and  exploitation.  COMSEC  and  TRANSEC","rect":[90.02400970458985,322.45166015625,521.7503146543503,313.4179382324219]},{"page":118,"text":"equipment protects most circuits. Some single-channel TACSAT orderwires may not be secure. Technical","rect":[90.02400970458985,333.9915466308594,521.7818804988862,324.93792724609377]},{"page":118,"text":"discussions between operators can contain information important to the enemy. The nature of any mission","rect":[90.02400970458985,345.51153564453127,521.796528339386,336.4579162597656]},{"page":118,"text":"gives  the  enemy  access  to  critical  information  about  commanders,  organizations,  and  locations  of","rect":[90.02400970458985,356.9115295410156,521.5910940752029,347.85791015625]},{"page":118,"text":"headquarters. This information is sensitive and requires protection.","rect":[90.02400970458985,368.41162109375,357.07157349586489,359.3778991699219]},{"page":118,"text":"10-91. Electronic counter-countermeasures techniques protect against enemy attempts to detect, deceive,","rect":[90.02400970458985,385.9515075683594,521.7165014743805,376.89788818359377]},{"page":118,"text":"or destroy friendly communications. Changing frequency can defeat jamming. This requires the jammer to","rect":[90.02400970458985,397.47149658203127,521.6107983589172,388.40789794921877]},{"page":118,"text":"determine  the  new  frequency,  move  to  it,  and  change  it  again  if  required.  This  is  the  principle  behind","rect":[90.02400970458985,408.9914855957031,521.8336987495422,399.9378662109375]},{"page":118,"text":"frequency hopping.","rect":[90.02400970458985,420.511474609375,167.562570810318,411.4578552246094]},{"page":118,"text":"10-92. Since it takes about 0.25 seconds for the earth station satellite-earth station trip, frequency hopping","rect":[90.02400970458985,437.9314880371094,521.832905292511,428.87786865234377]},{"page":118,"text":"four times per second denies the jammer access to the satellite to earth link. Frequency hopping at this rate","rect":[90.02400970458985,449.45147705078127,521.5511462669373,440.38787841796877]},{"page":118,"text":"relies  on  automated  equipment.  Frequency  hopping  at  rates  between  4  per  second  and  75  per  second","rect":[90.02400970458985,460.9714660644531,521.6906323432922,451.9178466796875]},{"page":118,"text":"effectively avoids intercept and jamming when the enemy can receive only the downlink. With these low","rect":[90.02400970458985,472.491455078125,521.4913519611358,463.4278564453125]},{"page":118,"text":"rates,  bandwidth  is  still  minimal  while  providing  secure  communications.  Frequency  hopping  forces  the","rect":[90.02400970458985,484.0114440917969,521.8244616966248,474.95782470703127]},{"page":118,"text":"jammer to spread energy (broadband jamming). This reduces the jammer noise density on any one channel.","rect":[90.02400970458985,495.53143310546877,518.9813940525055,486.46783447265627]},{"page":118,"text":"10-93. The spread spectrum signal can occupy the entire bandwidth of the satellite at the same time with","rect":[90.02400970458985,512.9314575195313,521.5358471870422,503.8778076171875]},{"page":118,"text":"several other spread spectrum signals. Each signal requires a different pseudorandom noise code. The noise","rect":[90.02400970458985,524.4514770507813,521.5228259544373,515.3978271484375]},{"page":118,"text":"code looks the same as the jammer regardless of the information carried over the satellite signal. This results","rect":[90.02400970458985,535.971435546875,521.7802017335891,526.9078369140625]},{"page":118,"text":"in the jammer spreading energy throughout the entire bandwidth of the random noise and reducing the noise","rect":[90.02400970458985,547.491455078125,521.6668689231873,538.4278564453125]},{"page":118,"text":"density to the point that the jammer has no knowledge of whether the jamming is effective.","rect":[90.02400970458985,559.0114135742188,454.02225708961489,549.9478149414063]},{"page":118,"text":"ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY","rect":[72.02400970458985,582.5980834960938,256.8492593765259,574.3060302734375]},{"page":118,"text":"10-94. Electromagnetic compatibility occurs when all equipment radios, radars, generators, and vehicle","rect":[90.02400970458985,602.3314208984375,521.9648425559998,593.2777709960938]},{"page":118,"text":"ignition  systems  operate  without  electromagnetic  interference  from  each  other.  With  single-channel","rect":[90.02400970458985,613.7614135742188,521.9550372371674,604.707763671875]},{"page":118,"text":"TACSAT communications terminals, a source of electromagnetic interference is solar weather, including","rect":[90.02400970458985,625.2814331054688,521.660786151886,616.227783203125]},{"page":118,"text":"solar flares, solar winds, geomagnetic storms, and solar radiation storms. Control factors as location and","rect":[90.02400970458985,636.8014526367188,521.6403393745422,627.747802734375]},{"page":118,"text":"antenna orientation to eliminate this source of the noise. For each piece of equipment, use proper grounding","rect":[90.02400970458985,648.3214721679688,521.5013012886047,639.267822265625]},{"page":118,"text":"techniques  and  follow  safety  considerations.  When  required  to  co-locate  single-channel  TACSAT","rect":[90.02400970458985,659.8414306640625,521.8931772108078,650.7877807617188]},{"page":118,"text":"communications terminals and other sets use a plan that prevents antennas from shooting directly into one","rect":[90.02400970458985,671.241455078125,521.4813220481873,662.1878051757813]},{"page":118,"text":"another. Maintaining an adequate distance between antennas reduces mutual electromagnetic interference.","rect":[90.02400970458985,682.7614135742188,514.4098303318024,673.707763671875]},{"page":118,"text":"10-16","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,95.26500158691407,747.4649658203125]},{"page":118,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":118,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":119,"text":"Electronic Warfare and Protection Techniques","rect":[342.54998779296877,45.924034118652347,540.1838706054688,37.608036041259769]},{"page":119,"text":"10-95. Desensitization is the most common electromagnetic interference problem. This reduces receiver","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,539.5727835283279,74.08776092529297]},{"page":119,"text":"sensitivity caused by signals from nearby transmitters. Include the electromagnetic compatibility in the plans","rect":[108.0199966430664,94.68138122558594,539.6168716554641,85.62773895263672]},{"page":119,"text":"for siting a single-channel TACSAT communications station.","rect":[108.0199966430664,106.20140075683594,353.63648438453677,97.14775848388672]},{"page":119,"text":"COUNTER RADIO-CONTROLLED IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE","rect":[90.02399444580078,131.63058471679688,493.59508768939977,121.91490173339844]},{"page":119,"text":"DEVICE ELECTRONIC WARFARE","rect":[90.02399444580078,147.81655883789063,317.93615214252477,138.1149139404297]},{"page":119,"text":"10-96. Counter radio-controlled improvised explosive device electronic warfare (CREW) is a form of","rect":[108.0199966430664,167.86146545410157,539.7597952470779,158.82774353027345]},{"page":119,"text":"defensive  EA.  The  CREW  system  jams  threat  radio  frequencies  to  preempt  radio-controlled  improvised","rect":[108.0199966430664,179.4014129638672,539.8913159370422,170.3378143310547]},{"page":119,"text":"explosive devices (RCIED) from receiving a firing signal. When properly used, a CREW system prevents","rect":[108.0199966430664,190.80137634277345,540.1036270265579,181.7477264404297]},{"page":119,"text":"the enemy’s RCIED receiver from acquiring a signal from the RF transmitter, preventing the RCIED from","rect":[108.0199966430664,202.32139587402345,540.0030914554596,193.2677459716797]},{"page":119,"text":"detonating.  CREW  systems  are  programmed  with  threat-specific  loadsets,  based  on  current  intelligence,","rect":[108.0199966430664,213.84141540527345,539.8545019626617,204.7877655029297]},{"page":119,"text":"including the technical exploitation of recovered RCIEDs.","rect":[108.0199966430664,225.3613739013672,340.83988404273989,216.30772399902345]},{"page":119,"text":"10-97. The  U.S.  military  employs  mounted,  dismounted,  and  fixed  CREW  systems  as  electronic","rect":[108.0199966430664,242.8813934326172,539.6754138450623,233.82774353027345]},{"page":119,"text":"countermeasures to RCIED attacks. The Army serves as the executive agent and single service manager for","rect":[108.0199966430664,254.4014129638672,539.5569143877029,245.34776306152345]},{"page":119,"text":"ground-based CREW systems. The Army manages CREW system acquisition to ensure interoperability and","rect":[108.0199966430664,265.8313903808594,539.6918530464172,256.77777099609377]},{"page":119,"text":"compatibility among fielded systems. CREW systems currently in service include—","rect":[108.0199966430664,277.3513488769531,445.27002811431887,268.2977294921875]},{"page":119,"text":" Mounted.","rect":[133.22003173828126,288.89947509765627,189.69549012184144,281.8577575683594]},{"page":119,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,301.7510986328125,139.22591170978547,297.0235900878906]},{"page":119,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,315.19110107421877,139.22591170978547,310.4635925292969]},{"page":119,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,340.1510925292969,139.22591170978547,335.423583984375]},{"page":119,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,353.7110900878906,139.22591170978547,348.98358154296877]},{"page":119,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,367.1510925292969,139.22591170978547,362.423583984375]},{"page":119,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,380.7110900878906,139.22591170978547,375.98358154296877]},{"page":119,"text":"AN/VLQ-12 Duke V3/V5 (Army).","rect":[151.22003173828126,304.47137451171877,290.8839819431305,295.4177551269531]},{"page":119,"text":"AN/VLQ-13 Counter Radio Controlled Improvised Device Vehicle Receiver/Jammer (V)1/(V)2","rect":[151.22003173828126,317.8914794921875,539.704731464386,308.8577575683594]},{"page":119,"text":"(joint).","rect":[151.22003173828126,329.4313659667969,178.79001832008363,320.3677673339844]},{"page":119,"text":"Symphony (coalition).","rect":[151.22003173828126,342.8713684082031,240.96966004371644,333.8177490234375]},{"page":119,"text":"EGON I/II Active/Reactive Counter-IED System (special operations forces—dismounted).","rect":[151.22003173828126,356.4313659667969,515.0188086032867,347.37774658203127]},{"page":119,"text":"AN/PLQ-9 Thor III (joint).","rect":[151.22003173828126,369.8713684082031,260.0111792087555,360.8077697753906]},{"page":119,"text":"AN/PLT-5 Thor II RCIED Jammer.","rect":[151.22003173828126,381.4294128417969,294.7399389743805,374.37774658203127]},{"page":119,"text":" AN/PLT-073 Guardian (coalition).","rect":[133.22003173828126,396.8514709472656,290.7533667087555,387.8177490234375]},{"page":119,"text":"Modi Active/RCIED System, special operations forces—fixed site).","rect":[151.22003173828126,410.4313659667969,423.468332529068,401.37774658203127]},{"page":119,"text":"10-98. The cyber electronic warfare officer is the commander’s subject matter expert on CREW. The cyber","rect":[108.02001190185547,427.8313903808594,539.8963919267654,418.7677917480469]},{"page":119,"text":"electronic warfare officer coordinates EW missions with the division G-6 (S-6) to deconflict EA, manage","rect":[108.0199966430664,439.37139892578127,539.784483669281,430.3177795410156]},{"page":119,"text":"and oversee the employment of CREW systems, conduct EW training, and monitor exploitation results for","rect":[108.0199966430664,450.8913879394531,539.6972342119217,441.8377685546875]},{"page":119,"text":"changes in the enemy’s use of the spectrum to ensure the validity of loadsets.","rect":[108.0199966430664,462.4114074707031,416.52100586891177,453.3577880859375]},{"page":119,"text":"PURPOSEFUL INTERFERENCE","rect":[90.02400207519531,487.9606018066406,298.1346689882279,478.24493408203127]},{"page":119,"text":"10-99. The growing dependency on  wireless services and the resulting escalation of cyberattacks has","rect":[108.02001190185547,508.0113830566406,540.0032241945266,498.957763671875]},{"page":119,"text":"resulted  in  the  need  to  enhance  cybersecurity  and  protect  against  persistent  interference.  Purposeful","rect":[108.0199966430664,519.5314331054688,539.4574786434174,510.477783203125]},{"page":119,"text":"interference consists of deliberate actions taken to deny or disrupt a space system, service, or capability.","rect":[108.0199966430664,530.9314575195313,523.322336435318,521.8778076171875]},{"page":119,"text":"10-100. In  cases  of  terrestrial  interference  in  the  United  States  and  its  possessions,  including  satellite","rect":[108.0199966430664,548.451416015625,539.727354763031,539.3977661132813]},{"page":119,"text":"downlink interference, the combatant command/Service/agency owning or operating the affected system is","rect":[108.0199966430664,559.971435546875,539.4476211671829,550.9177856445313]},{"page":119,"text":"responsible for investigating and resolving the interference including downlink interference.","rect":[108.0199966430664,571.4913940429688,476.9499304294586,562.437744140625]},{"page":119,"text":"ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE","rect":[90.02399444580078,597.0405883789063,351.9120737733841,587.3109130859375]},{"page":119,"text":"10-101. Electromagnetic  interference  is  any  electromagnetic  disturbance,  induced  intentionally  or","rect":[108.0199966430664,617.1213989257813,539.8835745439529,608.0677490234375]},{"page":119,"text":"unintentionally,  that  interrupts,  obstructs,  or  otherwise  degrades  or  limits  the  effective  performance  of","rect":[108.0199966430664,628.6414184570313,539.7234182939529,619.5877685546875]},{"page":119,"text":"electronics and electrical equipment (JP 3-13.1).","rect":[108.0199966430664,640.1414794921875,301.65625977516177,631.1077880859375]},{"page":119,"text":"10-102. Timely and accurate identification, reporting, and resolution of electromagnetic interference are key","rect":[108.0199966430664,657.5614013671875,539.8745312690735,648.5077514648438]},{"page":119,"text":"functions of electromagnetic spectrum management. The resolution of electromagnetic interference is crucial","rect":[108.0199966430664,669.0814208984375,539.7600299129487,660.0277709960938]},{"page":119,"text":"in  assuring  vital  information  exchanged  quickly  and  accurately.  Report  all  electromagnetic  interference","rect":[108.0199966430664,680.6014404296875,539.4276111106873,671.5477905273438]},{"page":119,"text":"disturbances regardless of the severity, intensity, or duration. Perform electromagnetic interference resolution","rect":[108.0199966430664,692.1213989257813,540.0312085151672,683.0677490234375]},{"page":119,"text":"tasks to resolve or mitigate electromagnetic interference incidents at the lowest possible level in the command","rect":[108.0199966430664,703.6373901367188,539.5471386909485,694.583740234375]},{"page":119,"text":"structure. Refer to CJCSM 3320.02D for information regarding electromagnetic interference resolution.","rect":[108.0199966430664,715.0374145507813,522.8131201267242,705.9837646484375]},{"page":119,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":119,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":119,"text":"10-17","rect":[499.05999755859377,754.0349731445313,522.1809409179688,747.4649658203125]},{"page":120,"text":"Chapter 10","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,118.64399938964844,37.608036041259769]},{"page":120,"text":"JOINT SPECTRUM INTERFERENCE RESOLUTION REPORTING","rect":[72.02399444580078,83.21997833251953,367.50162982940676,74.91597747802735]},{"page":120,"text":"10-103. JSIR  addresses  electromagnetic  interference  incidents,  EA,  directed  energy,  and  cyber  attacks","rect":[90.02399444580078,102.96141052246094,521.5460098390579,93.90776824951172]},{"page":120,"text":"affecting  the  DOD.  The  JSIR  objective  is  to  report  and  help  resolve  EA  and  persistent,  recurring","rect":[90.02399444580078,114.48136901855469,521.4814038276672,105.41776275634766]},{"page":120,"text":"electromagnetic interference. Resolution is at the lowest possible level, using organic assets. Refer incidents","rect":[90.02399444580078,126.00138854980469,521.5809219484329,116.94774627685547]},{"page":120,"text":"that cannot be resolved locally up the chain of command with resolution attempted at each level.","rect":[90.02399444580078,137.4014129638672,475.7477819919586,128.34776306152345]},{"page":120,"text":"10-104. CJCSI 3320.02F directs DOD components to resolve RF electromagnetic interference at the lowest","rect":[90.02399444580078,154.92137145996095,521.6155596981049,145.8677215576172]},{"page":120,"text":"possible level of its chain of command. To accomplish this, the Army established the Army interference","rect":[90.02399444580078,166.44139099121095,521.4017322044373,157.3877410888672]},{"page":120,"text":"resolution program.","rect":[90.02399444580078,177.96141052246095,168.63318848609925,168.9077606201172]},{"page":120,"text":"ARMY INTERFERENCE RESOLUTION PROGRAM","rect":[72.02399444580078,201.52220153808595,303.5941696166992,193.26800537109376]},{"page":120,"text":"10-105. The Army interference resolution program revolves around four functions: direction finding, signal","rect":[90.02400970458985,221.2814178466797,521.4862262020112,212.22776794433595]},{"page":120,"text":"monitoring, signal analysis, transportability, and mobility. Table 10-3 describes these functions.","rect":[90.02400970458985,232.80137634277345,473.339426279068,223.7477264404297]},{"page":120,"text":"Table 10-3. Army interference resolution program functions","rect":[155.90000915527345,250.26162719726563,438.0011389274597,240.92910766601563]},{"page":120,"text":"INTERFERENCE RESOLUTION","rect":[72.02399444580078,463.4122009277344,215.97235202789308,455.32598876953127]},{"page":120,"text":"10-106. Corps  and  division  spectrum  managers  are  the  coordinating  authorities  for  regional  and  local","rect":[90.02399444580078,483.17138671875,521.5858355770112,474.1177673339844]},{"page":120,"text":"interference resolution. The impact of each interference incident is  unique, and  no standard procedure","rect":[90.02400207519531,494.6714782714844,521.6608874778748,485.63775634765627]},{"page":120,"text":"establishes or guarantees resolution in every case. A logical, systematic approach reduces the time and cost","rect":[90.02400207519531,506.21136474609377,521.6253863582612,497.1577453613281]},{"page":120,"text":"required to resolve interference situations. Figure 10-1 on page 10-19 depicts a logical flow diagram (for","rect":[90.02400207519531,517.7313842773438,521.8030081377029,508.677734375]},{"page":120,"text":"instances when an Army unit is the victim of interference in a tactical operation).","rect":[90.02400207519531,529.1314086914063,414.3436987400055,520.0777587890625]},{"page":120,"text":"10-18","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,95.26500158691407,747.4649658203125]},{"page":120,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":120,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":121,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":121,"text":"Electronic Warfare and Protection Techniques","rect":[342.54998779296877,45.924034118652347,540.0368979492188,37.608036041259769]},{"page":121,"text":"Figure 10-1. Local interference resolution (Army victim)","rect":[183.5,587.6316528320313,446.1968985185623,578.2991333007813]},{"page":121,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":121,"text":"10-19","rect":[499.05999755859377,754.0439453125,522.1809409179688,747.4649658203125]},{"page":122,"text":"Chapter 10","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,118.64399938964844,37.608036041259769]},{"page":122,"text":"10-107. Figure  10-2  shows  a  flow  diagram  for  interference  when  the  Army  unit  is  the  source  of  the","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.5329577903748,74.08776092529297]},{"page":122,"text":"interference.","rect":[90.02400207519531,92.6694564819336,140.11280274391175,85.62773895263672]},{"page":122,"text":"Figure 10-2. Interference resolution (Army source)","rect":[178.10000610351563,511.07159423828127,415.6976309404373,501.73907470703127]},{"page":122,"text":"Reporting Procedure","rect":[72.02400970458985,541.9635620117188,171.34414279556274,532.1048583984375]},{"page":122,"text":"10-108. Report all electromagnetic interference incidents through the proper channels. Submit all reports of","rect":[90.02400970458985,559.2514038085938,521.6250296220779,550.19775390625]},{"page":122,"text":"suspected hostile electromagnetic interference via secure means. Do not hold reports up due to information","rect":[90.02401733398438,570.6513671875,521.4417309761047,561.5977172851563]},{"page":122,"text":"not being readily available; use follow-up reports to provide additional information, as it becomes available.","rect":[90.02401733398438,582.17138671875,521.8381445407867,573.1177368164063]},{"page":122,"text":"10-109. The equipment operator experiencing the electromagnetic interference incident forwards the initial","rect":[90.02401733398438,599.69140625,521.5060626277924,590.6377563476563]},{"page":122,"text":"JSIR  report  through  the  chain  of  command  to  the  unit  operations  center.  Attempt  to  resolve  the","rect":[90.02401733398438,611.2413940429688,521.3819568138123,602.187744140625]},{"page":122,"text":"electromagnetic interference problem at the lowest possible level before submitting JSIR reports to higher","rect":[90.02401733398438,622.7614135742188,521.5064993486404,613.707763671875]},{"page":122,"text":"headquarters.","rect":[90.02401733398438,634.261474609375,143.46935486793519,625.227783203125]},{"page":122,"text":"10-110. Utilize the Joint Spectrum Management System or Spectrum XXI programs to submit the report","rect":[90.02401733398438,651.681396484375,521.5360919246674,642.6277465820313]},{"page":122,"text":"electronically. The sender classifies the report by evaluating the security sensitivity of the electromagnetic","rect":[90.02401733398438,663.201416015625,521.7882068138123,654.1477661132813]},{"page":122,"text":"interference on the affected system, and by considering the classification of the text comments.","rect":[90.02401733398438,674.7213745117188,469.749094247818,665.667724609375]},{"page":122,"text":"10-111. Assign precedence to the JSIR report consistent with the urgency of the reported situation. Use","rect":[90.02401733398438,692.2413940429688,521.5657947044373,683.187744140625]},{"page":122,"text":"routine or priority precedence, unless the organization originating the report believes the incident is hazardous","rect":[90.02401733398438,703.7573852539063,521.7441299562454,694.7037353515625]},{"page":122,"text":"to military operations. For this incident, use immediate precedence.","rect":[90.02401733398438,715.2774047851563,359.362375497818,706.2237548828125]},{"page":122,"text":"10-20","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,95.26500158691407,747.4649658203125]},{"page":122,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":122,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":123,"text":"Electronic Warfare and Protection Techniques","rect":[342.54998779296877,45.924034118652347,540.0368979492188,37.608036041259769]},{"page":123,"text":"10-112. Each Army unit submits reports through its chain of command, up to the theater army, the combatant","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,539.9937945613862,74.08776092529297]},{"page":123,"text":"command, and to the United States Army Communications-Electronics Services Office. Submit information","rect":[108.0199966430664,94.68138122558594,539.9370923042297,85.62773895263672]},{"page":123,"text":"copies of all incident reports to the Joint Spectrum Center for inclusion in the JSIR database. Refer to CJCSM","rect":[108.0199966430664,106.18148040771485,539.5669034128189,97.14775848388672]},{"page":123,"text":"3320.02D for additional information on JSIR procedures.","rect":[108.0199966430664,117.58150482177735,337.27735352516177,108.54778289794922]},{"page":123,"text":"10-113. Table 10-4 outlines JSIR security classification.","rect":[108.0199966430664,135.1213836669922,333.936594247818,126.06774139404297]},{"page":123,"text":"Table 10-4. Joint spectrum interference resolution security classification guide","rect":[128.05999755859376,152.70162963867188,501.7334387321472,143.36911010742188]},{"page":123,"text":"Joint Spectrum Interference Resolution Report Content","rect":[90.02399444580078,398.40155029296877,352.57732096385959,388.5649108886719]},{"page":123,"text":"10-114. Table 10-5 on page 10-22 shows the minimum information requirements for the JSIR. The message","rect":[108.0199966430664,415.5914001464844,539.9145495872498,406.53778076171877]},{"page":123,"text":"subject line should indicate whether the report is initial, follow-up, or final.","rect":[108.0199966430664,427.11138916015627,409.05274415016177,418.04779052734377]},{"page":123,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":123,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":123,"text":"10-21","rect":[499.05999755859377,754.0349731445313,522.1809409179688,747.4649658203125]},{"page":124,"text":"Chapter 10","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,118.64399938964844,37.608036041259769]},{"page":124,"text":"Table 10-5. Joint spectrum interference resolution information requirements","rect":[116.41999816894531,83.07215881347656,477.18515992355347,73.8691177368164]},{"page":124,"text":"10-22","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,95.26500158691407,747.4649658203125]},{"page":124,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":124,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":125,"text":"Appendix A","rect":[281.69000244140627,125.49201202392578,348.50601049804689,114.54801177978516]},{"page":125,"text":"Frequency Modulation Radio Networks","rect":[166.94000244140626,149.8756866455078,462.9660451774597,135.1126708984375]},{"page":125,"text":"This appendix describes various frequency modulation networks and capabilities.","rect":[126.02000427246094,184.55364990234376,484.26817870140078,174.40789794921876]},{"page":125,"text":"FREQUENCY MODULATION","rect":[90.02398681640625,210.5072479248047,281.82444100761418,198.47496032714845]},{"page":125,"text":"A-1. Units  from  battalion  to  theater  establish  frequency  modulation  radio  networks  to  enable","rect":[108.01998901367188,228.00144958496095,539.7475573997498,218.9477996826172]},{"page":125,"text":"communication during operations. Commanders may establish other network frequency modulation radio","rect":[108.01998901367188,239.52146911621095,539.4873242378235,230.4678192138672]},{"page":125,"text":"networks to enhance mission accomplishment. The lack of enough single-channel tactical satellite frequency","rect":[108.01998901367188,251.04148864746095,540.066303730011,241.9878387451172]},{"page":125,"text":"resources, single-channel radio systems density and the need for radio retransmission capability all validate","rect":[108.01998901367188,262.5914611816406,539.488829372406,253.53782653808595]},{"page":125,"text":"the need for frequency modulation networks.","rect":[108.01998901367188,273.9914855957031,287.67847657203677,264.9378662109375]},{"page":125,"text":"A-2. FM is varying the frequency rather than the amplitude of the carrier signal in accordance with the","rect":[108.01998901367188,291.511474609375,539.4221179466248,282.4578552246094]},{"page":125,"text":"variations of the  modulating signals. The amplitude or power of the  FM carrier does not vary during","rect":[108.01998901367188,303.0314636230469,539.5769848823547,293.97784423828127]},{"page":125,"text":"modulation. When the frequency of the carrier signal is non-modulated, refer to the signal as the center, or","rect":[108.01998901367188,314.55145263671877,539.6737967119217,305.4978332519531]},{"page":125,"text":"rest, frequency. When applying a modulating signal to the carrier, the carrier signal moves up and down in","rect":[108.01998901367188,326.0714416503906,539.457417011261,317.017822265625]},{"page":125,"text":"frequency away from the center, or rest, frequency.","rect":[108.01998901367188,337.5914306640625,312.588449716568,328.5378112792969]},{"page":125,"text":"A-3. The amplitude of the modulating signal determines how far away from the center frequency the carrier","rect":[108.01998901367188,354.9914245605469,539.8606253252029,345.93780517578127]},{"page":125,"text":"moves. This movement, also known as a deviation, indicates how far the carrier moves. During the reception","rect":[108.01998901367188,366.51141357421877,539.6665234565735,357.4577941894531]},{"page":125,"text":"of an FM signal, the amount of deviation determines the loudness or volume of the demodulated output.","rect":[108.01998901367188,378.0314025878906,523.9989111423492,368.977783203125]},{"page":125,"text":"A-4. The FM signal leaving the transmitting antenna is constant in amplitude but varies in frequency","rect":[108.01998901367188,395.5513916015625,539.7674145698547,386.4977722167969]},{"page":125,"text":"according to the audio signal. As the signal travels to the receiving antenna, it picks up natural and man-made","rect":[108.01998901367188,407.0713806152344,539.9534900169373,398.01776123046877]},{"page":125,"text":"electrical noises that cause amplitude variations in the signal. These undesirable amplitude variations amplify","rect":[108.01998901367188,418.47137451171877,539.774799823761,409.4177551269531]},{"page":125,"text":"as the signal passes through successive stages of the receiver until the signal reaches a part of the receiver","rect":[108.01998901367188,429.9913635253906,539.3480520830154,420.937744140625]},{"page":125,"text":"called the limiter. The limiter is specific to FM receivers, as is the discriminator.","rect":[108.01998901367188,441.511474609375,429.605295419693,432.4777526855469]},{"page":125,"text":"A-5. The limiter eliminates the amplitude variations in the signal and then passes it on to the discriminator,","rect":[108.01998901367188,459.0513610839844,539.7374975681305,449.99774169921877]},{"page":125,"text":"which is sensitive to variations in the frequency of the RF wave. The discriminator circuit processes the","rect":[108.01998901367188,470.57135009765627,539.4973132591248,461.5177307128906]},{"page":125,"text":"resultant constant amplitude FM signal, which changes the frequency variations into corresponding voltage","rect":[108.01998901367188,482.0913391113281,539.608702419281,473.0377197265625]},{"page":125,"text":"amplitude  variations.  These  voltage  variations  reproduce  the  original  modulating  signal  in  a  headset,","rect":[108.01998901367188,493.4913330078125,539.4874365329742,484.4377136230469]},{"page":125,"text":"loudspeaker, or teletypewriter. Radiotelephone transmitters operating in the VHF and higher frequency bands","rect":[108.01998901367188,505.0113220214844,540.0090835695266,495.95770263671877]},{"page":125,"text":"generally use FM.","rect":[108.01998901367188,516.5313110351563,180.309641122818,507.4776611328125]},{"page":125,"text":"COMMAND NETWORKS","rect":[90.02398681640625,540.280517578125,253.82863988113403,530.5648803710938]},{"page":125,"text":"A-6. Command networks are FM secure internal command networks. Established at various echelons in","rect":[108.01998901367188,558.0894165039063,539.5483593940735,551.0377197265625]},{"page":125,"text":"Army units, command networks provide organization and control of information passed via each network.","rect":[108.01998901367188,571.4913330078125,539.8226416110992,562.4376831054688]},{"page":125,"text":"Command  networks  support  commanders’  requirements  to  send  and  receive  critical  information  during","rect":[108.01998901367188,583.0113525390625,539.697895526886,573.9577026367188]},{"page":125,"text":"operations. Subscribers in a command network are members of that echelon and the next senior echelon","rect":[108.01998901367188,594.5113525390625,539.537250995636,585.4776611328125]},{"page":125,"text":"command  network.  Command  networks  established  at  various  echelons  allow  commanders  greater","rect":[108.01998901367188,606.0513305664063,539.8291922197342,596.9976806640625]},{"page":125,"text":"flexibility, offering units the ability to be part of a smaller command network,  while still  maintaining","rect":[108.01998901367188,617.6013793945313,539.5074048042297,608.5477294921875]},{"page":125,"text":"compatibility and accessibility with the larger overall command. The SINCGARS, which is an FM radio, is","rect":[108.01998901367188,629.0013427734375,540.2035415773391,619.9476928710938]},{"page":125,"text":"the primary radio used to establish secure command networks. When necessary units use RETRANS teams","rect":[108.01998901367188,640.5213623046875,539.6368911867141,631.4677124023438]},{"page":125,"text":"to overcome communication obstacles between higher and lower units. Command networks have the highest","rect":[108.01998901367188,652.0413208007813,539.6267901668549,642.9876708984375]},{"page":125,"text":"installation priority.","rect":[108.01998901367188,663.5613403320313,187.22190308570863,654.5076904296875]},{"page":125,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":125,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":125,"text":"A-1","rect":[507.58001708984377,753.9359741210938,521.94101171875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":126,"text":"Appendix A","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":126,"text":"A-7. Table  A-1  shows  typical  command  networks  established  in  a  division  and  the  network  stations","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.7141616945266,74.08776092529297]},{"page":126,"text":"established within each command network. The command networks showed merely serve as a guide for","rect":[90.02398681640625,94.68138122558594,521.5511770830154,85.62773895263672]},{"page":126,"text":"establishing radio networks. The actual networks established depend on the existing situation, command","rect":[90.02398681640625,106.20140075683594,521.824360370636,97.14775848388672]},{"page":126,"text":"guidance, and equipment available.","rect":[90.02398681640625,117.60142517089844,231.236887216568,108.54778289794922]},{"page":126,"text":"Table A-1. Example of division command networks","rect":[176.41998291015626,135.0522003173828,417.5099585075378,125.84915924072266]},{"page":126,"text":"A-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,86.5049994506836,747.4649658203125]},{"page":126,"text":"A-8.","rect":[90.02399444580078,538.2595825195313,107.98999238014221,531.4071044921875]},{"page":126,"text":"Figure A-1 on page A-3 depicts the structure of a typical command network in a division.","rect":[115.21998596191406,540.2914428710938,473.14844727516177,531.23779296875]},{"page":126,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":126,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":127,"text":"Frequency Modulation Radio Networks","rect":[373.6300048828125,46.04103469848633,540.0580161132813,37.716033935546878]},{"page":127,"text":"Figure A-1. Structure of a division command network","rect":[189.13999938964845,424.0516357421875,440.6260168571472,414.7191162109375]},{"page":127,"text":"ADMINISTRATIVE AND LOGISTICS NETWORKS","rect":[90.02400207519531,453.5979919433594,316.6900386810303,445.3179931640625]},{"page":127,"text":"A-9. Administrative and logistics networks controlled by the battalion or brigade personnel staff officer and","rect":[108.02000427246094,473.3313903808594,539.626850605011,464.27777099609377]},{"page":127,"text":"the logistics staff officer transmit and receive administrative and logistics data. Figure A-2 on page A-4 is an","rect":[108.02000427246094,484.85137939453127,540.0161938667297,475.7977600097656]},{"page":127,"text":"example of a brigade administrative and logistics network.","rect":[108.02000427246094,496.2513732910156,342.2140600681305,487.19775390625]},{"page":127,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":127,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":127,"text":"A-3","rect":[507.58001708984377,754.0349731445313,521.94101171875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":128,"text":"Appendix A","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":128,"text":"Figure A-2. Example of a brigade administrative and logistics network","rect":[131.3000030517578,350.61163330078127,462.4160559196472,341.27911376953127]},{"page":128,"text":"OPERATIONS AND INTELLIGENCE NETWORKS","rect":[72.02400207519531,380.13800048828127,296.42572593688967,371.84600830078127]},{"page":128,"text":"A-10. Operations and intelligence communications networks transmit and receive operations and intelligence","rect":[90.02401733398438,399.87139892578127,522.0439441184998,390.8177795410156]},{"page":128,"text":"reports,  and  function  as  surveillance  networks  as  required.  Operations  and  intelligence  communications","rect":[90.02401733398438,411.3913879394531,521.7836197023391,402.3377685546875]},{"page":128,"text":"networks facilitate the transmission of observations, details, and discussions that feed intelligence analysis.","rect":[90.02401733398438,422.7913818359375,521.6010839939117,413.7377624511719]},{"page":128,"text":"The  G-2  (S-2)  controls  operations  and  intelligence  networks.  Subordinate  elements  may  monitor  the","rect":[90.02401733398438,434.3113708496094,522.0244128684998,425.25775146484377]},{"page":128,"text":"operations and intelligence networks to develop situational awareness. The information passed over these","rect":[90.02401733398438,445.85137939453127,521.8698108177185,436.7977600097656]},{"page":128,"text":"communication  networks  is  continual  and  may  require  a  secondary  network  to  prevent  overloading  the","rect":[90.02401733398438,457.3713684082031,521.7203357200623,448.3177490234375]},{"page":128,"text":"command network. The local situation determines whether to add or delete other net members. Figure A-3","rect":[90.02401733398438,468.891357421875,521.920063495636,459.8377380371094]},{"page":128,"text":"on page A-5 illustrates an example of a division operations and intelligence communications network.","rect":[90.0240478515625,480.4113464355469,497.87012696266177,471.35772705078127]},{"page":128,"text":"A-4","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,86.5049994506836,747.4649658203125]},{"page":128,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":128,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":129,"text":"Frequency Modulation Radio Networks","rect":[373.6300048828125,46.04103469848633,540.0580161132813,37.716033935546878]},{"page":129,"text":"Figure A-3. Example of a division operations and intelligence communications network","rect":[108.5,538.5516357421875,521.0390417594909,529.2191162109375]},{"page":129,"text":"MEDICAL NETWORKS","rect":[90.02400207519531,568.0780639648438,198.3709316253662,559.966064453125]},{"page":129,"text":"A-11. Medical units need dedicated, long-range, reliable communications systems that can be user-operated.","rect":[108.0199966430664,587.8114013671875,540.1512548923492,578.7577514648438]},{"page":129,"text":"Communications distances are substantial between medical support bases and forward aid stations. ALE","rect":[108.02000427246094,599.1914672851563,539.6268808240891,590.1577758789063]},{"page":129,"text":"tuning Harris 5000 series radios and other simplified operating features make HF radios ideal for units with","rect":[108.02000427246094,610.7614135742188,539.562153339386,601.707763671875]},{"page":129,"text":"a limited number of signal personnel. Figure A-4 on page A-6 is an example of a corps medical operations","rect":[108.02000427246094,622.2814331054688,539.8950698976516,613.227783203125]},{"page":129,"text":"network.","rect":[108.02000427246094,631.7894897460938,143.11902832984925,624.747802734375]},{"page":129,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":129,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":129,"text":"A-5","rect":[507.58001708984377,754.0349731445313,521.94101171875,747.4920043945313]},{"page":130,"text":"Appendix A","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":130,"text":"Figure A-4. Example of a corps medical operations network","rect":[156.02000427246095,353.49163818359377,437.95017457199097,344.15911865234377]},{"page":130,"text":"A-12. Figure A-5 on page A-7 is an example of a division medical operations network.","rect":[90.02400970458985,376.8313903808594,437.0832312107086,367.77777099609377]},{"page":130,"text":"A-6","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,86.5049994506836,747.4649658203125]},{"page":130,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":130,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":131,"text":"Frequency Modulation Radio Networks","rect":[373.6300048828125,46.04103469848633,540.1149619140625,37.716033935546878]},{"page":131,"text":"Figure A-5. Example of a medical operations network in a division","rect":[158.77999877929688,469.3116149902344,470.7929880018234,459.9790954589844]},{"page":131,"text":"FIRE DIRECTION NETWORK","rect":[90.02400207519531,498.8379821777344,228.0555543899536,490.7259826660156]},{"page":131,"text":"A-13. The fire direction network is the highest priority command network for fires units. The fire direction","rect":[108.0199966430664,518.5714111328125,539.920551776886,509.51776123046877]},{"page":131,"text":"network provides fires units the capability to exchange technical and firing data via the network. RETRANS","rect":[108.02000427246094,530.0913696289063,539.8895666618347,521.0377197265625]},{"page":131,"text":"teams support fire direction networks as required.","rect":[108.02000427246094,541.5914306640625,306.24393677711489,532.5577392578125]},{"page":131,"text":"SURVEILLANCE NETWORK","rect":[90.02400207519531,565.0899658203125,221.70174884796143,556.7859497070313]},{"page":131,"text":"A-14. The surveillance network enables the transmission and receipt of reports related to enemy movement","rect":[108.02000427246094,584.8114013671875,539.4684649715424,575.7577514648438]},{"page":131,"text":"and massing. The battalion battlefield information control center establishes this network to coordinate and","rect":[108.02001953125,596.3314208984375,539.338032245636,587.2777709960938]},{"page":131,"text":"control the ground surveillance radar and unattended ground sensor teams. The information from this network","rect":[108.02001953125,607.8814086914063,539.7795605659485,598.8277587890625]},{"page":131,"text":"is vital to commanders and given high priority for activation.","rect":[108.02001953125,619.4014282226563,351.56192994117739,610.3477783203125]},{"page":131,"text":"SUSTAINMENT AREA COMMAND NETWORK","rect":[90.02401733398438,643.0,303.9317750930786,634.6959838867188]},{"page":131,"text":"A-15. Sustainment area operations ensure freedom of maneuver. They consist of actions taken by Army units","rect":[108.02001953125,662.7213745117188,539.8135269289016,653.667724609375]},{"page":131,"text":"and host nation units (singularly or in a combined effort) to secure the force or to neutralize or defeat enemy","rect":[108.02003479003906,674.1213989257813,539.567036151886,665.0677490234375]},{"page":131,"text":"operations in the sustainment area. The sustainment area command network consists of many units that co-","rect":[108.02003479003906,685.6414184570313,540.1767263994217,676.5877685546875]},{"page":131,"text":"located in the division sustainment area.","rect":[108.02003479003906,695.1454467773438,268.39600586891177,688.103759765625]},{"page":131,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":131,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":131,"text":"A-7","rect":[507.58001708984377,753.9359741210938,521.94101171875,747.4920043945313]},{"page":132,"text":"Appendix A","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":132,"text":"A-16. Figure  A-6  is  an  example  of  a  division  sustainment  area  command  network.  Members  of  the","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.4862048606873,74.08776092529297]},{"page":132,"text":"sustainment area command network also depend on themselves to form the base cluster defense.","rect":[90.02398681640625,94.66146087646485,475.01795411109927,85.62773895263672]},{"page":132,"text":"Figure A-6. Example of a division sustainment area command network","rect":[130.21998596191407,483.1116027832031,463.51377320480347,473.7790832519531]},{"page":132,"text":"HIGH FREQUENCY NETWORKS","rect":[72.02398681640625,514.056396484375,223.90001487731935,504.4059753417969]},{"page":132,"text":"A-17. HF networks are like the VHF FM networks in function and establishment. Many HF networks are a","rect":[90.02398681640625,532.2514038085938,521.4287097434998,523.19775390625]},{"page":132,"text":"backup  or  supplement  to  their  VHF  FM  counterparts.  HF  networks  are  established  when  unit  dispersal","rect":[90.02398681640625,543.75146484375,521.5811358699799,534.7177734375]},{"page":132,"text":"exceeds the planning range for VHF FM systems.","rect":[90.02398681640625,555.2914428710938,288.54676270484927,546.23779296875]},{"page":132,"text":"A-18. Commanders  routinely  establish  HF  command  networks  as  a  secondary  means  of  controlling","rect":[90.02398681640625,572.8114013671875,521.6181836128235,563.7577514648438]},{"page":132,"text":"operations. Figure A-7 on page A-9 is an example of an HF command network at the division level. Note the","rect":[90.02398681640625,584.3314208984375,521.8349597434998,575.2777709960938]},{"page":132,"text":"similarity with the VHF FM command network.","rect":[90.02398681640625,595.8514404296875,282.29175782203677,586.7977905273438]},{"page":132,"text":"A-8","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,86.5049994506836,747.4649658203125]},{"page":132,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":132,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":133,"text":"Frequency Modulation Radio Networks","rect":[373.6300048828125,46.04103469848633,540.0580161132813,37.716033935546878]},{"page":133,"text":"Figure A-7. Example of a division HF command network","rect":[182.66000366210938,511.191650390625,447.1902258415222,501.859130859375]},{"page":133,"text":"Brigade Combat Team","rect":[90.02400970458985,542.0836181640625,197.5857547826767,532.2249145507813]},{"page":133,"text":"A-19. The  BCT  employs  traditional  HF  networks  to  support  command  networks.  The  BCT  typically","rect":[108.02001190185547,559.2514038085938,539.6778149604797,550.19775390625]},{"page":133,"text":"establishes administrative and logistics, and operations and intelligence command networks to support fires,","rect":[108.02001953125,570.7714233398438,539.5670874118805,561.7177734375]},{"page":133,"text":"and reconnaissance operations. A typical brigade today has enough HF radios to establish command networks","rect":[108.02001953125,582.2914428710938,539.6228531007766,573.23779296875]},{"page":133,"text":"down to the company and lower levels when the situation warrants it.","rect":[108.02001953125,593.8114624023438,385.4159948825836,584.7578125]},{"page":133,"text":"A-20. Logistics units employ HF radios to enable communication, provide situational awareness, and provide","rect":[108.02001953125,611.241455078125,540.2022693138123,602.1878051757813]},{"page":133,"text":"internal  coordination  due  to  the  communications  distances  from  the  division  support  area  to  the  brigade","rect":[108.02001953125,622.761474609375,539.706602809906,613.7078247070313]},{"page":133,"text":"support area.","rect":[108.02001953125,634.261474609375,159.6427252292633,626.2237548828125]},{"page":133,"text":"Data Network","rect":[90.02401733398438,657.0145874023438,156.3523513069153,649.5515747070313]},{"page":133,"text":"A-21. Combat aviation brigades and air cavalry units use HF data networks to provide long-range, non-line","rect":[108.02001953125,676.4014892578125,539.9622790794373,667.3478393554688]},{"page":133,"text":"of sight communications. Cavalry squadrons and troops use the low power HF data network  for their","rect":[108.02005004882813,687.9214477539063,539.4476004228592,678.8677978515625]},{"page":133,"text":"command networks when the distance is not an issue. The same is true for divisional and regimental cavalry.","rect":[108.02005004882813,699.4374389648438,539.7066748142242,690.3837890625]},{"page":133,"text":"Figure A-8 on page A-10 shows a typical cavalry squadron HF data network.","rect":[108.02005004882813,710.9574584960938,416.390695810318,701.90380859375]},{"page":133,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":133,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":133,"text":"A-9","rect":[507.58001708984377,754.0439453125,521.94101171875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":134,"text":"Appendix A","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":134,"text":"A-10","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,91.54500036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":134,"text":"Figure A-8. Example of a cavalry squadron HF data network","rect":[155.5399932861328,393.8116149902344,438.4968664665222,384.4790954589844]},{"page":134,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":134,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":135,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[281.69000244140627,125.49201202392578,348.2539963378906,114.54801177978516]},{"page":135,"text":"Single-Channel Radio Communications Techniques","rect":[118.46000671386719,149.8756866455078,511.1772268180847,134.92115783691407]},{"page":135,"text":"Single-channel radio communications equipment transmits and receives voice, data, or","rect":[126.02000427246094,184.55364990234376,503.93669596385959,174.40789794921876]},{"page":135,"text":"telegraphic  voice  code.  This  appendix  addresses  radio  set  basic  components,","rect":[126.02000427246094,197.15362548828126,504.01354002952578,187.00787353515626]},{"page":135,"text":"characteristics, ","rect":[126.02000427246094,208.0,194.46800780296327,199.72784423828126]},{"page":135,"text":"and ","rect":[200.95953369140626,208.0,219.66127562522889,199.72784423828126]},{"page":135,"text":"properties ","rect":[226.1527862548828,209.8515167236328,272.9182641506195,199.72784423828126]},{"page":135,"text":"of ","rect":[279.2662353515625,208.0,291.2556664943695,199.73887634277345]},{"page":135,"text":"radio ","rect":[297.72515869140627,208.0,323.03987669944766,199.72784423828126]},{"page":135,"text":"waves, ","rect":[329.50927734375,208.0,362.49681639671328,201.0]},{"page":135,"text":"wave ","rect":[368.96624755859377,208.0,394.866140127182,201.0]},{"page":135,"text":"modulation, ","rect":[401.468017578125,208.0,457.1316430568695,199.72784423828126]},{"page":135,"text":"and ","rect":[463.60113525390627,208.0,482.20348143577578,199.72784423828126]},{"page":135,"text":"site","rect":[488.67291259765627,208.0,503.8860739479065,199.72784423828126]},{"page":135,"text":"considerations for single-channel radios.","rect":[126.02000427246094,222.47357177734376,304.42955565452578,212.32781982421876]},{"page":135,"text":"RADIO SET BASIC COMPONENTS","rect":[90.02400207519531,246.23056030273438,316.75027074050908,236.51487731933595]},{"page":135,"text":"B-1. A radio set consists of a transmitter and receiver. Other items necessary for operation include a source","rect":[108.02000427246094,265.9513244628906,539.6732165794373,256.897705078125]},{"page":135,"text":"of electrical power and an antenna for radiation and reception of radio waves.","rect":[108.02000427246094,277.4514465332031,417.71631836891177,268.417724609375]},{"page":135,"text":"B-2. The transmitter contains an oscillator that generates RF energy as alternating current. A transmission","rect":[108.02000427246094,294.9913330078125,539.6978344917297,285.9377136230469]},{"page":135,"text":"line, or cable, feeds the RF to the antenna. The antenna converts the alternating current into electromagnetic","rect":[108.02000427246094,306.5113220214844,539.5074450950623,297.45770263671877]},{"page":135,"text":"energy radiated into space; a keying device used to control the transmission.","rect":[108.02000427246094,318.03131103515627,412.61670899391177,308.9776916503906]},{"page":135,"text":"B-3. Typically, in single-channel radio operations, the receiver uses the same antenna as the transmitter to","rect":[108.02000427246094,335.4313049316406,539.914204120636,326.377685546875]},{"page":135,"text":"receive  electromagnetic  energy.  The  antenna  converts  the  received  electromagnetic  energy  into  RF","rect":[108.02000427246094,346.9512939453125,539.5073645133972,337.8976745605469]},{"page":135,"text":"alternating current and feeds the RF to the receiver by a transmission line or cable. In the receiver, the RF","rect":[108.02000427246094,358.4712829589844,539.3578283805847,349.41766357421877]},{"page":135,"text":"converts to audio frequencies. The audio frequencies change into sound waves by a headset or loudspeaker.","rect":[108.02000427246094,369.99127197265627,537.8539526462555,360.9376525878906]},{"page":135,"text":"B-4. Communication is possible when two radio sets operate on the same frequency, with the same type of","rect":[108.02000427246094,387.5112609863281,539.5681448564529,378.4576416015625]},{"page":135,"text":"modulation, and are in the operating range.","rect":[108.02000427246094,399.03125,279.8698217868805,389.9776306152344]},{"page":135,"text":"RADIO TRANSMITTER","rect":[90.02400207519531,422.4720764160156,198.2176218032837,414.3858642578125]},{"page":135,"text":"B-5. The simplest radio transmitter consists of a power supply and an oscillator. The power supply can be","rect":[108.0199966430664,442.2512512207031,539.538389919281,433.1976318359375]},{"page":135,"text":"batteries, a generator, an alternating current power source with a rectifier and a filter, or a direct current","rect":[108.01998901367188,453.771240234375,539.5968829402924,444.7176208496094]},{"page":135,"text":"rotating power source. The oscillator, which generates RF energy, requires a circuit to tune the transmitter to","rect":[108.01998901367188,465.2912292480469,539.710346698761,456.23760986328127]},{"page":135,"text":"the desired operating frequency. The transmitter also requires a device for controlling the emission of the RF","rect":[108.01998901367188,476.81121826171877,539.5769445915222,467.7575988769531]},{"page":135,"text":"signal. The simplest device is a telegraph key, a type of switch for controlling the flow of electric current. As","rect":[108.01998901367188,488.3312072753906,539.8580825929641,479.277587890625]},{"page":135,"text":"the key operates, the oscillator turns on and off for varying lengths of time. The varying pulses of RF energy","rect":[108.01998901367188,499.731201171875,539.616840839386,490.6775817871094]},{"page":135,"text":"produced correspond to dots and dashes. This is a continuous  wave operation  used  when transmitting","rect":[108.01998901367188,511.2511901855469,539.9148144721985,502.19757080078127]},{"page":135,"text":"international Morse code.","rect":[108.01998901367188,520.7592163085938,210.36898255348206,513.717529296875]},{"page":135,"text":"B-6. Use a continuous wave radio transmitter to generate RF energy radiated into space. The transmitter","rect":[108.01998901367188,540.2911987304688,539.4387503252029,531.237548828125]},{"page":135,"text":"may contain only a simple oscillator stage. Apply the output of the oscillator to a buffer stage to increase","rect":[108.01998901367188,551.8112182617188,539.4971911888123,542.757568359375]},{"page":135,"text":"oscillator stability, and to a power amplifier that increases output. Use a telegraph key to control the energy","rect":[108.01998901367188,563.3312377929688,539.4775586128235,554.277587890625]},{"page":135,"text":"waves produced by the transmitter. When the key is closed, the transmitter produces its maximum output.","rect":[108.01998901367188,574.731201171875,539.4572851657867,565.6775512695313]},{"page":135,"text":"Opening the key produces no output.","rect":[108.01998901367188,586.251220703125,255.557443857193,577.1975708007813]},{"page":135,"text":"B-7. By adding a modulator and a microphone, a radiotelephone transmitter can transmit messages by voice.","rect":[108.01998901367188,603.771240234375,539.610422372818,594.7175903320313]},{"page":135,"text":"When the modulating signal causes the amplitude of the radio wave to change, the radio is an AM set. When","rect":[108.01998901367188,615.3212280273438,539.6864819526672,606.267578125]},{"page":135,"text":"the modulating signal varies the frequency of the radio wave, the radio is an FM set.","rect":[108.01998901367188,626.8412475585938,444.61695313453677,617.78759765625]},{"page":135,"text":"B-8. The reliability of radio communications depends on the characteristics of the transmitted signal. The","rect":[108.01998901367188,644.3612670898438,539.4387195091248,635.3076171875]},{"page":135,"text":"transmitter and its associated antenna form the initial step in the transfer of energy to a distant receiver.","rect":[108.01998901367188,655.76123046875,520.1151220798492,646.7075805664063]},{"page":135,"text":"B-9. Use ground-wave transmission for field radio communications. The range of the ground wave becomes","rect":[108.01998901367188,673.28125,539.6736953859329,664.2276000976563]},{"page":135,"text":"correspondingly  shorter  as  the  operating  frequency  of  the  transmitter  increases  through  the  applicable","rect":[108.01998901367188,684.8012084960938,539.4276111106873,675.74755859375]},{"page":135,"text":"portions of the medium frequency band (300–3000 kHz) to the HF band (3.0–30 MHz). When the transmitter","rect":[108.01998901367188,696.3172607421875,539.8417044267654,687.2636108398438]},{"page":135,"text":"is operating at frequencies above 30 MHz, its range is generally limited to slightly more than line of sight.","rect":[108.02001953125,707.8372192382813,539.547189950943,698.7835693359375]},{"page":135,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":135,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":135,"text":"B-1","rect":[507.58001708984377,753.9359741210938,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":136,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":136,"text":"For circuits using skywave propagation, the frequency selected depends on the geographic area, season, and","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.5312085151672,74.08776092529297]},{"page":136,"text":"time of day.","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,137.8209936618805,85.62773895263672]},{"page":136,"text":"Note. Frequency selection is the responsibility of the spectrum manager, not the radio operator.","rect":[115.2199935913086,118.08140563964844,495.869455575943,109.02776336669922]},{"page":136,"text":"B-10. For maximum transfer of energy, the radiating antenna must be the proper length for the operating","rect":[90.02399444580078,150.1213836669922,521.4785962104797,141.06773376464845]},{"page":136,"text":"frequency. The local terrain determines, in part, the radiation pattern, and affects the directivity of the antenna","rect":[90.02399444580078,161.6414031982422,521.8582751731873,152.58775329589845]},{"page":136,"text":"and the possible range of the set in the desired direction. When possible, try several variations in the physical","rect":[90.02399444580078,173.1614227294922,521.6707354793549,164.10777282714845]},{"page":136,"text":"location of the antenna to determine the best operating position for radiating the most significant amount of","rect":[90.02399444580078,184.6814422607422,521.9961233720779,175.62779235839845]},{"page":136,"text":"energy in the desired direction.","rect":[90.02399444580078,196.2014617919922,214.04595398902894,187.14781188964845]},{"page":136,"text":"B-11. The range of a transmitter is proportional to the power radiated by its antenna. An increase in the power","rect":[90.02399444580078,213.6014862060547,521.6877737627029,204.54783630371095]},{"page":136,"text":"output of the transmitter increases range. Under normal operating conditions, the transmitter should feed only","rect":[90.02399444580078,225.1215057373047,522.0344433784485,216.06785583496095]},{"page":136,"text":"enough power into the radiating antenna to establish reliable communications with the receiving station.","rect":[90.02399444580078,236.6415252685547,521.5512793064117,227.58787536621095]},{"page":136,"text":"Transmission of a signal more powerful than required is a breach of signal security because enemy direction-","rect":[90.02399444580078,248.1615447998047,522.0566092119217,239.10789489746095]},{"page":136,"text":"finding stations may readily identify the location of the transmitter. The signal can interfere with friendly","rect":[90.02399444580078,259.6815490722656,521.4934277534485,250.62791442871095]},{"page":136,"text":"stations operating on the same frequency.","rect":[90.02399444580078,271.2315368652344,255.79825806617738,262.17791748046877]},{"page":136,"text":"RADIO RECEIVER","rect":[72.02399444580078,294.6628723144531,159.80996799468995,286.5861511230469]},{"page":136,"text":"B-12. A radio receiver can receive modulated RF signals that carry speech, music, or other audio energy. It","rect":[90.02400207519531,314.4315490722656,521.9116412410737,305.3779296875]},{"page":136,"text":"can also receive continuous wave signals that are bursts of RF energy conveying messages through coded,","rect":[90.02400207519531,325.9515380859375,521.670725107193,316.8979187011719]},{"page":136,"text":"dot and dash signals.","rect":[90.02400207519531,337.4715270996094,173.18999695777894,328.41790771484377]},{"page":136,"text":"B-13. Detection is of recovering information from an RF signal. The circuit in which it occurs is a detector.","rect":[90.02400207519531,354.99151611328127,522.1596167087555,345.9378967285156]},{"page":136,"text":"The detector retrieves the information from the carrier and makes it available for direct use, or for further","rect":[90.02400207519531,365.0,521.2424612627029,357.4578857421875]},{"page":136,"text":"amplification.","rect":[90.02400207519531,378.0115966796875,145.630686044693,368.9778747558594]},{"page":136,"text":"B-14. An RF signal rapidly diminishes in strength after it leaves the transmitting antenna. Many RF signals","rect":[90.02400207519531,395.4314880371094,521.6180313234329,386.37786865234377]},{"page":136,"text":"of various frequencies are crowded into the RF spectrum. An RF amplifier selects and amplifies the desired","rect":[90.02400207519531,406.93157958984377,521.4751172065735,397.8978576660156]},{"page":136,"text":"signal;  it  contains  integrated  circuits  or  microprocessors  to  amplify  the  signal  to  a  usable  level.  The  RF","rect":[90.02400207519531,418.4714660644531,521.6607458610534,409.4178466796875]},{"page":136,"text":"amplifier is included in the receiver to sharpen the selectivity and increase the sensitivity. The RF amplifier","rect":[90.02400207519531,429.991455078125,521.8445120439529,420.9378356933594]},{"page":136,"text":"uses typically tunable circuits to select the desired signal.","rect":[90.02400207519531,441.5314636230469,318.755441904068,432.47784423828127]},{"page":136,"text":"B-15. The signal level of the output of a detector, with or without an RF amplifier, is generally very low. One","rect":[90.02400207519531,458.93145751953127,521.5681140403748,449.8778381347656]},{"page":136,"text":"or more audio frequency amplifiers in the receiver build up the signal output to a useful level to operate","rect":[90.02400207519531,470.4514465332031,521.6813342552185,461.3978271484375]},{"page":136,"text":"headphones, a loudspeaker, or data devices.","rect":[90.02400207519531,481.9515380859375,264.78223633766177,472.9178161621094]},{"page":136,"text":"B-16. When the transmitted signal reaches the receiver location, it arrives at a much lower power level than","rect":[90.02400207519531,499.4914245605469,521.6378979682922,490.43780517578127]},{"page":136,"text":"when  it  left  the  transmitter.  The  receiver  must  efficiently  process  this  relatively  weak  signal  to  provide","rect":[90.02400207519531,511.01141357421877,521.6564929466248,501.9577941894531]},{"page":136,"text":"maximum reliability of communications.","rect":[90.02400207519531,522.5314331054688,253.63694214820863,513.477783203125]},{"page":136,"text":"B-17. Sensitivity describes how well a receiver responds to a weak signal at a given frequency. A receiver","rect":[90.02400207519531,539.9314575195313,521.4087210283279,530.8778076171875]},{"page":136,"text":"with high sensitivity can accept a very weak signal, amplify it, and process it to provide a usable output. The","rect":[90.02400207519531,551.451416015625,521.7279040794373,542.3977661132813]},{"page":136,"text":"principal factor that limits or lowers the sensitivity of a receiver is the noise generated by its own internal","rect":[90.02400207519531,562.971435546875,521.3717852840424,553.9177856445313]},{"page":136,"text":"circuits. Selectivity describes how well a receiver differentiates between the desired frequency and undesired","rect":[90.02400207519531,574.491455078125,522.0375561714172,565.4378051757813]},{"page":136,"text":"frequencies.","rect":[90.02400207519531,585.991455078125,138.46944642066956,576.957763671875]},{"page":136,"text":"B-18. In field radio communications, the type, location, and electrical characteristics of the receiving antenna","rect":[90.02400207519531,603.5314331054688,521.5981433372498,594.477783203125]},{"page":136,"text":"are not as important as they are for the transmitting antenna. The receiving antenna requires adequate length,","rect":[90.02400207519531,614.96142578125,522.1900732517242,605.9077758789063]},{"page":136,"text":"proper coupling to the input of the receiver circuit, and (except in some cases for HF skywave propagation)","rect":[90.02400207519531,626.4814453125,521.4615774736404,617.4277954101563]},{"page":136,"text":"the same polarization as the transmitting antenna.","rect":[90.02400207519531,638.00146484375,287.6901342868805,628.9478149414063]},{"page":136,"text":"RADIO WAVES","rect":[72.02400207519531,661.7506103515625,173.54647435379028,652.0349731445313]},{"page":136,"text":"B-19. Radio waves travel near the surface of the Earth and radiate skyward at various angles to the Earth’s","rect":[90.02400207519531,681.4414672851563,522.1344497804641,672.3878173828125]},{"page":136,"text":"surface.  These  electromagnetic  waves  travel  through  space  at  the  speed  of  light,  approximately  300,000","rect":[90.02398681640625,692.9614868164063,521.6010937690735,683.9078369140625]},{"page":136,"text":"kilometers (186,000 miles) per second. Figure B-1 on page B-3 shows the wave radiation from a vertical","rect":[90.02398681640625,704.4774780273438,521.8642779598237,695.423828125]},{"page":136,"text":"antenna.","rect":[90.02398681640625,713.9854736328125,123.44979310035706,707.9397583007813]},{"page":136,"text":"B-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,86.6249945678711,747.4649658203125]},{"page":136,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":136,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":137,"text":"Single-Channel Radio Communications Techniques","rect":[319.010009765625,46.04103469848633,540.0008872070313,37.608036041259769]},{"page":137,"text":"Figure B-1. Radiation of radio waves from a vertical antenna","rect":[172.45999145507813,314.61163330078127,457.3020422477722,305.27911376953127]},{"page":137,"text":"WAVELENGTH","rect":[90.02399444580078,344.13800048828127,162.7623872756958,336.0260009765625]},{"page":137,"text":"B-20. The wavelength defined as the distance between the crest of one wave to the crest of the next wave;","rect":[108.01998901367188,363.87139892578127,539.5183306941987,354.8177795410156]},{"page":137,"text":"the length, always measured in meters of one complete cycle of the  waveform. Figure  B-2 shows the","rect":[108.01998901367188,375.3913879394531,539.9262073020935,366.3377685546875]},{"page":137,"text":"wavelength of a radio wave.","rect":[108.01998901367188,386.7913818359375,220.77713990211488,377.7377624511719]},{"page":137,"text":"Figure B-2. Wavelength of a radio wave","rect":[221.92999267578126,567.1116943359375,407.9364416618347,557.7791748046875]},{"page":137,"text":"B-21.   Ground  waves and skywaves are the two principal paths by  which radio waves travel from a","rect":[108.01998901367188,590.5714111328125,539.5957019309998,581.5177612304688]},{"page":137,"text":"transmitter to a receiver. Figure B-3 on page B-4 is an example of the primary paths of radio waves. Ground","rect":[108.01998901367188,602.0914306640625,539.7822461128235,593.0377807617188]},{"page":137,"text":"waves  travel  directly  from  the  transmitter  to  the  receiver;  skywaves  travel  up  to  the  ionosphere  and  are","rect":[108.01998901367188,613.6414184570313,539.6368396263123,604.5877685546875]},{"page":137,"text":"refracted  bent  downward  back  to  the  Earth.  Ground  waves  create  short  distance,  UHF,  and  upper  VHF","rect":[108.01998901367188,625.021484375,539.4474890251159,615.98779296875]},{"page":137,"text":"transmissions. Skywaves principally create long distance transmission. Single-channel radio sets use either","rect":[108.01998901367188,636.5614013671875,539.8904715166092,627.5077514648438]},{"page":137,"text":"ground wave or skywave propagation for communication.","rect":[108.01998901367188,648.0814208984375,339.58997559547427,639.0277709960938]},{"page":137,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":137,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":137,"text":"B-3","rect":[507.58001708984377,754.0349731445313,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":138,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":138,"text":"Figure B-3. Principal paths of radio waves","rect":[197.5399932861328,289.0516357421875,396.4570715446472,279.7191162109375]},{"page":138,"text":"GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION","rect":[72.02399444580078,318.5899963378906,225.688889503479,310.2740173339844]},{"page":138,"text":"B-22. Radio communications that use ground wave propagation do not use or depend on waves that refract","rect":[90.02398681640625,338.3114013671875,521.5129596004487,329.2577819824219]},{"page":138,"text":"from  the  ionosphere  skywaves.  The  electrical  characteristics  of  the  Earth  and  the  amount  of  diffraction","rect":[90.02398681640625,349.8313903808594,521.6506543159485,340.77777099609377]},{"page":138,"text":"bending of the waves along the curvature of the Earth affect ground wave propagation. The strength of the","rect":[90.02398681640625,361.23138427734377,521.7998034934998,352.1777648925781]},{"page":138,"text":"ground wave at the receiver depends on the power output and frequency of the transmitter, the shape, and","rect":[90.02398681640625,372.75140380859377,521.331928730011,363.6977844238281]},{"page":138,"text":"conductivity of the Earth along the transmission path, and the local weather conditions. Figure B-4 shows","rect":[90.02398681640625,384.2713928222656,521.9663589601516,375.2177734375]},{"page":138,"text":"possible routes for ground waves.","rect":[90.02398681640625,395.7914123535156,224.55230164527894,386.73779296875]},{"page":138,"text":"Figure B-4. Possible routes for ground waves","rect":[189.25997924804688,578.99169921875,404.66089844894409,569.6591796875]},{"page":138,"text":"Direct Wave","rect":[72.02398681640625,607.694580078125,131.01504886245727,600.054931640625]},{"page":138,"text":"B-23. The direct wave travels directly from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna. The direct part","rect":[90.02398681640625,627.0814208984375,521.8072100887299,618.0277709960938]},{"page":138,"text":"of the wave is limited to the line of sight distance between the transmitting and receiving antennas, and the","rect":[90.02398681640625,638.6013793945313,521.6182849388123,629.5477294921875]},{"page":138,"text":"small distance added by atmospheric refraction and diffraction of the wave around the curvature of the Earth.","rect":[90.02398681640625,650.1213989257813,521.6806128025055,641.0677490234375]},{"page":138,"text":"Increasing the height of the transmitting or receiving antenna, or both can extend the antenna transmit and","rect":[90.02398681640625,661.5214233398438,521.7790722846985,652.4677734375]},{"page":138,"text":"receive distance.","rect":[90.02398681640625,671.0294189453125,156.43723511695863,663.9877319335938]},{"page":138,"text":"B-4","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,86.6249945678711,747.4649658203125]},{"page":138,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":138,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":139,"text":"Single-Channel Radio Communications Techniques","rect":[319.010009765625,46.04103469848633,540.0008872070313,37.608036041259769]},{"page":139,"text":"Ground-Reflected Wave","rect":[90.02399444580078,82.36561584472656,204.6857870826721,74.71488952636719]},{"page":139,"text":"B-24. The  ground  wave  reaches  the  receiving  antenna  after  reflecting  from  the  surface  of  the  Earth.","rect":[108.0199966430664,101.76139831542969,539.607980966568,92.70775604248047]},{"page":139,"text":"Cancellation of the radio signal can occur  when the  ground reflected component, and the direct wave","rect":[108.02000427246094,113.28141784667969,539.7296130638123,104.22777557373047]},{"page":139,"text":"component arrive at the receiving antenna at the same time and are 180 degrees out of phase with each other.","rect":[108.02000427246094,124.80143737792969,539.7663671970367,115.74779510498047]},{"page":139,"text":"Surface Wave","rect":[90.02400207519531,147.5456085205078,155.76003635025024,139.9059295654297]},{"page":139,"text":"B-25. The surface wave follows the Earth’s curvature. The Earth’s conductivity and dielectric constant affect","rect":[108.02000427246094,166.9214324951172,539.9583331356049,157.86778259277345]},{"page":139,"text":"the surface wave.","rect":[108.01995849609375,176.42953491210938,177.52080750465394,169.38780212402345]},{"page":139,"text":"Frequency Characteristics of Ground Waves","rect":[90.02395629882813,203.39361572265626,300.27185490703587,193.53489685058595]},{"page":139,"text":"B-26. Various frequencies determine which wave component prevails along a given signal path. For example,","rect":[108.01995849609375,220.5614471435547,539.9409277439117,211.50779724121095]},{"page":139,"text":"when the Earth’s conductivity is high, and the frequency of a radiated signal is low, the surface wave is the","rect":[108.01995849609375,232.0814666748047,539.614561794281,223.02781677246095]},{"page":139,"text":"predominant component. For frequencies below 10 MHz, the surface wave is sometimes the predominant","rect":[108.01997375488281,243.58155822753907,539.5569659481049,234.54783630371095]},{"page":139,"text":"component. Above 10 MHz, losses sustained by the surface wave component are significant that the other","rect":[108.01997375488281,255.1215057373047,539.7137137041092,246.06785583496095]},{"page":139,"text":"components, direct and skywave become predominant.","rect":[108.01997375488281,266.6714782714844,327.34916138648989,257.61785888671877]},{"page":139,"text":"B-27. At frequencies of 30–300 kHz, ground losses are very small, so the surface wave component follows","rect":[108.01997375488281,284.07147216796877,539.7398574953079,275.0178527832031]},{"page":139,"text":"the Earth’s curvature. Use the Earth’s curvature for long-distance communication, provided the radio operator","rect":[108.01995086669922,295.5914611816406,539.9727469072342,286.537841796875]},{"page":139,"text":"has enough power from the transmitter. Use 300 kHz–3 MHz frequencies for long distance communication","rect":[108.01995849609375,307.1114501953125,539.757709980011,298.0578308105469]},{"page":139,"text":"over seawater and for medium-distance communication over land.","rect":[108.01997375488281,316.6195373535156,372.8581030368805,309.57781982421877]},{"page":139,"text":"B-28. At HF, 3–30 MHz, ground conductivity is extremely important, especially above 10 MHz where the","rect":[108.01997375488281,336.15142822265627,539.6125476341248,327.0978088378906]},{"page":139,"text":"dielectric constant or conductivity of the Earth’s surface determines how much signal absorption occurs. In","rect":[108.01995849609375,347.6714172363281,539.8420605659485,338.6177978515625]},{"page":139,"text":"general, the signal is strongest at the lower frequencies when the surface over which it travels has a high","rect":[108.01994323730469,359.0714111328125,539.9220776557922,350.0177917480469]},{"page":139,"text":"dielectric constant and conductivity.","rect":[108.01994323730469,370.5914001464844,252.70882630348206,361.53778076171877]},{"page":139,"text":"B-29. The dielectric constant or Earth’s surface conductivity determines how much of the surface wave signal","rect":[108.01994323730469,388.11138916015627,539.8871661434174,379.0577697753906]},{"page":139,"text":"energy absorbed or lost. Earth’s surface conductivity is generally poor; Table B-1 shows a comparison of the","rect":[108.01992797851563,399.6313781738281,539.875548122406,390.5777587890625]},{"page":139,"text":"conductivity of varying surface conditions.","rect":[108.01992797851563,411.1513671875,279.67054200172427,402.0977478027344]},{"page":139,"text":"Table B-1. Surface conductivity","rect":[240.52992248535157,428.73162841796877,389.35776734542847,419.39910888671877]},{"page":139,"text":"SKYWAVE PROPAGATION","rect":[90.02399444580078,555.6099853515625,215.60890293121339,547.3059692382813]},{"page":139,"text":"B-30. Radio communications that use skywave propagation depend on the ionosphere to provide the signal","rect":[108.02000427246094,575.3314208984375,539.4387408504487,566.2777709960938]},{"page":139,"text":"path between the transmitting and receiving antennas. The ionosphere has four distinct layers. These layers","rect":[108.02000427246094,586.8513793945313,539.9470718507766,577.7977294921875]},{"page":139,"text":"labeled D, E, F1, and F2, in the order of increasing heights and decreasing molecular densities. During the","rect":[108.02000427246094,598.3713989257813,539.2782580833435,589.3177490234375]},{"page":139,"text":"day, when the rays of the sun direct toward that portion of the atmosphere, all four layers may be present.","rect":[108.02000427246094,609.9214477539063,539.4574072360992,600.8677978515625]},{"page":139,"text":"During the night, the F1 and F2 layers seem to merge into a single F layer, while the D and E layers fade out.","rect":[108.02000427246094,621.44140625,539.6600439548492,612.3877563476563]},{"page":139,"text":"The actual number of layers, their height above the Earth, and their relative intensity of ionization vary","rect":[108.02000427246094,632.96142578125,539.6965527534485,623.9077758789063]},{"page":139,"text":"continuously. Table B-2 on page B-6 provides a description of the ionosphere layers.","rect":[108.02000427246094,644.3613891601563,447.68946290016177,635.3077392578125]},{"page":139,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":139,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":139,"text":"B-5","rect":[507.58001708984377,754.0349731445313,522.0610068359375,747.4920043945313]},{"page":140,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":140,"text":"Table B-2. Ionosphere layers","rect":[228.88999938964845,83.2016372680664,364.9192297477722,73.95875549316406]},{"page":140,"text":"B-31. Figure B-5 shows the average layer distribution of the ionosphere.","rect":[90.02399444580078,282.8713684082031,379.96097779273989,273.8177490234375]},{"page":140,"text":"B-6","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,86.6249945678711,747.4649658203125]},{"page":140,"text":"Figure B-5. Average layer distribution of the ionosphere","rect":[164.4199981689453,638.3016357421875,429.20261597824097,628.9691162109375]},{"page":140,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":140,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":141,"text":"Single-Channel Radio Communications Techniques","rect":[319.010009765625,46.04103469848633,540.1239340820313,37.608036041259769]},{"page":141,"text":"B-32. The movement of the Earth around the sun and changes in the sun’s activity contribute to ionospheric","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,539.9130847434998,74.08776092529297]},{"page":141,"text":"variations. These variations are either regular, predictable, or irregular, which occurs from the abnormal","rect":[108.01995849609375,94.68138122558594,539.6238604793549,85.62773895263672]},{"page":141,"text":"behavior of the sun. Table B-3 lists the periodic variations of the ionosphere.","rect":[108.01995849609375,106.18148040771485,414.77881836891177,97.14775848388672]},{"page":141,"text":"Table B-3. Regular variations of the ionosphere","rect":[202.84994506835938,123.66165924072266,426.9853918571472,114.32913970947266]},{"page":141,"text":"B-33. In planning a communications system, anticipate the status of the four regular variations. Irregular","rect":[108.0199966430664,227.2814178466797,539.6332083330154,218.22776794433595]},{"page":141,"text":"variations  considered  since  they  have  a  degrading  effect  at  times  blanking  out  communications,  which","rect":[108.02000427246094,238.8014373779297,539.5970044136047,229.74778747558595]},{"page":141,"text":"currently cannot be controlled or compensated for. Table B-4 lists some irregular variations of the ionosphere.","rect":[108.02000427246094,250.2014617919922,539.905100107193,241.14781188964845]},{"page":141,"text":"Table B-4. Irregular variations of the ionosphere","rect":[201.0500030517578,267.8116760253906,428.6714270133972,258.4791564941406]},{"page":141,"text":"B-34. Sunspots generate bursts of radiation that cause high levels of ionization. More sunspots equate to","rect":[108.0199966430664,477.8913879394531,539.538227558136,468.8377685546875]},{"page":141,"text":"greater ionization. During periods of low sunspot activity, frequencies above 20 MHz tend to be unusable","rect":[108.02000427246094,489.411376953125,539.308165309906,480.3577575683594]},{"page":141,"text":"because the E and F layers weak ionization reflects the signal back to Earth. At the peak of the sunspot cycle,","rect":[108.02000427246094,500.9313659667969,539.8475439548492,491.87774658203127]},{"page":141,"text":"it is unusual to have worldwide propagation on frequencies above 30 MHz.","rect":[108.02000427246094,512.3313598632813,408.841867685318,503.2777404785156]},{"page":141,"text":"B-35. Primarily,  the  ionization  density  of  each  layer  determines  the  range  of  long  distance  radio","rect":[108.02000427246094,529.8513793945313,539.5882153511047,520.7977294921875]},{"page":141,"text":"transmissions, the higher the frequency, the greater the ionization density required to reflect radio waves back","rect":[108.02000427246094,541.3713989257813,539.7484936714172,532.3177490234375]},{"page":141,"text":"to Earth. The upper E and F regions reflect the higher frequencies, because they are the most highly ionized.","rect":[108.02000427246094,552.8914184570313,539.5868628025055,543.8377685546875]},{"page":141,"text":"The D region, which is the least ionized, does not reflect frequencies above approximately 500 kHz. In each","rect":[108.02000427246094,564.411376953125,540.0279126167297,555.3577270507813]},{"page":141,"text":"ionized  region,  there  is  an  upper  frequency  limit  known  as  critical  frequency,  which  radio  waves  sent","rect":[108.02000427246094,575.931396484375,539.6167193660737,566.8777465820313]},{"page":141,"text":"vertically upward reflect back to Earth.","rect":[108.02000427246094,587.3313598632813,264.421945810318,578.2777099609375]},{"page":141,"text":"B-36. Radio waves directed vertically at frequencies higher than the critical frequency pass through the","rect":[108.02000427246094,604.8513793945313,539.7863757591248,595.7977294921875]},{"page":141,"text":"ionized layer out into space. All radio waves directed vertically into the ionosphere at frequencies lower than","rect":[108.02000427246094,616.4014282226563,539.7564282417297,607.3477783203125]},{"page":141,"text":"the critical frequency reflected back to Earth.","rect":[108.02000427246094,627.92138671875,288.5251257419586,618.8677368164063]},{"page":141,"text":"B-37. Generally, radio waves used in communications directed toward the ionosphere at some oblique angle","rect":[108.02000427246094,645.44140625,539.9844958763123,636.3877563476563]},{"page":141,"text":"called the angle of incidence. Radio waves at frequencies above the critical frequency reflect to Earth if","rect":[108.02000427246094,656.8413696289063,539.5870047197342,647.7877197265625]},{"page":141,"text":"transmitted at angles of incidence smaller than the critical angle, called the critical angle. At the critical angle,","rect":[108.02000427246094,668.3613891601563,539.9320776462555,659.3077392578125]},{"page":141,"text":"and at all angles larger than the critical angle, the radio waves pass through the ionosphere if the frequency","rect":[108.02000427246094,679.8814086914063,539.5971264839172,670.8277587890625]},{"page":141,"text":"is higher than the critical frequency.","rect":[108.02000427246094,691.4014282226563,252.10140442848206,682.3477783203125]},{"page":141,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":141,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":141,"text":"B-7","rect":[507.58001708984377,753.9359741210938,522.0610068359375,747.4920043945313]},{"page":142,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":142,"text":"TRANSMISSION PATHS","rect":[72.02399444580078,83.18217468261719,182.5193386077881,75.09597778320313]},{"page":142,"text":"B-38. Skywave propagation refers to those types of radio transmissions that depend on the ionosphere to","rect":[90.02400970458985,102.96141052246094,521.8554272651672,93.90776824951172]},{"page":142,"text":"provide  signal  paths  between  transmitters  and  receivers.  Skip  distance  refers  to  the  distance  from  the","rect":[90.02400970458985,114.48143005371094,521.511290309906,105.42778778076172]},{"page":142,"text":"transmitting antenna to the location, where the skywaves first return to Earth. The skip distance depends upon","rect":[90.02400970458985,126.00144958496094,521.640766620636,116.94780731201172]},{"page":142,"text":"the angle of incidence, the operating frequency, and the height and density of the ionosphere.","rect":[90.02400970458985,137.40147399902345,461.9316198825836,128.3478240966797]},{"page":142,"text":"B-39. The antenna height and the operating frequency affect the angles at which transmitted radio waves","rect":[90.02400970458985,154.92149353027345,521.5284317140579,145.8678436279297]},{"page":142,"text":"strike and penetrate the ionosphere and then return to Earth. Control this angle of incidence to obtain the","rect":[90.02400970458985,166.44151306152345,521.718565700531,157.3878631591797]},{"page":142,"text":"desired area of coverage. Lowering the antenna height increases the angle of transmission. This provides","rect":[90.02400970458985,177.96153259277345,521.5511367921829,168.9078826904297]},{"page":142,"text":"broad and even signal patterns in an area the size of a typical corps. Near-vertical incidence skywave uses","rect":[90.02400970458985,189.48155212402345,521.8602798585891,180.4279022216797]},{"page":142,"text":"near-vertical transmission paths. Raising the antenna height lowers the angle of incidence.","rect":[90.02400970458985,201.00157165527345,450.39518189430239,191.9479217529297]},{"page":142,"text":"B-40. Figure B-6 shows the skywave transmission paths.","rect":[90.02400970458985,218.40159606933595,317.49231934547427,209.3479461669922]},{"page":142,"text":"B-8","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,86.6249945678711,747.4649658203125]},{"page":142,"text":"Figure B-6. Skywave transmission paths","rect":[201.17001342773438,473.3918151855469,392.73411011886597,464.0592956542969]},{"page":142,"text":"B-41. Lowering the angle of incidence can produce a skip zone in which does not allow the receipt of a usable","rect":[90.02401733398438,496.8515625,522.008848903656,487.7979431152344]},{"page":142,"text":"signal. This bounds the area by the outer edge of usable ground wave propagation and the point nearest the","rect":[90.02401733398438,508.2515563964844,521.391905544281,499.19793701171877]},{"page":142,"text":"antenna at which the skywave returns to Earth. In corps area communications situations, the skip zone is not","rect":[90.02401733398438,519.7715454101563,521.6109210262299,510.7178955078125]},{"page":142,"text":"a desirable condition. Low angles of incidence make long distance communications possible.","rect":[90.02401733398438,531.2915649414063,462.1607458591461,522.2379150390625]},{"page":142,"text":"B-42. When a transmitted wave reflects back to the surface of the Earth, the Earth absorbs part of its energy.","rect":[90.02401733398438,548.8115844726563,521.5682470798492,539.7579345703125]},{"page":142,"text":"The remainder of its energy reflected back into the ionosphere and reflected back to Earth. This means of","rect":[90.02401733398438,560.3316040039063,521.8467703447342,551.2779541015625]},{"page":142,"text":"transmission (by alternately reflecting the radio wave between the ionosphere and the Earth) referred to as","rect":[90.02401733398438,571.8515625,521.5211685304641,562.7979125976563]},{"page":142,"text":"hops, enable the receiving of radio waves at great distances from the point of origin. Figure B-7 on page","rect":[90.02401733398438,583.2515869140625,521.8968493919373,574.1979370117188]},{"page":142,"text":"B-9 is an example of skywave transmission hop paths.","rect":[90.02401733398438,594.7715454101563,307.24903321266177,585.7178955078125]},{"page":142,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":142,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":143,"text":"Single-Channel Radio Communications Techniques","rect":[319.010009765625,46.04103469848633,540.0008872070313,37.608036041259769]},{"page":143,"text":"Figure B-7. Skywave transmission hop paths","rect":[208.61000061035157,280.0516052246094,421.26941895675659,270.7190856933594]},{"page":143,"text":"Fading","rect":[90.02400207519531,310.9435729980469,123.15024900436402,301.0848693847656]},{"page":143,"text":"B-43. Fading is the periodic increase and decrease of received signal strength. Fading occurs from a radio","rect":[108.02000427246094,328.1113586425781,539.458637714386,319.0577392578125]},{"page":143,"text":"signal  received  over  a  long  distance  path  in  the  HF  range.  There  is  little  common  knowledge  of  what","rect":[108.02000427246094,339.63134765625,539.8822222957612,330.5777282714844]},{"page":143,"text":"precautions to take to reduce or eliminate fading effects. Fading associated with skywave paths is the most","rect":[108.02000427246094,351.1513366699219,539.8345538387299,342.09771728515627]},{"page":143,"text":"significant  detriment  to  reliable  communications.  Those  responsible  for  communications  circuits  rely  on","rect":[108.02000427246094,362.67132568359377,539.6865429878235,353.6177062988281]},{"page":143,"text":"raising the transmitter power or increasing antenna gain to overcome fading. Sections often do not work and","rect":[108.02000427246094,374.1913146972656,539.5071606636047,365.1376953125]},{"page":143,"text":"seldom improve reliability. Only when the signal level fades down below the background noise level for an","rect":[108.02000427246094,385.59130859375,539.5869336128235,376.5376892089844]},{"page":143,"text":"appreciable fraction of time increased transmitter power or antenna gain yield an overall circuit improvement.","rect":[108.02000427246094,397.1112976074219,539.854562997818,388.05767822265627]},{"page":143,"text":"Choosing the correct frequency and using transmitting and receiving equipment intelligently ensure a reliable","rect":[108.02000427246094,408.63128662109377,539.576964138031,399.5776672363281]},{"page":143,"text":"and robust receiving signal, even when low power is used.","rect":[108.02000427246094,420.1512756347656,341.28324341773989,411.09765625]},{"page":143,"text":"Maximum Usable Frequency and Lowest Usable Frequency","rect":[90.02400207519531,445.12347412109377,370.6645312309265,435.2647705078125]},{"page":143,"text":"B-44. The maximum usable frequency is the maximum frequency at which a radio wave returns to Earth at","rect":[108.02000427246094,462.291259765625,539.6978350887299,453.2376403808594]},{"page":143,"text":"a given distance when using a given ionized layer and a transmitting antenna with a fixed angle of radiation.","rect":[108.02000427246094,473.8112487792969,539.7491552829742,464.75762939453127]},{"page":143,"text":"The monthly median of the daily highest frequency predicted for skywave transmission over a path in a","rect":[108.02000427246094,485.33123779296877,539.337950466156,476.2776184082031]},{"page":143,"text":"specific hour of the day. The maximum usable frequency is always higher than the critical frequency because","rect":[108.02000427246094,496.8512268066406,539.9428088645935,487.797607421875]},{"page":143,"text":"the angle of incidence is less than 90 degrees.","rect":[108.02000427246094,508.251220703125,290.19837403297427,499.1976013183594]},{"page":143,"text":"B-45. If the distance between the transmitter and the receiver increases, the maximum usable frequency also","rect":[108.02000427246094,525.771240234375,539.657856464386,516.7175903320313]},{"page":143,"text":"increases. Radio waves lose some of their energy through absorption by the D region, and a portion of the E","rect":[108.02000427246094,537.2911987304688,540.0334359998703,528.237548828125]},{"page":143,"text":"region  of  the  ionosphere,  on  specific  transmission  frequencies.  The  total  absorption  is  less,  and","rect":[108.02000427246094,548.8112182617188,539.4873852729797,539.757568359375]},{"page":143,"text":"communications more satisfactory, when using higher frequencies up to the level of the maximum usable","rect":[108.02000427246094,560.3312377929688,539.3875720481873,551.277587890625]},{"page":143,"text":"frequency.","rect":[108.02000427246094,571.8512573242188,150.32007813453675,562.8075561523438]},{"page":143,"text":"B-46. The absorption rate is most significant for frequencies ranging from approximately 500 kHz–2 MHz","rect":[108.02000427246094,589.251220703125,540.1655261497498,580.1975708007813]},{"page":143,"text":"during  the  day.  During  the  night,  the  absorption  rate  decreases  for  all  frequencies.  As  the  frequency  of","rect":[108.01998901367188,600.771240234375,539.6167898759842,591.7175903320313]},{"page":143,"text":"transmission over any skywave path increases from low to high, a frequency occurs at which the received","rect":[108.01998901367188,612.3212280273438,539.9599804878235,603.267578125]},{"page":143,"text":"signal overrides the  level of atmospheric and other radio noise interference. This  is the lowest usable","rect":[108.01998901367188,623.8412475585938,539.5970447044373,614.78759765625]},{"page":143,"text":"frequency because frequencies lower than these are too weak for useful communications. The lowest usable","rect":[108.01998901367188,635.3612670898438,539.4475085716248,626.3076171875]},{"page":143,"text":"frequency also depends on the power output of the transmitter and the transmission distance. When the lowest","rect":[108.01998901367188,646.76123046875,539.9029132137299,637.7075805664063]},{"page":143,"text":"usable frequency is greater than the maximum usable frequency, no skywave transmission is possible. The","rect":[108.01998901367188,658.28125,539.5771472434998,649.2276000976563]},{"page":143,"text":"spectrum manager uses SPECTRUM XXI to identify optimum frequency groupings.","rect":[108.01998901367188,669.80126953125,446.49073243141177,660.7476196289063]},{"page":143,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":143,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":143,"text":"B-9","rect":[507.58001708984377,754.0439453125,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":144,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":144,"text":"Other Factors Affecting Propagation","rect":[72.02399444580078,84.5736083984375,245.36977684402468,74.71488952636719]},{"page":144,"text":"B-47. In VHF and UHF ranges, extending from 30–300 MHz and beyond, the presence of an object may","rect":[90.02399444580078,101.76139831542969,521.7043042182922,92.69779205322266]},{"page":144,"text":"produce strong reflections that arrive at the receiving antenna in a way that they cancel the signal from the","rect":[90.02398681640625,113.28141784667969,521.4416491966248,104.22777557373047]},{"page":144,"text":"desired propagation path and render communications impossible.","rect":[90.02398681640625,124.80143737792969,350.6609899997711,115.74779510498047]},{"page":144,"text":"B-48. Choose  receiver  locations  that  avoid  the  proximity  of  an  airfield  due  to  possible  adverse","rect":[90.02398681640625,142.3214569091797,521.5782458763123,133.26780700683595]},{"page":144,"text":"electromagnetic interference from signals bouncing off the aircraft. Avoid locating transmitters and receivers","rect":[90.02398681640625,153.8414764404297,521.5809829835891,144.78782653808595]},{"page":144,"text":"near airfields or near the midpoint of the propagation path of frequencies above 20 MHz.","rect":[90.02398681640625,165.3614959716797,445.3884069919586,156.30784606933595]},{"page":144,"text":"B-49. Many other factors may affect the propagation of a radio wave. Hills, mountains, buildings, water","rect":[90.02398681640625,182.7615203857422,521.3193655595779,173.70787048339845]},{"page":144,"text":"towers, tall fences, and even another antenna can have a marked effect on the condition and reliability of a","rect":[90.02398681640625,194.2815399169922,521.7853991966248,185.22789001464845]},{"page":144,"text":"given propagation path. The conductivity of the local ground or body of water can significantly alter the","rect":[90.02398681640625,205.8015594482422,521.4217517356873,196.74790954589845]},{"page":144,"text":"strength of the transmitted or received signal. Energy radiation from the Sun’s surface also dramatically","rect":[90.02398681640625,217.3215789794922,522.0087475776672,208.26792907714845]},{"page":144,"text":"affects conditions in the ionosphere and alters the characteristics of long-distance propagation at 2–30 MHz.","rect":[90.02395629882813,228.8415985107422,522.0177099704742,219.78794860839845]},{"page":144,"text":"Path Loss","rect":[72.02398681640625,250.46969604492188,112.8346298341751,243.5972900390625]},{"page":144,"text":"B-50. Radio waves become weaker as they spread outwards from the transmitter. Path loss refers to the ratio","rect":[90.02398681640625,269.7915954589844,521.747456073761,260.73797607421877]},{"page":144,"text":"of the received power. Line of sight paths at VHF and UHF require relatively little power since the total path","rect":[90.02398681640625,281.3116149902344,521.8779492378235,272.25799560546877]},{"page":144,"text":"loss at the radio horizon is only about 25 dB greater than the path loss over the same distance in free space","rect":[90.02398681640625,292.83160400390627,521.4117419700623,283.7779846191406]},{"page":144,"text":"(absence of ground). This additional loss results from some energy reflected from the ground, canceling part","rect":[90.02398681640625,304.3515930175781,521.8949786434174,295.2979736328125]},{"page":144,"text":"of the direct wave energy. This is unavoidable in almost every practical case. The total path loss for a line of","rect":[90.02398681640625,315.87158203125,521.7801809892654,306.8179626464844]},{"page":144,"text":"sight path above average terrain varies with the following factors—","rect":[90.02398681640625,327.2715759277344,360.3099756240845,318.21795654296877]},{"page":144,"text":" Total path loss between transmitting and receiving antenna terminals.","rect":[115.219970703125,340.8315734863281,411.01465821266177,331.7779541015625]},{"page":144,"text":" Frequency.","rect":[115.219970703125,354.3915710449219,177.80094361305238,345.65667724609377]},{"page":144,"text":" Distance.","rect":[115.219970703125,365.8196716308594,170.6198217868805,358.7779541015625]},{"page":144,"text":" Transmitting antenna gain.","rect":[115.219970703125,381.3915710449219,240.49912476539613,372.33795166015627]},{"page":144,"text":" Receiving antenna gain.","rect":[115.219970703125,394.8315734863281,229.36390137672425,385.7779541015625]},{"page":144,"text":"Reflected Waves","rect":[72.02397155761719,418.5915832519531,139.4496658449173,409.707275390625]},{"page":144,"text":"B-51. It is often possible to communicate beyond the normal line of sight distance by exploiting the reflection","rect":[90.02397155761719,435.8915710449219,521.687641620636,426.83795166015627]},{"page":144,"text":"from a tall building, nearby mountain, or water tower. If the transmitting and receiving antennas can see the","rect":[90.02397155761719,447.29156494140627,521.411680934906,438.2379455566406]},{"page":144,"text":"top portion of a structure or hill readily, it may be possible to achieve efficient communications by directing","rect":[90.02397155761719,458.8115539550781,521.4614453315735,449.7579345703125]},{"page":144,"text":"both antennas toward the point of maximum reflection. If the reflecting object is very large in terms of a","rect":[90.02397155761719,470.33154296875,521.5363757591248,461.2679443359375]},{"page":144,"text":"wavelength, the path loss, including the reflection, can be very low.","rect":[90.02397155761719,481.8515319824219,360.05958008766177,472.79791259765627]},{"page":144,"text":"B-52. If a structure or hill exists adjacent to a line of sight path, reflected, energy may either add to or subtract","rect":[90.02397155761719,499.37152099609377,521.6775714168549,490.30792236328127]},{"page":144,"text":"from the energy arriving from the direct path. If the reflected energy arrives at the receiving antenna with the","rect":[90.02397155761719,510.7715148925781,521.5243518333435,501.7178955078125]},{"page":144,"text":"same  amplitude  strength  as  the  direct  signal  but  has  the  opposite  phase,  both  signals  cancel,  and","rect":[90.02397155761719,522.2915649414063,521.5012402534485,513.2379150390625]},{"page":144,"text":"communication is impossible. If the same condition exists, but both signals arrive in phase, they add and","rect":[90.02397155761719,533.8115234375,521.5459179878235,524.7578735351563]},{"page":144,"text":"double the signal strength. These two conditions represent destructive and constructive combinations of the","rect":[90.02397155761719,545.33154296875,521.5910632591248,536.2778930664063]},{"page":144,"text":"reflected and direct waves.","rect":[90.02397155761719,554.8395385742188,196.94455933570863,547.7978515625]},{"page":144,"text":"B-53. Reflection from the ground at the common midpoint between the receiving and transmitting antennas","rect":[90.02397155761719,574.3715209960938,521.9181411867141,565.31787109375]},{"page":144,"text":"may also arrive constructively or destructively. Generally, in the VHF and UHF range, the reflected wave is","rect":[90.02397155761719,585.7715454101563,521.6008194093704,576.7178955078125]},{"page":144,"text":"out of phase destructive concerning the direct wave at vertical angles less than a few degrees above the","rect":[90.02397155761719,597.2915649414063,521.5709216575623,588.2379150390625]},{"page":144,"text":"horizon. Since the ground is not a perfect conductor, the amplitude of the reflected wave seldom approaches","rect":[90.02397155761719,608.841552734375,521.4698379640579,599.7879028320313]},{"page":144,"text":"that of the direct wave. Thus, even though the two arrive out of phase, complete cancellation does not occur.","rect":[90.02397155761719,620.3615112304688,521.6308081150055,611.307861328125]},{"page":144,"text":"Improvements may result from using vertical polarization rather than horizontal polarization over line of","rect":[90.02397155761719,631.8815307617188,521.8470144853592,622.827880859375]},{"page":144,"text":"sight paths because there tends to be less phase difference between direct and reflected waves. The difference","rect":[90.02397155761719,643.4015502929688,521.6407458763123,634.347900390625]},{"page":144,"text":"is usually less than 10 dB, in favor of vertical polarization.","rect":[90.02397155761719,654.8015747070313,324.08399415016177,645.7479248046875]},{"page":144,"text":"Diffraction","rect":[72.02397155761719,678.5615234375,118.07793641281129,669.6771850585938]},{"page":144,"text":"B-54. Unlike the ship passing beyond the visual horizon, a radio wave does not fade out completely when it","rect":[90.02397155761719,695.8375244140625,521.4685870418549,686.7838745117188]},{"page":144,"text":"reaches the radio horizon. A small amount of radio energy travels beyond the radio horizon by a process","rect":[90.02397155761719,707.3575439453125,521.4417007570266,698.3038940429688]},{"page":144,"text":"called diffraction. Diffraction also occurs when a light source held near an opaque object, casts a shadow on","rect":[90.02397155761719,718.8775634765625,521.8445630073547,709.81396484375]},{"page":144,"text":"B-10","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,91.66499548339844,747.4649658203125]},{"page":144,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":144,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":145,"text":"Single-Channel Radio Communications Techniques","rect":[319.010009765625,46.04103469848633,540.0008872070313,37.608036041259769]},{"page":145,"text":"a surface behind it. Near the edge of the shadow, a narrow band displays which is neither completely light","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,539.4576007137299,74.08776092529297]},{"page":145,"text":"nor dark. The transition from total light to total darkness does not occur abruptly but changes smoothly as","rect":[108.0199966430664,94.68138122558594,539.8231094484329,85.62773895263672]},{"page":145,"text":"the light diffracts.","rect":[108.0199966430664,106.20140075683594,179.19419312477113,97.14775848388672]},{"page":145,"text":"B-55. A radio wave passing over either the curved surface of the Earth or a mountain ridge behaves in much","rect":[108.0199966430664,123.60142517089844,539.7176098823547,114.54778289794922]},{"page":145,"text":"the same fashion as a light wave. For example, people living in a valley below a high, sharp, mountain ridge","rect":[108.02000427246094,135.12144470214845,540.0576159934998,126.06780242919922]},{"page":145,"text":"can often receive a TV station located many miles below on the other side. Mountain ridges diffract and bend","rect":[108.02000427246094,146.64146423339845,539.5769238471985,137.5878143310547]},{"page":145,"text":"TV station waves downward in the direction of the town. The energy decays very rapidly as the angle of","rect":[108.02000427246094,158.16148376464845,539.4873953447342,149.1078338623047]},{"page":145,"text":"propagation departs from the straight line of sight path. Typically, a diffracted signal may undergo a reduction","rect":[108.02000427246094,169.68150329589845,539.7803540229797,160.6278533935547]},{"page":145,"text":"of 30 to 40 dB by a bend of only 5 feet 1.5 meters by a mountain ridge. The actual amount of diffracted signal","rect":[108.02000427246094,181.20152282714845,539.5570269832612,172.1478729248047]},{"page":145,"text":"depends on the shape of the surface, the frequency, the diffraction angle, and many other factors.","rect":[108.02000427246094,192.60154724121095,495.28187012672427,183.5478973388672]},{"page":145,"text":"B-56. Refraction is the bending of a wave as it passes through air layers of different density. In semitropical","rect":[108.02000427246094,210.12156677246095,539.5482989559174,201.0679168701172]},{"page":145,"text":"regions, a layer of air 5–100 meters (6.4–328 feet) thick with distinctive characteristics may form close to","rect":[108.02000427246094,221.64158630371095,539.815083026886,212.5879364013672]},{"page":145,"text":"the ground, usually the result of a temperature inversion. For example, on an unusually warm day after a","rect":[108.02001953125,233.16160583496095,539.4769275169373,224.1079559326172]},{"page":145,"text":"period of rain, the Sun may heat up the ground and create a layer of warm, moist air. After sunset, the air a","rect":[108.02001953125,244.68162536621095,539.5074450950623,235.6279754638672]},{"page":145,"text":"few meters above the ground cool very rapidly while the moisture in the air close to the ground serves as a","rect":[108.02001953125,256.2016296386719,539.9475085716248,247.1479949951172]},{"page":145,"text":"blanket for the remaining heat. After a few hours, a significant difference in temperature may exist between","rect":[108.02001953125,267.6316223144531,539.933979511261,258.5780029296875]},{"page":145,"text":"the air near the ground and the air at the height of 10–20 meters (32.8–65.6 feet), resulting in a marked","rect":[108.02001953125,279.1516418457031,539.9577832221985,270.0980224609375]},{"page":145,"text":"difference in air pressure. Thus, the air near the ground is considerably denser than the air higher up. This","rect":[108.02005004882813,290.671630859375,539.4475601320266,281.6180114746094]},{"page":145,"text":"condition may exist over an area of several hundred square kilometers or an extended area of land near a","rect":[108.02005004882813,302.1916198730469,539.4276111106873,293.13800048828127]},{"page":145,"text":"seacoast. When an air mass forms, it usually remains stable until dawn, when the ground begins to cool, and","rect":[108.02005004882813,313.71160888671877,539.785786151886,304.6579895019531]},{"page":145,"text":"the temperature inversion ends.","rect":[108.02005004882813,325.2117004394531,233.39657044410706,316.177978515625]},{"page":145,"text":"B-57. When a VHF or UHF radio wave launches in air mass, it may bend or become trapped forced to follow","rect":[108.02005004882813,342.631591796875,539.7774237384796,333.5779724121094]},{"page":145,"text":"the inversion layer. This layer then acts as a duct between the transmitting antenna and a distant receiving","rect":[108.02005004882813,354.1515808105469,539.859516620636,345.09796142578127]},{"page":145,"text":"site. The effects of ducting frequently occur during the year in locations where TV or VHF FM stations","rect":[108.02005004882813,365.67156982421877,539.3977554445266,356.6179504394531]},{"page":145,"text":"received over paths of several hundred kilometers. The total path loss within a duct is usually very low and","rect":[108.02005004882813,377.1915588378906,539.8022046089172,368.137939453125]},{"page":145,"text":"may exceed the free space loss by only a few decibels.","rect":[108.02005004882813,388.7115478515625,325.695871591568,379.6579284667969]},{"page":145,"text":"B-58. It is possible to communicate over long distances utilizing tropospheric scatter. At altitudes of a few","rect":[108.02005004882813,406.1115417480469,539.7176092853546,397.05792236328127]},{"page":145,"text":"kilometers, the air mass has a varying temperature, pressure, and moisture content. Small fluctuations in","rect":[108.02005004882813,417.63153076171877,539.8921704292297,408.5779113769531]},{"page":145,"text":"tropospheric characteristics at high altitude create blobs. In a blob, the temperature, pressure, and humidity","rect":[108.02005004882813,429.1515197753906,539.437641620636,420.097900390625]},{"page":145,"text":"are different from the surrounding air. If the difference is large enough, it may modify the refractive index at","rect":[108.02005004882813,440.6915283203125,539.4874469051362,431.6379089355469]},{"page":145,"text":"VHF and UHF. A random distribution of these blobs exists at various altitudes. If a high-power transmitter","rect":[108.02005004882813,452.2115173339844,539.8551931962967,443.15789794921877]},{"page":145,"text":"greater than 1 kilowatt and high gain antenna (10 dB or more) are used, enough energy may be scattered from","rect":[108.02005004882813,463.73150634765627,539.8957306156159,454.6778869628906]},{"page":145,"text":"these blobs down to the receiver to make reliable communication possible over several hundred kilometers.","rect":[108.02005004882813,475.1116027832031,539.7711279392242,466.077880859375]},{"page":145,"text":"Communications circuits employing this mode of propagation must use susceptible receivers and the form","rect":[108.02005004882813,486.6514892578125,539.7065216312409,477.5978698730469]},{"page":145,"text":"of diversity to reduce the effects of the rapid and deep fading. Scatter propagation is usually limited to path","rect":[108.02005004882813,498.1714782714844,540.1428418159485,489.11785888671877]},{"page":145,"text":"distances of less than about 500 kilometers or 310.6 miles.","rect":[108.02005004882813,507.6795654296875,341.73148560523989,500.6378479003906]},{"page":145,"text":"Noise","rect":[90.0240478515625,531.4395141601563,113.27953219223022,524.567138671875]},{"page":145,"text":"B-59. Noise consists of all undesired radio signals, manmade or natural. Noise masks and degrades useful","rect":[108.02005004882813,550.7315063476563,539.4986163387299,541.6778564453125]},{"page":145,"text":"information reception. The radio signal’s strength is of little importance if the signal power is greater than","rect":[108.02005004882813,562.1315307617188,539.8044629096985,553.077880859375]},{"page":145,"text":"the received noise power. The signal to noise ratio is the most important quantity in a receiving system.","rect":[108.02003479003906,573.6514892578125,539.3679296970367,564.5978393554688]},{"page":145,"text":"Increasing receiver amplification cannot improve the signal to noise ratio since signal and noise amplifies","rect":[108.02003479003906,585.1715087890625,539.5770767335891,576.1178588867188]},{"page":145,"text":"and signal to noise ratio remains unchanged. Typically, receivers have more than enough amplification.","rect":[108.02003479003906,596.6915283203125,521.7962744235992,587.6378784179688]},{"page":145,"text":"B-60. Natural noise has two principal sources: thunderstorms atmospheric noise and stars galactic noise. Both","rect":[108.02003479003906,614.2415161132813,539.7175488471985,605.1878662109375]},{"page":145,"text":"sources generate sharp pulses of electromagnetic energy over all frequencies. The pulses propagate according","rect":[108.02003479003906,625.6415405273438,539.936176776886,616.587890625]},{"page":145,"text":"to  the  same  laws  as  manmade  signals  and  receiving  systems  must  accept  them  and  the  desired  signal.","rect":[108.02003479003906,637.1614990234375,539.576975107193,628.1078491210938]},{"page":145,"text":"Atmospheric noise is dominant from 0–5 MHz, and galactic noise is most important at higher frequencies.","rect":[108.02003479003906,648.6815185546875,540.0871679782867,639.6278686523438]},{"page":145,"text":"Low frequency transmitters must generate very strong signals to overcome noise. Strong signals and strong","rect":[108.02005004882813,660.2015380859375,539.5471386909485,651.1478881835938]},{"page":145,"text":"noise mean that the receiving antenna does not have to be large to collect a usable signal. A 1.5 meter 4.9","rect":[108.02005004882813,671.7214965820313,539.4076733589172,662.6678466796875]},{"page":145,"text":"feet tuned whip antenna adequately delivers all the signals received at frequencies below 1 MHz.","rect":[108.02005004882813,683.2415161132813,495.641916513443,674.1878662109375]},{"page":145,"text":"B-61. Manmade noise is a product of civilization that appears wherever electric power is used. Each source","rect":[108.02005004882813,700.6175537109375,539.4985339622498,691.5838623046875]},{"page":145,"text":"is small, but there are so many that together they can completely hide a weak signal that would be above the","rect":[108.02005004882813,712.1575317382813,540.1370837669373,703.1038818359375]},{"page":145,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":145,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":145,"text":"B-11","rect":[502.5400085449219,753.9359741210938,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":146,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":146,"text":"natural noise in rural areas. Manmade noise is troublesome when the receiving antenna is near the source but","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.6109820613862,74.08776092529297]},{"page":146,"text":"being  near  the  source  produces  exploitable  noise  wave  characteristics.  Waves  near  a  source  tend  to  be","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,521.740294216156,85.62773895263672]},{"page":146,"text":"vertically polarized. A horizontally polarized receiving antenna generally receives less noise than a vertically","rect":[90.02399444580078,106.20140075683594,521.7945141792297,97.14775848388672]},{"page":146,"text":"polarized antenna.","rect":[90.02399444580078,117.58150482177735,163.13036561012269,108.54778289794922]},{"page":146,"text":"B-62. Any conductors near the source, including the antenna, transmission line, and equipment cases, induce","rect":[90.02399444580078,135.12144470214845,521.7274768333435,126.06780242919922]},{"page":146,"text":"manmade noise currents. If the antenna and transmission lines should balance with respect to the ground,","rect":[90.02399444580078,146.64146423339845,521.747873544693,137.5878143310547]},{"page":146,"text":"then the noise voltages will balance and cancel with respect to the receiver input terminals zero voltage across","rect":[90.02399444580078,158.16148376464845,521.8301284914016,149.1078338623047]},{"page":146,"text":"terminals and this noise will not receive. Near perfect balance is difficult to achieve, but any balance may","rect":[90.02399444580078,169.68150329589845,522.0042309761047,160.6278533935547]},{"page":146,"text":"help.","rect":[90.02399444580078,181.1815948486328,109.665109872818,172.1478729248047]},{"page":146,"text":"B-63. Other ways to avoid manmade noise are to locate the most troublesome sources and turn them off or","rect":[90.02399444580078,198.60154724121095,521.5282888994217,189.5478973388672]},{"page":146,"text":"move the receiving system away from them. Moving at least one kilometer (.6 miles) away from a busy street","rect":[90.02399444580078,210.12156677246095,521.7402545223237,201.0679168701172]},{"page":146,"text":"or highway significantly reduces noise. Broadband receiving antennas are convenient because they do not","rect":[90.02399444580078,221.64158630371095,521.7802325496674,212.5879364013672]},{"page":146,"text":"require tuning to each working frequency, sometimes a narrowband antenna can make the difference between","rect":[90.02399444580078,233.16160583496095,521.670551776886,224.1079559326172]},{"page":146,"text":"communicating and not communicating. The HF band is now so crowded with users that electromagnetic","rect":[90.02399444580078,244.68162536621095,521.7797839622498,235.6279754638672]},{"page":146,"text":"interference and noise, not signal strength, are the main reasons for poor communications. A narrowband","rect":[90.02399444580078,256.2016296386719,521.451557636261,247.1479949951172]},{"page":146,"text":"antenna rejects strong interfering signals near the desired frequency and helps maintain good communication.","rect":[90.02399444580078,267.6316223144531,521.5909521579742,258.5680236816406]},{"page":146,"text":"WAVE MODULATION","rect":[72.02399444580078,291.3808288574219,218.71445565605164,281.6651611328125]},{"page":146,"text":"B-64. FM and AM transmitters produce RF carriers. The carrier is a wave of constant amplitude, frequency,","rect":[90.02399444580078,311.1916198730469,521.4787085056305,302.13800048828127]},{"page":146,"text":"and  phase  that  modulates  by  changing  its  amplitude,  frequency,  or  phase.  Modulation  is  superimposing","rect":[90.02399444580078,322.71160888671877,521.6408276557922,313.6579895019531]},{"page":146,"text":"information, voice, or coded signals on a carrier. Figure B-8 on page B-13 shows different wave shapes.","rect":[90.02399444580078,334.2315979003906,506.44947266578677,325.177978515625]},{"page":146,"text":"B-12","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,91.66499548339844,747.4649658203125]},{"page":146,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":146,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":147,"text":"Single-Channel Radio Communications Techniques","rect":[319.010009765625,46.04103469848633,540.0008872070313,37.608036041259769]},{"page":147,"text":"Figure B-8. Wave shapes","rect":[255.88999938964845,469.0716247558594,374.0687963981628,459.8287353515625]},{"page":147,"text":"AMPLITUDE MODULATION","rect":[90.02400207519531,498.57220458984377,222.11895847320558,490.3179931640625]},{"page":147,"text":"B-65. AM is the variation of the RF power output of a transmitter at an audio rate. The RF energy increases","rect":[108.02001190185547,518.3314208984375,539.9633682374954,509.27777099609377]},{"page":147,"text":"and decreases in power, according to the audio frequencies superimposed on the carrier signal.","rect":[108.02001953125,529.8513793945313,486.01209473609927,520.7977294921875]},{"page":147,"text":"B-66. When audio frequency signals superimposed on the RF carrier signal, additional RF signals generated.","rect":[108.02001953125,547.2514038085938,539.638010263443,538.19775390625]},{"page":147,"text":"These additional frequencies are equal to the sum, and the difference of the audio frequency and RF used.","rect":[108.02001953125,558.7714233398438,539.5524389743805,549.7177734375]},{"page":147,"text":"For example, assume a 500 kHz carrier modulates by a one kHz audio tone. Two new frequencies develop","rect":[108.02001953125,570.2914428710938,539.4574780464172,561.23779296875]},{"page":147,"text":"one at 501 kHz the sum of 500 kHz and one kHz and the other at 499 kHz the difference between 500 kHz","rect":[108.02001953125,579.7994384765625,539.7741687278748,572.7577514648438]},{"page":147,"text":"and 1 kHz. If using a complex audio signal instead of a single tone, the creation of two new frequencies","rect":[108.02001953125,593.3314208984375,539.5471084718704,584.2777709960938]},{"page":147,"text":"occurs for each of the audio frequencies involved. New frequencies resulting from superimposing an audio","rect":[108.02001953125,604.8514404296875,539.487446308136,595.7977905273438]},{"page":147,"text":"frequency signal on an RF signal are sidebands.","rect":[108.02001953125,616.2814331054688,298.913400888443,607.227783203125]},{"page":147,"text":"B-67. When the RF carrier modulates by complex tones, such as speech, each separate frequency component","rect":[108.02001953125,633.8014526367188,539.6577349910737,624.747802734375]},{"page":147,"text":"of the  modulating signal produces its own upper and lower sideband frequencies. The upper sideband","rect":[108.02001953125,645.3214111328125,539.577045917511,636.2677612304688]},{"page":147,"text":"contains the sum of the RF and audio frequency signals, and the lower sideband includes the difference","rect":[108.02001953125,656.8414306640625,539.6495349388123,647.7877807617188]},{"page":147,"text":"between the RF and audio frequency signals. Figure B-9 on page B-14 shows an AM system.","rect":[108.02001953125,668.3614501953125,480.92554688453677,659.3078002929688]},{"page":147,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":147,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":147,"text":"B-13","rect":[502.5400085449219,754.0349731445313,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":148,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":148,"text":"Figure B-9. Amplitude modulation system","rect":[198.13999938964845,337.6516418457031,395.6427701120377,328.40875244140627]},{"page":148,"text":"B-68. The space occupied by a carrier and its associated sidebands in the RF spectrum is a channel. In AM,","rect":[90.02400207519531,361.11138916015627,521.742014169693,352.0577697753906]},{"page":148,"text":"the width of the channel (bandwidth) is equal to twice the highest modulating frequency. For example, if a","rect":[90.02400207519531,372.6313781738281,521.4713122825623,363.5777587890625]},{"page":148,"text":"band of frequencies modulates a 5,000 kHz or 5 MHz carrier ranging from 200–5,000 cycles .2–5 kHz the","rect":[90.02400207519531,384.0313720703125,521.950987575531,374.9777526855469]},{"page":148,"text":"upper sideband extends from 5000.2–5005 kHz. The lower sideband extends from 4,999.8–4,995 kHz. The","rect":[90.02401733398438,395.5314636230469,522.0983874778748,386.49774169921877]},{"page":148,"text":"bandwidth is the difference between 5,005 Hz–4,995 kHz, a total of 10 kHz.","rect":[90.02401733398438,405.0594482421875,395.373850107193,398.0177307128906]},{"page":148,"text":"B-69. Radiotelephone transmitters operating in the medium and HF bands generally use AM; the information","rect":[90.02401733398438,424.5913391113281,522.0773510932922,415.5377197265625]},{"page":148,"text":"of an AM signal exists solely in the sidebands.","rect":[90.02401733398438,436.13134765625,276.1962683200836,427.0777282714844]},{"page":148,"text":"SINGLE-SIDEBAND","rect":[72.02401733398438,459.7299499511719,163.79869174957276,451.42596435546877]},{"page":148,"text":"B-70. Each sideband contains all the information needed for communication. Both sidebands occur within","rect":[90.02403259277344,477.439453125,521.5284008979797,470.3977355957031]},{"page":148,"text":"the modulation circuitry of the single-sideband radio set, the carrier and one sideband detach before any","rect":[90.02403259277344,490.8513488769531,521.6186108589172,481.7977294921875]},{"page":148,"text":"signal transmits.","rect":[90.02403259277344,502.371337890625,155.35169434547425,493.3177185058594]},{"page":148,"text":"B-71. Figure B-10 on page B-15 shows a single-sideband system.","rect":[90.02403259277344,519.8914184570313,352.65601563453677,510.83770751953127]},{"page":148,"text":"B-14","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,91.66499548339844,747.4649658203125]},{"page":148,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":148,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":149,"text":"Single-Channel Radio Communications Techniques","rect":[319.010009765625,46.04103469848633,540.1358969726563,37.608036041259769]},{"page":149,"text":"Figure B-10. Single-sideband system","rect":[227.4499969482422,323.97161865234377,402.3419888620377,314.63909912109377]},{"page":149,"text":"B-72. The upper side band is higher in frequency than the carrier is, and the lower sideband is lower in","rect":[108.0199966430664,347.4313659667969,539.757954120636,338.37774658203127]},{"page":149,"text":"frequency. Use either an upper or a lower sideband for communication, provided appropriate adjustment to","rect":[108.02000427246094,358.83135986328127,539.3181347846985,349.76776123046877]},{"page":149,"text":"the transmitter and the receiver to the same sideband. Most Army single-sideband equipment operates in the","rect":[108.02000427246094,370.3513488769531,539.951475856781,361.2977294921875]},{"page":149,"text":"upper sideband mode.","rect":[108.02000427246094,381.8514404296875,195.8373510837555,372.8177185058594]},{"page":149,"text":"B-73. The transmission of only one side band leaves open that portion of the RF spectrum normally occupied","rect":[108.02000427246094,399.3913269042969,539.647846698761,390.33770751953127]},{"page":149,"text":"by the other sideband of an AM signal. This allows more RF carriers within a given frequency range.","rect":[108.02000427246094,410.91131591796877,512.0374853610992,401.8576965332031]},{"page":149,"text":"B-74.","rect":[108.02000427246094,426.4194030761719,130.5499975681305,419.55694580078127]},{"page":149,"text":"Single-sideband transmission is used in applications to—","rect":[133.22000122070313,428.4313049316406,361.98999881744387,419.377685546875]},{"page":149,"text":" Obtain greater reliability.","rect":[133.22000122070313,441.89129638671877,252.37375855445863,432.8376770019531]},{"page":149,"text":" Limit size and weight of equipment.","rect":[133.22000122070313,455.4512939453125,296.04838013648989,446.3976745605469]},{"page":149,"text":" Increase effective output without increasing antenna voltage.","rect":[133.22000122070313,468.89129638671877,394.55274415016177,459.8376770019531]},{"page":149,"text":" Operate a large number of radio sets without heterodyne interference (whistles and squeals) from","rect":[133.22000122070313,482.4512939453125,539.6302276859284,473.3976745605469]},{"page":149,"text":"RF carriers.","rect":[151.22000122070313,491.8393859863281,198.31746888160706,484.79766845703127]},{"page":149,"text":" Operate over long ranges without loss of intelligibility due to selective fading.","rect":[133.22000122070313,507.4112854003906,463.45594239234927,498.357666015625]},{"page":149,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":149,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":149,"text":"B-15","rect":[502.5400085449219,754.0349731445313,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":150,"text":"This page intentionally left blank.","rect":[188.77999877929688,390.36138916015627,405.22001099586489,375.853759765625]},{"page":151,"text":"Appendix C","rect":[281.69000244140627,125.49201202392578,348.2539963378906,114.40401458740235]},{"page":151,"text":"Antenna Selection","rect":[245.20999145507813,146.73155212402345,384.6365087537765,134.92115783691407]},{"page":151,"text":"Antenna type and antenna placement are critical to ensure optimum communications.","rect":[126.0199966430664,184.55364990234376,503.8750207424164,174.40789794921876]},{"page":151,"text":"The appendix addresses the importance of high frequency, VHF, and UHF antenna","rect":[126.0199966430664,197.15362548828126,504.2000387916565,187.00787353515626]},{"page":151,"text":"selection.","rect":[126.0199966430664,207.64352416992188,167.99410033226014,199.72784423828126]},{"page":151,"text":"HIGH FREQUENCY ANTENNA SELECTION","rect":[90.02399444580078,235.8271942138672,378.4463282146454,223.78086853027345]},{"page":151,"text":"C-1. Radio waves in the 3–30 MHz frequency range can reflect and return to Earth by the ionosphere with","rect":[108.0199966430664,253.32139587402345,539.6276440620422,244.2677459716797]},{"page":151,"text":"predictable regularity. To optimize the probability of a successful skywave communications link, select the","rect":[108.01998901367188,264.8713684082031,539.387755153656,255.81773376464845]},{"page":151,"text":"frequency, and take-off angle most appropriate for the time of day transmission is to take place.","rect":[108.01998901367188,276.3913879394531,490.39615845680239,267.3377685546875]},{"page":151,"text":"C-2. Various  large  conducting  objects,  the  Earth’s  surface,  modify  an  antenna’s  radiation  pattern.","rect":[108.01998901367188,293.7913818359375,539.8332617282867,284.727783203125]},{"page":151,"text":"Sometimes  nearby  scattering  objects  may  modify  the  antenna’s  pattern  favorable  by  concentrating  more","rect":[108.01998901367188,305.3113708496094,539.7644031028748,296.2477722167969]},{"page":151,"text":"power toward the receiving antenna.","rect":[108.01998901367188,316.83135986328127,253.4957525730133,307.7777404785156]},{"page":151,"text":"C-3. When selecting an antenna site, the operator should avoid as many scattering objects as possible. The","rect":[108.01998901367188,334.3513488769531,539.6877429466248,325.2877502441406]},{"page":151,"text":"near-vertical incidence skywave is the chief mode of short-haul HF propagation. Ground wave and directional","rect":[108.01998901367188,345.871337890625,539.9258013973237,336.8177185058594]},{"page":151,"text":"line of sight propagation are also useful over short paths. How far a ground wave is useful depends on the","rect":[108.01998901367188,357.2713317871094,539.5895984153748,348.21771240234377]},{"page":151,"text":"electrical conductivity of the terrain or body of water over which it travels. The direct wave is useful only to","rect":[108.01998901367188,368.79132080078127,539.6267285346985,359.7377014160156]},{"page":151,"text":"the radio horizon, which extends slightly beyond the visual horizon.","rect":[108.01998901367188,380.3113098144531,379.59928345680239,371.2576904296875]},{"page":151,"text":"ANTENNA SELECTION PROCEDURES","rect":[90.02398681640625,403.909912109375,267.2475337982178,395.6059265136719]},{"page":151,"text":"C-4. Selecting the right antenna for an HF radio circuit is very important. When selecting an HF antenna,","rect":[108.01997375488281,423.6313171386719,539.3888037204742,414.57769775390627]},{"page":151,"text":"first consider the type of propagation. Ground wave propagation requires low take-off angle and vertically","rect":[108.01997375488281,435.17132568359377,540.1494946479797,426.1177062988281]},{"page":151,"text":"polarized antennas. The whip antenna included with most radio sets provides good omnidirectional ground","rect":[108.01997375488281,446.6913146972656,539.477436542511,437.6376953125]},{"page":151,"text":"wave radiation.","rect":[108.01997375488281,456.07940673828127,169.50306153297425,449.0376892089844]},{"page":151,"text":"C-5. Selecting an antenna for skywave propagation is very complex. First, find the circuit range distance to","rect":[108.01997375488281,475.6112976074219,539.6877636909485,466.55767822265627]},{"page":151,"text":"ensure that the required take-off angle can be determined. A circuit distance of 966 kilometers 600 miles","rect":[108.01997375488281,487.13128662109377,539.5789077882766,478.0776672363281]},{"page":151,"text":"requires a take-off angle of approximately 25 degrees during the day and 40 degrees at night. Select a high","rect":[108.01995849609375,498.6512756347656,539.5068554878235,489.59765625]},{"page":151,"text":"gain antenna 25–40 degrees. If propagation predictions are available, skip this step, since the predictions give","rect":[108.01995849609375,510.1712646484375,539.9708240013123,501.1176452636719]},{"page":151,"text":"the take-off angles required.","rect":[108.01995849609375,521.6912841796875,220.58672547340394,512.6376342773438]},{"page":151,"text":"C-6. Next, determine the required coverage. A radio circuit with mobile vehicle stations or several stations","rect":[108.01995849609375,539.0912475585938,539.5383804445266,530.03759765625]},{"page":151,"text":"at different directions from the transmitter requires an omnidirectional antenna. A point-to-point circuit uses","rect":[108.01995849609375,550.59130859375,540.0863540773391,541.5576171875]},{"page":151,"text":"either a bidirectional or directional antenna. Normally, the receiving station location dictates this choice. See","rect":[108.01998901367188,562.1312866210938,539.951719997406,553.07763671875]},{"page":151,"text":"table C-1 on page C-2 for take-off angles versus distance.","rect":[108.01998901367188,573.6513061523438,338.31690430641177,564.59765625]},{"page":151,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":151,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":151,"text":"C-1","rect":[507.58001708984377,754.0349731445313,522.0610068359375,747.3839721679688]},{"page":152,"text":"Appendix C","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.608036041259769]},{"page":152,"text":"Table C-1. Take-off angle versus distance","rect":[198.62001037597657,83.2016372680664,395.2723791618347,73.8691177368164]},{"page":152,"text":"C-7. Before selecting an antenna, examine the available construction materials. Horizontal dipoles require","rect":[90.02399444580078,361.47137451171877,521.926329372406,352.4177551269531]},{"page":152,"text":"at least two supports to erect. A third (center) support is necessary for frequencies 5 MHz or lower. Operators","rect":[90.02400207519531,372.9913635253906,521.6605728273391,363.937744140625]},{"page":152,"text":"should not construct a dipole without the necessary support items. If the support items are unavailable, the","rect":[90.02400207519531,384.5113525390625,521.4017322044373,375.4577331542969]},{"page":152,"text":"operator should select another antenna type. Planners and operators examine the proposed antenna site to","rect":[90.02400207519531,396.0313415527344,521.5188183784485,386.97772216796877]},{"page":152,"text":"determine  whether  the  antenna  can  fulfill  the  mission  requirements.  If  not,  the  operator  should  select  a","rect":[90.02400207519531,407.41143798828127,521.5710437278748,398.3777160644531]},{"page":152,"text":"different antenna type.","rect":[90.02400207519531,418.9513244628906,180.00261902809144,409.897705078125]},{"page":152,"text":"C-8. Site selection is another important consideration. Usually, the tactical situation determines the position","rect":[90.02400207519531,436.4913330078125,521.945454120636,427.4377136230469]},{"page":152,"text":"of the communications antenna. The ideal setting would be clear, flat areas with no trees, fences, power lines,","rect":[90.02400207519531,448.0113220214844,521.6107885837555,438.95770263671877]},{"page":152,"text":"or mountains. Unfortunately, the ideal location is seldom available. Choose the clearest, flattest area possible.","rect":[90.02400207519531,459.53131103515627,521.9908545017242,450.4776916503906]},{"page":152,"text":"Situations often require constructing an antenna on an irregular site. This does not mean that the antenna will","rect":[90.02400207519531,470.9313049316406,521.6607257137299,461.877685546875]},{"page":152,"text":"not work. It means that the site affects the antenna’s pattern and function.","rect":[90.02400207519531,482.431396484375,383.691477060318,473.3976745605469]},{"page":152,"text":"C-9. After selecting the antenna, determine how to feed the power from the radio to the antenna. The coaxial","rect":[90.02397155761719,499.9712829589844,522.0093585262299,490.91766357421877]},{"page":152,"text":"cable  (RG-213)  feed  most  tactical  antennas.  Coaxial  cable  is  a  reasonable  compromise  of  efficiency,","rect":[90.02397155761719,511.49127197265627,521.4934179782867,502.4376525878906]},{"page":152,"text":"convenience, and durability. Issued antennas include the necessary connectors for coaxial cable or for direct","rect":[90.02397155761719,523.0112915039063,522.0913287410737,513.9576416015625]},{"page":152,"text":"connection to the radio.","rect":[90.02397155761719,532.5193481445313,184.335275888443,525.4776611328125]},{"page":152,"text":"C-10. A balanced to unbalanced transformer prevents unwanted RF current flow, which causes a radio to be","rect":[90.02397155761719,551.9113159179688,521.6678454856873,542.8776245117188]},{"page":152,"text":"hot to the touch or to shock the radio operator. Install the balanced to the unbalanced transformer at the dipole","rect":[90.02397155761719,563.4313354492188,521.8598620872498,554.3976440429688]},{"page":152,"text":"feed  point  center  to  prevent  unwanted  RF  current  flow  on  the  coaxial  cable.  If  a  balanced  to  unbalance","rect":[90.02397155761719,574.9512939453125,521.501280544281,565.9176025390625]},{"page":152,"text":"transformer is unavailable, use the coaxial cable that feeds the choke ring antenna Connect the cable’s center","rect":[90.02397155761719,586.4912719726563,521.9273367509842,577.4376220703125]},{"page":152,"text":"wire to one leg of the dipole and the cable braid to the other leg. Form the coaxial cable into a 6-inch coil","rect":[90.02401733398438,598.0112915039063,521.9685870418549,588.9576416015625]},{"page":152,"text":"consisting of ten turns, and tape it to the antenna under the insulator for support.","rect":[90.02401733398438,609.561279296875,410.13846802711489,600.5076293945313]},{"page":152,"text":"DETERMINING ANTENNA GAIN","rect":[72.02401733398438,633.0398559570313,224.18684482574464,624.723876953125]},{"page":152,"text":"C-11. Figure C-1 on page C-3 shows the vertical antenna pattern for the 32-foot vertical whip antenna. The","rect":[90.02401733398438,652.7612915039063,521.9444568138123,643.7076416015625]},{"page":152,"text":"numbers along the outer ring 90, 80, and 70 degrees represent the angle above the Earth; 90 degrees would","rect":[90.0240249633789,664.2813110351563,521.4217114448547,655.2276611328125]},{"page":152,"text":"be straight up, and 0 degrees would be along the ground. Along the bottom of the pattern are numbers from","rect":[90.0240249633789,675.8013305664063,522.1128937015534,666.7476806640625]},{"page":152,"text":"-10 (at the center) to = 15 at the edges. These numbers represent decibels over an isotropic radiator.","rect":[90.0240249633789,687.3212890625,488.06376099586489,678.2676391601563]},{"page":152,"text":"C-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,86.6249945678711,747.3839721679688]},{"page":152,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":152,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":153,"text":"Antenna Selection","rect":[461.5899963378906,44.268035888671878,540.124,37.608036041259769]},{"page":153,"text":"Figure C-1. 32-foot vertical whip, vertical antenna pattern","rect":[179.89999389648438,340.5316467285156,449.7847177381515,331.1991271972656]},{"page":153,"text":"C-12. To find the antenna gain at a particular frequency and take-off angle, locate the desired take-off angle","rect":[108.01998901367188,363.99139404296877,540.035948513031,354.9377746582031]},{"page":153,"text":"on the plot. Follow that line toward the center of the plot to the pattern of the desired frequency. Drop down","rect":[108.01998901367188,375.3913879394531,539.527241230011,366.3377685546875]},{"page":153,"text":"and read the gain from the bottom scale. If the gain of a 32-foot vertical whip at 9 MHz and 20-degree take-","rect":[108.01998901367188,386.911376953125,540.0565481767654,377.8577575683594]},{"page":153,"text":"off angle desired, locate 20-degrees along the outer scale. Follow this line to the 9 MHz pattern line. Move","rect":[108.01998901367188,398.4313659667969,539.520811794281,389.37774658203127]},{"page":153,"text":"down to the bottom scale. The gain is a little less than 2.5 dBi. The gain of the 32-foot vertical whip at 9 MHz","rect":[108.01998901367188,409.95135498046877,539.9802234153748,400.8977355957031]},{"page":153,"text":"and 20 degrees is 2 dBi.","rect":[108.01998901367188,421.4713439941406,204.114084482193,412.417724609375]},{"page":153,"text":"C-13. Once the antenna’s overall characteristics are determined, use the HF antenna selection matrix (see","rect":[108.01998901367188,438.991455078125,539.5770251731873,429.9577331542969]},{"page":153,"text":"table C-2 on page C-4) to find the right antenna for a circuit. If the proposed circuit requires a short-range,","rect":[108.01998138427735,450.4113464355469,540.0310156345367,441.35772705078127]},{"page":153,"text":"omnidirectional, wideband antenna, the selection matrix shows the only antenna that meets all the criteria is","rect":[108.01998138427735,461.93133544921877,539.4973648195266,452.8777160644531]},{"page":153,"text":"the AS-2259/GR.","rect":[108.01998138427735,471.4493713378906,177.912668466568,464.397705078125]},{"page":153,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":153,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":153,"text":"C-3","rect":[507.58001708984377,754.0349731445313,522.0610068359375,747.3839721679688]},{"page":154,"text":"Appendix C","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.608036041259769]},{"page":154,"text":"Table C-2. HF antenna selection matrix","rect":[205.00999450683595,81.22955322265625,388.7555334587097,73.8691177368164]},{"page":154,"text":"UHF AND VHF ANTENNA SELECTION","rect":[72.02399444580078,369.8606262207031,326.3931055583954,360.14495849609377]},{"page":154,"text":"C-14. The VHF portion of the radio spectrum extends from 30–300 MHz and the UHF range reaches from","rect":[90.02399444580078,389.6714172363281,522.1038604984284,380.6177978515625]},{"page":154,"text":"300–3,000 MHz (3 GHz). Both frequency ranges are extremely useful for short-range less than 50 kilometers","rect":[90.02401733398438,401.19140625,522.0275161867141,392.1377868652344]},{"page":154,"text":"or  31  miles  communications.  This  includes  point-to-point,  mobile,  air-to-ground,  and  general-purpose","rect":[90.02401733398438,412.7113952636719,521.9229724388123,403.65777587890627]},{"page":154,"text":"communications. Wavelengths at these frequencies ranges are considerably shorter.","rect":[90.02401733398438,424.23138427734377,424.06360840797427,415.1777648925781]},{"page":154,"text":"C-15. Because VHF and UHF antennas are small, it is possible to use multiple radiating elements to form","rect":[90.02401733398438,441.6513977050781,521.6677643070221,432.5977783203125]},{"page":154,"text":"arrays, which provide a considerable gain in a direction or directions. An array is an arrangement of antenna","rect":[90.02401733398438,453.17138671875,521.9967029075623,444.1177673339844]},{"page":154,"text":"elements, usually, dipoles used to control the direction in which most of the antenna power radiates.","rect":[90.02401733398438,464.6913757324219,489.6790564060211,455.63775634765627]},{"page":154,"text":"C-16. In the VHF and UHF portion of the spectrum, there are sub frequency bands for specific uses, such as","rect":[90.02401733398438,482.21136474609377,521.4786880617141,473.1577453613281]},{"page":154,"text":"VHF aircraft band, UHF aircraft band, and public communications.","rect":[90.02401733398438,493.7114562988281,359.5285437107086,484.677734375]},{"page":154,"text":"POLARIZATION","rect":[72.02401733398438,517.2826538085938,147.81805515289308,509.2059631347656]},{"page":154,"text":"C-17. In many countries, FM and television broadcast in the VHF range using horizontal polarization. One","rect":[90.02400970458985,537.0513916015625,521.488585231781,527.9977416992188]},{"page":154,"text":"reason is that it reduces ignition interference, which is mainly vertically polarized. Mobile communications","rect":[90.02401733398438,548.4513549804688,521.8257339601516,539.397705078125]},{"page":154,"text":"often use vertical polarization or two reasons. First, the vehicle antenna installation has physical limitations,","rect":[90.02401733398438,559.9713745117188,521.5910742282867,550.917724609375]},{"page":154,"text":"and second, there is no interruption in the reception or transmission as the vehicle changes heading.","rect":[90.02401733398438,571.4913940429688,487.4779760837555,562.437744140625]},{"page":154,"text":"C-18. Using  directional  antennas  and  horizontal  polarization  when  possible  reduces  manmade  noise","rect":[90.02401733398438,589.0114135742188,521.5240466575623,579.957763671875]},{"page":154,"text":"interference  in  urban  locations.  Choose  horizontal  polarization  only  where  an  antenna  height  of  many","rect":[90.02401733398438,600.5314331054688,521.6906933784485,591.477783203125]},{"page":154,"text":"wavelengths is possible. Ground reflections tend to cancel horizontally polarized waves at low angles. Use","rect":[90.02401733398438,611.9613647460938,521.8847644309998,602.90771484375]},{"page":154,"text":"only vertically polarized antennas when the antenna is less than 10 meters (32.8 feet) above the ground, or","rect":[90.02401733398438,623.4813842773438,521.4316702470779,614.427734375]},{"page":154,"text":"when desiring omnidirectional radiation or reception.","rect":[90.02401733398438,635.0014038085938,303.108225107193,625.94775390625]},{"page":154,"text":"GAIN AND DIRECTIVITY","rect":[72.02401733398438,658.5999755859375,190.25837802886964,650.2839965820313]},{"page":154,"text":"C-19. VHF and UHF above 30 MHz antenna gain are extremely important for several reasons. Assuming the","rect":[90.02400970458985,678.3214111328125,521.747618434906,669.2677612304688]},{"page":154,"text":"same antenna gain and propagation path, the received signal strength drops as the frequency is increased. At","rect":[90.02401733398438,689.8413696289063,521.6107989559174,680.7877197265625]},{"page":154,"text":"VHF and UHF, more of the received signal is lost in the transmission line than is lost at HF. A 10–20 dB loss","rect":[90.02401733398438,701.357421875,522.2327163820266,692.3037719726563]},{"page":154,"text":"is uncommon in a 30-meter (98.4 feet) length of the coaxial line at 450 MHz.","rect":[90.0240478515625,712.7573852539063,398.5811560153961,703.7037353515625]},{"page":154,"text":"C-4","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,86.6249945678711,747.3839721679688]},{"page":154,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":154,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":155,"text":"Antenna Selection","rect":[461.5899963378906,44.268035888671878,540.124,37.608036041259769]},{"page":155,"text":"C-20. At frequencies below 30 MHz, system sensitivity is usually limited by receive noise rather than by","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,539.7473950386047,74.08776092529297]},{"page":155,"text":"noise external to the antenna. Generally, wider modulation or signal bandwidths employ in VHF and UHF","rect":[108.02000427246094,94.68138122558594,539.5480139274597,85.62773895263672]},{"page":155,"text":"transmissions than at HF. Since system noise power is directly proportional to bandwidth, additional antenna","rect":[108.02000427246094,106.20140075683594,539.5671374778748,97.14775848388672]},{"page":155,"text":"gain is necessary to preserve a usable signal to noise ratio.","rect":[108.02000427246094,117.60142517089844,340.6855261325836,108.54778289794922]},{"page":155,"text":"C-21. VHF and UHF antenna directivity gain aids security by restricting how much power radiated in","rect":[108.02000427246094,135.12144470214845,539.757465839386,126.06780242919922]},{"page":155,"text":"unwanted directions. Receiver sensitivity is generally poorer at VHF and UHF except for high quality state-","rect":[108.02000427246094,146.64146423339845,540.1764822587967,137.5878143310547]},{"page":155,"text":"of-the-art receivers. Obstructions buildings, trees, hills may seriously decrease the signal strength available","rect":[108.02000427246094,158.16148376464845,539.8323962669373,149.1078338623047]},{"page":155,"text":"to the receiving antenna because VHF and UHF signals travel a straight line of sight path.","rect":[108.02000427246094,169.68150329589845,466.83912110328677,160.6278533935547]},{"page":155,"text":"C-22. Obtaining  communications  reliability  over  difficult  VHF  and  UHF  propagation  paths  requires","rect":[108.02000427246094,187.20152282714845,539.5184829835891,178.1478729248047]},{"page":155,"text":"considerable attention to the design of high-gain directive antenna arrays. Unlike HF communications, the","rect":[108.02000427246094,198.60154724121095,539.6640613059998,189.5478973388672]},{"page":155,"text":"shorter VHF and UHF wavelengths support walkie-talkie transceivers and simple mobile transmissions units.","rect":[108.02000427246094,210.12156677246095,539.7570288181305,201.0679168701172]},{"page":155,"text":"Communicating or receiving with such devices over distances beyond 1 or 2 kilometers requires maximum","rect":[108.02000427246094,221.64158630371095,539.9186187992096,212.5879364013672]},{"page":155,"text":"antenna gain at the base station or fixed end of the link.","rect":[108.02000427246094,233.16160583496095,329.27149415016177,224.1079559326172]},{"page":155,"text":"C-23. An array provides directivity the ability to concentrate radiated energy into a beam directed toward the","rect":[108.02000427246094,250.68162536621095,539.538389919281,241.6279754638672]},{"page":155,"text":"intended receiver. Arrays of resonant elements, half-wave dipoles, constructed of rigid metal rods or tubing","rect":[108.02000427246094,262.2315979003906,539.7260937690735,253.17796325683595]},{"page":155,"text":"or copper foil laid out or pasted on a flat non-conducting surface. Directing power helps to increase the range","rect":[108.02000427246094,273.6316223144531,539.866270778656,264.5780029296875]},{"page":155,"text":"of the communications path and tends to decrease the likelihood of the interception of jamming from hostile","rect":[108.02000427246094,285.151611328125,539.8731677513123,276.0880126953125]},{"page":155,"text":"radio stations. Highly directive antennas place an added burden on the radio operator to ensure that the","rect":[108.02000427246094,296.6716003417969,539.427794216156,287.61798095703127]},{"page":155,"text":"antenna is properly oriented.","rect":[108.02000427246094,308.19158935546877,222.22135376930238,299.1379699707031]},{"page":155,"text":"ANTENNA PLANNING PROGRAMS","rect":[90.02400207519531,331.9407958984375,322.61306370925908,322.2110595703125]},{"page":155,"text":"C-24. Several line of sight radios require the planner or operator to do an analysis and prediction of the","rect":[108.02001953125,351.631591796875,539.5711657981873,342.5779724121094]},{"page":155,"text":"antennas line of sight paths to ensure the availability of communications from different planned locations.","rect":[108.02001953125,363.1515808105469,539.5272314548492,354.09796142578127]},{"page":155,"text":"There are programs designed to generate, store, and disseminate communications information for antenna","rect":[108.02001953125,374.67156982421877,539.8614490013123,365.6179504394531]},{"page":155,"text":"analysis and prediction.","rect":[108.02001953125,386.1915588378906,202.59021973609925,377.137939453125]},{"page":155,"text":"SYSTEM PLANNING, ENGINEERING AND EVALUATION DEVICE","rect":[90.02401733398438,411.69818115234377,393.2448515892029,401.4861755371094]},{"page":155,"text":"C-25. The Marine Corps Tactical Systems Support Activity hosts the system planning, engineering, and","rect":[108.01997375488281,429.51141357421877,539.548237323761,420.4577941894531]},{"page":155,"text":"evaluation device program. The system planning, engineering, and evaluation device is a software package","rect":[108.01997375488281,440.931396484375,539.5533435325623,431.8777770996094]},{"page":155,"text":"that provides communications planners with the tools necessary to engineer and plan radio communications","rect":[108.01997375488281,452.451416015625,539.4973037843704,443.3977966308594]},{"page":155,"text":"analysis.","rect":[108.01997375488281,463.9714050292969,142.5512945652008,454.91778564453127]},{"page":155,"text":"C-26. The system planning, engineering, and evaluation device is a complete stand alone, self-installing","rect":[108.01997375488281,481.4914245605469,540.1304516792297,472.43780517578127]},{"page":155,"text":"software package that provides the tools necessary to plan and analyze communications equipment. The","rect":[108.01997375488281,493.01141357421877,539.556944606781,483.9577941894531]},{"page":155,"text":"software contains HF analysis, radio coverage analysis, point-to-point, and satellite planning tools, which","rect":[108.01997375488281,504.5314025878906,539.9912304878235,495.477783203125]},{"page":155,"text":"allows planning in response to rapidly changing communications architectures.","rect":[108.01995849609375,515.9314575195313,423.90140748023989,506.8778076171875]},{"page":155,"text":"C-27. Communications planners load topographical information before each operation to generate reports,","rect":[108.01995849609375,533.4514770507813,539.5682470798492,524.3978271484375]},{"page":155,"text":"maps, and matrices.","rect":[108.01995849609375,544.9514770507813,187.2617437839508,535.9177856445313]},{"page":155,"text":"VOICE OF AMERICA COVERAGE ANALYSIS PROGRAM","rect":[90.02395629882813,568.5580444335938,354.4679183959961,560.2659912109375]},{"page":155,"text":"C-28. Voice of America Coverage Analysis Program software released to the public is downloadable from","rect":[108.01995849609375,588.2914428710938,539.7872711429596,579.23779296875]},{"page":155,"text":"the U.S. Department of Commerce National Telecommunications Information Administration, Institute for","rect":[108.01995849609375,599.79150390625,539.8742972002029,590.7578125]},{"page":155,"text":"Telecommunications Sciences; Boulder, Colorado to use as an HF prediction and analysis tool. Voice of","rect":[108.01995849609375,611.3614501953125,539.8161917314529,602.3078002929688]},{"page":155,"text":"America is a component of the International Bureau of Broadcasting, which is a member of the Broadcasting","rect":[108.01995849609375,622.7614135742188,540.0425610542297,613.707763671875]},{"page":155,"text":"Board of Governors.","rect":[108.01995849609375,632.2794799804688,190.32944703102113,625.227783203125]},{"page":155,"text":"","rect":[133.21995544433595,645.1211547851563,139.22583541584016,640.3936157226563]},{"page":155,"text":"","rect":[133.21995544433595,658.5611572265625,139.22583541584016,653.8336181640625]},{"page":155,"text":"","rect":[133.21995544433595,672.1212158203125,139.22583541584016,667.3936767578125]},{"page":155,"text":"","rect":[133.21995544433595,685.5611572265625,139.22583541584016,680.8336181640625]},{"page":155,"text":"","rect":[133.21995544433595,699.1171875,139.22583541584016,694.3896484375]},{"page":155,"text":"","rect":[133.21995544433595,712.5571899414063,139.22583541584016,707.8296508789063]},{"page":155,"text":"Voice of America Coverage Analysis Program offers the following capabilities—","rect":[151.21995544433595,647.8414306640625,478.0599145889282,638.7877807617188]},{"page":155,"text":"Easy to use graphical user interface.","rect":[151.21995544433595,661.2814331054688,295.37110352516177,652.227783203125]},{"page":155,"text":"Detailed point-to-point graphs.","rect":[151.21995544433595,674.8414916992188,274.76014161109927,665.787841796875]},{"page":155,"text":"Signal–to-noise radio.","rect":[151.21995544433595,688.2814331054688,239.4627935886383,679.227783203125]},{"page":155,"text":"Required power gain.","rect":[151.21995544433595,701.8374633789063,237.38389039039613,692.7838134765625]},{"page":155,"text":"Signal power.","rect":[151.21995544433595,715.2774658203125,206.5776617527008,706.2238159179688]},{"page":155,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":155,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":155,"text":"C-5","rect":[507.58001708984377,754.0349731445313,522.0610068359375,747.3839721679688]},{"page":156,"text":"Appendix C","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.608036041259769]},{"page":156,"text":"","rect":[115.2199935913086,80.4211196899414,121.22587356281281,75.693603515625]},{"page":156,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,94.00113677978516,121.22588119220734,89.27362060546875]},{"page":156,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,107.4411392211914,121.22588119220734,102.713623046875]},{"page":156,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,132.5211639404297,121.22588119220734,127.79364013671875]},{"page":156,"text":"Maximum usable frequency.","rect":[133.22000122070313,83.14140319824219,247.81992554664613,74.08776092529297]},{"page":156,"text":"Take-off and arrival angle.","rect":[133.22000122070313,96.72142028808594,240.1242163181305,87.66777801513672]},{"page":156,"text":"Point-to-point performance versus distance for any given parameters at one or all user assigned","rect":[133.22000122070313,110.16142272949219,521.383442401886,101.10778045654297]},{"page":156,"text":"frequencies.","rect":[133.22000122070313,121.6615219116211,181.66544556617738,112.62779998779297]},{"page":156,"text":"Calculates methods for antenna patterns.","rect":[133.22000122070313,135.2215118408203,295.41858887672427,126.18779754638672]},{"page":156,"text":"C-29. Planners must input several parameters before the Voice of America Coverage Analysis Program can","rect":[90.02400207519531,152.64146423339845,521.9148755073547,143.5878143310547]},{"page":156,"text":"provide a propagation prediction determined by the method and the antennas used.","rect":[90.02400207519531,164.16148376464845,420.138254404068,155.1078338623047]},{"page":156,"text":"IONOSPHERIC COMMUNICATIONS ENHANCED PROFILE ANALYSIS AND CIRCUIT","rect":[72.02400207519531,187.74807739257813,462.72452688217165,179.45608520507813]},{"page":156,"text":"PREDICTION PROGRAM","rect":[72.0240478515625,201.5222625732422,188.12422943115235,193.43606567382813]},{"page":156,"text":"C-30. The ionospheric communications enhanced profile analysis and circuit prediction program is a full","rect":[90.02405548095703,221.28147888183595,521.5982257137299,212.2278289794922]},{"page":156,"text":"system performance model for HF radio communications in the frequency range of 2–30 MHz. capable of","rect":[90.02406311035156,232.80149841308595,522.1549368486404,223.7478485107422]},{"page":156,"text":"daily prediction methods with improved high latitude propagation models. The ionospheric communications","rect":[90.02407836914063,244.20152282714845,521.9412124757766,235.1478729248047]},{"page":156,"text":"enhanced  profile  and  circuit  prediction  program  provides  ionospheric  communications  analysis  and","rect":[90.02407836914063,255.72154235839845,521.441792011261,246.6678924560547]},{"page":156,"text":"prediction with an ionospheric conductivity and electron density profile model added, which is a statistical","rect":[90.02407836914063,267.2715148925781,521.3817950496674,258.2178955078125]},{"page":156,"text":"model of the large-scale features of the northern hemisphere ionosphere.","rect":[90.02407836914063,278.7915344238281,379.58365845680239,269.7379150390625]},{"page":156,"text":"C-6","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,86.6249945678711,747.3839721679688]},{"page":156,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":156,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":157,"text":"Appendix D","rect":[281.69000244140627,125.49201202392578,348.2539963378906,114.54801177978516]},{"page":157,"text":"Communications in Austere Environments","rect":[153.13999938964845,146.71560668945313,476.64908961105348,134.92115783691407]},{"page":157,"text":"The  appendix  addresses  radio  operations  in  cold  weather,  jungle,  urban,  desert,","rect":[126.0199966430664,184.55364990234376,504.1292016506195,174.3968505859375]},{"page":157,"text":"mountain areas, and nuclear areas. Communications in austere unusual environments","rect":[126.0199966430664,195.0,503.84183171367649,187.00787353515626]},{"page":157,"text":"require special consideration.","rect":[126.0199966430664,209.8515167236328,255.18794798851014,199.72784423828126]},{"page":157,"text":"COLD WEATHER OPERATIONS","rect":[90.02401733398438,233.51058959960938,303.3002280158997,223.79490661621095]},{"page":157,"text":"D-1.","rect":[108.02001953125,251.17999267578126,125.99002289772034,244.44703674316407]},{"page":157,"text":"Single-channel  radio  equipment  has  certain  capabilities  and  limitations  that  require  careful","rect":[133.2200164794922,253.32139587402345,539.8001910457612,244.2677459716797]},{"page":157,"text":"consideration when operating in extremely cold weather. Despite significant limitations, the radio is still the","rect":[108.02001953125,264.8713684082031,539.5771472434998,255.81773376464845]},{"page":157,"text":"normal means of communication in such environments.","rect":[108.02001953125,274.3794860839844,330.128000497818,267.3377685546875]},{"page":157,"text":"D-2. One of the most important attributes of a radio in cold weather operations is versatility. Vehicle-","rect":[108.02001953125,293.7913818359375,540.0566702470779,284.7377624511719]},{"page":157,"text":"mounted  radios  can  move  to  almost  any  location  where  there  is  a  command  headquarters.  Smaller,  man","rect":[108.02001953125,305.3113708496094,539.576801776886,296.25775146484377]},{"page":157,"text":"packed radios move to any area accessible by aircraft or on foot.","rect":[108.02001953125,316.83135986328127,365.4362280368805,307.7777404785156]},{"page":157,"text":"D-3. Electromagnetic interference by ionospheric disturbances limits radio communications in extremely","rect":[108.02001953125,334.3513488769531,539.8825268745422,325.2977294921875]},{"page":157,"text":"cold areas. These disturbances, known as ionospheric storms, have a definite degrading effect on skywave","rect":[108.02001953125,345.871337890625,539.3778064231873,336.8177185058594]},{"page":157,"text":"propagation.  Ionospheric  storms  and  the  Northern  Lights  activity  can  cause  complete  failure  of  radio","rect":[108.02001953125,357.2713317871094,540.1687207221985,348.21771240234377]},{"page":157,"text":"communications.  Static  may  block  out  some  frequencies  completely  for  extended  periods  during  storm","rect":[108.02001953125,368.79132080078127,539.6666656742096,359.7377014160156]},{"page":157,"text":"activity. Fading, caused by changes in the density and height of the ionosphere can also occur and may last","rect":[108.02001953125,380.3113098144531,539.4474688777924,371.2576904296875]},{"page":157,"text":"for several minutes to several weeks. These occurrences are difficult to predict, but when they do occur, the","rect":[108.02001953125,391.831298828125,539.7163073997498,382.7776794433594]},{"page":157,"text":"frequency manager will assign alternate frequencies.","rect":[108.02001953125,403.3512878417969,318.30546021461489,394.29766845703127]},{"page":157,"text":"TECHNIQUES FOR BETTER COMMUNICATIONS IN COLD WEATHER","rect":[90.02401733398438,428.4762878417969,416.2030191421509,418.6459045410156]},{"page":157,"text":"D-4. When  possible,  install  radio  sets  for  tactical  operations  in  vehicles  to  reduce  the  problem  of","rect":[108.02001953125,446.6714782714844,540.0012503252029,437.63775634765627]},{"page":157,"text":"transportation and shelter for radio operators. This resolves some of the grounding and antenna installation","rect":[108.02001953125,458.09136962890627,539.4775586128235,449.0377502441406]},{"page":157,"text":"problems due to the climate.","rect":[108.02001953125,469.59149169921877,221.36484742164613,460.5577697753906]},{"page":157,"text":"D-5. It is difficult to establish good electrical grounds in extremely cold areas because of permafrost and","rect":[108.02001953125,487.1313781738281,539.3091626167297,478.0777587890625]},{"page":157,"text":"deep snow. The conductivity of frozen ground is often too low to provide good ground wave propagation.","rect":[108.02001953125,498.6513977050781,539.466135263443,489.5977783203125]},{"page":157,"text":"To improve ground wave operation, use a counterpoise to offset the degrading effects of poor electrical","rect":[108.02001953125,510.17138671875,539.4276324520112,501.1177673339844]},{"page":157,"text":"ground conductivity. Install a counterpoise to prevent snow from covering an antenna. If possible, install the","rect":[108.02001953125,521.69140625,539.8623034934998,512.6377563476563]},{"page":157,"text":"antenna high enough above the ground to prevent snow from covering the antenna.","rect":[108.02001953125,533.0914306640625,439.4191687107086,524.0377807617188]},{"page":157,"text":"D-6. In general, antenna installation in arctic-like areas presents no serious difficulties. Installation of","rect":[108.02001953125,550.6113891601563,539.8923025712967,541.5577392578125]},{"page":157,"text":"antennas may take longer due to adverse working conditions. Tips for installing antennas in extremely cold","rect":[108.02001953125,562.1314086914063,539.4478344917297,553.0777587890625]},{"page":157,"text":"areas include—","rect":[108.02001953125,571.6394653320313,170.42002201080323,564.5977783203125]},{"page":157,"text":"","rect":[133.2200164794922,584.4911499023438,139.2258964509964,579.7636108398438]},{"page":157,"text":"","rect":[133.2200164794922,609.4811401367188,139.2258964509964,604.7536010742188]},{"page":157,"text":"","rect":[133.2200164794922,622.921142578125,139.2258964509964,618.193603515625]},{"page":157,"text":"","rect":[133.2200164794922,648.0011596679688,139.2258964509964,643.2736206054688]},{"page":157,"text":"Handle  the  mast  sections  and  antenna  cables  carefully  since  they  become  brittle  in  very  low","rect":[151.2200164794922,587.21142578125,539.7399481525421,578.1577758789063]},{"page":157,"text":"temperatures.","rect":[151.2200164794922,598.5914306640625,205.16341614723206,590.5537109375]},{"page":157,"text":"Construct antennas overhead to prevent damage from heavy snow and frost.","rect":[151.2200164794922,612.201416015625,455.20191407203677,603.1477661132813]},{"page":157,"text":"Use nylon rope if available, in preference to cotton or hemp, because nylon ropes do not readily","rect":[151.2200164794922,625.6414184570313,539.5806469917297,616.5877685546875]},{"page":157,"text":"absorb moisture, and are less likely to freeze and break.","rect":[151.2200164794922,637.1614379882813,373.2682898044586,628.1077880859375]},{"page":157,"text":"Use extra wires, supports, and anchor stakes to strengthen antennas and to withstand heavy ice","rect":[151.2200164794922,650.721435546875,539.9407947044373,641.6677856445313]},{"page":157,"text":"and wind loading.","rect":[151.2200164794922,662.1213989257813,223.00176453590394,653.0677490234375]},{"page":157,"text":"D-7. Some radios, generally older generation radios adjusted to a frequency in a relatively warm place, may","rect":[108.02001953125,679.6414184570313,539.6676831245422,670.5778198242188]},{"page":157,"text":"drift off frequency when exposed to extreme cold. Low battery voltage can also cause frequency drift. When","rect":[108.02001953125,691.1614379882813,539.7263379096985,682.1077880859375]},{"page":157,"text":"possible, allow a radio to warm up several minutes before placing it into operation. Since extreme cold tends","rect":[108.02001953125,702.6774291992188,539.6282241945266,693.623779296875]},{"page":157,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":157,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":157,"text":"D-1","rect":[507.58001708984377,753.9359741210938,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":158,"text":"Appendix D","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":158,"text":"to lower the output voltage of a dry battery, try warming the battery with body heat before operating the radio","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.5512280464172,74.08776092529297]},{"page":158,"text":"set, this minimizes frequency drift.","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,229.29468750953675,85.62773895263672]},{"page":158,"text":"D-8. Northern regions sometimes experience flakes or pellets of highly electrically charged snow. When","rect":[90.02399444580078,112.20140075683594,521.5173535346985,103.14775848388672]},{"page":158,"text":"these particles strike the antenna, the resulting electrical discharge causes a high-pitched static roar that can","rect":[90.02398681640625,123.60142517089844,522.0332226753235,114.54778289794922]},{"page":158,"text":"blanket all frequencies. To overcome this static, cover antenna elements with polystyrene tape and shellac.","rect":[90.02398681640625,135.12144470214845,515.9088232517242,126.06780242919922]},{"page":158,"text":"MAINTENANCE IMPROVEMENT IN COLD WEATHER","rect":[72.02398681640625,158.70803833007813,324.02302646636965,150.41604614257813]},{"page":158,"text":"D-9. The maintenance of radio equipment in extreme cold presents many difficulties. Protect radio sets from","rect":[90.02400207519531,178.44139099121095,521.7574859867096,169.3877410888672]},{"page":158,"text":"blowing snow because snow freezes dials, knobs, and can get into the wiring, which causes shorts and ground.","rect":[90.02400207519531,189.96141052246095,521.761301279068,180.9077606201172]},{"page":158,"text":"Carefully  handle  cords  and  cables  as  they  may  lose  their  flexibility  in  extreme  cold.  Winterize  all  radio","rect":[90.02400207519531,201.4813690185547,521.6806836128235,192.42771911621095]},{"page":158,"text":"equipment  and  power  units.  Check  the  appropriate  TM  for  winterization  procedures.  The  following","rect":[90.02400207519531,213.0013885498047,522.0302929878235,203.94773864746095]},{"page":158,"text":"paragraphs provide suggestions for radio maintenance in arctic areas.","rect":[90.02400207519531,224.4014129638672,366.5236303806305,215.34776306152345]},{"page":158,"text":"Power Units","rect":[72.02400207519531,247.1455841064453,129.8135724363327,239.49485778808595]},{"page":158,"text":"D-10. As the temperature goes down, it becomes increasingly difficult to operate and maintain generators.","rect":[90.02400207519531,266.6713562011719,521.5284521579742,257.61773681640627]},{"page":158,"text":"Protect generators as much as possible from the weather.","rect":[90.02401733398438,278.0713806152344,317.0521948337555,269.01776123046877]},{"page":158,"text":"Batteries","rect":[72.02401733398438,300.79351806640627,114.21788457012177,293.1648864746094]},{"page":158,"text":"D-11. The effect of cold weather conditions on wet or dry cell batteries depends on the type of battery, the","rect":[90.02401733398438,320.3113708496094,521.3591296653748,311.25775146484377]},{"page":158,"text":"load on the battery, and the degree of exposure to cold temperatures. Batteries perform best at moderate","rect":[90.02403259277344,331.8313903808594,521.4615466575623,322.77777099609377]},{"page":158,"text":"temperatures and generally have a shorter life at very cold temperatures.","rect":[90.02403259277344,343.23138427734377,378.89136719703677,334.1777648925781]},{"page":158,"text":"Shock Damage","rect":[72.02403259277344,368.18359375,142.07667148208618,358.3359069824219]},{"page":158,"text":"D-12. Damage may occur to vehicular radio sets by the jolting of the vehicle. Most synthetic rubber shock","rect":[90.02403259277344,385.4714050292969,521.6181225776672,376.4078063964844]},{"page":158,"text":"mounts become stiff and brittle in extreme cold and fail to cushion equipment. Check the shock mounts","rect":[90.0240478515625,396.8514709472656,521.5313003664016,387.8177490234375]},{"page":158,"text":"frequently and change them as required.","rect":[90.0240478515625,408.3913879394531,250.43860840797425,399.3377685546875]},{"page":158,"text":"Winterization","rect":[72.0240478515625,431.12457275390627,137.52440941238405,423.4848937988281]},{"page":158,"text":"D-13. Check the TMs for the radio set and power source to see if there are special precautions for operation","rect":[90.0240478515625,450.5115051269531,521.7278027534485,441.477783203125]},{"page":158,"text":"in extremely cold climates. For example, normal lubricants may solidify and permit damage or malfunctions","rect":[90.02406311035156,462.0513916015625,521.6806533937454,452.9977722167969]},{"page":158,"text":"to the radio equipment. Replace normal lubricants with the recommended arctic lubricants. A light coat of","rect":[90.02406311035156,473.5713806152344,521.6344900712967,464.51776123046877]},{"page":158,"text":"silicon compound on antenna mast connections helps to keep them from freezing together and becoming hard","rect":[90.02406311035156,485.09136962890627,521.521137714386,476.0377502441406]},{"page":158,"text":"to dismantle.","rect":[90.02406311035156,494.5994567871094,141.547189950943,487.5577392578125]},{"page":158,"text":"Microphones","rect":[72.02406311035156,521.5414428710938,133.80011418437958,511.704833984375]},{"page":158,"text":"D-14. Use standard microphone covers to prevent moisture from breath freezing on the perforated cover plate","rect":[90.02406311035156,538.7313842773438,521.7797839622498,529.677734375]},{"page":158,"text":"of the microphone. If standard covers are not available, improvise a suitable cover from rubber or cellophane","rect":[90.02407836914063,550.2314453125,521.7902820091248,541.19775390625]},{"page":158,"text":"membranes, or from rayon or nylon cloths.","rect":[90.02407836914063,561.7713623046875,261.34598755836489,552.7177124023438]},{"page":158,"text":"Breathing and Sweating","rect":[72.02407836914063,586.6035766601563,185.12794065475465,576.744873046875]},{"page":158,"text":"D-15. A radio set generates heat when operated. The air inside a powered off radio set cools and contracts,","rect":[90.02407836914063,603.891357421875,521.5610449314117,594.8377075195313]},{"page":158,"text":"drawing cold air into the set from the outside. This is breathing. When a radio breathes, and the still-hot parts","rect":[90.02409362792969,615.4413452148438,522.1116226320266,606.3876953125]},{"page":158,"text":"encounter subzero air, the glass, plastic, and ceramic parts of the set may cool too rapidly and break.","rect":[90.02409362792969,626.9613647460938,491.01783204078677,617.90771484375]},{"page":158,"text":"D-16. Sweating occurs when cold equipment suddenly encounters warm air and moisture condenses on the","rect":[90.02409362792969,644.361328125,521.458800075531,635.3076782226563]},{"page":158,"text":"equipment parts. Before locating cold equipment into a heated area, wrap the equipment in a blanket or parka","rect":[90.02410888671875,655.8812866210938,522.0609729270935,646.82763671875]},{"page":158,"text":"to ensure that it warms gradually to reduce sweating. Equipment must be thoroughly dry before taking it back","rect":[90.02410888671875,667.4013061523438,521.660786151886,658.34765625]},{"page":158,"text":"into the cold air, or the moisture freeze.","rect":[90.02410888671875,677.0,247.8204596042633,669.86767578125]},{"page":158,"text":"D-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,86.6249945678711,747.4649658203125]},{"page":158,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":158,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":159,"text":"Communications in Austere Environments","rect":[358.0299987792969,44.259033203125,540.0099814453125,37.608036041259769]},{"page":159,"text":"Vehicular Mounted Radios","rect":[90.02399444580078,82.35456848144531,217.17602971172333,74.71488952636719]},{"page":159,"text":"D-17. Vehicle mounted radios present obvious challenges during winter operations caused by exposure to","rect":[108.0199966430664,101.76139831542969,539.9167675971985,92.70775604248047]},{"page":159,"text":"the elements. Observe proper starting procedures. The radio’s power switch must be off before starting the","rect":[108.02000427246094,113.28141784667969,539.6925647239685,104.22777557373047]},{"page":159,"text":"vehicle, especially when vehicles are slave-started. If the radio is cold soaked from a prolonged shutdown,","rect":[108.01998901367188,124.80143737792969,539.5859472751617,115.74779510498047]},{"page":159,"text":"frost may have collected inside the radio and could cause circuit arcing. Allow time for the vehicle’s heater","rect":[108.01998901367188,136.3214569091797,539.9159231767654,127.26781463623047]},{"page":159,"text":"to warm the radio sufficiently to ensure that any frost collected on or inside the radio has a chance to thaw.","rect":[108.01998901367188,147.8414764404297,534.2185156345367,138.78782653808595]},{"page":159,"text":"D-18. The defrosting process may take up to an hour. After turning the radio on, allow it to warm up for","rect":[108.01998901367188,165.3614959716797,539.7613821611404,156.30784606933595]},{"page":159,"text":"approximately 15 minutes before transmitting or changing frequencies. This allows components to stabilize.","rect":[108.02000427246094,176.7615203857422,539.5570166110992,167.70787048339845]},{"page":159,"text":"D-19. A vehicle operated at a low idle with radios, heater, and lights on may drain the batteries. Before","rect":[108.02000427246094,194.2815399169922,539.6181018333435,185.22789001464845]},{"page":159,"text":"increasing engine revolutions per minute, charge the batteries. Turn off radios to avoid an excessive power","rect":[108.02001953125,205.8015594482422,539.3787527666092,196.74790954589845]},{"page":159,"text":"surge.","rect":[108.02001953125,217.3215789794922,132.08338379859925,210.588623046875]},{"page":159,"text":"OPERATIONS IN JUNGLE AREAS","rect":[90.02401733398438,241.07077026367188,312.9086569709778,231.34104919433595]},{"page":159,"text":"D-20. Limitations on radio communications in jungle areas stem from the climate and the density of jungle","rect":[108.02001953125,260.7615661621094,539.869200466156,251.69798278808595]},{"page":159,"text":"growth. The hot and humid climate increases the maintenance problems of keeping equipment operable.","rect":[108.02003479003906,272.3115539550781,539.6368505954742,263.2579345703125]},{"page":159,"text":"Thick jungle growth acts as a vertically polarized absorbing screen for RF energy that, in effect, reduces the","rect":[108.02003479003906,283.83154296875,539.4076526145935,274.7679443359375]},{"page":159,"text":"transmission range. Therefore, increased emphasis on maintenance and antenna site selection is inherently","rect":[108.02003479003906,295.3515319824219,539.7869458198547,286.29791259765627]},{"page":159,"text":"important when operating in jungle areas.","rect":[108.02003479003906,306.87152099609377,274.3620092868805,297.80792236328127]},{"page":159,"text":"D-21. Radio communications in jungle areas require careful planning. Dense jungle growth, heavy rains, and","rect":[108.02003479003906,324.2715148925781,539.687885761261,315.2079162597656]},{"page":159,"text":"hilly terrain all significantly reduce the range of radio transmission. Trees and underbrush absorb VHF and","rect":[108.02005004882813,335.79150390625,539.5807690620422,326.7378845214844]},{"page":159,"text":"UHF radio energy. In addition to the ordinary free space loss between transmitting and receiving antennas, a","rect":[108.02005004882813,347.3114929199219,539.6368396263123,338.25787353515627]},{"page":159,"text":"radio wave passing through a forest undergoes an additional loss. This extra loss increases rapidly as the","rect":[108.02005004882813,358.83148193359377,539.8164050559998,349.7778625488281]},{"page":159,"text":"transmission frequency increase. Near the ground (antenna heights of less than 3 meters [9.8 feet]) vertical","rect":[108.02005004882813,370.3514709472656,539.3778277645112,361.2978515625]},{"page":159,"text":"polarization is preferred. If possible elevate the receiving and transmitting antenna as much as 10–20 meters","rect":[108.02005004882813,381.8714599609375,539.9839370851516,372.8178405761719]},{"page":159,"text":"(32.8–65.6 feet), horizontal polarization is preferable to vertical polarization. Considerable reduction in total","rect":[108.02008056640625,393.2515563964844,539.7106524715424,384.21783447265627]},{"page":159,"text":"path loss results if either the transmitting or receiving antenna placement occurs above tree level through","rect":[108.02008056640625,404.79144287109377,539.427631855011,395.7378234863281]},{"page":159,"text":"which wave propagation occurs.","rect":[108.02008056640625,416.3114318847656,237.221262216568,407.2578125]},{"page":159,"text":"D-22. Single-channel radios deploy in many configurations, especially man packed, which make it a valuable","rect":[108.02008056640625,433.8314208984375,539.6137073020935,424.7778015136719]},{"page":159,"text":"communications asset. Carefully consider the capabilities and limitations of tactical radios when used by","rect":[108.02010345458985,445.3714294433594,539.617084980011,436.31781005859377]},{"page":159,"text":"friendly forces in a jungle environment. The mobility and various configurations in which the tactical radio","rect":[108.02010345458985,456.89141845703127,539.7796216011047,447.82781982421877]},{"page":159,"text":"deploy are its primary advantages in jungle areas.","rect":[108.02010345458985,468.2914123535156,306.014963388443,459.2278137207031]},{"page":159,"text":"TECHNIQUES FOR BETTER COMMUNICATIONS IN JUNGLE AREAS","rect":[90.02410125732422,493.4164123535156,408.65216636657717,483.5860290527344]},{"page":159,"text":"D-23. The site selection of the antenna is the main problem in establishing radio communications in jungle","rect":[108.01997375488281,511.61138916015627,539.9716174583435,502.54779052734377]},{"page":159,"text":"areas. Techniques to improve communications in the jungle include—","rect":[108.01998901367188,523.1314086914063,388.75000858306887,514.0678100585938]},{"page":159,"text":" Place antennas in clearings on the edge farthest from the distant station, and as high as possible.","rect":[133.22000122070313,536.69140625,533.9331152439117,527.6377563476563]},{"page":159,"text":" Keep antenna cables and connectors off the ground to lessen the effects of moisture, fungus, and","rect":[133.22000122070313,550.1314086914063,539.9819531440735,541.0777587890625]},{"page":159,"text":"insects. This also applies to all power and telephone cables.","rect":[151.22000122070313,561.6314697265625,388.82572388648989,552.5977783203125]},{"page":159,"text":" Use complete antenna systems, as broadband and dipoles. They are more effective than fractional","rect":[133.22000122070313,575.21142578125,539.5904132137299,566.1577758789063]},{"page":159,"text":"wavelength whip antennas.","rect":[151.22000122070313,586.6113891601563,259.60474610328677,577.5577392578125]},{"page":159,"text":" Clear vegetation from antenna sites. If an antenna touches any foliage, especially wet foliage,","rect":[133.22000122070313,600.1714477539063,539.763010263443,591.1177978515625]},{"page":159,"text":"grounding of the signal occurs.","rect":[151.22000122070313,611.6013793945313,275.2320349216461,602.5477294921875]},{"page":159,"text":" Use  horizontally  polarized  antennas  in  preference  to  vertically  polarized  antennas  because","rect":[133.22000122070313,625.1614379882813,539.5506579856873,616.1077880859375]},{"page":159,"text":"vegetation, particularly when wet, act as a vertically polarized screen and absorb much of any","rect":[151.22000122070313,636.681396484375,539.6103711128235,627.6277465820313]},{"page":159,"text":"vertically polarized signal.","rect":[151.22000122070313,648.201416015625,257.3037359714508,639.1477661132813]},{"page":159,"text":"MAINTENANCE IMPROVEMENT IN TROPICAL AREAS","rect":[90.02400207519531,671.6422119140625,346.4721431732178,663.3880004882813]},{"page":159,"text":"D-24. Maintenance of radio sets in tropical climates is more difficult than in temperate climates due to","rect":[108.02000427246094,691.3814697265625,539.7077221870422,682.3477783203125]},{"page":159,"text":"excessive amounts of moisture and fungus. The high relative humidity causes condensation to form on the","rect":[108.02001953125,702.9174194335938,539.864805934906,693.86376953125]},{"page":159,"text":"equipment and encourages the growth of fungus. Radio operators and maintenance personnel should check","rect":[108.02001953125,714.4374389648438,539.5969433784485,705.3837890625]},{"page":159,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":159,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":159,"text":"D-3","rect":[507.58001708984377,754.0349731445313,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":160,"text":"Appendix D","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":160,"text":"the appropriate TMs for any special maintenance requirements. Techniques for improving maintenance in","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.491352558136,74.08776092529297]},{"page":160,"text":"jungle areas include—","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,179.90000247955323,85.6177749633789]},{"page":160,"text":" Keep the equipment as dry as possible and in lighted areas to retard fungal growth.","rect":[115.22000122070313,108.24137878417969,463.96436524391177,99.18773651123047]},{"page":160,"text":" Keep air vents clear of obstructions to ensure that air can properly circulate for cooling and drying","rect":[115.22000122070313,121.68138122558594,521.6601758003235,112.62773895263672]},{"page":160,"text":"of the equipment.","rect":[133.22000122070313,133.1814727783203,203.33841919898988,124.14775848388672]},{"page":160,"text":" Use moisture and fungus proofing paint, tape, or silicone grease to protect equipment after repairs,","rect":[115.22000122070313,146.6414031982422,521.9311621189117,137.58775329589845]},{"page":160,"text":"or to protect damaged or scratched painted surfaces.","rect":[133.22000122070313,158.1614227294922,341.07520508766177,149.10777282714845]},{"page":160,"text":"EXPEDIENT ANTENNAS","rect":[72.02400207519531,181.7222137451172,185.4028377532959,173.468017578125]},{"page":160,"text":"D-25. Dismounted patrols and units of company-size and smaller can improve their ability to communicate","rect":[90.02400970458985,201.48143005371095,521.6395251731873,192.4277801513672]},{"page":160,"text":"in the jungle by using expedient antennas. While moving, users are generally restricted to the short or long","rect":[90.02400207519531,213.00144958496095,521.8202710151672,203.93785095214845]},{"page":160,"text":"whip antennas that come with their manpack radios. Using an expedient antenna when stationary allows users","rect":[90.02400207519531,224.40147399902345,521.7206314210891,215.3478240966797]},{"page":160,"text":"to broadcast farther and receive more clearly. Circuits inside the radio load the whips properly to tune the","rect":[90.02400207519531,235.92149353027345,521.8311755638123,226.8678436279297]},{"page":160,"text":"radios to give maximum output. Whips antennas are not as effective as a tuned doublet or as broadband as","rect":[90.02400207519531,247.44151306152345,521.5014541749954,238.3878631591797]},{"page":160,"text":"the OE-254 tuned to the operating frequency.","rect":[90.02400207519531,258.9615173339844,270.9984838962555,249.9078826904297]},{"page":160,"text":"D-26. When used properly, the expedient OE-254 type antenna increases the ability to communicate. The","rect":[90.02400207519531,276.5115051269531,522.0571277122498,267.4578857421875]},{"page":160,"text":"OE-254 antenna system is bulky and heavy. Therefore, it is not generally acceptable for dismounted patrols","rect":[90.02400207519531,288.031494140625,521.5537002687454,278.9778747558594]},{"page":160,"text":"or  small-unit  operations.  A  Soldier  can  manage  by,  carrying  only  the  masthead  and  antenna  sections,","rect":[90.02400207519531,299.4314880371094,521.609201669693,290.37786865234377]},{"page":160,"text":"mounting these on wooden poles, or hanging them up when not on the move.","rect":[90.02400207519531,310.95147705078127,398.3830053806305,301.8978576660156]},{"page":160,"text":"OPERATIONS IN URBAN AREAS","rect":[72.02400207519531,334.70068359375,287.8014792366028,324.9850158691406]},{"page":160,"text":"D-27. Radio communications in urbanized terrain pose special problems. When the Army engages in urban","rect":[90.02400207519531,354.511474609375,521.5383496284485,345.4578552246094]},{"page":160,"text":"combat operations the communications situation is considerably different from the situation faced by civil","rect":[90.02400207519531,366.0314636230469,521.8531695613862,356.97784423828127]},{"page":160,"text":"government or cell phone users. Military factors include—","rect":[90.02400207519531,377.43145751953127,324.8899927139282,368.3778381347656]},{"page":160,"text":" Restriction of operation to the frequency range of common military radios (2–512 MHz).","rect":[115.22000122070313,390.991455078125,489.70401978492739,381.9378356933594]},{"page":160,"text":" Limits on the output power of military radio equipment.","rect":[115.22003173828125,404.55145263671877,356.99134278297427,395.4978332519531]},{"page":160,"text":" Limited number of available repeater assets if any.","rect":[115.22003173828125,417.991455078125,335.724924325943,408.9378356933594]},{"page":160,"text":" Limited access to good repeater locations due to enemy action.","rect":[115.22003173828125,431.55145263671877,384.42115235328677,422.4978332519531]},{"page":160,"text":" Need to communicate to both outside street locations and inside structures.","rect":[115.22003173828125,442.9995422363281,432.51810669898989,435.95782470703127]},{"page":160,"text":" Lack of standard compact antenna systems useful for urban combat.","rect":[115.22003173828125,458.5714416503906,404.948801279068,449.517822265625]},{"page":160,"text":" Severe restrictions on the movements of system users.","rect":[115.22003173828125,472.0114440917969,349.606760263443,462.95782470703127]},{"page":160,"text":" Lack of man-power required to cover multiple signal sites can easily exceed available resources.","rect":[115.22003173828125,485.5714416503906,518.8770849704742,476.517822265625]},{"page":160,"text":" Problems with man-made obstacles or line of sight obstructions blocking transmission paths.","rect":[115.22003173828125,499.0114440917969,503.84754395484927,489.95782470703127]},{"page":160,"text":" Problems with poor electrical conductivity due to pavement surfaces.","rect":[115.22003173828125,512.5714721679688,409.80106568336489,503.517822265625]},{"page":160,"text":" Problem with commercial power lines interference.","rect":[115.22003173828125,525.9915161132813,338.4159948825836,516.9578247070313]},{"page":160,"text":" Distorted radio wave propagation in built-up areas and the limited availability of open lines of","rect":[115.22003173828125,539.5714721679688,521.7442923173904,530.517822265625]},{"page":160,"text":"communication make it difficult to move and install fixed station and multichannel systems.","rect":[133.22003173828126,550.9714965820313,501.6651403903961,541.9178466796875]},{"page":160,"text":"D-28. FM and VHF radios have their effectiveness reduced in built-up areas. The operating frequencies and","rect":[90.02403259277344,568.491455078125,521.869282245636,559.4378051757813]},{"page":160,"text":"power output of these sets demand line of sight between antennas. Line of sight at street level is not always","rect":[90.02403259277344,580.011474609375,521.4216201906204,570.9578247070313]},{"page":160,"text":"possible  in  built-up  areas.  AM  HF  sets  are  less  affected  by  the  line  of  sight  problem  because  operating","rect":[90.02403259277344,591.531494140625,521.7174878120422,582.4778442382813]},{"page":160,"text":"frequencies are lower, yet power output is greater. In experiences, HF radios were not organic to the small","rect":[90.02403259277344,602.9314575195313,521.5511065731049,593.8778076171875]},{"page":160,"text":"units that conducted clearing operations. RETRANS of VHF signals overcomes this limitation if available to","rect":[90.02403259277344,614.4815063476563,521.8024487495422,605.4278564453125]},{"page":160,"text":"use.","rect":[90.02403259277344,623.989501953125,105.70111298561096,619.2684936523438]},{"page":160,"text":"TECHNIQUES FOR BETTER COMMUNICATIONS IN URBAN AREAS","rect":[72.02403259277344,651.12646484375,386.45221519470217,641.2960205078125]},{"page":160,"text":"D-29. When available, RETRANS stations in aerial platforms could provide the most effective means;","rect":[90.0240478515625,669.301513671875,521.5581866512299,660.267822265625]},{"page":160,"text":"depending  on  the  requirement,  use  organic  RETRANS  sets.  Hide  or blend  radio  antennas  in  with  the","rect":[90.0240478515625,680.8414916992188,521.805479763031,671.787841796875]},{"page":160,"text":"surroundings  to  ensure  they  will  not  be  landmarks  for  the  enemy  to  locate.  Water  towers,  commercial","rect":[90.0240478515625,692.241455078125,521.5013018856049,683.1878051757813]},{"page":160,"text":"antennas, and steeples can conceal military antennas.","rect":[90.0240478515625,703.7575073242188,301.9031774997711,694.703857421875]},{"page":160,"text":"D-4","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,86.6249945678711,747.4649658203125]},{"page":160,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":160,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":161,"text":"Communications in Austere Environments","rect":[358.0299987792969,44.259033203125,540.0099814453125,37.608036041259769]},{"page":161,"text":"D-30. Lay wire while friendly forces are in static positions, but careful planning is necessary. Use existing","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,539.8359570503235,74.08776092529297]},{"page":161,"text":"telephone poles to raise wire lines above the streets. Use ditches, culverts, and tunnels to keep the wire below","rect":[108.02000427246094,94.66146087646485,539.9157904376983,85.62773895263672]},{"page":161,"text":"the streets. If not taken as precautions, tracked and wheeled vehicles constantly tear lines apart, and disrupt","rect":[108.02000427246094,106.20140075683594,540.1799517879487,97.14775848388672]},{"page":161,"text":"communications.","rect":[108.02000427246094,115.5895004272461,176.465158700943,108.54778289794922]},{"page":161,"text":"D-31. Messengers provide security and flexibility. Carefully select messenger routes to avoid pockets of","rect":[108.02000427246094,135.12144470214845,539.6479788408279,126.06780242919922]},{"page":161,"text":"enemy resistance. Vary routes and time schedules to avoid establishing a pattern. Pyrotechnics, smoke, and","rect":[108.02001953125,146.64146423339845,539.5173535346985,137.5878143310547]},{"page":161,"text":"marker panels are also excellent means for communicating, but they require coordination and understanding","rect":[108.02001953125,158.16148376464845,539.725727558136,149.1078338623047]},{"page":161,"text":"by  air  and  ground  forces.  The  noise  of  combat  in  built-up  areas  makes  it  difficult  to  use  sound  signals","rect":[108.02001953125,169.68150329589845,539.7949722414016,160.6278533935547]},{"page":161,"text":"effectively.","rect":[108.02001953125,181.20152282714845,153.07908082008363,172.1478729248047]},{"page":161,"text":"D-32. The possible seizure or retention of established communications facilities must be included in planning.","rect":[108.02001953125,198.60154724121095,539.9358007907867,189.5478973388672]},{"page":161,"text":"Make every effort to prevent damage or destruction of these facilities. The local telephone system is already","rect":[108.02003479003906,210.12156677246095,539.7763257026672,201.0679168701172]},{"page":161,"text":"in place and tailored to the city or town. Army forces use local telephone systems to provide immediate","rect":[108.02003479003906,221.64158630371095,540.0725085716248,212.5879364013672]},{"page":161,"text":"access to wire communications with overhead and buried cable. This procedure helps overcome the problems","rect":[108.02003479003906,233.1416778564453,539.5770767335891,224.1079559326172]},{"page":161,"text":"encountered with radios and provides a cable system less susceptible to combat damage.","rect":[108.02003479003906,244.68162536621095,461.00245118141177,235.6279754638672]},{"page":161,"text":"D-33. Local media, as the newspapers, radio stations, and television stations, provide communications with","rect":[108.02003479003906,262.2117004394531,539.8482251167297,253.17796325683595]},{"page":161,"text":"the local populace after the level of combat declines. Intact police or taxi communications facilities are also","rect":[108.02005004882813,273.6117248535156,539.427631855011,264.5780029296875]},{"page":161,"text":"possible radio systems, tailored to the city, with RETRANS facilities already in place.","rect":[108.02005004882813,285.151611328125,451.78968262672427,276.0979919433594]},{"page":161,"text":"D-34. Radio  equipped  vehicles  should  be  parked  inside  of  buildings  for  cover  and  concealment  when","rect":[108.02005004882813,302.6716003417969,539.6315503120422,293.61798095703127]},{"page":161,"text":"possible; dismount radio equipment, and install it inside buildings in basements, if available. Place generators","rect":[108.02006530761719,314.19158935546877,539.7562759523391,305.1379699707031]},{"page":161,"text":"against buildings or under sheds to increase noise absorption, provide concealment, and always remember to","rect":[108.02006530761719,325.7115783691406,539.8850293159485,316.657958984375]},{"page":161,"text":"ensure adequate ventilation is available.","rect":[108.02006530761719,337.211669921875,267.48963379859927,328.1779479980469]},{"page":161,"text":"D-35. Another important consideration for urban combat is raw power. The more power used, the more path","rect":[108.02006530761719,354.6116638183594,539.5483593940735,345.57794189453127]},{"page":161,"text":"loss and the deeper the signals penetrate structures. Common tactical VHF man-pack radios like SINCGARS","rect":[108.02008056640625,366.15155029296877,539.9008581657409,357.0979309082031]},{"page":161,"text":"have a maximum output power of four watts. The AN/PRC-150 I HF radio has a maximum output power of","rect":[108.02008056640625,377.6516418457031,539.7825003252029,368.617919921875]},{"page":161,"text":"20 watts. That is 7 dB more signal power to overcome losses caused by the path, path obstructions, inefficient","rect":[108.02008056640625,389.1915283203125,539.7065020809174,380.1379089355469]},{"page":161,"text":"antennas, and other signal consuming factors. The extra power improves the radio capabilities. The following","rect":[108.02008056640625,400.7115173339844,539.732563495636,391.65789794921877]},{"page":161,"text":"are examples of power relationships—","rect":[108.02008056640625,412.09161376953127,262.25008487701418,403.0578918457031]},{"page":161,"text":" 4 watts = 36 decibels above one milliwatt (dBm).","rect":[133.2200927734375,425.651611328125,348.48783326148989,416.6178894042969]},{"page":161,"text":" 20 watts = 43 dBm.","rect":[133.2200927734375,437.2395935058594,229.6850073337555,430.1978759765625]},{"page":161,"text":" 50 watts = 47 dBm.","rect":[133.2200927734375,450.6795959472656,229.6850073337555,443.63787841796877]},{"page":161,"text":" 150 watts = 52 dBm.","rect":[133.2200927734375,464.2395935058594,234.7147924900055,457.1978759765625]},{"page":161,"text":" 400 watts = 56 dBm.","rect":[133.2200927734375,477.6795959472656,234.84249329566956,470.63787841796877]},{"page":161,"text":"D-36. The dB is a logarithmic unit used to describe a ratio. The ratio may be power, voltage, intensity, or","rect":[108.02009582519531,497.21148681640627,539.4986258134842,488.1578674316406]},{"page":161,"text":"several other factors but in this case, its power watts. If radio operators look at the math, they can measure","rect":[108.02011108398438,508.7314758300781,539.3580310325623,499.6778564453125]},{"page":161,"text":"the difference of two power levels by taking a logarithm of log 10 of their power ratio. If the ratio of power","rect":[108.02011108398438,520.1315307617188,539.5506888017654,511.077880859375]},{"page":161,"text":"is, for example, two, meaning one radio transmitter is double the power of the other, the difference is 3dB.","rect":[108.02011108398438,531.6514892578125,539.5173437595367,522.5978393554688]},{"page":161,"text":"Every 3dB gained through a more efficient antenna system or reduced transmission line loss is the equivalent","rect":[108.02011108398438,543.1715087890625,539.8863116512299,534.1178588867188]},{"page":161,"text":"of doubled transmitter power.","rect":[108.02011108398438,554.6715087890625,226.64373230934144,545.6378173828125]},{"page":161,"text":"D-37. The important point is that often, adjustments to antenna systems or operational frequencies to make","rect":[108.02011108398438,572.2114868164063,539.4188220481873,563.1478881835938]},{"page":161,"text":"an  antenna  more  efficient  can  produce  far  more  dBs  of  signal  power  than  simply  increasing  the  raw","rect":[108.02012634277344,583.7315063476563,540.1821478595733,574.6778564453125]},{"page":161,"text":"transmitter power. More power assists in overcoming path loss for the near-vertical incidence skywave and","rect":[108.02012634277344,595.1315307617188,539.9046216011047,586.077880859375]},{"page":161,"text":"ground  wave  systems but  many  times the best or only answer to the problem. If the radio is already","rect":[108.02012634277344,606.6514892578125,539.577045917511,597.5978393554688]},{"page":161,"text":"transmitting at maximum power, then these adjustments (to the antenna systems or frequencies) are the only","rect":[108.02012634277344,618.2014770507813,539.992329120636,609.1378784179688]},{"page":161,"text":"way to compensate for path loss and improve signal penetration in the urban combat environment.","rect":[108.02012634277344,629.7214965820313,500.583566904068,620.6678466796875]},{"page":161,"text":"Note. It is important to remember that in many situations the power required to operate a radio","rect":[133.22000122070313,653.0014038085938,521.5984082221985,643.94775390625]},{"page":161,"text":"may not need to be at the maximum power, use only the power necessary to operate.","rect":[133.22000122070313,664.5214233398438,470.814279794693,655.4677734375]},{"page":161,"text":"D-38. Communications between two radio stations requires that the transmitter power-transmitter antenna","rect":[108.0199966430664,696.657470703125,539.8580310325623,687.623779296875]},{"page":161,"text":"gain-receiver antenna gain-receiver performance overcome the path loss between stations. A base station","rect":[108.02000427246094,708.1974487304688,539.9176831245422,699.143798828125]},{"page":161,"text":"typically uses a higher performance receiver and a more efficient antenna, and can compensate for a low","rect":[108.02000427246094,719.7174072265625,539.4574164142608,710.6637573242188]},{"page":161,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":161,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":161,"text":"D-5","rect":[507.58001708984377,754.0349731445313,522.0610068359375,747.4920043945313]},{"page":162,"text":"Appendix D","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":162,"text":"power outstation radio, like the manpack radio used by forward troops with its inefficient antenna. When","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.4216504096985,74.08776092529297]},{"page":162,"text":"reserving  the  path,  typically  higher-power  base-station  transmitter  and  the  more  efficient  antenna  again","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,521.7983593940735,85.62773895263672]},{"page":162,"text":"compensates  for  lower  performing  combat  unit  radios  in  the  net.  Communications  between  low-power","rect":[90.02399444580078,106.20140075683594,522.0196219072342,97.14775848388672]},{"page":162,"text":"outstations are much more difficult and may even require RETRANS through a more efficient base station.","rect":[90.02399444580078,117.60142517089844,518.6974585056305,108.54778289794922]},{"page":162,"text":"D-39. In urban operations, small HF radios, like the AN/PRC-150 I, are extremely portable, but are antenna","rect":[90.02399444580078,135.12144470214845,521.8070666770935,126.06780242919922]},{"page":162,"text":"and power challenged based on location. To obtain a high degree of portable near-vertical incidence skywave","rect":[90.02398681640625,146.64146423339845,521.8790271263123,137.5878143310547]},{"page":162,"text":"effect when needed by physically reorienting standard vertical man-pack or vehicle (whip) antennas to the","rect":[90.02398681640625,158.16148376464845,521.7347400169373,149.1078338623047]},{"page":162,"text":"horizontal plane. Direct (surface wave) signals are simpler to generate and use inside structures produced","rect":[90.02398681640625,169.68150329589845,521.6208691596985,160.6278533935547]},{"page":162,"text":"from the same antenna by just leaving the antenna vertical.","rect":[90.02398681640625,181.20152282714845,325.459787607193,172.13792419433595]},{"page":162,"text":"D-40. Because of their longer wavelengths, lower frequency HF 2–30 MHz signals naturally penetrate urban","rect":[90.02398681640625,198.60154724121095,521.8691601753235,189.5478973388672]},{"page":162,"text":"structures deeper than signals on higher, shorter wavelength frequencies. How deep the penetration depends","rect":[90.02398681640625,210.12156677246095,521.6108902101516,201.0679168701172]},{"page":162,"text":"on exact frequency, signal power level, antenna efficiency and the makeup of the urban structures in the path.","rect":[90.02398681640625,221.64158630371095,521.770578622818,212.5879364013672]},{"page":162,"text":"D-41. In  radio  communications  and  particularly  urban  combat  radio  communications,  is  important  to","rect":[90.02398681640625,239.16160583496095,521.508442401886,230.1079559326172]},{"page":162,"text":"overcome path loss. The greater the radiated signal, the lower the frequency, the more path loss reduction.","rect":[90.02398681640625,250.68162536621095,522.0594580173492,241.6279754638672]},{"page":162,"text":"This raises the probability of successful communications in urban areas and inside buildings.","rect":[90.02398681640625,262.2315979003906,460.7652380466461,253.17796325683595]},{"page":162,"text":"D-42. As an example of HF signal penetration, is not uncommon for a small ground penetrating radar","rect":[90.02398681640625,279.6316223144531,521.7373953447342,270.5780029296875]},{"page":162,"text":"transmitter operating in the HF frequency range to penetrate over 100 feet 30.4 meters into common kinds of","rect":[90.02398681640625,291.151611328125,521.8642874345779,282.0979919433594]},{"page":162,"text":"earth while the same power radar on a higher frequency penetrate much less. If the radio operator is using a","rect":[90.02398681640625,302.6716003417969,521.4913318138123,293.61798095703127]},{"page":162,"text":"common VHF military radio operating at 30 MHz (lowest frequency for single-channel ground-to-air radio","rect":[90.02398681640625,314.19158935546877,522.0399975776672,305.1379699707031]},{"page":162,"text":"systems) and replaces it with an HF radio AN/PRC-150 I, operating at 5 MHz the path loss drops by 20 dB","rect":[90.02398681640625,325.7115783691406,521.7967624082565,316.657958984375]},{"page":162,"text":"because of the way that longer wavelength lower frequency signals propagate. In this case, lowering the","rect":[90.02398681640625,337.2315673828125,521.371886013031,328.1779479980469]},{"page":162,"text":"frequency is the equivalent to increasing the power of the transmitter by a factor of almost seven.","rect":[90.02398681640625,348.6315612792969,478.1901342868805,339.57794189453127]},{"page":162,"text":"OPERATIONS IN DESERT AREAS","rect":[72.02398681640625,372.3807678222656,294.02871312332158,362.66510009765627]},{"page":162,"text":"D-43. Radios are usually the primary means of communications in the desert. Radios employed in desert","rect":[90.02398681640625,392.1915588378906,521.4388018856049,383.137939453125]},{"page":162,"text":"climate and terrain provide the highly mobile means of communications required for widely dispersed forces.","rect":[90.02398681640625,403.7115478515625,521.8038427829742,394.6579284667969]},{"page":162,"text":"Desert  terrain  provides  poor  electrical  ground  and  counterpoises  are  needed  to  improve  operation.  The","rect":[90.02398681640625,415.1115417480469,521.571104763031,406.05792236328127]},{"page":162,"text":"following paragraphs address operations in desert or arid areas.","rect":[90.02398681640625,426.63153076171877,342.6693823337555,417.5779113769531]},{"page":162,"text":"D-44. Dust and extreme heat are two of the biggest problems involved in desert operations. Temperatures","rect":[90.02398681640625,444.1715393066406,521.5707290773391,435.117919921875]},{"page":162,"text":"may vary from 58º Celsius 136º Fahrenheit in summer to -46º Celsius -50º Fahrenheit in winter. The heat can","rect":[90.02398681640625,455.6915283203125,522.0239453315735,446.6379089355469]},{"page":162,"text":"take a toll on generators, wire, communications equipment, and personnel.","rect":[90.02398681640625,467.2115173339844,387.5491735935211,458.15789794921877]},{"page":162,"text":"D-45. Dust  and  sand  particles  damage  equipment.  Some  combat  net  radios  have  ventilating  ports  and","rect":[90.02398681640625,484.73150634765627,522.034077167511,475.6778869628906]},{"page":162,"text":"channels  that  may  clog  with  dust.  Operators  should  check  and  clean  these  ports  regularly  to  prevent","rect":[90.02398681640625,496.1315002441406,521.9347125301362,487.077880859375]},{"page":162,"text":"overheating.","rect":[90.02398681640625,507.6514892578125,139.51523804664613,498.5978698730469]},{"page":162,"text":"D-46. In a desert environment, operators should ground equipment by burying ground plates in the sand and","rect":[90.02398681640625,525.1715087890625,521.785297870636,516.1178588867188]},{"page":162,"text":"pouring salt solutions on the ground plates. Daily equipment maintenance checks should include cleaning","rect":[90.02398681640625,536.6914672851563,521.8550000190735,527.6378173828125]},{"page":162,"text":"generators and air filters to prevent equipment damage.","rect":[90.02398681640625,548.2114868164063,310.67786622047427,539.1578369140625]},{"page":162,"text":"TECHNIQUES FOR BETTER COMMUNICATIONS IN DESERT AREAS","rect":[72.02398681640625,573.3364868164063,390.77216148376467,563.5060424804688]},{"page":162,"text":"D-47. Cut or adjust antennas to the length of the operating frequency. Emplace antennas in the required","rect":[90.02398681640625,591.531494140625,521.448627948761,582.4678955078125]},{"page":162,"text":"direction.  Approximate  azimuth  produced  by  guesswork  is  not  sufficient.  A  whip  antenna  relies  on  the","rect":[90.02398681640625,602.9314575195313,521.5411975364685,593.8778076171875]},{"page":162,"text":"capacitor effect, between itself and the ground, for efficient propagation. The electrical ground may be very","rect":[90.02398681640625,614.4815063476563,521.856342792511,605.4278564453125]},{"page":162,"text":"poor and degrade the antenna performance by as much as one-third if the surface soil lacks moisture, which","rect":[90.02398681640625,626.0015258789063,521.793354511261,616.9478759765625]},{"page":162,"text":"is normally the case in the desert.","rect":[90.02398681640625,637.521484375,223.4083502292633,628.4678344726563]},{"page":162,"text":"D-48. If a ground-mounted antenna is not fitted with a counterpoise (see chapter 10 for more information on","rect":[90.02398681640625,655.04150390625,521.844868183136,645.9878540039063]},{"page":162,"text":"a counterpoise), dampen the ground around it using any fluid available. Vehicle mounted antennas are more","rect":[90.02398681640625,666.4415283203125,521.5410144309998,657.3878784179688]},{"page":162,"text":"efficient if the mass main structure of the vehicle is forward of the antennas and is oriented toward the distant","rect":[90.02398681640625,675.9495239257813,522.0369464168549,668.9078369140625]},{"page":162,"text":"station.","rect":[90.02398681640625,687.4695434570313,119.02750611305237,680.4278564453125]},{"page":162,"text":"D-49. Keep radios cool and clean in accordance with preventive maintenance procedures. Operate them in a","rect":[90.02398681640625,706.9775390625,521.448546169281,697.94384765625]},{"page":162,"text":"shaded or ventilated area, and at low power whenever possible. Place a flat sheet of wood, cardboard, or a","rect":[90.02398681640625,718.49755859375,521.5808093528748,709.4638671875]},{"page":162,"text":"D-6","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,86.6249945678711,747.4649658203125]},{"page":162,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":162,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":163,"text":"Communications in Austere Environments","rect":[358.0299987792969,44.259033203125,540.0099814453125,37.608036041259769]},{"page":163,"text":"vehicle’s canvas top over the top of the radio to create man-made shade. Leaving a space between the wood,","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,539.7843725681305,74.08776092529297]},{"page":163,"text":"cardboard, and the radio, help to cool the radio by causing air to circulate in the shaded area between the","rect":[108.01998901367188,94.68138122558594,539.3278796653748,85.62773895263672]},{"page":163,"text":"radio and the wood. Carefully covering hot radios with a damp cloth without blocking ventilation outlets","rect":[108.01998901367188,106.20140075683594,539.9227798585891,97.14775848388672]},{"page":163,"text":"allows moisture evaporation from the cloth to cool the radio.","rect":[108.01998901367188,117.58150482177735,350.585764169693,108.54778289794922]},{"page":163,"text":"DESERT TERRAIN","rect":[90.02398681640625,141.16221618652345,177.71748447418214,133.07601928710938]},{"page":163,"text":"D-50. Desert  terrain  can  cause  excessive  signal  attenuation,  making  planning  ranges  shorter.  Desert","rect":[108.01998138427735,160.9214324951172,539.7474566707612,151.86778259277345]},{"page":163,"text":"operations  require  dispersion,  yet  the  environment  is  likely  to  degrade  the  transmission  range  of  radios,","rect":[108.01998901367188,172.4414520263672,539.9000952243805,163.38780212402345]},{"page":163,"text":"particularly VHFs FM fitted with secure equipment. This degradation is most likely to occur during the","rect":[108.01998901367188,183.9614715576172,539.556944606781,174.90782165527345]},{"page":163,"text":"hottest part of the day, from approximately 1200–1700.","rect":[108.01998901367188,195.4814910888672,329.9896032810211,186.42784118652345]},{"page":163,"text":"D-51. If, during the hottest time of day, radio stations begin to lose contact, alternative communications plans","rect":[108.01998901367188,213.0015106201172,539.8685806398391,203.94786071777345]},{"page":163,"text":"must be ready, and may include—","rect":[108.02000427246094,224.4015350341797,245.21000003814698,215.34788513183595]},{"page":163,"text":" Using RETRANS capabilities, including airborne RETRANS capabilities the aircraft must remain","rect":[133.22000122070313,237.96153259277345,539.7198071479797,228.9078826904297]},{"page":163,"text":"at least 4,000 meters behind the line of contact. Plan RETRANS in conjunction with the scheme","rect":[151.22000122070313,249.48155212402345,539.7909533958435,240.41795349121095]},{"page":163,"text":"of maneuver.","rect":[151.22000122070313,258.9896545410156,203.81876587867738,251.9578857421875]},{"page":163,"text":" Deploying any unemployed vehicle with a radio as RETRANS between stations.","rect":[133.22000122070313,274.4715270996094,473.8245642185211,265.41790771484377]},{"page":163,"text":" Using alternative radio links, like the VHF multichannel telephones a higher level or HF single-","rect":[133.22000122070313,288.0315246582031,540.1765432939529,278.9779052734375]},{"page":163,"text":"sideband voice.","rect":[151.22000122070313,297.41961669921877,213.28077149391175,290.3778991699219]},{"page":163,"text":"D-52. After  dark,  a  rapid  temperature  drop  creates  heat  inversion.  This  inversion  can  disrupt  radio","rect":[108.02000427246094,316.9316101074219,539.7738842964172,307.89788818359377]},{"page":163,"text":"communications until the atmosphere stabilizes.","rect":[108.02001953125,328.45159912109377,300.22806763648989,319.4178771972656]},{"page":163,"text":"D-53. Wired connections are impractical during high-tempo military operations. Wire may be of some value","rect":[108.02001953125,345.9914855957031,539.706602809906,336.9378662109375]},{"page":163,"text":"in static defensive situations. When possible, installers and operators should bury wire and cables deep in the","rect":[108.02003479003906,357.511474609375,539.711241481781,348.4578552246094]},{"page":163,"text":"soft sand to prevent heat damage to cable insulation and prevent vehicle or foot traffic damage.","rect":[108.02003479003906,368.9114685058594,487.99415040016177,359.85784912109377]},{"page":163,"text":"D-54. Operators should protect computers and removable storage  media from dust and sand. Covering","rect":[108.02003479003906,386.43145751953127,540.0280957221985,377.3778381347656]},{"page":163,"text":"computers and disks with plastic bags may reduce damage. Covering computers and radios for an extended","rect":[108.02005004882813,397.9514465332031,539.6170239448547,388.8978271484375]},{"page":163,"text":"period may cause condensation inside these components, resulting in equipment damage or data loss. Canned","rect":[108.02005004882813,409.471435546875,539.6963086128235,400.4178161621094]},{"page":163,"text":"compressed air is a useful tool to clean keyboards and other components.","rect":[108.02005004882813,420.9914245605469,399.9509069919586,411.93780517578127]},{"page":163,"text":"D-55. Wind-blown sand and grit can damage electrical wire insulation over time. Tape can help protect cables","rect":[108.02005004882813,438.53143310546877,539.7994278078079,429.4778137207031]},{"page":163,"text":"from sand damage. Sand may also work into parts of items such as spaghetti cord plugs, either preventing","rect":[108.02006530761719,449.9314270019531,539.5071606636047,440.8778076171875]},{"page":163,"text":"electrical contact or making it impossible to join the plugs together. A soft brush, like an old toothbrush, can","rect":[108.02006530761719,461.451416015625,539.7118725776672,452.3878173828125]},{"page":163,"text":"clean cords and plugs before connection.","rect":[108.02006530761719,472.9714050292969,271.01551270484927,463.91778564453127]},{"page":163,"text":"D-56. Static electricity is prevalent in the desert. Many factors cause static electricity. One factor is wind-","rect":[108.02006530761719,490.49139404296877,539.9366751298904,481.4377746582031]},{"page":163,"text":"blown dust particles. Extremely low humidity contributes to static discharges between charged particles. Poor","rect":[108.02008056640625,502.0113830566406,539.8189993486404,492.957763671875]},{"page":163,"text":"grounding practices exacerbate the problem. Operators should tape all sharp edges and tips of antennas to","rect":[108.02008056640625,513.5313720703125,539.5273633003235,504.4777526855469]},{"page":163,"text":"reduce wind-caused static discharges and the accompanying noise. When operating from a fixed position,","rect":[108.02008056640625,524.931396484375,539.6284277439117,515.8777465820313]},{"page":163,"text":"operators should install a proper earth ground (refer to TC 6-02.6). Since static-caused noise diminishes with","rect":[108.02008056640625,536.4513549804688,539.943256855011,527.397705078125]},{"page":163,"text":"an increase in frequency, operators should use the highest frequency that is available and authorized.","rect":[108.02008056640625,547.9713745117188,510.63956665992739,538.917724609375]},{"page":163,"text":"OPERATIONS IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS","rect":[90.02407836914063,571.7205810546875,364.1331442756653,562.0049438476563]},{"page":163,"text":"D-57. Radio operations in mountainous areas share some of the same challenges as in cold weather areas.","rect":[108.02008056640625,591.5314331054688,539.5982763767242,582.477783203125]},{"page":163,"text":"Mobility  is  difficult  in  mountainous  terrain,  and  it  can  be  difficult  to  find  a  level  area  to  establish  a","rect":[108.02009582519531,602.931396484375,539.9855945091248,593.8777465820313]},{"page":163,"text":"communications site.","rect":[108.02009582519531,612.4694213867188,192.77970337867738,605.427734375]},{"page":163,"text":"D-58. Generators and communications equipment need level ground for proper operation. It may difficult to","rect":[108.02009582519531,632.0014038085938,539.4287915229797,622.94775390625]},{"page":163,"text":"drive  ground  rods  and  guy  wire  stakes  into  rocky,  ground,  so  an  alternate  grounding  method  may  be","rect":[108.02011108398438,643.5214233398438,539.5174548606873,634.4677734375]},{"page":163,"text":"necessary. Rocky soil provides poor ground conductivity. Adding salt solutions improves electrical flow.","rect":[108.02011108398438,655.0414428710938,527.6606543064117,645.98779296875]},{"page":163,"text":"D-59. Operating in mountainous terrain may require additional RETRANS assets. Line of sight paths are","rect":[108.02011108398438,672.44140625,539.5883166770935,663.3877563476563]},{"page":163,"text":"more  difficult  to  establish  in  this  terrain.  Plans  should  include  the  use  of  RETRANS  to  improve","rect":[108.02012634277344,683.9414672851563,539.768370388031,674.9077758789063]},{"page":163,"text":"communications range. Positioning of antennas is crucial in mountainous terrain, as moving an antenna even","rect":[108.02012634277344,695.4774169921875,539.736469745636,686.4237670898438]},{"page":163,"text":"a short distance can drastically affect reception.","rect":[108.02012634277344,706.9973754882813,297.89759278297427,697.9437255859375]},{"page":163,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":163,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":163,"text":"D-7","rect":[507.58001708984377,753.9359741210938,522.0610068359375,747.4920043945313]},{"page":164,"text":"Appendix D","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":164,"text":"OPERATIONS IN A NUCLEAR AREA","rect":[72.02399444580078,83.37063598632813,313.1577234783173,73.65495300292969]},{"page":164,"text":"D-60. A nuclear area adversely affects sensitive radio equipment and components. Operators should take","rect":[90.02399444580078,103.20146179199219,521.428770778656,94.14781951904297]},{"page":164,"text":"measures to protect signal equipment and ensure equipment survivability and availability for future use.","rect":[90.02398681640625,114.60148620605469,521.4615576267242,105.54784393310547]},{"page":164,"text":"Nearly everyone is aware of the heat, and radiation effects of a nuclear blast. The ionization of the atmosphere","rect":[90.02398681640625,126.12150573730469,521.917540309906,117.06786346435547]},{"page":164,"text":"by a nuclear explosion will degrade communications because of static and the disruption of the ionosphere.","rect":[90.02398681640625,137.6415252685547,518.1848242282867,128.58787536621095]},{"page":164,"text":"D-61. Electromagnetic pulse is the radiation generated by a nuclear detonation. Gamma rays, high-energy","rect":[90.02398681640625,155.1615447998047,522.0102734565735,146.10789489746095]},{"page":164,"text":"photons, radiate outward from the point of the nuclear detonation and strip electrons from the atoms in the","rect":[90.02398681640625,166.66163635253907,521.5112292747498,157.62791442871095]},{"page":164,"text":"air.  This  creates  a  wall  of  fast-moving,  negatively  charged  electrons,  which  undergo  rapid  deceleration,","rect":[90.02398681640625,178.2015838623047,521.7288916110992,169.14793395996095]},{"page":164,"text":"radiating an intense electromagnetic field. This electromagnetic energy affects unprotected communications","rect":[90.02398681640625,189.6016082763672,521.7697036867141,180.54795837402345]},{"page":164,"text":"equipment, causing disruption and destruction of delicate circuitry and components. The residual ionized","rect":[90.02398681640625,201.1216278076172,521.4914746284485,192.06797790527345]},{"page":164,"text":"cloud also causes disruption of transmissions.","rect":[90.02398681640625,212.62171936035157,272.45130372047427,203.58799743652345]},{"page":164,"text":"D-62. A high-altitude electromagnetic pulse can disable electronic systems as far as 6,000 kilometers (3,720","rect":[90.02398681640625,230.1616668701172,521.861958026886,221.10801696777345]},{"page":164,"text":"miles) from the site of the detonation. Electromagnetic pulse can also cause severe disruption and sometimes","rect":[90.02398681640625,241.6816864013672,521.8612564210891,232.62803649902345]},{"page":164,"text":"damage when other weapon effects are absent. The enemy may use a high-yield nuclear weapon exploded","rect":[90.02398681640625,253.2017059326172,521.9857983589172,244.14805603027345]},{"page":164,"text":"above the atmosphere to knock out single-channel TACSAT without causing any other significant damage.","rect":[90.02398681640625,264.6316833496094,521.6226904392242,255.5780487060547]},{"page":164,"text":"The range of an electromagnetic pulse shortens if the weapon detonates at a lower altitude.","rect":[90.02398681640625,276.1517028808594,452.711740732193,267.09808349609377]},{"page":164,"text":"D-63. A typical high-altitude electromagnetic pulse could have an intensity one thousand times more intense","rect":[90.02398681640625,293.67169189453127,521.9183948020935,284.6180725097656]},{"page":164,"text":"than a radar beam. A radar beam has enough power to cause biological damage to the human body like","rect":[90.02398681640625,305.1916809082031,521.3022448997498,296.1380615234375]},{"page":164,"text":"blindness or sterilization. The electromagnetic pulse is broad spectrum and extends from low frequencies","rect":[90.02398681640625,316.711669921875,521.9553726320266,307.6580505371094]},{"page":164,"text":"into  the  UHF  band.  The  most  likely  electromagnetic  pulse  effect  would  be  temporary  disruption  of","rect":[90.02398681640625,328.2316589355469,521.7956839189529,319.17803955078127]},{"page":164,"text":"communications. This can occur even without permanent damage. This delay could give an enemy enough","rect":[90.02398681640625,339.63165283203127,521.5412182807922,330.5780334472656]},{"page":164,"text":"of an advantage to change the outcome of a battle.","rect":[90.02398681640625,351.1516418457031,291.00077271461489,342.0980224609375]},{"page":164,"text":"D-64. TACSAT  systems  incorporate  built-in  features  and  techniques  to  counter  electromagnetic  pulse","rect":[90.02398681640625,368.671630859375,521.859678981781,359.6180114746094]},{"page":164,"text":"effects. Shielding can further reduce the level of electromagnetic pulse. Shielding uses equipment location","rect":[90.02398681640625,380.1916198730469,521.8401074409485,371.13800048828127]},{"page":164,"text":"and probable directions of nuclear blasts to reduce exposure. Shielding also depends on good earth ground.","rect":[90.02398681640625,391.71160888671877,521.8162939548492,382.6579895019531]},{"page":164,"text":"Electronic equipment is very susceptible to electromagnetic pulse.","rect":[90.02398681640625,403.1116027832031,354.8798620700836,394.0579833984375]},{"page":164,"text":"D-65. Equipment not required in primary systems should remain disconnected and stored in sealed shelters","rect":[90.02398681640625,420.631591796875,522.0143325929641,411.5779724121094]},{"page":164,"text":"or  other  shielded  enclosures  to  protect  against  electromagnetic  pulse.  This  reduces  the  likelihood  of  the","rect":[90.02398681640625,432.1515808105469,521.9178454856873,423.09796142578127]},{"page":164,"text":"simultaneous damage to the equipment and provides a source of backup components to reinstall affected","rect":[90.02398681640625,443.69158935546877,521.4516797065735,434.6379699707031]},{"page":164,"text":"systems.","rect":[90.02398681640625,455.2115783691406,124.0673086643219,447.1539611816406]},{"page":164,"text":"D-66. Installers and operators should shield and properly ground wire and cable and keep cable length as","rect":[90.02398681640625,472.7315673828125,521.8541153078079,463.6779479980469]},{"page":164,"text":"short as possible. Operators connect cable shields to the grounding systems, whenever possible. Effective","rect":[90.02398681640625,484.1315612792969,521.4315173606873,475.07794189453127]},{"page":164,"text":"grounding is necessary to reduce electromagnetic pulse effects. Most tactical radios with fully enclosed metal","rect":[90.02398681640625,495.65155029296877,521.8013507137299,486.5979309082031]},{"page":164,"text":"cases provide adequate protection, if external connectors are disconnected. Placing radios in vehicles, vans,","rect":[90.02398681640625,507.1715393066406,521.5067236423492,498.117919921875]},{"page":164,"text":"and underground shelters may enhance protection.","rect":[90.02398681640625,518.6915893554688,291.385324716568,509.637939453125]},{"page":164,"text":"GENERAL RADIO SITE CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[72.02398681640625,542.440673828125,358.0027731819153,532.7109985351563]},{"page":164,"text":"D-67. The reliability of radio communications depends largely on the selection of a good radio site. Since it","rect":[90.02398681640625,562.1315307617188,521.8263751277924,553.077880859375]},{"page":164,"text":"is difficult to select a radio site that satisfies all technical, tactical, and security requirements, signal planners","rect":[90.02398681640625,573.6515502929688,521.7701919679641,564.597900390625]},{"page":164,"text":"should  select  the  most  suitable  site  available.  Sites  selection  considers  defensibility  and  logistical","rect":[90.02398681640625,585.1715698242188,521.6608477840424,576.117919921875]},{"page":164,"text":"supportability as well as communications suitability. Refer to FM 6-02 for more information on site selection.","rect":[90.02398681640625,596.6915893554688,521.7851660251617,587.637939453125]},{"page":164,"text":"D-68. Site selection is a leader and operator responsibility. It is also good planning to select a primary site","rect":[90.02398681640625,614.2415771484375,521.468565700531,605.1879272460938]},{"page":164,"text":"and an alternate site. If, for some reason, radio communications cannot be established and maintained at the","rect":[90.02398681640625,624.0,521.7471911888123,616.7078857421875]},{"page":164,"text":"primary location, operations should move to the alternate site.","rect":[90.02398681640625,637.1615600585938,337.40040040016177,628.10791015625]},{"page":164,"text":"D-69. Planners and operators should locate radio stations in a position that ensures communications with the","rect":[90.02398681640625,654.66162109375,521.6976306419373,645.6279296875]},{"page":164,"text":"other stations while maintaining site security and defense. To obtain efficiency of transmission and reception,","rect":[90.02398681640625,666.2015991210938,521.5870459079742,657.14794921875]},{"page":164,"text":"the following factors should be considered—","rect":[90.02398681640625,677.7215576171875,270.2899866104126,668.6679077148438]},{"page":164,"text":"D-8","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,86.6249945678711,747.4649658203125]},{"page":164,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":164,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":165,"text":"Communications in Austere Environments","rect":[358.0299987792969,44.259033203125,540.0099814453125,37.608036041259769]},{"page":165,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,80.4211196899414,139.22588119220735,75.693603515625]},{"page":165,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,105.5210952758789,139.22588119220735,100.7935791015625]},{"page":165,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,130.4811248779297,139.22588119220735,125.75360107421875]},{"page":165,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,166.96116638183595,139.22588119220735,162.233642578125]},{"page":165,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,180.5211639404297,139.22588119220735,175.79364013671876]},{"page":165,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,193.96116638183595,139.22588119220735,189.233642578125]},{"page":165,"text":"For operation at frequencies above 30 MHz planners should select a location that allows line of","rect":[151.22000122070313,83.1214828491211,539.5107718095779,74.08776092529297]},{"page":165,"text":"sight communications.","rect":[151.22000122070313,94.68138122558594,241.69437623023988,85.62773895263672]},{"page":165,"text":"Planners should avoid locations that provide the enemy with a jamming capability, visual sighting,","rect":[151.22000122070313,108.24137878417969,539.739816904068,99.17777252197266]},{"page":165,"text":"or easy interception.","rect":[151.22000122070313,119.64140319824219,232.33423829078675,110.58776092529297]},{"page":165,"text":"Dry  ground  has  high  resistance  and  limits  radio  range.  If  possible,  planners  should  locate  the","rect":[151.22000122070313,133.20140075683595,539.6104724388123,124.14775848388672]},{"page":165,"text":"station near moist ground, which has much less resistance. Water, especially fresh water, greatly","rect":[151.22000122070313,144.60142517089845,539.846577167511,135.5477752685547]},{"page":165,"text":"increases the distances covered.","rect":[151.22000122070313,154.10952758789063,278.29969239234927,147.0677947998047]},{"page":165,"text":"Operators should install antennas away from foliage and dense brush.","rect":[151.22000122070313,169.6814422607422,429.0841772556305,160.62779235839845]},{"page":165,"text":"Trees and shrubs can provide cover, concealment, and screening from enemy jamming.","rect":[151.22000122070313,183.24143981933595,500.01908326148989,174.17784118652345]},{"page":165,"text":"When located near man-made obstructions—","rect":[151.22000122070313,194.67947387695313,332.210000038147,187.62779235839845]},{"page":165,"text":" Site selection should avoid tunnels, underpasses, and steel bridges due to the high absorption","rect":[151.22000122070313,210.84141540527345,539.702290058136,201.7877655029297]},{"page":165,"text":"of RF energy.","rect":[169.22000122070313,222.24143981933595,224.33863282203675,213.19775390625]},{"page":165,"text":" Radio sites should avoid buildings between radio stations, particularly steel and reinforced","rect":[151.22000122070313,236.4014129638672,539.6823925971985,227.34776306152345]},{"page":165,"text":"concrete structures since they interfere with transmission and reception.","rect":[169.22000122070313,247.8014373779297,455.907541513443,238.74778747558595]},{"page":165,"text":" Buildings can effectively camouflage antennas from enemy observation.","rect":[151.22000122070313,261.8714294433594,458.71741700172427,252.8177947998047]},{"page":165,"text":" Radio sites should avoid suspended telephone, telegraph, and high-tension power lines. Wire","rect":[151.22000122070313,276.0314025878906,540.087950466156,266.977783203125]},{"page":165,"text":"lines  absorb  RF  energy  from  radiating  antennas  in  their  vicinity.  They  also  introduce","rect":[169.22000122070313,287.431396484375,539.7060534934998,278.3777770996094]},{"page":165,"text":"humming and noise interference in receiving antennas.","rect":[169.22000122070313,298.8313903808594,387.971506357193,289.77777099609377]},{"page":165,"text":" Radio sites should avoid heavily traveled roads and highways. In addition to the noise and","rect":[151.22000122070313,312.99139404296877,539.632465839386,303.9377746582031]},{"page":165,"text":"confusion  caused  by  tanks  and  trucks,  vehicle  ignition  systems  may  cause  electrical","rect":[169.22000122070313,324.3913879394531,539.9103595027924,315.3377685546875]},{"page":165,"text":"interference.","rect":[169.22000122070313,333.89947509765627,219.30881714820863,326.8577575683594]},{"page":165,"text":" Operators should locate battery charging units and generators away from radio stations.","rect":[151.22000122070313,350.0713806152344,518.7563574314117,341.01776123046877]},{"page":165,"text":" Operators should not locate radio stations close to one other.","rect":[151.22000122070313,364.09149169921877,410.9889929294586,355.0577697753906]},{"page":165,"text":" Planners should select radio sites in relatively quiet areas to avoid distraction by outside","rect":[151.22000122070313,378.1513977050781,539.9907214622498,369.0977783203125]},{"page":165,"text":"noises. The copying of low-level received messages requires great concentration by the radio","rect":[169.22000122070313,389.5513916015625,539.9187207221985,380.4977722167969]},{"page":165,"text":"operator.","rect":[169.22000122070313,401.0514831542969,205.02622437477113,393.0137634277344]},{"page":165,"text":"LOCAL COMMAND REQUIREMENTS","rect":[90.02400970458985,426.1963806152344,264.6674861907959,416.3659973144531]},{"page":165,"text":"D-70. Radio stations should be located some distance from the unit headquarters or command post they serve.","rect":[108.02001953125,444.411376953125,539.7077124118805,435.3577575683594]},{"page":165,"text":"This distance separation ensures that enemy direction-finding capability will not target the command post","rect":[108.02003479003906,455.9313659667969,539.8056842098237,446.87774658203127]},{"page":165,"text":"with long-range artillery fire, missiles, or aerial bombardment.","rect":[108.02003479003906,467.45135498046877,357.58353638648989,458.3977355957031]},{"page":165,"text":"D-71. The locations selected should provide the best cover and concealment possible, consistent with good","rect":[108.02003479003906,484.8513488769531,539.9975781440735,475.7977294921875]},{"page":165,"text":"transmission and reception. Perfect cover and concealment may impair communications. The permissible","rect":[108.02005004882813,496.371337890625,539.5272815208435,487.3177185058594]},{"page":165,"text":"amount of impairment depends upon the range required, the power of the transmitter, the sensitivity of the","rect":[108.02005004882813,507.8913269042969,539.3579089622498,498.83770751953127]},{"page":165,"text":"receiver, the efficiency of the antenna system, and the nature of the terrain. When a radio communicates over","rect":[108.02005004882813,519.4113159179688,539.6997976884842,510.357666015625]},{"page":165,"text":"a distance that is well under the maximum range, some sacrifice of communications efficiency takes place to","rect":[108.02005004882813,530.9313354492188,539.6765942573547,521.877685546875]},{"page":165,"text":"permit better concealment of the radio from enemy observation.","rect":[108.02005004882813,542.4513549804688,363.41434693336489,533.397705078125]},{"page":165,"text":"PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[90.0240478515625,565.91796875,238.63942527770997,557.6259155273438]},{"page":165,"text":"D-72. Manpack radio sets have sufficiently long cordage to permit operation from a concealed position (set","rect":[108.02005004882813,585.6513061523438,539.5384112606049,576.59765625]},{"page":165,"text":"and operator), while the antenna is mounted in the best position for communications. Some radio sets are","rect":[108.02006530761719,597.1513671875,539.347960231781,588.11767578125]},{"page":165,"text":"remotely controllable from distances of greater than 30 meters. The remotely controlled set can be established","rect":[108.02006530761719,608.7213745117188,540.0125317573547,599.667724609375]},{"page":165,"text":"in a relatively exposed position, while the radio operator remains concealed.","rect":[108.02006530761719,620.2413330078125,412.477365732193,611.1876831054688]},{"page":165,"text":"D-73. Operators should install radio antennas above ground level to permit normal communications. Small","rect":[108.02006530761719,637.7613525390625,539.4387408504487,628.7077026367188]},{"page":165,"text":"tactical radios usually use whip antennas. These antennas are difficult to see from a distance, especially when","rect":[108.02008056640625,649.1613159179688,539.6911816596985,640.107666015625]},{"page":165,"text":"not  silhouetted  against  the  sky.  Because  they  have  a  360-degree  radiation  pattern,  they  are  extremely","rect":[108.02008056640625,660.6813354492188,540.2116284370422,651.627685546875]},{"page":165,"text":"susceptible to enemy interception and direction finding.","rect":[108.02008056640625,672.2013549804688,330.827463388443,663.147705078125]},{"page":165,"text":"D-74. Antenna site selection should avoid open crests of hills and mountains. A position protected from","rect":[108.02008056640625,689.701416015625,539.7475372562409,680.667724609375]},{"page":165,"text":"enemy fire just behind the crest gives better concealment and sometimes provides better communications.","rect":[108.02009582519531,701.2373657226563,539.4576513767242,692.1737670898438]},{"page":165,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":165,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":165,"text":"D-9","rect":[507.58001708984377,754.0439453125,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":166,"text":"Appendix D","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":166,"text":"Operators should camouflage permanent and semi-permanent positions for protection from aerial and ground","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.7881054878235,74.08776092529297]},{"page":166,"text":"observation. The antenna should not touch trees, brush, or the camouflage material.","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,422.996896982193,85.62773895263672]},{"page":166,"text":"D-75. One well-positioned broadband antenna and a FHMUX can serve several radios. This allows quicker","rect":[90.02399444580078,112.18148040771485,521.6180716142654,103.14775848388672]},{"page":166,"text":"setup and teardown, and reduces time and materials required to camouflage the site.","rect":[90.02398681640625,123.60142517089844,425.1735327243805,114.54778289794922]},{"page":166,"text":"RADIO OPERATOR SKILLS","rect":[72.02398681640625,147.20001220703126,201.6993465423584,138.89602661132813]},{"page":166,"text":"D-76. The radio operator’s skills and technical abilities play important roles in maximizing communications","rect":[90.02399444580078,166.9214324951172,521.7695816164016,157.86778259277345]},{"page":166,"text":"range. Correctly tuning the transmitter, output coupling, and antenna feeder circuits helps achieve maximum","rect":[90.02399444580078,178.4414520263672,521.9095855960846,169.38780212402345]},{"page":166,"text":"power output. Operators should properly construct the radiating and receiving antennas, considering antenna","rect":[90.02399444580078,189.9614715576172,521.5114123802185,180.90782165527345]},{"page":166,"text":"electrical characteristics and local terrain conditions. The radio operator provided the primary defense against","rect":[90.02399444580078,201.4814910888672,521.9846392879487,192.42784118652345]},{"page":166,"text":"enemy electromagnetic interference. The radio operator’s skills can be the determining factor in maintaining","rect":[90.02399444580078,213.0015106201172,521.840961933136,203.94786071777345]},{"page":166,"text":"communications despite an enemy’s efforts to disrupt it.","rect":[90.02397155761719,224.4015350341797,314.7951452732086,215.34788513183595]},{"page":166,"text":"D-10","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,91.66499548339844,747.4649658203125]},{"page":166,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":166,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":167,"text":"Appendix E","rect":[282.04998779296877,125.49201202392578,347.95398168945317,114.54801177978516]},{"page":167,"text":"Julian Date, Synchronization Time, and Time Conversion","rect":[98.90399169921875,149.8756866455078,530.8614233045578,134.92115783691407]},{"page":167,"text":"Accurate time is essential for single-channel ground airborne radios to operate in the","rect":[126.01998901367188,184.55364990234376,503.95473849868776,174.40789794921876]},{"page":167,"text":"frequency-hopping  mode.  This  appendix  addresses  the  Julian  date,  synchronization","rect":[126.01998901367188,197.15362548828126,503.91199827194216,187.00787353515626]},{"page":167,"text":"time, and ZULU time. A time variance greater than plus or minus four seconds can","rect":[126.01998901367188,209.87359619140626,503.82755613327029,199.72784423828126]},{"page":167,"text":"disrupt the single-channel ground airborne radios frequency-hopping communications.","rect":[126.01998901367188,222.47357177734376,504.13387084007266,212.32781982421876]},{"page":167,"text":"JULIAN DATE","rect":[90.02395629882813,246.23056030273438,184.56934611225129,236.52891540527345]},{"page":167,"text":"E-1. The SINCGARS uses a special two-digit form of the Julian date as part of the synchronization time.","rect":[108.01995849609375,265.9513244628906,539.5197851657867,256.897705078125]},{"page":167,"text":"The two-digit Julian date begins with 01 on 1 January and continues through 00, repeating as necessary to","rect":[108.01995849609375,277.4713439941406,539.4946484565735,268.417724609375]},{"page":167,"text":"cover the entire year.","rect":[108.01995849609375,288.9913330078125,192.26163697242738,279.9377136230469]},{"page":167,"text":"E-2. Table E-1 on page E-2 shows the two-digit Julian date calendar for a regular year. The two-digit Julian","rect":[108.01995849609375,306.5113220214844,540.1418652534485,297.45770263671877]},{"page":167,"text":"year terminates on 65 (or 66 for the leap year), every 1 January change the Julian date to 01. This can be","rect":[108.01995849609375,318.03131103515627,539.5270984153748,308.9776916503906]},{"page":167,"text":"accomplished by—","rect":[108.01995849609375,329.4313049316406,185.41996097564698,320.377685546875]},{"page":167,"text":" The NCS sending an electronic remote refill.","rect":[133.21995544433595,342.9913024902344,330.56971192359927,333.93768310546877]},{"page":167,"text":" Operators reloading time directly from a DAGR.","rect":[133.21995544433595,356.5513000488281,346.3722631931305,347.4976806640625]},{"page":167,"text":" Operators manually changing the date in the radio by using the RT keypad.","rect":[133.21995544433595,369.9913024902344,451.58375000953677,360.93768310546877]},{"page":167,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":167,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":167,"text":"E-1","rect":[508.05999755859377,753.9359741210938,522.0639975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":168,"text":"Appendix E","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,121.54198620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":168,"text":"E-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,86.14799719238282,747.4649658203125]},{"page":168,"text":"E-3.","rect":[90.02399444580078,489.1795654296875,106.91399598121643,482.3370361328125]},{"page":168,"text":"Table E-2","rect":[115.2199935913086,489.1994934082031,154.87999391555787,482.15777587890627]},{"page":168,"text":"Table E-1. Two-digit Julian date calendar (regular year)","rect":[166.9399871826172,83.2016372680664,426.7316580400467,73.8691177368164]},{"page":168,"text":"on page E-3 shows the two-digit Julian date calendar for a leap year.","rect":[157.45999145507813,491.2113952636719,431.31360840797427,482.15777587890627]},{"page":168,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":168,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":169,"text":"Julian Date, Synchronization Time, and Time Conversion","rect":[297.04998779296877,46.04103469848633,539.824927734375,37.608036041259769]},{"page":169,"text":"Table E-2. Two-digit Julian date calendar (leap year)","rect":[191.89999389648438,83.2016372680664,437.88714510059358,73.8691177368164]},{"page":169,"text":"SYNCHRONIZATION TIME","rect":[90.02399444580078,512.800537109375,271.7437082948685,503.08489990234377]},{"page":169,"text":"E-4. To maintain proper synchronization time, the SINCGARS uses seven internal clocks: a base clock,","rect":[108.0199966430664,532.6113891601563,540.0384619235992,523.5577392578125]},{"page":169,"text":"plus one for each of the six frequency hopping channels. Manual and cue settings display the base clock time.","rect":[108.02000427246094,544.0114135742188,539.5969336032867,534.957763671875]},{"page":169,"text":"E-5. The DAGR provides units a ready source of highly accurate GPS time. Opening networks on GPS time","rect":[108.02000427246094,561.5314331054688,539.5782458763123,552.477783203125]},{"page":169,"text":"and updating NCS RT synchronization time to GPS time daily, keeps all networks of a division, corps, or","rect":[108.02000427246094,573.0514526367188,539.6440115556717,563.997802734375]},{"page":169,"text":"larger force within the plus or minus four-second window required for frequency hopping communications.","rect":[108.02000427246094,584.5714111328125,537.6815893650055,575.5177612304688]},{"page":169,"text":"ZULU TIME","rect":[90.02400207519531,608.3505859375,169.74477641010285,598.8455200195313]},{"page":169,"text":"E-6. ZULU time remains in synchronization with the United States Naval Observatory master atomic clock.","rect":[108.02000427246094,628.0414428710938,539.8269140720367,618.98779296875]},{"page":169,"text":"An alternative is to use the time from a DAGR tracking at least one satellite. The NCS should update and","rect":[108.02000427246094,639.5614624023438,539.5670971870422,630.5078125]},{"page":169,"text":"verify net time daily or according to unit standing operating procedures.","rect":[108.02000427246094,651.0814208984375,395.6647436618805,642.0277709960938]},{"page":169,"text":"E-7. There are 25 integers on world time zones from 12 through 0 Coordinated Universal Time (ZULU","rect":[108.02000427246094,668.6014404296875,539.5152167072296,659.5477905273438]},{"page":169,"text":"time) to +12. Each is 15 degrees longitude, as measured East, and West, from the Prime Meridian.","rect":[108.02000427246094,680.1214599609375,500.48389649391177,671.0678100585938]},{"page":169,"text":"E-8. When Coordinated Universal Time is 12:00, the opposite time zone is 00:00, which the dashed line","rect":[108.02000427246094,697.4974975585938,539.9602038841248,688.4638061523438]},{"page":169,"text":"indicates, and indicates a date change. By convention, the area to the left of the dashed line is the following","rect":[108.02000427246094,709.0374145507813,539.477436542511,699.9837646484375]},{"page":169,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":169,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":169,"text":"E-3","rect":[508.05999755859377,754.0349731445313,522.0639975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":170,"text":"Appendix E","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,121.54198620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":170,"text":"day, while the area to the right is the preceding day. Table E-3 outlines each time zone and its relationship to","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.9202466011047,74.08776092529297]},{"page":170,"text":"ZULU time.","rect":[90.02399444580078,92.68937683105469,139.25623536109925,85.62773895263672]},{"page":170,"text":"Table E-3. Example of world time zone conversion (standard time)","rect":[140.5399932861328,112.26163482666016,452.98562532520296,102.92911529541016]},{"page":170,"text":"E-9. Figure E-1 on page E-5 shows a world time zone map.","rect":[90.02399444580078,434.0713806152344,333.0224096775055,425.01776123046877]},{"page":170,"text":"E-4","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,86.14799719238282,747.4649658203125]},{"page":170,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":170,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":171,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":171,"text":"Julian Date, Synchronization Time, and Time Conversion","rect":[297.04998779296877,46.04103469848633,539.824927734375,37.608036041259769]},{"page":171,"text":"Figure E-1. World time zone map","rect":[237.52999877929688,694.8176879882813,392.4150888319015,685.5747680664063]},{"page":171,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":171,"text":"E-5","rect":[508.05999755859377,754.0349731445313,522.0639975585938,747.4920043945313]},{"page":172,"text":"This page intentionally left blank.","rect":[188.77999877929688,390.36138916015627,405.22001099586489,375.853759765625]},{"page":173,"text":"Appendix F","rect":[282.4100036621094,125.49201202392578,347.64199755859377,114.54801177978516]},{"page":173,"text":"Radio Compromise Recovery Procedures","rect":[157.10000610351563,149.8756866455078,472.4855459098816,134.92115783691407]},{"page":173,"text":"Radio  net  compromise  recovery  procedures  are  essential  to  maintaining  secure","rect":[126.02000427246094,184.55364990234376,503.863979221344,174.40789794921876]},{"page":173,"text":"communications and preventing an enemy from disrupting communications due to loss","rect":[126.02000427246094,197.15362548828126,503.96509221172337,187.00787353515626]},{"page":173,"text":"or capture of communications security equipment. This appendix outline procedures","rect":[126.02000427246094,209.87359619140626,503.85303166484837,199.72784423828126]},{"page":173,"text":"for preventing and recovering a network after a compromise. It also addresses recovery","rect":[126.02000427246094,222.47357177734376,503.864116191864,212.32781982421876]},{"page":173,"text":"options available to the commander and staff.","rect":[126.02000427246094,235.1714630126953,326.58369994163516,225.04779052734376]},{"page":173,"text":"SECURE COMMUNICATIONS IMPERATIVES","rect":[90.02401733398438,258.8305358886719,389.5697897834778,249.11485290527345]},{"page":173,"text":"F-1. The following imperatives increase the unit’s ability to operate without enemy intervention on its","rect":[108.02001953125,278.6712951660156,539.7671402101516,269.61767578125]},{"page":173,"text":"networks—","rect":[108.02001953125,288.17938232421877,154.5800256729126,281.1376647949219]},{"page":173,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,300.9110107421875,139.22591170978547,296.1835021972656]},{"page":173,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,325.9909973144531,139.22591170978547,321.26348876953127]},{"page":173,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,362.4709777832031,139.22591170978547,357.74346923828127]},{"page":173,"text":"","rect":[133.22003173828126,387.43096923828127,139.22591170978547,382.7034606933594]},{"page":173,"text":"SKLs below the battalion level only have the current TEK and KEK of the unit, and the minimum","rect":[151.22003173828126,303.63128662109377,539.8195587406159,294.5776672363281]},{"page":173,"text":"signal operating instructions data to perform the mission.","rect":[151.22003173828126,315.1512756347656,379.19129395484927,306.09765625]},{"page":173,"text":"Load  SKL  with  network  identifier  999  in  each  fill  position,  to  prevent  compromise  of  unit","rect":[151.22003173828126,328.6913757324219,539.4909259090424,319.65765380859377]},{"page":173,"text":"networks if captured. Do not assign network identifier 999 as an operational network. SINCGARS","rect":[151.22003173828126,340.11126708984377,539.6401770133972,331.0576477050781]},{"page":173,"text":"has the capability to manipulate the three digits of the network identifier.","rect":[151.22003173828126,351.6312561035156,442.42911744117739,342.57763671875]},{"page":173,"text":"Store or transport SKLs and cryptographic ignition keys separately to decrease ease of captured","rect":[151.22003173828126,365.1912536621094,539.600239276886,356.13763427734377]},{"page":173,"text":"equipment operation by the enemy.","rect":[151.22003173828126,376.59124755859377,292.29346680641177,367.5376281738281]},{"page":173,"text":"Assign unique KEKs down to the company level. Situations may arise that require unique KEKs","rect":[151.22003173828126,390.1512451171875,539.8525283937454,381.0976257324219]},{"page":173,"text":"at lower levels.","rect":[151.22003173828126,399.6593322753906,211.86646485328675,392.61761474609377]},{"page":173,"text":" Units assign network identifiers as COMSEC recovery networks. Address predetermined network","rect":[133.22003173828126,415.1112365722656,539.640278339386,406.0576171875]},{"page":173,"text":"identifiers in each unit’s tactical standard operating procedures operation orders.","rect":[151.22003173828126,426.6312255859375,472.68262696266177,417.5776062011719]},{"page":173,"text":"COMPROMISE DETERMINATION","rect":[90.02403259277344,450.2378234863281,246.8193063735962,441.9458312988281]},{"page":173,"text":"F-2. The S-6, the battalion or brigade operations staff officer, and the S-2 work together in determining the","rect":[108.02003479003906,469.9712219238281,539.9234607200623,460.9176025390625]},{"page":173,"text":"possibility of a compromise and the potential damage the compromise may cause. This damage is determined","rect":[108.02003479003906,481.4912109375,539.716450214386,472.4375915527344]},{"page":173,"text":"by evaluating the equipment captured or lost, and what COMSEC key was loaded into the equipment. Upon","rect":[108.02003479003906,492.8912048339844,539.6330151557922,483.83758544921877]},{"page":173,"text":"determining there has been a compromise, COMSEC key replacement is required to secure the network.","rect":[108.02003479003906,504.41119384765627,539.547189950943,495.3575744628906]},{"page":173,"text":"Upon notification by the staff, the commander can—","rect":[108.02003479003906,515.9312133789063,319.6100244522095,506.8775634765625]},{"page":173,"text":" Immediately implement the unit’s compromise recovery procedures to secure the network.","rect":[133.22003173828126,529.4912109375,513.3653967380524,520.4375610351563]},{"page":173,"text":" Extend using validated, intact COMSEC keys up to 24 hours. Only if the commander is the","rect":[133.2200469970703,542.9312133789063,539.5406482200623,533.8775634765625]},{"page":173,"text":"controlling authority. Commands request permission to change COMSEC keys through the correct","rect":[151.2200469970703,554.4512329101563,539.8095294246674,545.3975830078125]},{"page":173,"text":"command channels.","rect":[151.2200469970703,563.9592895507813,230.52744507789613,556.9176025390625]},{"page":173,"text":" As a last resort, continue to use the compromised COMSEC keys.","rect":[133.2200469970703,579.5311889648438,414.83143067359927,570.4775390625]},{"page":173,"text":"COMPROMISE RECOVERY","rect":[90.0240478515625,602.9978637695313,217.92433261871339,594.705810546875]},{"page":173,"text":"F-3. If the controlling authority decides to continue using the compromised key, the commander, under","rect":[108.0200424194336,622.76123046875,539.4786062822342,613.7075805664063]},{"page":173,"text":"advisement from the G-6 (S-6), may initiate actions to protect network security.","rect":[108.02005004882813,634.28125,426.9380896091461,625.2276000976563]},{"page":173,"text":"F-4. If an operational radio and a filled SKL falls into an enemy’s hands, the unit standard operating","rect":[108.02005004882813,651.8012084960938,539.9799389839172,642.74755859375]},{"page":173,"text":"procedures should assume the enemy has English-speaking soldiers who can operate the radio, and SKL.","rect":[108.02005004882813,663.2012329101563,539.7751562595367,654.1475830078125]},{"page":173,"text":"Standard  operating  procedures  should  also  assume  the  enemy  is  able  to  listen  to  U.S.  secure  frequency","rect":[108.02005004882813,674.7212524414063,539.6867871284485,665.6676025390625]},{"page":173,"text":"hopping network communications and can transmit on that same U.S. network if desired.","rect":[108.02005004882813,686.2412719726563,464.02039551734927,677.1876220703125]},{"page":173,"text":"F-5. Other assumptions and factors to consider if faced with a compromise recovery requirement include—","rect":[108.02005004882813,703.7572631835938,539.980019569397,694.70361328125]},{"page":173,"text":" Can the enemy move the captured radio and continue to operate that radio?","rect":[133.22003173828126,717.3172607421875,451.3647448997498,708.2636108398438]},{"page":173,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":173,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":173,"text":"F-1","rect":[508.5400085449219,753.9359741210938,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":174,"text":"Appendix F","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,121.03798620605468,37.716033935546878]},{"page":174,"text":"","rect":[115.2199935913086,80.4211196899414,121.22587356281281,75.693603515625]},{"page":174,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,94.00113677978516,121.22588119220734,89.27362060546875]},{"page":174,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,107.4411392211914,121.22588119220734,102.713623046875]},{"page":174,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,121.00113677978516,121.22588119220734,116.27362060546875]},{"page":174,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,134.44114685058595,121.22588119220734,129.713623046875]},{"page":174,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,148.0011444091797,121.22588119220734,143.27362060546876]},{"page":174,"text":"What is the range of the captured radio?","rect":[133.22000122070313,83.14140319824219,293.21749758529668,74.08776092529297]},{"page":174,"text":"What is the expected duration of the battery or another power source?","rect":[133.22000122070313,96.72142028808594,411.9905078392029,87.66777801513672]},{"page":174,"text":"How long until the next periodic COMSEC key update?","rect":[133.22000122070313,110.16142272949219,357.37982058334355,101.10778045654297]},{"page":174,"text":"How serious is the enemy’s access to your network?","rect":[133.22000122070313,123.72142028808594,342.40801882553105,114.66777801513672]},{"page":174,"text":"What is the potential impact of the captured loadset on other networks?","rect":[133.22000122070313,137.14149475097657,417.91671633529668,128.10777282714845]},{"page":174,"text":"What was the nature of, and how critical is, the unit operation at the time that the compromise","rect":[133.22000122070313,150.7014923095703,521.4011218528748,141.6677703857422]},{"page":174,"text":"recovery was considered?","rect":[133.22000122070313,162.12144470214845,236.41557192611695,153.0677947998047]},{"page":174,"text":"F-6. Two sets of compromise recovery procedures exist to provide units guidance on recovering from a","rect":[90.02400207519531,179.64146423339845,521.5353381614685,170.5878143310547]},{"page":174,"text":"network compromise. Table F-1 outlines procedures for those units that have compromised TEKs and KEKs.","rect":[90.02400970458985,191.1415557861328,521.809152841568,182.1078338623047]},{"page":174,"text":"Table F-1. Compromised network recovery procedures: compromised transmission","rect":[98.90400695800781,208.74172973632813,495.0104867811203,199.40921020507813]},{"page":174,"text":"encryption keys and key encryption keys","rect":[199.49000549316407,220.26174926757813,394.30759644699097,211.0487518310547]},{"page":174,"text":"F-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,85.66499548339844,747.4649658203125]},{"page":174,"text":"F-7. Table F-2 on page F-3 provides procedures for those units that have compromised traffic encryption","rect":[90.02399444580078,648.44140625,521.8300976753235,639.3877563476563]},{"page":174,"text":"keys  only.  These  procedures  offer  ways  to  help  protect  network  security.  This  is  not  a  substitute  for","rect":[90.02398681640625,659.96142578125,521.4118948564529,650.9077758789063]},{"page":174,"text":"distributing new COMSEC keys as soon as operationally possible.","rect":[90.02398681640625,671.4814453125,355.5375769138336,662.4277954101563]},{"page":174,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":174,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":175,"text":"Radio Compromise Recovery Procedures","rect":[362.4700012207031,46.04103469848633,540.0309775390625,37.608036041259769]},{"page":175,"text":"Table F-2. Compromised network recovery procedures: compromised transmission","rect":[116.9000015258789,83.2016372680664,512.9471322889328,73.8691177368164]},{"page":175,"text":"encryption keys","rect":[276.8899841308594,94.74161529541016,352.9246313591003,85.52861022949219]},{"page":175,"text":"F-8. Since the entire division and brigade is operating on the same TEK, the G-6 (S-6) may elect to have","rect":[108.0199966430664,564.2914428710938,539.9577014427185,555.23779296875]},{"page":175,"text":"all networks change to a new TEK. Accomplish this change by the physical transfer from SKL to SKL, or by","rect":[108.02000427246094,575.8114013671875,540.0183300971985,566.7577514648438]},{"page":175,"text":"over-the-air rekeying, as most appropriate for the operational situation.","rect":[108.02000427246094,587.3314208984375,391.48816895484927,578.2777709960938]},{"page":175,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":175,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":175,"text":"F-3","rect":[508.5400085449219,754.0349731445313,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":176,"text":"This page intentionally left blank.","rect":[188.77999877929688,390.36138916015627,405.22001099586489,375.853759765625]},{"page":177,"text":"Appendix G","rect":[281.3299865722656,125.49201202392578,348.56598046875,114.40401458740235]},{"page":177,"text":"Data Communications","rect":[230.56997680664063,146.71560668945313,399.3628957633972,134.92115783691407]},{"page":177,"text":"This appendix addresses the data communications elements of binary data, baud rate,","rect":[126.01997375488281,184.55364990234376,503.9626977443695,174.40789794921876]},{"page":177,"text":"modems, and forward error correction.","rect":[126.01997375488281,195.0,296.4554650783539,187.00787353515626]},{"page":177,"text":"BINARY DATA","rect":[90.02397155761719,220.89657592773438,188.36014657402039,211.20896911621095]},{"page":177,"text":"G-1. Binary data is expressed as bits in the binary numbering system. Under the binary numbering system,","rect":[108.01997375488281,240.60142517089845,539.428781747818,231.5477752685547]},{"page":177,"text":"bits have a base of two that use only the symbols 0 and 1. A bit is any variable that assumes two distinct","rect":[108.01997375488281,252.12144470214845,539.5144244441987,243.0677947998047]},{"page":177,"text":"states. For example, a switch is open or closed; a voltage is positive or negative. In communications, words","rect":[108.01997375488281,263.6714172363281,539.5671280031204,254.61778259277345]},{"page":177,"text":"become binary data for transmission over a channel’s frequency range, via an HF radio transmitter, to an HF","rect":[108.01997375488281,275.1914367675781,539.8684484977722,266.1378173828125]},{"page":177,"text":"receiver.","rect":[108.01998901367188,284.69952392578127,142.64098572731019,277.6578063964844]},{"page":177,"text":"G-2. A simple way to communicate binary data is to switch a circuit on and off in for interpretation at the","rect":[108.01998901367188,304.2314147949219,539.3790271263123,295.17779541015627]},{"page":177,"text":"receiving station the same as the telegraph. Later schemes select one of two possible states of the properties","rect":[108.01998901367188,315.63140869140627,540.2432144289016,306.5777893066406]},{"page":177,"text":"that characterize an FM or AM carrier. Currently, the carrier assumes more than two states and can represent","rect":[108.01998901367188,327.1513977050781,539.6367999324799,318.0977783203125]},{"page":177,"text":"multiple bits.","rect":[108.01998901367188,338.6514892578125,160.628732919693,329.6177673339844]},{"page":177,"text":"BAUD RATE","rect":[90.02398681640625,362.42059326171877,172.0035044374466,352.7189636230469]},{"page":177,"text":"G-3. Baud rate is the number of signal or symbol changes that occur per second. A symbol may have more","rect":[108.01998901367188,382.23138427734377,540.0577380638123,373.1777648925781]},{"page":177,"text":"than two states and may represent more than one binary bit. A binary bit always represents one of two states.","rect":[108.01998901367188,393.6313781738281,539.9419043064117,384.5777587890625]},{"page":177,"text":"Therefore, the baud rate may not equal the bit rate.","rect":[108.01998901367188,405.1513977050781,310.9398901462555,396.0977783203125]},{"page":177,"text":"G-4. The bandwidth determines the maximum baud rate on a radio channel. The wider the bandwidth, the","rect":[108.01998901367188,421.0,540.0283191184998,413.6177673339844]},{"page":177,"text":"greater the baud rate. The rate at which information is transmitted the bit rate depends on how many bits are","rect":[108.01998901367188,434.1913757324219,539.5371081809998,425.13775634765627]},{"page":177,"text":"used per symbol.","rect":[108.01998901367188,445.73138427734377,175.84758973121644,436.6777648925781]},{"page":177,"text":"ASYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS DATA","rect":[90.02398681640625,469.4806213378906,398.48362069511418,459.76495361328127]},{"page":177,"text":"G-5. The transmission of data occurs in either the asynchronous or the synchronous mode. In asynchronous","rect":[108.01995849609375,489.17138671875,539.7670181398391,480.1177673339844]},{"page":177,"text":"data transmission, each character has a start and stop bit. The start bit prepares the data receiver to accept the","rect":[108.01995849609375,500.6714782714844,539.7562243919373,491.63775634765627]},{"page":177,"text":"character.  The  stop  bit  brings  the  data  receiver  back  to  the  wait  state.  Synchronous  data  transmission","rect":[108.01995849609375,512.21142578125,539.9922070503235,503.15777587890627]},{"page":177,"text":"eliminates the start and stop bits. This type of system typically uses a preamble a known sequence of bits at","rect":[108.01995849609375,523.7314453125,539.5371905574799,514.6777954101563]},{"page":177,"text":"the  start  of  the  message  to  synchronize  the  receiver’s  internal  clock  and  to  alert  the  data  receiver  that  a","rect":[108.01995849609375,535.1314086914063,539.9596545677185,526.0777587890625]},{"page":177,"text":"message is coming.","rect":[108.01995849609375,546.6514282226563,185.927072763443,537.5977783203125]},{"page":177,"text":"G-6. Asynchronous systems eliminate the need for complex synchronization circuits, at the cost of higher","rect":[108.01995849609375,564.1714477539063,539.5373221025467,555.1177978515625]},{"page":177,"text":"overhead than synchronous systems. With asynchronous systems the start and stop bits increase the length","rect":[108.01995849609375,575.6914672851563,539.6069531440735,566.6378173828125]},{"page":177,"text":"of the character from 8 bits one byte to 10 bits, a 25 percent increase.","rect":[108.01995849609375,587.21142578125,384.41077637672427,578.1577758789063]},{"page":177,"text":"HIGH FREQUENCY MODULATOR/DEMODULATORS","rect":[90.02395629882813,613.3072509765625,443.2041891975403,601.2609252929688]},{"page":177,"text":"G-7. The average voice radio cannot transmit data directly. Convert data digital voltage levels to audio using","rect":[108.01995849609375,630.6814575195313,539.6978344917297,621.6278076171875]},{"page":177,"text":"a modulator device that applies the audio to the transmitter. At the receiver, a demodulator converts the audio","rect":[108.01995849609375,642.1815185546875,539.8725781440735,633.1478271484375]},{"page":177,"text":"back to digital voltage levels. HF modems fall into three categories—","rect":[108.01995849609375,653.721435546875,386.58997440338137,644.6677856445313]},{"page":177,"text":" Modems with slow-speed audio frequency shift key capable of operating at data rates of 75, 150,","rect":[133.219970703125,667.2814331054688,539.9334814548492,658.227783203125]},{"page":177,"text":"300, and 600 bits per second.","rect":[151.219970703125,678.6614990234375,268.0308630466461,669.6278076171875]},{"page":177,"text":" High-speed parallel tone.","rect":[133.219970703125,692.2413940429688,251.98105835914613,683.187744140625]},{"page":177,"text":" High-speed serial tone capable of operating at data rates between 75 and 2, 400 bits per second.","rect":[133.219970703125,705.7974243164063,532.8708593845367,696.7437744140625]},{"page":177,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":177,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":177,"text":"G-1","rect":[507.1000061035156,754.0349731445313,522.0610068359375,747.3839721679688]},{"page":178,"text":"Appendix G","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.54098620605468,37.608036041259769]},{"page":178,"text":"G-8. The simplest modems use frequency shift key to encode binary data. The input to the modulator is a","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.3989245872498,74.08776092529297]},{"page":178,"text":"digital signal that takes one of two possible voltage levels. The output of the modulator is an audio signal","rect":[90.02398681640625,94.68138122558594,521.6535846004487,85.62773895263672]},{"page":178,"text":"having one of two possible tones. HF frequency shift key systems are limited to data rates less than 75 bits","rect":[90.02398681640625,106.20140075683594,521.7004898195266,97.14775848388672]},{"page":178,"text":"per second because of multipath propagation. Higher rates are possible with multi-tone frequency shift key,","rect":[90.02398681640625,117.60142517089844,521.832590341568,108.54778289794922]},{"page":178,"text":"which uses a greater number of frequencies.","rect":[90.02398681640625,129.12144470214845,266.066965341568,120.06780242919922]},{"page":178,"text":"G-9.","rect":[90.02398681640625,144.63949584960938,107.98998475074768,137.75714111328126]},{"page":178,"text":"High-speed  HF  modem  technology,  using  parallel  and  serial  tone  waveforms,  allows  data","rect":[115.21997833251953,146.64146423339845,521.561583278656,137.5878143310547]},{"page":178,"text":"transmissions at up to 4,800 bits per second. The serial tone modem carries information on a single audio","rect":[90.02397918701172,158.16148376464845,521.5013012886047,149.1078338623047]},{"page":178,"text":"tone. This vastly improves data communications on HF channels, including greater toughness, less sensitivity","rect":[90.02397918701172,169.68150329589845,521.6506543159485,160.6278533935547]},{"page":178,"text":"to electromagnetic interference, and a higher data rate with more powerful forward error correction.","rect":[90.02397918701172,181.20152282714845,488.5835974216461,172.1478729248047]},{"page":178,"text":"IMPROVED DATA MODEM","rect":[72.02397918701172,204.81668090820313,253.26630268859865,195.1150360107422]},{"page":178,"text":"G-10. The improved data modem allows air and ground forces to exchange complex information in short","rect":[90.02397918701172,224.6415252685547,521.6451617488862,215.58787536621095]},{"page":178,"text":"bursts. It permits four different radios to simultaneously transmit and receive information, transmit data at","rect":[90.02397155761719,236.1615447998047,521.5011187801362,227.10789489746095]},{"page":178,"text":"16,000 bits per second, and process messages up to 3,500 characters in length. The improved data modem","rect":[90.02397155761719,247.6815643310547,522.0096832523346,238.62791442871095]},{"page":178,"text":"allows air and ground forces to exchange information on the tactical network via BFT satellite transponders","rect":[90.02397155761719,259.2015686035156,521.5013931398391,250.14793395996095]},{"page":178,"text":"that interface with the aviation platform through Digital Time Division Command/Response Multiplex Data","rect":[90.02397155761719,270.6315612792969,521.8894031028748,261.57794189453127]},{"page":178,"text":"Bus or Ethernet interface.","rect":[90.02397155761719,280.1396484375,192.55228638648988,273.0979309082031]},{"page":178,"text":"FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION","rect":[72.02397155761719,305.88671875,299.97849374198918,296.1850891113281]},{"page":178,"text":"G-11. Forward error correction adds redundant data to the data stream to allow the data receiver to detect and","rect":[90.02397155761719,323.7095947265625,521.667866230011,316.6579284667969]},{"page":178,"text":"correct errors. It does not require a return channel for the acknowledgment. If a data receiver detects an error,","rect":[90.02397155761719,337.2315368652344,522.0905249118805,328.17791748046877]},{"page":178,"text":"it simply corrects it and accurately reproduces the original data without notifying the data sender that there","rect":[90.02397155761719,348.63153076171877,521.421690700531,339.5779113769531]},{"page":178,"text":"was an error.","rect":[90.02397155761719,358.1396179199219,141.8856909275055,353.4185791015625]},{"page":178,"text":"G-12. Forward error correction coding is most effective if errors occur randomly in a data stream. The HF","rect":[90.02397155761719,377.6715087890625,521.3093054313659,368.6178894042969]},{"page":178,"text":"medium typically introduces errors that occur in bursts. To take advantage of the forward error correction","rect":[90.02397155761719,389.1914978027344,521.695209980011,380.13787841796877]},{"page":178,"text":"coding  technique,  interleaving  randomizes  the  errors  that  occur  in  the  channel.  At  the  demodulator,  de-","rect":[90.02397155761719,400.71148681640627,522.1766653642654,391.6578674316406]},{"page":178,"text":"interleaving reverses the process.","rect":[90.02397155761719,412.1114807128906,222.48203492164613,403.057861328125]},{"page":178,"text":"G-13. Soft-decision decoding further enhances the power of the error correction coding. In this process, a","rect":[90.02397155761719,429.6314697265625,521.3460681419373,420.5778503417969]},{"page":178,"text":"comparison for a group of detected symbols that retains its analog character occurs against a set of possible","rect":[90.02397155761719,441.1714782714844,521.3817737083435,432.11785888671877]},{"page":178,"text":"transmitted code words. The system remembers the voltage from the detector and applies a weighing factor","rect":[90.02397155761719,452.69146728515627,521.7899466142654,443.6378479003906]},{"page":178,"text":"to each symbol in the code word before deciding about the transmitted code word.","rect":[90.02397155761719,464.2114562988281,418.4152319431305,455.1578369140625]},{"page":178,"text":"G-14. Data communications techniques also encrypt voice calls by a voice encoder, a derivative of voice","rect":[90.02397155761719,481.7314453125,521.5980212669373,472.6778259277344]},{"page":178,"text":"coder-decoder. The voice encoder converts sound into a data stream for transmission over an HF channel.","rect":[90.02397155761719,491.1195373535156,521.669504404068,484.07781982421877]},{"page":178,"text":"The voice encoder at the receiving end reconstructs the data into telephone quality sound.","rect":[90.02397155761719,504.65142822265627,447.85706543922427,495.5978088378906]},{"page":178,"text":"G-15. In  addition  to  error  correction  techniques,  high-speed  serial  modems  may  include  two  signal-","rect":[90.02397155761719,522.1714477539063,522.0564871416092,513.1177978515625]},{"page":178,"text":"processing  schemes  that  improve  data  transmission.  An  automatic-channel  equalizer  compensates  for","rect":[90.02397155761719,533.6914672851563,521.9035330400467,524.6378173828125]},{"page":178,"text":"variations in the channel characteristics when receiving the data. An adaptive excision filter seeks output,","rect":[90.02397155761719,545.21142578125,521.5610449314117,536.1577758789063]},{"page":178,"text":"and  suppresses  narrowband  electromagnetic  interference  in  the  demodulator  input,  thereby  reducing  the","rect":[90.02397155761719,556.7314453125,521.6759631614685,547.6777954101563]},{"page":178,"text":"effects of co-channel interference, which is also known as crosstalk. Co-channel interference is interference","rect":[90.02397155761719,566.1294555664063,521.9097888450623,559.0777587890625]},{"page":178,"text":"from two different radios on the same channel.","rect":[90.02395629882813,577.6394653320313,277.003977060318,570.5977783203125]},{"page":178,"text":"G-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,87.10499792480469,747.3839721679688]},{"page":178,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":178,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":179,"text":"Appendix H","rect":[281.69000244140627,125.49201202392578,348.2539963378906,114.54801177978516]},{"page":179,"text":"Cosite Interference","rect":[242.57000732421876,146.71560668945313,387.3751027946472,134.92115783691407]},{"page":179,"text":"The complexity of telecommunications systems, the emplacement of several antennas","rect":[126.02000427246094,184.55364990234376,503.91931584453587,174.40789794921876]},{"page":179,"text":"on the same platform, multiple radios on the same or disparate frequency bands are all","rect":[126.02000427246094,197.15362548828126,504.0298133487701,187.00787353515626]},{"page":179,"text":"factors  that  cause  cosite  interference  to  communications  and  degrades  system","rect":[126.02000427246094,209.87359619140626,504.2300501461029,199.72784423828126]},{"page":179,"text":"performance. This appendix addresses single-channel ground airborne radio system","rect":[126.02000427246094,222.47357177734376,503.9986048336029,212.32781982421876]},{"page":179,"text":"implications and cosite interference mitigation.","rect":[126.02000427246094,235.19354248046876,333.4836938381195,225.04779052734376]},{"page":179,"text":"SINGLE-CHANNEL GROUND AND AIRBORNE RADIO SYSTEM","rect":[90.02398681640625,258.8305358886719,507.43088398742676,249.10081481933595]},{"page":179,"text":"IMPLICATIONS","rect":[90.02398681640625,272.9005432128906,195.95583714675903,263.18487548828127]},{"page":179,"text":"H-1. Due to SINCGARS frequency hopping capabilities, frequency management alone does not reduce","rect":[108.01998901367188,292.5913391113281,539.767393825531,283.5377197265625]},{"page":179,"text":"cosite interference. The addition of computer central processing units, displays, switches, routers, hubs, and","rect":[108.01998901367188,304.111328125,539.367817401886,295.0577087402344]},{"page":179,"text":"cables in the confined command post amplifies the potential for cosite interference. In a command post or a","rect":[108.01998901367188,315.6114196777344,539.7116687278748,306.57769775390627]},{"page":179,"text":"mobile platform (vehicle or aircraft), cosite interference depends on several factors, including—","rect":[108.01998901367188,327.15130615234377,492.5799951553345,318.0976867675781]},{"page":179,"text":" The number of transmitters in the restricted area.","rect":[133.22000122070313,338.69940185546877,346.475900888443,331.6576843261719]},{"page":179,"text":" The duty cycle of each transmitter-the transmitting time of the radio, divided by the transmitting","rect":[133.22000122070313,354.15130615234377,539.6804394721985,345.0976867675781]},{"page":179,"text":"time plus the time before the next transmission. (Example: if a radio transmits for four seconds","rect":[151.22000122070313,365.6513977050781,539.5206802492141,356.61767578125]},{"page":179,"text":"and waits six seconds before the next transmission, the duty cycle is 40 percent.)","rect":[151.22000122070313,377.0712890625,473.2666006669998,368.0176696777344]},{"page":179,"text":" The hopset bandwidth (if hopping).","rect":[133.22000122070313,390.63128662109377,292.97757935523989,381.5776672363281]},{"page":179,"text":" An  increase  in  the  system  data  rate  increases  the  electromagnetic  flux  of  the  system,  thus","rect":[133.22000122070313,404.1912841796875,539.6201675539016,395.1376647949219]},{"page":179,"text":"increasing cosite interference potential.","rect":[151.22000122070313,415.5912780761719,308.14979004859927,406.53765869140627]},{"page":179,"text":" Antenna placement.","rect":[133.22000122070313,429.1313781738281,231.0792944431305,420.09765625]},{"page":179,"text":" Equipment shielding.","rect":[133.22000122070313,442.73126220703127,236.5572760105133,433.6776428222656]},{"page":179,"text":" Bonding.","rect":[133.22000122070313,456.1712646484375,188.00229859352113,447.1176452636719]},{"page":179,"text":" Grounding.","rect":[133.22000122070313,469.73126220703127,196.86667847633363,460.6776428222656]},{"page":179,"text":"H-2. A  SINCGARS  that  routinely  transmits  to  distances  of  35–40  kilometers  21.7–24.8  miles,  by","rect":[108.02000427246094,487.1312561035156,540.0771069526672,478.07763671875]},{"page":179,"text":"themselves, can transmit at distances reduced to less than 5 kilometers 3.1 miles when influenced by cosite","rect":[108.02001953125,498.6512451171875,539.4475085716248,489.5976257324219]},{"page":179,"text":"interference. This degradation, if not properly addressed, adversely distress the flow of communications. This","rect":[108.02001953125,510.1712341308594,540.0184829835891,501.11761474609377]},{"page":179,"text":"distress may lead to the physical shutdown of non-critical systems that pass information onto critical systems.","rect":[108.02001953125,521.6912231445313,539.8852026462555,512.6375732421875]},{"page":179,"text":"H-3. SINCGARS transmitting at maximum power with co-located radio terminals operating on the same","rect":[108.02001953125,539.0912475585938,539.7220447044373,530.03759765625]},{"page":179,"text":"frequency spectrum degrade communications performance due to high receiver noise-energy levels in the co-","rect":[108.02001953125,550.6112670898438,540.0566092119217,541.5576171875]},{"page":179,"text":"located radio equipment operating on the same frequency spectrum. Antennas require 20+ feet of separation","rect":[108.02001953125,562.1312866210938,539.5071606636047,553.07763671875]},{"page":179,"text":"to overcome the SINCGARS-generated increase in background noise. This separation allows an acceptable","rect":[108.02001953125,573.6512451171875,540.0605456809998,564.5975952148438]},{"page":179,"text":"signal to noise ratio for other radios to establish a successful link.","rect":[108.02001953125,585.1712646484375,369.29068970680239,576.1176147460938]},{"page":179,"text":"H-4. If SINCGARS transmits at a power of four watts or less, co-located radios can establish a voice link","rect":[108.02001953125,602.6713256835938,539.843647480011,593.6376342773438]},{"page":179,"text":"with some reduction in data quality. SINCGARS low power 4 watts output reduces the SINCGARS planning","rect":[108.02001953125,614.1212768554688,540.0639843940735,605.067626953125]},{"page":179,"text":"range by 90 percent and subjects the SINCGARS to increased noise generated by the co-located, transmitting","rect":[108.02001953125,625.6412963867188,540.0514721870422,616.5776977539063]},{"page":179,"text":"radios.","rect":[108.02001953125,635.1492919921875,134.9618628025055,628.1076049804688]},{"page":179,"text":"H-5. When configuring SINCGARS to hop outside the prescribed frequency range of a co-located radio","rect":[108.02001953125,654.6812744140625,540.1072583198547,645.6276245117188]},{"page":179,"text":"(59–88 MHz outside the continental United States or 40–50 MHz the continental United States, plus an","rect":[108.02001953125,666.1813354492188,539.775288105011,657.1476440429688]},{"page":179,"text":"additional 5 MHz cushion in both areas of operation), the other radio is relatively resistant to SINCGARS","rect":[108.02001953125,677.6012573242188,539.4376623649597,668.547607421875]},{"page":179,"text":"cosite interference. This causes a significant reduction of the available frequency spectrum and a constraint","rect":[108.02001953125,689.1212768554688,539.7854815731049,680.067626953125]},{"page":179,"text":"on the capabilities of the SINCGARS. The full frequency range and full power hopping transmissions from","rect":[108.02001953125,700.6372680664063,539.6070953617096,691.5836181640625]},{"page":179,"text":"SINCGARS reduces operational distances.","rect":[108.02001953125,712.1373291015625,279.37186646461489,703.1036376953125]},{"page":179,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":179,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":179,"text":"H-1","rect":[507.58001708984377,753.9359741210938,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":180,"text":"Appendix H","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":180,"text":"COSITE INTERFERENCE MITIGATION","rect":[72.02399444580078,83.37063598632813,333.5610743083954,73.64091491699219]},{"page":180,"text":"H-6. Cosite interference is the effect of unwanted energy, due to emissions, radiation, or induction, on","rect":[90.02399444580078,103.20146179199219,521.628071308136,94.14781951904297]},{"page":180,"text":"reception  in  a  radio  communications  system.  This  could  cause  system  performance  degradation,","rect":[90.02398681640625,114.60148620605469,521.491281747818,105.54784393310547]},{"page":180,"text":"misinterpretation, or loss of information. Several options are available to mitigate cosite interference, but","rect":[90.02398681640625,126.12150573730469,521.7243243465424,117.06786346435547]},{"page":180,"text":"there are no comprehensive solutions. The user must decide if an option is applicable to the tactical situation","rect":[90.02398681640625,137.62159729003907,521.8003125190735,128.58787536621095]},{"page":180,"text":"and take the appropriate action to resolve cosite interference.","rect":[90.02398681640625,149.14161682128907,333.33683228492739,140.10789489746095]},{"page":180,"text":"H-7. Some equipment systems are not as critical as others. The G-6 (S-6) recommends a system priority list","rect":[90.02398681640625,166.6815643310547,521.8169146785737,157.62791442871095]},{"page":180,"text":"that ensures the transmission of critical mission information. During interference, the G-6 (S-6) must be","rect":[90.02397918701172,178.2015838623047,522.0407092552185,169.14793395996095]},{"page":180,"text":"prepared  to  shut  down  less  critical  systems.  The  following  paragraphs  address  ways  to  reduce  cosite","rect":[90.02397918701172,189.6016082763672,521.956602809906,180.54795837402345]},{"page":180,"text":"interference.","rect":[90.02397918701172,199.10971069335938,140.11278748512269,192.06797790527345]},{"page":180,"text":"TRANSMISSION","rect":[72.02397918701172,224.6824188232422,146.9927682876587,216.59622192382813]},{"page":180,"text":"H-8. When possible, transmit at the lowest power level. This allows co-located SINCGARS and other","rect":[90.02398681640625,244.4217071533203,522.0364065752029,235.3879852294922]},{"page":180,"text":"transmission systems to operate with minimal interference in data and voice communications at the receivers.","rect":[90.02397918701172,255.96165466308595,521.5609838962555,246.9080047607422]},{"page":180,"text":"This option may be unacceptable due to the significant transmission range reduction of the SINCGARS.","rect":[90.02397918701172,267.5116271972656,506.48148560523989,258.4580078125]},{"page":180,"text":"H-9. Locating antennas remotely and transmitting from the command post at low power to a full power","rect":[90.02397918701172,285.0316162109375,521.3392630205154,275.9779968261719]},{"page":180,"text":"RETRANS system mitigates cosite interference. Certain critical command post networks would then be able","rect":[90.02397155761719,296.4316101074219,522.0614612083435,287.37799072265627]},{"page":180,"text":"to maintain their high-power advantage.","rect":[90.02397155761719,307.95159912109377,250.10697388648988,298.8979797363281]},{"page":180,"text":"ANTENNA PLACEMENT","rect":[72.02397155761719,331.5029296875,185.33339834213258,323.2582092285156]},{"page":180,"text":"H-10. Antenna placement is critical when the antennas operate in the same or nearby frequency range(s).","rect":[90.02397155761719,351.2716064453125,521.5781347751617,342.2179870605469]},{"page":180,"text":"Operators should separate antennas as much as possible. The greater the separation between the transmitting","rect":[90.02397155761719,362.7915954589844,521.9677319526672,353.73797607421877]},{"page":180,"text":"and receiving antennas, the less interference encountered. As required issue command posts, a significant","rect":[90.02397155761719,374.31158447265627,521.5211993465424,365.2579650878906]},{"page":180,"text":"quantity of mast-mounted antennas (OE-254 or equivalent) to match the number of installed SINCGARS.","rect":[90.02397155761719,385.8315734863281,522.0875341892242,376.7779541015625]},{"page":180,"text":"Extra length low-loss coaxial transmission lines should be included with each requirement. This may cause","rect":[90.02397155761719,397.2315673828125,521.5299060325623,388.1779479980469]},{"page":180,"text":"an increase in the physical size of the command post footprint and an increase in setup and teardown times.","rect":[90.02397155761719,408.7515563964844,518.5829565525055,399.69793701171877]},{"page":180,"text":"H-11. Tilting the tops of the transmitting and receiving antennas away from each other can enhance vertically","rect":[90.02397155761719,426.27154541015627,521.966450214386,417.2179260253906]},{"page":180,"text":"polarized ground wave communications. Tilt angles between 15 and 30 degrees provide the best results. Trial","rect":[90.02397155761719,437.8115539550781,521.8499346981049,428.7579345703125]},{"page":180,"text":"and error will reveal the best antenna angle.","rect":[90.02397155761719,449.33154296875,264.652658700943,440.2779235839844]},{"page":180,"text":"DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS","rect":[72.02397155761719,472.7723693847656,198.33762168884278,464.5181579589844]},{"page":180,"text":"H-12. Use directional antennas whenever possible. This may require the prefabrication of VHF directional","rect":[90.02397155761719,492.53155517578127,521.7860919246674,483.4779357910156]},{"page":180,"text":"antennas since these are not available in the current Army inventory. Change antenna polarization on systems","rect":[90.02397155761719,504.0515441894531,521.7302749757766,494.9979248046875]},{"page":180,"text":"where distance is not an issue. A horizontally polarized ground wave has less signal loss than a vertically","rect":[90.02397155761719,515.5715942382813,522.0058789253235,506.5179443359375]},{"page":180,"text":"polarized ground wave if antenna heights exceed treetop levels or other horizontal energy absorbers.","rect":[90.02397155761719,527.091552734375,491.19300293922427,518.0379028320313]},{"page":180,"text":"MAST ASSEMBLIES","rect":[72.02397155761719,550.65234375,166.75168418884278,542.3981323242188]},{"page":180,"text":"H-13. If possible, stack antennas in the null space of another vertical antenna. The radiation pattern of a","rect":[90.02397155761719,570.3916015625,521.9202868919373,561.35791015625]},{"page":180,"text":"vertical antenna has a deep energy void directly overhead 90 degrees. Figure H-1 on page H-3 shows possible","rect":[90.02397155761719,581.9315795898438,522.011290309906,572.8779296875]},{"page":180,"text":"antenna  stacks.  Configure  the  mast  assemblies  to  mount  two  OE-254  broadband  antennas  using  vertical","rect":[90.02397155761719,593.33154296875,521.8012286434174,584.2778930664063]},{"page":180,"text":"separation.","rect":[90.02397155761719,604.8316040039063,133.52927613258363,595.7979125976563]},{"page":180,"text":"H-14. Both dual-antenna mast assemblies must provide at least 12 dB or greater antenna isolation (at 30","rect":[90.02397155761719,622.4015502929688,521.6408276557922,613.347900390625]},{"page":180,"text":"MHz) over that obtained using the same distance horizontal separation. Take advantage of the lateral wave","rect":[90.02397155761719,633.9215698242188,521.5113513450623,624.867919921875]},{"page":180,"text":"propagation of vertical antennas. Energy transference is negligible on a receiving antenna in this null space.","rect":[90.02397155761719,645.4415893554688,521.8028662204742,636.387939453125]},{"page":180,"text":"Early fabrication of mounting devices may be required to achieve antenna stacking. (See figure H-1 on page","rect":[90.02397155761719,656.9615478515625,522.033995388031,647.9078979492188]},{"page":180,"text":"H-3.)","rect":[90.02397155761719,668.3416137695313,111.31635957813264,659.3079223632813]},{"page":180,"text":"H-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,86.6249945678711,747.4649658203125]},{"page":180,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":180,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":181,"text":"Cosite Interference","rect":[458.5899963378906,44.259033203125,540.1029990234375,37.608036041259769]},{"page":181,"text":"Figure H-1. Possible antenna stacks","rect":[229.37001037597657,272.6116027832031,400.3767492790222,263.36871337890627]},{"page":181,"text":"GROUNDING","rect":[90.02401733398438,302.02996826171877,152.09602069854737,293.7139892578125]},{"page":181,"text":"H-15. Properly ground electronic equipment in the command post. Proper grounding ensures that each item","rect":[108.02001953125,321.7513732910156,540.1265655765534,312.69775390625]},{"page":181,"text":"does not develop interference-producing electromagnetic fields, or simulate the properties of an unwanted,","rect":[108.02003479003906,333.2713623046875,539.6796972751617,324.2177429199219]},{"page":181,"text":"energy-radiating transmitting antenna in the command post.","rect":[108.02003479003906,344.7913513183594,346.832834482193,335.73773193359377]},{"page":181,"text":"H-16. Another option is to counterpoise the antenna. The wires used in the counterpoise should be either a","rect":[108.02003479003906,362.29144287109377,539.8742053489685,353.2577209472656]},{"page":181,"text":"half wavelength or a full wavelength long for best results. Achieve a greater direction gain by placing the","rect":[108.02005004882813,373.8313293457031,539.4675281028748,364.7777099609375]},{"page":181,"text":"counterpoise wires in the direction of the receiving antenna. (See chapter 9 for more information on how to","rect":[108.02005004882813,385.2313232421875,540.0488476753235,376.1777038574219]},{"page":181,"text":"construct a counterpoise.)","rect":[108.02005004882813,396.7314147949219,210.84713655567169,387.69769287109377]},{"page":181,"text":"SINGLE-CHANNEL OPERATIONS","rect":[90.0240478515625,420.34991455078127,247.65167808532716,412.0459289550781]},{"page":181,"text":"H-17. When operating against less sophisticated adversaries, using SINCGARS single-channel mode of","rect":[108.02005004882813,440.09130859375,539.9784231767654,431.0376892089844]},{"page":181,"text":"operation also mitigates cosite interference. Even when operating at full power, properly chosen frequencies","rect":[108.02006530761719,451.6112976074219,540.1345108156204,442.55767822265627]},{"page":181,"text":"can reduce cosite interference, and provide increased range capability due to better bit error rate, inherent","rect":[108.02005004882813,463.13128662109377,539.5074054012299,454.0776672363281]},{"page":181,"text":"with single-channel operation.","rect":[108.02005004882813,474.6512756347656,229.24358582496644,465.59765625]},{"page":181,"text":"INITIATIVES","rect":[90.0240478515625,498.09210205078127,150.68344688415528,490.0058898925781]},{"page":181,"text":"H-18. Two  cosite  mitigation  initiatives  are  the  FHMUX  and  the  software-defined  family  of  radios.","rect":[108.02005767822266,517.851318359375,540.0140478610992,508.79766845703127]},{"page":181,"text":"Communications integration and cosite mitigation science and technology objectives products enhance both","rect":[108.02006530761719,529.3712768554688,539.5943188667297,520.3076782226563]},{"page":181,"text":"initiatives.","rect":[108.02006530761719,538.8793334960938,149.85206055641175,531.837646484375]},{"page":181,"text":"Frequency Hopping Multiplexer","rect":[90.02406311035156,565.843505859375,242.23885715103149,555.9848022460938]},{"page":181,"text":"H-19. The FHMUX, TD-1456/VRC is a hardware solution to cosite interference. It is compatible with the","rect":[108.02006530761719,582.9913330078125,539.5379626731873,573.9576416015625]},{"page":181,"text":"SINCGARS in EP (frequency hopping) and single-channel (non-frequency hopping) modes of operation.","rect":[108.02008056640625,594.5313110351563,539.9589941501617,585.4776611328125]},{"page":181,"text":"Table H-1 on page H-4 shows the effects of multiple transmitters on transmission ranges (in a vehicle) with","rect":[108.02008056640625,606.0513305664063,539.8396801948547,596.9976806640625]},{"page":181,"text":"and without the FHMUX. The FHMUX is an antenna multi-coupler that—","rect":[108.02008056640625,617.5813598632813,407.1100854873657,608.5476684570313]},{"page":181,"text":" Reduces visual signature of the command vehicle, by reducing the antenna count, thus increasing","rect":[133.2200927734375,631.1613159179688,539.6026196479797,622.107666015625]},{"page":181,"text":"the survivability of the vehicle.","rect":[151.2200927734375,642.5613403320313,275.740061044693,633.5076904296875]},{"page":181,"text":" Reduces co-located network-to-network interference, cosite.","rect":[133.2200927734375,654.1093139648438,392.563791513443,647.067626953125]},{"page":181,"text":" Reduces setup time. The user erects one OE-254 antenna, and four networks are operational via","rect":[133.2200927734375,669.5413818359375,539.8605334739685,660.5076904296875]},{"page":181,"text":"the  FHMUX.  The  FHMUX  is  compatible  with  high  power  whip  antennas,  like  the  AS-","rect":[151.2200927734375,681.081298828125,540.0565481767654,672.0276489257813]},{"page":181,"text":"3900A/VRC or AS-3916/VRC.","rect":[151.2200927734375,690.599365234375,276.9462378025055,683.5476684570313]},{"page":181,"text":" Reduces the parasitic effect of the antennas. The transmit radiation of one antenna 10 feet/3 meters","rect":[133.2200927734375,706.1373291015625,539.6899307374954,697.1036376953125]},{"page":181,"text":"interact with another antenna producing undesirable distortions in the pattern of each antenna.","rect":[151.2200927734375,717.5573120117188,526.5221045017242,708.503662109375]},{"page":181,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":181,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":181,"text":"H-3","rect":[507.58001708984377,754.0349731445313,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":182,"text":"Appendix H","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":182,"text":" Provides up to 300 meters .3 kilometers multi-coupler to antenna separation, to reduce exposure","rect":[115.2199935913086,83.1214828491211,521.9261462669373,74.08776092529297]},{"page":182,"text":"of the command post to hostile fire.","rect":[133.22000122070313,94.66146087646485,275.45875000953677,85.62773895263672]},{"page":182,"text":" Provides arbitration software that optimizes the transmission range.","rect":[115.22000122070313,108.24137878417969,403.0568335056305,99.18773651123047]},{"page":182,"text":"Table H-1. Transmitters and transmission range with and without the frequency hopping","rect":[87.50399780273438,125.7016372680664,505.9979440565109,116.3691177368164]},{"page":182,"text":"multiplexer","rect":[270.28997802734377,137.09217834472657,323.5659683351517,128.00865173339845]},{"page":182,"text":"H-20. The FHMUX contains bandpass filters that tune synchronously with the radios. These filters remove","rect":[90.02399444580078,287.3114013671875,521.4486682395935,278.2577819824219]},{"page":182,"text":"most  of  the  broadband  transmit  interference.  Signals  coming  from  the  antenna  also  pass  through  these","rect":[90.02398681640625,298.8313903808594,521.5012195091248,289.77777099609377]},{"page":182,"text":"bandpass filters and remove strong non-bandpass signals. This greatly improves the performance of the radio","rect":[90.02398681640625,310.23138427734377,521.928852558136,301.1777648925781]},{"page":182,"text":"system when in a cosite environment.","rect":[90.02398681640625,321.7513732910156,240.36026978492738,312.69775390625]},{"page":182,"text":"H-21. The FHMUX is most effective when the hopset contains at least 800 channels and it spreads over at","rect":[90.02398681640625,339.25146484375,521.7375079402924,330.2177429199219]},{"page":182,"text":"least  20  MHz  of  the  VHF  band.  The  FHMUX  single-channel  mode  is  most  effective  when  frequencies","rect":[90.02398681640625,350.7913513183594,522.0269058351516,341.73773193359377]},{"page":182,"text":"separation takes place by a five percent delta for each radio.","rect":[90.02398681640625,362.31134033203127,329.4823706150055,353.2577209472656]},{"page":182,"text":"Software Defined Radio Platforms","rect":[72.02398681640625,384.935546875,233.7846417722702,377.28485107421877]},{"page":182,"text":"H-22. The  software  defined  radio  platform  technology  eliminates  most,  if  not  all,  co-site  interference","rect":[90.02398681640625,404.43133544921877,521.8631579856873,395.3777160644531]},{"page":182,"text":"problems that occur when multiple radios in the same or disparate frequency bands integrate in the same","rect":[90.02398681640625,415.9513244628906,521.5671374778748,406.897705078125]},{"page":182,"text":"mobile  communications  command  post  platform.  The  software  defined  radio  platform  operates  at  full","rect":[90.02398681640625,427.451416015625,521.5013018856049,418.4176940917969]},{"page":182,"text":"performance  levels  and  does  not  degrade  mission  effectiveness  of  host  systems  and  platforms  engaged  in","rect":[90.02398681640625,438.8913269042969,521.9909863471985,429.83770751953127]},{"page":182,"text":"their tactical environments, including weapons firing and movements.","rect":[90.02398681640625,450.41131591796877,369.1928198337555,441.3576965332031]},{"page":182,"text":"H-23. The VHF and UHF multiplexer use RF signal combining, and cosite mitigation technology to reduce","rect":[90.02398681640625,467.9313049316406,521.5981433372498,458.877685546875]},{"page":182,"text":"the platform antenna visual signature and software defined radio platform self-jamming interference. The","rect":[90.02398681640625,479.4512939453125,521.9273669700623,470.3876953125]},{"page":182,"text":"multiplexer  development  efforts  exploit  emerging  technology  applications  in  the  areas  of  wideband","rect":[90.02398681640625,490.9712829589844,521.391743183136,481.91766357421877]},{"page":182,"text":"interference mitigation and compact delay lines.","rect":[90.02398681640625,502.49127197265627,282.431223154068,493.4376525878906]},{"page":182,"text":"H-24. Communications integration and cosite mitigation science and technology includes a multiband VHF","rect":[90.02398681640625,519.8912963867188,521.9374792594909,510.837646484375]},{"page":182,"text":"and UHF power amplifier that eliminates dissimilar legacy radio amplifiers and their logistics, training, and","rect":[90.02398681640625,531.4113159179688,521.471333026886,522.357666015625]},{"page":182,"text":"maintenance infrastructures, and provides a programmable software defined radio waveform capability. The","rect":[90.02398681640625,542.9312744140625,521.5810534934998,533.8776245117188]},{"page":182,"text":"power amplifier uses laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor and silicon carbide device technology to","rect":[90.02398681640625,554.4512939453125,521.566792011261,545.3976440429688]},{"page":182,"text":"meet higher power and frequency requirements.","rect":[90.02398681640625,565.9713134765625,281.305734872818,556.9176635742188]},{"page":182,"text":"H-4","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,86.6249945678711,747.4649658203125]},{"page":182,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":182,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":183,"text":"Appendix I","rect":[284.3299865722656,125.49201202392578,345.56598046875,114.54801177978516]},{"page":183,"text":"Radio Operating Procedures","rect":[206.5699920654297,149.8756866455078,423.2908437614441,134.92115783691407]},{"page":183,"text":"This  appendix  addresses  the  proper  way  to  pronounce  letters  and  numbers  when","rect":[126.01998901367188,184.55364990234376,503.8518786430359,174.40789794921876]},{"page":183,"text":"transmitting messages over radios, and the proper procedures for opening and closing","rect":[126.01998901367188,197.15362548828126,503.8420214653015,187.00787353515626]},{"page":183,"text":"a radio net.","rect":[126.01998901367188,207.64352416992188,175.31363463401795,199.72784423828126]},{"page":183,"text":"PHONETIC ALPHABET","rect":[90.02399444580078,233.49655151367188,245.32036845111848,223.79490661621095]},{"page":183,"text":"I-1. A phonetic alphabet is a list of words used to identify letters in a message transmitted by radio or","rect":[108.0199966430664,253.32139587402345,539.9637137041092,244.2677459716797]},{"page":183,"text":"telephone as seen in table I-1. Pronounced words from an approved list substitute for letters. Radio operators","rect":[108.01998901367188,264.8514709472656,539.6298111085891,255.81773376464845]},{"page":183,"text":"communicate over the radio, using the phonetic alphabet to pronounce individual letters of the alphabet.","rect":[108.01998901367188,276.3913879394531,523.4716894626617,267.3377685546875]},{"page":183,"text":"Table I-1. Phonetic alphabet","rect":[248.9299774169922,293.7221374511719,381.0500174150467,284.6087341308594]},{"page":183,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":183,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":183,"text":"I-1","rect":[511.5400085449219,753.9359741210938,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":184,"text":"Appendix I","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,118.04098620605468,37.716033935546878]},{"page":184,"text":"NUMERICAL PRONUNCIATION","rect":[72.02399444580078,83.37063598632813,284.85370736503605,73.65495300292969]},{"page":184,"text":"I-2. To distinguish numerals from similarly pronounced words operators use the proword","rect":[90.02399444580078,103.20146179199219,469.2184338569641,94.14781951904297]},{"page":184,"text":"preceding such numbers. Table I-2 outlines how to pronounce numerals transmitted by radio.","rect":[90.02395629882813,114.60148620605469,462.4526159763336,105.54784393310547]},{"page":184,"text":"Table I-2. Numerical pronunciation","rect":[215.08995056152345,132.05226135253907,378.8629342908859,122.93885803222656]},{"page":184,"text":"‘FIGURES’","rect":[473.739990234375,101.20945739746094,522.0566702470779,94.21753692626953]},{"page":184,"text":"I-3. Radio operators transmit numbers digit by digit. Pronunciation of exact multiples of one thousand uses","rect":[90.02399444580078,308.5513916015625,521.5880630617141,299.4977722167969]},{"page":184,"text":"the phonetic pronunciation ‘TOU-SAND’ rather than three zeroes (see table I-3). There are special cases,","rect":[90.02399444580078,320.0514831542969,522.0651342868805,311.01776123046877]},{"page":184,"text":"anti-air warfare reporting procedures, when the normal pronunciation of numerals for example, 17 would","rect":[90.02397155761719,331.47137451171877,521.6960034370422,322.4177551269531]},{"page":184,"text":"then be seventeen.","rect":[90.02397155761719,340.9794616699219,163.39933228492738,333.937744140625]},{"page":184,"text":"Table I-3. Numerals in combinations","rect":[211.48995971679688,358.59954833984377,382.54371094894409,351.3287353515625]},{"page":184,"text":"I-4. Write the figure zero as 0, the figure one as 1, and the letter ZULU as Z. Spell difficult words","rect":[90.02399444580078,509.2113952636719,521.3988540773391,500.15777587890627]},{"page":184,"text":"phonetically. Pronounce abbreviations and isolated letters without the proword ‘I SPELL.’","rect":[90.02399444580078,520.7313842773438,452.1866446123123,511.677734375]},{"page":184,"text":"Note. Phonetically transmit any abbreviated words used in the message, for example, first (1st) is","rect":[115.2199935913086,543.8914184570313,504.1198013429642,534.8377685546875]},{"page":184,"text":"sent as ONE SIERRA TANGO, or headquarters as HOTEL QUEBEC.","rect":[115.2199935913086,555.511474609375,398.49234986305239,546.477783203125]},{"page":184,"text":"PROCEDURE WORDS","rect":[72.02399444580078,593.9205932617188,217.11330784988403,584.2049560546875]},{"page":184,"text":"I-5. Table I-4 on page I-3 outlines proper procedure words (prowords) and their meanings used during","rect":[90.02399444580078,613.7614135742188,521.536762714386,604.707763671875]},{"page":184,"text":"radio transmissions. A procedure word is a word or phrase limited to radio telephone procedure used to","rect":[90.02399444580078,625.1414794921875,521.5971875190735,616.1077880859375]},{"page":184,"text":"facilitate communication by conveying information in a condensed standard form (JP 3-09.3).","rect":[90.02400207519531,636.6814575195313,465.8361303806305,627.6278076171875]},{"page":184,"text":"I-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,82.66499548339844,747.4649658203125]},{"page":184,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":184,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":185,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":185,"text":"Radio Operating Procedures","rect":[418.0299987792969,46.04103469848633,540.0790122070313,37.608036041259769]},{"page":185,"text":"Table I-4. Procedure words listed alphabetically","rect":[202.1300048828125,83.2016372680664,427.59522462081909,73.95875549316406]},{"page":185,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":185,"text":"I-3","rect":[511.5400085449219,754.0349731445313,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":186,"text":"Appendix I","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,118.04098620605468,37.716033935546878]},{"page":186,"text":"Table I-4. Procedure words listed alphabetically (continued)","rect":[155.5399932861328,83.2016372680664,438.2991629228592,73.8691177368164]},{"page":186,"text":"RADIO CALL PROCEDURES","rect":[72.02399444580078,641.9505615234375,261.05630101394658,632.2349243164063]},{"page":186,"text":"I-6. A preliminary call transmission occurs when the sending station wishes to know if the receiving station","rect":[90.02399444580078,661.7614135742188,521.945209980011,652.707763671875]},{"page":186,"text":"is ready to receive a message. When communication reception is good, and contact has been continuous, a","rect":[90.02399444580078,673.2814331054688,521.5710437278748,664.227783203125]},{"page":186,"text":"preliminary call is optional. The following is an example of a preliminary call—","rect":[90.02399444580078,684.8014526367188,411.3099756240845,675.747802734375]},{"page":186,"text":" A1D, this is B6T, over.","rect":[115.219970703125,696.2254638671875,226.93993592262269,689.1837768554688]},{"page":186,"text":" B6T, this is A1D, over.","rect":[115.219970703125,710.0,226.81995606422425,702.7437744140625]},{"page":186,"text":"I-4","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,82.66499548339844,747.4649658203125]},{"page":186,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":186,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":187,"text":"Radio Operating Procedures","rect":[418.0299987792969,46.04103469848633,540.0790122070313,37.608036041259769]},{"page":187,"text":" A1D, this is B6T (sends message), over.","rect":[133.22000122070313,83.14140319824219,312.619943857193,74.08776092529297]},{"page":187,"text":" B6T, this is A1D, roger out.","rect":[133.22000122070313,96.72142028808594,263.41993165016177,87.66777801513672]},{"page":187,"text":"OPENING A RADIO NET","rect":[90.02400207519531,120.18801879882813,204.94310903549195,111.8960189819336]},{"page":187,"text":"I-7. During radio net calls, the last letter of the call sign determines the answering order. The stations in a","rect":[108.01998901367188,139.9214324951172,539.398985622406,130.86778259277345]},{"page":187,"text":"network respond alphabetically, for example, A3D answers before A2W and A2E answers before B1F. If","rect":[108.01998901367188,151.4414520263672,539.7319632158279,142.38780212402345]},{"page":187,"text":"two stations in a network have the same last letter, for instance, A1D and A2D, then the answering order is","rect":[108.01998901367188,162.9614715576172,539.6667984132766,153.90782165527345]},{"page":187,"text":"determined by numerical sequence, with the lower number A1D answering first.","rect":[108.01998901367188,174.4814910888672,429.16041016578677,165.42784118652345]},{"page":187,"text":"I-8. The following is an example of a secure voice network opening by the NCS and several distant","rect":[108.01998901367188,192.0015106201172,539.5708209285737,182.94786071777345]},{"page":187,"text":"stations—","rect":[108.01998901367188,201.38961791992188,148.4599847793579,194.34788513183595]},{"page":187,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,214.2412567138672,139.22586593341829,209.51373291015626]},{"page":187,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,227.80125427246095,139.22586593341829,223.07373046875]},{"page":187,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,241.2412567138672,139.22586593341829,236.51373291015626]},{"page":187,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,254.80125427246095,139.22586593341829,250.07373046875]},{"page":187,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,268.2712097167969,139.22586593341829,263.543701171875]},{"page":187,"text":"NET, this is NCS, over.","rect":[151.21998596191407,215.0,246.37996888160706,207.9078826904297]},{"page":187,"text":"NCS, this is A1D, over.","rect":[151.21998596191407,229.0,246.49997925758363,221.46788024902345]},{"page":187,"text":"NCS, this is A2D, over.","rect":[151.21998596191407,242.0,246.49997925758363,234.9078826904297]},{"page":187,"text":"NCS, this is A2E, over.","rect":[151.21998596191407,256.0,245.41990113258363,248.46788024902345]},{"page":187,"text":"NET, this is NCS, out (if the NCS has no traffic).","rect":[151.21998596191407,270.9715881347656,348.7599585056305,261.9378662109375]},{"page":187,"text":"RADIO CHECKS","rect":[90.02397155761719,294.5780944824219,167.6508388519287,286.2861022949219]},{"page":187,"text":"I-9. To minimize transmission time, use radio checks sparingly or by unit standing operating procedures.","rect":[108.01996612548828,314.3114929199219,539.648020029068,305.25787353515627]},{"page":187,"text":"The following is an example of a radio check with the NCS—","rect":[108.01995849609375,325.83148193359377,355.9899682998657,316.7778625488281]},{"page":187,"text":" NET, this is NCS, radio check, over.","rect":[133.219970703125,337.26953125,297.97986817359927,330.2178649902344]},{"page":187,"text":" NCS, this is A1D, roger out.","rect":[133.219970703125,352.83148193359377,265.099924325943,343.7778625488281]},{"page":187,"text":" NCS, this is A2D, weak readable, over (A2D is receiving the NCS’s signal weak).","rect":[133.219970703125,366.271484375,480.2303259372711,357.2178649902344]},{"page":187,"text":" NCS, this is A2E, roger out.","rect":[133.219970703125,379.83148193359377,264.01993775367739,370.7778625488281]},{"page":187,"text":" NET, this is NCS, roger out.","rect":[133.219970703125,393.271484375,264.97989869117739,384.2178649902344]},{"page":187,"text":"STATION ENTERING AN ALREADY ESTABLISHED NET","rect":[90.02397155761719,416.8700866699219,351.0370879173279,408.56610107421877]},{"page":187,"text":"I-10. The following is an example of how a radio station would enter a network after the network was opened","rect":[108.01995849609375,436.6114807128906,539.7159008979797,427.557861328125]},{"page":187,"text":"and the station was unable to answer and now wants to report into the network (NCS)—","rect":[108.01995849609375,448.111572265625,460.3899621963501,439.0778503417969]},{"page":187,"text":" NCS, this is B4G, reporting into the net, over.","rect":[133.21994018554688,461.57147216796877,335.0798132419586,452.5178527832031]},{"page":187,"text":" B4G, this is NCS, authenticate, over.","rect":[133.21994018554688,473.1295166015625,299.299875497818,466.0778503417969]},{"page":187,"text":" NCS, this is B4G, I authenticate (B4G authenticates), over.","rect":[133.21994018554688,488.55157470703127,387.87980103492739,479.5178527832031]},{"page":187,"text":" B4G, this is NCS, I authenticate (NCS authenticates), over.","rect":[133.21994018554688,502.111572265625,388.47974610328677,493.0778503417969]},{"page":187,"text":" NCS, this is B4G, roger out.","rect":[133.21994018554688,515.5714721679688,264.61988282203677,506.517822265625]},{"page":187,"text":"Note. Authentication is a security measure designed to protect a communications system against","rect":[133.22000122070313,538.8514404296875,521.6581012020112,529.7977905273438]},{"page":187,"text":"acceptance  of  a  fraudulent  transmission  or  simulation  by  establishing  the  validity  of a","rect":[133.22000122070313,550.3713989257813,521.5008532981873,541.3177490234375]},{"page":187,"text":"transmission, message, or originator (JP 3-50).","rect":[133.22000122070313,561.8914184570313,320.02613282203677,552.8377685546875]},{"page":187,"text":"STATION REQUESTING TO LEAVE A NET","rect":[90.02399444580078,601.6564331054688,287.65311574935915,591.8259887695313]},{"page":187,"text":"I-11. The following is an example of a radio station requesting permission to leave a network from the NCS","rect":[108.02000427246094,619.8814086914063,539.6976110954284,610.8277587890625]},{"page":187,"text":"of the network—","rect":[108.02000427246094,629.3894653320313,176.17632389068604,622.3477783203125]},{"page":187,"text":" NCS, this is A24, request permission to close down (or leave net), over.","rect":[133.22000122070313,644.9414672851563,438.51978516578677,635.9077758789063]},{"page":187,"text":" A24, this is NCS, roger out.","rect":[133.22000122070313,658.4014282226563,262.8199255466461,649.3477783203125]},{"page":187,"text":"CLOSING A SECURE VOICE NET","rect":[90.02400207519531,682.0,246.2531065940857,673.6959838867188]},{"page":187,"text":"I-12. The following is an example of an NCS closing a secure voice radio network. Authentication can be","rect":[108.01998901367188,701.7174072265625,539.4188830833435,692.6637573242188]},{"page":187,"text":"used for a non-secure network—","rect":[108.01998901367188,711.2254638671875,239.0899896621704,704.1837768554688]},{"page":187,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":187,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":187,"text":"I-5","rect":[511.5400085449219,754.0349731445313,522.0610068359375,747.4920043945313]},{"page":188,"text":"Appendix I","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,118.04098620605468,37.716033935546878]},{"page":188,"text":"","rect":[115.2199935913086,80.4211196899414,121.22587356281281,75.693603515625]},{"page":188,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,94.00113677978516,121.22588119220734,89.27362060546875]},{"page":188,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,107.4411392211914,121.22588119220734,102.713623046875]},{"page":188,"text":"","rect":[115.22000122070313,121.00113677978516,121.22588119220734,116.27362060546875]},{"page":188,"text":"I-6","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,82.66499548339844,747.4649658203125]},{"page":188,"text":"NET, this is NCS, close down, over.","rect":[133.22000122070313,81.13944244384766,278.77991700172427,74.08776092529297]},{"page":188,"text":"NCS, this is A1D, roger out.","rect":[133.22000122070313,96.72142028808594,247.09993958473206,87.66777801513672]},{"page":188,"text":"NCS, this is A2D, roger out.","rect":[133.22000122070313,110.16142272949219,247.099924325943,101.10778045654297]},{"page":188,"text":"NCS, this is B2D, roger out.","rect":[133.22000122070313,123.72142028808594,246.619943857193,114.66777801513672]},{"page":188,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":188,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":189,"text":"Appendix J","rect":[282.6499938964844,125.49201202392578,347.2219877929688,114.54801177978516]},{"page":189,"text":"Field Repair of Antennas","rect":[220.72999572753907,149.66819763183595,409.05863550949098,134.92115783691407]},{"page":189,"text":"This appendix addresses and provides examples of field repair techniques for tactical","rect":[126.0199966430664,184.5315704345703,504.09957653236389,174.40789794921876]},{"page":189,"text":"radio antennas.","rect":[126.0199966430664,194.92355346679688,192.74005675315858,187.00787353515626]},{"page":189,"text":"OVERVIEW","rect":[90.02400207519531,220.89657592773438,169.46227169036866,211.19493103027345]},{"page":189,"text":"J-1. Broken or damaged antennas may cause poor communications or communications failure. If a spare","rect":[108.02000427246094,240.60142517089845,539.733214138031,231.5477752685547]},{"page":189,"text":"antenna is available, the operator should replace the damaged antenna. When a spare is not available, the user","rect":[108.02000427246094,252.12144470214845,539.8739309892654,243.0677947998047]},{"page":189,"text":"may have to construct an emergency antenna.","rect":[108.02000427246094,263.6714172363281,290.383127450943,254.61778259277345]},{"page":189,"text":"WHIP ANTENNA","rect":[90.02400207519531,287.2580261230469,169.93196201324464,278.97802734375]},{"page":189,"text":"J-2. If a whip antenna is broken into two sections, temporarily repair the antenna by rejoining the sections.","rect":[108.0199966430664,306.9914245605469,539.4985449314117,297.9278259277344]},{"page":189,"text":"Remove the paint and clean the sections to ensure a good electrical connection. Place the sections together,","rect":[108.01998901367188,318.51141357421877,540.0214941501617,309.4577941894531]},{"page":189,"text":"secure them with a pole or branch, and lash them with bare wire or tape above and below the break (see figure","rect":[108.01998901367188,330.0314025878906,539.666563747406,320.977783203125]},{"page":189,"text":"J-1, antenna A).","rect":[108.01998901367188,341.4114990234375,171.7728979587555,332.3777770996094]},{"page":189,"text":"J-3. For severely damaged whip antennas, use a length of field wire direct-1/TT the same length as the","rect":[108.01998901367188,358.9513854980469,539.837706325531,349.89776611328127]},{"page":189,"text":"original antenna. Remove the insulation from the lower end of the field wire antenna, twist the conductors","rect":[108.01998901367188,370.47137451171877,539.6602676515579,361.4177551269531]},{"page":189,"text":"together, insert them in the antenna base connector, and secure with a wooden block. Use either a pole or a","rect":[108.01998901367188,381.9913635253906,539.5870349388123,372.937744140625]},{"page":189,"text":"tree to support the antenna wire (see figure J-1, antenna B).","rect":[108.01998901367188,393.5113525390625,345.1117651462555,384.4577331542969]},{"page":189,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":189,"text":"Figure J-1. Field repair of broken whip antennas","rect":[201.04998779296876,661.941650390625,428.69480347824097,652.609130859375]},{"page":189,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":189,"text":"J-1","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":190,"text":"Appendix J","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,120.54298620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":190,"text":"WIRE ANTENNA","rect":[72.02399444580078,83.20797729492188,152.05195713043214,74.927978515625]},{"page":190,"text":"J-4. Emergency repair of a wire antenna may involve the repair or replacement of the wire used as the","rect":[90.02400207519531,102.96141052246094,521.3690173606873,93.90776824951172]},{"page":190,"text":"antenna or transmission line. It may also require the repair or replacement of the assembly used to support","rect":[90.02399444580078,114.48136901855469,521.8849688777924,105.42772674560547]},{"page":190,"text":"the  antenna.  When  one  or  more  antenna  wires  are  broken,  reconnecting  the  broken  wires  can  repair  the","rect":[90.02399444580078,126.00138854980469,521.4615466575623,116.94774627685547]},{"page":190,"text":"antenna. To do this, lower the antenna to the ground, clean the ends of the wires, and twist the wires together.","rect":[90.02399444580078,137.4014129638672,521.9343359470367,128.34776306152345]},{"page":190,"text":"When possible, solder the connection and reassemble.","rect":[90.02399444580078,148.9014434814453,305.77750611305239,139.8677215576172]},{"page":190,"text":"J-5. Damaged  antenna  supports  may  require  using  a  substitute  for  the  damaged  support.  If  properly","rect":[90.02399444580078,166.44139099121095,521.7475171089172,157.3877410888672]},{"page":190,"text":"insulated they may consist of any material of adequate strength. Radiating elements not correctly insulated","rect":[90.02399444580078,177.9613494873047,522.0151562690735,168.90769958496095]},{"page":190,"text":"may short field antennas to ground and be ineffective.","rect":[90.02399444580078,189.4813690185547,305.39905762672427,180.42771911621095]},{"page":190,"text":"J-6. Operators may use many common items as expedient field insulators. Plastic or glass, including plastic","rect":[90.02399444580078,207.0013885498047,521.6379382591248,197.94773864746095]},{"page":190,"text":"spoons, buttons, bottlenecks, and plastic bags is the best insulator. Wood and rope also act as insulators, but","rect":[90.02399444580078,218.4014129638672,521.8724566707612,209.34776306152345]},{"page":190,"text":"they are less effective than plastic and glass. The radiating element, the actual antenna wire, should only","rect":[90.02399444580078,229.92137145996095,521.511372089386,220.8677215576172]},{"page":190,"text":"touch the antenna terminal, and physically separated from any other objects, except the supporting insulator.","rect":[90.02399444580078,241.44139099121095,521.640939950943,232.37779235839845]},{"page":190,"text":"J-7. Figure J-2. shows examples of field expedient antenna insulators.","rect":[90.02399444580078,258.9613952636719,376.83985352516177,249.9077606201172]},{"page":190,"text":"Figure J-2. Examples of field expedient antenna insulators","rect":[158.54000854492188,580.3116455078125,435.13840699386597,570.9791259765625]},{"page":190,"text":"ANTENNA GUYS","rect":[72.02400207519531,609.8799438476563,151.4442958831787,601.56396484375]},{"page":190,"text":"J-8. Antenna guy ropes—usually made of wire, manila rope, or nylon rope—stabilize the antenna supports.","rect":[90.02400970458985,629.6013793945313,522.0744726657867,620.5477294921875]},{"page":190,"text":"Broken  guy  ropes  can  be  repaired  by  tying  the  two  broken  ends  together.  If  the  rope  is  too  short  after","rect":[90.02399444580078,641.1213989257813,521.8039847002029,632.0677490234375]},{"page":190,"text":"completing the tie, add another piece of rope or a piece of dry wood or cloth to lengthen it. Broken guy wire","rect":[90.02399444580078,652.6414184570313,521.4416491966248,643.5877685546875]},{"page":190,"text":"can replace another piece of wire. To ensure that the guy ropes made of wire do not affect the operation of","rect":[90.02399444580078,664.1614379882813,521.7806692705154,655.1077880859375]},{"page":190,"text":"the antenna, cut the wire into several short lengths and connect the pieces with insulators. Figure J-3 on page","rect":[90.02399444580078,675.6814575195313,522.0548083763123,666.6278076171875]},{"page":190,"text":"J-3 shows an example of repaired guy lines with wood.","rect":[90.02399444580078,687.0814819335938,310.21497559547427,678.02783203125]},{"page":190,"text":"J-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,85.18499975585938,747.4649658203125]},{"page":190,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":190,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":191,"text":"Field Repair of Antennas","rect":[433.989990234375,45.924034118652347,540.1659873046875,37.608036041259769]},{"page":191,"text":"Figure J-3. Repaired antenna guy lines and masts","rect":[197.1800079345703,467.99163818359377,432.66147828292847,458.7487487792969]},{"page":191,"text":"ANTENNA MASTS","rect":[90.02400970458985,497.4922180175781,176.1578884124756,489.2380065917969]},{"page":191,"text":"J-9. Masts support antennas and if broken, replace the mast with another mast of the same length. When","rect":[108.02001953125,517.2514038085938,539.5981030464172,508.19775390625]},{"page":191,"text":"long poles are not available as replacements, overlap and lash short poles together with rope or wire to provide","rect":[108.02001953125,528.6514282226563,540.0413806419373,519.5977783203125]},{"page":191,"text":"a pole of the required length.","rect":[108.02001953125,540.1714477539063,223.29712891578675,531.1177978515625]},{"page":191,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":191,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":191,"text":"J-3","rect":[509.1400146484375,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":192,"text":"This page intentionally left blank.","rect":[188.77999877929688,390.36138916015627,405.22001099586489,375.853759765625]},{"page":193,"text":"Appendix K","rect":[281.69000244140627,125.49201202392578,348.2539963378906,114.54801177978516]},{"page":193,"text":"Single-Channel Tactical Satellite Communications","rect":[124.70001220703125,149.8756866455078,505.03235987472535,134.92115783691407]},{"page":193,"text":"Army single-channel tactical satellite communications consists of tactical satellites,","rect":[126.02001190185547,184.55364990234376,504.03597044944766,174.40789794921876]},{"page":193,"text":"communications planning considerations, ultrahigh frequency terminals, fire support","rect":[126.02001190185547,197.15362548828126,503.8640418643951,187.00787353515626]},{"page":193,"text":"networks, and airborne and air assault units.","rect":[126.02001190185547,208.0,319.68370604515078,199.72784423828126]},{"page":193,"text":"SINGLE-CHANNEL TACTICAL SATELLITE","rect":[90.02401733398438,233.51058959960938,378.0105845155716,223.78086853027345]},{"page":193,"text":"K-1. The  Army  uses  single-channel  TACSAT  and  other  satellite  capabilities  to  provide  long  haul,","rect":[108.02001953125,253.32139587402345,539.6386206150055,244.2677459716797]},{"page":193,"text":"worldwide communications coverage to support critical command communications to the ground and mobile","rect":[108.02001953125,264.8713684082031,539.6268298606873,255.81773376464845]},{"page":193,"text":"operating forces. Refer to ATP 6-02.54 for a detailed discussion on Army satellite control. Single-channel","rect":[108.02001953125,276.3913879394531,539.9646807918549,267.3377685546875]},{"page":193,"text":"TACSAT provides the ability to support a small number of burst transmissions per day for special operations","rect":[108.02001953125,287.7913818359375,539.8461197023391,278.7377624511719]},{"page":193,"text":"forces,  atomic  demolition  teams,  and  long-range  surveillance  units  engaged  in  sensitive  missions  over","rect":[108.02001953125,299.3113708496094,540.0183401689529,290.25775146484377]},{"page":193,"text":"extended distances and varied terrain. It also provides secure voice communications for communication and","rect":[108.02001953125,310.81146240234377,539.507221698761,301.7777404785156]},{"page":193,"text":"situational  awareness  for  the  special  operations  command,  airborne,  air  assault,  infantry  divisions,  and","rect":[108.02001953125,322.3513488769531,539.527241230011,313.2977294921875]},{"page":193,"text":"infantry brigades.","rect":[108.02001953125,333.871337890625,178.38746094703675,324.8177185058594]},{"page":193,"text":"K-2. Army single-channel TACSAT radios provide the capability of transmitting data rates of up to 56 k on","rect":[108.02001953125,351.2713317871094,539.845112323761,342.21771240234377]},{"page":193,"text":"25 kHz channels and 9.6 kilobits per second on 5 kHz channels. Interoperability requirements of DAMA and","rect":[108.02001953125,362.79132080078127,539.5371899604797,353.7377014160156]},{"page":193,"text":"integrated waveform terminals when accessing non-processed narrowband SATCOM. DAMA allows more","rect":[108.02001953125,374.3113098144531,539.7909533958435,365.2576904296875]},{"page":193,"text":"access to the satellites through the automated sharing of the channel but reduces the data rates provided to","rect":[108.02001953125,385.831298828125,539.5969433784485,376.7776794433594]},{"page":193,"text":"the users. Therefore, the normal access is limited to 2400 bits per second, providing voice using an ANDVT","rect":[108.02001953125,397.3512878417969,539.4276620740891,388.29766845703127]},{"page":193,"text":"and data. The improvement of the voice encoder in the radios using mixed excitation linear prediction vastly","rect":[108.02001953125,408.87127685546877,539.680317401886,399.8176574707031]},{"page":193,"text":"improves the voice quality and clarity.","rect":[108.02001953125,420.2712707519531,261.533518075943,411.2176513671875]},{"page":193,"text":"K-3. Integrated waveform provides an improvement of up to four times the access seen in DAMA on a 25","rect":[108.02001953125,437.811279296875,539.5683178901672,428.7576599121094]},{"page":193,"text":"kHz channel. To provide the voice clarity to support successful operations, radios require mixed excitation","rect":[108.02001953125,449.3312683105469,539.583393573761,440.27764892578127]},{"page":193,"text":"linear prediction voice encoder. Users that need to send large data files in a short period have the capability","rect":[108.02001953125,460.85125732421877,539.5571484565735,451.7976379394531]},{"page":193,"text":"of changing data rates on the channels on demand. Integrated waveform provides the following capabilities—","rect":[108.02001953125,472.3712463378906,539.980019569397,463.317626953125]},{"page":193,"text":" Network communications.","rect":[133.22003173828126,483.9193420410156,257.07496094703677,476.87762451171877]},{"page":193,"text":" Preplanned support to operations.","rect":[133.22003173828126,499.3513488769531,285.4410192966461,490.317626953125]},{"page":193,"text":" Ad hoc communications.","rect":[133.22003173828126,510.9193420410156,251.30806946754456,503.87762451171877]},{"page":193,"text":" Point-to-point calls.","rect":[133.22003173828126,526.351318359375,230.473947763443,517.317626953125]},{"page":193,"text":"SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[90.02403259277344,550.1204223632813,519.1947287483215,540.3907470703125]},{"page":193,"text":"K-4. The key to efficient SATCOM apportionment planning support is for combatant commanders to","rect":[108.02003479003906,569.811279296875,539.7255444526672,560.7576293945313]},{"page":193,"text":"maintain well-defined requirements within the SATCOM Database. In accordance with CJCSI 6250.01F, the","rect":[108.02003479003906,581.311279296875,540.0724475364685,572.277587890625]},{"page":193,"text":"SATCOM Database is a centralized source of current and future SATCOM requirements to process and","rect":[108.02003479003906,592.831298828125,540.0400586128235,583.797607421875]},{"page":193,"text":"receive allocations of satellite resources.","rect":[108.02005004882813,602.3593139648438,269.7306616306305,595.317626953125]},{"page":193,"text":"K-5. Army units seeking to employ commercial SATCOM must follow all specified procedures, including","rect":[108.02005004882813,621.9212646484375,539.5684399604797,612.8676147460938]},{"page":193,"text":"satellite access requests, appropriate reports, and satellite database numbers for each commercial satellite","rect":[108.02005004882813,633.3013305664063,539.4775378684998,624.2676391601563]},{"page":193,"text":"network. Refer to United States Strategic Command SI 714-04 for more information on SATCOM planning","rect":[108.02005004882813,644.8412475585938,539.7538647651672,635.78759765625]},{"page":193,"text":"considerations.","rect":[108.02006530761719,654.3493041992188,168.0788824558258,647.3076171875]},{"page":193,"text":"SINGLE-CHANNEL TACTICAL SATELLITE PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[90.02406311035156,679.9598388671875,437.6620845794678,671.6558227539063]},{"page":193,"text":"K-6. Tactical communications networks change constantly. Prevention of communications delay and poor","rect":[108.02008056640625,699.6773071289063,540.1250906572342,690.6236572265625]},{"page":193,"text":"grade of service require control of the network. The best method of providing this control without hampering","rect":[108.02008056640625,711.197265625,539.812397480011,702.1436157226563]},{"page":193,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":193,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":193,"text":"K-1","rect":[507.58001708984377,753.9359741210938,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":194,"text":"Appendix K","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":194,"text":"operations is through centralized planning. Execution of these plans should be decentralized. Apply this","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.6408584718704,74.08776092529297]},{"page":194,"text":"concept to the space systems portion and to the ground stations. The U.S. military satellite systems consist","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,521.6931964168549,85.62773895263672]},{"page":194,"text":"of terminals, ground segment, satellites space segment, and tracking, telemetry, and control terminals control","rect":[90.02399444580078,106.20140075683594,521.7303057918549,97.14775848388672]},{"page":194,"text":"segment, which all require consideration when planning networks.","rect":[90.02399444580078,117.60142517089844,355.54761719703677,108.54778289794922]},{"page":194,"text":"K-7. The planning and system control process helps communications systems managers react appropriately","rect":[90.02399444580078,135.12144470214845,521.8396801948547,126.06780242919922]},{"page":194,"text":"to the mission of the force supported, the needs of the commander, and the current tactical situation. The","rect":[90.02398681640625,146.6215362548828,521.6308581809998,137.5878143310547]},{"page":194,"text":"type, size, and complexity of the system operated establishes the method of control.","rect":[90.02398681640625,158.16148376464845,424.58317017555239,149.1078338623047]},{"page":194,"text":"K-8. Communications control is a process in which the matching of resources with requirements takes place.","rect":[90.02398681640625,175.68150329589845,521.7076513767242,166.6278533935547]},{"page":194,"text":"This process occurs at all levels of the control and management structure. In each case, the availability of","rect":[90.02397918701172,187.20152282714845,521.5412283525467,178.1478729248047]},{"page":194,"text":"resources is considered.","rect":[90.02397918701172,196.58963012695313,185.24390625953675,189.5478973388672]},{"page":194,"text":"K-9. Single-channel  TACSAT  capabilities  support  worldwide  tactical  communications  as  en  route","rect":[90.02397918701172,216.12156677246095,521.5538318138123,207.0679168701172]},{"page":194,"text":"contingency  communications,  in-theater  communications,  and  combat  net  radio  range  extension.  Single-","rect":[90.02397155761719,227.64158630371095,522.1764212236404,218.5879364013672]},{"page":194,"text":"channel TACSAT radios link command posts to all echelons and include the long-range surveillance units","rect":[90.02397155761719,239.16160583496095,522.0346572999954,230.1079559326172]},{"page":194,"text":"and Army special operations forces units, which can operate hundreds of miles from main forces.","rect":[90.02397155761719,250.68162536621095,478.822580575943,241.6279754638672]},{"page":194,"text":"K-10. Army single-channel TACSAT operates in the UHF band and is available in manpack and vehicle","rect":[90.02397155761719,268.2315979003906,521.5451648216248,259.177978515625]},{"page":194,"text":"versions.  The  radios’  lightness,  availability,  and  ease  of  use  make  them  valuable  for  mobile  and  covert","rect":[90.02397155761719,279.6316223144531,521.6818438777924,270.5780029296875]},{"page":194,"text":"operations spanning unified land operations.","rect":[90.02397918701172,291.151611328125,267.2820837497711,282.0979919433594]},{"page":194,"text":"K-11. The communications planning range for single-channel TACSAT is limited to the satellite footprint","rect":[90.02397918701172,308.6716003417969,521.7343951473237,299.61798095703127]},{"page":194,"text":"assigned. The bridging of satellite footprints via an M-Hop network configuration may be possible through","rect":[90.02397155761719,320.19158935546877,521.842670917511,311.1379699707031]},{"page":194,"text":"the appropriate coordination authority. The standardized channelization of each satellite provides flexibility","rect":[90.02397155761719,331.7115783691406,521.6309399604797,322.657958984375]},{"page":194,"text":"and interoperability in normal operations. Single-channel TACSAT does not directly interfere with other","rect":[90.02397155761719,343.2315673828125,521.8500052080154,334.1779479980469]},{"page":194,"text":"combat  net  communications  systems  due  to  the  frequency  bands  in  which  it  operates.  Single-channel","rect":[90.02397155761719,354.6315612792969,522.0751544246674,345.57794189453127]},{"page":194,"text":"TACSAT does not directly interfere with other lower tier systems, planning considerations require planners","rect":[90.02397155761719,366.15155029296877,521.4316299562454,357.0979309082031]},{"page":194,"text":"incorporate planning for deconfliction against electronic warfare effects.","rect":[90.02397155761719,377.6715393066406,379.5590307712555,368.617919921875]},{"page":194,"text":"Demand-Assigned Multiple Access Networks","rect":[72.02397155761719,402.6237487792969,282.52685978984837,392.7650451660156]},{"page":194,"text":"K-12. DAMA is a technique that matches user demands to available satellite time. Satellite channels are","rect":[90.02397155761719,419.7716369628906,522.0743396263123,410.7379150390625]},{"page":194,"text":"grouped as a bulk asset. DAMA assigns users variable time slots that match the radio operator’s information","rect":[90.02397155761719,431.3115234375,521.9948925971985,422.2579040527344]},{"page":194,"text":"transmission requirements. The radio operator does not notice a difference because the radio operator appears","rect":[90.02395629882813,442.8316345214844,521.8000991945266,433.79791259765627]},{"page":194,"text":"to have exclusive use of the channel. The increase in networks or radio users available by using DAMA","rect":[90.02395629882813,454.37152099609377,521.4814642658233,445.3179016113281]},{"page":194,"text":"depends on the type of users. DAMA is most effective where many users operating at low to moderate duty","rect":[90.02395629882813,465.8915100097656,521.6209301948547,456.837890625]},{"page":194,"text":"cycles. DAMA is effective with single-channel TACSAT systems.","rect":[90.02395629882813,477.29150390625,356.26151490211489,468.2378845214844]},{"page":194,"text":"K-13. DAMA efficiency also depends on the system’s formatting, which is how the access is controlled. This","rect":[90.02395629882813,494.8114929199219,522.0607193117141,485.75787353515627]},{"page":194,"text":"format allows channel use on a first-come-first-serve basis. Other types of formats are prioritized cueing","rect":[90.02395629882813,506.33148193359377,521.726704120636,497.2778625488281]},{"page":194,"text":"access and minimum percentage access. The prioritization technique is suitable for command networks, while","rect":[90.02395629882813,517.8515014648438,521.7440173606873,508.7978515625]},{"page":194,"text":"the minimum percentage is suitable for sustainment and logistic networks. Regardless of format, DAMA","rect":[90.02395629882813,529.3715209960938,521.5211981525421,520.31787109375]},{"page":194,"text":"generally increases satellite capability by five to 14 times over normal dedicated channel operation. Nets on","rect":[90.02395629882813,540.771484375,522.158833026886,531.7178344726563]},{"page":194,"text":"5 kHz channel could be pre-empted based on priorities.","rect":[90.02395629882813,552.2715454101563,311.29529786109927,543.2378540039063]},{"page":194,"text":"K-14. DAMA compliant single-channel TACSAT radios require a specific terminal base address. Upon","rect":[90.02395629882813,569.8114624023438,521.8223462104797,560.7578125]},{"page":194,"text":"initial issue of a TACSAT DAMA compliant radio, the receiving unit coordinates for a terminal base address","rect":[90.02395629882813,581.3314819335938,522.1685073976516,572.27783203125]},{"page":194,"text":"to support their radio system. Request a terminal base address through the Space and Naval Warfare Systems","rect":[90.02395629882813,592.8515014648438,521.6705825929641,583.7978515625]},{"page":194,"text":"and provide the following information—","rect":[90.02395629882813,604.3715209960938,253.2499475479126,595.31787109375]},{"page":194,"text":" Terminal type.","rect":[115.21994018554688,617.8414916992188,191.9242193698883,608.787841796875]},{"page":194,"text":" Quantity of terminals.","rect":[115.21994018554688,631.4014892578125,221.07715821266175,622.3478393554688]},{"page":194,"text":" Unit or activity name.","rect":[115.21994018554688,644.8414916992188,220.80816102027894,635.787841796875]},{"page":194,"text":" Point of contact information including a phone number and email address.","rect":[115.21994018554688,658.4014892578125,429.75159668922427,649.3478393554688]},{"page":194,"text":"K-15. Manage terminal base addresses using the signal operating instructions production authority. Doing so","rect":[90.02394104003906,675.801513671875,521.647846698761,666.7478637695313]},{"page":194,"text":"alleviate issues with two or more DAMA radios trying to access the same satellite resource with the same","rect":[90.02394104003906,687.3214721679688,521.5809314231873,678.267822265625]},{"page":194,"text":"terminal base address.","rect":[90.02394104003906,696.8255615234375,178.469797372818,689.7838745117188]},{"page":194,"text":"K-2","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,86.6249945678711,747.4649658203125]},{"page":194,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":194,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":195,"text":"Single-Channel Tactical Satellite Communications","rect":[325.9700012207031,46.04103469848633,539.976900390625,37.608036041259769]},{"page":195,"text":"K-16. The Space and Naval Warfare Systems no longer publish DOD wide DAMA call directories. The","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,539.7375476341248,74.08776092529297]},{"page":195,"text":"signal operating instructions production authority may call and receive existing terminal base address lists","rect":[108.02000427246094,94.68138122558594,539.4675796632766,85.62773895263672]},{"page":195,"text":"for their organizations.","rect":[108.02000427246094,106.20140075683594,199.20383667945863,97.14775848388672]},{"page":195,"text":"INTEGRATED WAVEFORM SINGLE-CHANNEL TACTICAL SATELLITE PLANNING","rect":[90.02400207519531,129.67999267578126,477.70295429229739,121.3759994506836]},{"page":195,"text":"CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[90.02401733398438,143.46798706054688,178.29601097106935,135.17599487304688]},{"page":195,"text":"K-17. The integrated waveform is an enhanced method of multiplexing radios on the same channel. It uses","rect":[108.02001190185547,163.20140075683595,539.4685562257766,154.1477508544922]},{"page":195,"text":"carrier  phase  modulation  to  allow  for  more  access  on  the  same  channel.  One  channel  is  the  master  and","rect":[108.02001190185547,174.7014923095703,539.879536151886,165.6677703857422]},{"page":195,"text":"contains the system forward orderwire. The remaining channels fall under the master channel and can be","rect":[108.02001190185547,186.2413787841797,539.3678576927185,177.18772888183595]},{"page":195,"text":"either 25-kHz or 5-kHz. Each channel has its own format and is changeable upon user demand. Time slots","rect":[108.02001190185547,197.7613983154297,539.6603286867141,188.70774841308595]},{"page":195,"text":"for ranging and other communications meet the same requirements. Updates come from pre-planned update","rect":[108.02001190185547,209.2814178466797,540.0161120872498,200.22776794433595]},{"page":195,"text":"forward orderwires transmitted on other channels. With data rates up to 19.2 kbps, the integrated waveform","rect":[108.02001190185547,220.8014373779297,539.5074249515534,211.74778747558595]},{"page":195,"text":"provides up to 14 networks operating at 2400 bps each. Integrated waveform supports narrowband voice","rect":[108.02001190185547,232.20140075683595,539.8094470481873,223.1477508544922]},{"page":195,"text":"operations with mixed excitation linear prediction. Unlike DAMA, with Net timeslot guaranteed.","rect":[108.02001190185547,243.72142028808595,495.812814950943,234.6677703857422]},{"page":195,"text":"SINGLE-CHANNEL ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCY TERMINALS","rect":[90.02400970458985,269.8172302246094,488.68276585769658,257.7709045410156]},{"page":195,"text":"K-18. Single-channel TACSAT terminals provide reliable, highly portable communications, and satisfy the","rect":[108.02001190185547,287.3114013671875,539.7642810325623,278.2577819824219]},{"page":195,"text":"requirement to communicate over extended ranges without regard to terrain interference. The single-channel","rect":[108.02001190185547,298.8313903808594,539.9645587215424,289.77777099609377]},{"page":195,"text":"TACSAT systems operate in the UHF band between 225 MHz and 400 MHz, which provides an architecture","rect":[108.02001190185547,310.2314147949219,539.646788356781,301.17779541015627]},{"page":195,"text":"that accommodates various users with various missions. The following paragraphs address single-channel","rect":[108.02001190185547,321.75140380859377,539.9552203426362,312.6977844238281]},{"page":195,"text":"UHF ground terminal radios employed at every echelons to provide the range extension required to operate.","rect":[108.02001190185547,333.2713928222656,539.1188452243805,324.2177734375]},{"page":195,"text":"LIGHTWEIGHT SATELLITE TERMINALS","rect":[90.02400970458985,356.8699951171875,282.823034286499,348.5660095214844]},{"page":195,"text":"K-19. The  lightweight  satellite  terminal-5B  and  lightweight  satellite  terminal-5C  are  single-channel","rect":[108.02000427246094,376.5914001464844,540.0751544246674,367.53778076171877]},{"page":195,"text":"TACSAT  radios  that  operate  in  either  manpack,  vehicular,  shipboard,  or  airborne  configuration.  The","rect":[108.02000427246094,388.11138916015627,539.7257068138123,379.0577697753906]},{"page":195,"text":"terminals are capable of operation by remote control using dedicated hardware or personal computer-based","rect":[108.02000427246094,399.5113830566406,540.0286450386047,390.457763671875]},{"page":195,"text":"software through an X-mode connector. Radios modulate in AM and FM voice, cipher, data, and beacon.","rect":[108.02000427246094,411.0313720703125,539.7688086032867,401.9777526855469]},{"page":195,"text":"The terminals operate in the frequency range of 225–399.995 MHz with channel spacing of 5 kHz and 25","rect":[108.02000427246094,422.5513610839844,539.8391919136047,413.49774169921877]},{"page":195,"text":"kHz.","rect":[108.01998901367188,431.9299621582031,127.04355072975159,425.0177307128906]},{"page":195,"text":"K-20. The lightweight satellite terminal-5D has DAMA capability, features embedded encryption for secure","rect":[108.01998901367188,451.6113586425781,539.6350085716248,442.5577392578125]},{"page":195,"text":"voice  and  data  communications,  and  features  increased  capacity  through  DAMA  channel  management.","rect":[108.01998901367188,463.13134765625,539.4873144626617,454.0777282714844]},{"page":195,"text":"(Refer to ATP 6-02.54 for more information on tactics, techniques, and procedures for UHF TACSAT and","rect":[108.01998901367188,474.5114440917969,539.894672870636,465.47772216796877]},{"page":195,"text":"DAMA operations.)","rect":[108.01998901367188,486.03143310546877,188.42703157520294,476.9977111816406]},{"page":195,"text":"SINGLE-CHANNEL ANTI-JAM MAN-PORTABLE TERMINAL","rect":[90.02398681640625,509.6499328613281,375.952157497406,501.345947265625]},{"page":195,"text":"K-21. The  Single-Channel  Anti-Jam  Man-Portable  (AN/PSC-11)  terminal  is  a  man  packable  system","rect":[108.02000427246094,529.3713989257813,539.8577667484284,520.3177490234375]},{"page":195,"text":"packaged for storage or transport in two transit cases. The Single-Channel Anti-Jam Man-Portable terminal","rect":[108.02000427246094,540.8914184570313,540.0121661434174,531.8377685546875]},{"page":195,"text":"consists of an RT, an interface unit that encrypts and decrypts the voice and data by using COMSEC keys, a","rect":[108.02000427246094,552.4114379882813,539.636778591156,543.3577880859375]},{"page":195,"text":"handheld control device, a 30-key keypad, and a handset.","rect":[108.02000427246094,563.9314575195313,336.86817383766177,554.8778076171875]},{"page":195,"text":"Interface","rect":[90.02400207519531,586.5335083007813,132.81827151870727,578.9159545898438]},{"page":195,"text":"K-22. The AN/PSC-11 terminal interfaces with the military strategic and tactical network extension system","rect":[108.0199966430664,606.0514526367188,539.7345978031159,596.997802734375]},{"page":195,"text":"to provide secure, survivable voice and data communications via a low data rate payload. The AN/PSC-11","rect":[108.02000427246094,617.6014404296875,540.0399975776672,608.5477905273438]},{"page":195,"text":"can  operate  over  extremely  high  frequency  packages  on  fleet  satellite  and  UHF  follow-on  systems.  The","rect":[108.02001953125,629.0014038085938,540.0394275169373,619.94775390625]},{"page":195,"text":"AN/PSC-11  terminal  operates  in  either  point-to-point  or  broadcast  modes  and  provides  voice  and  data","rect":[108.02001953125,640.50146484375,539.9020373802185,631.4677734375]},{"page":195,"text":"services at a maximum data rate of 2,400 bits per second. The terminal can interface in the data mode with","rect":[108.02001953125,652.021484375,539.4973340034485,642.98779296875]},{"page":195,"text":"combat net radios and personal computers to provide range extension. The AN/PSC-11 terminal has the","rect":[108.02001953125,663.5614624023438,539.8493640403748,654.5078125]},{"page":195,"text":"following characteristics and capabilities—","rect":[108.02001953125,675.0814208984375,281.5700159072876,666.0277709960938]},{"page":195,"text":" Throughput. 24 kilobits per second voice or data.","rect":[133.2200164794922,688.6414184570313,353.06910157203677,679.5877685546875]},{"page":195,"text":" Modes of operation. Point-to-point or broadcast.","rect":[133.2200164794922,702.0574951171875,349.24976563453677,693.0238037109375]},{"page":195,"text":" Frequency. Uplink, 43.5 to 45.5 GHz Q Band with 2 GHz bandwidth.","rect":[133.2200164794922,715.637451171875,433.0723669528961,706.5838012695313]},{"page":195,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":195,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":195,"text":"K-3","rect":[507.58001708984377,754.0349731445313,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":196,"text":"Appendix K","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":196,"text":" Security. Embedded cryptographic algorithm.","rect":[115.2199935913086,83.14140319824219,318.05045533180239,74.08776092529297]},{"page":196,"text":"K-23. The AN/PSC-11 terminal can interface with a variety of Army user communications systems via the","rect":[90.02400970458985,100.68138122558594,521.7399890403748,91.62773895263672]},{"page":196,"text":"four baseband data ports. The satellite link is transparent to the user communications system. The baseband","rect":[90.02400207519531,112.20140075683594,521.5013012886047,103.14775848388672]},{"page":196,"text":"equipment  and  systems  do  not  control  the  satellite  access  of  the  AN/PSC-11  terminal.  In  all  cases,  the","rect":[90.02400207519531,123.60142517089844,521.8553454856873,114.54778289794922]},{"page":196,"text":"operator first establishes the satellite path via the AN/PSC-11. Once the satellite path is operational, the","rect":[90.02400207519531,135.1015167236328,521.8419787864685,126.06780242919922]},{"page":196,"text":"operator can establish the baseband services.","rect":[90.02400207519531,146.6215362548828,268.517160654068,137.5878143310547]},{"page":196,"text":"Interoperability With Combat Net Radios","rect":[72.02400207519531,171.59368896484376,268.8661542234421,161.73497009277345]},{"page":196,"text":"K-24. The  AN/PSC-11  terminal  supports  the  SINCGARS  system  improvement  program  and  advanced","rect":[90.02400207519531,188.7615203857422,521.4931225776672,179.70787048339845]},{"page":196,"text":"system  improvement  program  radios,  providing  range  extension  to  the  SINCGARS  and  combat  net  radio","rect":[90.02400207519531,200.2815399169922,522.0727124214172,191.22789001464845]},{"page":196,"text":"users. The SINCGARS RT operates in the data mode only with the AN/PSC-11. With SINCGARS, the","rect":[90.02400207519531,211.8015594482422,521.872618434906,202.74790954589845]},{"page":196,"text":"AN/PSC-11 operates in a full duplex, a point-to-point configuration that supports user baseband equipment,","rect":[90.02398681640625,223.3215789794922,521.6483862400055,214.26792907714845]},{"page":196,"text":"as the secure telephone unit and all used data systems. The AN/PSC-11 can provide range extension to either","rect":[90.02398681640625,234.8415985107422,521.8810721025467,225.78794860839845]},{"page":196,"text":"a network or one SINCGARS. Connectivity between the red port and a black port with a KG-84C and KIV-","rect":[90.02398681640625,246.2416229248047,522.0565481767654,237.18797302246095]},{"page":196,"text":"7 external cryptographic device that provides encryption. Figure K-1 shows the two possible configurations","rect":[90.02398681640625,257.7616271972656,521.8962906007766,248.70799255371095]},{"page":196,"text":"for interface between an AN/PSC-11 and a combat net radio.","rect":[90.02398681640625,267.3096618652344,333.859934091568,260.25799560546877]},{"page":196,"text":"Figure K-1. Single-Channel Anti-Jam Man-Portable terminal interface with combat net radio","rect":[81.14399719238281,549.3519287109375,512.7488901014328,540.0194091796875]},{"page":196,"text":"SPITFIRE","rect":[72.02399444580078,578.7702026367188,117.20437002182007,570.4661865234375]},{"page":196,"text":"K-25. The Spitfire (AN/PSC-5) is a small, lightweight, manpack, multiband, multimode, VHF and UHF radio","rect":[90.02399444580078,598.4916381835938,521.7631421089172,589.43798828125]},{"page":196,"text":"that provides communications for the corps, division, and Army special operations forces across the range of","rect":[90.02398681640625,610.0416870117188,521.7844534502029,600.988037109375]},{"page":196,"text":"military operations. The Spitfire provides wideband and narrowband range extension for voice and data. The","rect":[90.02398681640625,621.5616455078125,521.7603747825623,612.5079956054688]},{"page":196,"text":"Spitfire  uses  beyond  line  of  sight  range  extension  capability  in  the  Army’s  SATCOM-on-the-move","rect":[90.02398681640625,633.0816650390625,521.940977809906,624.0277709960938]},{"page":196,"text":"functionality in moving vehicular platforms, versus stationary. The Spitfire provides DAMA and narrowband","rect":[90.02395629882813,644.6014404296875,521.5410351753235,635.5477905273438]},{"page":196,"text":"secure voice, line of sight communications for voice and data, supports communications on the move, and","rect":[90.02395629882813,656.1213989257813,521.391743183136,647.0677490234375]},{"page":196,"text":"extends SINCGARS communications when paired with SINCGARS as a RETRANS unit.","rect":[90.02395629882813,667.50146484375,451.19812989234927,658.4677734375]},{"page":196,"text":"K-4","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,86.6249945678711,747.4649658203125]},{"page":196,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":196,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":197,"text":"Single-Channel Tactical Satellite Communications","rect":[325.9700012207031,46.04103469848633,539.976900390625,37.608036041259769]},{"page":197,"text":"Characteristics","rect":[90.02399444580078,82.35456848144531,161.60062077617645,74.71488952636719]},{"page":197,"text":"K-26. The Spitfire operates in the following plain text line of sight modes with the following characteristics","rect":[108.0199966430664,101.76139831542969,539.4985855226516,92.70775604248047]},{"page":197,"text":"and capabilities:","rect":[108.02000427246094,113.2614974975586,173.16832459068298,104.22777557373047]},{"page":197,"text":" Frequency bands—","rect":[133.22000122070313,126.84141540527344,234.76999759674073,118.10649108886719]},{"page":197,"text":" 30.000–87.995 MHz.","rect":[151.22000122070313,138.98947143554688,254.81742310523988,132.1270294189453]},{"page":197,"text":" 108.000–129.995 MHz.","rect":[151.2200164794922,153.02944946289063,264.76722168922427,146.16700744628907]},{"page":197,"text":" 130.000–148.995 MHz.","rect":[151.2200164794922,167.06942749023438,264.76722168922427,160.2069854736328]},{"page":197,"text":" 156.000–173.995 MHz.","rect":[151.2200164794922,181.10940551757813,264.76722168922427,174.24696350097657]},{"page":197,"text":" 225.000–399.995 MHz.","rect":[151.2200164794922,195.14938354492188,264.76722168922427,188.2869415283203]},{"page":197,"text":" Modulation—","rect":[133.2200164794922,208.58938598632813,211.25000858306886,201.70701599121095]},{"page":197,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,298.03094482421877,139.22588119220735,293.3034362792969]},{"page":197,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,311.5909423828125,139.22588119220735,306.8634338378906]},{"page":197,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,336.5509338378906,139.22588119220735,331.82342529296877]},{"page":197,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,350.1109313964844,139.22588119220735,345.3834228515625]},{"page":197,"text":"","rect":[133.2200164794922,363.5509338378906,139.2258964509964,358.82342529296877]},{"page":197,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,388.51092529296877,139.22588119220735,383.7834167480469]},{"page":197,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,402.0709228515625,139.22586593341829,397.3434143066406]},{"page":197,"text":"","rect":[133.21998596191407,415.51092529296877,139.22586593341829,410.7834167480469]},{"page":197,"text":" AM-60 to 90 percent at 1 kHz AM for plain text and cipher text line of sight voice modulation;","rect":[151.22000122070313,224.7612762451172,539.6629229793549,215.70762634277345]},{"page":197,"text":"50 percent minimum for beacon mode.","rect":[169.22000122070313,236.14137268066407,324.496408700943,227.10765075683595]},{"page":197,"text":" FM-±5.6 kHz deviation at 1 kHz FM for plain text and cipher text line of  sight  voice","rect":[151.22000122070313,250.20127868652345,539.8935534934998,241.1476287841797]},{"page":197,"text":"modulation. The FM beacon modulation has a ±4 kHz nominal frequency deviation.","rect":[169.22000122070313,261.7512512207031,505.60904908180239,252.69761657714845]},{"page":197,"text":" FM-frequency shift key modulation rate of 16 kilobits per second plain text and cipher text","rect":[151.22000122070313,275.7912292480469,539.5091143856049,266.73760986328127]},{"page":197,"text":"voice and data. Used in line of sight and SATCOM modes.","rect":[169.22000122070313,287.19122314453127,405.276193857193,278.1376037597656]},{"page":197,"text":"Channel spacing. 5 kHz.","rect":[151.22000122070313,300.751220703125,253.63315796852113,291.6976013183594]},{"page":197,"text":"Squelch. Operator adjustable signal to noise ratio squelch. From 10dB signal, noise, and distortion","rect":[151.22000122070313,314.31121826171877,539.8493237495422,305.24761962890627]},{"page":197,"text":"at minimum squelched condition to at least 16 dB signal, noise, and distortion at maximum.","rect":[151.22000122070313,325.7112121582031,517.7580664157867,316.6575927734375]},{"page":197,"text":"Half-duplex operation.","rect":[151.22000122070313,339.2513122558594,248.419992685318,330.376953125]},{"page":197,"text":"Plain Text. Transmitted voice or data not encrypted.","rect":[151.22000122070313,352.8312072753906,362.35926270484927,343.777587890625]},{"page":197,"text":"Cipher Text. When a cipher-text voice message is received or transmitted (mode switch in cipher","rect":[151.2200164794922,366.2712097167969,539.9309378252029,357.21759033203127]},{"page":197,"text":"text), a single beep is heard in the handset at the beginning of the reception or transmission.","rect":[151.22000122070313,377.79119873046877,516.8915503025055,368.7375793457031]},{"page":197,"text":"Noise figure Line-of-Sight. 10dB nominal.","rect":[151.22000122070313,391.231201171875,326.08167481422427,382.1775817871094]},{"page":197,"text":"Six presets.","rect":[151.21998596191407,404.77130126953127,199.42998719215394,395.8969421386719]},{"page":197,"text":"Frequency scanning. Capable of scanning five presets in line of sight plain text voice and cipher","rect":[151.21998596191407,418.231201171875,539.7439261064529,409.1775817871094]},{"page":197,"text":"text (VINSON) voice.","rect":[151.22000122070313,429.7312927246094,239.66485047340394,420.69757080078127]},{"page":197,"text":"K-27. The Spitfire can scan up to five line of sight or dedicated SATCOM radio voice operation networks.","rect":[108.02000427246094,447.29119873046877,539.3989355564117,438.2375793457031]},{"page":197,"text":"Scanning combinations of cipher text VINSON and plain text networks allowed in voice mode only.","rect":[108.02001953125,458.8111877441406,509.49781250953677,449.757568359375]},{"page":197,"text":"K-28.","rect":[108.02001953125,474.1793518066406,131.03002381324769,467.3368225097656]},{"page":197,"text":"The Spitfire operates in the following SATCOM modes with these characteristics and capabilities—","rect":[133.22003173828126,476.211181640625,534.220009803772,467.1575622558594]},{"page":197,"text":" Frequency band. UHF band 225.000 MHz to 399.995 MHz.","rect":[133.22000122070313,489.77117919921877,396.49463868141177,480.7175598144531]},{"page":197,"text":" Modulation—","rect":[133.22000122070313,501.31927490234377,211.25000858306886,494.4369201660156]},{"page":197,"text":" AM-60 to 90 percent at 1 kHz AM for plain text and cipher text line of sight voice modulation;","rect":[151.22000122070313,517.3712158203125,539.6629229793549,508.31756591796877]},{"page":197,"text":"50 percent minimum for beacon mode.","rect":[169.22000122070313,528.751220703125,324.496408700943,519.717529296875]},{"page":197,"text":" FM-±5.6 kHz deviation at 1 kHz FM for plain text and cipher text line of  sight  voice","rect":[151.22000122070313,542.9312133789063,539.6087634544373,533.8775634765625]},{"page":197,"text":"modulation. The FM beacon modulation has a ±4 kHz nominal frequency deviation.","rect":[169.22000122070313,554.3312377929688,505.808420419693,545.277587890625]},{"page":197,"text":" FM-frequency shift key rate of 16 kilobits per second plain text and cipher text voice and","rect":[151.22000122070313,568.4912109375,539.6386914253235,559.4375610351563]},{"page":197,"text":"data. Used in line of sight and SATCOM modes.","rect":[169.22000122070313,579.8911743164063,363.8981726169586,570.8375244140625]},{"page":197,"text":" Binary phase-shift keying-modulation rate of 1200, 2400, and 9600 bits per second. Used in","rect":[151.22000122070313,594.0512084960938,540.018696308136,584.99755859375]},{"page":197,"text":"SATCOM mode.","rect":[169.22000122070313,603.4492797851563,237.9938452243805,596.3975830078125]},{"page":197,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,616.3209228515625,139.22588119220735,611.5933837890625]},{"page":197,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,629.7609252929688,139.22588119220735,625.0333862304688]},{"page":197,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,654.8409423828125,139.22588119220735,650.1134033203125]},{"page":197,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,668.2809448242188,139.22588119220735,663.5534057617188]},{"page":197,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,681.8409423828125,139.22588119220735,677.1134033203125]},{"page":197,"text":"","rect":[133.22000122070313,706.7969360351563,139.22588119220735,702.0693969726563]},{"page":197,"text":"Channel spacing. 5 kHz and 25 kHz.","rect":[151.22000122070313,619.0411987304688,302.29776978492739,609.987548828125]},{"page":197,"text":"Squelch. Operator adjustable signal to noise ratio squelch. From 10dB signal, noise, and distortion","rect":[151.22000122070313,632.481201171875,539.8493237495422,623.4176025390625]},{"page":197,"text":"at minimum squelched condition to at least 16 dB signal, noise, and distortion at maximum.","rect":[151.22000122070313,644.001220703125,517.7580664157867,634.9475708007813]},{"page":197,"text":"Half-duplex operation.","rect":[151.22000122070313,657.541259765625,242.18895936012269,648.507568359375]},{"page":197,"text":"Plain Text. Transmitted decrypted voice or data.","rect":[151.22000122070313,671.001220703125,347.169992685318,661.9475708007813]},{"page":197,"text":"Cipher Text. When a cipher text voice message is received or transmitted (mode switch in cipher","rect":[151.22000122070313,684.5612182617188,539.7575369462967,675.507568359375]},{"page":197,"text":"text), a single beep is heard in the handset at the beginning of the reception or transmission.","rect":[151.22000122070313,695.9572143554688,517.368967294693,686.903564453125]},{"page":197,"text":"Noise figure SATCOM. Less than 4 dB (240–270 MHz).","rect":[151.22000122070313,709.5172119140625,383.5040075778961,700.4635620117188]},{"page":197,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":197,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":197,"text":"K-5","rect":[507.58001708984377,754.0349731445313,522.0610068359375,747.4920043945313]},{"page":198,"text":"Appendix K","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":198,"text":" Six presets.","rect":[115.2199935913086,83.1214828491211,181.430002450943,74.24711608886719]},{"page":198,"text":"K-29. The Spitfire operates in the following DAMA modes with the following capabilities and limitations—","rect":[90.02400207519531,100.68138122558594,522.1000146865845,91.62773895263672]},{"page":198,"text":" Frequency band. UHF band 225.000–399.995 MHz.","rect":[115.22003173828125,114.24137878417969,347.92725586891177,105.18773651123047]},{"page":198,"text":" Modulation—","rect":[115.22006225585938,125.6694564819336,193.22007083892823,118.78709411621094]},{"page":198,"text":" Shaped offset quadrature phase-shift keying-modulation rate of 600, 800, 1200, 2400, and","rect":[133.22006225585938,141.8413543701172,521.790668964386,132.78770446777345]},{"page":198,"text":"3000 bits per second used in 5 kHz DAMA mode.","rect":[151.22006225585938,153.22145080566407,351.475900888443,144.18772888183595]},{"page":198,"text":" Binary phase-shift keying-modulation rate of 19.2k and 9600 symbols per second used in","rect":[133.22006225585938,167.40135192871095,521.7698559761047,158.3477020263672]},{"page":198,"text":"25 kHz DAMA mode.","rect":[151.22007751464845,176.78945922851563,240.50156617164613,169.7477264404297]},{"page":198,"text":"","rect":[115.22006225585938,215.0811004638672,121.22594222736359,210.35357666015626]},{"page":198,"text":"","rect":[115.22006225585938,228.64109802246095,121.22594222736359,223.91357421875]},{"page":198,"text":"","rect":[115.22005462646485,242.0811004638672,121.22593459796906,237.35357666015626]},{"page":198,"text":" Differentially encoded quadrature phase-shift keying-modulation rate of 32,000 symbols","rect":[133.22007751464845,192.8413543701172,521.9362686281204,183.78770446777345]},{"page":198,"text":"per second used in 25 kHz DAMA mode.","rect":[151.22006225585938,204.34144592285157,317.0739233493805,195.30772399902345]},{"page":198,"text":"Channel spacing. 5 kHz and 25 kHz.","rect":[133.22006225585938,217.80137634277345,284.2978308200836,208.7477264404297]},{"page":198,"text":"Half-duplex operation.","rect":[133.22006225585938,231.34144592285157,230.42005372047425,222.4670867919922]},{"page":198,"text":"VINSON. 16 kilobits per second data rate, 25 kHz COMSEC (KY-57 and KY-58) mode for secure","rect":[133.22006225585938,244.7814483642578,521.8453357200623,235.7477264404297]},{"page":198,"text":"voice and data.","rect":[133.22006225585938,254.30947875976563,193.35853028297425,247.2677459716797]},{"page":198,"text":" KG-84C. Compatible modes 3 and 4 data only.","rect":[115.22006225585938,269.9114074707031,323.2799780368805,260.8577880859375]},{"page":198,"text":" ANDVT. 2400 bits per second mode for secure voice and data.","rect":[115.22006225585938,283.3315124511719,385.598703622818,274.29779052734377]},{"page":198,"text":" Six sets DAMA. Including 20 sub-presets each for 5 kHz service setup, 5 kHz message setup, and","rect":[115.22005462646485,296.9114074707031,521.8783764839172,287.8577880859375]},{"page":198,"text":"25 kHz service setup.","rect":[133.22006225585938,308.29150390625,219.16492676734925,299.2577819824219]},{"page":198,"text":"Retransmission Capabilities","rect":[72.02406311035156,333.2415466308594,203.71350529766083,323.4049072265625]},{"page":198,"text":"K-30. The  Spitfire  provides  range  extension  for  SINCGARS  and  Spitfire  radios.  A  Spitfire-to-Spitfire","rect":[90.02406311035156,350.431396484375,522.0597522239685,341.3777770996094]},{"page":198,"text":"RETRANS provides the necessary network extension when the network spans two satellite footprints. The","rect":[90.02401733398438,361.9513854980469,521.531309841156,352.89776611328127]},{"page":198,"text":"actual terminals used for RETRANS are set to plain text mode.","rect":[90.02401733398438,373.45147705078127,342.5397436618805,364.4177551269531]},{"page":198,"text":"Note.  Radio  operators  should  not  attach  handsets  or  speakers  to  Spitfire  terminals  used  for","rect":[115.2199935913086,396.73150634765627,503.72793489551546,387.6977844238281]},{"page":198,"text":"RETRANS. If connected, they produce a non-secure beep broadcast while the NSA mandates","rect":[115.2199935913086,408.2713928222656,503.87990266132359,399.2177734375]},{"page":198,"text":"secure, encrypted transmissions.","rect":[115.2199935913086,419.7913818359375,244.44104981422425,410.7377624511719]},{"page":198,"text":"K-31. The Spitfire terminals may be set up in the RETRANS mode (not recommended) with the line of sight","rect":[90.02399444580078,451.97137451171877,521.7030230770112,442.9177551269531]},{"page":198,"text":"antennas connected. The recommended configuration for this communications requirement is a SINCGARS","rect":[90.02398681640625,463.4913635253906,521.6705725212097,454.437744140625]},{"page":198,"text":"RETRANS.  The  abbreviated  RETRANS  mode  for  SINCGARS  requires  installing  one  Spitfire  with  a","rect":[90.02398681640625,475.0113525390625,522.1576526145935,465.9577331542969]},{"page":198,"text":"SINCGARS at the RETRANS site. To accomplish the RETRANS, operate the Spitfire in plain text mode, or","rect":[90.02398681640625,486.5114440917969,521.6904593095779,477.47772216796877]},{"page":198,"text":"eavesdropping may occur at the SINCGARS terminal. The SINCGARS operates in 25 kHz increments, the","rect":[90.02398681640625,497.93133544921877,521.5511462669373,488.8777160644531]},{"page":198,"text":"same as the line of sight mode for the Spitfire. A required request for SATCOM and DAMA, 5 kHz channels","rect":[90.02398681640625,509.4513244628906,521.7782486085891,500.397705078125]},{"page":198,"text":"for the Spitfire to accomplish the communications link. The Spitfire at the distant end is in the cipher text","rect":[90.02398681640625,520.951416015625,521.4215899715424,511.917724609375]},{"page":198,"text":"mode. It then encrypts and decrypts transmissions using the COMSEC employed by the SINCGARS.","rect":[90.02398681640625,532.4913330078125,495.8025915622711,523.4376831054688]},{"page":198,"text":"K-32. Use the Spitfire for beyond line of sight RETRANS of SINCGARS networks. Each net requires a","rect":[90.02398681640625,550.0113525390625,521.5483386497498,540.9577026367188]},{"page":198,"text":"SINCGARS and AN/PSC-5 terminal connected for RETRANS.","rect":[90.02398681640625,559.5293579101563,345.57401490211489,552.4776611328125]},{"page":198,"text":"K-33. In the plain text mode, the RETRANS AN/PSC-5 cannot monitor the network or send messages; only","rect":[90.02398681640625,578.9313354492188,521.754780292511,569.877685546875]},{"page":198,"text":"the SINCGARS terminal has that capability. Satellite channels in 25 kHz increments for SATCOM and","rect":[90.02398681640625,590.4513549804688,521.6610913276672,581.397705078125]},{"page":198,"text":"DAMA. Once this configuration is complete, RETRANS occurs as if it were a SINCGARS-to-SINCGARS","rect":[90.02397918701172,601.9713745117188,521.9913733024597,592.917724609375]},{"page":198,"text":"RETRANS site. The significant difference is that the network at each end has beyond line of sight capability.","rect":[90.02395629882813,613.5213623046875,521.8248999118805,604.4677124023438]},{"page":198,"text":"K-34. Other available RETRANS capabilities include DAMA-to-DAMA, DAMA-to-SATCOM, SATCOM-","rect":[90.02395629882813,631.0213623046875,522.0564871416092,621.9876708984375]},{"page":198,"text":"to-line of sight, and DAMA-to-line of sight configurations. These are used based on mission requirements","rect":[90.02386474609375,642.5613403320313,521.6303604249954,633.5076904296875]},{"page":198,"text":"and are not normal RETRANS configurations.","rect":[90.02388000488281,653.9613647460938,275.96900391578677,644.90771484375]},{"page":198,"text":"SHADOWFIRE","rect":[72.02388000488281,677.5599365234375,139.29259634017945,669.2559204101563]},{"page":198,"text":"K-35. The Shadowfire (AN/PSC-5C) is a field upgrade of the AN/PSC-5 Spitfire terminal. The upgrade","rect":[90.02388000488281,697.27734375,521.7631823997498,688.2236938476563]},{"page":198,"text":"provides all the capabilities of the AN/PSC-5 and additional capabilities for HAVEQUICK I and II and","rect":[90.02388000488281,708.7774047851563,521.6629223823547,699.7437133789063]},{"page":198,"text":"K-6","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,86.6249945678711,747.4649658203125]},{"page":198,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":198,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":199,"text":"Single-Channel Tactical Satellite Communications","rect":[325.9700012207031,46.04103469848633,539.976900390625,37.608036041259769]},{"page":199,"text":"SINCGARS  anti-jam.  The  ability  to  receive  and  transmit  over-the-air  rekeying  or  over-the-air  transfer,","rect":[108.0199966430664,83.14140319824219,540.0179541110992,74.07779693603516]},{"page":199,"text":"extended  30–420  MHz  frequency  range,  access  to  5  kHz  and  25akHz  UHF  satellite  communications","rect":[108.0199966430664,94.68138122558594,539.9149063234329,85.62773895263672]},{"page":199,"text":"channels, and embedded data control waveform controller.","rect":[108.01998138427735,104.1894760131836,342.8139135837555,97.14775848388672]},{"page":199,"text":"K-36. Additional features include range extension and mixed excitation linear prediction voice coding, 142","rect":[108.01998138427735,123.60142517089844,539.687641620636,114.54778289794922]},{"page":199,"text":"preset channels, advanced key loading, DS-101 fill capability and embedded tactical IP and the cryptographic","rect":[108.01998901367188,135.12144470214845,539.7080066184998,126.06780242919922]},{"page":199,"text":"algorithm. The Shadowfire operates in the VHF and UHF frequency spectrum and supports line of sight with","rect":[108.01998901367188,146.64146423339845,539.8530468940735,137.5878143310547]},{"page":199,"text":"frequency agile modes, SATCOM DAMA, and maritime operation. Voice and data operations are available","rect":[108.01998901367188,158.16148376464845,539.6069323997498,149.1078338623047]},{"page":199,"text":"in each of these modes. The Shadowfire also provides enhanced mixed excitation linear prediction, Vocoder","rect":[108.01998901367188,169.6615753173828,540.0285940752029,160.6278533935547]},{"page":199,"text":"and improved linear predictive coding, anti-jam communications, and over-the-air rekeying and over-the-air","rect":[108.01998901367188,181.20152282714845,539.9277029619217,172.13792419433595]},{"page":199,"text":"transfer capabilities.","rect":[108.01998901367188,192.5816192626953,188.94504761695863,183.5478973388672]},{"page":199,"text":"MULTIBAND MULTI-MISSION RADIO","rect":[90.02398681640625,216.16233825683595,271.76228046417239,208.07614135742188]},{"page":199,"text":"K-37. The multiband multi-mission radio (AN/PSC-5D) offers a higher frequency range than the Spitfire and","rect":[108.02000427246094,235.9215545654297,539.7001538276672,226.86790466308595]},{"page":199,"text":"Shadowfire. The AN/PSC-5D provides lightweight, secure, network-capable, multiband multi-mission, anti-","rect":[108.02001953125,247.4415740966797,539.9367361650467,238.38792419433595]},{"page":199,"text":"jam, voice, imagery, and data communications capability in a single package. The AN/PSC-5D operates in","rect":[108.02001953125,258.9615783691406,540.1028027534485,249.8979949951172]},{"page":199,"text":"the VHF and UHF frequency spectrum and supports line of sight with frequency agile modes, SATCOM,","rect":[108.02001953125,270.5115661621094,539.5372412204742,261.45794677734377]},{"page":199,"text":"DAMA, and maritime operation. Voice and data operations are available in each of these modes. Table K-1","rect":[108.02001953125,282.0116882324219,540.160053730011,272.97796630859377]},{"page":199,"text":"outlines a line of sight interoperability comparison of the AN/PSC-5 family of radios and the AN/PRC-117F.","rect":[108.02005004882813,293.43157958984377,540.0570166110992,284.3779602050781]},{"page":199,"text":"For more information on UHF single-channel TACSAT and DAMA, refer to ATP 6-02.54.","rect":[108.02005004882813,304.9515686035156,473.3993628025055,295.89794921875]},{"page":199,"text":"Table K-1. AN/PSC-5/C/D, AN/PRC-117F and AN/ARC-231 line of sight interoperability","rect":[113.300048828125,322.5318298339844,516.7015173454284,313.1993103027344]},{"page":199,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":199,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":199,"text":"K-7","rect":[507.58001708984377,753.9359741210938,522.0610068359375,747.4920043945313]},{"page":200,"text":"Appendix K","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":200,"text":"K-38. Table K-2 outlines a DAMA line of sight 5 kHz and 25 kHz interoperability comparison of the","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.4794299583435,74.08776092529297]},{"page":200,"text":"AN/PSC-5 family of radios and the AN/PRC-117F. For more information on UHF single-channel TACSAT","rect":[90.02398681640625,94.68138122558594,521.9996835584641,85.62773895263672]},{"page":200,"text":"refer to ATP 6-02.54.","rect":[90.02398681640625,104.1894760131836,176.4695074558258,97.15771484375]},{"page":200,"text":"Table K-2. AN/PSC-5/C/D, AN/ARC-231 and AN/PRC-117F","rect":[162.25997924804688,122.0,431.6754037733078,114.32913970947266]},{"page":200,"text":"AN/PRC-117F","rect":[72.02399444580078,301.8979797363281,146.6600029296875,293.6059875488281]},{"page":200,"text":"K-39. The  AN/PRC-117F  manpack  radio  is  an  advanced  multiband  multi-mission  manpack  radio  that","rect":[90.02400207519531,321.6114807128906,521.9500933895112,312.5777587890625]},{"page":200,"text":"provides reliable tactical communications performance in a small, lightweight package that can maximize","rect":[90.02400207519531,333.0313720703125,521.4216296653748,323.9777526855469]},{"page":200,"text":"user mobility. The AN/PRC-117F is a multiprocessor based, fully digital, software controlled, voice and data","rect":[90.02400207519531,344.5513610839844,521.9627673606873,335.49774169921877]},{"page":200,"text":"transceiver. The AN/PRC-117F can provide; line of sight, SATCOM, electronic counter-countermeasures,","rect":[90.02400207519531,356.0713806152344,521.8801367282867,347.01776123046877]},{"page":200,"text":"frequency hopping operations SINCGARS and HAVEQUICK, and is compatible with all tactical VHF and","rect":[90.02400207519531,367.59136962890627,521.5910840034485,358.5377502441406]},{"page":200,"text":"UHF radios. The AN/VRC-103 is the vehicular version of the AN/PRC-117F.","rect":[90.02400207519531,377.119384765625,402.269602060318,370.0577392578125]},{"page":200,"text":"K-40. The AN/PRC-117F requires regular firmware updates. Signal planners should ensure radios have the","rect":[90.02400207519531,396.5113830566406,521.4798572044373,387.457763671875]},{"page":200,"text":"latest firmware as having multiple versions of the firmware within a unit can cause interoperability problems.","rect":[90.02399444580078,408.0313720703125,521.7304785251617,398.9777526855469]},{"page":200,"text":"AN/PRC-117F Characteristics and Capabilities","rect":[72.02399444580078,432.9615173339844,294.1746259031296,423.1248779296875]},{"page":200,"text":"K-41. The AN/PRC-117F as designed acts as the transmission means for communications input for analog","rect":[90.02399444580078,450.2913818359375,521.5904126167297,441.2377624511719]},{"page":200,"text":"and digital data. These include standard audio communications via a handset; line-level audio-data devices","rect":[90.02398681640625,461.6913757324219,522.1009414796829,452.63775634765627]},{"page":200,"text":"and the handheld data terminals found in special operations forces, military intelligence, and field artillery.","rect":[90.02398681640625,473.2113952636719,521.4627783298492,464.15777587890627]},{"page":200,"text":"The AN/PRC-117F can operate across the VHF and UHF military tactical frequency bands using either line","rect":[90.02398681640625,484.73138427734377,521.4881579856873,475.6777648925781]},{"page":200,"text":"of sight modes or satellite propagation media for beyond line of sight communications.","rect":[90.02398681640625,496.2513732910156,437.77311158180239,487.19775390625]},{"page":200,"text":"K-42. Due to the microprocessor design, digital signal processing, and software control, the AN/PRC-117F","rect":[90.02398681640625,513.7714233398438,522.0870153923034,504.7177734375]},{"page":200,"text":"can replace many current radio types in one manpack or vehicle mounted box. This dramatically reduces the","rect":[90.02397918701172,525.1714477539063,521.6109607200623,516.1177978515625]},{"page":200,"text":"space, weight, power, and support requirements for individual fighting platforms and command posts. This","rect":[90.02397918701172,536.69140625,521.6344497804641,527.6377563476563]},{"page":200,"text":"also greatly reduces cosite interference problems and, if used correctly, can reduce the number of tactical","rect":[90.02397918701172,548.21142578125,521.3718463191987,539.1577758789063]},{"page":200,"text":"radio networks required to support a digitally equipped fighting force. The AN/PRC-117F has the following","rect":[90.02397918701172,559.7314453125,521.918354511261,550.6777954101563]},{"page":200,"text":"characteristics and capabilities—","rect":[90.02397918701172,571.2314453125,222.16997623443604,562.19775390625]},{"page":200,"text":" Frequency range of 30–512 MHz. This frequency range includes not only the standard Army","rect":[115.21997833251953,584.8114624023438,521.6953930854797,575.7578125]},{"page":200,"text":"tactical 30–88 MHz band but also the frequency bands and modulation modes commonly used by","rect":[133.21998596191407,596.21142578125,521.8255200386047,587.1577758789063]},{"page":200,"text":"the  United  States  Air  Force,  United  States  Navy,  and  Coast  Guard  for  operations,  air  traffic","rect":[133.21998596191407,607.7313842773438,521.530577419281,598.677734375]},{"page":200,"text":"control, tactical data links, and maritime uses. This makes the radio ideal for use as a liaison radio","rect":[133.21998596191407,617.2694702148438,521.8593335151672,610.227783203125]},{"page":200,"text":"or gateway between service components using different waveforms for joint ground sea and air","rect":[133.21998596191407,630.8013916015625,521.8187552080154,621.73779296875]},{"page":200,"text":"operations. The AN/PRC-117F frequency range and waveform modes are compatible with civil","rect":[133.21998596191407,642.2013549804688,521.6126910457612,633.147705078125]},{"page":200,"text":"and public service frequency bands commonly used by non-DOD local, state, federal, and foreign","rect":[133.21998596191407,653.7213745117188,522.0390210151672,644.667724609375]},{"page":200,"text":"agencies.","rect":[133.21998596191407,665.2413940429688,170.0321753025055,656.187744140625]},{"page":200,"text":" Modulation. As delivered, the factory radio is programmed at the factory for compatibility with","rect":[115.21998596191406,678.8013305664063,521.6199536323547,669.7476806640625]},{"page":200,"text":"current standard modulation characteristics segmented in the traditional RF bands—","rect":[133.21998596191407,690.2013549804688,469.98999881744387,681.147705078125]},{"page":200,"text":"K-8","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0439453125,86.6249945678711,747.4649658203125]},{"page":200,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":200,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":201,"text":"Single-Channel Tactical Satellite Communications","rect":[325.9700012207031,46.04103469848633,540.11191015625,37.608036041259769]},{"page":201,"text":"","rect":[151.22000122070313,79.20429229736328,156.27632120323183,75.93645477294922]},{"page":201,"text":"","rect":[151.2200164794922,116.30426788330078,156.27633646202089,113.03643035888672]},{"page":201,"text":"","rect":[151.21998596191407,210.86439514160157,156.27630594444276,207.5965576171875]},{"page":201,"text":"","rect":[151.22000122070313,270.89434814453127,156.27632120323183,267.62652587890627]},{"page":201,"text":"VHF  low  band.  30.00000–89.99999  MHz,  frequency  shift  key.  This  makes  the  radio","rect":[169.22000122070313,83.74137878417969,539.726948261261,74.68773651123047]},{"page":201,"text":"interoperable  with  SINCGARS,  AN/PRC-68,  and  other  tactical  radios  of  foreign  and","rect":[169.2200164794922,95.16136169433594,539.6606640815735,86.10771942138672]},{"page":201,"text":"domestic manufacture.","rect":[169.2200164794922,104.6694564819336,260.0552771091461,97.62773895263672]},{"page":201,"text":"VHF high band. 90.00000–224.99999 MHz FM, AM, frequency shift key, amplitude shift","rect":[169.2200164794922,120.84135437011719,539.6176348934174,111.78771209716797]},{"page":201,"text":"keying.  In  this  frequency  band,  use  the  radio  for  air-to-air,  air-to-ground,  and  ground-to-","rect":[169.2200164794922,132.2413787841797,540.0566702470779,123.18773651123047]},{"page":201,"text":"ground voice and data communications using waveforms found in this band. The AN/PRC-","rect":[169.22000122070313,143.7613983154297,540.0564261064529,134.70774841308595]},{"page":201,"text":"117F  is  compatible  with  various  existing  military  aircraft,  air-traffic-control  radio","rect":[169.22000122070313,155.2814178466797,540.103901386261,146.22776794433595]},{"page":201,"text":"communications, and military air-to-ground data-link communications. The AN/PRC-117F","rect":[169.22000122070313,166.8014373779297,540.0869543571472,157.74778747558595]},{"page":201,"text":"enables users that employ the radio to accomplish joint and civil-military liaison voice and","rect":[169.219970703125,178.2014617919922,539.903706073761,169.1378631591797]},{"page":201,"text":"data with one radio. This is particularly important to the Army National Guard due to their","rect":[169.219970703125,189.7214813232422,539.6622610673904,180.66783142089845]},{"page":201,"text":"large role in defense support of civil authorities’ operations.","rect":[169.219970703125,201.2415008544922,408.72294068336489,192.18785095214845]},{"page":201,"text":"UHF band. 225.00000–511.99999 MHz. AM, frequency shift key, amplitude shift keying.","rect":[169.21998596191407,215.40147399902345,539.5612890720367,206.3478240966797]},{"page":201,"text":"In this frequency band, use the AN/PRC-117F to perform air-to-air, air-to-ground, ground-to-","rect":[169.22000122070313,226.80149841308595,540.1766653642654,217.7478485107422]},{"page":201,"text":"ground,  fixed or  mobile radio communications  missions  for voice and data modes. The","rect":[169.219970703125,238.32151794433595,539.6224963645935,229.2678680419922]},{"page":201,"text":"AN/PRC-117F ","rect":[169.219970703125,248.0,231.74756836891175,240.7878875732422]},{"page":201,"text":"is ","rect":[237.14585876464845,248.0,246.23938965797425,240.7877655029297]},{"page":201,"text":"also ","rect":[251.65757751464845,248.0,270.21314454078677,240.7877655029297]},{"page":201,"text":"compatible ","rect":[275.63134765625,249.8214874267578,322.473215341568,240.7877655029297]},{"page":201,"text":"with ","rect":[328.02099609375,248.0,348.14017701148989,240.7877655029297]},{"page":201,"text":"electronic ","rect":[353.5583801269531,248.0,395.3605444431305,240.7877655029297]},{"page":201,"text":"counter-countermeasures ","rect":[400.78875732421877,248.0,503.99015259742739,241.7837677001953]},{"page":201,"text":"capable","rect":[509.408447265625,249.8214874267578,539.9757068138123,240.7877655029297]},{"page":201,"text":"equipment.","rect":[169.22000122070313,261.3415222167969,213.81092286109925,252.3077850341797]},{"page":201,"text":"UHF  SATCOM.  243.00000–270.00000  MHz  and  292.00000–318.00000  MHz.  In  this","rect":[169.22000122070313,273.439453125,539.9620864992141,266.3778076171875]},{"page":201,"text":"frequency range, AN/PRC-117F is fully compatible with single-channel TACSAT systems in","rect":[169.21998596191407,286.8313903808594,539.9643139839172,277.77777099609377]},{"page":201,"text":"the dedicated channel or DAMA mode. The AN/PRC-117F also has full orderwire capability","rect":[169.21998596191407,298.3514099121094,539.981586933136,289.29779052734377]},{"page":201,"text":"and can send and receive data at a rate of 64 kilobits per second in a 25 kHz channel or 12","rect":[169.21998596191407,309.85150146484377,539.5827221870422,300.8177795410156]},{"page":201,"text":"kilobits per second in a 5 kHz channel. Embedded in the radio hardware and software are","rect":[169.21998596191407,321.3714904785156,539.712218044281,312.3377685546875]},{"page":201,"text":"automatic requests for RETRANS of bad data packets and COMSEC. This key SATCOM","rect":[169.21998596191407,332.9114074707031,539.5322964792251,323.8577880859375]},{"page":201,"text":"capability  gives  the  radio  a  feature  no  other  standard  combat  net  radio  has:  the  ability  to","rect":[169.21998596191407,344.4314270019531,540.117329120636,335.3778076171875]},{"page":201,"text":"communicate beyond line of sight without RETRANS stations from the same radio package","rect":[169.21998596191407,355.8314208984375,539.512999294281,346.7778015136719]},{"page":201,"text":"used for line of sight communications.","rect":[169.21998596191407,367.3514099121094,322.74634766578677,358.29779052734377]},{"page":201,"text":"K-43. The AN/PRC-117F operates in the  following line of sight fixed  frequency cipher text operating","rect":[108.01998901367188,384.8714294433594,539.586567401886,375.81781005859377]},{"page":201,"text":"capabilities and limitations—","rect":[108.01998901367188,396.37152099609377,225.64998722076417,387.3377990722656]},{"page":201,"text":" VINSON-16 kilobits per second data rate, 25 kHz COMSEC KY-57 and KY-58 mode for secure","rect":[133.21998596191407,409.9315185546875,539.9410388450623,400.8977966308594]},{"page":201,"text":"voice and data.","rect":[151.21998596191407,419.3395080566406,211.39315247535706,412.29779052734377]},{"page":201,"text":" KG-84C compatible-(data only) supports voice only using 12 kilobits per second data rate in FM","rect":[133.21998596191407,434.9314270019531,539.5665372018814,425.8778076171875]},{"page":201,"text":"and  trellis  code  modulation  from  30.00000–511.99999  MHz  and  AM  mode  from  90.00000–","rect":[151.21998596191407,444.3194885253906,540.2799878120422,437.27777099609377]},{"page":201,"text":"511.99999 MHz. Available in all modes of UHF SATCOM.","rect":[151.22000122070313,455.85943603515627,391.664377450943,448.79779052734377]},{"page":201,"text":" TEKs-electronically loaded 128-bit transmission encryption keys used to secure voice and data","rect":[133.22000122070313,471.4114074707031,539.7479236106873,462.3577880859375]},{"page":201,"text":"communications.","rect":[151.22000122070313,480.9195251464844,219.66517090797425,473.8778076171875]},{"page":201,"text":" COMSEC  key  fill-TEKs,  transmission  security  keys,  and  KEKs  filled  from  the  following","rect":[133.22000122070313,496.3714294433594,539.6949048042297,487.31781005859377]},{"page":201,"text":"devices—","rect":[151.22000122070313,505.8795166015625,191.06003665924073,498.8377990722656]},{"page":201,"text":" AN/PYQ-10, SKL.","rect":[151.22000122070313,521.8522338867188,245.98424744606019,512.997802734375]},{"page":201,"text":" KIK-30, really simple key loader.","rect":[151.22000122070313,536.0914916992188,304.03296875953677,527.037841796875]},{"page":201,"text":" KIV-7M.","rect":[151.22000122070313,548.1295166015625,206.59424805641175,541.3965454101563]},{"page":201,"text":"K-44. The AN/PRC-117F can operate in HAVEQUICK I and II mode, utilizing frequency hopping from","rect":[108.02000427246094,567.5314331054688,539.7029815921784,558.477783203125]},{"page":201,"text":"225–400 MHz, providing compatibility with current airborne frequency hopping. The AN/PRC-117F can","rect":[108.02000427246094,579.0514526367188,540.117573261261,569.997802734375]},{"page":201,"text":"also operate in SINCGARS frequency-hopping mode from 30.0000–87.975 MHz and supports SINCGARS","rect":[108.0199966430664,590.5714111328125,539.9752600212097,581.5177612304688]},{"page":201,"text":"system improvement program or enhanced system improvement program features by placing the AN/PRC-","rect":[108.02003479003906,602.0914306640625,540.0566092119217,593.0377807617188]},{"page":201,"text":"117F in either a net master or a net member mode.","rect":[108.02003479003906,611.5094604492188,309.6005346775055,604.4677734375]},{"page":201,"text":"K-45. The AN/PRC-117F can scan up to 10 line of sight fixed frequency or dedicated SATCOM radio voice","rect":[108.02003479003906,631.0414428710938,539.727354763031,621.98779296875]},{"page":201,"text":"operation  networks.  The  AN/PRC-117F  does  not  scan  HAVEQUICK,  SINCGARS,  or  UHF  DAMA","rect":[108.02003479003906,642.54150390625,539.9084051837921,633.5078125]},{"page":201,"text":"networks and does not use digital squelch. The plain text override feature of the VINSON and FASCINATOR","rect":[108.02003479003906,654.0814208984375,539.7761935606003,645.0277709960938]},{"page":201,"text":"cipher text mode allows scanning combinations of cipher text and plain text networks.","rect":[108.02003479003906,665.6014404296875,452.522775888443,656.5477905273438]},{"page":201,"text":"AN/PRC-117F Data Capabilities","rect":[90.02403259277344,690.4114990234375,242.8103528318405,680.5748901367188]},{"page":201,"text":"K-46. The AN/PRC-117F has the capability for use as a digital data-transmission device. This makes it easy","rect":[108.02003479003906,707.7174072265625,539.8949780464172,698.6637573242188]},{"page":201,"text":"to interface data terminal equipment, computer workstations, and networking components. The AN/PRC-","rect":[108.02003479003906,719.2374267578125,539.9366140947342,710.1837768554688]},{"page":201,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":201,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":201,"text":"K-9","rect":[507.58001708984377,754.0439453125,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":202,"text":"Appendix K","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":202,"text":"117F can send data transmission rates of 56 kilobits per second through SATCOM and 64 kilobits per second","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,521.5511059761047,74.08776092529297]},{"page":202,"text":"ground-to-ground (line of sight).","rect":[90.02399444580078,94.68138122558594,220.41788697242738,85.62773895263672]},{"page":202,"text":"K-47. With these data rates, the AN/PRC-117F would make data transmission at brigade and battalion","rect":[90.02398681640625,112.20140075683594,521.8857007026672,103.14775848388672]},{"page":202,"text":"command posts and lower echelons fast enough to support lengthy database-to-database transfers. This would","rect":[90.02398681640625,123.60142517089844,521.828510761261,114.54778289794922]},{"page":202,"text":"not only improve operations but would also reduce system vulnerability to enemy intercept and detection.","rect":[90.02395629882813,135.12144470214845,521.3220312595367,126.06780242919922]},{"page":202,"text":"The data rates support collaborative tools, video teleconferencing, and imagery transmission. (See Appendix","rect":[90.02395629882813,146.64146423339845,522.025532245636,137.5878143310547]},{"page":202,"text":"G for more information on data communications.)","rect":[90.02395629882813,158.1415557861328,289.91116243457796,149.1078338623047]},{"page":202,"text":"AN/PRC-117G RADIO","rect":[72.02395629882813,181.76007080078126,184.50492572784425,173.44407653808595]},{"page":202,"text":"K-48. The AN/PRC-117G radio is a software defined voice and data radio that supports in-field upgrades as","rect":[90.02395629882813,201.4814910888672,522.0179336671829,192.42784118652345]},{"page":202,"text":"new capabilities emerge. The AN/PRC-117G radio has MUOS-ready hardware to extend communications","rect":[90.02398681640625,213.0015106201172,521.7975967531204,203.9477996826172]},{"page":202,"text":"beyond line of sight. The AN/PRC-117G radio is capable of operating in a frequency range of 30 MHz to 2","rect":[90.02403259277344,224.40147399902345,521.6999707221985,215.3478240966797]},{"page":202,"text":"GHz.  The  AN/PRC-117G  radio  can  be  configured  for  manpack,  vehicular-mounted,  or  base  station","rect":[90.02403259277344,235.9214324951172,521.8927807807922,226.86778259277345]},{"page":202,"text":"operations. The AN/PRC-117G radio is capable of simultaneously transmitting Voice over Internet Protocol","rect":[90.02403259277344,247.4414520263672,521.8332721004487,238.38780212402345]},{"page":202,"text":"and  digital  data  on  a  single  channel.  Digital  data  transmitted  via  the  AN/PRC-117G  radio  includes  file","rect":[90.02403259277344,258.9614562988281,521.852598903656,249.90782165527345]},{"page":202,"text":"transfers, chat, streaming video, combat net radio, and position location information. The AN/PRC-117G","rect":[90.02403259277344,270.5114440917969,521.9405096759796,261.45782470703127]},{"page":202,"text":"radio enables units to use IP routing to transmit medium to high bandwidth data traffic over tactical VHF,","rect":[90.02403259277344,282.0314025878906,521.5311987400055,272.977783203125]},{"page":202,"text":"UHF, and L-band radio networks. The AN/PRC-117G radio supports the following—","rect":[90.02403259277344,293.4314270019531,433.270058631897,284.3778076171875]},{"page":202,"text":" Advanced networking waveform.","rect":[115.22004699707031,306.9914245605469,267.13477540016177,297.93780517578127]},{"page":202,"text":" 181B-Dedicated Channel TACSAT.","rect":[115.22004699707031,318.5494689941406,278.4474890232086,311.497802734375]},{"page":202,"text":" SINCGARS.","rect":[115.22004699707031,331.9894714355469,185.03194642066956,325.10711669921877]},{"page":202,"text":" HAVEQUICK II.","rect":[115.22004699707031,347.35223388671877,204.17508912086488,338.6671142578125]},{"page":202,"text":" VHF and UHF.","rect":[115.22004699707031,358.99945068359377,194.96209168434144,351.93780517578127]},{"page":202,"text":" AM and FM.","rect":[115.22004699707031,372.5395202636719,185.58976197242738,365.497802734375]},{"page":202,"text":" DAMA.","rect":[115.22004699707031,385.85003662109377,166.06815552711488,379.10711669921877]},{"page":202,"text":" High performance waveform.","rect":[115.22004699707031,401.5514221191406,251.659982919693,392.497802734375]},{"page":202,"text":" Integrated waveform.","rect":[115.22004699707031,414.9914245605469,219.03544068336488,405.93780517578127]},{"page":202,"text":"K-49. The  networking  capabilities  of  the  AN/PRC-117G  radio  can  be  enhanced  using  the  RF-7800B","rect":[90.0240478515625,432.5114440917969,522.102548541069,423.45782470703127]},{"page":202,"text":"Broadband Global Area Network Terminals. The RF-7800B combined with the AN/PRC-117G provides","rect":[90.02406311035156,443.9115295410156,521.9974868898391,434.8778076171875]},{"page":202,"text":"automatic and secure range extension, connection to out-of-range networks, and entry into the Internet or","rect":[90.02406311035156,455.4514465332031,521.9103079423904,446.3978271484375]},{"page":202,"text":"remote private networks.","rect":[90.02407836914063,466.9515686035156,189.49460816383363,457.9178466796875]},{"page":202,"text":"SINGLE-CHANNEL TACTICAL SATELLITE FIRE SUPPORT","rect":[72.02407836914063,490.7206726074219,465.61937968158727,480.9909362792969]},{"page":202,"text":"NETWORKS","rect":[72.02407836914063,504.76068115234377,154.59327305984497,495.0450134277344]},{"page":202,"text":"K-50. The need for a digital link between the Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System, Initial Fire","rect":[90.02407836914063,524.4514770507813,521.4786365013123,515.3978271484375]},{"page":202,"text":"Support Automation System, Forward Observer System, and non-fire support systems may require using","rect":[90.02409362792969,535.9714965820313,521.922504901886,526.9178466796875]},{"page":202,"text":"single-channel TACSAT networks in the distribution plan to support digital traffic. The commander decides","rect":[90.02409362792969,547.4915161132813,521.7850235109329,538.4378662109375]},{"page":202,"text":"which network provides voice service, and which network carries data.","rect":[90.02409362792969,558.9915161132813,373.83436036109927,549.9578247070313]},{"page":202,"text":"CORPS FIRE SUPPORT NETWORK","rect":[72.02409362792969,582.6100463867188,235.5018434524536,574.3060302734375]},{"page":202,"text":"K-51. The purpose of the corps, fire support network is for clearing fires, which refers to the coordination","rect":[90.02409362792969,602.3314819335938,521.5185132026672,593.27783203125]},{"page":202,"text":"necessary  when  firing  into  an  adjacent  area  of  operations  controlled  by  someone  else.  The  coordination","rect":[90.02410888671875,613.761474609375,521.6508984565735,604.6978759765625]},{"page":202,"text":"ensures the area is under enemy control and no friendly forces in the area. The primary users of the network","rect":[90.02410888671875,625.2814331054688,521.7527050971985,616.227783203125]},{"page":202,"text":"include any of the following—","rect":[90.02410888671875,636.8014526367188,213.2901086807251,627.747802734375]},{"page":202,"text":" Corps fires cell.","rect":[115.22010803222656,650.3414916992188,196.60550904273988,641.3078002929688]},{"page":202,"text":" Division fires cell.","rect":[115.22010803222656,661.7894897460938,207.17307496070863,654.747802734375]},{"page":202,"text":" Field artillery brigades.","rect":[115.22010803222656,677.3614501953125,226.59513306617738,668.3078002929688]},{"page":202,"text":" Armored cavalry regiment fires cell.","rect":[115.22010803222656,690.8014526367188,278.7157690525055,681.747802734375]},{"page":202,"text":" Attack regiment fires cell.","rect":[115.22010803222656,704.3574829101563,237.37183594703675,695.3038330078125]},{"page":202,"text":"K-10","rect":[72.14399719238281,754.0349731445313,91.66499548339844,747.4649658203125]},{"page":202,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":202,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":203,"text":"Single-Channel Tactical Satellite Communications","rect":[325.9700012207031,46.04103469848633,539.976900390625,37.608036041259769]},{"page":203,"text":"DIVISION FIRE SUPPORT NETWORK","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.21997833251953,265.6653871536255,74.91597747802735]},{"page":203,"text":"K-52. The principal members of the division, fire support network include the division fires cell, field artillery","rect":[108.01998901367188,102.96141052246094,539.767475605011,93.90776824951172]},{"page":203,"text":"brigade, the brigade fires cell, fires battalion. The division, fire  support network provides fire support","rect":[108.02000427246094,114.48143005371094,540.1792193660737,105.42778778076172]},{"page":203,"text":"coordination and serves as an alternate for fire direction with elements in the division. The division command","rect":[108.02000427246094,123.9895248413086,539.6068921089172,116.94780731201172]},{"page":203,"text":"post is typically the NCS. This network normally operates as a voice network.","rect":[108.02000427246094,137.40147399902345,419.6884253025055,128.3478240966797]},{"page":203,"text":"K-53. The  separate  brigade  has  unique  long  haul  communications  requirements,  which  line  of  sight","rect":[108.02000427246094,154.92149353027345,539.8175860652924,145.8678436279297]},{"page":203,"text":"operations cannot satisfy when dispersed over extended distances. These units deploy UHF single-channel","rect":[108.02001953125,166.44151306152345,539.9552813777924,157.3878631591797]},{"page":203,"text":"TACSAT  terminals  with  their  headquarters  to  provide  connectivity  for  communications  and  situational","rect":[108.02001953125,177.96153259277345,539.5273028621674,168.9078826904297]},{"page":203,"text":"awareness with higher headquarters. The primary communications mode is secure voice.","rect":[108.02001953125,189.48155212402345,462.64310669898989,180.4279022216797]},{"page":203,"text":"FIELD ARTILLERY BRIGADE FIRE SUPPORT NETWORK","rect":[90.02401733398438,213.08013916015626,359.1160707473755,204.77615356445313]},{"page":203,"text":"K-54. The field artillery brigade fire support network has the operations elements from the field artillery","rect":[108.02001953125,232.8015594482422,540.0823559761047,223.74790954589845]},{"page":203,"text":"brigade, field artillery brigade, fires battalion, and multiple launch rocket system battalions. The primary","rect":[108.02003479003906,244.2015838623047,539.5771679878235,235.14793395996095]},{"page":203,"text":"purpose of this network is to provide a long-range link to subordinate field artillery elements. This network","rect":[108.02003479003906,255.7216033935547,539.836567401886,246.66795349121095]},{"page":203,"text":"is primarily a voice network but can transmit digital traffic between Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data","rect":[108.02003479003906,267.2715759277344,539.611876247406,258.21795654296877]},{"page":203,"text":"System and other automated devices.","rect":[108.02003479003906,278.7915954589844,256.3044683933258,269.73797607421877]},{"page":203,"text":"AIRBORNE AND AIR ASSAULT UNITS","rect":[90.02403259277344,302.5408020019531,342.9692953987122,292.82513427734377]},{"page":203,"text":"K-55. The airborne and air assault units need en route communications to maintain a connection with the","rect":[108.02003479003906,320.2196960449219,539.7665393333435,313.177978515625]},{"page":203,"text":"sustaining base, other aircraft, and with the units that may already be in place. Airborne and air assault units","rect":[108.02005004882813,333.7515869140625,539.4276626710891,324.6979675292969]},{"page":203,"text":"accomplishes this by using a secure en route communications package, which uses the Spitfire or a VHF and","rect":[108.02005004882813,345.2715759277344,540.160053730011,336.21795654296877]},{"page":203,"text":"UHF  DAMA-capable  single-channel  TACSAT.  The  DAMA-capable  single-channel  TACSAT  provides","rect":[108.02005004882813,356.79156494140627,539.9940078859329,347.7379455566406]},{"page":203,"text":"communications in line of sight and SATCOM modes. The secure en route communications package supports","rect":[108.02005004882813,368.3115539550781,539.7963150148391,359.2579345703125]},{"page":203,"text":"the commander and principal staff while en route to the area of operations. It supports ground operations","rect":[108.02005004882813,379.83154296875,539.8781021242141,370.7779235839844]},{"page":203,"text":"independently of the aircraft at staging areas and during joint task force initial ground operations.","rect":[108.02005004882813,391.2315368652344,496.49012207984927,382.1679382324219]},{"page":203,"text":"K-56. Well-equipped, rapidly deployable units such as the global response force (GRF) are a vital part of the","rect":[108.02005004882813,408.75152587890627,539.8780505638123,399.6979064941406]},{"page":203,"text":"Army’s efforts to be an agile and capable expeditionary force. Using the en route mission command capability","rect":[108.02006530761719,420.2715148925781,539.8157544136047,411.2178955078125]},{"page":203,"text":"(EMC2), GRF commanders use in-flight internet capabilities while in flight to the drop zones of early entry","rect":[108.02006530761719,431.79150390625,540.226459980011,422.7378845214844]},{"page":203,"text":"missions to gain real-time situational awareness and a comprehensive understanding of potential challenges.","rect":[108.02006530761719,443.3315124511719,539.9500830173492,434.27789306640627]},{"page":203,"text":"The EMC2 enable commanders of GRF units to conduct command and control, and plan missions in the air,","rect":[108.02008056640625,454.71160888671877,539.6169531345367,445.6778869628906]},{"page":203,"text":"while their Soldiers receive operational updates and watch full motion video of upcoming drop zones. The","rect":[108.02008056640625,466.2514953613281,540.0429675559998,457.1978759765625]},{"page":203,"text":"EMC2 provides Soldiers the ability to understand a situation and take appropriate action before arriving at","rect":[108.02008056640625,477.771484375,539.3879596004487,468.7178649902344]},{"page":203,"text":"their drop location, which enables the GRF to be more effective the moment the GRF arrives in operations.","rect":[108.02008056640625,489.2715759277344,535.9616796970367,480.23785400390627]},{"page":203,"text":"K-57. Installed on C-17 aircraft, the EMC2 provide commanders of GRF units, connectivity to Warfighter","rect":[108.02008056640625,506.81146240234377,539.5526419267654,497.7578430175781]},{"page":203,"text":"Information Network-Tactical. The EMC2 enables the GRF to stay connected to joint, coalition, or strategic","rect":[108.02009582519531,518.3314819335938,539.602110622406,509.2678527832031]},{"page":203,"text":"forces as they are traveling into a developing situation. The joint GRF consists of two components—","rect":[108.02009582519531,529.7315063476563,511.4200830459595,520.6679077148438]},{"page":203,"text":" Air Force. The Air Force supplies and sustains the C-17 and C-130 aircraft.","rect":[133.22006225585938,543.271484375,456.1037085056305,534.23779296875]},{"page":203,"text":" Army (XVIII Airborne Corps). The XVIII Airborne Corps, primarily the 82d Airborne Division,","rect":[133.22006225585938,556.8515014648438,539.7581884860992,547.7978515625]},{"page":203,"text":"which  has  deployment-ready  paratroopers  and  infantrymen,  provides  an  immediate  military","rect":[151.2200469970703,568.25146484375,540.0938305854797,559.1978149414063]},{"page":203,"text":"capability on the ground on short notice to any operation worldwide.","rect":[151.2200469970703,579.771484375,425.62818360328677,570.7178344726563]},{"page":203,"text":"K-58. The EMC2 provides internet service, mission command applications, full motion video, intelligence","rect":[108.02005004882813,597.2914428710938,539.4986560325623,588.23779296875]},{"page":203,"text":"products,  and  collaborative  planning  tools,  with  a  complete  office  suite  of  computers  and  voice  phones","rect":[108.02006530761719,608.8414916992188,539.9702041749954,599.787841796875]},{"page":203,"text":"onboard an aircraft. It enables en route mission command, as the situation develops in the destination area of","rect":[108.02006530761719,620.341552734375,539.8161917314529,611.307861328125]},{"page":203,"text":"operations,  commanders  can  get  updates,  understand  changes  on  the  ground,  and  adjust  their  plan  to","rect":[108.02006530761719,631.761474609375,539.5571484565735,622.6978759765625]},{"page":203,"text":"accommodate  for  the  changes.  EMC2  provides  a  transformation  in  the  situational  awareness  and","rect":[108.02006530761719,643.281494140625,539.4956250190735,634.2278442382813]},{"page":203,"text":"effectiveness of the GRF in the first several hours of ground operations. Key components of EMC2 are—","rect":[108.02006530761719,654.8014526367188,529.9000635147095,645.747802734375]},{"page":203,"text":" Fixed install satellite antenna. The fixed install satellite antenna provides the internet connection","rect":[133.22006225585938,668.341552734375,539.9424023628235,659.307861328125]},{"page":203,"text":"for the C-17. The stationary install satellite antenna provides the increased bandwidth that enables","rect":[151.22006225585938,679.761474609375,539.7336319093704,670.7078247070313]},{"page":203,"text":"employment of a new host of services on board the C-17 and improve the capability for GRF units","rect":[151.22006225585938,691.281494140625,539.8165176515579,682.2278442382813]},{"page":203,"text":"to plan and maintain critical situational awareness in the air.","rect":[151.22006225585938,702.7775268554688,391.47547364234927,693.7438354492188]},{"page":203,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":203,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":203,"text":"K-11","rect":[502.5400085449219,753.9359741210938,522.0610068359375,747.4649658203125]},{"page":204,"text":"Appendix K","rect":[72.02399444580078,45.924034118652347,122.03698620605469,37.716033935546878]},{"page":204,"text":" Key leader en route node. The key leader en route node provides airborne units with broadband","rect":[115.2199935913086,83.14140319824219,521.740620136261,74.08776092529297]},{"page":204,"text":"reach back capability, secure voice over Internet protocol communications between task force","rect":[133.22000122070313,94.68138122558594,521.4012439231873,85.62773895263672]},{"page":204,"text":"commanders, combatant commanders, and communication between aircraft.","rect":[133.22000122070313,104.1894760131836,438.15116333961489,97.14775848388672]},{"page":204,"text":"K-59. The EMC2 enables standard and high definition full motion video feeds from satellites, airplanes, and","rect":[90.02400207519531,123.60142517089844,521.598042011261,114.54778289794922]},{"page":204,"text":"drone displays on board the aircraft on light-emitting diode screens, integrated marquees, and an intercom","rect":[90.02400207519531,135.12144470214845,521.9788604984284,126.06780242919922]},{"page":204,"text":"system. The EMC2 enables Soldiers to see the airfield and drop zone at the landing destination, providing","rect":[90.02400207519531,146.64146423339845,521.5557446479797,137.5878143310547]},{"page":204,"text":"Soldiers enhanced situational awareness, and allowing Soldiers to better prepare for their mission. The EMC2","rect":[90.02400207519531,158.16148376464845,521.7102856636047,149.1078338623047]},{"page":204,"text":"increases force mobility and versatility, allowing Soldiers easier access to the information they need to be","rect":[90.02400207519531,169.68150329589845,521.758116481781,160.6278533935547]},{"page":204,"text":"successful anytime, anywhere.","rect":[90.02400207519531,181.20152282714845,212.02404236793519,172.1478729248047]},{"page":204,"text":"K-12","rect":[72.14399719238281,753.9359741210938,91.66499548339844,747.4649658203125]},{"page":204,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[262.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,313.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":204,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[435.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,509.08899145507817,747.365966796875]},{"page":205,"text":"Glossary","rect":[280.8499755859375,134.03565979003907,349.44608668136598,119.08113098144531]},{"page":205,"text":"The glossary lists acronyms and terms with Army, multi-service, or joint definitions,","rect":[126.01997375488281,168.713623046875,504.0684106349945,158.55682373046876]},{"page":205,"text":"and  other  selected  terms.  Where  Army  and  joint  definitions  are  different,  (Army)","rect":[126.01997375488281,181.43359375,503.7048234052658,171.27679443359376]},{"page":205,"text":"follows the term. Terms for which ATP 6-02.53 is the proponent manual (the authority)","rect":[126.01997375488281,194.0335693359375,504.0438126630783,183.8878173828125]},{"page":205,"text":"are  marked  with  an  asterisk  (*). 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(JP 3-50).","rect":[126.0199966430664,120.5815658569336,236.65989136695863,111.54784393310547]},{"page":207,"text":"communications network","rect":[90.02399444580078,134.42959594726563,198.06009888839723,127.54722595214844]},{"page":207,"text":"An organization of stations capable of intercommunications, but not necessarily on the same channel.","rect":[126.0199966430664,150.6014862060547,531.566721200943,141.54783630371095]},{"page":207,"text":"(JP 6-0)","rect":[126.0199966430664,162.10157775878907,158.01667696094513,153.06785583496095]},{"page":207,"text":"communications security","rect":[90.02400207519531,177.96153259277345,196.21748781204225,169.06724548339845]},{"page":207,"text":"Actions designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value by safeguarding access to, or","rect":[126.02000427246094,192.1215057373047,517.6771536455154,183.06785583496095]},{"page":207,"text":"observation of, equipment, material, and documents with regard to the possession and study of ","rect":[126.02000427246094,203.6415252685547,506.610910654068,194.58787536621095]},{"page":207,"text":"telecommunications or to purposely mislead unauthorized persons in their interpretation of the results","rect":[126.02000427246094,215.1615447998047,532.0695083742141,206.10789489746095]},{"page":207,"text":"of such possession and study. Also called COMSEC. (JP 6-0)","rect":[126.02000427246094,226.6815643310547,372.5067129716873,217.62791442871095]},{"page":207,"text":"electromagnetic interference","rect":[90.02401733398438,242.52159118652345,211.67545962142945,233.62730407714845]},{"page":207,"text":"Any electromagnetic disturbance, induced intentionally or unintentionally, that interrupts, obstructs, or","rect":[126.02001953125,256.6815490722656,536.7297659502029,247.62791442871095]},{"page":207,"text":"otherwise degrades or limits the effective performance of electronics and electrical equipment. ","rect":[126.02001953125,268.2315368652344,506.20337891578677,259.17791748046877]},{"page":207,"text":"(JP 3-13.1)","rect":[126.02001953125,279.6116638183594,170.46646028614044,270.57794189453127]},{"page":207,"text":"electromagnetic spectrum","rect":[90.02401733398438,295.4715576171875,200.2214542016983,286.5773010253906]},{"page":207,"text":"The range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation from zero to infinity. It is divided into 26","rect":[126.02001953125,309.6315612792969,508.11726808547976,300.57794189453127]},{"page":207,"text":"alphabetically designated bands. (JP 3-13.1)","rect":[126.02001953125,321.15155029296877,302.73638826465608,312.0979309082031]},{"page":207,"text":"electronic attack","rect":[90.02401733398438,334.9796447753906,160.8772833366394,328.0972900390625]},{"page":207,"text":"The division of electronic warfare involving the use of electromagnetic energy, directed energy, or","rect":[126.02001953125,351.15155029296877,520.0874319658279,342.0979309082031]},{"page":207,"text":"antiradiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading,","rect":[126.02001953125,362.6715393066406,505.35132813453677,353.617919921875]},{"page":207,"text":"neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability and is considered a form of fires. Also called EA.","rect":[126.02001953125,374.1915283203125,535.8700048923492,365.1379089355469]},{"page":207,"text":"(JP 3-13.1)","rect":[126.02001953125,385.6916198730469,170.46646028614044,376.65789794921877]},{"page":207,"text":"electronic protection","rect":[90.02401733398438,401.41162109375,178.03061890792848,392.5372619628906]},{"page":207,"text":"Division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment","rect":[126.02001953125,415.7115173339844,527.3832598934174,406.65789794921877]},{"page":207,"text":"from any effects of friendly or enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum that degrade, neutralize or","rect":[126.02001953125,427.11151123046877,529.7685843095779,418.0578918457031]},{"page":207,"text":"destroy friendly combat capability. Also called EP. (JP 3-13.1)","rect":[126.02001953125,438.6515197753906,378.4764395341873,429.597900390625]},{"page":207,"text":"electronic warfare","rect":[90.02401733398438,452.4796142578125,168.03073000717164,445.5972595214844]},{"page":207,"text":"Military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic","rect":[126.02001953125,468.6515197753906,537.4831531028748,459.597900390625]},{"page":207,"text":"spectrum or to attack the enemy. Also called EW. (JP 3-13.1)","rect":[126.02001953125,480.1715087890625,372.95645052051546,471.1178894042969]},{"page":207,"text":"electronic warfare support","rect":[90.02401733398438,495.9916076660156,203.73736482715607,487.11724853515627]},{"page":207,"text":"Division of electronic warfare involving actions tasked by, or under direct control of, an operational","rect":[126.02001953125,510.1715087890625,525.4857989559174,501.1178894042969]},{"page":207,"text":"commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate or localize sources of intentional and","rect":[126.02001953125,521.6915283203125,496.9394726753235,512.6378784179688]},{"page":207,"text":"unintentional radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition,","rect":[126.02001953125,533.2114868164063,503.57386231422427,524.1578369140625]},{"page":207,"text":"targeting, planning, and conduct of future operations. 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(JP 3-13.1)","rect":[126.01998901367188,609.2015380859375,268.2859793291092,600.1478881835938]},{"page":207,"text":"line of sight","rect":[90.02398681640625,625.04150390625,139.385787068367,616.147216796875]},{"page":207,"text":"The unobstructed path from a Soldier’s weapon, weapon sight, electronic sending and receiving","rect":[126.01998901367188,639.2015380859375,509.01646852493288,630.1478881835938]},{"page":207,"text":"antennas, or piece of reconnaissance equipment from one point to another. (ATP 2-01.3)","rect":[126.01998901367188,650.7015380859375,480.11639314746858,641.6678466796875]},{"page":207,"text":"message","rect":[90.02398681640625,666.5615234375,124.90392947006225,659.7388916015625]},{"page":207,"text":"Any thought or idea expressed briefly in a plain or secret language and prepared in a form suitable for","rect":[126.01998901367188,680.7214965820313,533.1350393877029,671.6678466796875]},{"page":207,"text":"transmission by any means of communication. (JP 6-0)","rect":[126.01998901367188,692.2415161132813,346.7065115556717,683.1878662109375]},{"page":207,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":207,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":207,"text":"Glossary-3","rect":[475.5400085449219,755.8169555664063,521.94101171875,747.3839721679688]},{"page":208,"text":"Glossary","rect":[72.02399444580078,46.04103469848633,110.6969931640625,37.608036041259769]},{"page":208,"text":"*net control station","rect":[72.02399444580078,81.4895248413086,154.7318213005066,74.60716247558594]},{"page":208,"text":"A communications station designated to control traffic and enforce circuit discipline within a given","rect":[108.0199966430664,97.68144226074219,504.4263195991516,88.62779998779297]},{"page":208,"text":"net. Also called NCS.","rect":[108.0199966430664,107.20945739746094,195.3500006198883,100.14781951904297]},{"page":208,"text":"procedure word","rect":[72.02400207519531,124.9015121459961,140.6086065788269,116.18650817871094]},{"page":208,"text":"A word or phrase limited to radio telephone procedure used to facilitate communication by conveying","rect":[108.02000427246094,139.2014617919922,515.135151386261,130.14781188964845]},{"page":208,"text":"information in a condensed standard form. Also called proword. (JP 3-09.3)","rect":[108.02000427246094,150.58155822753907,415.07644563770296,141.54783630371095]},{"page":208,"text":"*radio silence","rect":[72.02398681640625,164.42959594726563,130.52905154037476,157.54722595214845]},{"page":208,"text":"The status on a radio network in which all stations are directed to continuously monitor without","rect":[108.01998901367188,180.6014862060547,490.26353943443299,171.54783630371095]},{"page":208,"text":"transmitting, except under established criteria.","rect":[108.01998901367188,192.1215057373047,292.7182104587555,183.06785583496095]},{"page":208,"text":"signal operating instructions","rect":[72.02398681640625,207.96153259277345,193.5260818605423,199.06724548339845]},{"page":208,"text":"A series of orders issued for technical control and coordination of the signal communication activities","rect":[108.01998901367188,222.1215057373047,514.5674026613235,213.06785583496095]},{"page":208,"text":"of a command. (JP 6-0)","rect":[108.01998901367188,233.62159729003907,202.17666536426544,224.58787536621095]},{"page":208,"text":"Glossary-4","rect":[90.02399444580078,755.8169555664063,136.4209921875,747.3839721679688]},{"page":208,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,331.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":208,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[453.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,527.0889609375,747.365966796875]},{"page":209,"text":"References","rect":[271.8499755859375,130.87557983398438,358.0020559196472,119.08113098144531]},{"page":209,"text":"All URLs accessed on 27 December 2019.","rect":[126.01997375488281,166.50563049316407,313.4900414943695,158.56787109375]},{"page":209,"text":"REQUIRED PUBLICATIONS","rect":[90.02400207519531,194.78721618652345,275.6963461799622,182.7549285888672]},{"page":209,"text":"These documents must be available to the intended users of this publication.","rect":[108.02000427246094,209.14149475097657,412.517160654068,200.10777282714845]},{"page":209,"text":"DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. November 2019.","rect":[108.02000427246094,223.6814422607422,384.249582529068,214.62779235839845]},{"page":209,"text":"ADP 1-02. Terms and Military Symbols. 14 August 2018. ","rect":[108.02001953125,238.2014617919922,341.3136694431305,229.14781188964845]},{"page":209,"text":"RELATED PUBLICATIONS","rect":[90.02403259277344,261.9806823730469,267.8406638069153,252.26499938964845]},{"page":209,"text":"These documents contain relevant supplemental information.","rect":[108.02003479003906,278.7715759277344,352.19935059547427,269.73785400390627]},{"page":209,"text":"DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PUBLICATIONS","rect":[90.02403259277344,302.2322998046875,299.0363826751709,294.1460876464844]},{"page":209,"text":"Most Department of Defense Instructions are available online: https://www.esd.whs.mil/DD/","rect":[108.02001953125,318.9715881347656,479.64500916099549,309.9378662109375]},{"page":209,"text":"DODI 4650.01. Policy and Procedures for Management and Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum.","rect":[108.02001953125,333.511474609375,505.629953622818,324.4578552246094]},{"page":209,"text":"9 January 2009.","rect":[144.02001953125,345.0314636230469,207.62462830543519,336.1571044921875]},{"page":209,"text":"JOINT PUBLICATIONS","rect":[90.02401733398438,368.6180725097656,196.4000759124756,360.5060119628906]},{"page":209,"text":"Most joint publications are available online: https://www.jcs.mil/doctrine.","rect":[108.0199966430664,385.3514099121094,403.72001099586489,376.2878112792969]},{"page":209,"text":"JEL+ Website: https://jdeis.js.mil/jdeis.","rect":[108.0199966430664,399.8713684082031,266.0600073337555,390.8077697753906]},{"page":209,"text":"CJCSI 3320.02F. Joint Spectrum Interference Resolution. 8 March 2013.","rect":[108.0199966430664,414.2713928222656,400.2650854587555,405.2177734375]},{"page":209,"text":"CJCSI 6250.01F. Department of Defense Satellite Communications. 26 February 2019.","rect":[108.01997375488281,428.7914123535156,456.5656225681305,419.7377624511719]},{"page":209,"text":"CJCSM 3320.01C Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations in the Electromagnetic","rect":[108.01998901367188,443.3314208984375,508.3674304466248,434.2778015136719]},{"page":209,"text":"Operational Environment. 14 December 2012.","rect":[144.0199737548828,454.8315124511719,330.859934091568,445.79779052734377]},{"page":209,"text":"CJCSM 3320.02D. Joint Spectrum Interference Resolution (JSIR) Procedures. 3 June 2013.","rect":[108.01995849609375,469.3714294433594,476.23584961891177,460.31781005859377]},{"page":209,"text":"JP 3-09.3. Close Air Support. 10 June 2019. (JEL+)","rect":[108.01995849609375,483.87152099609377,314.71661287403108,474.8377990722656]},{"page":209,"text":"JP 3-13.1. Electronic Warfare. 8 February 2012. (JEL+)","rect":[108.01995849609375,498.2914123535156,332.7165213212967,489.23779296875]},{"page":209,"text":"JP 3-50. Personnel Recovery. 2 October 2015. (JEL+)","rect":[108.01995849609375,512.8114624023438,324.0766287431717,503.7578125]},{"page":209,"text":"JP 6-0. Joint Communications System. 10 June 2015.","rect":[108.01995849609375,527.3314819335938,319.8199255466461,518.4471435546875]},{"page":209,"text":"ARMY PUBLICATIONS","rect":[90.02395629882813,550.8922119140625,197.48004722595216,542.6380004882813]},{"page":209,"text":"Most Army doctrinal publications are available online: https://armypubs.army.mil.","rect":[108.01995849609375,567.6514282226563,438.4000036716461,558.5977783203125]},{"page":209,"text":"AR 5-12. Army Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum. 16 February 2016. ","rect":[108.0199966430664,582.1714477539063,402.48441529273989,573.1177978515625]},{"page":209,"text":"AR 25-1. Army Information Technology. 15 July 2019.","rect":[108.02000427246094,596.69140625,328.00293946266177,587.6377563476563]},{"page":209,"text":"AR 25-2. Army Cybersecurity. 4 April 2019.","rect":[108.02000427246094,611.1213989257813,286.81998658180239,602.0677490234375]},{"page":209,"text":"AR 380-5. Army Information Security Program. 22 October 2019.","rect":[108.02001953125,625.6414184570313,373.240305185318,616.5877685546875]},{"page":209,"text":"AR 380-27. Control of Compromising Emanations. 22 July 2014.","rect":[108.02005004882813,640.1614379882813,370.722482919693,631.1077880859375]},{"page":209,"text":"AR 380-40. Safeguarding and Controlling Communications Security Material (U). 9 July 2012.","rect":[108.02006530761719,654.6814575195313,491.93180298805239,645.6278076171875]},{"page":209,"text":"AR 380-53. Communications Security Monitoring. 23 December 2011.","rect":[108.02008056640625,669.201416015625,392.41483521461489,660.1477661132813]},{"page":209,"text":"ATP 1-02.1. Brevity - Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Multi-Service Brevity","rect":[108.02009582519531,683.6014404296875,504.75628542709355,674.5477905273438]},{"page":209,"text":"Codes. 20 June 2018.","rect":[144.02008056640626,693.115478515625,229.81556153297425,686.0637817382813]},{"page":209,"text":"ATP 2-01.3. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield. 1 March 2019.","rect":[108.02008056640625,709.637451171875,391.64490723609927,700.5838012695313]},{"page":209,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":209,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":209,"text":"References-1","rect":[465.58001708984377,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.3839721679688]},{"page":210,"text":"References","rect":[72.02399444580078,44.259033203125,120.56099157714844,37.608036041259769]},{"page":210,"text":"ATP 3-05.60. Special Operations Communications System. 30 November 2015.","rect":[90.02399444580078,83.14140319824219,409.34034180641177,74.08776092529297]},{"page":210,"text":"ATP 3-12.3. Electronic Warfare Techniques. 16 July 2019.","rect":[90.02400207519531,97.68138122558594,327.13993287086489,88.62773895263672]},{"page":210,"text":"ATP 5-19. Risk Management. 14 April 2014.","rect":[90.02400207519531,112.20140075683594,270.28504395484927,103.14775848388672]},{"page":210,"text":"ATP 6-02.54. Techniques for Satellite Communications. 5 June 2017.","rect":[90.02400970458985,126.60136413574219,368.2262976169586,117.54772186279297]},{"page":210,"text":"ATP 6-02.60. Tactical Networking Techniques for Corps and Below. 9 August 2019.","rect":[90.02401733398438,141.1213836669922,429.78357911109927,132.06773376464845]},{"page":210,"text":"ATP 6-02.70. Techniques for Spectrum Management Operations. 16 October 2019.","rect":[90.02401733398438,155.6414031982422,424.11988282203677,146.58775329589845]},{"page":210,"text":"ATP 6-02.72. Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Tactical Radios. 19 May 2017.","rect":[90.02401733398438,170.16136169433595,492.786203622818,161.1077117919922]},{"page":210,"text":"FM 6-02. Signal Support to Operations. 13 September 2019.","rect":[90.02398681640625,184.68138122558595,333.0861303806305,175.6277313232422]},{"page":210,"text":"FM 6-27. The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Land Warfare. 7 August 2019.","rect":[90.02398681640625,199.20140075683595,431.22303223609927,190.1477508544922]},{"page":210,"text":"TB 380-41. Security: Procedures for Safeguarding, Accounting, and Supply Control of COMSEC","rect":[90.02397155761719,213.6013641357422,480.15894502544406,204.54771423339845]},{"page":210,"text":"Material. 15 August 2013.","rect":[126.01997375488281,225.1213836669922,232.323312997818,216.06773376464845]},{"page":210,"text":"TC 6-02.6. Grounding Techniques for Tactical Equipment and Systems. 22 November 2017.","rect":[90.02397155761719,239.6414031982422,459.6403295993805,230.58775329589845]},{"page":210,"text":"TC 9-64. Communications-Electronics Fundamentals: Wave Propagation, Transmission Lines, and","rect":[90.02395629882813,254.1614227294922,488.88911867141726,245.10777282714845]},{"page":210,"text":"Antennas. 15 July 2004.","rect":[126.01995849609375,265.7113952636719,222.372873544693,256.65777587890627]},{"page":210,"text":"OTHER PUBLICATIONS","rect":[72.02395629882813,289.4606018066406,232.8100088996887,279.74493408203127]},{"page":210,"text":"Manual of Regulations and Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency Management. (Redbook).","rect":[90.02395629882813,306.1513977050781,471.66996216773989,297.0977783203125]},{"page":210,"text":"September 2017.","rect":[126.01995849609375,317.6514892578125,193.90995240211488,308.6177673339844]},{"page":210,"text":"https://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/ntia_manual_september_2017_revision.pdf.","rect":[126.01995849609375,329.1913757324219,495.7899878025055,320.13775634765627]},{"page":210,"text":"NATO STANAG 4538. Technical Standards for an Automatic Radio Control System (ARCS) for HF","rect":[90.02399444580078,343.7113952636719,494.0757333631515,334.65777587890627]},{"page":210,"text":"Communication Links. 12 November 2015.","rect":[126.01998138427735,353.22943115234377,298.79993653297427,346.1777648925781]},{"page":210,"text":"NATO standardization agreements are available on the NATO Standards Organization Website","rect":[90.02397155761719,369.6313781738281,471.99981570053105,360.5777587890625]},{"page":210,"text":"https://nso.nato.int (validated user account required).","rect":[126.01997375488281,381.1315002441406,337.2004187107086,372.0977478027344]},{"page":210,"text":"United States Strategic Command SI 714-04. Satellite Communications. 14 October 2014. (Requires","rect":[90.02399444580078,395.67138671875,492.1743667726517,386.6177673339844]},{"page":210,"text":"DOD-approved e-mail certificate login and a validated USSTRATCOM user account.)","rect":[126.01998901367188,407.1913757324219,472.7685537919998,398.13775634765627]},{"page":210,"text":"https://lynx.usstratcom.mil/sites/publications/Lists/Publications/AllItems.aspx.","rect":[126.01998901367188,418.7113952636719,440.919992685318,409.65777587890627]},{"page":210,"text":"RECOMMENDED READINGS","rect":[72.02399444580078,444.1606140136719,265.3407858772278,434.4308776855469]},{"page":210,"text":"ADP 3-0. Operations. 31 July 2019.","rect":[90.02400207519531,461.3313903808594,235.08202576637269,452.27777099609377]},{"page":210,"text":"ADP 6-0. Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces. 31 July 2019.","rect":[90.02401733398438,475.73138427734377,428.200021982193,466.6777648925781]},{"page":210,"text":"ADP 7-0. Training. 31 July 2019.","rect":[90.02398681640625,490.2513732910156,225.13990235328675,481.19775390625]},{"page":210,"text":"AR 25-6. Military Auxiliary Radio System and Amateur Radio Program. 9 October 2019.","rect":[90.02398681640625,504.7713928222656,448.2399694919586,495.7177734375]},{"page":210,"text":"ATP 6-02.71. Techniques for Department of Defense Information Network Operations. 30 April 2019.","rect":[90.02398681640625,519.2914428710938,499.974680185318,510.23779296875]},{"page":210,"text":"ATP 6-02.75. Techniques for Communications Security Operations. 17 August 2015. ","rect":[90.02401733398438,533.8114624023438,433.8432409763336,524.7578125]},{"page":210,"text":"FM 3-0. Operations. 6 October 2017.","rect":[90.02401733398438,548.3114624023438,240.000070810318,539.2777709960938]},{"page":210,"text":"FM 3-12. Cyberspace and Electronic Warfare Operations. 11 April 2017.","rect":[90.02401733398438,562.7313842773438,386.1841833591461,553.677734375]},{"page":210,"text":"PRESCRIBED FORMS","rect":[72.02401733398438,586.4805908203125,216.2546347541809,576.7649536132813]},{"page":210,"text":"None","rect":[90.02401733398438,601.2794799804688,111.59738039779663,594.5565185546875]},{"page":210,"text":"REFERENCED FORMS","rect":[72.02401733398438,627.070556640625,222.51877965164185,617.3549194335938]},{"page":210,"text":"Unless otherwise indicated, Department of the Army forms are available on the Army Publishing","rect":[90.02401733398438,643.7614135742188,478.394428730011,634.707763671875]},{"page":210,"text":"Directorate Website. https://armypubs.army.mil.","rect":[126.02001953125,655.2814331054688,319.81998658180239,646.227783203125]},{"page":210,"text":"DA Form 2028. Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms.","rect":[90.02399444580078,669.8013916015625,389.67997193336489,660.7477416992188]},{"page":210,"text":"References-2","rect":[90.02399444580078,754.0349731445313,146.62100439453125,747.3839721679688]},{"page":210,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,331.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":210,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[453.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,527.0889609375,747.365966796875]},{"page":211,"text":"A","rect":[149.4199981689453,211.219970703125,156.61111819648745,204.08860778808595]},{"page":211,"text":"AB-1386/U, 8-108","rect":[90.02400207519531,225.12796020507813,162.09601049804687,218.46795654296876]},{"page":211,"text":"ACES. See Automated","rect":[90.02400207519531,238.3189697265625,181.63699560546875,231.66796875]},{"page":211,"text":"Communications","rect":[100.09999084472656,248.75897216796876,167.177001953125,242.10797119140626]},{"page":211,"text":"Engineering Software, See","rect":[100.09999084472656,260.7409973144531,207.22097998046875,252.3079833984375]},{"page":211,"text":"Automated Communications","rect":[100.09998321533203,269.54901123046877,213.10397338867188,262.89801025390627]},{"page":211,"text":"Engineering Software","rect":[100.09998321533203,281.6510314941406,186.14898901367187,273.218017578125]},{"page":211,"text":"ALE. See automatic link","rect":[90.02398681640625,293.06903076171877,185.552001953125,286.41802978515627]},{"page":211,"text":"establishment","rect":[100.09999084472656,303.509033203125,155.7019969482422,296.9660339355469]},{"page":211,"text":"AM. See amplitude modulation","rect":[90.02399444580078,318.3920593261719,212.5459921875,310.05804443359377]},{"page":211,"text":"amplitude modulation, B-65","rect":[90.02399444580078,331.9520568847656,199.6639884033203,323.69903564453127]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/ARC-186, 7-13","rect":[90.02400207519531,343.5980529785156,165.09800939941406,336.93804931640627]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/ARC-201, 7-2","rect":[90.02400207519531,357.0,160.17801123046875,350.258056640625]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/ARC-210, 7-6","rect":[90.02400207519531,370.22906494140627,160.17801123046875,363.57806396484377]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/ARC-220, 7-9","rect":[90.02400207519531,383.6690673828125,160.17801123046875,377.01806640625]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/ARC-231, 7-11","rect":[90.02400207519531,397.0,165.09800939941406,390.33807373046877]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/PRC-117F, K-39","rect":[90.02400207519531,410.3180847167969,171.57802038574219,403.6580810546875]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/PRC-117G, K-48","rect":[90.02400207519531,423.62908935546877,173.13801794433594,416.97808837890627]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/PRC-148, 5-1","rect":[90.02400207519531,437.0890808105469,160.17801123046875,430.4380798339844]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/PRC-148C, 3-104","rect":[90.02400207519531,450.4180908203125,176.61200170898437,443.7580871582031]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/PRC-150, 3-71","rect":[90.02400207519531,463.73809814453127,165.09800939941406,457.0780944824219]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/PRC-152A, 5-9","rect":[90.02400207519531,477.0491027832031,166.17801123046875,470.3981018066406]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/PRC-155, 3-107","rect":[90.02400207519531,490.49810791015627,170.1320059814453,483.8381042480469]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/PRC-158, 5-14","rect":[90.02400207519531,503.8091125488281,165.09800939941406,497.1581115722656]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/PRC-160, 3-109","rect":[90.02400207519531,517.1381225585938,170.1320059814453,510.4781494140625]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/PRC-161, 6-14","rect":[90.02400207519531,530.4490966796875,165.09800939941406,523.798095703125]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/PRC-162, 3-108","rect":[90.02400207519531,544.0,170.1320059814453,537.2381591796875]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/PRC-163, 3-103","rect":[90.02400207519531,557.2180786132813,170.1320059814453,550.55810546875]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/PSC-11. See Single-","rect":[90.02400207519531,572.1911010742188,188.17699267578127,563.7581176757813]},{"page":211,"text":"Channel Anti-Jam Man-","rect":[100.0999984741211,580.84912109375,194.65399768066409,574.1981201171875]},{"page":211,"text":"Portable terminal","rect":[100.0999984741211,591.2891235351563,168.13999829101562,584.7461547851563]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/PSC-5, K-25","rect":[90.02400207519531,604.609130859375,155.61799841308594,597.9581298828125]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/PSC-5C, K-35","rect":[90.02400207519531,618.0,162.09800939941406,611.3081665039063]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/PSC-5D, K-37","rect":[90.02400207519531,631.2881469726563,162.09800939941406,624.628173828125]},{"page":211,"text":"AN/VRC-100, 3-68","rect":[90.02400207519531,644.7281494140625,165.09800939941406,638.0681762695313]},{"page":211,"text":"antenna gain, 8-42","rect":[90.02400207519531,659.8211669921875,165.2209952392578,651.4691772460938]},{"page":211,"text":"antenna selection, C-1","rect":[90.02400207519531,671.3591918945313,180.22101049804687,664.7081909179688]},{"page":211,"text":"directivity, C-19","rect":[102.9800033569336,683.461181640625,165.1010001220703,675.0281982421875]},{"page":211,"text":"gain, C-11","rect":[102.9800033569336,693.8971557617188,144.58099584960937,685.4641723632813]},{"page":211,"text":"planning, C-24","rect":[102.9800033569336,704.2171630859375,161.62100439453125,695.7841796875]},{"page":211,"text":"polarization, C-17","rect":[102.9800033569336,714.4381713867188,173.62100439453125,706.1041870117188]},{"page":211,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":211,"text":"Index","rect":[294.1700134277344,130.87557983398438,335.79374293136598,119.27265167236328]},{"page":211,"text":"Entries are by paragraph number.","rect":[241.85000610351563,168.713623046875,388.096853017807,158.56787109375]},{"page":211,"text":"procedures, C-4","rect":[265.010009765625,206.2821807861328,329.65100317382817,197.94818115234376]},{"page":211,"text":"UHF and VHF, C-14","rect":[265.010009765625,215.0,346.1110251464844,208.2681884765625]},{"page":211,"text":"antenna techniques,","rect":[252.05001831054688,229.9221954345703,333.18501391601566,221.69619750976563]},{"page":211,"text":"overview, 8-1","rect":[265.010009765625,238.5592041015625,318.49099951171879,231.9892120361328]},{"page":211,"text":"antenna, HF, location, 8-5","rect":[252.0500030517578,252.0,355.7110007324219,245.42921447753907]},{"page":211,"text":"antennas","rect":[252.0500030517578,265.34918212890627,289.14801025390627,258.9501953125]},{"page":211,"text":"broadband omnidirectional,","rect":[265.010009765625,275.669189453125,373.58601489257816,269.1261901855469]},{"page":211,"text":"8-104","rect":[275.0899963378906,285.98919677734377,298.21097021484379,279.419189453125]},{"page":211,"text":"COM-201B, 8-105","rect":[265.010009765625,296.42919921875,338.16800146484379,289.7691955566406]},{"page":211,"text":"field repair, 8-128, J-1","rect":[265.010009765625,308.4322204589844,352.71103125,300.09820556640627]},{"page":211,"text":"guys, 8-135, J-8masts, 8-","rect":[274.9700012207031,319.71160888671877,376.5069792480469,310.8372497558594]},{"page":211,"text":"136, J-9","rect":[285.04998779296877,328.5982360839844,317.65097265625,322.01922607421877]},{"page":211,"text":"whip, 8-129, J-2","rect":[274.9700012207031,340.5922546386719,339.15100317382817,332.3392333984375]},{"page":211,"text":"wire, 8-131, J-4","rect":[274.9700012207031,349.2382507324219,337.11099462890629,342.65924072265627]},{"page":211,"text":"length, 8-58","rect":[265.010009765625,361.4512634277344,312.61401586914067,353.0992431640625]},{"page":211,"text":"orientation, 8-60","rect":[265.010009765625,370.0,330.13403540039067,363.41925048828127]},{"page":211,"text":"satellite communications,","rect":[265.010009765625,380.30926513671877,365.5850078125,373.7662658691406]},{"page":211,"text":"8-120","rect":[275.0899963378906,390.6292724609375,298.21097021484379,384.05926513671877]},{"page":211,"text":"types, 8-69","rect":[265.010009765625,402.8512878417969,309.61401586914067,394.499267578125]},{"page":211,"text":"inverted L, 8-84","rect":[274.9700012207031,411.3892822265625,337.57400732421879,404.81927490234377]},{"page":211,"text":"inverted vee, 8-76","rect":[274.9700012207031,421.70928955078127,347.0710166015625,415.1392822265625]},{"page":211,"text":"long wire, 8-80","rect":[274.969970703125,433.8113098144531,334.09399633789067,425.45928955078127]},{"page":211,"text":"NVIS, 8-75, 8-87","rect":[274.9700012207031,442.4892883300781,342.1539938964844,435.8382873535156]},{"page":211,"text":"sloping V, 8-83","rect":[274.969970703125,454.59130859375,335.0509970703125,446.2392883300781]},{"page":211,"text":"V, 8-78","rect":[274.969970703125,463.1293029785156,304.09097509765629,456.5592956542969]},{"page":211,"text":"vertical half-rhombic,","rect":[274.969970703125,473.4493103027344,358.07298388671878,466.7983093261719]},{"page":211,"text":"8-80","rect":[285.0499572753906,483.8893127441406,303.130953125,477.3193054199219]},{"page":211,"text":"whip, 8-96","rect":[274.969970703125,495.892333984375,316.5709860839844,487.6393127441406]},{"page":211,"text":"VHF and UHF, 8-95","rect":[265.0099792480469,504.5293273925781,344.67398291015629,497.9593200683594]},{"page":211,"text":"VHF half-rhombic, 8-110","rect":[265.0099792480469,515.0,363.14200048828129,508.1983642578125]},{"page":211,"text":"austere environments","rect":[252.0499725341797,528.289306640625,338.53997802734377,521.746337890625]},{"page":211,"text":"cold weather, D-1","rect":[265.0099792480469,538.609375,335.65097265625,532.0393676757813]},{"page":211,"text":"desert, D-43","rect":[265.0099792480469,549.0,314.65100317382817,542.3593139648438]},{"page":211,"text":"jungle, D-20","rect":[265.0099792480469,561.0313720703125,313.5709860839844,552.6793823242188]},{"page":211,"text":"mountains, D-57","rect":[265.0099792480469,569.6893310546875,331.0910056152344,563.1463623046875]},{"page":211,"text":"nuclear, D-60","rect":[265.0099792480469,580.0093994140625,319.0910056152344,573.4393920898438]},{"page":211,"text":"urban, D-27","rect":[265.0099792480469,590.329345703125,312.6139853515625,583.7593383789063]},{"page":211,"text":"authentication, 10-59","rect":[252.0499725341797,603.6494140625,336.25097875976567,597.0794067382813]},{"page":211,"text":"Automated Communications","rect":[252.0499725341797,617.119384765625,365.053955078125,610.4683837890625]},{"page":211,"text":"Engineering Software, 1-26,","rect":[262.1299743652344,629.2213745117188,373.83397021484378,620.7883911132813]},{"page":211,"text":"9-14","rect":[262.1299743652344,637.7593994140625,280.21097021484379,631.1893920898438]},{"page":211,"text":"automatic link establishment,","rect":[252.0499725341797,651.0794067382813,367.5649577636719,644.5364379882813]},{"page":211,"text":"3-7","rect":[262.1299743652344,661.4083862304688,275.1709616699219,654.8294067382813]},{"page":211,"text":"B","rect":[311.4499816894531,678.46044921875,318.64110171699527,671.3291015625]},{"page":211,"text":"battalion","rect":[252.04998779296876,692.3554077148438,286.16897802734379,685.8124389648438]},{"page":211,"text":"maneuver, 2-14","rect":[265.0099792480469,702.6754150390625,328.0910056152344,696.1054077148438]},{"page":211,"text":"signal, 2-7","rect":[265.0099792480469,714.7774047851563,306.61099462890629,706.4254150390625]},{"page":211,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":211,"text":"BCT. See brigade, maneuver","rect":[414.0699768066406,209.26136779785157,530.6229765625,200.828369140625]},{"page":211,"text":"Blue Force Tracking, 3-92","rect":[414.0699768066406,222.7013702392578,517.743990234375,214.34938049316407]},{"page":211,"text":"brigade, 2-4","rect":[414.0699768066406,236.02137756347657,462.1539938964844,227.6693878173828]},{"page":211,"text":"maneuver, 2-13","rect":[427.02996826171877,244.56838989257813,490.14099340820317,237.98939514160157]},{"page":211,"text":"signal, 2-5","rect":[427.02996826171877,256.7814025878906,468.63098364257817,248.4293975830078]},{"page":211,"text":"brigade combat team, 2-13","rect":[414.0699768066406,270.1313781738281,521.7009604492188,261.77935791015627]},{"page":211,"text":"C","rect":[473.5,285.3999328613281,480.6911200275421,278.03948974609377]},{"page":211,"text":"call procedures, I-6","rect":[414.07000732421877,300.87237548828127,490.7410300292969,292.6193542480469]},{"page":211,"text":"CJSMPT. See Coalition Joint","rect":[414.07000732421877,312.3893737792969,530.1760112304687,305.7383728027344]},{"page":211,"text":"Spectrum Management","rect":[424.1500244140625,324.61138916015627,517.750046875,316.1783752441406]},{"page":211,"text":"Planning Tool","rect":[424.1500244140625,335.0513916015625,479.23002514648439,326.72637939453127]},{"page":211,"text":"Coalition Joint Spectrum","rect":[414.0700378417969,348.27239990234377,511.69005419921879,339.9383850097656]},{"page":211,"text":"Management Planning Tool,","rect":[424.1500244140625,358.69140625,536.668015625,350.36639404296877]},{"page":211,"text":"1-30","rect":[424.1500244140625,367.2384033203125,442.2310202636719,360.6593933105469]},{"page":211,"text":"Combat Survivor Evader","rect":[414.0700378417969,380.6694030761719,512.152029296875,374.0184020996094]},{"page":211,"text":"Locator, 1-41","rect":[424.1500244140625,391.0,477.3040183105469,384.4194030761719]},{"page":211,"text":"combatant commander","rect":[414.07000732421877,404.3094177246094,506.14000537109379,397.76641845703127]},{"page":211,"text":"communications team, 2-1","rect":[424.1499938964844,414.6294250488281,529.8609946289063,408.0594177246094]},{"page":211,"text":"command post, tactical, 2-18","rect":[414.07000732421877,429.75244140625,529.2609580078125,421.4994201660156]},{"page":211,"text":"communications-electronics","rect":[414.07000732421877,441.409423828125,525.1329956054688,434.8664245605469]},{"page":211,"text":"operating instructions, 9-24","rect":[424.1499938964844,453.5114440917969,532.8609946289063,445.159423828125]},{"page":211,"text":"compromise, F-1","rect":[414.07000732421877,466.7324523925781,481.74099951171879,458.47943115234377]},{"page":211,"text":"determination, F-2","rect":[427.0299987792969,475.48944091796877,500.22097998046879,468.91943359375]},{"page":211,"text":"recovery, F-3","rect":[427.0299987792969,487.5914611816406,480.181001953125,479.23944091796877]},{"page":211,"text":"COMSEC, key distribution, 9-8","rect":[414.07000732421877,500.9114685058594,536.7040122070313,492.4694519042969]},{"page":211,"text":"corps, 2-10","rect":[414.07000732421877,514.1324462890625,459.1540244140625,505.87945556640627]},{"page":211,"text":"counter radio-controlled","rect":[414.07000732421877,525.8894653320313,508.69302587890629,519.3464965820313]},{"page":211,"text":"improvised explosive device","rect":[424.1499938964844,537.8924560546875,536.181978515625,529.66650390625]},{"page":211,"text":"electronic warfare, 10-96","rect":[424.1499938964844,546.5294799804688,523.2609580078125,539.8784790039063]},{"page":211,"text":"CREW. See counter radio-","rect":[414.07000732421877,559.7294921875,520.777029296875,553.0784912109375]},{"page":211,"text":"controlled improvised","rect":[424.1500244140625,571.9724731445313,509.20901708984379,563.7465209960938]},{"page":211,"text":"explosive device electronic","rect":[424.1500244140625,582.29248046875,531.1060180664063,574.0665283203125]},{"page":211,"text":"warfare","rect":[424.1500244140625,590.9295043945313,454.09301977539067,584.2785034179688]},{"page":211,"text":"CSEL. See Combat Survivor","rect":[414.0700378417969,604.1295166015625,528.1450102539062,597.478515625]},{"page":211,"text":"Evader Locator","rect":[424.1500244140625,614.719482421875,485.2870390625,608.176513671875]},{"page":211,"text":"D","rect":[473.5000305175781,631.6605224609375,480.69115054512027,624.5291748046875]},{"page":211,"text":"DAGR. See Defense Advanced","rect":[414.0700378417969,645.439453125,539.6260092773438,638.7884521484375]},{"page":211,"text":"Global Positioning System","rect":[424.1500244140625,657.6614990234375,529.1169951171875,649.228515625]},{"page":211,"text":"Receiver","rect":[424.1500244140625,666.199462890625,459.75401904296879,659.656494140625]},{"page":211,"text":"DAMA. See demand-assigned","rect":[414.0700378417969,681.1814575195313,535.2250083007813,672.7484741210938]},{"page":211,"text":"multiple access","rect":[424.1500244140625,691.6424560546875,485.7010192871094,683.41650390625]},{"page":211,"text":"data","rect":[414.0700378417969,703.2755126953125,431.638033203125,696.7325439453125]},{"page":211,"text":"Index-1","rect":[490.5400085449219,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":212,"text":"Index","rect":[72.02399444580078,44.259033203125,95.60399084472657,37.716033935546878]},{"page":212,"text":"asynchronous and","rect":[84.98400115966797,82.28102111816406,158.5500205078125,73.95602416992188]},{"page":212,"text":"synchronous, G-5","rect":[95.06400299072266,92.62104797363281,166.181001953125,84.18804931640625]},{"page":212,"text":"baud rate, G-3","rect":[84.98400115966797,101.16806030273438,143.14099340820312,94.508056640625]},{"page":212,"text":"binary, G-1","rect":[84.98400115966797,113.38105773925781,129.58099584960937,104.94805908203125]},{"page":212,"text":"HF modems, G-7","rect":[84.98400115966797,122.0,154.0610068359375,115.26806640625]},{"page":212,"text":"Defense Advanced Global","rect":[72.02400207519531,135.23907470703126,176.53199658203125,128.58807373046876]},{"page":212,"text":"Positioning System","rect":[82.10400390625,147.34107971191407,158.64900805664065,138.9080810546875]},{"page":212,"text":"Receiver, 3-59","rect":[82.10400390625,156.00808715820313,140.74099951171875,149.42909240722657]},{"page":212,"text":"demand-assigned multiple","rect":[72.02400207519531,171.10108947753907,177.19101171875,162.77609252929688]},{"page":212,"text":"access, K-12","rect":[82.10400390625,179.63909912109376,134.26100378417969,173.06910705566407]},{"page":212,"text":"diffraction, B-54","rect":[72.02400207519531,193.0,135.1010001220703,186.30810546875]},{"page":212,"text":"division, 2-11","rect":[72.02400207519531,206.39910888671876,125.14400701904298,199.82911682128907]},{"page":212,"text":"E","rect":[131.66000366210938,223.340087890625,138.30332368755342,216.20872497558595]},{"page":212,"text":"EA. See electronic attack","rect":[72.02400207519531,237.11907958984376,172.58599853515626,230.46807861328126]},{"page":212,"text":"electromagnetic interference,","rect":[72.02400207519531,252.34107971191407,188.03401293945314,243.9080810546875]},{"page":212,"text":"10-101","rect":[82.10400390625,260.9090576171875,110.2650092163086,254.3390655517578]},{"page":212,"text":"electronic attack, 10-4","rect":[72.02400207519531,274.22906494140627,160.181001953125,267.6590576171875]},{"page":212,"text":"electronic protection, 10-6,","rect":[72.02400207519531,289.3520812988281,178.18998828125,281.09906005859377]},{"page":212,"text":"10-47, 10-66","rect":[82.10400390625,298.0,133.17801123046875,291.4190673828125]},{"page":212,"text":"electronic warfare, 10-1","rect":[72.02400207519531,311.30908203125,166.181001953125,304.6580810546875]},{"page":212,"text":"responsibilities","rect":[84.98400115966797,323.3121032714844,144.00601196289063,315.0860900878906]},{"page":212,"text":"commander, 10-15","rect":[91.82400512695313,332.069091796875,167.50100927734375,325.49908447265627]},{"page":212,"text":"staff, 10-18","rect":[91.82400512695313,342.38909912109377,136.90100317382812,335.73809814453127]},{"page":212,"text":"electronic warfare support,","rect":[72.02400207519531,357.3921203613281,178.07100024414064,349.05810546875]},{"page":212,"text":"10-2","rect":[82.10400390625,366.02911376953127,100.18500738525391,359.4591064453125]},{"page":212,"text":"EMI. See electromagnetic","rect":[72.02400207519531,381.1311340332031,175.0880126953125,372.6981201171875]},{"page":212,"text":"interference","rect":[82.10400390625,389.78912353515627,129.660005859375,383.13812255859377]},{"page":212,"text":"emission control, 10-23, 10-45","rect":[72.02400207519531,403.1181335449219,193.18399267578125,396.53912353515627]},{"page":212,"text":"encryption, 10-60","rect":[72.02400970458985,418.2111511230469,141.70100622558594,409.859130859375]},{"page":212,"text":"EP. See electronic protection","rect":[72.02400970458985,431.4321594238281,188.07501440429687,423.09814453125]},{"page":212,"text":"ES. See electronic warfare","rect":[72.02401733398438,443.0891418457031,178.59802465820312,436.4381408691406]},{"page":212,"text":"support","rect":[82.10401153564453,455.212158203125,112.17301287841797,447.1301574707031]},{"page":212,"text":"F","rect":[131.90000915527345,470.47015380859377,137.98556917858125,463.33880615234377]},{"page":212,"text":"Falcon III, 3-109, 5-9","rect":[72.02400970458985,484.3781433105469,155.13800268554687,477.79913330078127]},{"page":212,"text":"Falcon IV, 5-14","rect":[72.02400970458985,497.68914794921877,133.181001953125,491.119140625]},{"page":212,"text":"FBCB2, 3-97","rect":[72.02400970458985,511.1381530761719,124.18100958251954,504.4781494140625]},{"page":212,"text":"forward error correction, G-11","rect":[72.02400970458985,524.4491577148438,190.66099768066406,517.7981567382813]},{"page":212,"text":"G","rect":[131.0600128173828,541.4995727539063,138.80889284706115,534.13916015625]},{"page":212,"text":"ground effects, 8-45","rect":[72.02400970458985,557.0709838867188,152.14399938964844,548.6380004882813]},{"page":212,"text":"ground, types, 8-48","rect":[72.02400970458985,570.3909912109375,149.6210196533203,562.0390014648438]},{"page":212,"text":"I","rect":[133.5800018310547,585.5499877929688,136.34888184165954,578.4186401367188]},{"page":212,"text":"ICEPAC. See ionospheric","rect":[72.02400207519531,601.011962890625,175.10301208496095,592.677978515625]},{"page":212,"text":"communications enhanced","rect":[82.10400390625,609.9190063476563,189.13199072265625,603.3760375976563]},{"page":212,"text":"profile analysis and circuit","rect":[82.10400390625,622.02099609375,185.17201342773439,613.5880126953125]},{"page":212,"text":"prediction","rect":[82.10400390625,632.2420043945313,121.14600592041016,624.0160522460938]},{"page":212,"text":"integrated waveform, K-17","rect":[72.02400207519531,645.6610107421875,177.70100622558594,637.22802734375]},{"page":212,"text":"ionospheric communications","rect":[72.02400207519531,659.001953125,185.49600219726563,650.7760009765625]},{"page":212,"text":"enhanced profile analysis","rect":[82.10400390625,669.4210205078125,183.57901000976563,660.988037109375]},{"page":212,"text":"and circuit prediction, C-30","rect":[82.10400390625,679.6419677734375,189.22398596191406,671.3079833984375]},{"page":212,"text":"Index-2","rect":[90.02399444580078,754.0349731445313,121.66099005126954,747.4649658203125]},{"page":212,"text":"J","rect":[294.2900085449219,81.22955322265625,299.82776856613159,73.98863220214844]},{"page":212,"text":"JACES. See Joint Automated","rect":[234.0500030517578,94.9190673828125,351.67102270507817,88.26806640625]},{"page":212,"text":"Communications-Electronics","rect":[244.1300048828125,105.3590087890625,358.1570129394531,98.7080078125]},{"page":212,"text":"Operating Instruction","rect":[244.1300048828125,117.46107482910156,327.66800146484379,109.01908111572266]},{"page":212,"text":"System","rect":[244.1300048828125,127.90101623535156,274.1720183105469,119.468017578125]},{"page":212,"text":"jamming, 10-67","rect":[234.0500030517578,141.22108459472657,296.1740134277344,132.8690948486328]},{"page":212,"text":"overcoming, 10-75","rect":[247.010009765625,151.54103088378907,321.6110251464844,143.1890411376953]},{"page":212,"text":"recognizing, 10-70","rect":[247.010009765625,161.86109924316407,321.13403540039067,153.5091094970703]},{"page":212,"text":"JENM. See Joint Enterprise","rect":[234.05001831054688,175.08204650878907,344.5910361328125,166.748046875]},{"page":212,"text":"Network Manager","rect":[244.1300048828125,185.62110900878907,315.0950224609375,177.29611206054688]},{"page":212,"text":"Joint Automated","rect":[234.05001831054688,197.1590576171875,299.12002783203129,190.61605834960938]},{"page":212,"text":"Communications-Electronics","rect":[244.1300048828125,207.4791259765625,358.1570129394531,200.828125]},{"page":212,"text":"Operating Instruction","rect":[244.1300048828125,219.70106506347657,327.66800146484379,211.25906372070313]},{"page":212,"text":"System, 1-26","rect":[244.1300048828125,230.02113342285157,297.2510397949219,221.588134765625]},{"page":212,"text":"Joint Capabilities Release,","rect":[234.05001831054688,243.24208068847657,340.1420146484375,234.9080810546875]},{"page":212,"text":"3-98","rect":[244.1300048828125,251.88815307617188,262.21103125,245.3091583251953]},{"page":212,"text":"Joint Enterprise Network","rect":[234.05001831054688,266.9121398925781,332.06903076171877,258.6861267089844]},{"page":212,"text":"Manager, 1-28","rect":[244.1300048828125,277.4511413574219,302.77102880859379,269.09912109375]},{"page":212,"text":"joint spectrum interference","rect":[234.05001831054688,290.7711486816406,340.1060202636719,282.338134765625]},{"page":212,"text":"resolution, 10-103","rect":[244.1300048828125,299.3181457519531,316.2050192871094,292.7391357421875]},{"page":212,"text":"joint tactical information","rect":[234.05001831054688,314.4111633300781,328.1000388183594,305.9781494140625]},{"page":212,"text":"distribution system, 6-9","rect":[244.1300048828125,324.8511657714844,336.754,316.4991455078125]},{"page":212,"text":"JSIR. See joint spectrum","rect":[234.05001831054688,338.0511779785156,333.06502368164066,329.6181640625]},{"page":212,"text":"interference resolution","rect":[244.1300048828125,346.70916748046877,333.15799169921879,340.05816650390627]},{"page":212,"text":"JTIDS. See joint tactical","rect":[234.05001831054688,361.691162109375,329.6030109863281,353.2581481933594]},{"page":212,"text":"information distribution","rect":[244.1300048828125,370.4691467285156,334.721041015625,363.8181457519531]},{"page":212,"text":"system","rect":[244.1300048828125,382.5711669921875,272.72301318359379,374.3901672363281]},{"page":212,"text":"Julian Date, E-1","rect":[234.05001831054688,394.1091613769531,298.21103125,387.5391540527344]},{"page":212,"text":"K","rect":[293.45001220703127,411.0501708984375,300.6411322345734,403.9188232421875]},{"page":212,"text":"key management","rect":[234.05001831054688,426.7311706542969,303.0890361328125,418.4061584472656]},{"page":212,"text":"infrastructure, 9-1","rect":[244.1300048828125,435.2891845703125,314.77102880859379,428.63818359375]},{"page":212,"text":"KMI. See key management","rect":[234.05001831054688,450.39117431640627,342.68000903320316,441.9581604003906]},{"page":212,"text":"infrastructure","rect":[244.1300048828125,459.0491638183594,296.73501806640629,452.3981628417969]},{"page":212,"text":"L","rect":[293.92999267578127,475.99017333984377,300.015552699089,468.9185791015625]},{"page":212,"text":"land mobile radio, 1-35","rect":[234.05001831054688,490.0,325.6940329589844,483.31915283203127]},{"page":212,"text":"link geometry, 10-29","rect":[234.05001831054688,504.9911804199219,315.7310202636719,496.63916015625]},{"page":212,"text":"loadsets, 9-26","rect":[234.05001831054688,516.649169921875,290.6540244140625,510.07916259765627]},{"page":212,"text":"lowest usable frequency, B-44","rect":[234.05001831054688,531.7511596679688,354.75100927734379,523.3181762695313]},{"page":212,"text":"M","rect":[292.8500061035156,546.91015625,301.14668613529207,539.77880859375]},{"page":212,"text":"management client, 9-13","rect":[234.05001831054688,562.5911865234375,333.2510397949219,554.2391967773438]},{"page":212,"text":"management, network, 1-24","rect":[234.05001831054688,575.9111328125,346.2310202636719,567.5591430664063]},{"page":212,"text":"maximum usable frequency,","rect":[234.05001831054688,589.2311401367188,346.58601489257816,580.7981567382813]},{"page":212,"text":"B-44","rect":[244.13002014160157,597.7901611328125,263.1740134277344,591.34619140625]},{"page":212,"text":"MBITR, 5-1","rect":[234.05001831054688,611.2391357421875,279.9710104980469,604.6691284179688]},{"page":212,"text":"MGC. See management client","rect":[234.05001831054688,626.22119140625,354.66502490234378,617.7882080078125]},{"page":212,"text":"MicroLight, 3-62","rect":[234.05001831054688,639.6611328125,298.69104223632817,631.3091430664063]},{"page":212,"text":"MIDS. See Multifunction","rect":[234.05001831054688,651.1991577148438,330.6740134277344,644.5481567382813]},{"page":212,"text":"Information Distribution","rect":[244.1300048828125,661.63916015625,336.6589987792969,654.9881591796875]},{"page":212,"text":"System","rect":[244.1300048828125,673.7411499023438,274.1720183105469,665.3081665039063]},{"page":212,"text":"MMR. See multiband multi-","rect":[234.05001831054688,685.1591796875,342.7870390625,678.5081787109375]},{"page":212,"text":"mission radio","rect":[244.1300048828125,695.59521484375,297.20300512695317,689.05224609375]},{"page":212,"text":"modulation, B-64","rect":[234.05001831054688,709.03515625,302.1740134277344,702.4651489257813]},{"page":212,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6099853515625,754.0349731445313,331.6640036621094,747.4649658203125]},{"page":212,"text":"Multiband Multi-Mission Radio,","rect":[396.07000732421877,80.4991455078125,518.6260234375,73.95614624023438]},{"page":212,"text":"K-37","rect":[406.1500244140625,90.84817504882813,425.1940329589844,84.26917266845703]},{"page":212,"text":"Multifunctional Information","rect":[396.07000732421877,104.1591796875,501.04602270507817,97.5081787109375]},{"page":212,"text":"Distribution System, 6-2","rect":[406.1500244140625,116.38117980957031,501.78103857421879,107.94818115234375]},{"page":212,"text":"N","rect":[455.47003173828127,131.5401611328125,462.6611517658234,124.40879821777344]},{"page":212,"text":"Nett Warrior, 3-105","rect":[396.07000732421877,145.44821166992188,472.71399145507817,138.8692169189453]},{"page":212,"text":"Network Operations","rect":[396.07000732421877,160.44215393066407,475.6300048828125,152.09915161132813]},{"page":212,"text":"Management System, 1-19","rect":[406.1500244140625,170.86122131347657,514.3810446777344,162.42822265625]},{"page":212,"text":"networks","rect":[396.07000732421877,182.5191650390625,432.0970153808594,175.97616577148438]},{"page":212,"text":"administrative and logistics,","rect":[409.030029296875,194.62123107910157,519.0370341796875,186.29623413085938]},{"page":212,"text":"A-9","rect":[419.11004638671877,203.1591796875,433.11404638671879,196.5891876220703]},{"page":212,"text":"closing, I-12","rect":[409.030029296875,215.26124572753907,457.59106665039067,206.9092559814453]},{"page":212,"text":"command, A-6","rect":[409.030029296875,224.0,467.67102270507817,217.3491973876953]},{"page":212,"text":"entry, I-10","rect":[409.030029296875,236.02125549316407,449.67102270507817,227.6692657470703]},{"page":212,"text":"fire direction, A-13","rect":[409.030029296875,244.56820678710938,482.2210104980469,237.908203125]},{"page":212,"text":"fire support, K-50","rect":[409.030029296875,256.5622863769531,478.14099340820317,248.228271484375]},{"page":212,"text":"fire surveillance, A-14","rect":[409.030029296875,265.229248046875,495.6640036621094,258.5782470703125]},{"page":212,"text":"frequency modulation, A-1","rect":[409.030029296875,277.4512634277344,514.2610190429688,269.01824951171877]},{"page":212,"text":"HF data, A-21","rect":[409.030029296875,286.0,465.15100317382817,279.41925048828127]},{"page":212,"text":"high frequency, A-17","rect":[409.030029296875,298.0912780761719,492.1840231933594,289.65826416015627]},{"page":212,"text":"leaving, I-11","rect":[409.030029296875,308.4112854003906,458.19104223632817,300.05926513671877]},{"page":212,"text":"medical, A-11","rect":[409.030029296875,317.06927490234377,464.19104223632817,310.499267578125]},{"page":212,"text":"opening, I-7","rect":[409.030029296875,329.1712951660156,456.63101416015629,320.8462829589844]},{"page":212,"text":"operations and intelligence,","rect":[409.030029296875,339.4913024902344,518.5599833984375,331.1662902832031]},{"page":212,"text":"A-10","rect":[419.11004638671877,348.029296875,438.15405493164067,341.45928955078127]},{"page":212,"text":"radio checks, I-9","rect":[409.030029296875,358.46929931640627,475.14404516601567,351.8992919921875]},{"page":212,"text":"sustainment area","rect":[409.030029296875,368.789306640625,478.05102758789067,362.2463073730469]},{"page":212,"text":"command, A15","rect":[419.11004638671877,379.10931396484377,479.6260397949219,372.539306640625]},{"page":212,"text":"networks, tactical, 1-9","rect":[396.07000732421877,392.4293212890625,483.18399267578129,385.85931396484377]},{"page":212,"text":"lower tier, 1-12","rect":[409.030029296875,403.0,468.63403540039067,396.29931640625]},{"page":212,"text":"upper tier, 1-11","rect":[409.030029296875,414.8723449707031,470.19104223632817,406.61932373046877]},{"page":212,"text":"O","rect":[455.11004638671877,430.2398681640625,462.8589264163971,422.8794250488281]},{"page":212,"text":"OE-254, 8-104","rect":[396.07000732421877,444.04931640625,455.18203955078129,437.3893127441406]},{"page":212,"text":"OE-303, 8-110","rect":[396.07000732421877,457.3783264160156,455.18203955078129,450.7093200683594]},{"page":212,"text":"P","rect":[455.71002197265627,474.3103332519531,462.3533419981003,467.1789855957031]},{"page":212,"text":"PACE plan, 10-24","rect":[396.0700378417969,489.892333984375,468.1510642089844,481.5583190917969]},{"page":212,"text":"path loss, B-50","rect":[396.070068359375,503.33233642578127,456.1510642089844,495.0793151855469]},{"page":212,"text":"phonetic alphabet, I-1","rect":[396.070068359375,516.65234375,482.7040732421875,508.39935302734377]},{"page":212,"text":"planning, communications,","rect":[396.070068359375,530.0712890625,502.62107958984378,521.746337890625]},{"page":212,"text":"10-21","rect":[406.1500549316406,538.6093139648438,429.2710593261719,532.039306640625]},{"page":212,"text":"polarization, 8-16","rect":[396.070068359375,553.6123046875,465.1510642089844,545.3593139648438]},{"page":212,"text":"elliptical, 8-26","rect":[409.030029296875,564.0523071289063,464.19104223632817,555.79931640625]},{"page":212,"text":"horizontal, 8-23","rect":[409.030029296875,572.6983032226563,471.15405493164067,566.1193237304688]},{"page":212,"text":"vertical, 8-18","rect":[409.030029296875,583.0093383789063,460.59106665039067,576.4393310546875]},{"page":212,"text":"procedure words, I-5","rect":[396.070068359375,598.0123291015625,478.74109106445317,589.786376953125]},{"page":212,"text":"pronunciation, numerals, I-2","rect":[396.070068359375,611.4822998046875,507.7810690917969,603.2293090820313]},{"page":212,"text":"propagation","rect":[396.070068359375,624.9013061523438,443.61706762695317,616.5763549804688]},{"page":212,"text":"direct wave, B-23","rect":[409.0300598144531,633.4483032226563,478.62109594726567,626.8693237304688]},{"page":212,"text":"ground reflected wave, B-24","rect":[409.0300598144531,645.5413208007813,521.701021484375,637.1083374023438]},{"page":212,"text":"ground wave, B-22","rect":[409.0300598144531,655.9813232421875,484.62109594726567,647.6293334960938]},{"page":212,"text":"characteristics, B-26","rect":[415.87005615234377,664.5193481445313,497.46106176757817,657.9493408203125]},{"page":212,"text":"skywave, B-30","rect":[409.030029296875,676.621337890625,467.55102758789067,668.2693481445313]},{"page":212,"text":"surface wave, B-25","rect":[409.030029296875,685.1593627929688,486.18103247070317,678.5083618164063]},{"page":212,"text":"proword. See procedure words","rect":[396.0700378417969,700.1583251953125,519.072998046875,691.8243408203125]},{"page":212,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[453.54998779296877,755.8169555664063,527.0889609375,747.365966796875]},{"page":213,"text":"R","rect":[149.4199981689453,81.1199951171875,156.61111819648745,73.98863220214844]},{"page":213,"text":"radiation fields, 8-13","rect":[90.02400207519531,95.04800415039063,171.1010001220703,88.38800048828125]},{"page":213,"text":"radiation patterns, 8-15","rect":[90.02400207519531,110.04200744628906,182.62100439453125,101.78900909423828]},{"page":213,"text":"radio waves, B-19","rect":[90.02400970458985,121.67901611328125,162.10101538085937,115.10901641845703]},{"page":213,"text":"radios","rect":[90.02401733398438,135.1190185546875,114.54002380371094,128.57601928710938]},{"page":213,"text":"airborne, 7-1","rect":[102.98001861572266,145.43902587890626,154.06402807617187,138.86903381347657]},{"page":213,"text":"capabilities, 1-32","rect":[102.98001861572266,157.44203186035157,170.6210196533203,149.1890411376953]},{"page":213,"text":"components, B-1","rect":[102.98001861572266,167.7620391845703,171.10101538085937,159.50904846191407]},{"page":213,"text":"receiver, B-12","rect":[109.82002258300781,176.51904296875,165.94101171875,169.9490509033203]},{"page":213,"text":"transmitter, B-5","rect":[109.82002258300781,187.0,171.46103125,180.29605102539063]},{"page":213,"text":"high frequency, 3-63","rect":[102.98002624511719,198.94105529785157,185.14102392578125,190.508056640625]},{"page":213,"text":"tactical, 1-1","rect":[102.98002624511719,207.47906494140626,149.14102392578125,200.90907287597657]},{"page":213,"text":"in Army operations, 1-2","rect":[109.82002258300781,219.70106506347657,202.90403967285156,211.3490753173828]},{"page":213,"text":"manpack, 3-107","rect":[109.82002258300781,229.9220733642578,174.46402197265625,221.66908264160157]},{"page":213,"text":"networking ground radio,","rect":[109.82002258300781,240.34107971191407,208.928025390625,232.01608276367188]},{"page":213,"text":"3-108","rect":[119.78002166748047,248.88809204101563,142.90101843261719,242.30909729003907]},{"page":213,"text":"software-defined, 3-99","rect":[109.82002258300781,259.2080993652344,199.41803198242187,252.548095703125]},{"page":213,"text":"terrestrial and satellite","rect":[109.82002258300781,269.6690673828125,197.88501196289062,263.1260681152344]},{"page":213,"text":"communications, 1-5","rect":[119.78002166748047,280.0,202.90103369140625,273.4190673828125]},{"page":213,"text":"RC-1476, 7-3","rect":[90.02401733398438,293.3180847167969,144.1050284423828,286.6580810546875]},{"page":213,"text":"RC-1477, 7-4","rect":[90.02401733398438,306.62908935546877,144.1050284423828,299.97808837890627]},{"page":213,"text":"reflected wave, B-51","rect":[90.02401733398438,320.069091796875,172.18101721191406,313.4180908203125]},{"page":213,"text":"RF-5800H, 3-66","rect":[90.02401733398438,333.3981018066406,154.65802221679687,326.819091796875]},{"page":213,"text":"S","rect":[149.66001892089845,350.4496154785156,156.30333894634249,343.0792236328125]},{"page":213,"text":"SCAMP. See Single-Channel","rect":[90.02401733398438,365.89111328125,207.19102368164062,357.4580993652344]},{"page":213,"text":"Anti-Jam Man-Portable","rect":[100.10000610351563,374.5491027832031,192.19702368164062,368.006103515625]},{"page":213,"text":"terminal","rect":[100.10000610351563,384.8691101074219,132.17600903320312,378.32611083984377]},{"page":213,"text":"security, signal, 10-43","rect":[90.02400970458985,400.09112548828127,177.70100622558594,391.7391052246094]},{"page":213,"text":"Shadowfire, K-35","rect":[90.02400970458985,411.63812255859377,159.10101538085937,404.9781188964844]},{"page":213,"text":"13 February 2020","rect":[90.14399719238281,755.8169555664063,163.68300085449219,747.365966796875]},{"page":213,"text":"signal command (theater), 2-3","rect":[252.05001831054688,82.28114318847656,372.27102880859379,73.84814453125]},{"page":213,"text":"signal operating instructions, ","rect":[252.05001831054688,95.62117004394531,368.58201708984378,87.29617309570313]},{"page":213,"text":"9-24","rect":[262.1300048828125,104.1591796875,280.2110007324219,97.58917999267578]},{"page":213,"text":"Simple Key Loader, 9-33","rect":[252.0500030517578,119.38117980957031,351.27099829101567,110.94818115234375]},{"page":213,"text":"SINCGARS, 3-2","rect":[252.0500030517578,131.0,317.0509970703125,124.2681884765625]},{"page":213,"text":"anti-jamming, 10-78","rect":[265.010009765625,143.0211944580078,344.6740134277344,134.66920471191407]},{"page":213,"text":"cosite interference, H-1","rect":[265.010009765625,151.5592041015625,358.11401586914067,144.908203125]},{"page":213,"text":"mitigation, H-6","rect":[271.8500061035156,163.7812042236328,330.01101904296879,155.42921447753907]},{"page":213,"text":"Julian date, E-1","rect":[265.010009765625,172.3192138671875,327.6110251464844,165.7492218017578]},{"page":213,"text":"synchronization time, E-4","rect":[265.010009765625,184.4212188720703,366.15103369140629,176.09622192382813]},{"page":213,"text":"ZULU time, E-6","rect":[265.010009765625,193.0,327.13101416015629,186.3892364501953]},{"page":213,"text":"Single-Channel Anti-Jam Man-","rect":[252.0500030517578,208.1812286376953,374.5840056152344,199.74822998046876]},{"page":213,"text":"Portable terminal, K-21","rect":[262.1300048828125,216.71923828125,354.27401953125,210.1492462158203]},{"page":213,"text":"single-channel tactical satellite,","rect":[252.05001831054688,231.8212432861328,376.01301684570316,223.49624633789063]},{"page":213,"text":"3-90, K-1","rect":[262.1300048828125,240.36825561523438,299.28799658203129,233.7892608642578]},{"page":213,"text":"single-sideband, 3-67, B-70","rect":[252.0500030517578,255.5812530517578,362.19104223632817,247.22926330566407]},{"page":213,"text":"SKL. See Simple Key Loader","rect":[252.05001831054688,268.8112487792969,368.6270048828125,260.37823486328127]},{"page":213,"text":"soil condition, 8-50","rect":[252.04998779296876,280.46923828125,327.13101416015629,273.89923095703127]},{"page":213,"text":"special operations forces, 2-16","rect":[252.04998779296876,295.4722595214844,374.67102270507817,287.13824462890627]},{"page":213,"text":"SPEED. See system planning,","rect":[252.04998779296876,308.8910217285156,373.6429912109375,300.4580078125]},{"page":213,"text":"engineering, and evaluation","rect":[262.1300048828125,319.3310241699219,372.71301489257817,311.0060119628906]},{"page":213,"text":"device, See Systems","rect":[262.1300048828125,329.531005859375,346.18096923828127,321.0979919433594]},{"page":213,"text":"Planning, Engineering, and","rect":[262.1300048828125,339.97100830078127,370.18399267578129,331.64599609375]},{"page":213,"text":"Evaluation Device","rect":[262.1300048828125,348.6289978027344,334.1480124511719,342.08599853515627]},{"page":213,"text":"Spitfire, K-25","rect":[252.04998779296876,363.63201904296877,304.2110007324219,355.2980041503906]},{"page":213,"text":"retransmission, K-30","rect":[265.0099792480469,372.2779846191406,347.67102270507817,365.698974609375]},{"page":213,"text":"SSB. See single-sideband","rect":[252.04998779296876,387.2510070800781,356.62097387695317,378.8179931640625]},{"page":213,"text":"Systems Planning,","rect":[252.04998779296876,400.8110046386719,326.60600390625,392.37799072265627]},{"page":213,"text":"Engineering, and Evaluation","rect":[262.1300048828125,411.1310119628906,374.6750205078125,402.8059997558594]},{"page":213,"text":"Device, 1-31, C-25","rect":[262.1300048828125,419.6780090332031,337.2110007324219,413.01800537109377]},{"page":213,"text":"ATP 6-02.53","rect":[280.6100158691406,754.0349731445313,331.6640341796875,747.4649658203125]},{"page":213,"text":"Index","rect":[516.5800170898438,44.259033203125,540.160005859375,37.716033935546878]},{"page":213,"text":"T","rect":[473.97998046875,81.1199951171875,480.0655404920578,73.98863220214844]},{"page":213,"text":"TACSAT, K-1","rect":[414.0699768066406,95.03900146484375,468.51098852539067,88.38800048828125]},{"page":213,"text":"airborne and air assault,","rect":[427.02996826171877,105.3590087890625,523.617966796875,98.81600952148438]},{"page":213,"text":"K-55","rect":[437.1099853515625,115.67901611328125,456.1539938964844,109.13601684570313]},{"page":213,"text":"electronic warfare, 10-85","rect":[427.02996826171877,126.1190185546875,526.140962890625,119.468017578125]},{"page":213,"text":"fire support networks, K-50","rect":[427.0299987792969,138.1220245361328,534.660982421875,129.78802490234376]},{"page":213,"text":"corps, K-51","rect":[433.8699951171875,148.44203186035157,480.0609763183594,140.1890411376953]},{"page":213,"text":"division, K-52","rect":[433.8699951171875,157.07904052734376,487.98098974609379,150.50904846191407]},{"page":213,"text":"field artillery brigade,","rect":[433.8699645996094,169.30104064941407,516.930955078125,160.8680419921875]},{"page":213,"text":"K-54","rect":[443.8299865722656,177.83905029296876,462.8739951171875,171.29605102539063]},{"page":213,"text":"planning, K-4","rect":[427.02996826171877,189.94105529785157,480.1809714355469,181.61605834960938]},{"page":213,"text":"UHF, K-18","rect":[427.02996826171877,198.47906494140626,469.5910056152344,191.90907287597657]},{"page":213,"text":"tactical digital information link-","rect":[414.0699768066406,213.70106506347657,534.216970703125,205.26806640625]},{"page":213,"text":"joint, 6-5","rect":[424.14996337890627,224.0210723876953,458.7909567871094,215.66908264160157]},{"page":213,"text":"Tactical Internet Management","rect":[414.0699768066406,237.34107971191407,533.076951171875,229.01608276367188]},{"page":213,"text":"System, 1-29","rect":[424.14996337890627,247.66102600097657,477.30395727539067,239.22802734375]},{"page":213,"text":"TADIL-J. See tactical digital","rect":[414.0699768066406,260.8610534667969,524.6589497070313,252.42803955078126]},{"page":213,"text":"information link-joint","rect":[424.14996337890627,271.4510803222656,504.30098071289066,263.01806640625]},{"page":213,"text":"take-off angle, 8-44","rect":[414.0699768066406,284.7710876464844,491.7009909667969,276.33807373046877]},{"page":213,"text":"TIMS. See Tactical Internet","rect":[414.0699768066406,296.1890563964844,523.1769877929687,289.5380554199219]},{"page":213,"text":"Management System","rect":[424.14996337890627,308.41107177734377,509.1909697265625,299.9780578613281]},{"page":213,"text":"transmission paths, B-3","rect":[414.0699768066406,321.7520751953125,508.26098852539067,313.4990539550781]},{"page":213,"text":"W","rect":[472.29998779296877,337.01007080078127,481.7022278289795,329.87872314453127]},{"page":213,"text":"waveforms, 1-18, 4-1","rect":[414.0699768066406,351.0,498.660982421875,344.258056640625]},{"page":213,"text":"applications, 4-10","rect":[427.02996826171877,362.9120788574219,497.7009909667969,354.6590576171875]},{"page":213,"text":"lower tier","rect":[427.02996826171877,371.549072265625,463.57897021484379,365.0060729980469]},{"page":213,"text":"integrated waveform, 4-8","rect":[433.8699645996094,383.6510925292969,533.5809653320313,375.21807861328127]},{"page":213,"text":"link 16, 4-2","rect":[433.8699645996094,392.30908203125,478.0209677734375,385.73907470703127]},{"page":213,"text":"MUOS, 4-5","rect":[433.8699645996094,402.6290588378906,478.86096411132817,395.96905517578127]},{"page":213,"text":"SINCGARS, 4-3","rect":[433.8699645996094,413.0,498.90097265625,406.2980651855469]},{"page":213,"text":"TACSAT, 4-4","rect":[433.8699645996094,423.2690734863281,487.380953125,416.6180725097656]},{"page":213,"text":"Index-3","rect":[490.5400085449219,754.0349731445313,522.181001953125,747.4649658203125]},{"page":214,"text":"This page intentionally left blank.","rect":[188.77999877929688,390.36138916015627,405.22001099586489,375.853759765625]},{"page":215,"text":"By Order of the Secretary of the Army:","rect":[98.56819915771485,216.44482421875,268.61756085968019,206.93585205078126]},{"page":215,"text":"Official:","rect":[98.56629180908203,359.0074157714844,131.94692182159424,351.4823913574219]},{"page":215,"text":"KATHLEEN S. 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