{"lines":[{"page":1,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[475.501708984375,47.48012924194336,590.0017333984375,33.040130615234378]},{"page":1,"text":"(FM 7-93)","rect":[520.0325317382813,68.3601303100586,590.0005512695312,53.62413024902344]},{"page":1,"text":"LONG-RANGE","rect":[245.0,205.8548126220703,445.24998168945316,183.5648193359375]},{"page":1,"text":"SURVEILLANCE","rect":[245.0,241.8548126220703,471.95005493164066,219.5648193359375]},{"page":1,"text":"UNIT OPERATIONS","rect":[245.0,277.8548278808594,514.1304223632812,255.5648193359375]},{"page":1,"text":"JUNE 2009","rect":[250.25,622.9801025390625,339.77000244140626,611.3320922851563]},{"page":1,"text":"DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION:","rect":[250.25,643.296142578125,400.2699853515625,635.8661499023438]},{"page":1,"text":"Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.","rect":[250.25,657.05615234375,493.8700268554687,648.01611328125]},{"page":1,"text":"HEADQUARTERS","rect":[250.25,711.4701538085938,403.933978515625,697.0341186523438]},{"page":1,"text":"DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY","rect":[250.25,729.4161376953125,511.933978515625,716.0421142578125]},{"page":2,"text":"This publication is available at","rect":[188.56900024414063,361.7518005371094,423.4330258789063,345.7497863769531]},{"page":2,"text":"Army Knowledge Online (AKO) (www.us.army.mil)","rect":[106.3810043334961,383.3877868652344,505.6210141601563,367.34979248046877]},{"page":2,"text":"and the Reimer Digital Library (RDL) at","rect":[148.78900146484376,404.98779296875,463.1949887695313,388.9497985839844]},{"page":2,"text":"(www.adtdl.army.mil)","rect":[221.7790069580078,426.5877685546875,390.2050290527344,410.5497741699219]},{"page":3,"text":"*FM 3-55.93 (FM 7-93)","rect":[397.5,52.36170196533203,539.9701591835022,39.2624397277832]},{"page":3,"text":"Field Manual","rect":[90.0,79.46778869628906,135.76051264095308,73.66632080078125]},{"page":3,"text":"No. 3-55.93 (FM 7-93)","rect":[90.0,90.2248306274414,168.9206304116249,82.74756622314453]},{"page":3,"text":"Headquarters","rect":[490.7396240234375,80.96004486083985,539.0912573337555,73.66632080078125]},{"page":3,"text":"Department of the Army","rect":[454.4385986328125,90.2248306274414,539.1989843845367,82.74756622314453]},{"page":3,"text":"Washington, DC","rect":[480.9002990722656,99.4018325805664,539.0744872598648,91.92456817626953]},{"page":3,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[490.68377685546877,107.00676727294922,539.0848902645112,101.17339324951172]},{"page":3,"text":"Long-Range Surveillance Unit","rect":[172.97999572753907,131.9158172607422,457.0517163124085,113.19454956054688]},{"page":3,"text":"Operations","rect":[262.2506408691406,154.633056640625,367.65313023376469,136.17153930664063]},{"page":3,"text":"Contents","rect":[284.70001220703127,174.57376098632813,345.3145057220459,164.24253845214845]},{"page":3,"text":"Page","rect":[518.52001953125,193.9409942626953,540.005708984375,185.61599731445313]},{"page":3,"text":"Preface................................................................................................................................................ xiii","rect":[90.0,209.75022888183595,540.0613169631959,202.345458984375]},{"page":3,"text":"Summary of Change...........................................................................................................................xv","rect":[90.0,229.43951416015626,540.1666402740478,220.05078125]},{"page":3,"text":"Chapter 1","rect":[90.0,253.00645446777345,136.23028468322756,243.74798583984376]},{"page":3,"text":"Chapter 2","rect":[90.0,506.8639221191406,136.27235316467287,497.6054382324219]},{"page":3,"text":"FULL-SPECTRUM OPERATIONS...........................................................................1-1","rect":[161.97311401367188,252.0,540.1407613677978,243.74798583984376]},{"page":3,"text":"Section I. TYPES AND COMBINATIONS OF ARMY OPERATIONS.....................1-1","rect":[162.0,266.880126953125,540.0260763092041,259.46533203125]},{"page":3,"text":"Four Types of Army Operations..........................................................................1-1","rect":[180.0,282.294189453125,540.1249532623291,272.89544677734377]},{"page":3,"text":"Intelligence..........................................................................................................1-2","rect":[180.0,295.794189453125,540.1453390045166,286.4956359863281]},{"page":3,"text":"Section II. INFANTRY RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE UNITS.........1-2","rect":[162.0,309.6002502441406,539.9478292388916,302.1854553222656]},{"page":3,"text":"Characteristics ....................................................................................................1-2","rect":[180.0,323.0302429199219,540.1356344146728,315.6254577636719]},{"page":3,"text":"Missions and Organizations................................................................................1-3","rect":[180.0,338.5141906738281,540.1195821685791,329.11541748046877]},{"page":3,"text":"Section III. LONG-RANGE SURVEILLANCE COMPANY ...................................... 1-3","rect":[162.0,353.0,540.0431051177978,344.90545654296877]},{"page":3,"text":"Primary Missions.................................................................................................1-4","rect":[180.0,367.73419189453127,540.1997823638916,358.4356384277344]},{"page":3,"text":"Secondary Missions............................................................................................1-4","rect":[180.0,381.23419189453127,540.1275167388916,371.845458984375]},{"page":3,"text":"Comparison to Special Operations Forces.........................................................1-4","rect":[180.0,394.62396240234377,540.0594015045166,385.33544921875]},{"page":3,"text":"Organization........................................................................................................1-4","rect":[180.0,408.23419189453127,539.9886007232666,398.83544921875]},{"page":3,"text":"Sustainment ........................................................................................................ 1-5","rect":[180.0,419.750244140625,540.1727437896728,412.345458984375]},{"page":3,"text":"Subordinate Organizations and Key Personnel..................................................1-5","rect":[180.0,435.23419189453127,540.0406026763916,425.83544921875]},{"page":3,"text":"LRSD and LRS Teams .......................................................................................1-7","rect":[180.0,446.750244140625,540.1283101959228,439.345458984375]},{"page":3,"text":"Characteristics ....................................................................................................1-7","rect":[180.0,460.250244140625,540.1356344146728,452.845458984375]},{"page":3,"text":"Capabilities..........................................................................................................1-8","rect":[180.0,475.62396240234377,540.1275167388916,466.345458984375]},{"page":3,"text":"Limitations...........................................................................................................1-8","rect":[180.0,487.250244140625,540.1753072662353,479.9356384277344]},{"page":3,"text":"COMMAND AND CONTROL....................................................................................2-1","rect":[162.02230834960938,505.0102233886719,540.1270284576416,497.6054382324219]},{"page":3,"text":"Section I. OVERVIEW .............................................................................................. 2-1","rect":[162.0,520.7401733398438,540.1065816802978,513.3253784179688]},{"page":3,"text":"Standard LRSU Command and Control .............................................................2-1","rect":[180.0,534.170166015625,540.1167135162353,526.765380859375]},{"page":3,"text":"BFSB Staff ..........................................................................................................2-2","rect":[180.0,547.6702270507813,540.1308126373291,540.2654418945313]},{"page":3,"text":"Reconnaissance and Surveillance Squadron.....................................................2-6","rect":[180.0,563.0439453125,540.0984029693603,553.7654418945313]},{"page":3,"text":"Nonstandard LRSU Command and Control ....................................................... 2-7","rect":[180.0,574.6702270507813,540.0902852935791,567.2654418945313]},{"page":3,"text":"Command Posts .................................................................................................2-7","rect":[180.0,588.1702270507813,540.2058248443603,580.7654418945313]},{"page":3,"text":"Tactical Operations Center ............................................................................... 2-10","rect":[180.0,603.5439453125,540.1650533599853,594.2554321289063]},{"page":3,"text":"Task Organization Outside NAMED Areas of Interest......................................2-13","rect":[180.0,617.1541748046875,540.0553731842041,607.7554321289063]},{"page":3,"text":"Liaison Duties, Employment, and Coordination................................................2-13","rect":[180.0,630.6541748046875,540.1048726959228,621.2654418945313]},{"page":3,"text":"Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.","rect":[90.0,692.4800415039063,368.3559216947556,685.090576171875]},{"page":3,"text":"*This publication supersedes FM 7-93, 3 October 1995.","rect":[90.0,719.6600341796875,285.9057568998337,712.2625732421875]},{"page":3,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,146.0153067626953,747.489013671875]},{"page":3,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.1007080078125,754.0679931640625,329.08358984375,747.489013671875]},{"page":3,"text":"i","rect":[537.5751953125,753.9600219726563,540.0771953125,747.5159912109375]},{"page":4,"text":"Contents","rect":[72.0,44.739013671875,111.02100592041016,38.0880126953125]},{"page":4,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[72.0,128.2039031982422,118.18118190002441,118.94542694091797]},{"page":4,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,314.5639343261719,118.20923518371582,305.3054504394531]},{"page":4,"text":"ii","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,76.99230303955078,747.5159912109375]},{"page":4,"text":"Section II. COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS, AND INTELLIGENCE ............. 2-14","rect":[144.0,82.0,522.0172262115478,74.24541473388672]},{"page":4,"text":"Communications............................................................................................... 2-14","rect":[162.0,95.09020233154297,522.1617574615478,87.68541717529297]},{"page":4,"text":"Computers and Intelligence.............................................................................. 2-15","rect":[162.0,110.57415771484375,522.1621236724853,101.18541717529297]},{"page":4,"text":"MISSION DEVELOPMENT ...................................................................................... 3-1","rect":[143.92079162597657,127.0,522.1287984771728,118.94542694091797]},{"page":4,"text":"Section I. ISR OPERATIONS AND MISSION ORDERS ........................................ 3-1","rect":[144.0,142.08026123046876,522.0586690826416,134.66546630859376]},{"page":4,"text":"ISR Operations................................................................................................... 3-1","rect":[162.0,157.3839874267578,522.2077169342041,148.09544372558595]},{"page":4,"text":"Mission Orders ................................................................................................... 3-3","rect":[162.0,169.020263671875,522.1605977935791,161.59544372558595]},{"page":4,"text":"Section II. MISSION PLANNING FOLDER............................................................. 3-5","rect":[144.0,184.80023193359376,522.0885763092041,177.38543701171876]},{"page":4,"text":"Development ...................................................................................................... 3-5","rect":[162.0,200.1039581298828,522.1685933990478,190.91561889648438]},{"page":4,"text":"Contents ............................................................................................................. 3-5","rect":[162.0,211.740234375,522.1845235748291,204.325439453125]},{"page":4,"text":"Target Folder Format.......................................................................................... 3-9","rect":[162.0,227.21417236328126,522.0985250396728,217.91561889648438]},{"page":4,"text":"Section III. OPERATIONS SECURITY.................................................................. 3-12","rect":[144.0,241.020263671875,522.1216573638916,233.60546875]},{"page":4,"text":"Personnel Security ........................................................................................... 3-12","rect":[162.0,256.4342041015625,522.1585836334228,247.04547119140626]},{"page":4,"text":"Mission Classification....................................................................................... 3-12","rect":[162.0,267.96026611328127,522.1933736724853,260.54547119140627]},{"page":4,"text":"Separation ........................................................................................................ 3-13","rect":[162.0,283.3239440917969,521.9834737701416,274.0454406738281]},{"page":4,"text":"Security during Coordination............................................................................ 3-13","rect":[162.0,296.9341735839844,521.9834737701416,287.5454406738281]},{"page":4,"text":"TEAM OPERATIONS............................................................................................... 4-1","rect":[143.9541015625,312.7202453613281,522.1516866607666,305.3054504394531]},{"page":4,"text":"Section I. PHASES .................................................................................................. 4-1","rect":[144.0,329.0,522.1738424224853,321.02545166015627]},{"page":4,"text":"Planning Phase .................................................................................................. 4-1","rect":[162.0,343.8541564941406,522.1267843170166,334.55560302734377]},{"page":4,"text":"Infiltration Phase and Insertion Method............................................................ 4-16","rect":[162.0,355.3702087402344,521.9834737701416,347.9654235839844]},{"page":4,"text":"Execution (Actions on Objective) ..................................................................... 4-17","rect":[162.0,370.8541564941406,521.9834737701416,361.45538330078127]},{"page":4,"text":"Exfiltration Phase and Extraction Method ........................................................ 4-17","rect":[162.0,382.3702087402344,521.9834737701416,374.9654235839844]},{"page":4,"text":"Recovery .......................................................................................................... 4-18","rect":[162.0,397.8541564941406,522.1455221099853,388.55560302734377]},{"page":4,"text":"Section II. RECONNAISSANCE OPERATIONS................................................... 4-21","rect":[144.0,411.6602478027344,522.0735006256103,404.2454528808594]},{"page":4,"text":"Area Reconnaissance...................................................................................... 4-21","rect":[162.0,425.0902404785156,521.9824972076416,417.775634765625]},{"page":4,"text":"Zone Reconnaissance...................................................................................... 4-23","rect":[162.0,438.6002502441406,521.9824972076416,431.275634765625]},{"page":4,"text":"Route Reconnaissance.................................................................................... 4-25","rect":[162.0,452.0902404785156,522.1833028717041,444.775634765625]},{"page":4,"text":"Bridge Classification......................................................................................... 4-25","rect":[162.0,467.5741882324219,522.1020040435791,458.1854553222656]},{"page":4,"text":"Leader Reconnaissance................................................................................... 4-25","rect":[162.0,479.0902404785156,522.1792135162353,471.775634765625]},{"page":4,"text":"Section III. SURVEILLANCE OPERATIONS........................................................ 4-26","rect":[144.0,494.880126953125,522.0952901763916,487.46533203125]},{"page":4,"text":"Selection and Occupation of Sites ................................................................... 4-26","rect":[162.0,510.1839599609375,521.9834737701416,500.89544677734377]},{"page":4,"text":"Security and Reports........................................................................................ 4-27","rect":[162.0,523.794189453125,522.1974019927978,514.4054565429688]},{"page":4,"text":"Linkup and Dissemination of Information......................................................... 4-29","rect":[162.0,537.1839599609375,521.9834737701416,527.9054565429688]},{"page":4,"text":"Contingencies................................................................................................... 4-29","rect":[162.0,550.794189453125,522.1858053131103,541.4054565429688]},{"page":4,"text":"Heavy Team and Platoon Operations.............................................................. 4-30","rect":[162.0,564.294189453125,522.1065816802978,554.8954467773438]},{"page":4,"text":"Section IV. COMBAT ASSESSMENT................................................................... 4-30","rect":[144.0,578.10009765625,521.9834737701416,570.685302734375]},{"page":4,"text":"Definition and Purpose..................................................................................... 4-30","rect":[162.0,593.4039306640625,522.1872701568603,584.1254272460938]},{"page":4,"text":"Considerations.................................................................................................. 4-30","rect":[162.0,605.0402221679688,522.1247091217041,597.6254272460938]},{"page":4,"text":"Characteristics.................................................................................................. 4-31","rect":[162.0,618.5402221679688,522.2169942779541,611.1254272460938]},{"page":4,"text":"Damage Types and Levels............................................................................... 4-31","rect":[162.0,634.01416015625,522.1660909576416,624.715576171875]},{"page":4,"text":"Bridges ............................................................................................................. 4-32","rect":[162.0,647.51416015625,522.1522970123291,638.215576171875]},{"page":4,"text":"Buildings........................................................................................................... 4-33","rect":[162.0,661.01416015625,522.1494893951416,651.715576171875]},{"page":4,"text":"Bunkers ............................................................................................................ 4-35","rect":[162.0,672.5402221679688,522.1493673248291,665.215576171875]},{"page":4,"text":"Dams and Locks............................................................................................... 4-35","rect":[162.0,686.0402221679688,522.1178121490478,678.715576171875]},{"page":4,"text":"Distillation Towers ............................................................................................ 4-36","rect":[162.0,699.5402221679688,522.1098775787353,692.215576171875]},{"page":4,"text":"Military Equipment............................................................................................ 4-36","rect":[162.0,715.01416015625,522.1083516998291,705.715576171875]},{"page":4,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[264.9617919921875,754.0679931640625,310.95364599609379,747.489013671875]},{"page":5,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[90.0,544.1238403320313,136.2232656402588,534.8653564453125]},{"page":5,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,146.00879125976562,747.489013671875]},{"page":5,"text":"Contents","rect":[500.9998779296875,44.739013671875,540.0209067382813,38.0880126953125]},{"page":5,"text":"Ground Force Personnel ..................................................................................4-38","rect":[180.0,81.42022705078125,540.1762227935791,74.00542449951172]},{"page":5,"text":"Storage Tanks For Petroleum, Oil, Lubricants .................................................4-39","rect":[180.0,96.8941650390625,539.9835348052978,87.49540710449219]},{"page":5,"text":"Power Plant Turbines and Generators .............................................................4-39","rect":[180.0,108.42022705078125,539.9835348052978,101.00542449951172]},{"page":5,"text":"Rail Lines and Rail Yards..................................................................................4-40","rect":[180.0,121.91020965576172,540.1762227935791,114.5956039428711]},{"page":5,"text":"Roads................................................................................................................4-40","rect":[180.0,135.4100799560547,540.1601705474853,128.09548950195313]},{"page":5,"text":"Runways and Taxiways .................................................................................... 4-41","rect":[180.0,150.89404296875,540.1833028717041,141.59548950195313]},{"page":5,"text":"Satellite Dishes .................................................................................................4-41","rect":[180.0,162.4102020263672,540.1165914459228,155.00543212890626]},{"page":5,"text":"Ships ................................................................................................................. 4-42","rect":[180.0,177.78395080566407,540.1621847076416,168.50543212890626]},{"page":5,"text":"Steel Towers .....................................................................................................4-43","rect":[180.0,189.42022705078126,539.9835348052978,182.00543212890626]},{"page":5,"text":"Transformers.....................................................................................................4-43","rect":[180.0,202.92022705078126,540.1346578521728,195.50543212890626]},{"page":5,"text":"Tunnel Entrances Or Portals ............................................................................4-43","rect":[180.0,216.42022705078126,539.9824972076416,208.9954071044922]},{"page":5,"text":"Tunnel Facility Air Vents ................................................................................... 4-44","rect":[180.0,231.8941650390625,540.1803121490478,222.62567138671876]},{"page":5,"text":"Section V. TARGET ACQUISITION.......................................................................4-44","rect":[162.0,246.2913818359375,540.1377706451416,238.285400390625]},{"page":5,"text":"Combat Patrol ................................................................................................... 4-45","rect":[180.0,259.13018798828127,540.1898336334228,251.72540283203126]},{"page":5,"text":"Mission Planning Factors..................................................................................4-45","rect":[180.0,274.6141357421875,540.1762227935791,265.34564208984377]},{"page":5,"text":"Employment of Laser Designators....................................................................4-45","rect":[180.0,288.11419677734377,540.1266622467041,278.7254638671875]},{"page":5,"text":"Fire Support ......................................................................................................4-46","rect":[180.0,301.50396728515627,540.1385641021728,292.2254638671875]},{"page":5,"text":"Fire Plans..........................................................................................................4-47","rect":[180.0,313.1302490234375,540.1463155670166,305.845703125]},{"page":5,"text":"Section VI. URBAN TERRAIN...............................................................................4-47","rect":[162.0,328.92022705078127,540.1649923248291,321.50543212890627]},{"page":5,"text":"Surveillance Operations....................................................................................4-47","rect":[180.0,344.22393798828127,540.1833028717041,334.9354248046875]},{"page":5,"text":"Reconnaissance Operations.............................................................................4-48","rect":[180.0,357.72393798828127,540.1590719146728,348.4354248046875]},{"page":5,"text":"Plans ................................................................................................................. 4-48","rect":[180.0,369.3502197265625,540.1621847076416,362.0356140136719]},{"page":5,"text":"Hide and Surveillance Sites..............................................................................4-52","rect":[180.0,382.8502197265625,540.1630391998291,375.4454345703125]},{"page":5,"text":"Section VII. IMAGERY COLLECTION AND TRANSMISSION ............................. 4-53","rect":[162.0,398.6402587890625,540.0705709381103,391.2254638671875]},{"page":5,"text":"Imagery Labels .................................................................................................4-53","rect":[180.0,414.0541687011719,540.1785421295166,404.755615234375]},{"page":5,"text":"Image-Gathering Equipment.............................................................................4-54","rect":[180.0,427.5541687011719,540.1590719146728,418.1654357910156]},{"page":5,"text":"Section VIII. STABILITY OPERATIONS................................................................4-61","rect":[162.0,442.0,540.1125020904541,433.9454345703125]},{"page":5,"text":"Types ................................................................................................................4-62","rect":[180.0,456.7742004394531,540.1601705474853,447.47564697265627]},{"page":5,"text":"Capabilities and Limitations .............................................................................. 4-67","rect":[180.0,470.1639709472656,540.1620626373291,460.8854675292969]},{"page":5,"text":"Section IX. SPECIAL MISSIONS...........................................................................4-68","rect":[162.0,484.0802307128906,540.1550435943603,476.6654357910156]},{"page":5,"text":"Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear .............................................. 4-68","rect":[180.0,499.4941711425781,540.0949850006103,490.1054382324219]},{"page":5,"text":"Pathfinder..........................................................................................................4-68","rect":[180.0,511.0102233886719,540.1463766021728,503.6054382324219]},{"page":5,"text":"Personnel Recovery..........................................................................................4-68","rect":[180.0,526.4942016601563,540.1050558013916,517.1956176757813]},{"page":5,"text":"INSERTION AND EXTRACTION METHODS ..........................................................5-1","rect":[161.97000122070313,543.0,540.0519552154541,534.8653564453125]},{"page":5,"text":"Section I. WATERBORNE OPERATIONS..............................................................5-1","rect":[162.0,558.0001220703125,540.0700216217041,550.5853271484375]},{"page":5,"text":"Considerations .................................................................................................... 5-1","rect":[180.0,571.4301147460938,539.9896383209228,564.0253295898438]},{"page":5,"text":"Combat Rubber Raiding Reconnaissance Craft.................................................5-1","rect":[180.0,586.9140625,540.0366964263916,577.5253295898438]},{"page":5,"text":"Scout Swimmers ................................................................................................. 5-5","rect":[180.0,598.4301147460938,540.2177877349853,591.0253295898438]},{"page":5,"text":"Helocasting Operations.......................................................................................5-7","rect":[180.0,613.9140625,540.1303243560791,604.5153198242188]},{"page":5,"text":"Section II. HELICOPTER OPERATIONS ................................................................5-9","rect":[162.0,627.7201538085938,540.0987081451416,620.3053588867188]},{"page":5,"text":"Special Patrol Insertion/Extraction System.........................................................5-9","rect":[180.0,643.1340942382813,540.0755758209228,633.745361328125]},{"page":5,"text":"Fast-Rope Insertion/Extraction System ............................................................ 5-20","rect":[180.0,656.6340942382813,540.1130514068603,647.245361328125]},{"page":5,"text":"Army Aviation and Air Assault...........................................................................5-25","rect":[180.0,670.1340942382813,540.1519918365478,660.8355102539063]},{"page":5,"text":"Pickup and Landing Zones ...............................................................................5-25","rect":[180.0,683.6340942382813,540.1660909576416,674.3355102539063]},{"page":5,"text":"UH-60 Loading Sequence ................................................................................5-31","rect":[180.0,697.1340942382813,540.1692037506103,687.745361328125]},{"page":5,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.10589599609377,754.0679931640625,329.08508520507817,747.489013671875]},{"page":5,"text":"iii","rect":[532.5399169921875,753.9600219726563,540.031541015625,747.5159912109375]},{"page":6,"text":"Contents","rect":[72.0,44.739013671875,111.02100592041016,38.0880126953125]},{"page":6,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,184.42393493652345,118.25833033752441,175.16546630859376]},{"page":6,"text":"iv","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,79.49250250244141,747.5159912109375]},{"page":6,"text":"Section III. VEHICLE OPERATIONS.....................................................................","rect":[144.0,81.66021728515625,499.77915143585207,74.24541473388672]},{"page":6,"text":"Mobility Platforms .............................................................................................","rect":[162.0,97.07415771484375,499.8170542678833,87.68541717529297]},{"page":6,"text":"Planning Considerations ..................................................................................","rect":[162.0,110.57415771484375,499.87046002960207,101.18541717529297]},{"page":6,"text":"Section IV. OTHER OPERATIONS.......................................................................","rect":[144.0,125.0,499.8332896194458,116.96532440185547]},{"page":6,"text":"Airborne Operations .........................................................................................","rect":[162.0,139.68397521972657,499.80710553741457,130.3954315185547]},{"page":6,"text":"Stay-Behind Operations ...................................................................................","rect":[162.0,153.294189453125,499.8734507522583,143.8954315185547]},{"page":6,"text":"Foot Movement Operations..............................................................................","rect":[162.0,166.68397521972657,499.85837506866457,157.3954315185547]},{"page":6,"text":"COMMUNICATIONS ................................................................................................","rect":[144.01039123535157,182.58026123046876,505.34375714874269,175.16546630859376]},{"page":6,"text":"Section I. NETWORKS ............................................................................................","rect":[144.0,199.0,505.30747174835207,190.88543701171876]},{"page":6,"text":"Architecture and Frequency Management.........................................................","rect":[162.0,213.71417236328126,505.2479929885864,204.4456787109375]},{"page":6,"text":"Operations Bases...............................................................................................","rect":[162.0,227.1039581298828,505.3097300491333,217.81541442871095]},{"page":6,"text":"Teams.................................................................................................................","rect":[162.0,238.73020935058595,505.2876353225708,231.4456787109375]},{"page":6,"text":"Section II. RADIOS, COMPUTERS, AND THE BASE RADIO STATION.............. 6-2","rect":[144.0,254.520263671875,522.0402364654541,247.10546875]},{"page":6,"text":"Elements of Success.......................................................................................... 6-2","rect":[162.0,267.95025634765627,522.1057882232666,260.54547119140627]},{"page":6,"text":"HF, VHF, and UHF Radios................................................................................. 6-2","rect":[162.0,281.4502258300781,522.1154928131103,274.1356201171875]},{"page":6,"text":"Primary, Alternate, and Contingency Radios..................................................... 6-3","rect":[162.0,296.9341735839844,522.0455465240478,287.5454406738281]},{"page":6,"text":"Fundamentals..................................................................................................... 6-4","rect":[162.0,308.4502258300781,521.9886007232666,301.1356201171875]},{"page":6,"text":"Beyond-Line-of-Sight Equipment ....................................................................... 6-4","rect":[162.0,323.9341735839844,522.0915670318603,314.5454406738281]},{"page":6,"text":"Ruggedized COTS Laptop................................................................................. 6-6","rect":[162.0,337.4341735839844,522.1145162506103,328.035400390625]},{"page":6,"text":"Communications Base Radio Station Platform.................................................. 6-7","rect":[162.0,348.9502258300781,522.0623311920166,341.5454406738281]},{"page":6,"text":"Section III. OPERATIONS....................................................................................... 6-7","rect":[144.0,364.7402648925781,522.1302022857666,357.3254699707031]},{"page":6,"text":"Tactical Employment.......................................................................................... 6-7","rect":[162.0,380.1541748046875,522.1404561920166,370.8556213378906]},{"page":6,"text":"Site Selection...................................................................................................... 6-8","rect":[162.0,391.67022705078127,521.9895772857666,384.26544189453127]},{"page":6,"text":"Tactical Satellite ................................................................................................. 6-9","rect":[162.0,405.17022705078127,522.1546163482666,397.76544189453127]},{"page":6,"text":"Section IV. REPORTS ............................................................................................. 6-9","rect":[144.0,420.9602355957031,522.1575460357666,413.5454406738281]},{"page":6,"text":"Messages and Report Formats.......................................................................... 6-9","rect":[162.0,436.3741760253906,522.0976705474853,427.07562255859377]},{"page":6,"text":"Communications Security................................................................................. 6-16","rect":[162.0,449.8741760253906,522.1211690826416,440.4854431152344]},{"page":6,"text":"Section V. ELECTRONIC WARFARE................................................................... 6-16","rect":[144.0,463.68023681640627,522.1247091217041,456.26544189453127]},{"page":6,"text":"Electronic attack............................................................................................... 6-17","rect":[162.0,477.1102294921875,522.1999044342041,469.7956237792969]},{"page":6,"text":"Electronic warfare support................................................................................ 6-17","rect":[162.0,492.48394775390627,522.1690816802978,483.2054443359375]},{"page":6,"text":"Electronic protection......................................................................................... 6-17","rect":[162.0,505.9838562011719,522.1020040435791,496.7955322265625]},{"page":6,"text":"Section VI. ANTENNAS......................................................................................... 6-19","rect":[144.0,519.900146484375,522.1020040435791,512.4853515625]},{"page":6,"text":"Wavelength and Frequency ............................................................................. 6-19","rect":[162.0,535.3140869140625,522.1579732818603,526.0155029296875]},{"page":6,"text":"Resonance ....................................................................................................... 6-19","rect":[162.0,546.8301391601563,522.1375265045166,539.5155029296875]},{"page":6,"text":"Polarization....................................................................................................... 6-20","rect":[162.0,560.3302001953125,521.9834737701416,553.0155639648438]},{"page":6,"text":"Radio Wave Propagation ................................................................................. 6-20","rect":[162.0,575.8141479492188,522.1731710357666,566.5155639648438]},{"page":6,"text":"Classification .................................................................................................... 6-23","rect":[162.0,587.3402099609375,521.9824972076416,579.9254150390625]},{"page":6,"text":"Construction and Selection .............................................................................. 6-26","rect":[162.0,600.8302001953125,522.1621236724853,593.4254150390625]},{"page":6,"text":"Common Types of Antennas............................................................................ 6-27","rect":[162.0,616.3141479492188,522.1549825592041,606.9254150390625]},{"page":6,"text":"Field-Expedient Antennas ................................................................................ 6-31","rect":[162.0,629.7039184570313,522.1690816802978,620.5155639648438]},{"page":6,"text":"High Frequency, Directional, Field-Expedient Antennas ................................. 6-34","rect":[162.0,643.3141479492188,522.0741109771728,634.0155639648438]},{"page":6,"text":"Section VII. UNUSUAL ENVIRONMENTS............................................................ 6-36","rect":[144.0,657.1201171875,522.1004171295166,649.705322265625]},{"page":6,"text":"Desert Operations ............................................................................................ 6-36","rect":[162.0,672.423828125,522.1336812896728,663.1353149414063]},{"page":6,"text":"Jungle Operations ............................................................................................ 6-36","rect":[162.0,686.0340576171875,522.1098775787353,676.6353149414063]},{"page":6,"text":"Cold Weather Operations................................................................................. 6-37","rect":[162.0,699.423828125,522.1751241607666,690.1353149414063]},{"page":6,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[264.9888610839844,754.0679931640625,310.9699118652344,747.489013671875]},{"page":7,"text":"Chapter 7","rect":[90.0,114.52391815185547,136.20222377014162,105.26543426513672]},{"page":7,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[90.0,411.10394287109377,136.19520472717287,401.845458984375]},{"page":7,"text":"Appendix A","rect":[90.0,550.3038940429688,145.63907289886476,541.1656494140625]},{"page":7,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[90.0,635.5038452148438,145.7112011947632,626.3656005859375]},{"page":7,"text":"23 June 2009 ","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,148.48188891601564,747.489013671875]},{"page":7,"text":"Contents","rect":[500.9998779296875,44.739013671875,540.0209067382813,38.0880126953125]},{"page":7,"text":"Mountain Operations.........................................................................................6-38","rect":[180.0,83.28395080566406,540.1031026763916,73.99540710449219]},{"page":7,"text":"Urban Operations..............................................................................................6-39","rect":[180.0,96.78395080566406,540.1149434967041,87.49540710449219]},{"page":7,"text":"INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE BATTLEFIELD.....................................7-1","rect":[161.94558715820313,112.67021942138672,540.0473165435791,105.26543426513672]},{"page":7,"text":"SECTION I. DEFINE THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT..................................7-1","rect":[162.0,129.0,540.0374898834228,120.98540496826172]},{"page":7,"text":"Identify Significant Characteristics of the Environment ......................................7-1","rect":[180.0,143.81414794921876,540.0517110748291,134.4254150390625]},{"page":7,"text":"Identify the Limits of the Command's Area of Operations ..................................7-3","rect":[180.0,157.31414794921876,540.0376119537353,147.91539001464845]},{"page":7,"text":"Establish the Limits of the Area of Influence and the Area of Interest................7-3","rect":[180.0,168.8402099609375,540.0042867584228,161.4254150390625]},{"page":7,"text":"Evaluate Existing Databases and Identify Intelligence Gaps .............................7-4","rect":[180.0,184.31414794921876,540.0204610748291,174.9254150390625]},{"page":7,"text":"Initiate Collection of Information Required to Complete IPB ..............................7-4","rect":[180.0,197.7039337158203,540.0342550201416,188.4254150390625]},{"page":7,"text":"SECTION II. DESCRIBE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON OPERATIONS .........7-4","rect":[162.0,211.6202392578125,539.9855489654541,204.2054443359375]},{"page":7,"text":"Analyze the Environment....................................................................................7-4","rect":[180.0,227.0340576171875,540.1223897857666,217.76556396484376]},{"page":7,"text":"Describe Environmental Effects..........................................................................7-9","rect":[180.0,238.5500946044922,540.1132345123291,231.14532470703126]},{"page":7,"text":"SECTION III. EVALUATE THE THREAT.................................................................7-9","rect":[162.0,255.0,540.0769796295166,246.9254150390625]},{"page":7,"text":"Analyze Threat Factors.......................................................................................7-9","rect":[180.0,269.75421142578127,540.1014547271728,260.4556579589844]},{"page":7,"text":"Update or Create Threat Models ......................................................................7-10","rect":[180.0,283.1439514160156,539.9835348052978,273.8654479980469]},{"page":7,"text":"Identify Threat Capabilities ...............................................................................7-16","rect":[180.0,296.7541809082031,539.9835348052978,287.3654479980469]},{"page":7,"text":"SECTION IV. DETERMINE THREAT COURSES OF ACTION.............................7-17","rect":[162.0,310.56024169921877,540.0520162506103,303.14544677734377]},{"page":7,"text":"Identify the Threat's Likely Objectives and Desired Endstate ..........................7-17","rect":[180.0,325.97418212890627,540.0645284576416,316.575439453125]},{"page":7,"text":"Identify the Full Set of COAs Available to the Threat .......................................7-17","rect":[180.0,339.47418212890627,540.0623922271728,330.075439453125]},{"page":7,"text":"Evaluate and Prioritize Each Course of Action.................................................7-18","rect":[180.0,350.990234375,540.1068868560791,343.58544921875]},{"page":7,"text":"Develop Courses of Action ...............................................................................7-18","rect":[180.0,366.36395263671877,539.9835348052978,357.08544921875]},{"page":7,"text":"Identify Initial ISR Requirements ......................................................................7-21","rect":[180.0,379.97418212890627,539.9824972076416,370.58544921875]},{"page":7,"text":"Prepare Decision Support Template.................................................................7-21","rect":[180.0,393.36395263671877,540.1165914459228,384.08544921875]},{"page":7,"text":"EVASION AND RECOVERY....................................................................................8-1","rect":[161.9381866455078,410.0,540.1250142974853,401.845458984375]},{"page":7,"text":"Fundamentals .....................................................................................................8-1","rect":[180.0,422.69024658203127,539.9886007232666,415.3756408691406]},{"page":7,"text":"Chain of Command.............................................................................................8-2","rect":[180.0,436.19024658203127,540.1247091217041,428.78546142578127]},{"page":7,"text":"Plans ................................................................................................................... 8-2","rect":[180.0,449.69024658203127,540.1992940826416,442.3756408691406]},{"page":7,"text":"Types of Recovery .............................................................................................. 8-2","rect":[180.0,465.1741943359375,540.0844259185791,455.78546142578127]},{"page":7,"text":"Classifications of Evasion ................................................................................... 8-3","rect":[180.0,476.70025634765627,540.1512594146728,469.28546142578127]},{"page":7,"text":"Movement ...........................................................................................................8-4","rect":[180.0,490.19024658203127,540.1812887115478,482.8756408691406]},{"page":7,"text":"Disguises.............................................................................................................8-6","rect":[180.0,505.6741943359375,540.1844625396728,496.3756408691406]},{"page":7,"text":"Evasion Aids .......................................................................................................8-7","rect":[180.0,517.1902465820313,540.1394185943603,509.8756408691406]},{"page":7,"text":"Evasion Areas.....................................................................................................8-9","rect":[180.0,530.6902465820313,539.9886007232666,523.3756103515625]},{"page":7,"text":"RECRUITMENT, ASSESSMENT, AND SELECTION PROGRAM......................... 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BRIEFS...................................................................................................B-8","rect":[144.0,81.66021728515625,522.1234273834228,74.24541473388672]},{"page":8,"text":"Types..................................................................................................................B-8","rect":[162.0,97.07415771484375,522.1518697662353,87.77559661865235]},{"page":8,"text":"Confirmation Brief.............................................................................................B-11","rect":[162.0,108.59020233154297,522.1596822662353,101.18541717529297]},{"page":8,"text":"Mission Analysis Brief.......................................................................................B-11","rect":[162.0,124.07415771484375,522.1384420318603,114.68541717529297]},{"page":8,"text":"Decision Brief ...................................................................................................B-17","rect":[162.0,135.59019470214845,522.1136007232666,128.1854248046875]},{"page":8,"text":"Backbrief...........................................................................................................B-17","rect":[162.0,149.09019470214845,522.1814718170166,141.6854248046875]},{"page":8,"text":"Mission Concept Brief ......................................................................................B-20","rect":[162.0,164.4639434814453,522.1344747467041,155.1854248046875]},{"page":8,"text":"Debrief .............................................................................................................. 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E-1","rect":[144.03570556640626,323.76025390625,522.1707296295166,316.345458984375]},{"page":8,"text":"Branches and Sequels .......................................................................................E-1","rect":[162.0,339.06396484375,522.1623678131103,329.78546142578127]},{"page":8,"text":"Contingency Plan Matrix ....................................................................................E-1","rect":[162.0,352.6741943359375,522.1504049224853,343.28546142578127]},{"page":8,"text":"COORDINATION FOR ARMY AVIATION ............................................................... F-1","rect":[144.05020141601563,369.0,522.0781392974853,361.0454406738281]},{"page":8,"text":"HIDE AND SURVEILLANCE SITES........................................................................G-1","rect":[144.0253143310547,387.0,521.9931783599853,378.7454528808594]},{"page":8,"text":"Surface Sites ......................................................................................................G-1","rect":[162.0,399.5902404785156,521.9934835357666,392.1854553222656]},{"page":8,"text":"Hasty Subsurface Sites ......................................................................................G-2","rect":[162.0,415.0741882324219,521.9934835357666,405.6854553222656]},{"page":8,"text":"Finished Subsurface Site ...................................................................................G-4","rect":[162.0,426.5902404785156,521.9926290435791,419.1854553222656]},{"page":8,"text":"Site Selection......................................................................................................G-7","rect":[162.0,440.0902404785156,521.9934835357666,432.6854553222656]},{"page":8,"text":"Leader Reconnaissance.....................................................................................G-7","rect":[162.0,453.5902404785156,521.9926290435791,446.1854553222656]},{"page":8,"text":"Occupation of Hide Site......................................................................................G-7","rect":[162.0,468.9639587402344,521.9934835357666,459.6754150390625]},{"page":8,"text":"Actions in Hide Site ............................................................................................G-9","rect":[162.0,480.5902404785156,521.9934835357666,473.1854553222656]},{"page":8,"text":"Priority of Work ...................................................................................................G-9","rect":[162.0,496.0740966796875,521.9934835357666,486.68536376953127]},{"page":8,"text":"Site Sterilization..................................................................................................G-9","rect":[162.0,507.59014892578127,521.9926290435791,500.18536376953127]},{"page":8,"text":"BATTLE DRILLS......................................................................................................H-1","rect":[144.04989624023438,526.0,521.9911031646728,517.9453125]},{"page":8,"text":"Break Contact.....................................................................................................H-1","rect":[162.0,538.7901000976563,522.1195821685791,531.3853149414063]},{"page":8,"text":"React to Air Attack..............................................................................................H-5","rect":[162.0,552.2901000976563,522.1045064849853,545.0055541992188]},{"page":8,"text":"React to Indirect Fire ..........................................................................................H-6","rect":[162.0,565.7901000976563,522.1095724029541,558.4754638671875]},{"page":8,"text":"React to Flares ...................................................................................................H-6","rect":[162.0,579.2901000976563,522.1448507232666,571.9754638671875]},{"page":8,"text":"Break from Hide or Surveillance Site .................................................................H-6","rect":[162.0,592.7901000976563,522.1038350982666,585.3853149414063]},{"page":8,"text":"TRACKING AND COUNTERTRACKING................................................................. I-1","rect":[144.07321166992188,610.5502319335938,522.1092672271728,603.1454467773438]},{"page":8,"text":"Concepts of Tracking .......................................................................................... I-1","rect":[162.0,625.9740600585938,522.1774434967041,616.5853271484375]},{"page":8,"text":"Organization of Tracking Team........................................................................... I-5","rect":[162.0,639.4740600585938,522.1365499420166,630.0753173828125]},{"page":8,"text":"Tracker and Dog Team ....................................................................................... I-5","rect":[162.0,652.9741821289063,522.1645040435791,643.7056884765625]},{"page":8,"text":"NIGHT OPERATIONS.............................................................................................. J-1","rect":[144.02120971679688,668.76025390625,522.1485128326416,661.345458984375]},{"page":8,"text":"Night Vision .........................................................................................................J-1","rect":[162.0,684.1741943359375,521.9915914459228,674.8756103515625]},{"page":8,"text":"Hearing ................................................................................................................J-4","rect":[162.0,697.6741943359375,521.9915914459228,688.4057006835938]},{"page":8,"text":"Smell....................................................................................................................J-4","rect":[162.0,709.1902465820313,521.9915914459228,701.7854614257813]},{"page":8,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0220947265625,754.0679931640625,310.98691015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":8,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0721130371094,754.0679931640625,522.068208984375,747.489013671875]},{"page":9,"text":"Contents","rect":[500.9998779296875,44.739013671875,540.0209067382813,38.0880126953125]},{"page":9,"text":"Appendix K","rect":[90.0,168.52391052246095,145.6150097885132,159.38568115234376]},{"page":9,"text":"Fatigue ................................................................................................................ J-5","rect":[180.0,83.3941650390625,540.1702413482666,74.12566375732422]},{"page":9,"text":"Selection of Route...............................................................................................J-5","rect":[180.0,94.91020965576172,540.1907491607666,87.50542449951172]},{"page":9,"text":"Night Walking ...................................................................................................... J-6","rect":[180.0,110.3941650390625,540.1603536529541,101.0956039428711]},{"page":9,"text":"Signals ................................................................................................................J-7","rect":[180.0,123.8941650390625,540.1702413482666,114.50542449951172]},{"page":9,"text":"Target Detection .................................................................................................J-8","rect":[180.0,137.39404296875,540.1494283599853,128.09548950195313]},{"page":9,"text":"Movement ...........................................................................................................J-9","rect":[180.0,148.9100799560547,540.1037740631103,141.59548950195313]},{"page":9,"text":"EXAMPLE EVASION AND RECOVERY PLAN......................................................K-1","rect":[161.93299865722657,166.68023681640626,539.9902486724853,159.26544189453126]},{"page":9,"text":"GLOSSARY........................................................................................................................... Glossary-1","rect":[90.0,198.05377197265626,539.9819478912353,188.6650390625]},{"page":9,"text":"REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. References-1","rect":[90.0,213.7801513671875,539.9843892974853,206.3653564453125]},{"page":9,"text":"INDEX.......................................................................................................................................... Index-1","rect":[90.0,232.0,540.0478048248291,224.15585327148438]},{"page":9,"text":"Figures","rect":[286.0799865722656,275.6281433105469,343.8577122955322,260.8096618652344]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 1-1. Organization of long-range surveillance company. ..........................................................1-5","rect":[90.0,297.11419677734377,540.0589742584228,287.7154541015625]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 1-2. Concept of intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance............................................1-10","rect":[90.0,312.6541748046875,540.0818624420166,303.26544189453127]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 2-1. Company operations base................................................................................................2-8","rect":[90.0,328.1941833496094,539.9909810943603,318.8054504394531]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 2-2. Example C2 employment schematic for a LRSC. ............................................................2-9","rect":[90.0,343.73419189453127,540.0667257232666,334.345458984375]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 2-3. Example C2 employment schematic for a LRSD in an MSS..........................................2-10","rect":[90.0,359.2742004394531,540.0728292388916,349.8854675292969]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 3-1. Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance. ............................................................... 3-2","rect":[90.0,374.8141784667969,540.0708150787353,365.515625]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 3-2. LRS mission development process. .................................................................................3-4","rect":[90.0,390.3541564941406,539.9892110748291,380.9654235839844]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 3-3. Example format for target folder. ....................................................................................3-10","rect":[90.0,405.8941650390625,539.9862203521728,396.50543212890627]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 4-1. TLP and METT-TC............................................................................................................4-7","rect":[90.0,421.4341735839844,539.9920797271728,412.0454406738281]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 4-2. Development of courses of action. .................................................................................4-12","rect":[90.0,436.97418212890627,539.9852437896728,427.58544921875]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 4-3. Reconnaissance and surveillance elements. .................................................................4-22","rect":[90.0,452.5141906738281,540.0792379302978,443.21563720703127]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 4-4. Fan method.....................................................................................................................4-23","rect":[90.0,468.0541687011719,540.0280294342041,458.755615234375]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 4-5. Converging routes method..............................................................................................4-24","rect":[90.0,483.59417724609377,540.1125631256103,474.2054443359375]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 4-6. Successive sector method..............................................................................................4-24","rect":[90.0,499.13409423828127,539.9974508209228,489.745361328125]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 4-7. Example surveillance site. ..............................................................................................4-27","rect":[90.0,514.6741943359375,540.0054464263916,505.3756408691406]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 4-8. Example hide site............................................................................................................4-28","rect":[90.0,530.214111328125,540.0229024810791,520.91552734375]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 4-9. Example imagery labels..................................................................................................4-53","rect":[90.0,545.7540893554688,540.0064229888916,536.4555053710938]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 4-10. Example imagery legend. .............................................................................................4-54","rect":[90.0,561.294189453125,539.9871969146728,551.99560546875]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 4-11. Example panoramic sketch...........................................................................................4-55","rect":[90.0,576.8340454101563,539.9832906646728,567.5354614257813]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 4-12. Example topographic sketch.........................................................................................4-56","rect":[90.0,592.3742065429688,539.9832906646728,583.0756225585938]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 4-13. Example objective sketchpad. ......................................................................................4-57","rect":[90.0,607.9140625,539.9730367584228,598.615478515625]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 4-14. Example drawing technique: whole to part...................................................................4-59","rect":[90.0,623.4541625976563,540.1203145904541,614.1555786132813]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 4-15. Example drawing technique: use of common shapes to show common objects. ........ 4-60","rect":[90.0,638.9940795898438,539.9599752349853,629.6053466796875]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 4-16. Example drawing technique: use of perspective to represent depth............................4-60","rect":[90.0,654.5340576171875,540.0490865631103,645.1453247070313]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 4-17. Example drawing technique: use of vanishing points to indicate distance...................4-60","rect":[90.0,670.0740966796875,540.0406637115478,660.6853637695313]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 4-18. Example drawing technique: hatching..........................................................................4-61","rect":[90.0,685.6141967773438,539.9863424224853,676.3156127929688]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 5-1. Rubber boat. .....................................................................................................................5-2","rect":[90.0,701.1541748046875,540.0044088287353,691.8555908203125]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 5-2. Short count, long count.....................................................................................................5-4","rect":[90.0,716.694091796875,540.0001363677978,707.3053588867188]},{"page":9,"text":"23 June 2009 ","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,148.5135966796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":9,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.1150207519531,754.0679931640625,329.10681372070317,747.489013671875]},{"page":9,"text":"vii","rect":[530.2767944335938,753.9600219726563,540.06791796875,747.5159912109375]},{"page":10,"text":"Contents","rect":[72.0,44.739013671875,111.02100592041016,38.0880126953125]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 5-3. SPIES rope rigging on UH-60 ........................................................................................ 5-17","rect":[72.0,83.3941650390625,521.9729146881103,74.00542449951172]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 5-4. Rigging of snap links. ..................................................................................................... 5-17","rect":[72.0,98.9342041015625,522.0129537506103,89.54546356201172]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 5-5. Rigging of wood block. ................................................................................................... 5-18","rect":[72.0,114.47418212890625,522.0097188873291,105.08544158935547]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 5-6. Excess cargo straps secured......................................................................................... 5-18","rect":[72.0,130.0140380859375,521.9832906646728,120.7154769897461]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 5-7. Recovery line with Prusik knot. ...................................................................................... 5-19","rect":[72.0,145.55419921875,521.9861593170166,136.25564575195313]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 5-8. SPIES rigging procedures for CH-46 or CH-47.............................................................. 5-20","rect":[72.0,161.09417724609376,522.1021261138916,151.7054443359375]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 5-9. Fast-rope rigging procedures for UH-60. ....................................................................... 5-21","rect":[72.0,176.6341552734375,521.9871358795166,167.24542236328126]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 5-10. UH-60 rigged for fast roping......................................................................................... 5-22","rect":[72.0,192.17413330078126,521.9974508209228,182.785400390625]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 5-11. Fast-rope rigging procedures for other aircraft............................................................. 5-22","rect":[72.0,207.71417236328126,522.1092061920166,198.325439453125]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 5-12. Marking procedures for landing and pickup zones. ..................................................... 5-26","rect":[72.0,223.25421142578126,522.0727682037353,213.865478515625]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 5-13. Example coordination checklist.................................................................................... 5-28","rect":[72.0,238.794189453125,521.9719991607666,229.49563598632813]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 5-14. UH-60 loading sequence.............................................................................................. 5-31","rect":[72.0,254.33416748046876,521.9861593170166,245.03561401367188]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 5-15. Example vehicle load configuration.............................................................................. 5-35","rect":[72.0,269.8741455078125,521.9831685943603,260.48541259765627]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 5-16. Procedures for loading HMMWV into CH-47 for infiltration.......................................... 5-38","rect":[72.0,285.4141845703125,522.0738058013916,276.02545166015627]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 5-17. HMMWVs in wedge formation...................................................................................... 5-41","rect":[72.0,300.95416259765627,521.9925680084228,291.5654296875]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 5-18. Single camouflaged HMMWV. ..................................................................................... 5-43","rect":[72.0,316.4941711425781,521.9928731842041,307.1054382324219]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 5-19. Multiple camouflaged HMMWVs.................................................................................. 5-43","rect":[72.0,332.0341796875,521.9926290435791,322.64544677734377]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-1. Automatic link sequence. ................................................................................................. 6-5","rect":[72.0,347.5741882324219,521.9950704498291,338.275634765625]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-2. AN/PRC-150(C) in vehicular AN/VRC-104 (V)3 configuration......................................... 6-7","rect":[72.0,363.11419677734377,522.0606222076416,353.7254638671875]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-3. Communications data wire diagram............................................................................... 6-10","rect":[72.0,378.6541748046875,521.9857931060791,369.26544189453127]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-4. Report format.................................................................................................................. 6-11","rect":[72.0,394.1941833496094,522.0269918365478,384.8054504394531]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-5. Example message header.............................................................................................. 6-12","rect":[72.0,409.73419189453127,521.9832906646728,400.4356384277344]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-6. Measurement of a wavelength....................................................................................... 6-19","rect":[72.0,425.2742004394531,521.9842061920166,415.8854675292969]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-7. Components of ground wave. ........................................................................................ 6-21","rect":[72.0,440.8141784667969,521.9842061920166,431.4254455566406]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-8. Structure of ionosphere.................................................................................................. 6-22","rect":[72.0,456.3541564941406,522.0097188873291,446.9654235839844]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-9. HF skip zone and distance............................................................................................. 6-23","rect":[72.0,471.8941650390625,521.9974508209228,462.5956115722656]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-10. Unidirectional antenna pattern. .................................................................................... 6-24","rect":[72.0,487.4341735839844,521.9832906646728,478.1356201171875]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-11. Bidirectional antenna pattern........................................................................................ 6-25","rect":[72.0,502.9740905761719,521.9974508209228,493.675537109375]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-12. Omni-directional antenna pattern................................................................................. 6-26","rect":[72.0,518.5142211914063,521.9851827545166,509.115478515625]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-13. Half-wave dipole antenna............................................................................................. 6-27","rect":[72.0,534.0541381835938,521.9974508209228,524.6654052734375]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-14. Formula for calculating length of half-wave dipole antenna applied to example. ........ 6-28","rect":[72.0,549.5941772460938,521.9458761138916,540.2054443359375]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-15. Inverted \"V\" antenna..................................................................................................... 6-28","rect":[72.0,565.1340942382813,522.0135641021728,555.8355102539063]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-16. Long-wire antenna........................................................................................................ 6-29","rect":[72.0,580.6741943359375,522.0125875396728,571.3756103515625]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-17. Sloping wire antenna.................................................................................................... 6-30","rect":[72.0,596.2140502929688,522.0097188873291,586.8253173828125]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-18. Terminated sloping \"V\" antenna................................................................................... 6-30","rect":[72.0,611.7540893554688,521.9851827545166,602.4555053710938]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-19. Repair procedure, whip antenna.................................................................................. 6-31","rect":[72.0,627.294189453125,521.9831685943603,617.99560546875]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-20. Expedient insulators..................................................................................................... 6-32","rect":[72.0,642.8340454101563,522.0135641021728,633.5354614257813]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-21. High frequency antenna, long-wire type....................................................................... 6-34","rect":[72.0,658.3740844726563,521.9951925201416,648.9853515625]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-22. High frequency antenna, half-rhombic type. ................................................................ 6-34","rect":[72.0,673.9140625,522.1344137115478,664.5253295898438]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-23. High frequency antenna, \"V\" type. ............................................................................... 6-35","rect":[72.0,689.4541625976563,521.9831685943603,680.0654296875]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 6-24. Sloping antenna, \"V\" type............................................................................................. 6-35","rect":[72.0,704.9942016601563,521.9987325592041,695.60546875]},{"page":10,"text":"viii","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,84.29049792480468,747.5159912109375]},{"page":10,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[264.9450988769531,754.0679931640625,310.9242880859375,747.489013671875]},{"page":10,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0193176269531,754.0679931640625,522.0281088867188,747.489013671875]},{"page":11,"text":"Contents","rect":[500.9998779296875,44.739013671875,540.0209067382813,38.0880126953125]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure 7-1. Classification of urban area by size..................................................................................7-2","rect":[90.0,83.3941650390625,539.9843282623291,74.00542449951172]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure 7-2. Example link diagram......................................................................................................7-12","rect":[90.0,98.9342041015625,540.0135641021728,89.6356430053711]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure 7-3. Example association matrix. ........................................................................................... 7-13","rect":[90.0,114.47418212890625,539.9984884185791,105.17562103271485]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure 7-4. Example relationship matrix............................................................................................7-14","rect":[90.0,130.0140380859375,539.9997701568603,120.7154769897461]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure 7-5. Example activities matrix. ...............................................................................................7-15","rect":[90.0,145.55419921875,540.0097799224853,136.25564575195313]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure 7-6. Example time event chart. ..............................................................................................7-16","rect":[90.0,161.09417724609376,539.9987935943603,151.79562377929688]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure 7-7. Example pattern analysis plot sheet. .............................................................................. 7-19","rect":[90.0,176.6341552734375,539.9852437896728,167.33560180664063]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure 8-1. Types of recovery. ............................................................................................................8-3","rect":[90.0,192.17413330078126,540.0001974029541,182.785400390625]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-1. Example warning order.....................................................................................................B-3","rect":[90.0,207.71417236328126,540.1925191802978,198.41561889648438]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-2. Example operation order..................................................................................................B-5","rect":[90.0,223.25421142578126,540.0345601959228,213.95565795898438]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-3. Example fragmentary order..............................................................................................B-8","rect":[90.0,238.794189453125,540.0340108795166,229.40545654296876]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-4. Brief types.........................................................................................................................B-8","rect":[90.0,254.33416748046876,540.0700826568603,244.9454345703125]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-5. Analysis of mission, intent, and priority intelligence requirements................................ B-12","rect":[90.0,269.8741455078125,540.0528097076416,260.48541259765627]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-6. Analysis of specified and implied tasks......................................................................... B-13","rect":[90.0,285.4141845703125,539.9863424224853,276.02545166015627]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-7. Analysis of facts............................................................................................................. B-14","rect":[90.0,300.95416259765627,540.0201558990478,291.5654296875]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-8. Analysis of assumptions................................................................................................ B-15","rect":[90.0,316.4941711425781,540.0075216217041,307.1054382324219]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-9. Analysis of mission roadblocks, issues, and restated mission...................................... B-16","rect":[90.0,332.0341796875,540.0871725006103,322.64544677734377]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-10. Example backbrief....................................................................................................... B-18","rect":[90.0,347.5741882324219,540.0116720123291,338.1854553222656]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-11. Slide 1, LRSC mission concept brief........................................................................... B-21","rect":[90.0,363.11419677734377,539.9884176177978,353.7254638671875]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-12. Slide 2, statement of purpose...................................................................................... B-21","rect":[90.0,378.6541748046875,539.9953756256103,369.26544189453127]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-13. Slide 3, LRSC insertion conditions check.................................................................... B-22","rect":[90.0,394.1941833496094,540.1584005279541,384.8054504394531]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-14. Slide 4, agenda............................................................................................................ B-22","rect":[90.0,409.73419189453127,540.0189962310791,400.345458984375]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-15. Slide 5, recommendation............................................................................................. B-23","rect":[90.0,425.2742004394531,539.9998311920166,415.8854675292969]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-16. Slide 6, ISR fusion element......................................................................................... B-23","rect":[90.0,440.8141784667969,539.9987935943603,431.4254455566406]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-17. Slide 7, S-2/ISR fusion element................................................................................... B-24","rect":[90.0,456.3541564941406,540.1170186920166,446.9654235839844]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-18. Slide 8, ATO slide........................................................................................................ B-24","rect":[90.0,471.8941650390625,540.0209493560791,462.49542236328127]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-19. Slide 9, team insertion and extraction......................................................................... B-25","rect":[90.0,487.4341735839844,539.9874410552978,478.0454406738281]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-20. Slide 10, LRSC insertion conditions check. ................................................................ B-25","rect":[90.0,502.9740905761719,540.1452169342041,493.5853576660156]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-21. Slide 11, movement and maneuver............................................................................. B-26","rect":[90.0,518.5142211914063,540.1012105865478,509.12548828125]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-22. Slide 12, fire support.................................................................................................... B-26","rect":[90.0,534.0541381835938,540.0199727935791,524.6654052734375]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-23. Slide 13, air protection................................................................................................. B-27","rect":[90.0,549.5941772460938,540.0119771881103,540.2054443359375]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-24. Slide 14, sustainment.................................................................................................. B-27","rect":[90.0,565.1340942382813,540.0099019927978,555.745361328125]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-25. Slide 15, command and control................................................................................... B-28","rect":[90.0,580.6741943359375,539.9941549224853,571.2854614257813]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-26. Slide 16, intelligence.................................................................................................... B-28","rect":[90.0,596.2140502929688,540.0199727935791,586.8253173828125]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-27. Slide 17, LRSC............................................................................................................ B-29","rect":[90.0,611.7540893554688,540.0199727935791,602.3653564453125]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-28. Slide 18, \"Do we know what to look for?\".................................................................... B-29","rect":[90.0,627.294189453125,540.1553487701416,617.9054565429688]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-29. Slide 19, LRSC IPB. .................................................................................................... B-30","rect":[90.0,642.8340454101563,540.0099019927978,633.4453125]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-30. Slide 20, LRSC maneuver........................................................................................... B-30","rect":[90.0,658.3740844726563,539.9852437896728,648.9853515625]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-31. Slide 21, LRSC fire support......................................................................................... B-31","rect":[90.0,673.9140625,539.9987935943603,664.5253295898438]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-32. Slide 22, LRSC sustainment........................................................................................ B-31","rect":[90.0,689.4541625976563,540.1297750396728,680.0654296875]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure B-33. Slide 23, LRSC C2. ..................................................................................................... B-32","rect":[90.0,704.9942016601563,540.0099019927978,695.60546875]},{"page":11,"text":"23 June 2009 ","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,148.4886943359375,747.489013671875]},{"page":11,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0906066894531,754.0679931640625,329.06091528320317,747.489013671875]},{"page":11,"text":"ix","rect":[532.5676879882813,753.9600219726563,540.0583823242188,747.5159912109375]},{"page":12,"text":"Contents","rect":[72.0,44.739013671875,111.0255072631836,38.0880126953125]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure B-34. Slide 24, LRSC C2, communications...........................................................................B-32","rect":[72.0,83.3941650390625,522.0933980865478,74.00542449951172]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure B-35. Slide 25, LRSC abort criteria. ......................................................................................B-33","rect":[72.0,98.9342041015625,521.9969625396728,89.54546356201172]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure B-36. Slide 26, LRSC risk mitigation. ....................................................................................B-33","rect":[72.0,114.47418212890625,521.9972677154541,105.08544158935547]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure B-37. Slide 27, LRSC recommendation.................................................................................B-34","rect":[72.0,130.0140380859375,522.1151876373291,120.62529754638672]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure B-38. Slide 28, commander's decision. .................................................................................B-34","rect":[72.0,145.55419921875,521.9901266021728,136.16546630859376]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure B-39. Example debrief. .......................................................................................................... B-35","rect":[72.0,161.09417724609376,522.0150289459228,151.7054443359375]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure B-40. Example intelligence estimate annex...........................................................................B-40","rect":[72.0,176.6341552734375,522.0933980865478,167.33560180664063]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure B-41. Example communications annex.................................................................................B-42","rect":[72.0,192.17413330078126,521.9846944732666,182.87557983398438]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure B-42. Example fire support annex. ........................................................................................B-43","rect":[72.0,207.71417236328126,521.9972677154541,198.325439453125]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure B-43. Example linkup annex..................................................................................................B-44","rect":[72.0,223.25421142578126,522.0033712310791,213.95565795898438]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure B-44. Example vehicle movement annex. ............................................................................. B-45","rect":[72.0,238.794189453125,522.1143331451416,229.52569580078126]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure B-45. Example air infiltration/exfiltration annex. ....................................................................B-47","rect":[72.0,254.33416748046876,521.9901266021728,244.9454345703125]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure C-1. Example fixed site for planning........................................................................................C-2","rect":[72.0,269.8741455078125,521.9837789459228,260.48541259765627]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure C-2. Example planning area....................................................................................................C-3","rect":[72.0,285.4141845703125,521.9835348052978,276.02545166015627]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure C-3. Use of intermediate staging area for planning.................................................................C-4","rect":[72.0,300.95416259765627,522.0576314849853,291.5654296875]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure E-1. Example completed contingency matrix. .........................................................................E-2","rect":[72.0,316.4941711425781,522.0690450592041,307.19561767578127]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure F-1. Example OPORD. ............................................................................................................ F-2","rect":[72.0,332.0341796875,521.9962301177978,322.63543701171877]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure F-2. Example fire support annex. ............................................................................................F-4","rect":[72.0,347.5741882324219,521.9813985748291,338.1854553222656]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure F-3. Example intelligence annex. ............................................................................................F-5","rect":[72.0,363.11419677734377,521.9914083404541,353.8156433105469]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure F-4. Example rehearsal area annex........................................................................................F-6","rect":[72.0,378.6541748046875,521.9759664459228,369.3556213378906]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure F-5. Example vehicular movement coordination annex. .........................................................F-7","rect":[72.0,394.1941833496094,522.0669088287353,384.9256896972656]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure G-1. Two-man surface site using ghillie suits..........................................................................G-1","rect":[72.0,409.73419189453127,521.9881734771728,400.345458984375]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure G-2. Suspension line-weave site. ............................................................................................G-3","rect":[72.0,425.2742004394531,521.9881734771728,415.8854675292969]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure G-3. Polyvinyl chloride site. .....................................................................................................G-3","rect":[72.0,440.8141784667969,521.9881734771728,431.4254455566406]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure G-4. Example subsurface site. ................................................................................................G-6","rect":[72.0,456.3541564941406,521.9981832427978,446.9654235839844]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure G-5. Fishhook and dog-leg methods.......................................................................................G-8","rect":[72.0,471.8941650390625,521.9881734771728,462.50543212890627]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure G-6. Forcible occupation of site...............................................................................................G-8","rect":[72.0,487.4341735839844,521.9881734771728,478.0454406738281]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure H-1. Break contact front (diamond or file)................................................................................H-2","rect":[72.0,502.9740905761719,522.0921163482666,493.5853576660156]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure H-2. Break contact front, left and right (Australian peel). ........................................................H-3","rect":[72.0,518.5142211914063,522.0980367584228,509.12548828125]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure H-3. Break contact left, right (diamond or file).........................................................................H-4","rect":[72.0,534.0541381835938,521.9779806060791,524.6654052734375]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure H-4. React to enemy air attack................................................................................................H-5","rect":[72.0,549.5941772460938,521.9835348052978,540.32568359375]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure H-5. React to indirect fire or air attack.....................................................................................H-6","rect":[72.0,565.1340942382813,521.9835348052978,555.745361328125]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure H-6A. Break contact from hide or surveillance site. ................................................................H-8","rect":[72.0,580.6741943359375,522.0586080474853,571.2854614257813]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure I-1. Areas surveyed for indicators by tracker............................................................................ I-1","rect":[72.0,596.2140502929688,521.9852437896728,586.8253173828125]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure I-2. Examples of displacement.................................................................................................. I-2","rect":[72.0,611.7540893554688,522.0036764068603,602.3653564453125]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure I-3. Types of footprints.............................................................................................................. I-3","rect":[72.0,627.294189453125,522.0173482818603,617.9054565429688]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure I-4. Box method for determination of number of footprints....................................................... I-4","rect":[72.0,642.8340454101563,522.0830221099853,633.4453125]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure J-1. Typical scanning patterns..................................................................................................J-2","rect":[72.0,658.3740844726563,521.9922017974853,649.0755004882813]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure J-2. Off-center viewing technique. ............................................................................................J-2","rect":[72.0,673.9140625,521.9922017974853,664.5153198242188]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure K-1. Example plan of action for an evasion.............................................................................K-2","rect":[72.0,689.4541625976563,521.9871358795166,680.0654296875]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure K-2. Example of DD Form 1833 TEST (V2) (front).. ................................................................K-5","rect":[72.0,704.9942016601563,522.1032247467041,695.60546875]},{"page":12,"text":"x","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,77.004,749.2890014648438]},{"page":12,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0256042480469,754.0679931640625,310.97952490234379,747.489013671875]},{"page":12,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0606994628906,754.0679931640625,522.0428793945313,747.489013671875]},{"page":13,"text":"Contents","rect":[500.9998779296875,44.739013671875,540.0253623046875,38.0880126953125]},{"page":13,"text":"Figure K-3. Example of DD Form 1833 TEST (V2) (back)..................................................................K-6","rect":[90.0,83.3941650390625,540.1117086334228,74.00542449951172]},{"page":13,"text":"Tables","rect":[289.67999267578127,157.2561798095703,340.3352208404541,145.60963439941407]},{"page":13,"text":"Table 4-1. Actions and responsibilities of LRSU personnel................................................................4-4","rect":[90.0,181.80384826660157,540.0708150787353,172.52532958984376]},{"page":13,"text":"Table 4-2. LRS tasks by operation....................................................................................................4-10","rect":[90.0,197.4542236328125,540.0077657623291,188.06549072265626]},{"page":13,"text":"Table 4-3. Priority of actions for rehearsal. .......................................................................................4-14","rect":[90.0,212.99420166015626,540.0094747467041,203.60546875]},{"page":13,"text":"Table 5-1. Minimum recommended landing point diameters. ........................................................... 5-26","rect":[90.0,228.5340576171875,540.0960836334228,219.23550415039063]},{"page":13,"text":"Table 6-1. Radios that work with AN/PRC-150 in various security modes. ........................................ 6-3","rect":[90.0,244.07415771484376,539.9881734771728,234.6854248046875]},{"page":13,"text":"Table 6-2. Radio interoperability capabilities and characteristics. ...................................................... 6-6","rect":[90.0,259.6141357421875,540.0439596099853,250.31558227539063]},{"page":13,"text":"Table 6-3. Procedure for use of duress codes..................................................................................6-11","rect":[90.0,273.18011474609377,539.9912862701416,265.76531982421877]},{"page":13,"text":"Table 6-4. Report formats..................................................................................................................6-13","rect":[90.0,290.5839538574219,540.1658468170166,281.3054504394531]},{"page":13,"text":"Table 6-5. Typical format for an Angus (Initial Entry) Report............................................................6-13","rect":[90.0,306.23419189453127,540.1001729888916,296.845458984375]},{"page":13,"text":"Table 6-6. Typical format for a Boris (Intelligence) Report................................................................6-14","rect":[90.0,321.7742004394531,539.9951925201416,312.3854675292969]},{"page":13,"text":"Table 6-7. Typical format for a Cyril (Situation) Report.....................................................................6-15","rect":[90.0,337.3141784667969,539.9912252349853,327.9254455566406]},{"page":13,"text":"Table 6-8. Typical format for an Under (Cache) Report....................................................................6-15","rect":[90.0,352.8541564941406,540.1303243560791,343.4654235839844]},{"page":13,"text":"Table 6-9. Typical format for a Crack (Battle Damage Assessment) Report....................................6-16","rect":[90.0,368.3941650390625,540.0560445709228,359.00543212890627]},{"page":13,"text":"Table 6-10. Priority for destruction of communications devices....................................................... -6-18","rect":[90.0,383.9341735839844,540.0897359771728,374.5454406738281]},{"page":13,"text":"Table 6-11. Contents of a MIJI report................................................................................................6-18","rect":[90.0,399.36395263671877,540.1204976959228,390.08544921875]},{"page":13,"text":"Table 6-12. High frequency ranges in ionosphere. ........................................................................... 6-21","rect":[90.0,415.0141906738281,539.9970846099853,405.6254577636719]},{"page":13,"text":"Table 7-1. Identification of gaps in existing databases. ......................................................................7-4","rect":[90.0,430.5541687011719,539.9881734771728,421.1654357910156]},{"page":13,"text":"Table B-1. Comparison of brief types..................................................................................................B-9","rect":[90.0,446.09417724609377,540.0487203521728,436.7054443359375]},{"page":13,"text":"Table J-1. Light sources and distances............................................................................................... J-3","rect":[90.0,461.6341857910156,540.0045919342041,452.33563232421877]},{"page":13,"text":"Table J-2. Sounds and distances. ....................................................................................................... J-4","rect":[90.0,475.19024658203127,540.0067281646728,467.78546142578127]},{"page":13,"text":"Table J-3. Odor sources and distances. .............................................................................................J-5","rect":[90.0,490.7402648925781,539.9925069732666,483.3154296875]},{"page":13,"text":"23 June 2009 ","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,148.4860087890625,747.489013671875]},{"page":13,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.085205078125,754.0679931640625,329.05371313476567,747.489013671875]},{"page":13,"text":"xi","rect":[532.5578002929688,753.9600219726563,540.0485087890625,747.5159912109375]},{"page":14,"text":"This page intentionally left blank. ","rect":[163.4399871826172,392.5619812011719,452.493501953125,375.69598388671877]},{"page":15,"text":"Preface","rect":[286.0799865722656,87.23622131347656,343.8545079498291,75.3974380493164]},{"page":15,"text":"This  manual  is  primarily  written  for  US  Army  long-range  surveillance  units  (LRSU)  and  other  Infantry","rect":[90.0,108.0543212890625,540.0262355804443,98.9461441040039]},{"page":15,"text":"reconnaissance and surveillance (R&S) units. It is also provided for use by corps, division, brigade combat","rect":[90.0,119.7576904296875,539.9870371780396,110.6495132446289]},{"page":15,"text":"team  (BCT);  battlefield  surveillance  brigade  (BFSB);  and  reconnaissance","rect":[89.98999786376953,131.46099853515626,418.2011079864502,122.35282135009766]},{"page":15,"text":"and  surveillance  squadron","rect":[425.5279846191406,131.4409637451172,540.0202541351318,122.35282135009766]},{"page":15,"text":"commanders  and  staffs;  instructors  of  US  Army  corps,  division,  and  BCT  intelligence,  surveillance and","rect":[90.0,143.16436767578126,539.9625148773193,134.05618286132813]},{"page":15,"text":"reconnaissance  (ISR)  operations.  In  addition,  many  of  the  subjects  covered  should  be  a  ready  and  useful","rect":[90.0,154.86767578125,540.0091319046021,145.74948120117188]},{"page":15,"text":"reference for other branches of the US Army and US military, and for multinational forces working in a joint","rect":[89.98999786376953,166.57110595703126,540.0342173538209,157.45291137695313]},{"page":15,"text":"environment.","rect":[89.98999786376953,176.25050354003907,143.1477918624878,169.16635131835938]},{"page":15,"text":"This manual defines the organization, roles, operational requirements, mission tasks, battlefield functions, and","rect":[89.98999786376953,195.97979736328126,540.1570949554443,186.87161254882813]},{"page":15,"text":"command and control (C2) relationships of LRSCs organic to the R&S squadron of the BFSB. It also provides","rect":[89.98999786376953,207.68316650390626,539.9298236351013,198.57498168945313]},{"page":15,"text":"the  doctrine  for  LRSU  to  use  in  combat  training  and combat.  It  establishes  a  common  base of  tactical","rect":[89.98999786376953,219.386474609375,540.0505137405396,210.27828979492188]},{"page":15,"text":"knowledge from which leaders can develop specific solutions to LRSU tactical problems. It increases the","rect":[89.98999786376953,231.08984375,539.8783235626221,221.98165893554688]},{"page":15,"text":"effectiveness of LRSU operations by also providing doctrinal principles and selected battlefield-proven tactics,","rect":[89.98999786376953,242.793212890625,539.9940137863159,233.68502807617188]},{"page":15,"text":"techniques, and procedures (TTPs). The Digital Training Management System (DTMS) contains the LRSC","rect":[89.98999786376953,254.49664306640626,539.9381620826721,245.38845825195313]},{"page":15,"text":"combined arms training strategies (CATS) and collective tasks for training the LRSU. Before leaders can use","rect":[89.98999786376953,266.199951171875,540.0041780548096,257.0917663574219]},{"page":15,"text":"this manual to develop and execute training for, and to plan, coordinate, and execute LRS missions, they must","rect":[89.98999786376953,277.9033203125,540.0453257522584,268.7951354980469]},{"page":15,"text":"first know FM 3-21.8, Infantry Rifle Platoon and Squad, and LRSC CATS.","rect":[89.98999786376953,289.606689453125,392.7963819503784,280.4985046386719]},{"page":15,"text":"This publication applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard (ARNG)/Army National Guard of the","rect":[89.98999786376953,313.30401611328127,539.9018220977783,304.1958312988281]},{"page":15,"text":"United States (ARNGUS), and the United States Army Reserve (USAR) unless otherwise stated. ","rect":[89.98999786376953,325.0072937011719,481.3781690597534,315.89910888671877]},{"page":15,"text":"The Summary of Changes lists major changes from the previous edition. Changes include lessons learned.","rect":[89.98999786376953,354.4159851074219,515.3094434738159,345.29779052734377]},{"page":15,"text":"The  proponent  for  this  publication  is  the  US  Army  Training  and  Doctrine Command (TRADOC). The","rect":[89.98999786376953,372.12139892578127,539.9730501251221,363.0132141113281]},{"page":15,"text":"preparing agency is the US Army Infantry School. Send comments and recommendations by any means, US","rect":[89.98999786376953,383.82470703125,540.0427999420166,374.7165222167969]},{"page":15,"text":"mail, e-mail, fax, or telephone, using the format of DA Form 2028, Recommended Changes to Publications and","rect":[89.98999786376953,395.528076171875,540.0653591156006,386.4198913574219]},{"page":15,"text":"Blank Forms.","rect":[89.98999786376953,405.20745849609377,144.63910961151124,398.1233215332031]},{"page":15,"text":"  E-Mail","rect":[89.98999786376953,422.8626708984375,136.35185956573486,415.82861328125]},{"page":15,"text":"Office/Fax","rect":[107.99099731445313,440.6280517578125,151.50519371032716,433.53387451171877]},{"page":15,"text":"US Mail","rect":[107.99089813232422,452.3415222167969,142.2188639602661,445.2373352050781]},{"page":15,"text":"john.edmunds@conus.army.mil","rect":[234.00990295410157,424.9367980957031,362.10144757843019,415.818603515625]},{"page":15,"text":"(706) 544-6448/-6421 (DSN 834)","rect":[234.08819580078126,442.62200927734377,370.21358275985718,433.53387451171877]},{"page":15,"text":"Commander, Ranger Training Brigade","rect":[233.9919891357422,454.34552001953127,388.70434284973148,445.2373352050781]},{"page":15,"text":"ATTN: ATSH-RB/Edmunds","rect":[233.98629760742188,464.0348815917969,349.5041034202576,456.9407043457031]},{"page":15,"text":"10850 Schneider Rd, Bldg 5024","rect":[233.99229431152345,477.752197265625,363.2676296234131,468.6440124511719]},{"page":15,"text":"Ft Benning, GA 31905","rect":[233.99229431152345,489.4555969238281,326.0947780609131,480.347412109375]},{"page":15,"text":"Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns may refer to either men or women.","rect":[89.98999786376953,507.1609191894531,519.1807813644409,498.052734375]},{"page":15,"text":"Some or all of the uniforms shown in this manual were drawn without camouflage to improve the clarity of the","rect":[89.98999786376953,524.8663330078125,539.9350862579346,515.7581787109375]},{"page":15,"text":"illustration.","rect":[89.98999786376953,534.5455322265625,135.86211681365968,527.46142578125]},{"page":15,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0650024414063,146.00879125976562,747.4860229492188]},{"page":15,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.101318359375,754.0650024414063,329.0805075683594,747.4860229492188]},{"page":15,"text":"xiii","rect":[527.5529174804688,753.95703125,540.041306640625,747.5130615234375]},{"page":16,"text":"This page intentionally left blank. ","rect":[163.4399871826172,392.5619812011719,452.493501953125,375.69598388671877]},{"page":17,"text":"Summary of Changes","rect":[232.739990234375,90.4081802368164,397.21089222717287,75.3974380493164]},{"page":17,"text":"This  manual  provides  a  major  update  of  FM 7-93, Long-Range  Surveillance  Unit  Operations.  Most","rect":[90.0,108.0543212890625,540.0092539749146,98.93612670898438]},{"page":17,"text":"significantly, this edition--","rect":[89.9990005493164,119.75469970703125,196.69142699813845,110.64652252197266]},{"page":17,"text":"•  Introduces--","rect":[143.998779296875,129.4309844970703,202.13078857040407,122.34683990478516]},{"page":17,"text":"—Full-spectrum operations.","rect":[143.998779296875,143.1352996826172,257.02268505096438,134.04714965820313]},{"page":17,"text":"—Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) Task Force concept.","rect":[143.998779296875,154.85565185546876,448.51458263397219,145.74746704101563]},{"page":17,"text":"—BFSB staff elements that provide products and services in support of LRS operations.","rect":[143.998779296875,166.5360565185547,498.1841688156128,157.44790649414063]},{"page":17,"text":"—R&S squadron units and staff elements that provide products and services in support of LRS","rect":[143.998779296875,178.23631286621095,525.4157857818603,169.14816284179688]},{"page":17,"text":"operations.","rect":[154.7982940673828,189.93675231933595,199.1269941329956,180.84860229492188]},{"page":17,"text":"—Transformation High-Frequency Radio System (THFRS) as the interim replacement LRS team","rect":[143.998779296875,201.65704345703126,534.6536536178589,192.54885864257813]},{"page":17,"text":"and base station radio system.","rect":[154.7982940673828,213.35748291015626,274.76162242889407,204.24929809570313]},{"page":17,"text":"—Automatic link establishment (ALE) in beyond line-of-sight LRSU communications.","rect":[143.998779296875,225.05780029296876,494.43227672576907,215.94961547851563]},{"page":17,"text":"•  Details--","rect":[143.998779296875,234.73414611816407,189.8493249473572,227.64999389648438]},{"page":17,"text":"—The new Long-Range Surveillance Company (LRSC) organization organic to the","rect":[143.998779296875,248.45849609375,480.30199909973148,239.35031127929688]},{"page":17,"text":"Reconnaissance and Surveillance (R&S) Squadron of the Battlefield Surveillance Brigade","rect":[154.7982940673828,260.1588134765625,516.1094636993408,251.05062866210938]},{"page":17,"text":"(BFSB).","rect":[154.7982940673828,271.8392028808594,188.50957775115968,262.7510681152344]},{"page":17,"text":"—The deliberate planning methodology in context with the BFSB and R&S squadron","rect":[143.998779296875,283.5596008300781,488.2047634124756,274.451416015625]},{"page":17,"text":"organizations.","rect":[154.7982940673828,295.260009765625,211.37946605682374,286.1518249511719]},{"page":17,"text":"—The requirements for the next generation of LRSU base radio stations.","rect":[143.998779296875,306.9602966308594,436.35695934295657,297.85211181640627]},{"page":17,"text":"• Updates the chapters on—","rect":[143.998779296875,318.6406555175781,260.9761772155762,309.5525207519531]},{"page":17,"text":"—Intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB, Chapter 7).","rect":[143.998779296875,330.3609924316406,390.8739881515503,321.2528076171875]},{"page":17,"text":"—Evasion and recovery (E&R, Chapter 8).","rect":[143.998779296875,342.0614013671875,318.5074415206909,332.9532165527344]},{"page":17,"text":"• Updates the chapters on—","rect":[143.998779296875,353.74163818359377,260.9761772155762,344.65350341796877]},{"page":17,"text":"—Intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB, Chapter 7).","rect":[143.998779296875,365.4620666503906,390.8739881515503,356.3538818359375]},{"page":17,"text":"—Evasion and recovery (E&R, Chapter 8).","rect":[143.998779296875,377.16241455078127,318.5074415206909,368.0542297363281]},{"page":17,"text":"• Adds sections or paragraphs on—","rect":[143.998779296875,388.86279296875,290.9623832702637,379.7546081542969]},{"page":17,"text":"—Combat assessment (Chapter 4, Section IV).","rect":[143.998779296875,400.54302978515627,332.6811475753784,391.45489501953127]},{"page":17,"text":"—Target acquisition (Chapter 4, Section V).","rect":[143.998779296875,412.2635192871094,323.44317150115969,403.15533447265627]},{"page":17,"text":"—Urban operations (Chapter 6, Section VII).","rect":[143.998779296875,423.94384765625,326.9489393234253,414.855712890625]},{"page":17,"text":"—Stability operations (Chapter 4, Section VIII).","rect":[143.998779296875,435.6642150878906,339.01702404022219,426.5560302734375]},{"page":17,"text":"—Collection and transmission of imagery, to include digital photos (Chapter 4, Section VII).","rect":[143.998779296875,447.3645935058594,517.7759351730347,438.25640869140627]},{"page":17,"text":"—Special missions (Chapter 4, Section IX).","rect":[143.998779296875,459.04486083984377,321.0463819503784,449.95672607421877]},{"page":17,"text":"—Vehicle infiltration and exfiltration (Chapter 5, Section III).","rect":[143.998779296875,470.7452697753906,394.2061719894409,461.6571350097656]},{"page":17,"text":"—Multiple LRS team and LRS detachment tactical operations (Chapter 4, Section III).","rect":[143.998779296875,482.445556640625,492.9112501144409,473.357421875]},{"page":17,"text":"• Adds appendixes on—","rect":[143.998779296875,494.1459655761719,246.34016036987306,485.0578308105469]},{"page":17,"text":"—Planning area facilities and sites.","rect":[143.998779296875,505.8663024902344,286.4785108566284,496.75811767578127]},{"page":17,"text":"—Army aviation coordination.","rect":[143.998779296875,517.5667114257813,268.66656017303469,508.4585266113281]},{"page":17,"text":"•  Expands—","rect":[143.998779296875,529.2470092773438,199.41738510131837,520.1588745117188]},{"page":17,"text":"—The appendix on personnel recruitment, assessment, and selection procedures.","rect":[143.998779296875,540.9473876953125,468.8277540206909,531.8592529296875]},{"page":17,"text":"—The explanations and examples of briefings that LRS teams may have to perform to gain","rect":[143.998779296875,552.6677856445313,510.54262351989748,543.5596313476563]},{"page":17,"text":"approval for mission execution.","rect":[154.7982940673828,564.3480834960938,281.8682813644409,555.2599487304688]},{"page":17,"text":"—The purpose, contents and format for a LRSU mission planning folder (MPF), including the","rect":[143.998779296875,576.0684814453125,523.6034822540283,566.9603271484375]},{"page":17,"text":"target folder.","rect":[154.7982940673828,587.768798828125,206.6507978439331,578.66064453125]},{"page":17,"text":"—The appendix on LRS team contingency planning.","rect":[143.998779296875,599.4691772460938,356.8134412765503,590.3610229492188]},{"page":17,"text":"—The section on message formats.","rect":[143.998779296875,611.1694946289063,285.85329723358157,602.0613403320313]},{"page":17,"text":"• Deletes all references to \"isolation\" or \"isolation facility (ISOFAC)\" and replaces these terms","rect":[143.998779296875,622.869873046875,528.5824115257263,613.76171875]},{"page":17,"text":"with \"planning\" and \"planning facility.\" Isolation and ISOFAC are special operations forces","rect":[154.7982940673828,634.5701904296875,524.1210467796326,625.4620361328125]},{"page":17,"text":"terms and are not used by LRSU.","rect":[154.7982940673828,646.2705688476563,288.2414197921753,637.1624145507813]},{"page":17,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0676879882813,145.98858862304687,747.4887084960938]},{"page":17,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[309.7145080566406,754.0676879882813,355.67370825195317,747.4887084960938]},{"page":17,"text":"xv","rect":[530.2579345703125,753.959716796875,540.2488120117188,749.2886962890625]},{"page":18,"text":"This page intentionally left blank. ","rect":[163.4399871826172,392.5619812011719,452.493501953125,375.69598388671877]},{"page":19,"text":"Chapter 1","rect":[287.3399963378906,85.87195587158203,342.6683989257813,74.7839584350586]},{"page":19,"text":"Full-Spectrum Operations","rect":[216.72000122070313,110.29995727539063,413.2229466705322,95.49747467041016]},{"page":19,"text":"Section  I  of  this chapter discusses full-spectrum  operations  as  a  basis  for","rect":[126.0,129.17877197265626,503.95962353897098,119.21990966796875]},{"page":19,"text":"understanding the role of Infantry reconnaissance and surveillance (R&S) units in the","rect":[126.0,141.92100524902345,503.9814430389404,131.940185546875]},{"page":19,"text":"modular force. Section II defines and discusses those units. It also overviews Infantry","rect":[126.0,154.6414031982422,503.8634738922119,144.66058349609376]},{"page":19,"text":"surveillance and reconnaissance units, details LRSU organizations and missions, and","rect":[126.0,167.36167907714845,504.04331398010256,157.380859375]},{"page":19,"text":"introduces R&S terms and concepts. Section  III  introduces  the  discussion  of  the","rect":[126.0,180.06005859375,504.0010963592529,170.1011962890625]},{"page":19,"text":"long-range","rect":[126.0,192.8024139404297,173.65429460144044,182.82159423828126]},{"page":19,"text":"surveillance ","rect":[182.3043975830078,190.58445739746095,238.22333240509034,182.82159423828126]},{"page":19,"text":"company ","rect":[244.05810546875,192.8024139404297,287.13486194610598,184.0]},{"page":19,"text":"(LRSC) ","rect":[292.9696350097656,192.78045654296876,330.54758167266848,182.82159423828126]},{"page":19,"text":"that ","rect":[336.3823547363281,191.0,355.6368761062622,182.82159423828126]},{"page":19,"text":"will ","rect":[361.4716491699219,191.0,381.3410692214966,182.82159423828126]},{"page":19,"text":"continue ","rect":[387.17584228515627,191.0,427.81503772735598,182.82159423828126]},{"page":19,"text":"throughout ","rect":[433.6498107910156,192.8024139404297,484.68488025665286,182.82159423828126]},{"page":19,"text":"the","rect":[490.5196533203125,191.0,503.9569984588623,182.82159423828126]},{"page":19,"text":"remainder of the book. It also provides an example of how long-range surveillance","rect":[126.0,205.52268981933595,503.9104591522217,195.5418701171875]},{"page":19,"text":"units (LRSU) have been successfully used in stability operations.","rect":[126.0,218.24302673339845,413.1425828933716,208.26220703125]},{"page":19,"text":"The term \"long-range surveillance unit\" (LRSU) includes all LRSC and subordinate","rect":[126.0,236.96275329589845,504.0205665740967,226.98193359375]},{"page":19,"text":"LRSD units, unless otherwise stated. The tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP)","rect":[126.0,249.6611328125,504.0309736366272,239.7022705078125]},{"page":19,"text":"in this manual  are  also  useful  to  all  US Army  R&S  units,  to  include  Ranger","rect":[126.0,262.4034729003906,503.9435712928772,252.42266845703126]},{"page":19,"text":"reconnaissance","rect":[126.0,272.9057922363281,192.53332292175294,265.1429443359375]},{"page":19,"text":"units,","rect":[198.419189453125,273.0,222.54773426055909,265.1429443359375]},{"page":19,"text":"Pathfinder  companies,  BCT  scout  platoons,  reconnaissance","rect":[228.4333038330078,275.101806640625,503.9796730194092,265.1429443359375]},{"page":19,"text":"squadrons and troops, and special operations units. ","rect":[126.0,287.8221130371094,352.58441638946536,277.8632507324219]},{"page":19,"text":"Many of the subjects covered in this manual are common to all Infantry surveillance","rect":[126.0,306.5638732910156,504.0044532928467,296.57208251953127]},{"page":19,"text":"and reconnaissance units and should be a ready and useful reference.","rect":[126.0,319.2842712402344,428.80414295196536,309.303466796875]},{"page":19,"text":"Section I. TYPES AND COMBINATIONS OF ARMY OPERATIONS","rect":[80.63999938964844,340.5240173339844,444.55179052734379,331.6440124511719]},{"page":19,"text":"Full-spectrum operations involve the simultaneous conduct of any combination of the four types of Army","rect":[90.0,364.0142822265625,540.0050563812256,354.9060974121094]},{"page":19,"text":"operations, offensive, defensive, stability,  and civil  support,  across  the  spectrum  of  conflict.  Two  critical","rect":[90.0,375.714599609375,540.0282969436646,366.6064147949219]},{"page":19,"text":"components of each are the commander’s understanding of the enemy and the operational environment (OE).","rect":[90.00199890136719,387.41497802734377,539.9392652511597,378.3067932128906]},{"page":19,"text":"Therefore, this section discusses how the commander can combine the types of Army operations based on the","rect":[90.00199890136719,399.11541748046877,540.0328035430908,390.0072326660156]},{"page":19,"text":"area of operations (AO). The mission dictates which type predominates. Finally, because Infantry R&S units","rect":[90.00199890136719,410.8157043457031,540.0694110374451,401.70751953125]},{"page":19,"text":"are integral parts  of  the  intelligence  warfighting  function  (WFF),  this  section  discusses  how  they  directly","rect":[90.00199890136719,422.5160827636719,540.0598049163818,413.40789794921877]},{"page":19,"text":"support the commander’s understanding of the enemy. (See FM 3-0 for more information about the four types","rect":[90.00199890136719,434.2164306640625,539.9422137718201,425.1082458496094]},{"page":19,"text":"of Army operations.) ","rect":[90.00199890136719,445.91680908203127,176.91541576385499,436.8086242675781]},{"page":19,"text":"FOUR TYPES OF ARMY OPERATIONS","rect":[90.0,465.62969970703127,343.64473643493656,455.95556640625]},{"page":19,"text":"1-1.","rect":[108.0,483.8399963378906,123.94582653045655,477.06646728515627]},{"page":19,"text":"This paragraph defines each type of Army operation and its relationship to the others in full-","rect":[143.99989318847657,485.9942932128906,539.9739892539978,476.8861083984375]},{"page":19,"text":"spectrum operations. The mission dictates which type predominates:","rect":[108.0,497.6947021484375,382.35935163116457,488.5865173339844]},{"page":19,"text":"OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS","rect":[90.0,515.4479370117188,213.2408046722412,507.1559143066406]},{"page":19,"text":"1-2.","rect":[108.0,533.280029296875,123.94582653045655,526.5065307617188]},{"page":19,"text":"These  operations carry  the  fight  to  the  enemy  by  closing with and  destroying  enemy  forces,","rect":[143.99989318847657,535.434326171875,540.0021314620972,526.326171875]},{"page":19,"text":"seizing territory and vital resources, and imposing the commander’s will on the enemy. To do this, the","rect":[108.0009994506836,547.1345825195313,539.9899568634033,538.0264282226563]},{"page":19,"text":"commander focuses on seizing, retaining, and exploiting the initiative.","rect":[108.0009994506836,558.8349609375,390.1706495285034,549.726806640625]},{"page":19,"text":"DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS","rect":[90.0,576.5880126953125,213.00079917907716,568.2959594726563]},{"page":19,"text":"1-3.","rect":[108.0,594.5302124023438,123.94582653045655,587.646484375]},{"page":19,"text":"These operations counter enemy offensive operations. They defeat attacks, destroying as many","rect":[143.99989318847657,596.5742797851563,540.0721340179443,587.4661254882813]},{"page":19,"text":"attackers  as  necessary.  They  control  land,  resources,  and  populations.  They  also  retain  terrain, guard","rect":[108.0,608.274658203125,539.9786281585693,599.16650390625]},{"page":19,"text":"populations, and protect key resources.","rect":[108.0,619.9749755859375,264.7112989425659,610.8668212890625]},{"page":19,"text":"STABILITY OPERATIONS","rect":[90.0,637.739990234375,209.88895225524903,629.4359741210938]},{"page":19,"text":"1-4.","rect":[108.0,655.5599365234375,123.94582653045655,648.7864379882813]},{"page":19,"text":"These  operations sustain  or  establish  civil  security  and  control over areas, populations, and","rect":[143.99989318847657,657.7142333984375,540.0757961273193,648.6060791015625]},{"page":19,"text":"resources. They use military capabilities to reconstruct or restore essential services and governance, and","rect":[108.0,669.4146118164063,540.0153713226318,660.3064575195313]},{"page":19,"text":"they support civilian agencies. Stability operations include both coercive and cooperative actions. They can","rect":[108.0,681.1148681640625,540.0263576507568,672.0067138671875]},{"page":19,"text":"occur before, during, or after offensive and defensive operations, or they may occur separately, usually at","rect":[108.0,692.8153076171875,540.0527720413209,683.7071533203125]},{"page":19,"text":"the low end  of  the  spectrum  of  conflict.  Stability  operations  lead  to  an  environment  in  which,  in","rect":[108.0,704.515625,540.0549831390381,695.407470703125]},{"page":19,"text":"cooperation with a legitimate government, the other instruments of national power can predominate.","rect":[108.0,716.2160034179688,510.0158338546753,707.1078491210938]},{"page":19,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0676879882813,145.9904044189453,747.4887084960938]},{"page":19,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0676879882813,329.03369360351567,747.4887084960938]},{"page":19,"text":"1-1","rect":[527.0773315429688,753.959716796875,540.0481284179688,747.4887084960938]},{"page":20,"text":"Chapter 1","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":20,"text":"CIVIL SUPPORT OPERATIONS","rect":[72.0,83.64002227783203,216.18895530700685,75.33602142333985]},{"page":20,"text":"1-5.","rect":[90.0,101.57024383544922,105.94582653045655,94.6865005493164]},{"page":20,"text":"These operations  are  conducted  within  the  United  States  and  its  territories.  They  address  the","rect":[125.9999008178711,103.61431884765625,522.0103426055908,94.50614166259766]},{"page":20,"text":"consequences  of  man-made  or  natural  accidents  and  incidents  beyond  the  capabilities  of  civilian","rect":[90.0,115.314697265625,522.1074733734131,106.2065200805664]},{"page":20,"text":"authorities, or  in  support  of  homeland  security.  Homeland  security  provides  the  nation  with  strategic","rect":[90.0,127.0150146484375,522.0534944610596,117.9068374633789]},{"page":20,"text":"flexibility by protecting its citizens and infrastructure from conventional and unconventional threats. It has","rect":[90.0,138.71533203125,521.9911639671326,129.60714721679688]},{"page":20,"text":"two  components.  The  first  is homeland  defense. If  the United States comes under direct attack, or is","rect":[90.0,150.4156494140625,522.0158832054138,141.30746459960938]},{"page":20,"text":"threatened by hostile armed forces, Army forces under joint command conduct offensive and defensive","rect":[90.0,162.1160888671875,521.9390535430908,152.99789428710938]},{"page":20,"text":"operations to defend the homeland. The other is civil support, which is the fourth type of Army operation.","rect":[90.0,173.81634521484376,521.9715528488159,164.70816040039063]},{"page":20,"text":"Civil support operations take the following forms:","rect":[90.0,185.51678466796876,291.2103648147583,176.40859985351563]},{"page":20,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,201.0,129.50690097808838,197.0]},{"page":20,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,218.0,129.50690097808838,215.0]},{"page":20,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,236.0,129.50690097808838,232.0]},{"page":20,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,254.0,129.50690097808838,250.0]},{"page":20,"text":"Support to civil authorities.","rect":[136.82640075683595,203.19700622558595,246.54040050506593,194.10885620117188]},{"page":20,"text":"Support to civil law enforcement.","rect":[136.7982940673828,220.89732360839845,271.28631114959719,211.80917358398438]},{"page":20,"text":"Protection of military and civilian critical assets.","rect":[136.81739807128907,238.6177978515625,331.2642469406128,229.50961303710938]},{"page":20,"text":"Response and recovery.","rect":[136.798583984375,256.318115234375,232.43439769744874,247.20993041992188]},{"page":20,"text":"COMBINATIONS BASED ON AREA OF OPERATIONS","rect":[72.0,274.0680236816406,315.96893882751467,265.7760314941406]},{"page":20,"text":"1-6.","rect":[90.0,292.0102233886719,105.94582653045655,285.12646484375]},{"page":20,"text":"The four types of Army operations are combined in full-spectrum operations, depending on the","rect":[125.9999008178711,294.0542907714844,521.9583406524658,284.94610595703127]},{"page":20,"text":"area of operations (AO):","rect":[90.0,305.7346496582031,188.46626996612549,296.6465148925781]},{"page":20,"text":"JOINT CAMPAIGNS ABROAD","rect":[72.0,323.50799560546877,210.061936378479,315.21600341796877]},{"page":20,"text":"•  Offensive.","rect":[126.0,341.48028564453127,178.91157054901124,334.3861083984375]},{"page":20,"text":"•  Defensive.","rect":[126.0,359.1705627441406,179.99854564666749,352.08642578125]},{"page":20,"text":"•  Stability.","rect":[126.0,378.8949890136719,173.20301342010499,369.78680419921877]},{"page":20,"text":"HOMELAND SECURITY","rect":[72.0,396.6600036621094,183.48126316070558,388.35601806640627]},{"page":20,"text":"•  Offensive.","rect":[126.0,414.62030029296877,178.91157054901124,407.526123046875]},{"page":20,"text":"•  Defensive.","rect":[126.0,432.310546875,179.99854564666749,425.2264099121094]},{"page":20,"text":"•  Civil support.","rect":[126.0,452.0149230957031,191.99000072479249,442.9267883300781]},{"page":20,"text":"INTELLIGENCE","rect":[72.0,471.74969482421877,179.82774197006226,462.0615539550781]},{"page":20,"text":"1-7.","rect":[90.0,490.0902404785156,105.94582653045655,483.18646240234377]},{"page":20,"text":"Key  to  fighting  the  Army’s  modular  organizations  in full-spectrum operations is moving to","rect":[125.9999008178711,492.1142883300781,522.0030422210693,483.006103515625]},{"page":20,"text":"positions of advantage and acting before the enemy can respond. Essential to this operational concept is","rect":[90.0,503.814697265625,522.0410296897888,494.7065124511719]},{"page":20,"text":"timely,  relevant,  and  accurate  intelligence.  Infantry R&S units are organized, trained and equipped to","rect":[90.0,515.5150146484375,522.0714626312256,506.4068298339844]},{"page":20,"text":"provide  the  critical  and  timely  information  needed  by  the  commander  and  his  staff  in  order  to","rect":[90.0,527.2154541015625,522.0361843109131,518.1072998046875]},{"page":20,"text":"develop intelligence.","rect":[90.0,538.9157104492188,173.54871654510499,529.8075561523438]},{"page":20,"text":"Section II. INFANTRY RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE UNITS","rect":[62.63999938964844,560.1838989257813,465.6034873046875,551.3038940429688]},{"page":20,"text":"Infantry R&S units primarily collect combat information. However, these units also have organic equipment,","rect":[72.0,583.6741943359375,521.9960279464722,574.5660400390625]},{"page":20,"text":"such  as  small-unmanned  aircraft  systems  (UASs),  long-range  advanced  scout  surveillance  system  (LRAS3),","rect":[72.0,595.3745727539063,522.0483350753784,586.2664184570313]},{"page":20,"text":"low-light  amplification  systems,  and  digital  cameras--that  greatly  assist  in  collecting  information. The","rect":[72.0,607.0748901367188,522.1143465118408,597.9667358398438]},{"page":20,"text":"information  these  and  other  systems collect  can  be  enhanced,  compressed,  and  sent  immediately  to the","rect":[72.0,618.7752685546875,522.0107698516846,609.6671142578125]},{"page":20,"text":"commander or intelligence section of the supported unit. This section defines the characteristics, missions, and","rect":[71.9990005493164,630.4755859375,522.0806789398193,621.367431640625]},{"page":20,"text":"organizations of Infantry R&S units.","rect":[71.9990005493164,642.176025390625,218.94399547576905,633.06787109375]},{"page":20,"text":"CHARACTERISTICS","rect":[72.0,661.8897094726563,207.82967295837404,652.2155151367188]},{"page":20,"text":"1-8.","rect":[90.0,680.2101440429688,105.94582653045655,673.326416015625]},{"page":20,"text":"Infantry R&S units share many characteristics, capabilities, limitations, organizational structures,","rect":[125.9999008178711,682.2542114257813,522.1758375167847,673.1460571289063]},{"page":20,"text":"and  missions.  Each  unit  is  organized  and  equipped  to  address  the  specific  information  needs  of the","rect":[90.0,693.9544677734375,522.0598421173096,684.8463134765625]},{"page":20,"text":"commander. These units are typically lightly armed, operate in squad size or smaller, and are foot mobile,","rect":[90.0,705.6549072265625,522.1267652511597,696.5467529296875]},{"page":20,"text":"1-2","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":20,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":20,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":21,"text":"Full-Spectrum Operations","rect":[429.41998291015627,46.404014587402347,540.0224326171875,38.0880126953125]},{"page":21,"text":"but can conduct mobile reconnaissance. Their leaders and Soldiers must have special qualifications such as","rect":[108.0,83.55424499511719,539.9765765647888,74.46610260009766]},{"page":21,"text":"Airborne, Ranger, military diver, military freefall, or Pathfinder.","rect":[108.0,95.27471923828125,366.40346813201907,86.16654205322266]},{"page":21,"text":"MISSIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS","rect":[90.0,114.98966979980469,315.96568980407718,105.30152893066406]},{"page":21,"text":"1-9.","rect":[108.0,133.3302764892578,123.94582653045655,126.4264907836914]},{"page":21,"text":"Infantry R&S unit operations directly contribute to the collection of intelligence at the tactical,","rect":[143.99989318847657,135.35430908203126,540.1028394699097,126.24613189697266]},{"page":21,"text":"operational,  and  strategic  levels  of  war.  The  information these units gather is critical to successful","rect":[108.0,147.0546875,540.1031870803834,137.94650268554688]},{"page":21,"text":"operations by combined arms, joint and multinational commanders, and units. ","rect":[108.0,158.7550048828125,422.91884899139407,149.63681030273438]},{"page":21,"text":"UNIT TYPES","rect":[90.0,176.52001953125,150.0338191986084,168.39602661132813]},{"page":21,"text":"1-10. Each of these six types of Infantry surveillance and reconnaissance units has a doctrinal manual","rect":[108.0,196.49432373046876,539.9877695999146,187.38613891601563]},{"page":21,"text":"that covers its missions, organizations, and equipment:","rect":[108.0,208.1947021484375,327.43942975616457,199.08651733398438]},{"page":21,"text":"Scout Platoons organic to Infantry battalions of an Infantry brigade combat team (IBCT).","rect":[143.99989318847657,225.95513916015626,504.16045665740969,216.84695434570313]},{"page":21,"text":"Infantry Reconnaissance Companies organic to reconnaissance squadrons of IBCTs.","rect":[143.99989318847657,243.7154541015625,488.84878063201907,234.60726928710938]},{"page":21,"text":"Ranger Scout Platoons organic to Ranger battalions of the 75th Ranger Regiment.","rect":[143.99989318847657,261.47503662109377,476.70830821990969,252.36685180664063]},{"page":21,"text":"Ranger Reconnaissance Company organic to the 75th Ranger Regiment.","rect":[143.99989318847657,279.2353515625,439.6176404953003,270.1271667480469]},{"page":21,"text":"Pathfinder Companies organic to combat aviation brigades medium (CAB(M)).","rect":[143.99989318847657,296.99591064453127,466.68902111053469,287.8877258300781]},{"page":21,"text":"LRS  Companies  organic  to  R&S  squadrons  of  battlefield  surveillance  brigades  (BFSB).","rect":[143.99989318847657,314.7564392089844,515.7660474777222,305.64825439453127]},{"page":21,"text":"LRSC has three LRSDs.","rect":[154.7993927001953,324.44268798828127,252.83709239959718,317.3485107421875]},{"page":21,"text":"Each","rect":[520.02099609375,312.7323913574219,540.0329494476318,305.64825439453127]},{"page":21,"text":"SCOUT PLATOONS AND INFANTRY RECONNAISSANCE COMPANIES","rect":[90.0,344.2200012207031,411.57465171813967,335.916015625]},{"page":21,"text":"1-11. Scout platoons and Infantry reconnaissance companies collect tactical combat information for","rect":[108.0,364.1943054199219,540.0408837852478,355.08612060546877]},{"page":21,"text":"Infantry battalions and IBCTs. For detailed mission, capabilities, and organizations of these units, see FM","rect":[108.0,375.8946838378906,540.1384932975769,366.7864990234375]},{"page":21,"text":"3-21.20 and FM 7-92. These units can conduct the following missions:","rect":[108.0,387.5950012207031,392.4669566116333,378.48681640625]},{"page":21,"text":"• Conduct zone, area, and route reconnaissance.","rect":[143.99989318847657,403.28131103515627,340.5428113937378,396.1871337890625]},{"page":21,"text":"•  Screen.","rect":[143.99989318847657,420.981689453125,184.6029462814331,414.057861328125]},{"page":21,"text":"•  Conduct surveillance.","rect":[143.99989318847657,438.6820068359375,242.24645519256593,431.58782958984377]},{"page":21,"text":"• Conduct linkup and liaison.","rect":[143.99989318847657,458.3762512207031,265.80230236053469,449.2881164550781]},{"page":21,"text":"• Guide maneuver forces.","rect":[143.99989318847657,474.08270263671877,250.89992809295655,466.988525390625]},{"page":21,"text":"• Detect, survey, and monitor chemicals and radiation.","rect":[143.99989318847657,493.7970275878906,366.6525831222534,484.6888427734375]},{"page":21,"text":"RANGER SCOUT PLATOONS AND THE RANGER RECONNAISSANCE COMPANY","rect":[90.0,511.5599060058594,462.65998935699465,503.25592041015627]},{"page":21,"text":"1-12. These are special operations force (SOF) units. They primarily collect information for their parent","rect":[108.0,531.5341796875,540.1399912796021,522.426025390625]},{"page":21,"text":"units. For missions, capabilities, and organizations of Ranger scout platoons and the Ranger reconnaissance","rect":[108.0,543.234619140625,540.0032625274658,534.12646484375]},{"page":21,"text":"company, see FM 7-85.","rect":[108.0,554.9349365234375,202.98028087615968,546.0071411132813]},{"page":21,"text":"PATHFINDER COMPANY","rect":[90.0,572.6879272460938,207.840012550354,564.3958740234375]},{"page":21,"text":"1-13. The Pathfinder company's primary mission is to provide navigational aid and advisory services to","rect":[108.0,592.6741943359375,540.0446681976318,583.5660400390625]},{"page":21,"text":"military aircraft in areas designated by the supported unit commander. Inherent in this mission is the ability","rect":[108.0,604.3745727539063,540.0478420257568,595.2664184570313]},{"page":21,"text":"to conduct R&S of these areas, and to report tactical combat information to the supported unit commander.","rect":[108.0,616.0548706054688,540.0018262863159,606.9667358398438]},{"page":21,"text":"After the R&S mission, the primary mission of the Pathfinder can be conducted. Pathfinder companies can","rect":[108.0,627.7752685546875,540.0081691741943,618.6671142578125]},{"page":21,"text":"also conduct R&S as a stand-alone mission. This mission supports the intelligence WFF needs of both","rect":[108.0,639.4755859375,540.0219631195068,630.367431640625]},{"page":21,"text":"operational and tactical level commanders. For  detailed  missions,  capabilities,  and  organizations  of ","rect":[108.0,651.176025390625,542.6477003097534,642.06787109375]},{"page":21,"text":"Pathfinder companies, see FM 3-21.38.","rect":[108.0,662.8562622070313,266.03069591522219,653.7681274414063]},{"page":21,"text":"Section III. LONG-RANGE SURVEILLANCE COMPANY","rect":[80.63999938964844,684.1438598632813,387.23282080078129,675.2638549804688]},{"page":21,"text":" The LRSC serve the intelligence WFF needs of both operational and tactical level commanders. ","rect":[90.0,707.6342163085938,479.9652967453003,698.5260620117188]},{"page":21,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":21,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":21,"text":"1-3","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":22,"text":"Chapter 1","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":22,"text":"PRIMARY MISSIONS","rect":[72.0,85.58970642089844,211.4323035736084,75.91554260253906]},{"page":22,"text":"1-14. LRSCs perform the following four primary missions:","rect":[90.0,105.95428466796875,339.76914167022707,96.84610748291016]},{"page":22,"text":"•  Surveillance.","rect":[125.9999008178711,121.64058685302735,189.45205211639405,114.54642486572266]},{"page":22,"text":"• Zone and area reconnaissance.","rect":[125.9999008178711,139.33094787597657,259.45009899139407,132.24679565429688]},{"page":22,"text":"•  Target acquisition.","rect":[125.9999008178711,159.0552978515625,211.9783582687378,149.94711303710938]},{"page":22,"text":"•  Target interdiction.","rect":[125.9999008178711,176.755615234375,214.24518871307374,167.64743041992188]},{"page":22,"text":"1-15. Combat assessment, and its subcomponent battle damage assessment, is not a stand-alone LRSU","rect":[90.0,194.45599365234376,522.0019574203491,185.34780883789063]},{"page":22,"text":"mission. It is an inherent capability in all LRSU missions (Chapter 4, Section IV).","rect":[89.9990005493164,206.15625,419.08071422576907,197.04611206054688]},{"page":22,"text":"SECONDARY MISSIONS","rect":[72.0,225.86973571777345,232.37715830993654,216.19557189941407]},{"page":22,"text":"1-16. In addition to these primary missions, LRSU can perform the following secondary missions, given","rect":[90.0,246.2342529296875,522.1241970062256,237.12606811523438]},{"page":22,"text":"time, training resources, additional personnel and equipment:","rect":[90.0,257.93463134765627,335.6687388381958,248.82644653320313]},{"page":22,"text":"•  Route reconnaissance.","rect":[125.9999008178711,273.6109619140625,226.5027265548706,266.5268249511719]},{"page":22,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,291.0,129.50690097808838,287.0]},{"page":22,"text":"• ","rect":[125.9999008178711,308.0,131.98379039764405,303.0]},{"page":22,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,326.0,129.50690097808838,323.0]},{"page":22,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,344.0,129.50690097808838,340.0]},{"page":22,"text":"Emplacement and recovery of sensors.","rect":[136.8323974609375,293.3352966308594,291.82729625701907,284.22711181640627]},{"page":22,"text":"Pathfinder operations.","rect":[136.79840087890626,311.0155334472656,225.4847822189331,301.9273986816406]},{"page":22,"text":"Personnel recovery (PR) and combat search and rescue (CSAR).","rect":[136.80050659179688,328.7359924316406,395.73781871795657,319.6278076171875]},{"page":22,"text":"Chemical detection and radiological surveillance and monitoring operations.","rect":[136.81739807128907,346.436279296875,443.6964063644409,337.3280944824219]},{"page":22,"text":"Note: Providing security for other units  is  outside  the  range  of  a  doctrinal  or","rect":[125.9999008178711,369.8960876464844,503.98738647079468,360.78790283203127]},{"page":22,"text":"organizationally supported LRSU mission. LRS teams are lightly armed and lack organic","rect":[126.0,381.59429931640627,503.97726155090336,372.4861145019531]},{"page":22,"text":"automatic weapons necessary for defense and escort missions. In addition, LRS teams are","rect":[126.0,393.2947082519531,504.01644612121586,384.1865234375]},{"page":22,"text":"limited-in-number and should only be used for the stated purpose of  combat","rect":[126.0,404.9949951171875,504.02027082061769,395.8868103027344]},{"page":22,"text":"information-gathering.","rect":[126.0,416.6954345703125,217.07618236541749,407.5872497558594]},{"page":22,"text":"COMPARISON TO SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES","rect":[72.0,442.10968017578127,412.59191050720218,432.435546875]},{"page":22,"text":"1-17. LRSU are not SOF, although they share many of the same tactics, techniques, procedures, terms,","rect":[90.0,462.47430419921877,522.0062208175659,453.3661193847656]},{"page":22,"text":"equipment, and organizational structure. Similarly, scouts and cavalry units are not LRSU but also share","rect":[90.0,474.1746826171875,522.0491609649658,465.0664978027344]},{"page":22,"text":"many TTPs and equipment. The clearest distinction between these units is who they work for and where","rect":[90.0,485.8749694824219,521.9881868438721,476.76678466796877]},{"page":22,"text":"they operate on the battlefield:","rect":[90.0,497.5754089355469,212.54375409698486,488.46722412109377]},{"page":22,"text":"Strategic Level--SOF, including Army Special Forces, when assigned a special reconnaissance","rect":[125.9999008178711,515.3358154296875,506.97762776184086,506.2276306152344]},{"page":22,"text":"mission, generally operate at the strategic level.","rect":[136.7993927001953,527.0361938476563,327.62102794647219,517.9280395507813]},{"page":22,"text":"Operational Level--LRSU generally operate at the operational level.","rect":[125.9999008178711,544.7965698242188,401.1180067062378,535.6884155273438]},{"page":22,"text":"Tactical Level--Scouts and cavalry units generally operate at the tactical level.","rect":[125.9999008178711,562.55712890625,440.7391004562378,553.448974609375]},{"page":22,"text":"ORGANIZATION","rect":[72.0,582.2697143554688,184.49984018707276,572.58154296875]},{"page":22,"text":"1-18. The  LRSC  has  one  organizational  structure.  The  total  active  force  structure  will consist of ","rect":[90.0,602.6341552734375,524.5779981613159,593.5260009765625]},{"page":22,"text":"six LRS companies with 90 LRS teams. The reserve component also has six LRSC with 90 LRS teams","rect":[90.0,614.3145751953125,521.9524066429138,605.2264404296875]},{"page":22,"text":"(Figure 1-1). ","rect":[90.0,626.034912109375,143.89660167694093,616.9267578125]},{"page":22,"text":"1-4","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":22,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":22,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":23,"text":"Full-Spectrum Operations","rect":[429.41998291015627,46.404014587402347,540.0224326171875,38.0880126953125]},{"page":23,"text":"Figure 1-1. Organization of long-range surveillance company.","rect":[183.95999145507813,273.0210266113281,445.96907153320316,264.5880126953125]},{"page":23,"text":"SUSTAINMENT","rect":[90.0,292.7696838378906,192.4593948020935,283.0955505371094]},{"page":23,"text":"1-19. Sustainment for the LRSC is provided by the BFSB brigade support company (BSC). The LRSC","rect":[108.0,313.1343078613281,539.9525053443908,304.026123046875]},{"page":23,"text":"depends on additional outside support for parachute rigging, and on aircraft for insertion and extraction","rect":[108.0,324.8346862792969,540.0507106781006,315.72650146484377]},{"page":23,"text":"operations.","rect":[108.0,336.5149230957031,152.32868480682374,327.4267883300781]},{"page":23,"text":"SUBORDINATE ORGANIZATIONS AND KEY PERSONNEL","rect":[90.0,356.24969482421877,472.4398635520935,346.5615539550781]},{"page":23,"text":"1-20. The LRSC is not a designed modular unit. However, it shares many of the characteristics of a","rect":[108.0,376.6142883300781,539.9663972930908,367.506103515625]},{"page":23,"text":"modular unit. When supplemented with additional medical, fires, communications, rigging, logistics, and","rect":[108.0,388.314697265625,540.0333156585693,379.2065124511719]},{"page":23,"text":"operations planning support, the LRSC or a LRSD can be deployed and employed as a separate unit.","rect":[108.0,400.0149841308594,511.61672496795657,390.90679931640627]},{"page":23,"text":"HEADQUARTERS SECTION","rect":[90.0,419.306396484375,218.36172580718995,409.47601318359377]},{"page":23,"text":"1-21. The headquarters section serves both a planning and logistics role for the LRSC. Due to the","rect":[108.0,437.7543029785156,540.0281648712158,428.6461181640625]},{"page":23,"text":"austere nature of the headquarters section, the LRSC relies heavily on other organizations, such as the R&S","rect":[108.0,449.4546813964844,540.0769185943603,440.34649658203127]},{"page":23,"text":"squadron, the BFSB S-2  and  S-3  (for  LRS  team  mission  planning  and  execution),  and  general","rect":[108.0,461.1549987792969,540.0985484085084,452.04681396484377]},{"page":23,"text":"logistics support. The section is composed of--","rect":[108.0,472.85540771484377,295.54582763290406,463.7472229003906]},{"page":23,"text":"Commander","rect":[90.0,489.63372802734377,149.1532417449951,482.0465393066406]},{"page":23,"text":"1-22. The LRSC headquarters section is led by the company commander. The LRSC commander is an","rect":[108.0,509.4541931152344,540.0450344085693,500.34600830078127]},{"page":23,"text":"Airborne,  Ranger-qualified  Infantry  officer.  He should be  a  graduate  of  the  Long-Range  Surveillance","rect":[108.0,521.1546020507813,540.0100984649658,512.0464477539063]},{"page":23,"text":"Leaders Course (LRSLC) or the Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course (RSLC). He should also","rect":[108.0009994506836,532.8348388671875,540.0102443695068,523.7461547851563]},{"page":23,"text":"be qualified or familiar with military free fall (MFF), underwater military diver, Pathfinder, and sniper","rect":[108.0,544.5546875,540.0153100547791,535.446533203125]},{"page":23,"text":"(target interdiction) operations. The company commander is required in the course of his duties to regularly","rect":[108.0,556.2550048828125,540.0648097991943,547.1468505859375]},{"page":23,"text":"interact with  senior  commanders  and  staff  officers.  Minimum  qualifications  include  previous  very","rect":[108.0,567.9553833007813,540.0546169281006,558.8472290039063]},{"page":23,"text":"successful company command and staff experience. By table of organization and equipment, the company","rect":[108.0,579.6557006835938,540.1988430023193,570.5475463867188]},{"page":23,"text":"commander is a Captain. However, experience and required duties indicate that the more appropriate rank","rect":[108.0,591.3360595703125,540.0297756195068,582.2479248046875]},{"page":23,"text":"for the LRSC commander is that of Major.","rect":[108.0,603.056396484375,278.98806285858157,593.9381713867188]},{"page":23,"text":"Executive Officer","rect":[90.0,619.8336181640625,172.0359779510498,612.2354125976563]},{"page":23,"text":"1-23. The  executive  officer  (XO)  is  an Airborne,  Ranger-qualified  Infantry  officer,  who  serves  as","rect":[108.0,639.654296875,540.0475604515076,630.546142578125]},{"page":23,"text":"second in command and provides logistics planning and control. He should be a graduate of the LRSLC or","rect":[108.0,651.3546142578125,539.9821069297791,642.2464599609375]},{"page":23,"text":"RSLC. The XO is required in the course of his duties to regularly interact with senior commanders and","rect":[108.0,663.0549926757813,540.0152492523193,653.9468383789063]},{"page":23,"text":"staff officers. Minimum qualifications include previous very successful company XO and staff experience.","rect":[108.0,674.75537109375,540.0214185714722,665.647216796875]},{"page":23,"text":"By table of organization and equipment, the XO is a Lieutenant. However, experience and required duties","rect":[108.0,686.4556884765625,540.0265643577576,677.3475341796875]},{"page":23,"text":"indicate that the more appropriate rank for the LRSC XO is that of Captain.","rect":[108.0,698.1361083984375,411.1096143722534,689.0479736328125]},{"page":23,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":23,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":23,"text":"1-5","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":24,"text":"Chapter 1","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":24,"text":"First Sergeant","rect":[72.0,84.86070251464844,138.84843274307253,75.05555725097656]},{"page":24,"text":"1-24. The 1SG is the most experienced NCO in LRS operations. As such, he helps plan, operationally","rect":[90.0,102.47418212890625,522.0524806976318,93.36600494384766]},{"page":24,"text":"control, and administer the unit. He should be a graduate of the LRSLC or RSLC, and both battle-planning","rect":[90.0,114.17449951171875,522.0433864593506,105.06632232666016]},{"page":24,"text":"staff and MFF qualified.","rect":[90.0,125.85484313964844,188.09582042694093,116.7667007446289]},{"page":24,"text":"Master Sergeant (Operations Sergeant)","rect":[72.0,144.86058044433595,256.6769697303772,135.05543518066407]},{"page":24,"text":"1-25. The master sergeant, who serves as operations sergeant, should be a graduate of the LRSLC or","rect":[90.0,162.47418212890626,521.9773461875916,153.36599731445313]},{"page":24,"text":"RSLC. He is both battle-planning staff and MFF qualified. He is the primary planner and is experienced in","rect":[90.0,174.17449951171876,522.0274562835693,165.06631469726563]},{"page":24,"text":"LRS operations.","rect":[90.0,185.85484313964845,155.19475841522218,176.76669311523438]},{"page":24,"text":"Supply Sergeant and Armorer","rect":[72.0,204.86070251464845,214.63018571472169,195.06654357910157]},{"page":24,"text":"1-26. The supply sergeant and assistant are both Pathfinder qualified. ","rect":[90.0,222.47418212890626,383.0317335128784,213.36599731445313]},{"page":24,"text":"COMMUNICATIONS PLATOON","rect":[72.0,240.22799682617188,217.157883644104,231.93600463867188]},{"page":24,"text":"1-27. The communication platoon has a headquarters section and four base radio stations (BRSs). ","rect":[90.0,260.1941223144531,496.5643262863159,251.10598754882813]},{"page":24,"text":"Headquarters Section","rect":[72.0,279.17877197265627,174.2435516204834,269.3955993652344]},{"page":24,"text":"1-28. The platoon leader is an Airborne and Ranger-qualified Signal Officer. The platoon leader is","rect":[90.0,296.8143005371094,522.0805804710388,287.70611572265627]},{"page":24,"text":"required in the course of his duties to regularly interact with senior commanders and staff officers. At the","rect":[90.0,308.5146789550781,522.0334138946533,299.406494140625]},{"page":24,"text":"least,  his  qualifications  must  include  very  successful  signal  platoon  leader  and staff  experience. The","rect":[89.9990005493164,320.2149963378906,522.0704011993408,311.1068115234375]},{"page":24,"text":"platoon sergeant is a communications Master Sergeant who is Airborne, Ranger, and battle-planning staff ","rect":[89.9990005493164,331.9154052734375,524.5743970870972,322.8072204589844]},{"page":24,"text":"qualified. The platoon leader and platoon sergeant should be graduates of the LRSLC or RSLC. In addition","rect":[89.9990005493164,343.6156921386719,522.0034084320068,334.50750732421877]},{"page":24,"text":"to  the platoon leader and platoon sergeant,  the headquarters section has two NCO radio","rect":[90.0,355.31610107421877,522.0936183929443,346.2079162597656]},{"page":24,"text":"operators/maintainers--both are Airborne and Ranger qualified. ","rect":[90.0,367.01641845703127,346.6100721359253,357.9082336425781]},{"page":24,"text":"1-29. The communications platoon headquarters section is responsible for planning and executing all","rect":[90.0,384.7168273925781,522.1139903030396,375.608642578125]},{"page":24,"text":"aspects of the communications plan to link deployed LRS teams to the company operations base (COB) or","rect":[90.0,396.4170837402344,522.0543115196228,387.30889892578127]},{"page":24,"text":"mission  support  site  (MSS)  and  the  supported  unit  headquarters.  This  includes  frequency  spectrum","rect":[90.0,408.11749267578127,522.0982947311402,399.0093078613281]},{"page":24,"text":"planning, communications security (COMSEC) and unit-level equipment repair and evacuation. At least","rect":[90.0,419.81781005859377,522.1183848342896,410.7096252441406]},{"page":24,"text":"two  of  the  members  of  the  communications  platoon  headquarters  section  should  be graduates of the","rect":[90.0,431.5181884765625,522.0267000274658,422.4100036621094]},{"page":24,"text":"Frequency Managers Course. ","rect":[90.0,443.218505859375,210.41067028045655,434.2806701660156]},{"page":24,"text":"Base Radio Stations","rect":[72.0,460.00469970703127,165.52982577896118,452.39556884765627]},{"page":24,"text":"1-30. Each  of  the  four  BRSs  has  a  six-Soldier  team,  which  is  mainly  responsible for maintaining","rect":[90.0,479.8143005371094,521.9570217132568,470.70611572265627]},{"page":24,"text":"communication between deployed LRS teams, the COB or MSS and the supported unit headquarters.","rect":[90.0,491.5146789550781,522.0268507003784,482.406494140625]},{"page":24,"text":"Depending on the communications means used between LRS teams and the COB or MSS, the BRSs can","rect":[90.0,503.2149963378906,522.0087184906006,494.1068115234375]},{"page":24,"text":"support three MSS or relay sites and the COB simultaneously.","rect":[90.0,514.9154052734375,339.44460582733157,505.8072204589844]},{"page":24,"text":"SNIPERS","rect":[72.0,532.6798706054688,113.38997459411621,524.3758544921875]},{"page":24,"text":"1-31. The sniper teams are organized into two teams of two men each: senior sniper and sniper. The","rect":[90.0,552.654296875,522.0033845977783,543.546142578125]},{"page":24,"text":"senior sniper is Airborne Ranger qualified and the sniper is Airborne qualified. Both the senior sniper and","rect":[90.0,564.3546142578125,522.0047512054443,555.2464599609375]},{"page":24,"text":"the sniper should be graduates of the LRSLC or RSLC and of either the US Army Special Forces or","rect":[90.0,576.0549926757813,521.9170434532166,566.9468383789063]},{"page":24,"text":"Marine sniper course. All the snipers should also be MFF qualified. The company sniper employment","rect":[90.0,587.75537109375,522.0314097366334,578.647216796875]},{"page":24,"text":"officer (SEO) is normally the company commander, the XO or 1SG. (FM 23.10 gives more information","rect":[90.0,599.4556884765625,521.9952907562256,590.3475341796875]},{"page":24,"text":"about sniper team training and employment.)","rect":[90.0,611.1561279296875,270.2683007774353,602.0479736328125]},{"page":24,"text":"TRANSPORTATION SECTION","rect":[72.0,628.9198608398438,209.5417184829712,620.6158447265625]},{"page":24,"text":"1-32. The transportation section is led by a staff sergeant, 88M. It is manned by five more transportation","rect":[90.0,648.8941650390625,522.2321681976318,639.7860107421875]},{"page":24,"text":"Soldiers. The section has three trucks and two trailers. The section’s main duty is to transport personnel","rect":[90.0,660.594482421875,522.0238413772584,651.486328125]},{"page":24,"text":"and material at the direction of the company XO and 1SG.","rect":[90.0,672.294921875,324.16131114959719,663.186767578125]},{"page":24,"text":"1-6","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":24,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":24,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":25,"text":"Full-Spectrum Operations","rect":[429.41998291015627,46.404014587402347,540.0224326171875,38.0880126953125]},{"page":25,"text":"LRSD AND LRS TEAMS","rect":[90.0,85.58970642089844,244.81032481384279,75.91554260253906]},{"page":25,"text":"LRSD","rect":[90.0,106.02002716064453,121.93559881591797,97.71602630615235]},{"page":25,"text":"1-33. The three LRSD are each led by an Airborne, Ranger-qualified Infantry officer. Each detachment","rect":[108.0,125.99432373046875,540.0290293655396,116.88614654541016]},{"page":25,"text":"leader should be a graduate of the LRSLC or RSLC. Also, he should be MFF and Pathfinder qualified. He","rect":[107.9990005493164,137.6947021484375,540.0497713165283,128.58651733398438]},{"page":25,"text":"is responsible for  the  training,  readiness,  and  employment  of  the  LRS  teams  in  the  detachment.  The","rect":[107.9990005493164,149.39501953125,540.0020418243408,140.28683471679688]},{"page":25,"text":"detachment leader is required in the course of his duties to regularly interact with senior commanders and","rect":[107.9990005493164,161.09539794921876,539.9805202484131,151.98721313476563]},{"page":25,"text":"staff officers. He is also required to be prepared to operate independent of the LRSC utilizing a MSS.","rect":[107.9990005493164,172.79571533203126,540.0203199386597,163.68753051757813]},{"page":25,"text":"Minimum qualifications include: previous very successful platoon leader and staff experience. By table of ","rect":[107.9990005493164,184.49615478515626,542.5664014816284,175.38796997070313]},{"page":25,"text":"organization  and  equipment,  LRSD leaders are Lieutenants.  However,  experience  and  required  duties","rect":[107.9990005493164,196.19635009765626,540.0592181663513,187.08816528320313]},{"page":25,"text":"indicate that the more appropriate rank for a detachment leader is that of Captain.","rect":[107.9990005493164,207.8767547607422,434.3738660812378,198.78860473632813]},{"page":25,"text":"LRS TEAMS","rect":[90.0,225.65997314453126,151.02496910095216,217.35598754882813]},{"page":25,"text":"1-34. Each LRS team is led by an Airborne, Ranger qualified Infantry Sergeant First Class or Staff ","rect":[108.0,245.63427734375,542.5599317550659,236.52609252929688]},{"page":25,"text":"Sergeant. There is one Sergeant First Class per detachment and he doubles as the detachment sergeant","rect":[108.0,257.334716796875,540.1084971389771,248.22653198242188]},{"page":25,"text":"when his LRS team is not planning, on a mission or recovering. Team leaders should be graduates of the","rect":[108.0,269.0350341796875,539.8780183868408,259.9268493652344]},{"page":25,"text":"LRSLC or RSLC. Normally, the team leader is also battle-planning staff, MFF, underwater military diver,","rect":[108.0,280.7353515625,540.0110425949097,271.6271667480469]},{"page":25,"text":"and Pathfinder qualified, or a combination of these qualifications.","rect":[107.9990005493164,292.4156188964844,371.60109996795657,283.3274841308594]},{"page":25,"text":"1-35. LRS team members are, at a minimum, Airborne qualified. All team members should be graduates","rect":[107.9990005493164,310.1360778808594,540.2478778343201,301.02789306640627]},{"page":25,"text":"of the LRSLC or RSLC. They should also have a combination of MFF, underwater military diver and","rect":[107.9990005493164,321.83642578125,540.0743312835693,312.7282409667969]},{"page":25,"text":"Pathfinder qualifications.","rect":[107.9990005493164,333.5167541503906,209.41236400604249,324.4286193847656]},{"page":25,"text":"LEGACY LRSC AND LRSD","rect":[90.0,351.3000183105469,223.75561376953125,342.99603271484377]},{"page":25,"text":"1-36. The legacy Army of Excellence LRSC was a unit normally organic to a Military Intelligence","rect":[108.0,371.2743225097656,540.1115388946533,362.1661376953125]},{"page":25,"text":"Brigade previously found at corps level. This type of LRSC is not addressed in this manual as all are","rect":[108.0,382.97467041015627,539.9952058868408,373.8664855957031]},{"page":25,"text":"currently scheduled for deactivation.","rect":[108.0,394.67498779296877,255.15917491912843,385.5668029785156]},{"page":25,"text":"1-37. The legacy Army of Excellence LRSD was a unit normally organic to a Military Intelligence","rect":[108.0,412.3752746582031,540.1280794219971,403.26708984375]},{"page":25,"text":"Battalion previously found at division level. While these LRSD are all scheduled for deactivation, some","rect":[108.0,424.07568359375,540.0143098907471,414.9674987792969]},{"page":25,"text":"commanders have maintained them or they may be temporarily authorized while awaiting activation of the","rect":[108.0,435.7760009765625,540.0984163360596,426.6678161621094]},{"page":25,"text":"BFSB R&S Squadron LRSC. This type of LRSD is not specifically addressed in this manual.","rect":[108.0,447.4764099121094,482.3383741378784,438.36822509765627]},{"page":25,"text":"CHARACTERISTICS","rect":[90.0,467.189697265625,225.82967295837404,457.51556396484377]},{"page":25,"text":"1-38.","rect":[108.0,485.5102233886719,128.98789501190186,478.62646484375]},{"page":25,"text":"1-39.","rect":[107.9990005493164,603.1329345703125,128.98689556121827,596.2291870117188]},{"page":25,"text":"All LRS operations are characterized by the following:","rect":[143.99989318847657,487.5542907714844,364.33667707061769,478.44610595703127]},{"page":25,"text":"• They follow strict operations security (OPSEC) procedures before, during, and after mission","rect":[143.99989318847657,505.2546081542969,539.9979763031006,496.14642333984377]},{"page":25,"text":"employment. This limits operational exposure of other LRS teams conducting missions.","rect":[154.7993927001953,516.9549560546875,507.00164318084719,507.8467712402344]},{"page":25,"text":"• Units  receive  detailed  intelligence  preparation  of the battlefield (IPB) from the BFSB S-2.","rect":[143.99989318847657,534.6552734375,539.9964551925659,525.547119140625]},{"page":25,"text":"They plan  and  rehearse  in  detail  with  internal  and  supporting  assets.  This  helps  ensure","rect":[154.7993927001953,546.355712890625,540.0217561798096,537.24755859375]},{"page":25,"text":"successful operations.","rect":[154.7993927001953,558.0360107421875,242.8986463546753,548.9478759765625]},{"page":25,"text":"• Division- or corps-level assets, such as joint aviation, joint fire support, and communications,","rect":[143.99989318847657,575.7564086914063,540.0288038253784,566.63818359375]},{"page":25,"text":"must support planning, infiltration and insertion, exfiltration and extraction, and contingencies.","rect":[154.7993927001953,587.4566650390625,536.0975294113159,578.3485107421875]},{"page":25,"text":"LRS teams are also characterized by the following:","rect":[143.99888610839845,605.156982421875,349.09616803741457,596.048828125]},{"page":25,"text":"• Teams provide persistent surveillance on targets that can be covered only intermittently by","rect":[143.99888610839845,622.857421875,540.1381740570068,613.749267578125]},{"page":25,"text":"most other systems.","rect":[154.7983856201172,634.5577392578125,233.97268199920655,625.4495849609375]},{"page":25,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,648.01953125,147.5058862686157,645.5646362304688]},{"page":25,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,667.0,147.5058862686157,664.0]},{"page":25,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,685.0,147.5058862686157,681.0]},{"page":25,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,701.1205444335938,147.5058862686157,698.6656494140625]},{"page":25,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":25,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":25,"text":"1-7","rect":[527.0773315429688,753.9600219726563,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":26,"text":"Chapter 1","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":26,"text":"•","rect":[125.99939727783203,99.0,129.5063974380493,95.0]},{"page":26,"text":"•","rect":[125.99939727783203,128.0,129.5063974380493,124.0]},{"page":26,"text":"of battle (OB), and practiced skill in identifying equipment to successfully execute missions.","rect":[136.8000030517578,83.57427978515625,508.2045850753784,74.46610260009766]},{"page":26,"text":"Team  members  depend  on  the  use","rect":[136.83111572265626,101.25462341308594,286.5161409454346,92.1664810180664]},{"page":26,"text":"Ranger skills to remain undetected.","rect":[136.7989959716797,112.97503662109375,278.5318555831909,103.86685943603516]},{"page":26,"text":"of","rect":[291.62188720703127,99.25061798095703,299.97356200790406,92.17649841308594]},{"page":26,"text":"stealth,","rect":[305.07879638671877,99.25061798095703,333.7810926437378,92.1664810180664]},{"page":26,"text":"cover,  concealment,  and  their  Infantry  and","rect":[338.8793029785156,101.274658203125,522.0339260101318,92.1664810180664]},{"page":26,"text":"Team  equipment  and  supplies  include only what  the  team  can  man-pack  or cache,  if ","rect":[136.8299102783203,130.67529296875,524.5298414230347,121.5671157836914]},{"page":26,"text":"dismounted.","rect":[136.7989959716797,140.3516387939453,186.04516124725343,133.26748657226563]},{"page":26,"text":"CAPABILITIES","rect":[72.0,162.08970642089845,172.16249766540529,152.41554260253907]},{"page":26,"text":"1-40. Modular force LRSCs are fully self-mobile once deployed to the AO. The LRSC is not a modular","rect":[90.0,182.45428466796876,521.9474389610291,173.34609985351563]},{"page":26,"text":"unit but can deploy detachments as independent units if provided additional support. LRSC and LRSD can","rect":[90.0,194.1546630859375,522.0363674163818,185.04647827148438]},{"page":26,"text":"do the following:","rect":[90.0,205.85498046875,159.1977457962036,196.74679565429688]},{"page":26,"text":"1-41.","rect":[90.0,274.501953125,110.98789501190186,267.7284240722656]},{"page":26,"text":"• Establish long-range digital communications using HF or UHF radio systems.","rect":[125.9999008178711,223.5552978515625,449.2225294113159,214.44711303710938]},{"page":26,"text":"• Transmit both voice and data.","rect":[125.9999008178711,239.2316436767578,256.278208732605,232.14749145507813]},{"page":26,"text":"• Use planned or emergency resupply drops.","rect":[125.9999008178711,258.95599365234377,308.52859020233157,249.84780883789063]},{"page":26,"text":"LRS teams have additional capabilities:","rect":[125.9999008178711,276.6361999511719,285.09888410186769,267.5480651855469]},{"page":26,"text":"• Collect and transmit near-real-time digital imagery.","rect":[125.9999008178711,294.356689453125,342.91338634490969,285.2485046386719]},{"page":26,"text":"• Operate in inclement weather and over difficult terrain.","rect":[125.9999008178711,312.0369567871094,358.4752149581909,302.9488220214844]},{"page":26,"text":"•  Evade.","rect":[125.9999008178711,327.7332763671875,164.37749767303468,320.6491394042969]},{"page":26,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,345.0,129.50690097808838,341.0]},{"page":26,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,360.9195251464844,129.50690097808838,358.4646301269531]},{"page":26,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,380.0,129.50690097808838,377.0]},{"page":26,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,451.0,129.50690097808838,447.0]},{"page":26,"text":"Use special equipment cache sites emplaced by the LRSU or other friendly forces.","rect":[136.8253173828125,347.45758056640627,467.23101329803469,338.3493957519531]},{"page":26,"text":"Use captured supplies and equipment.","rect":[136.7982940673828,365.137939453125,289.21490001678469,356.0498046875]},{"page":26,"text":"Demonstrate the “art of camouflage” by—","rect":[136.82760620117188,382.8582763671875,307.2778129577637,373.7500915527344]},{"page":26,"text":"—Blending in with units and formations who have already established a presence.","rect":[136.7993927001953,400.55859375,466.7039442062378,391.4504089355469]},{"page":26,"text":"—Using clandestine cameras and sensors.","rect":[136.7993927001953,418.2590026855469,305.3331251144409,409.15081787109377]},{"page":26,"text":"—Shadowing blinds and false walls.","rect":[136.7993927001953,435.95928955078127,283.72710704803469,426.8511047363281]},{"page":26,"text":"Stay  behind  or  infiltrate  over  land (dismounted  or  mounted),  over  water  (small ","rect":[136.83351135253907,453.65960693359377,482.6298475265503,444.5514221191406]},{"page":26,"text":"underwater), or by air (rotary wing, static line parachute, or MFF).","rect":[136.80039978027345,465.3599853515625,403.83245372772219,456.2518005371094]},{"page":26,"text":"boat ","rect":[485.1649169921875,451.63555908203127,504.9644422531128,444.5514221191406]},{"page":26,"text":"and","rect":[507.4994812011719,451.63555908203127,521.9883937835693,444.5514221191406]},{"page":26,"text":"• Exfiltrate over land, water, or air; or link up with advancing friendly forces.","rect":[126.00090026855469,483.060302734375,441.14129161834719,473.9521179199219]},{"page":26,"text":"• Operate with the use of organic ground mobility assets and, if resupply is available, conduct","rect":[126.00090026855469,500.7606201171875,521.9840464553834,491.6524353027344]},{"page":26,"text":"extended range and duration reconnaissance missions.","rect":[136.80140686035157,512.4609985351563,354.19948863983157,503.3528137207031]},{"page":26,"text":"• Conduct dismounted operations for up to seven days with little or no external direction and","rect":[126.00189971923828,530.1613159179688,522.1466579437256,521.0531616210938]},{"page":26,"text":"support.","rect":[136.80140686035157,541.8416748046875,169.48639965057374,533.7554931640625]},{"page":26,"text":"• Conduct operations in all types of terrain and environments.","rect":[126.00189971923828,559.56201171875,377.83709239959719,550.453857421875]},{"page":26,"text":"LIMITATIONS","rect":[72.0,579.2697143554688,168.3221961517334,569.5955200195313]},{"page":26,"text":"1-42.","rect":[90.0,597.4798583984375,110.98789501190186,590.7063598632813]},{"page":26,"text":"LRSU have the following limitations:","rect":[125.9999008178711,599.6341552734375,277.44275617218019,590.5260009765625]},{"page":26,"text":"• Neither the LRSC nor the LRSD are modular. Both require additional support in the areas of","rect":[125.9999008178711,617.314453125,521.9461572227478,608.226318359375]},{"page":26,"text":"medical,  fires,  communications,  rigging,  logistics,  intelligence,  and operations planning in","rect":[136.80039978027345,629.034912109375,522.0155544281006,619.9267578125]},{"page":26,"text":"order to provide a full range of operational capability.","rect":[136.80039978027345,640.7352294921875,352.9950819015503,631.6270751953125]},{"page":26,"text":"• They lack organic medical capability. The LRSC depends on attached medics from the R&S","rect":[126.00090026855469,658.4356079101563,522.1566915435791,649.3274536132813]},{"page":26,"text":"squadron or on individual  first  aid.  Ideally,  LRS  team  members  are  certified  emergency","rect":[136.80039978027345,670.1358642578125,522.0531520843506,661.0277099609375]},{"page":26,"text":"medical technicians (EMTs). At a minimum, each team member must be a qualified combat","rect":[136.80039978027345,681.8162841796875,522.0408701858521,672.7281494140625]},{"page":26,"text":"lifesaver (CLS).","rect":[136.80039978027345,693.5166015625,201.43041515350343,684.428466796875]},{"page":26,"text":"• They are lightly armed and have limited self-defense capabilities.","rect":[126.00090026855469,711.2369995117188,399.22085094451907,702.1288452148438]},{"page":26,"text":"1-8","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":26,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":26,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":27,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,79.33582305908203,147.50700016021728,76.88092041015625]},{"page":27,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,270.0,147.50700016021728,266.0]},{"page":27,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":27,"text":"Full-Spectrum Operations","rect":[429.41998291015627,46.404014587402347,540.0224326171875,38.0880126953125]},{"page":27,"text":"They require the support from the R&S squadron, BFSB S-2 and S-3, or division or corps staffs","rect":[154.79849243164063,83.57427978515625,539.7386615257263,74.46610260009766]},{"page":27,"text":"and units. This support includes—","rect":[154.79959106445313,95.25468444824219,292.8443717956543,86.16654205322266]},{"page":27,"text":"—Intelligence products.","rect":[154.79959106445313,112.97503662109375,251.76313304901124,103.86685943603516]},{"page":27,"text":"—Integrated area communications.","rect":[154.79959106445313,130.67529296875,295.84405040740969,121.5671157836914]},{"page":27,"text":"—Access to a common-user telephone system.","rect":[154.79959106445313,148.3756103515625,342.2115125656128,139.26742553710938]},{"page":27,"text":"—Frequency management.","rect":[154.79959106445313,166.07598876953126,263.2419080734253,157.2884521484375]},{"page":27,"text":"—Satellite communications channel access.","rect":[154.79959106445313,181.7622833251953,330.46120738983157,174.66812133789063]},{"page":27,"text":"—Packing, rigging, and loading supplies. ","rect":[154.79959106445313,201.47662353515626,323.8979444503784,192.36843872070313]},{"page":27,"text":"—Equipment for aerial resupply and parachute insertions.","rect":[154.79959106445313,219.17694091796876,387.4937696456909,210.06875610351563]},{"page":27,"text":"—Air transport to the area of operations.","rect":[154.79959106445313,236.8572235107422,318.49297618865969,227.76907348632813]},{"page":27,"text":"—Maintenance, supply, mess, administration, finance, personnel, and chaplain services.","rect":[154.79959106445313,254.57763671875,508.2215528488159,245.46945190429688]},{"page":27,"text":"The tactical situation, equipment limitations, or enemy electronic surveillance or jamming may","rect":[154.8155975341797,272.27801513671877,535.4028224945068,263.1598205566406]},{"page":27,"text":"prevent LRS teams from maintaining continuous communications with the controlling","rect":[154.79959106445313,283.978271484375,500.6813564300537,274.8700866699219]},{"page":27,"text":"headquarters.","rect":[154.79959106445313,295.65863037109377,208.62729930877686,286.57049560546877]},{"page":27,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":27,"text":"1-9","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0679931640625,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":28,"text":"Chapter 1","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.4674017944336,38.0880126953125]},{"page":28,"text":"1-10","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":28,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":28,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":29,"text":"Chapter 2","rect":[287.3399963378906,85.87195587158203,342.6683989257813,74.7839584350586]},{"page":29,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[228.72000122070313,107.33625793457031,401.2329790725708,95.49747467041016]},{"page":29,"text":"This chapter describes how LRSU use Infantry and Ranger skills, communications","rect":[126.0,129.2007293701172,504.0161539039612,119.21990966796875]},{"page":29,"text":"operators,  and  intelligence  personnel  to collect  and  report  battlefield  information.","rect":[126.0,141.92100524902345,504.0424852371216,131.940185546875]},{"page":29,"text":"LRSU  operations  depend  on  effective command  and  control (Section I) and","rect":[126.0,154.61944580078126,504.0483798980713,144.66058349609376]},{"page":29,"text":"communications, computers, and intelligence (Section II).","rect":[126.0,167.36167907714845,381.2554979324341,157.380859375]},{"page":29,"text":"Section I. OVERVIEW","rect":[80.63999938964844,188.60401916503907,202.0607880859375,179.72402954101563]},{"page":29,"text":"Command and control is the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over","rect":[90.0,212.09417724609376,540.0430200157166,202.98599243164063]},{"page":29,"text":"assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of a mission. Commanders perform C2 functions through a","rect":[90.0,223.794677734375,539.9896516876221,214.68649291992188]},{"page":29,"text":"C2 system (FM 6-0). The LRSU C2 system is structured for rapid deployment, and for collecting and reporting","rect":[90.0,235.49493408203126,540.0042018890381,226.38674926757813]},{"page":29,"text":"information. This section discusses the LRSU internal C2 system and the functions and organizations that","rect":[90.0,247.1953125,540.0107798538209,238.08712768554688]},{"page":29,"text":"provide mission taskings and support. It also discusses—","rect":[90.0,258.8956298828125,319.14692306518557,249.78744506835938]},{"page":29,"text":"• Standard and nonstandard command and control.","rect":[143.99978637695313,274.5820007324219,351.62749767303469,267.4878234863281]},{"page":29,"text":"•  BFSB sections.","rect":[143.99978637695313,292.2823181152344,216.6053876876831,285.1881408691406]},{"page":29,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99978637695313,309.0,149.98369884490968,304.0]},{"page":29,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99978637695313,326.0,149.98379039764405,322.0]},{"page":29,"text":"•","rect":[143.99978637695313,345.0,147.5067865371704,341.0]},{"page":29,"text":"•","rect":[143.99978637695313,362.0,147.5067865371704,359.0]},{"page":29,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99978637695313,379.0,149.98369884490968,375.0]},{"page":29,"text":"R&S squadron.","rect":[154.79830932617188,311.9765625,216.75200939178468,302.888427734375]},{"page":29,"text":"Command posts.","rect":[154.79840087890626,329.6768798828125,222.04210948944093,320.5887451171875]},{"page":29,"text":"Tactical operations centers (TOCs).","rect":[154.82760620117188,347.37725830078127,297.9292860031128,338.28912353515627]},{"page":29,"text":"Task organizations outside named areas of interest.","rect":[154.7982940673828,365.09759521484377,360.10247325897219,355.9894104003906]},{"page":29,"text":"Liaisons.","rect":[154.79830932617188,380.77386474609377,191.26081371307374,373.6897277832031]},{"page":29,"text":"STANDARD LRSU COMMAND AND CONTROL","rect":[90.0,402.5096740722656,397.1181472434998,392.8355407714844]},{"page":29,"text":"2-1.","rect":[108.0,420.7200012207031,123.94582653045655,413.94647216796877]},{"page":29,"text":"The LRSU commander receives missions in the tradition manner of mission-type orders. Based on","rect":[143.99989318847657,422.8742980957031,540.0393581390381,413.76611328125]},{"page":29,"text":"these orders, he assesses the situation, makes decisions, and directs actions like any other commander.","rect":[108.0,434.5745849609375,540.0098218917847,425.4664001464844]},{"page":29,"text":"However, he employs individual LRS teams IAW separate mission taskings that specify areas, objectives,","rect":[108.0,446.2749938964844,540.0037183761597,437.15679931640627]},{"page":29,"text":"or  people  to  observe.  LRSU  can  have  multiple subunits  spread  out  over  hundreds  of  kilometers","rect":[108.0,457.9553527832031,539.9939105491638,448.8672180175781]},{"page":29,"text":"simultaneously  planning,  conducting,  and  recovering  from  operations.  To  C2  these  operations,  the","rect":[108.0,469.6756896972656,539.9790315704346,460.5675048828125]},{"page":29,"text":"commander depends on a robust communications system, detailed and well practiced SOPs, and subunit","rect":[108.0,481.3760681152344,540.0932383499146,472.26788330078127]},{"page":29,"text":"leaders who are highly skilled in all aspects of R&S. ","rect":[108.0,493.076416015625,321.1683301925659,483.9682312011719]},{"page":29,"text":"SUPPORT","rect":[90.0,510.83990478515627,135.67019033432008,502.5359191894531]},{"page":29,"text":"2-2.","rect":[108.0,528.659912109375,123.94582653045655,521.8864135742188]},{"page":29,"text":"Support to LRS teams includes intelligence, operations, communications, and sustainment: ","rect":[143.99989318847657,530.814208984375,511.05605602264407,521.7060546875]},{"page":29,"text":"Intelligence Support includes target information and IPB products. ","rect":[143.99989318847657,548.5745849609375,416.72783946990969,539.4664306640625]},{"page":29,"text":"Operations Support includes planning, coordinating and developing mission planning folders","rect":[143.99989318847657,566.3350830078125,520.5149066429138,557.2269287109375]},{"page":29,"text":"(MPF), infiltration, exfiltration and fire support.","rect":[154.80039978027345,578.015380859375,347.7856092453003,568.92724609375]},{"page":29,"text":"Communications Support includes frequency planning and positioning communications sites. ","rect":[144.0009002685547,595.7958984375,525.1476392745972,586.687744140625]},{"page":29,"text":"Sustainment Support includes planning facility, mess, medical, maintenance, and","rect":[144.0009002685547,613.556396484375,472.40346336364748,604.4482421875]},{"page":29,"text":"general supplies. ","rect":[154.80140686035157,625.2567138671875,224.75573253631593,616.1485595703125]},{"page":29,"text":"COMPANY","rect":[90.0,643.0079956054688,141.30000400543214,634.7159423828125]},{"page":29,"text":"2-3.","rect":[108.0,660.9501953125,123.94582653045655,654.0664672851563]},{"page":29,"text":"The LRSC depends on the BFSB staff, the R&S squadron, and the BSC for most intelligence,","rect":[143.99989318847657,662.9942626953125,540.0311231613159,653.8861083984375]},{"page":29,"text":"operations, and sustainment support. The LRSC deploys to an operational area as part of the BFSB. The","rect":[108.0,674.6947021484375,539.9770174102783,665.5865478515625]},{"page":29,"text":"BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element produces target information and IPB products. 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Working under the supervision of the S-2, the ISR fusion element develops and maintains an","rect":[90.0,376.13458251953127,521.9766750335693,367.0263977050781]},{"page":30,"text":"intelligence database consisting of all unprocessed information and other intelligence products. The ISR","rect":[90.0,387.8349914550781,522.0505278053283,378.726806640625]},{"page":30,"text":"fusion element keeps the commander and staff situationally aware, and provides intelligence to exploit","rect":[90.0,399.535400390625,522.0827403030396,390.4272155761719]},{"page":30,"text":"enemy weaknesses and vulnerabilities.","rect":[90.0,411.2356872558594,245.30236339569093,402.12750244140627]},{"page":30,"text":"Functions","rect":[72.0000991821289,426.97216796875,114.30053591537475,420.0583801269531]},{"page":30,"text":"2-8.","rect":[90.0,444.5322265625,105.94582653045655,437.6484680175781]},{"page":30,"text":"The ISR fusion element—","rect":[125.9999008178711,444.5622863769531,231.46657943725587,437.4681091308594]},{"page":30,"text":"Products","rect":[72.0000991821289,520.814453125,108.7550876121521,513.900634765625]},{"page":30,"text":"• Produces the IPB and mission support products. ","rect":[125.9999008178711,464.2565612792969,332.0162305831909,455.1684265136719]},{"page":30,"text":"• Develops intelligence estimates. ","rect":[125.9999008178711,475.9768981933594,268.58770275115969,466.86871337890627]},{"page":30,"text":"• Analyzes the battlefield area. ","rect":[125.9999008178711,487.67730712890627,256.1911573410034,478.5691223144531]},{"page":30,"text":"• Develops situational and targeting data to support maneuver and fires. ","rect":[125.9999008178711,499.3775634765625,420.7670850753784,490.2693786621094]},{"page":30,"text":"• Prepares combat assessments. 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The GI&S section supports the commander and staff with required geospatial information and","rect":[108.0,102.47418212890625,540.0604763031006,93.36600494384766]},{"page":31,"text":"maintains databases up-to-date to support the unit with terrain and weather effects products and analysis.","rect":[108.0,114.17449951171875,528.3664503097534,105.06632232666016]},{"page":31,"text":"Functions","rect":[90.0000991821289,141.61134338378907,132.30053591537476,134.69754028320313]},{"page":31,"text":"2-11. The GI&S section—","rect":[108.0,159.20130920410157,227.0356559753418,152.10714721679688]},{"page":31,"text":"• Provides a terrain visualization mission folder to determine the terrain's effect on both friendly","rect":[143.99989318847657,178.915771484375,533.9886989593506,169.80758666992188]},{"page":31,"text":"and enemy operations. ","rect":[154.7993927001953,190.6160888671875,247.79380321502686,181.50790405273438]},{"page":31,"text":"Products","rect":[89.99909973144531,241.7531280517578,126.75408053207397,234.83932495117188]},{"page":31,"text":"• Produces maps and terrain products.","rect":[143.99989318847657,208.2964324951172,300.6022901535034,199.20828247070313]},{"page":31,"text":"• Helps the ISR fusion element prepare the IPB.","rect":[143.99989318847657,225.9967498779297,340.8085889816284,216.90859985351563]},{"page":31,"text":"2-12. The GI&S section produces—","rect":[107.9990005493164,261.3371887207031,265.84997177124026,252.24905395507813]},{"page":31,"text":"•  Hydrology overlays.","rect":[143.99888610839845,279.05767822265627,237.27862071990968,269.9494934082031]},{"page":31,"text":"• Cover and concealment overlays.","rect":[143.99888610839845,296.75799560546877,288.44716930389407,287.6498107910156]},{"page":31,"text":"• Soil composition overlays.","rect":[143.99888610839845,314.4582824707031,261.9435987472534,305.35009765625]},{"page":31,"text":"• Vegetation composition overlays.","rect":[143.99888610839845,332.1585998535156,289.80889415740969,323.0504150390625]},{"page":31,"text":"•  Obstacle overlays.","rect":[143.99888610839845,349.8589782714844,228.82433605194093,340.75079345703127]},{"page":31,"text":"• Combined obstacle overlays.","rect":[143.99888610839845,367.5592956542969,270.82293224334719,358.45111083984377]},{"page":31,"text":"•  Special maps.","rect":[143.99888610839845,385.23956298828127,210.3696699142456,376.15142822265627]},{"page":31,"text":"USAF Combat Weather Team","rect":[90.0,402.0447082519531,232.50066395950319,394.446533203125]},{"page":31,"text":"2-13. The USAF combat weather team provides weather forecasting support for organic and attached","rect":[108.0,421.85430908203127,540.0163478851318,412.7461242675781]},{"page":31,"text":"units of the BFSB. They can also provide weather effects analysis as it pertains to military operations. This","rect":[108.0,433.5546875,540.1055438499451,424.4465026855469]},{"page":31,"text":"greatly enhances the ability of the BFSB to conduct collection of information to support the commander.","rect":[108.0,445.2550048828125,527.9200391769409,436.1468200683594]},{"page":31,"text":"Functions","rect":[89.99909973144531,460.991455078125,132.29952883529664,454.0776672363281]},{"page":31,"text":"2-14.","rect":[107.9990005493164,478.4413146972656,128.98689556121827,471.66778564453127]},{"page":31,"text":"The USAF combat weather team—","rect":[143.99888610839845,478.59161376953127,285.8669853210449,471.4874267578125]},{"page":31,"text":"• Advises the task force commander on Air Force weather capabilities, support limitations, and","rect":[143.99888610839845,498.27587890625,529.6138210296631,489.187744140625]},{"page":31,"text":"how weather information can enhance combat operations.","rect":[154.7993927001953,509.9761657714844,386.81292247772219,500.8880310058594]},{"page":31,"text":"• Evaluates and disseminates weather data such as—","rect":[143.99989318847657,525.672607421875,359.6641960144043,518.5885009765625]},{"page":31,"text":"— Forecasts.","rect":[154.7993927001953,543.3728637695313,206.71001720428468,536.609375]},{"page":31,"text":"— Warnings.","rect":[154.7993927001953,563.09716796875,207.92966747283936,553.989013671875]},{"page":31,"text":"— Advisories.","rect":[154.7993927001953,578.7734375,212.3395185470581,571.6893310546875]},{"page":31,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,594.2594604492188,147.50689334869385,591.8045654296875]},{"page":31,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,614.0,147.50689334869385,610.0]},{"page":31,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,629.6600341796875,147.50689334869385,627.2051391601563]},{"page":31,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,647.3604125976563,147.50689334869385,644.905517578125]},{"page":31,"text":"Monitors the overall weather support mission for the commander.","rect":[154.80050659179688,598.4779052734375,418.54214000701907,589.3897705078125]},{"page":31,"text":"Serves as the commander's agent, identifying and resolving weather-support responsibilities.","rect":[154.8303985595703,616.1981811523438,526.1726026535034,607.0900268554688]},{"page":31,"text":"Determines weather-support data requirements.","rect":[154.7982940673828,633.8784790039063,345.2044324874878,624.7903442382813]},{"page":31,"text":"Advises the Air Force on the operational weather-support requirements of the supported Army","rect":[154.7961883544922,651.598876953125,534.3629055023193,642.49072265625]},{"page":31,"text":"command.","rect":[154.7993927001953,661.275146484375,196.6711072921753,654.1910400390625]},{"page":31,"text":"• Participates in targeting meetings.","rect":[143.99989318847657,680.9995727539063,291.15908336639407,671.8914184570313]},{"page":31,"text":"• Prepares climatological studies, and analyzes them in support of planned exercises, operations,","rect":[143.99989318847657,698.6998901367188,535.2705030441284,689.5917358398438]},{"page":31,"text":"and commitments.","rect":[154.7993927001953,708.3761596679688,228.55324840545655,701.2920532226563]},{"page":31,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":31,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":31,"text":"2-3","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":32,"text":"Chapter 2","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.47270422363282,38.0880126953125]},{"page":32,"text":"• Coordinates weather support to subordinate units.","rect":[126.0,83.55424499511719,336.4419813156128,74.46610260009766]},{"page":32,"text":"• Helps Army aircraft accident-investigation boards.","rect":[126.0,101.27960205078125,340.35882091522219,92.17142486572266]},{"page":32,"text":"Products","rect":[72.002197265625,117.02112579345703,108.75729250717163,110.10733032226563]},{"page":32,"text":"2-15. 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The S-3 staff—","rect":[108.0,81.56026458740235,206.46357345581056,74.46610260009766]},{"page":33,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,99.0,147.50689334869385,95.0]},{"page":33,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,116.0,147.50689334869385,113.0]},{"page":33,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,132.43682861328126,147.50689334869385,129.98193359375]},{"page":33,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,152.0,147.50689334869385,148.0]},{"page":33,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,167.83740234375,147.50689334869385,165.38250732421876]},{"page":33,"text":"Plans, executes, and supervises OPSEC.","rect":[154.8323974609375,101.25462341308594,316.2325391769409,92.1664810180664]},{"page":33,"text":"Conducts civil-military operations.","rect":[154.82640075683595,118.97503662109375,294.74163341522219,109.86685943603516]},{"page":33,"text":"Conducts BFSB collection operations.","rect":[154.7983856201172,136.65525817871095,308.59087657928469,127.5671157836914]},{"page":33,"text":"Performs terrain management within the BFSB AO, when assigned.","rect":[154.82640075683595,154.3756103515625,427.1184949874878,145.26742553710938]},{"page":33,"text":"Supervises the actions of the following special staff officers that have LRSU coordination and","rect":[154.7982940673828,172.07586669921876,532.5054225921631,162.96768188476563]},{"page":33,"text":"support responsibilities:","rect":[154.7993927001953,183.7562713623047,250.89218854522705,174.66812133789063]},{"page":33,"text":"— Air defense and airspace management/brigade aviation element (ADAM/BAE).","rect":[154.7993927001953,201.47662353515626,485.77923107147219,192.36843872070313]},{"page":33,"text":"— Air Force tactical air control party attached to the BFSB.","rect":[154.7993927001953,219.17694091796876,394.06853771209719,210.06875610351563]},{"page":33,"text":"— Fires cell.","rect":[154.7993927001953,235.0,205.99761486053468,227.76907348632813]},{"page":33,"text":"Air Defense and Airspace Management/Brigade Aviation Element","rect":[90.0,255.86070251464845,399.5108320350647,246.05555725097657]},{"page":33,"text":"2-20. The ADAM/BAE—","rect":[108.0,271.45013427734377,225.58829879760743,264.3659973144531]},{"page":33,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,289.0,147.50689334869385,285.0]},{"page":33,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,306.0,147.50689334869385,303.0]},{"page":33,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,324.0,147.50689334869385,320.0]},{"page":33,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,342.0,147.50689334869385,338.0]},{"page":33,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,359.0,147.50689334869385,356.0]},{"page":33,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,387.1380310058594,147.50689334869385,384.6831359863281]},{"page":33,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,406.0,147.50689334869385,403.0]},{"page":33,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,422.53875732421877,147.50689334869385,420.0838623046875]},{"page":33,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,442.0,147.50689334869385,438.0]},{"page":33,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,457.9394226074219,147.50689334869385,455.4845275878906]},{"page":33,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,487.34002685546877,147.50790042877197,484.8851318359375]},{"page":33,"text":"Evaluates any air threat to BFSB operations.","rect":[154.82760620117188,291.17449951171877,333.3509473800659,282.0663146972656]},{"page":33,"text":"Analyzes aerial threat factors bearing on the OE.","rect":[154.8214111328125,308.8748779296875,350.3189649581909,299.7666931152344]},{"page":33,"text":"Analyzes the effects of weather and terrain on air operations.","rect":[154.82640075683595,326.5751953125,399.4949598312378,317.4670104980469]},{"page":33,"text":"Determines threat aerial courses of action.","rect":[154.8206024169922,342.25146484375,324.0557813644409,335.1673278808594]},{"page":33,"text":"Develops an air and missile defense (AMD) concept of support for each course of action","rect":[154.83351135253907,361.95574951171877,510.5333766937256,352.86761474609377]},{"page":33,"text":"(COA), wargames the AMD concept of support, and compares courses of action.","rect":[154.7993927001953,373.67620849609377,479.81569957733157,364.5680236816406]},{"page":33,"text":"Maintains the AMD running estimate.","rect":[154.798583984375,391.3764953613281,307.56301403045657,382.268310546875]},{"page":33,"text":"Prepares the AMD annex.","rect":[154.8323974609375,409.0568542480469,259.0594434738159,399.9687194824219]},{"page":33,"text":"Synchronizes AMD operations.","rect":[154.7983856201172,426.7772216796875,281.6409864425659,417.6690368652344]},{"page":33,"text":"Plans and coordinates airspace command and control, and deconflicts airspace.","rect":[154.83160400390626,444.4574279785156,471.53570079803469,435.3692932128906]},{"page":33,"text":"Integrates aviation into BFSB sustaining operations, such as medical evacuation and aerial","rect":[154.7983856201172,462.1778869628906,518.0314097366334,453.0697021484375]},{"page":33,"text":"resupply.","rect":[154.80039978027345,473.878173828125,191.88032054901124,464.7699890136719]},{"page":33,"text":"Represents aviation during the MDMP and other planning processes such as IPB, ISR","rect":[154.7993927001953,491.5784912109375,499.75984787368778,482.4703063964844]},{"page":33,"text":"synchronization, and targeting.","rect":[154.80039978027345,503.2789001464844,279.1275587081909,494.17071533203127]},{"page":33,"text":"• Maintains the aerial portion of the common operational picture.","rect":[144.0009002685547,520.9591674804688,409.51104259490969,511.8710021972656]},{"page":33,"text":"• Assists the fires element to analyze airspace control orders and air tasking orders.","rect":[144.0009002685547,538.6795654296875,481.53863048553469,529.5714111328125]},{"page":33,"text":"• Coordinates directly with the aviation brigade or the supporting aviation task force for detailed","rect":[143.99989318847657,556.3798828125,535.1866359710693,547.271728515625]},{"page":33,"text":"air mission planning.","rect":[154.7993927001953,568.0802001953125,239.1284589767456,558.9720458984375]},{"page":33,"text":"Air Force Tactical Air Control Party","rect":[90.0,587.0607299804688,263.0996494293213,577.2555541992188]},{"page":33,"text":"2-21. The TACP is the aligned US Air Force element that coordinates tactical air assets and operations","rect":[108.0,604.6741943359375,540.0265033226013,595.5660400390625]},{"page":33,"text":"such as CAS, air interdiction, joint suppression of enemy air defenses (J-SEAD), reconnaissance, and","rect":[107.9990005493164,616.3745727539063,539.9918117523193,607.25634765625]},{"page":33,"text":"airlift. 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The FC—","rect":[90.0,271.4601745605469,166.3754997253418,264.3659973144531]},{"page":34,"text":"• Develops and recommends surface targets to attack.","rect":[125.9999008178711,291.17449951171877,345.34258556365969,282.0663146972656]},{"page":34,"text":"• Employs fires to influence the will of and to destroy, neutralize, or suppress enemy forces.","rect":[125.9999008178711,308.8748779296875,499.7289686203003,299.7666931152344]},{"page":34,"text":"• Plans, coordinates, disseminates, and maintains fire support coordination measures.","rect":[125.9999008178711,326.5551452636719,471.49492931365969,317.4670104980469]},{"page":34,"text":"• Plans and requests CAS.","rect":[125.9999008178711,344.2554626464844,235.47515392303468,335.1673278808594]},{"page":34,"text":"• Coordinates clearance of fires.","rect":[125.9999008178711,359.9617919921875,259.38027477264407,352.86761474609377]},{"page":34,"text":"• Plans the employment of nonlethal fires.","rect":[125.9999008178711,379.67620849609377,299.27663707733157,370.5680236816406]},{"page":34,"text":"• Synchronizes fires within the BFSB AO.","rect":[125.9999008178711,397.3764953613281,300.6426649093628,388.268310546875]},{"page":34,"text":"BFSB S-4 SECTION","rect":[72.0,415.1399841308594,167.4217233657837,406.83599853515627]},{"page":34,"text":"2-23. The S-4 is responsible for planning brigade sustainment. The S-4 is the link between the BFSB’s","rect":[90.0,435.1142883300781,522.0064837913513,426.006103515625]},{"page":34,"text":"organic  BSC  and  the  theater  support  command  for  coordinating  logistics  support.  Specific to LRSU","rect":[90.0,446.814697265625,521.9962201156616,437.7065124511719]},{"page":34,"text":"operations, the S-4 is responsible for coordinating riggers in support of Airborne (static line, MFF and","rect":[90.0,458.5149841308594,521.9896755218506,449.40679931640627]},{"page":34,"text":"resupply) operations.","rect":[90.0,470.2154235839844,174.79339122772218,461.10723876953127]},{"page":34,"text":"RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE SQUADRON","rect":[72.0,492.23638916015627,434.6399158706665,480.25555419921877]},{"page":34,"text":"2-24. The R&S squadron is  a  multifunctional  unit  designed  to  collect  and  report  information  that","rect":[90.0,510.2943115234375,522.0850596389771,501.1861267089844]},{"page":34,"text":"answers","rect":[90.0,519.9705810546875,122.36459994125366,515.2211303710938]},{"page":34,"text":"the","rect":[129.4593963623047,519.9705810546875,141.70966816711425,512.886474609375]},{"page":34,"text":"BFBS","rect":[148.80470275878907,519.9805908203125,173.27442835998537,513.0567626953125]},{"page":34,"text":"commander's  critical  information  requirements  (CCIR)  and  other  information","rect":[180.36151123046876,521.974609375,522.0379543304443,512.886474609375]},{"page":34,"text":"requirements (IR) using manned ground assets and small UAS. It can also acquire targets and, on a limited","rect":[90.0,533.6950073242188,521.9942531585693,524.5868530273438]},{"page":34,"text":"basis, interdict targets. The squadron has a headquarters and headquarters troop (HHT), one LRSC, and","rect":[90.0,545.3953857421875,522.0028591156006,536.2872314453125]},{"page":34,"text":"two mounted ground reconnaissance troops. It has long-range communications that allow it to operate","rect":[90.0,557.095703125,522.0359163360596,547.987548828125]},{"page":34,"text":"dispersed and communicate throughout the division AO. The R&S squadron is designed to simultaneously","rect":[90.0,568.7960815429688,522.0314846038818,559.6879272460938]},{"page":34,"text":"employ the LRSC and the reconnaissance troops dispersed within the higher unit's AO. Except for its","rect":[90.0,580.4963989257813,522.0061786155701,571.3882446289063]},{"page":34,"text":"organic medical platoon, the R&S squadron depends on the BSC for all of its logistical support.","rect":[90.0,592.19677734375,474.34121227264407,583.088623046875]},{"page":34,"text":"HEADQUARTERS AND HEADQUARTERS TROOP","rect":[72.0,611.4864501953125,299.03330755233767,601.8359985351563]},{"page":34,"text":"2-25. The R&S squadron HHT has organic elements specifically designed to support the employment of ","rect":[90.0,629.934326171875,524.7028760910034,620.826171875]},{"page":34,"text":"the LRSC: medics, forward observers (FOs), and the insertion and extraction section organic to the S-3","rect":[90.0,641.6345825195313,522.0530300140381,632.5264282226563]},{"page":34,"text":"section. These Soldiers are distinguished by special qualifications identifiers and additional skill identifiers","rect":[90.0,653.3349609375,522.0153338890076,644.226806640625]},{"page":34,"text":"(SQIs and ASIs) in the R&S squadron headquarters and headquarters troop's TOE.","rect":[90.0,665.015380859375,422.16070079803469,655.92724609375]},{"page":34,"text":"2-26. The combat medic section of the medical platoon has six Soldiers identified for direct support","rect":[90.0,682.7156982421875,522.0589976272584,673.6275634765625]},{"page":34,"text":"(DS) to the LRSC: the staff sergeant section NCO and five specialist medics. Each of these Soldiers is","rect":[90.0,694.4360961914063,522.0009295921326,685.3279418945313]},{"page":34,"text":"Airborne and special operations combat medic qualified, so they can support LRS team missions.","rect":[90.0,706.1364135742188,480.50808238983157,697.0282592773438]},{"page":34,"text":"2-6","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":34,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":34,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":35,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[442.91998291015627,44.739013671875,540.0114604492187,38.0880126953125]},{"page":35,"text":"2-27. Within  the  fire  support  platoon,  two  fire  support  staff  sergeants,  and two sergeant FOs are","rect":[108.0,83.57427978515625,540.0166292266846,74.46610260009766]},{"page":35,"text":"Airborne and Ranger qualified. This gives them the basic skills needed to participate in LRS team missions","rect":[108.0,95.27471923828125,540.0888812522888,86.16654205322266]},{"page":35,"text":"when target acquisition is required.","rect":[108.0,106.97503662109375,249.30915355682374,97.86685943603516]},{"page":35,"text":"2-28. The insertion and extraction section helps plan and execute infiltration and exfiltration of LRS","rect":[108.0,124.65525817871094,540.0343160552978,115.5671157836914]},{"page":35,"text":"teams, and provides general planning support for the LRSC and ground reconnaissance troops. The section","rect":[107.9990005493164,136.37567138671876,540.0010280609131,127.26749420166016]},{"page":35,"text":"has five Soldiers: a Captain assistant operations officer, a sergeant first class assistant operations NCO, a","rect":[107.9990005493164,148.07611083984376,539.9391145782471,138.96792602539063]},{"page":35,"text":"staff sergeant assistant operations NCO, and two specialist vehicle drivers. The Captain must be Airborne,","rect":[107.9990005493164,159.7763671875,540.0017042160034,150.66818237304688]},{"page":35,"text":"Ranger, and Pathfinder-qualified. The assistant operations NCOs are Airborne, Ranger, Pathfinder, and","rect":[107.9990005493164,171.4766845703125,540.0095729827881,162.36849975585938]},{"page":35,"text":"underwater military diver-qualified. The section--","rect":[107.9990005493164,183.17706298828126,307.68404174423218,174.06887817382813]},{"page":35,"text":"• Helps plan, coordinate, and develop MPFs.","rect":[143.99888610839845,200.8573455810547,328.2851209640503,191.76919555664063]},{"page":35,"text":"• Keeps a list, overlays of, and additional information about possible landing zones (LZs), drop","rect":[143.99888610839845,218.57781982421876,530.5823268890381,209.46963500976563]},{"page":35,"text":"zones (DZs), and pickup zones (PZs).","rect":[154.7983856201172,230.2581024169922,306.35882091522219,221.16995239257813]},{"page":35,"text":"• Coordinates requests for any air operations with aviation support units.","rect":[143.99888610839845,247.978515625,439.6986036300659,238.87033081054688]},{"page":35,"text":"• Posts the schedule of infiltration and exfiltration operations.","rect":[143.99888610839845,265.6587219238281,395.6577100753784,256.5705871582031]},{"page":35,"text":"2-29. In addition to the R&S squadron, Soldiers and sections that directly support the LRSC, the S-2","rect":[107.9990005493164,283.3790588378906,539.9749660491943,274.2708740234375]},{"page":35,"text":"and the S-4 have additional important support functions. The S-2 section collaborates with the BFSB ISR","rect":[107.9990005493164,295.0594482421875,540.0289823951721,285.9713134765625]},{"page":35,"text":"fusion element to produce target information for LRS team missions. The S-4 section coordinates with the","rect":[107.9990005493164,306.7798156738281,539.9530305938721,297.671630859375]},{"page":35,"text":"BFSB S-4 section for riggers to support LRS team insertion operations through other sustainment units","rect":[107.9990005493164,318.4801940917969,540.0152728538513,309.37200927734377]},{"page":35,"text":"as needed.","rect":[107.9990005493164,328.1564636230469,149.82749462127686,321.07232666015627]},{"page":35,"text":"NONSTANDARD LRSU COMMAND AND CONTROL","rect":[90.0,349.88970947265627,428.1439651145935,340.215576171875]},{"page":35,"text":"2-30. LRSU are in high demand and limited in number. Therefore, even a LRSC or a task-organized","rect":[108.0,370.2543029785156,540.0383815765381,361.1461181640625]},{"page":35,"text":"LRSD is often told to support units other than a BFSB or R&S squadron. However, support and functions","rect":[108.0,381.93463134765627,539.9870746116638,372.84649658203127]},{"page":35,"text":"provided by the BFSB, the R&S squadron, and the BSC are essential and necessary to the successful","rect":[108.0,393.6549987792969,540.0575938186646,384.54681396484377]},{"page":35,"text":"execution of a LRSU operation. ","rect":[108.0,405.3353576660156,238.47666454315186,396.2472229003906]},{"page":35,"text":"2-31. Without  this  support,  the  LRSU  would  be  limited  as  to  the  spectrum of  missions it could","rect":[108.0,423.03564453125,539.9810085296631,413.947509765625]},{"page":35,"text":"successfully perform. These limitations should be explained clearly to the gaining unit commander and","rect":[108.0,434.7560119628906,540.0157985687256,425.6478271484375]},{"page":35,"text":"considered during the conduct of the MDMP.","rect":[108.0,446.4564208984375,290.66070079803469,437.3482360839844]},{"page":35,"text":"2-32. LRSDs can also be task-organized between LRSCs. For instance, if a LRSC requires additional","rect":[108.0,464.1567077636719,540.0183482131959,455.04852294921877]},{"page":35,"text":"assets to perform its mission, a LRSD can be attached from another LRSC. For rapid interoperability,","rect":[108.0,475.8570861816406,540.1415967941284,466.7489013671875]},{"page":35,"text":"communications  SOPs  (message  formats,  COMSEC,  and reporting procedures)  must  be  similar  or,  if ","rect":[108.0,487.5574035644531,542.5203199386597,478.44921875]},{"page":35,"text":"possible, identical.","rect":[108.0,499.2377624511719,182.92052745819093,490.1496276855469]},{"page":35,"text":"COMMAND POSTS","rect":[90.0,518.9696044921875,215.3670417327881,509.2954406738281]},{"page":35,"text":"2-33. LRSUs normally employ three types of command posts: a company operations base (COB), an","rect":[108.0,539.3341674804688,540.0129909515381,530.2260131835938]},{"page":35,"text":"alternate operations base (AOB), and an MSS. ","rect":[108.0,551.0144653320313,296.74322032928469,541.9263305664063]},{"page":35,"text":"COMPANY OPERATIONS BASE","rect":[90.0,568.7879028320313,237.14049673080445,560.495849609375]},{"page":35,"text":"2-34. Figure 2-1 shows an example COB, which normally collocates with or near the R&S squadron","rect":[108.0,588.774169921875,539.9383449554443,579.666015625]},{"page":35,"text":"tactical operations center (TOC) or the BFSB main command post (MCP). A key consideration for the","rect":[108.0,600.474609375,540.0333528594971,591.366455078125]},{"page":35,"text":"location of the COB is the requirement for a secure location or facility for LRS team planning. Teams","rect":[108.0,612.1749267578125,540.1115863304138,603.0667724609375]},{"page":35,"text":"should be separated from each other to preserve operational security and to allow them to conduct detailed","rect":[108.0,623.8753051757813,540.0579738616943,614.7671508789063]},{"page":35,"text":"planning with minimal interruption. This location is called the planning facility. Most members of the","rect":[108.0,635.5755615234375,540.0473299102783,626.4674072265625]},{"page":35,"text":"LRSU locate in the COB.","rect":[108.0,645.2720336914063,210.74706554412843,638.1678466796875]},{"page":35,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":35,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":35,"text":"2-7","rect":[527.0773315429688,753.9600219726563,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":36,"text":"Chapter 2","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":36,"text":"Figure 2-1. Company operations base.","rect":[215.45999145507813,404.1809997558594,378.51728930664066,395.74798583984377]},{"page":36,"text":"2-35. In addition to the planning facility, the COB includes areas for a TOC, the company headquarters,","rect":[90.0,421.9142761230469,521.9777173995972,412.80609130859377]},{"page":36,"text":"the communications platoon or BRS,  motor  park,  helicopter  LZ,  and  LRSD  and  team  living  areas.","rect":[90.0,433.61468505859377,522.0792798995972,424.5065002441406]},{"page":36,"text":"METT-TC determines whether the site should be a fixed or a field site.","rect":[90.0,443.3009948730469,374.9357557296753,436.2068176269531]},{"page":36,"text":"2-36. The  company  commander  selects the general location  of  the  LRSU  COB.  Based  on  the","rect":[90.0,463.0152893066406,521.9995393829346,453.9071044921875]},{"page":36,"text":"commander's requirements, the 1SG or XO determines the exact location. He oversees the setup of the base","rect":[89.9990005493164,474.6956481933594,522.0492830352783,465.6075134277344]},{"page":36,"text":"and the implementation of security for it. ","rect":[89.9990005493164,486.4159851074219,257.0134687423706,477.30780029296877]},{"page":36,"text":"2-37. Each LRSD or LRS team is assigned an area, within which it sets up a CP. When a team deploys,","rect":[89.9990005493164,504.1164245605469,522.0133619308472,495.00823974609377]},{"page":36,"text":"the platoon sergeant, or a designated team leader, provides for security in the team area and for any","rect":[89.99800109863281,515.8167114257813,522.1819362640381,506.7085266113281]},{"page":36,"text":"equipment that the team did not take on the mission.","rect":[89.99800109863281,527.4970703125,299.71474742889407,518.408935546875]},{"page":36,"text":"Operations Section","rect":[72.0,546.478759765625,161.45186460876466,536.695556640625]},{"page":36,"text":"2-38. The operations section sets up, secures, and restricts access to the company TOC. The section","rect":[90.0,564.1141967773438,522.0123195648193,555.0060424804688]},{"page":36,"text":"prepares and marks an LZ nearby. The operations NCO normally controls the LZ, however a LRSD or","rect":[90.0,575.8145141601563,521.9968164024353,566.7063598632813]},{"page":36,"text":"LRS team can also be given the mission to set up and control it.","rect":[90.0,587.514892578125,345.71062755584719,578.40673828125]},{"page":36,"text":"Communications Platoon","rect":[72.0,604.2937622070313,190.8298553314209,596.695556640625]},{"page":36,"text":"2-39. The communications platoon is assigned an area. It sets up required HF, UHF TACSAT, and very","rect":[90.0,624.1141967773438,522.0957546234131,615.0060424804688]},{"page":36,"text":"high  frequency  (VHF) antenna  systems;  operates  the company  or  detachment  wire  net; and provides","rect":[90.0,635.8145141601563,522.0456073265076,626.7063598632813]},{"page":36,"text":"communication equipment maintenance and logistical support. The communications platoon coordinates","rect":[90.0,647.514892578125,521.9942157249451,638.40673828125]},{"page":36,"text":"for the unit to be included into the local area network (LAN). This allows them access to the higher unit","rect":[90.0,659.21533203125,521.9961314163209,650.107177734375]},{"page":36,"text":"switching system.","rect":[90.0,670.9155883789063,161.74189281463624,661.8074340820313]},{"page":36,"text":"2-8","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":36,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":36,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":37,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[442.91998291015627,44.739013671875,540.0042583007812,38.0880126953125]},{"page":37,"text":"Company Headquarters","rect":[90.0,84.86070251464844,203.87797031021118,75.06654357910156]},{"page":37,"text":"2-40. The company headquarters  is  assigned  an  area  from  which  it  provides  administrative  and","rect":[108.0,102.47418212890625,539.9749660491943,93.36600494384766]},{"page":37,"text":"logistical support as required. The 1SG initiates and enforces the operations base security plan.","rect":[108.0,114.1776123046875,488.9833936691284,105.0694351196289]},{"page":37,"text":"Base Radio Station","rect":[90.0,130.96456909179688,179.2652038421631,123.35542297363281]},{"page":37,"text":"2-41. Intelligence reports (INTREP) received by the BRS go directly to the R&S squadron S-2 and the","rect":[108.0,150.7742919921875,540.0503206329346,141.66610717773438]},{"page":37,"text":"BFSB ISR fusion element. The LRSU operation section neither delays nor changes any INTREP. If a BRS","rect":[108.0,162.47772216796876,539.9055929107666,153.36953735351563]},{"page":37,"text":"receives a message at the AOB and not the COB, the operator sends it, exactly as received, by the fastest,","rect":[108.0,174.18096923828126,540.0344190597534,165.07278442382813]},{"page":37,"text":"most secure means to the COB. Unit SOPs largely determines how INTREPs are processed once received","rect":[108.0,185.8843994140625,540.0184230804443,176.77621459960938]},{"page":37,"text":"at the COB.","rect":[108.0,195.5736846923828,155.60100841522218,188.47952270507813]},{"page":37,"text":"ALTERNATE OPERATIONS BASE","rect":[90.0,215.32803344726563,246.500497341156,207.03604125976563]},{"page":37,"text":"2-42. The primary mission of the AOB is to serve as a communications relay between the COB and","rect":[108.0,235.3143310546875,539.9717922210693,226.20614624023438]},{"page":37,"text":"deployed LRS teams. AOB planning considerations derive from the communication requirements of the","rect":[108.0,247.0177001953125,539.9723177032471,237.90951538085938]},{"page":37,"text":"COB and on the deployed LRS teams. Normally, the communication platoon leader controls the AOB but","rect":[108.0,258.720947265625,540.0276255569459,249.61276245117188]},{"page":37,"text":"is not necessarily located there. Selected personnel from the operations section also normally locate at the","rect":[108.0,270.42437744140627,539.9906282501221,261.3161926269531]},{"page":37,"text":"AOB.  The  task  organization  for the LRSU AOB varies  based  upon  METT-TC  considerations  and","rect":[108.0,282.127685546875,540.0222682952881,273.0195007324219]},{"page":37,"text":"unit SOPs.","rect":[108.0,291.8171081542969,150.93068981170655,284.7229309082031]},{"page":37,"text":"2-43. The COB and AOBs maintain communication with employed teams using HF or UHF TACSAT","rect":[108.0,311.5364074707031,539.9712803382873,302.42822265625]},{"page":37,"text":"radios. For OPSEC purposes, each team has a separate frequency and cryptographic keys. The tactical","rect":[108.0,323.23980712890627,540.0313487014771,314.1316223144531]},{"page":37,"text":"switching  system  between  the  two  bases allows  them  to  communicate.  Depending  on  METT-TC","rect":[108.0,334.94317626953127,540.0557157936096,325.8349914550781]},{"page":37,"text":"requirements, HF or line of sight (LOS) radio systems provide backup communications. (Figure 2-2 shows","rect":[108.0,346.6465148925781,539.9884173851013,337.538330078125]},{"page":37,"text":"an example C2 employment schematic for a LRSC.)","rect":[108.0,358.34991455078127,317.5621240196228,349.2417297363281]},{"page":37,"text":"Figure 2-2. Example C2 employment schematic for a LRSC.","rect":[188.75999450683595,565.4608764648438,441.32621875,557.0278930664063]},{"page":37,"text":"2-44. The AOB locates where it can best support communications with deployed LRS teams. Because","rect":[108.0,583.1942138671875,540.0273103790283,574.0860595703125]},{"page":37,"text":"of its limited ability to provide for its own security, the AOB normally collocates with another unit. For","rect":[108.0,594.8975830078125,540.1216943321228,585.7894287109375]},{"page":37,"text":"linkup operations, the LRSC can collocate a BRS-equipped liaison officer (LNO) team with the moving","rect":[108.0,606.6008911132813,539.9732570648193,597.4927368164063]},{"page":37,"text":"unit.","rect":[108.0,616.2802734375,126.13218212127686,609.1961669921875]},{"page":37,"text":"MISSION SUPPORT SITE","rect":[90.0,636.0598754882813,206.8409514427185,627.755859375]},{"page":37,"text":"2-45. If required, the LRSU can also use an MSS. An MSS is a temporary grouping of operations,","rect":[108.0,656.0341796875,539.9549512863159,646.926025390625]},{"page":37,"text":"communications, and support personnel, formed to conduct a specific operation or mission. Normally, the","rect":[108.0,667.7376098632813,539.9231233673096,658.6294555664063]},{"page":37,"text":"MSS commander is a LRS detachment leader. The only difference between C2 for a LRSD in an MSS and","rect":[108.0,679.44091796875,539.9996852874756,670.332763671875]},{"page":37,"text":"a LRSC is that the LRSD may not use an AOB. (Figure 2-3 shows an example C2 employment schematic","rect":[108.0,691.144287109375,539.9137239532471,682.0361328125]},{"page":37,"text":"for a LRSD in an MSS.)","rect":[108.0,702.8275756835938,205.62547851181032,693.7394409179688]},{"page":37,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98230200195312,747.489013671875]},{"page":37,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0636901855469,754.0679931640625,329.0175192871094,747.489013671875]},{"page":37,"text":"2-9","rect":[527.064697265625,754.0679931640625,540.035494140625,747.489013671875]},{"page":38,"text":"Chapter 2","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":38,"text":"Figure 2-3. Example C2 employment schematic for a LRSD in an MSS.","rect":[147.95999145507813,273.0210266113281,446.16169848632816,264.5880126953125]},{"page":38,"text":"TACTICAL OPERATIONS CENTER","rect":[72.0,292.7696838378906,303.1144947280884,283.0955505371094]},{"page":38,"text":"2-46. The LRSU TOC sets up in the COB. The TOC gives commanders a C2 capability with higher","rect":[90.0,313.1343078613281,522.0067651329041,304.026123046875]},{"page":38,"text":"headquarters and subordinate elements.","rect":[90.0,324.81463623046877,248.2264051437378,315.72650146484377]},{"page":38,"text":"LRSC","rect":[72.0,342.6000061035156,103.93559881591797,334.2960205078125]},{"page":38,"text":"2-47. In the LRSC TOC, personnel perform specific functions as follows:","rect":[90.0,362.55426025390627,397.97571515655519,353.46612548828127]},{"page":38,"text":"Battle Captain or NCO","rect":[72.0,381.53875732421877,181.01712531280519,371.7555847167969]},{"page":38,"text":"2-48. The battle captain or NCO supervises operations in the TOC. In the LRSC, the battle captain is","rect":[90.0,399.1542663574219,522.0923602561951,390.0661315917969]},{"page":38,"text":"normally a LRS detachment leader. This duty normally rotates between the three LRS detachment leaders.","rect":[90.0,410.8746643066406,522.0250806808472,401.7664794921875]},{"page":38,"text":"The battle captain or NCO  plans  and  coordinates  the  company's  tactical  operations  based  on  the","rect":[90.0009994506836,422.5749816894531,522.1353426055908,413.466796875]},{"page":38,"text":"commander's guidance and--","rect":[90.0009994506836,434.2754211425781,205.30644775009157,425.167236328125]},{"page":38,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,449.0,129.50790042877197,446.0]},{"page":38,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,467.0,129.50790042877197,463.0]},{"page":38,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,485.0,129.50790042877197,481.0]},{"page":38,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,502.0,129.50790042877197,499.0]},{"page":38,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,520.0,129.50790042877197,517.0]},{"page":38,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,538.0,129.50790042877197,534.0]},{"page":38,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,556.0,129.50790042877197,552.0]},{"page":38,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,573.0,129.50790042877197,570.0]},{"page":38,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,591.0,129.50790042877197,587.0]},{"page":38,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,609.0,129.50790042877197,605.0]},{"page":38,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,626.0,129.50790042877197,623.0]},{"page":38,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,644.0,129.50790042877197,640.0]},{"page":38,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,662.0,129.50790042877197,658.0]},{"page":38,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,679.0,129.50790042877197,676.0]},{"page":38,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,697.0,129.50790042877197,694.0]},{"page":38,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,715.0,129.50790042877197,711.0]},{"page":38,"text":"Analyzes assigned missions.","rect":[136.79959106445313,451.9756774902344,251.15954113006593,442.86749267578127]},{"page":38,"text":"Plans employment of teams.","rect":[136.79959106445313,469.6759948730469,250.08320140838624,460.56781005859377]},{"page":38,"text":"Prepares or approves operations orders (OPORD) before they go to the commander.","rect":[136.79930114746095,487.37628173828127,474.17202281951907,478.2680969238281]},{"page":38,"text":"Updates the commander on current and projected tactical situations.","rect":[136.79750061035157,505.0766906738281,409.3387403488159,495.95849609375]},{"page":38,"text":"Supervises the preparation of all operational and intelligence documents.","rect":[136.8173065185547,522.7769775390625,429.0699110031128,513.6688232421875]},{"page":38,"text":"Supervises coordination with higher and supporting headquarters.","rect":[136.79959106445313,540.477294921875,401.07842540740969,531.369140625]},{"page":38,"text":"Reports the operational status of committed and uncommitted LRS teams.","rect":[136.81639099121095,558.15771484375,433.2574415206909,549.069580078125]},{"page":38,"text":"Ensures that the current situation is posted on all maps and charts.","rect":[136.79959106445313,575.8579711914063,401.49819469451907,566.7698364257813]},{"page":38,"text":"Collects and forwards combat information from the LRS teams to higher.","rect":[136.83340454101563,593.5783081054688,430.9705457687378,584.4701538085938]},{"page":38,"text":"Maintains the operations workbook.","rect":[136.79930114746095,611.2586669921875,281.77138805389407,602.1705322265625]},{"page":38,"text":"Approves the TOC personnel work schedule.","rect":[136.79930114746095,628.958984375,318.1395215988159,619.870849609375]},{"page":38,"text":"Ensures preparation of the briefing area and maps.","rect":[136.79930114746095,646.6793212890625,339.19314098358157,637.5711669921875]},{"page":38,"text":"Posts the mission planning chart.","rect":[136.79930114746095,664.3796997070313,269.10488414764407,655.2715454101563]},{"page":38,"text":"Collects combat information from LRS team operations.","rect":[136.82440185546876,682.0599975585938,362.7996473312378,672.9718627929688]},{"page":38,"text":"Updates mission folders after receiving info from BFSB and R&S squadron staff elements.","rect":[136.83450317382813,699.7802734375,502.02114391326907,690.672119140625]},{"page":38,"text":"Posts and maintains the enemy situation overlay.","rect":[136.8153076171875,717.4805908203125,332.38140392303469,708.3724365234375]},{"page":38,"text":"2-10","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":38,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":38,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":39,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[442.91998291015627,44.739013671875,540.0114604492187,38.0880126953125]},{"page":39,"text":"• Informs teams of critical information that could affect their missions.","rect":[144.0,81.55023956298828,431.83144664764407,74.46610260009766]},{"page":39,"text":"• Conducts final security inspections of LRS teams before deployment.","rect":[144.0,101.274658203125,433.3931837081909,92.1664810180664]},{"page":39,"text":"Operations Sergeant","rect":[90.0,120.26072692871094,186.76891919326784,110.45558166503906]},{"page":39,"text":"2-49. The operations sergeant supervises the TOC enlisted personnel. He assumes responsibility for the","rect":[108.0,137.874267578125,540.0241975860596,128.76608276367188]},{"page":39,"text":"TOC in the absence of the battle captain. He also--","rect":[108.0,149.5546112060547,311.41594482040406,140.46646118164063]},{"page":39,"text":"• Helps prepare and edit all tactical operations plans.","rect":[143.99989318847657,167.25498962402345,359.78667736053469,158.16683959960938]},{"page":39,"text":"• Supervises the operation of the planning area.","rect":[143.99989318847657,184.975341796875,338.6014051437378,175.86715698242188]},{"page":39,"text":"• Posts the current situation on the friendly situation overlay.","rect":[143.99989318847657,202.67559814453126,392.47378063201907,193.56741333007813]},{"page":39,"text":"• Posts current data from deployed teams on mission-status charts.","rect":[143.99989318847657,220.3759765625,414.5331983566284,211.26779174804688]},{"page":39,"text":"• Establishes the TOC personnel work schedule.","rect":[143.99989318847657,238.05625915527345,342.1549024581909,228.96810913085938]},{"page":39,"text":"• Coordinates with the 1SG for TOC messengers and guards.","rect":[143.99989318847657,255.776611328125,393.1745557785034,246.66842651367188]},{"page":39,"text":"• Ensures that only authorized personnel enter the TOC.","rect":[143.99989318847657,273.47698974609377,373.30181407928469,264.3688049316406]},{"page":39,"text":"• Posts the manning chart.","rect":[143.99989318847657,291.17730712890627,253.33959484100343,282.0691223144531]},{"page":39,"text":"• Prepares the situation report (SITREP) for the period.","rect":[143.99989318847657,308.8575134277344,370.0650587081909,299.7693786621094]},{"page":39,"text":"• Helps maintain the operation workbook.","rect":[143.99989318847657,326.55792236328127,316.71758556365969,317.46978759765627]},{"page":39,"text":"• Acts as a shift leader to maintain a 24-hour capability in the TOC.","rect":[143.99989318847657,344.2782897949219,419.6259412765503,335.17010498046877]},{"page":39,"text":"Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear NCO","rect":[90.0,363.26068115234377,341.1539813919067,353.45556640625]},{"page":39,"text":"2-50.","rect":[108.0,378.8302307128906,128.98789501190186,371.94647216796877]},{"page":39,"text":"The CBRN NCO helps establish, administer, and apply defensive CBRN operations. He also--","rect":[143.99989318847657,380.8742980957031,523.1943872032166,371.76611328125]},{"page":39,"text":"• Supervises preparation of CBRN reports.","rect":[143.99989318847657,398.5545349121094,320.2423048019409,389.4664001464844]},{"page":39,"text":"• Supervises maintenance of CBRN supply.","rect":[143.99989318847657,416.2749938964844,323.83022594451907,407.16680908203127]},{"page":39,"text":"• Supervises unit and individual CBRN training records.","rect":[143.99989318847657,433.97528076171877,374.81255626678469,424.8670959472656]},{"page":39,"text":"• Serves as principal NCO of the CBRN defense team.","rect":[143.99989318847657,451.6555480957031,367.3338575363159,442.5674133300781]},{"page":39,"text":"• Collects CBRN information and data.","rect":[143.99989318847657,467.36187744140627,305.9716444015503,460.2677001953125]},{"page":39,"text":"• Interprets and analyzes CBRN information and data.","rect":[143.99989318847657,487.0762939453125,365.72390270233157,477.9681091308594]},{"page":39,"text":"• Disseminates CBRN information and data.","rect":[143.99989318847657,502.7626037597656,326.4716749191284,495.6684265136719]},{"page":39,"text":"• Acts as a shift leader to maintain a 24-hour capability in the TOC.","rect":[143.99989318847657,522.4769287109375,419.6259412765503,513.3687744140625]},{"page":39,"text":"Liaison NCO","rect":[90.0,539.253662109375,151.98320502471925,531.6554565429688]},{"page":39,"text":"2-51. The LNO coordinates test fire areas; rehearsal areas; communication equipment test areas; and","rect":[108.0,559.0542602539063,540.0313625335693,549.9661254882813]},{"page":39,"text":"supply, medical, transportation requirements.","rect":[108.0,570.774658203125,289.4722852706909,561.66650390625]},{"page":39,"text":"Ongoing Actions","rect":[90.0,589.7606201171875,168.5124765357971,579.9554443359375]},{"page":39,"text":"2-52. During  the  mission,  the  TOC  personnel  monitor the  progress  of  surveillance  teams  and  are","rect":[108.0,607.374267578125,539.9734773712158,598.26611328125]},{"page":39,"text":"prepared to coordinate for exfiltration, fire support, resupply, linkups or any other action that might arise.","rect":[108.0,619.0745849609375,540.0485181808472,609.9664306640625]},{"page":39,"text":"They do this by sending updated SITREPs and any changes to the LRS team's mission. They also receive,","rect":[108.0,630.7749633789063,540.0161695480347,621.6668090820313]},{"page":39,"text":"log, and disseminate combat and administrative information from the teams. In addition, they--","rect":[107.9990005493164,642.4754028320313,488.8424279747009,633.3672485351563]},{"page":39,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,658.0,147.5058862686157,654.0]},{"page":39,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,675.0,147.5058862686157,672.0]},{"page":39,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,693.0,147.5058862686157,689.0]},{"page":39,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,711.0,147.5058862686157,707.0]},{"page":39,"text":"Monitor the guard frequency 24 hours a day.","rect":[154.79739379882813,660.1757202148438,334.4423780441284,651.0675659179688]},{"page":39,"text":"Coordinate resupply for committed teams.","rect":[154.82859802246095,677.8759765625,324.1327772140503,668.767822265625]},{"page":39,"text":"Coordinate emergency extractions.","rect":[154.79730224609376,695.576416015625,294.78481578826907,686.46826171875]},{"page":39,"text":"Coordinate medical evacuations.","rect":[154.79539489746095,711.2626342773438,285.8232374191284,704.1685180664063]},{"page":39,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":39,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":39,"text":"2-11","rect":[522.09765625,753.9600219726563,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":40,"text":"Chapter 2","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.47270422363282,38.0880126953125]},{"page":40,"text":"• Coordinate other required support.","rect":[126.0,83.55424499511719,275.7598829269409,74.46610260009766]},{"page":40,"text":"• Plan and coordinate additional missions as directed by the commander.","rect":[126.0,101.27960205078125,421.81365489959719,92.17142486572266]},{"page":40,"text":"• Monitor scheduled communication times.","rect":[126.0,116.96100616455078,303.65737438201907,109.87686920166016]},{"page":40,"text":"Debriefing","rect":[72.0,137.96067810058595,122.04354286193848,128.15553283691407]},{"page":40,"text":"2-53. Immediately after exfiltration, personnel from the R&S squadron S-2 or the BFSB S-2, debrief ","rect":[90.0,155.57427978515626,524.5263013839722,146.46609497070313]},{"page":40,"text":"each LRS team. In addition, the LRSC communications platoon leader or a BRS section sergeant debriefs","rect":[90.0,167.2777099609375,522.0468890647888,158.16952514648438]},{"page":40,"text":"the team on communications specific details.","rect":[90.0,178.9609832763672,270.13018321990969,169.87283325195313]},{"page":40,"text":"Messages","rect":[72.0,197.96067810058595,115.90902194595337,188.3312225341797]},{"page":40,"text":"2-54. The battle captain or NCO provides a receipt for all incoming messages. He forwards INTREPs","rect":[90.0,215.57427978515626,521.9852435569763,206.46609497070313]},{"page":40,"text":"from LRS teams to the BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element and R&S squadron S-2, as required. He also--","rect":[90.0,227.25767517089845,491.4212548789978,218.16952514648438]},{"page":40,"text":"Journal","rect":[72.0,314.8537292480469,108.70613402557373,307.4312438964844]},{"page":40,"text":"•","rect":[126.00189971923828,242.0,129.50889987945556,239.0]},{"page":40,"text":"•","rect":[126.00189971923828,260.0,129.50889987945556,256.0]},{"page":40,"text":"•","rect":[126.00189971923828,278.0,129.50889987945556,274.0]},{"page":40,"text":"•","rect":[126.00189971923828,295.0,129.50889987945556,292.0]},{"page":40,"text":"Records in the staff journal the receipt of each message.","rect":[136.83639526367188,244.9830322265625,361.36016368865969,235.86483764648438]},{"page":40,"text":"Posts the information from each message to appropriate maps and charts.","rect":[136.8354034423828,262.68829345703127,429.9449110031128,253.58010864257813]},{"page":40,"text":"Files each message in the journal file by journal-entry number.","rect":[136.83360290527345,280.3836669921875,388.5582227706909,271.2654724121094]},{"page":40,"text":"Records in the journal all messages that go out of the TOC.","rect":[136.80059814453126,298.0889892578125,374.6980848312378,288.9707946777344]},{"page":40,"text":"2-55. The Daily Staff Journal or Duty Officer’s Log (DA form 1594) is a chronological record of events","rect":[90.0,334.67431640625,522.3643939476013,325.5661315917969]},{"page":40,"text":"pertaining  to  the  unit  during  a  given  period.  The  battle  captain  or  NCO  maintains  the journal. He","rect":[90.0,346.3776550292969,521.9975862579346,337.25946044921877]},{"page":40,"text":"cross-references all items to the journal entries by journal item number. He posts all messages to the","rect":[90.0,358.08099365234377,521.9938020782471,348.9627990722656]},{"page":40,"text":"journal, and notes the following information about each:","rect":[90.0,369.784423828125,316.41294049835207,360.6662292480469]},{"page":40,"text":"•  Sender.","rect":[125.9917984008789,385.4756774902344,167.2001142501831,378.3815002441406]},{"page":40,"text":"• ","rect":[125.9917984008789,402.0,131.97680187225343,398.0]},{"page":40,"text":"•","rect":[125.9917984008789,420.0,129.49879856109619,417.0]},{"page":40,"text":"•","rect":[125.9917984008789,438.0,129.49879856109619,434.0]},{"page":40,"text":"•","rect":[125.9917984008789,456.0,129.49879856109619,452.0]},{"page":40,"text":"Message number.","rect":[136.7904052734375,405.1950988769531,207.46401500701905,396.0869140625]},{"page":40,"text":"Message title or a description of the event.","rect":[136.8094024658203,422.9004211425781,307.3603467941284,413.792236328125]},{"page":40,"text":"Time of receipt.","rect":[136.81959533691407,440.58563232421877,201.01105785369874,431.49749755859377]},{"page":40,"text":"Journal item number. ","rect":[136.78829956054688,456.2970886230469,224.71361827850343,449.2029113769531]},{"page":40,"text":"• Message center number (if applicable).","rect":[125.9917984008789,476.01641845703127,293.5821485519409,466.9082336425781]},{"page":40,"text":"•  Action taken.","rect":[125.9917984008789,491.69775390625,190.8503065109253,484.6136169433594]},{"page":40,"text":"•  His initials.","rect":[125.9917984008789,509.4030456542969,182.9535779953003,502.31890869140627]},{"page":40,"text":"Security","rect":[72.0,530.360595703125,111.05695533752442,520.555419921875]},{"page":40,"text":"2-56. Normally the 1SG or the operations NCO restricts and controls personnel access to the TOC and","rect":[90.0,547.9741821289063,521.9992580413818,538.8660278320313]},{"page":40,"text":"to the planning facility. Unit SOPs establish procedures for controlling and identifying visitors. The TOC","rect":[90.0,559.6776123046875,522.2267973365783,550.5694580078125]},{"page":40,"text":"and the planning facility should have only one secure entrance. The entrance to the planning facility should","rect":[90.0,571.380859375,522.0532741546631,562.272705078125]},{"page":40,"text":"have limited access and be secured at all times when LRS teams are conducting mission planning. Unit","rect":[90.0,583.0842895507813,522.0021738967896,573.9761352539063]},{"page":40,"text":"SOP details appropriate security measures in the safeguarding and handling of all classified material, to","rect":[90.01000213623047,594.78759765625,522.0187892913818,585.679443359375]},{"page":40,"text":"include preparing and rehearsing and emergency destruction.","rect":[90.01000213623047,606.490966796875,334.98955821990969,597.3828125]},{"page":40,"text":"Displacement","rect":[72.0,625.4386596679688,135.43145581436159,615.6554565429688]},{"page":40,"text":"2-57. When directed to displace, the on-duty shift continues to operate; the off-duty shift breaks down","rect":[90.0,643.0742797851563,521.9120998382568,633.9661254882813]},{"page":40,"text":"all equipment and loads it on the vehicles. The COB notifies the AOB of the departure time, route and","rect":[90.0,654.7576904296875,521.9584865570068,645.6695556640625]},{"page":40,"text":"proposed relocation site. When the COB is ready to displace, it transfers control to the AOB. The AOB","rect":[90.0,666.4810180664063,521.9771635475158,657.3728637695313]},{"page":40,"text":"monitors  committed  teams  and  controls  operations.  When  the  COB  is  again operational, it reassumes","rect":[90.01000213623047,678.1843872070313,522.0975482444763,669.0762329101563]},{"page":40,"text":"control and the AOB sends an update of the situation.","rect":[90.01000213623047,689.86767578125,305.2931776046753,680.779541015625]},{"page":40,"text":"2-12","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":40,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01910400390627,754.0679931640625,310.972994140625,747.489013671875]},{"page":40,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.05419921875,754.0679931640625,522.0364096679688,747.489013671875]},{"page":41,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[442.91998291015627,44.739013671875,540.0114604492187,38.0880126953125]},{"page":41,"text":"LRSD","rect":[90.0,83.64002227783203,121.93559881591797,75.33602142333985]},{"page":41,"text":"2-58. When  employed  at  an  MSS,  the  LRS  detachment  leader,  detachment  sergeant,  and attached","rect":[108.0,103.61431884765625,540.0729274749756,94.50614166259766]},{"page":41,"text":"communications  personnel  perform  all  functions.  The  LRSC  commander may supplement the LRSD","rect":[108.0,115.314697265625,540.0125165023803,106.2065200805664]},{"page":41,"text":"personnel as needed to assist in planning and operation of the MSS.","rect":[108.0,127.0150146484375,379.6702833175659,117.9068374633789]},{"page":41,"text":"TASK ORGANIZATION OUTSIDE NAMED AREAS OF INTEREST","rect":[90.0,146.7296600341797,514.3183730735779,137.04151916503907]},{"page":41,"text":"2-59. All LRSU should use the same communication procedures. This facilitates task organizing LRSU","rect":[108.0,167.09417724609376,540.0675091781616,157.98599243164063]},{"page":41,"text":"as battlefield conditions change. The rapid pace of some operations may require the LRSU to coordinate","rect":[108.0,178.794677734375,539.9862337188721,169.68649291992188]},{"page":41,"text":"C2 of deployed LRS teams and to exchange information to meet the commander's intelligence needs.","rect":[108.0,190.49493408203126,540.0917310714722,181.38674926757813]},{"page":41,"text":"Special situations could include the employment of the LRSU outside the BFSB's area of operations or","rect":[108.0,202.1953125,539.9921777305603,193.08712768554688]},{"page":41,"text":"area of interest.","rect":[108.0,211.87159729003907,170.11597728729249,204.78744506835938]},{"page":41,"text":"2-60. During retrograde operations, the C2 of any LRS teams beyond the BFSB's area of interest is","rect":[108.0,231.59600830078126,539.9741961936951,222.48782348632813]},{"page":41,"text":"temporarily transferred to the unit now responsible for that area. This action requires an LNO with a BRS","rect":[108.0,243.29632568359376,540.0370626373291,234.18814086914063]},{"page":41,"text":"to locate with the new controlling headquarters. Once teams are extracted, they return to the parent LRSU.","rect":[108.0,254.9967041015625,535.0602979660034,245.88851928710938]},{"page":41,"text":"TASK ORGANIZATION FOR BRIGADE, TASK FORCE, OR BOTH","rect":[90.0,274.66796875,389.697003364563,264.4559631347656]},{"page":41,"text":"2-61. For certain contingency operations, a LRSD, or portions of a LRSC, might be OPCON of a BCT.","rect":[108.0,292.73431396484377,539.9461011886597,283.6261291503906]},{"page":41,"text":"This most often occurs in a stability operation and before the BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element deploys to the","rect":[108.0,304.4345703125,540.0425081329346,295.3263854980469]},{"page":41,"text":"AO. It also occurs when BCTs expand control of a sector and deployed LRS teams are operating in that","rect":[108.0,316.1349792480469,540.0307993850709,307.02679443359377]},{"page":41,"text":"sector. When the latter occurs, an LNO with a BRS locates with the BCT MCP. For mission planning, a","rect":[108.0,327.8354187011719,539.9910554962158,318.72723388671877]},{"page":41,"text":"member of the BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element or R&S squadron S-2 LNO can accompany the LRS control","rect":[108.0,339.5356750488281,539.9155039749146,330.427490234375]},{"page":41,"text":"element.","rect":[108.0,349.2120361328125,142.09022045135499,342.1278991699219]},{"page":41,"text":"LIAISON DUTIES, EMPLOYMENT, AND COORDINATION","rect":[90.0,371.0,468.58257334136968,361.2755432128906]},{"page":41,"text":"2-62. The term \"liaison\" refers to the contact or intercommunication maintained between elements of ","rect":[108.0,389.2902526855469,542.5261182785034,382.20611572265627]},{"page":41,"text":"military  forces  in  order  to  ensure  mutual  understanding  and  unity  of  purpose and  action.  A trained,","rect":[108.0,403.0146789550781,540.0493726730347,393.906494140625]},{"page":41,"text":"competent, trusted, and informed officer or  noncommissioned  officer  is  the  key  to  effective  liaison.","rect":[108.0,414.7149963378906,540.0098218917847,405.6068115234375]},{"page":41,"text":"Normally, the unit provides its own LNO. ","rect":[108.0,426.4154052734375,278.7918653488159,417.3072204589844]},{"page":41,"text":"DUTIES","rect":[90.0,444.1422119140625,127.00984764099121,436.0559997558594]},{"page":41,"text":"2-63. The commander must trust the LNO completely. The LNO must hold the appropriate rank and","rect":[108.0,464.154296875,540.0173854827881,455.0461120605469]},{"page":41,"text":"have  the  appropriate  experience  for  each  particular  mission.  During  LRS  operations,  he  provides  the","rect":[108.0,475.8545837402344,539.9932527618408,466.74639892578127]},{"page":41,"text":"critical link between the LRSU and external agencies. He coordinates the planning process, assists as","rect":[108.0,487.55499267578127,540.0081317405701,478.4468078613281]},{"page":41,"text":"needed, and generally supports the LRS operation. ","rect":[108.0,499.25543212890627,313.48830699920657,490.1472473144531]},{"page":41,"text":"EMPLOYMENT","rect":[90.0,516.9725952148438,161.66747426986695,508.8959045410156]},{"page":41,"text":"2-64. The actual method of employing LNOs varies, depending on each unit's requirements and SOPs.","rect":[108.0,536.9942626953125,531.5845289230347,527.8861083984375]},{"page":41,"text":"Corps, Division, or Both","rect":[90.0,555.9586181640625,203.99986875915529,546.1754150390625]},{"page":41,"text":"2-65. The LRSU can be tasked to provide the corps or division headquarters with personnel to help","rect":[108.0,573.5741577148438,540.0052394866943,564.4860229492188]},{"page":41,"text":"coordinate C2 between the LRSU and its controlling headquarters. The LNO can assist in the coordination","rect":[108.0,585.2945556640625,539.9999294281006,576.1864013671875]},{"page":41,"text":"and tracking of LRS team operations, and provide other assistance as required.","rect":[108.0,596.994873046875,423.8395948410034,587.88671875]},{"page":41,"text":"Brigade or Task Force","rect":[90.0,615.9805908203125,195.9460121307373,606.1754150390625]},{"page":41,"text":"2-66. When required, the LRSU might need to provide an LNO to work with a BCT or task force staff.","rect":[108.0,633.5942993164063,539.9558057785034,624.4861450195313]},{"page":41,"text":"His duties would be similar to the duties provided to the corps and or division staff.","rect":[108.0,645.274658203125,443.0599012374878,636.1865234375]},{"page":41,"text":"Headquarters or Operations Section","rect":[90.0,664.2587280273438,260.6314605560303,654.4755249023438]},{"page":41,"text":"2-67. The headquarters or operations section of the LRSC normally employs internal LNOs to work","rect":[108.0,681.894287109375,539.9732570648193,672.7861328125]},{"page":41,"text":"with LRS teams preparing for an operation. These LNOs help the LRS team plan and coordinate upcoming","rect":[108.0,693.5946655273438,540.0923366546631,684.4865112304688]},{"page":41,"text":"missions. They can also help prepare and set up the planning facility and enforce security procedures.","rect":[108.0,705.2949829101563,540.0737867355347,696.1868286132813]},{"page":41,"text":"To ensure  the  effectiveness  of  the  LNOs,  they  should  be  senior  in  rank,  and experienced in LRS","rect":[108.0,716.995361328125,540.0537862701416,707.88720703125]},{"page":41,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":41,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":41,"text":"2-13","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":42,"text":"Chapter 2","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":42,"text":"operations. Each should work with his assigned team throughout the planning process and infiltration","rect":[90.0,83.57427978515625,522.0754909515381,74.46610260009766]},{"page":42,"text":"phase. Because he knows that teams’ mission, he can serve in place of any injured or incapacitated team","rect":[90.0,95.27471923828125,522.1887488327027,86.15652465820313]},{"page":42,"text":"member. After infiltration, if he is no longer needed on the team, he can help the operations section track","rect":[90.0,106.97503662109375,522.0526638031006,97.86685943603516]},{"page":42,"text":"the battle and exfiltrate, extract, debrief, and recover the LRS team. However, until the supported team's","rect":[90.0,118.65531921386719,522.0142352561951,109.56717681884766]},{"page":42,"text":"mission is complete, he should not be allowed to deploy on another LRS team mission until the supported","rect":[90.0,130.37567138671876,522.0121364593506,121.26749420166016]},{"page":42,"text":"LRS team’s mission is complete.","rect":[90.0009994506836,142.0560760498047,221.95754528045655,132.96792602539063]},{"page":42,"text":"COORDINATION","rect":[72.0,159.82803344726563,150.60240268707276,151.53604125976563]},{"page":42,"text":"2-68.","rect":[90.0,177.77024841308595,110.98789501190186,170.8865203857422]},{"page":42,"text":"Specific LNO duties include--","rect":[125.9999008178711,179.79429626464845,247.22186828231814,170.70614624023438]},{"page":42,"text":"• Internally, the LNO coordinates test fire areas; rehearsal areas; communication equipment test","rect":[125.9999008178711,197.5146484375,514.0341258010865,188.40646362304688]},{"page":42,"text":"areas; and supply, medical, transportation requirements. He also helps destroy excess LRS team","rect":[136.80039978027345,209.2149658203125,521.3755774459839,200.10678100585938]},{"page":42,"text":"planning materials, and inventories and secures team equipment not needed for the mission. ","rect":[136.80039978027345,220.915283203125,507.40407848358157,211.80709838867188]},{"page":42,"text":"• Externally, the LNO coordinates with any outside unit or element. He normally has the","rect":[126.00090026855469,238.61566162109376,485.8049593048096,229.50747680664063]},{"page":42,"text":"authority to coordinate with all relevant staff agencies and sister service units.","rect":[136.80039978027345,250.31597900390626,449.3654737472534,241.20779418945313]},{"page":42,"text":"Section II. COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS, AND INTELLIGENCE","rect":[62.63999938964844,271.5838928222656,442.6237509765625,262.7038879394531]},{"page":42,"text":"The LRS team is a valuable combat information collection asset assigned to the BFSB. Rapid and efficient","rect":[72.0,295.0743103027344,522.1453013381959,285.96612548828127]},{"page":42,"text":"information flow between the BFSB and the LRS TOC requires an efficient and timely dissemination link. This","rect":[72.0,306.7746887207031,522.1566913108826,297.66650390625]},{"page":42,"text":"section first discusses communications in general as it applies to LRSU, and then discusses computers and","rect":[72.0,318.4749755859375,521.9865627288818,309.3667907714844]},{"page":42,"text":"intelligence.","rect":[72.0,330.1754150390625,121.20398998260498,321.0672302246094]},{"page":42,"text":"COMMUNICATIONS","rect":[72.0,349.88970947265627,208.60976329040529,340.215576171875]},{"page":42,"text":"2-69. The rapid flow of information to the BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element is vital for decision-making,","rect":[90.0,370.2543029785156,521.9734449386597,361.1461181640625]},{"page":42,"text":"and  directly  affects  the  successful execution of operations. Once the BRS receives a message from a","rect":[90.0,381.9546813964844,521.9976472930908,372.84649658203127]},{"page":42,"text":"deployed LRS team, it is forwarded to the COB for decryption and analysis. The BRS at the COB uses","rect":[90.0,393.6549987792969,522.0473773460388,384.54681396484377]},{"page":42,"text":"organic wire lines or runners (when collocated) to relay team reports. If the BRS operator cannot collocate","rect":[90.0,405.35540771484377,521.9927644805908,396.2472229003906]},{"page":42,"text":"with the COB, he must send messages by secure UHF TACSAT, VHF or HF radio. ","rect":[90.0,417.0556945800781,427.7497510910034,407.947509765625]},{"page":42,"text":"2-70. The BRS at the COB must stay in constant communication with the AOB. If the BRS at the COB","rect":[90.0,434.7560119628906,521.9966947975158,425.6478271484375]},{"page":42,"text":"is destroyed or otherwise incapacitated, then the AOB assumes the mission of the COB, or collocate with","rect":[90.0,446.4564208984375,521.9772853851318,437.3482360839844]},{"page":42,"text":"them. The AOB battle tracks the entire mission. BRS-to-BRS communication systems include—","rect":[90.0,458.1568298339844,477.4493827819824,449.04864501953127]},{"page":42,"text":"•  HF radio.","rect":[125.9999008178711,473.8330383300781,175.31115245819093,466.7489013671875]},{"page":42,"text":"•  UHF TACSAT.","rect":[125.9999008178711,485.55340576171877,200.93032360076905,478.61956787109377]},{"page":42,"text":"• DSVT with facsimile.","rect":[125.9999008178711,497.2438049316406,224.93517589569093,490.1496276855469]},{"page":42,"text":"• VHF (needed if AOB must be collocated with COB).","rect":[125.9999008178711,510.9380187988281,350.51995372772219,501.8498840332031]},{"page":42,"text":"• Local and wide area networks (LAN and WAN).","rect":[125.9999008178711,522.6384887695313,333.24160289764407,513.5503540039063]},{"page":42,"text":"2-71. If a BRS collocates with a support unit that employs mobile subscriber equipment (MSE), the","rect":[90.0,540.3587646484375,521.9963655548096,531.2506103515625]},{"page":42,"text":"AOB uses the digital secure-voice terminal (DSVT) with facsimile.","rect":[90.0,552.0592041015625,360.2051954269409,542.9510498046875]},{"page":42,"text":"2-72. The COB and the AOB should also use a digitized, lightweight video-reconnaissance system that","rect":[90.0,569.759521484375,521.9948496780396,560.6513671875]},{"page":42,"text":"can receive imagery from the deployed teams via HF, UHF TACSAT, and VHF.","rect":[90.0,581.4598999023438,413.81838512420657,572.3517456054688]},{"page":42,"text":"2-73. When the COB receives a message from either BRS, it decrypts and analyzes it, and then, as","rect":[90.0,599.1602172851563,522.0881488304138,590.0520629882813]},{"page":42,"text":"quickly as possible, sends it to the BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element. They also send it to the R&S squadron","rect":[89.9990005493164,610.860595703125,521.9705715179443,601.75244140625]},{"page":42,"text":"S-2. As a minimum, the link from the COB to the BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element should include—","rect":[89.9990005493164,622.0699462890625,483.2043571472168,613.4527587890625]},{"page":42,"text":"• Secure VHF (computer, voice, or both).","rect":[125.9989013671875,640.2411499023438,296.91994762420657,631.1530151367188]},{"page":42,"text":"• DSVT with facsimile.","rect":[125.9989013671875,649.9475708007813,224.93418407440186,642.8534545898438]},{"page":42,"text":"•  LAN.","rect":[125.9989013671875,661.6078491210938,159.9416151046753,654.7240600585938]},{"page":42,"text":"•  Runner.","rect":[125.9989013671875,673.3382568359375,168.87844371795655,666.5747680664063]},{"page":42,"text":"2-14","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":42,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":42,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":43,"text":"Command and Control","rect":[442.91998291015627,44.739013671875,540.0114604492187,38.0880126953125]},{"page":43,"text":"COMPUTERS AND INTELLIGENCE","rect":[90.0,85.58970642089844,324.2823623313904,75.90156555175781]},{"page":43,"text":"2-74. The LRSC TOC connects to the BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element and the R&S squadron S-2 LAN","rect":[108.0,105.93424987792969,539.9479413070678,96.84610748291016]},{"page":43,"text":"via both secure and nonsecure links. ","rect":[108.0,115.63062286376953,256.1771192550659,108.5464859008789]},{"page":43,"text":"ISR COMPUTER WORKSTATION","rect":[90.0,135.41998291015626,248.05372714996339,127.1159896850586]},{"page":43,"text":"2-75. The LRSC TOC requires access to an ISR computer workstation. This workstation is normally","rect":[108.0,155.394287109375,540.0372829437256,146.28610229492188]},{"page":43,"text":"linked to other intelligence network processors, which—","rect":[108.0,167.0947265625,335.8387870788574,157.98654174804688]},{"page":43,"text":"• Lets the LRSC report all ISR tasks and requests for information (RFIs) in real time. Sending","rect":[143.99989318847657,184.7950439453125,525.3151760101318,175.68685913085938]},{"page":43,"text":"information directly to the BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element updates the intelligence database and","rect":[154.7993927001953,196.495361328125,534.8528347015381,187.38717651367188]},{"page":43,"text":"promotes immediate analyzing and processing of the information.","rect":[154.7993927001953,208.1956787109375,418.5877637863159,199.08749389648438]},{"page":43,"text":"• Allows the LRSC access to current information in the friendly database, including imagery,","rect":[143.99989318847657,225.89599609375,522.3035230636597,216.78781127929688]},{"page":43,"text":"enemy OB, situation maps, and enemy templates relevant to the LRSU mission. It also gives","rect":[154.7993927001953,237.59637451171876,525.5197894554138,228.48818969726563]},{"page":43,"text":"the unit access to current information from other intelligence databases.","rect":[154.7993927001953,249.29669189453126,442.1365613937378,240.18850708007813]},{"page":43,"text":"LOCAL AREA NETWORK LINE","rect":[90.0,267.0478820800781,238.27941274642945,258.76788330078127]},{"page":43,"text":"2-76. The secondary link to the BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element is a secure LAN line. This normally","rect":[108.0,287.0343017578125,540.0461940765381,277.9261169433594]},{"page":43,"text":"requires a DSVT or an MSE tactical facsimile machine.","rect":[108.0,298.7146301269531,331.3933057785034,289.6264953613281]},{"page":43,"text":"HUMAN COURIER","rect":[90.0,316.4880065917969,177.71363925933839,308.1960144042969]},{"page":43,"text":"2-77. This is normally the final contingency means of disseminating information between the LRSU","rect":[108.0,336.47430419921877,540.0355877914428,327.3661193847656]},{"page":43,"text":"TOC and the BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element. However, if the LRSU TOC is located away from the BFSB","rect":[108.0,348.1746826171875,539.9891874732971,339.0664978027344]},{"page":43,"text":"S-2 ISR fusion element, this takes more time than any other method.","rect":[108.0,359.8749694824219,382.61931896209719,350.76678466796877]},{"page":43,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":43,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":43,"text":"2-15","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":44,"text":"This page intentionally left blank. ","rect":[163.4399871826172,392.5619812011719,452.493501953125,375.69598388671877]},{"page":45,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[287.3399963378906,85.87195587158203,342.6683989257813,74.7839584350586]},{"page":45,"text":"Mission Development","rect":[232.8000030517578,110.29995727539063,397.2293134727478,95.68971252441406]},{"page":45,"text":"Successful  LRS  missions require detailed planning  and  coordination. The  BFSB","rect":[126.0,129.2007293701172,503.9912622337341,119.21990966796875]},{"page":45,"text":"commanders' collection plans describe the desired PIR and intelligence requirements.","rect":[126.0,141.92100524902345,504.0067186355591,131.940185546875]},{"page":45,"text":"The PIR drives the conduct of ISR operations. After the LRSU collects information,","rect":[126.0,154.61944580078126,503.9010362625122,144.66058349609376]},{"page":45,"text":"the BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element evaluates it during the continuous IPB process.","rect":[126.0,167.36167907714845,503.98993396759036,157.380859375]},{"page":45,"text":"This chapter answers the questions: Why and how do the BFSB, R&S squadron and","rect":[126.0,180.08201599121095,504.0355930328369,170.1011962890625]},{"page":45,"text":"the LRSC develop the LRS team mission? This chapter answers this question by","rect":[126.0,192.8024139404297,503.95765113830569,182.82159423828126]},{"page":45,"text":"discussing ISR operations and mission orders (Section I), the mission planning folder","rect":[126.0,205.52268981933595,504.08154126358036,195.5418701171875]},{"page":45,"text":"(Section II), and OPSEC (Section III).","rect":[126.0,218.2210693359375,294.3512315750122,208.2598876953125]},{"page":45,"text":"Section I. ISR OPERATIONS AND MISSION ORDERS","rect":[80.63999938964844,239.48402404785157,378.004732421875,230.60403442382813]},{"page":45,"text":"ISR is defined as an activity that synchronizes and integrates the planning and operation of sensors, assets, and","rect":[90.0,262.97418212890627,540.0437526702881,253.86599731445313]},{"page":45,"text":"processing, exploitation, and dissemination systems in direct support of current and future operations. This is an","rect":[90.0,274.67449951171877,539.9907741546631,265.5663146972656]},{"page":45,"text":"integrated intelligence and operations function. (JP 1-02). Mission orders is a technique for completing combat","rect":[90.0,286.3748779296875,540.1265635452271,277.2666931152344]},{"page":45,"text":"orders that allows subordinates maximum freedom of planning and action to accomplish missions (FM 1-02). It","rect":[90.0,298.0752868652344,540.0545420608521,288.96710205078127]},{"page":45,"text":"leaves the \"how\" of mission accomplishment to the subordinate. How these two concepts work together is","rect":[90.0,309.7756042480469,540.0382220726013,300.66741943359377]},{"page":45,"text":"critical to understanding the mission development process for LRSU.","rect":[90.0,321.4759826660156,367.6712293624878,312.3677978515625]},{"page":45,"text":"ISR OPERATIONS","rect":[90.0,341.189697265625,209.15291514587404,331.51556396484377]},{"page":45,"text":"3-1.","rect":[108.0,359.5102233886719,123.94582653045655,352.62646484375]},{"page":45,"text":"The BFSB conducts ISR operations to enable the division commander to precisely focus joint","rect":[143.99989318847657,361.5542907714844,540.0387339553834,352.43609619140627]},{"page":45,"text":"elements  of  combat  power  and  simultaneously  execute  current  operations  while  preparing  for future","rect":[108.0,373.25469970703127,539.9967317657471,364.1465148925781]},{"page":45,"text":"operations. Key to successful accomplishment of the BFSB mission is the targeted collection, analysis, and","rect":[108.0,384.9549865722656,540.0844020843506,375.8468017578125]},{"page":45,"text":"dissemination of intelligence that satisfies the needs of the supported unit commander. All elements of the","rect":[108.0,396.6554260253906,539.9680452423096,387.5472412109375]},{"page":45,"text":"BFSB are organized and trained for this purpose.","rect":[108.0,408.3556823730469,304.9142713546753,399.24749755859377]},{"page":45,"text":"3-2.","rect":[108.0,424.0119323730469,123.94582653045655,417.128173828125]},{"page":45,"text":"The BFSB fills two roles in conducting ISR operations. First, it executes the ISR plan for the","rect":[143.99989318847657,426.0559997558594,539.9964265899658,416.94781494140627]},{"page":45,"text":"supported  unit  (division,  corps,  JTF,  or  multinational).  Second,  it  augments  BCTs  and  other  supporting","rect":[108.0,437.7564392089844,540.0670070648193,428.64825439453127]},{"page":45,"text":"brigades with ISR capabilities.","rect":[108.0,449.4568176269531,231.08344554901124,440.3486328125]},{"page":45,"text":"3-3.","rect":[108.0,465.113037109375,123.94582653045655,458.2292785644531]},{"page":45,"text":"Collaborative planning is conducted between organizations so that at each level ISR plans are","rect":[143.99989318847657,467.1571044921875,539.9863557891846,458.0489196777344]},{"page":45,"text":"synchronized and integrated early in the MDMP. This also allows subordinate units to task collection","rect":[108.0,478.8573913574219,540.0325222015381,469.74920654296877]},{"page":45,"text":"assets as early as possible to collect the needed information. ","rect":[108.0,490.55780029296877,351.05218029022219,481.4496154785156]},{"page":45,"text":"ORGANIZATIONS ABOVE THE BFSB","rect":[90.0,508.32000732421877,265.9979880371094,500.0160217285156]},{"page":45,"text":"3-4.","rect":[108.0,526.250244140625,123.94582653045655,519.3665161132813]},{"page":45,"text":"As the BFSB's higher unit conducts the MDMP, the commander and staff identify information","rect":[143.99989318847657,528.2943115234375,539.9890651702881,519.1861572265625]},{"page":45,"text":"that  is  needed  to  make  informed  decisions.  This  information  is  PIR, which along with friendly force","rect":[108.0,539.9945678710938,539.9162263946533,530.8864135742188]},{"page":45,"text":"information requirements comprise the CCIR. As soon as the G-2/J-2 and the G-3/J-3 know the CCIR, they","rect":[108.0,551.6950073242188,540.2460842132568,542.5868530273438]},{"page":45,"text":"start formulating an ISR plan. This plan includes seeking answers from higher-level organizations, and","rect":[108.0,563.3953857421875,540.0983180999756,554.2872314453125]},{"page":45,"text":"tasking subordinate units. The MDMP process produces an OPORD or OPLAN. In addition to the main","rect":[108.0,575.095703125,540.0173854827881,565.987548828125]},{"page":45,"text":"body of the order, the process produces Annex B Intelligence and Annex L Intelligence, Surveillance and","rect":[108.0,586.7960815429688,540.0363674163818,577.6879272460938]},{"page":45,"text":"Reconnaissance. Included in Annex L is the ISR tasking matrix, which assigns to subordinate units specific","rect":[108.0,598.4963989257813,540.1427888946533,589.3882446289063]},{"page":45,"text":"tasks associated with collecting information—the ISR tasks for which the unit is responsible.","rect":[108.0,610.3760986328125,480.9121961593628,601.2679443359375]},{"page":45,"text":"BFSB PLANNING","rect":[90.0,628.139892578125,174.35061359405518,619.8358764648438]},{"page":45,"text":"3-5.","rect":[108.0,646.0701293945313,123.94582653045655,639.1864013671875]},{"page":45,"text":"As the BFSB receives its mission orders, it conducts its own MDMP. The BFSB follows the same","rect":[143.99989318847657,646.1001586914063,540.0309114532471,639.0060424804688]},{"page":45,"text":"process as the higher unit, which results in the production of mission orders for its subordinate units.","rect":[108.0,659.8145141601563,539.9905347824097,650.7063598632813]},{"page":45,"text":"However, unlike the ISR efforts of BCTs, the BFSB does not focus on internal requirements. It focuses on","rect":[108.0,671.494873046875,539.9707546234131,662.40673828125]},{"page":45,"text":"gathering and disseminating information that meets the requirements and priorities of the higher-level","rect":[108.0,683.2152709960938,540.0636362991334,674.1071166992188]},{"page":45,"text":"commander and staff.","rect":[108.0,692.8915405273438,195.0590009689331,685.8074340820313]},{"page":45,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":45,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":45,"text":"3-1","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":46,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":46,"text":"3-6.","rect":[90.0,81.53020477294922,105.94582653045655,74.6464614868164]},{"page":46,"text":"As part of the MDMP, the staff performs ISR synchronization and ISR integration to develop its","rect":[125.9999008178711,83.57427978515625,522.0720965843201,74.46610260009766]},{"page":46,"text":"ISR plan (Figure 3-1). ISR synchronization determines the intelligence requirements that must be met,","rect":[90.0,95.27471923828125,522.0328321456909,86.16654205322266]},{"page":46,"text":"compares them to the units or assets available and capable of collecting in the time and location required,","rect":[90.0,106.97503662109375,522.0340528488159,97.86685943603516]},{"page":46,"text":"and balances them with the higher unit's priorities. The S-2 leads this coordinated staff effort. The product","rect":[90.0,118.67535400390625,521.9511485061646,109.56717681884766]},{"page":46,"text":"is  the  ISR  synchronization  plan.  The  S-3  leads  the ISR integration effort. The S-3 uses the ISR","rect":[90.0,130.37567138671876,522.0282499732971,121.26749420166016]},{"page":46,"text":"synchronization plan to develop ISR tasks. These tasks are assigned to either the staff or subordinate units.","rect":[90.0,142.07611083984376,521.9798536300659,132.96792602539063]},{"page":46,"text":"The  ISR  tasks—in  conjunction  with  task  organization, graphics, fire  support  plans,  coordinating","rect":[90.0,153.7763671875,522.0511379241943,144.65817260742188]},{"page":46,"text":"instructions, and sustainment information—are merged together into the ISR plan. The BFSB ISR plan is","rect":[90.0,165.476806640625,521.9591205101013,156.36862182617188]},{"page":46,"text":"the basis for the BFSB operation order. ","rect":[89.9990005493164,177.1570281982422,250.04343700408936,168.06887817382813]},{"page":46,"text":"Figure 3-1. Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance.","rect":[172.739990234375,618.4409790039063,421.25788989257816,610.0889892578125]},{"page":46,"text":"TARGET IDENTIFICATION","rect":[72.0,636.2022094726563,197.98484897613526,628.115966796875]},{"page":46,"text":"3-7.","rect":[90.0,654.190185546875,105.94582653045655,647.2864379882813]},{"page":46,"text":"Potential LRS targets are first identified by the BFSB staff during the wargaming step of the","rect":[125.9999008178711,656.2142333984375,522.0510530548096,647.1060791015625]},{"page":46,"text":"MDMP. The BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element  OIC  participates  in  the  MDMP,  and  during  war-gaming,","rect":[90.0,667.9146118164063,521.9591627120972,658.8064575195313]},{"page":46,"text":"assesses which potential targets best suit the capabilities of LRS teams. He normally seeks the assistance of ","rect":[90.0,679.6148681640625,524.6201734542847,670.5067138671875]},{"page":46,"text":"the  R&S  squadron  S-3  insertion  and  extraction  section  or  the LRSC commander, in evaluating the","rect":[90.0,691.3153076171875,522.0355501251221,682.2071533203125]},{"page":46,"text":"suitability and feasibility of potential targets. He then gains the concurrence of the BFSB S-2 and S-3.","rect":[90.0,703.015625,499.21880626678469,693.907470703125]},{"page":46,"text":"3-2","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":46,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":46,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":47,"text":"Mission Development","rect":[447.6600036621094,46.404014587402347,539.9747221679687,38.196014404296878]},{"page":47,"text":"3-8.","rect":[108.0,81.53020477294922,123.94582653045655,74.6464614868164]},{"page":47,"text":"The BFSB S-3 notifies the R&S squadron S-3, who consults with the LRSC commander again","rect":[143.99989318847657,83.57427978515625,539.9429836273193,74.46610260009766]},{"page":47,"text":"regarding the suitability and feasibility of the targets. Notification of the LRS commander is recommended","rect":[108.0,95.27471923828125,540.1237697601318,86.16654205322266]},{"page":47,"text":"before the LRS commander receives the OPORD from the R&S Squadron because this serves as a warning","rect":[108.0,106.97503662109375,540.0357570648193,97.86685943603516]},{"page":47,"text":"order. This allows the LRSC to start troop leading procedures (TLP).","rect":[108.0,118.67535400390625,385.1296033859253,109.56717681884766]},{"page":47,"text":"3-9.","rect":[108.0,134.3516387939453,123.94582653045655,127.4478530883789]},{"page":47,"text":"Simultaneously,  the  BFSB  S-2  ISR  fusion element  begins  developing  information  on  each","rect":[143.99989318847657,136.37567138671876,540.0519924163818,127.26749420166016]},{"page":47,"text":"potential target for inclusion into target folders. The target information is an essential part of the LRS","rect":[108.0,148.07611083984376,540.1851339263916,138.96792602539063]},{"page":47,"text":"team MPF.","rect":[108.0,157.75233459472657,152.4214277267456,150.98883056640626]},{"page":47,"text":"R&S SQUADRON PLANNING","rect":[90.0,179.0664520263672,226.3706178665161,169.23605346679688]},{"page":47,"text":"3-10. The same process is followed when the R&S squadron receives the BFSB OPORD, with one","rect":[108.0,197.4943084716797,539.9452791290283,188.40615844726563]},{"page":47,"text":"exception.  The  R&S  squadron  S-2  in  most  cases  does  not have the capability to provide the target","rect":[108.0,209.214599609375,540.0962290725709,200.10641479492188]},{"page":47,"text":"information needed for LRS teams to plan missions. As a result, most LRS target information is developed","rect":[108.0,220.91497802734376,539.9782619476318,211.80679321289063]},{"page":47,"text":"and disseminated by the BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element.","rect":[108.0,232.6153564453125,330.38189220428469,223.50717163085938]},{"page":47,"text":"MISSION ORDERS","rect":[90.0,252.32969665527345,212.3068152923584,242.65553283691407]},{"page":47,"text":"3-11. The result of the ISR process is the need, for example, for a target to be surveiled. The higher-","rect":[108.0,272.69427490234377,539.9823510704041,263.5860900878906]},{"page":47,"text":"level unit avoids dictating how the LRS team should conduct the mission. ","rect":[108.0,284.3946838378906,406.2600965499878,275.2864990234375]},{"page":47,"text":"LRSC PLANNING","rect":[90.0,302.1600036621094,176.33630084991456,293.85601806640627]},{"page":47,"text":"3-12. The LRSC receives the target information from the BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element as it becomes","rect":[108.0,322.1343078613281,539.9774310569763,313.026123046875]},{"page":47,"text":"available. This allows the LRSC commander to issue warning orders (WARNO) and begin to identify","rect":[108.0,333.8346862792969,540.0903224945068,324.72650146484377]},{"page":47,"text":"assets required to conduct the anticipated mission.","rect":[108.0,345.5149230957031,309.33474254608157,336.4267883300781]},{"page":47,"text":"3-13. The HQ section, communications platoon leader, LRS detachment leaders, the R&S squadron S-3","rect":[108.0,363.2152404785156,540.0223293304443,354.1271057128906]},{"page":47,"text":"insertion  and  extraction  section,  and  a  LRS  team  LNO  form  the  planning  cell and assist the LRSC","rect":[108.0,374.9356689453125,540.2115385475158,365.8274841308594]},{"page":47,"text":"commander in the conduct of TLP. The commander ensures the OPORD provides detailed information on","rect":[108.0,386.61602783203127,539.9983425140381,377.52789306640627]},{"page":47,"text":"the friendly and enemy situation, communications and sustainment. The commander normally writes the","rect":[108.0,398.33642578125,540.0494661407471,389.2282409667969]},{"page":47,"text":"company mission statement and the intent, task and purpose for each LRS team with the assistance of the","rect":[108.0,410.03680419921877,539.9876375274658,400.9286193847656]},{"page":47,"text":"LRS detachment leaders. This information is essential to answer the question \"why\" the individual LRS","rect":[108.0,421.7370910644531,540.0802144927978,412.62890625]},{"page":47,"text":"team is deploying to a particular target to collect specific information for the supported unit commander.","rect":[108.0,433.4374694824219,527.1769971847534,424.32928466796877]},{"page":47,"text":"3-14. Normally, LRS detachment leaders do not write detachment or individual LRS team OPORDs.","rect":[108.0,451.1377868652344,540.0447340011597,442.02960205078127]},{"page":47,"text":"They act as members of the planning cell writing the company OPORD and assist in the production of ","rect":[108.0,462.83819580078127,542.5084791183472,453.7300109863281]},{"page":47,"text":"individual team MPFs. If a LRSD is deployed to an MSS, the detachment leader normally does write","rect":[108.0,474.5384826660156,540.0343294219971,465.4302978515625]},{"page":47,"text":"an order.","rect":[108.0,484.2147521972656,143.74535655975343,477.130615234375]},{"page":47,"text":"3-15. The result of the company planning efforts is an OPORD and individual LRS team MPFs. The","rect":[108.0,503.9391784667969,540.0116853790283,494.83099365234377]},{"page":47,"text":"MPF is mission order based. It does not dictate how the mission will be performed. It does provide the","rect":[108.0,515.6195068359375,540.0943269805908,506.5313415527344]},{"page":47,"text":"who, what, when, where and why of the mission. (Figure 3-2 summarizes the LRS mission-development","rect":[108.0,527.3399047851563,539.9379649124146,518.2317504882813]},{"page":47,"text":"process.)","rect":[108.0,539.0201416015625,144.0038659629822,529.9320068359375]},{"page":47,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":47,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":47,"text":"3-3","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":48,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":48,"text":"Figure 3-2. LRS mission development process.","rect":[197.0399932861328,403.6409912109375,397.00093188476566,395.2079772949219]},{"page":48,"text":"ADDITIONAL PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[72.0,421.427978515625,280.1834468841553,413.135986328125]},{"page":48,"text":"3-16. Although LRS teams should not be held in reserve, the BFSB and R&S squadron should consider","rect":[90.0,441.4142761230469,522.0054833946228,432.30609130859377]},{"page":48,"text":"the need to conduct continuous operations. LRS teams need to recover from missions and staffs must","rect":[89.9990005493164,453.0946350097656,521.9925303421021,444.0065002441406]},{"page":48,"text":"anticipate needs for future operations. General guidelines for operational tempo are—1/3 of the teams","rect":[89.9990005493164,464.9944152832031,521.9919574241638,455.88623046875]},{"page":48,"text":"conducting missions, 1/3 preparing for employment and 1/3 recovering, training and preparing to receive a","rect":[89.9990005493164,476.6947021484375,522.0133333282471,467.5865173339844]},{"page":48,"text":"new mission. ","rect":[90.0,486.37103271484377,145.36309337615968,479.2868957519531]},{"page":48,"text":"3-17. As information is collected and reported from deployed teams, each organization above the LRSC","rect":[90.0,506.0954284667969,522.0362455787658,496.98724365234377]},{"page":48,"text":"analyzes it to determine if it met any intelligence requirements. This allows each organization to make an","rect":[90.0,517.7958374023438,522.0331325531006,508.6876525878906]},{"page":48,"text":"initial determination if it can or must task new LRS teams or reallocate other assets to collect required","rect":[90.0,529.47607421875,522.1161403656006,520.387939453125]},{"page":48,"text":"information or begin collection on other priorities.","rect":[90.0,541.196533203125,292.12005138397219,532.08837890625]},{"page":48,"text":"3-18. LRS teams generally require 24 to 48 hours for deliberate planning. Planning time can be reduced","rect":[90.0,558.8967895507813,522.0104885101318,549.7886352539063]},{"page":48,"text":"by well-written, understood, and rehearsed unit SOPs.","rect":[90.0,570.59716796875,307.2978467941284,561.489013671875]},{"page":48,"text":"HASTY PLANNING","rect":[72.0,588.3220825195313,161.0363130569458,580.23583984375]},{"page":48,"text":"3-19. Sometimes, less than the recommended LRS team planning time of 24 to 48 hours is available.","rect":[90.0,608.3341674804688,522.0344800949097,599.2260131835938]},{"page":48,"text":"Although LRS teams are capable of employment on short notice, the potential benefit must be weighed","rect":[90.0,620.0344848632813,522.0444240570068,610.9263305664063]},{"page":48,"text":"against the risk associated with hasty planning and execution. At a minimum, the following information is","rect":[90.0,631.7349243164063,522.0556781272888,622.6267700195313]},{"page":48,"text":"needed for hasty planning and execution:","rect":[90.0,643.435302734375,255.44914960479736,634.3271484375]},{"page":48,"text":"• Mission statement, to include area or object to surveil, latest time information of value","rect":[125.9999008178711,661.1356201171875,483.5013704376221,652.0173950195313]},{"page":48,"text":"(LTIOV), and anticipated length of mission.","rect":[136.7993927001953,672.8358764648438,314.28130626678469,663.7277221679688]},{"page":48,"text":"• PIR, intelligence requirements, associated specific information requirements (SIR), ISR tasks,","rect":[125.9999008178711,690.5363159179688,513.9303846359253,681.4281616210938]},{"page":48,"text":"and RFIs.","rect":[136.7993927001953,700.2125244140625,175.85102367401124,693.12841796875]},{"page":48,"text":"3-4","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":48,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":48,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":49,"text":"Mission Development","rect":[447.6600036621094,46.404014587402347,539.9747221679687,38.196014404296878]},{"page":49,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,81.0,147.50700016021728,77.0]},{"page":49,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,99.0,147.50700016021728,95.0]},{"page":49,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,116.0,147.50700016021728,113.0]},{"page":49,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,134.0,147.50700016021728,130.0]},{"page":49,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0,151.0,150.00409984588624,147.0]},{"page":49,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,169.0,147.50700016021728,166.0]},{"page":49,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,187.0,147.50700016021728,184.0]},{"page":49,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,205.0,147.50700016021728,201.0]},{"page":49,"text":"Enemy situation in the target area.","rect":[154.8255157470703,83.57427978515625,292.2324171066284,74.46610260009766]},{"page":49,"text":"Commander’s intent for intelligence (can be stated by the BFSB or R&S squadron S-2 or S-3).","rect":[154.82351684570313,101.274658203125,535.0147657394409,92.1664810180664]},{"page":49,"text":"Method of insertion, with abort criteria. Coordination time and place are included, if applicable.","rect":[154.83180236816407,118.95500183105469,539.5262403488159,109.86685943603516]},{"page":49,"text":"Fire support plan, to include assets available.","rect":[154.79849243164063,136.65525817871095,335.37954235076907,127.5671157836914]},{"page":49,"text":"Exfiltration plan.","rect":[154.81871032714845,154.35557556152345,223.3474988937378,145.26742553710938]},{"page":49,"text":"Communications plan (provided by the LRSC headquarters).","rect":[154.79849243164063,172.07586669921876,399.0758008956909,162.96768188476563]},{"page":49,"text":"Linkup, if applicable.","rect":[154.80059814453126,189.7562713623047,241.20051097869874,180.66812133789063]},{"page":49,"text":"Contingency planning guidance.","rect":[154.79869079589845,207.47662353515626,285.04717540740969,198.36843872070313]},{"page":49,"text":"Section II. MISSION PLANNING FOLDER","rect":[80.63999938964844,228.7439727783203,310.1135849609375,219.86398315429688]},{"page":49,"text":"The BFSB and R&S squadron S-2 and S-3 provide information and intelligence products to support the LRS","rect":[90.0,252.2342529296875,539.9475850982666,243.12606811523438]},{"page":49,"text":"mission.  The  LRSC  commander,  the  communications  platoon  leader,  the  R&S  squadron insertion and","rect":[90.0009994506836,263.9145812988281,540.0263576507568,254.82644653320313]},{"page":49,"text":"extraction section, and the LRS team LNO request information from the staffs. After developing, collating and","rect":[90.0009994506836,275.635009765625,540.0379543304443,266.5268249511719]},{"page":49,"text":"packaging the information and products, the LRSC headquarters section assembles the MPF. The MPF contains","rect":[90.0009994506836,287.3354187011719,540.0578753929138,278.22723388671877]},{"page":49,"text":"primarily three products: the LRSC operations order, the team's mission specific information, and the target","rect":[90.0009994506836,299.0356750488281,539.9399790725709,289.927490234375]},{"page":49,"text":"folder.","rect":[90.0009994506836,308.7120361328125,116.51191997528076,301.6278991699219]},{"page":49,"text":"DEVELOPMENT","rect":[90.0,330.4356994628906,199.33758388900757,320.7755432128906]},{"page":49,"text":"3-20. The MPF is a stand-alone document prepared by the LRSC headquarters to help the LRS team","rect":[108.0,350.8143005371094,540.0729041061402,341.70611572265627]},{"page":49,"text":"leader plan and execute his mission. It provides the LRS team leader with detailed information about his","rect":[108.0,362.49462890625,540.0671527366638,353.406494140625]},{"page":49,"text":"AO and mission, including maps, photographs, sketches, climatology, area geography, and recent enemy","rect":[108.0,374.2149963378906,539.9604396820068,365.1068115234375]},{"page":49,"text":"activity.  It  also  provides  coordination  information,  such  as  details  about infiltration  and  exfiltration,","rect":[108.0,385.9154052734375,540.0604810714722,376.8072204589844]},{"page":49,"text":"insertion and extraction means and corridors. ","rect":[108.0,395.5916442871094,291.71319103240969,388.50750732421877]},{"page":49,"text":"3-21. Development of the MPF begins as soon as the LRSC is notified of a potential mission. The LRS","rect":[108.0,415.3160095214844,539.9839620513916,406.20782470703127]},{"page":49,"text":"headquarters section, communications platoon leader, LRS detachment leaders, the insertion and extraction","rect":[108.0,426.9963684082031,540.1282253265381,417.9082336425781]},{"page":49,"text":"section, and the LRS team LNO coordinate the mission and assemble the MPF. Requesting information","rect":[108.0,438.7168273925781,540.0409450531006,429.608642578125]},{"page":49,"text":"from the BFSB and R&S squadron staff elements is a critical step for MPF development. As with any","rect":[108.0,450.4170837402344,540.0429592132568,441.30889892578127]},{"page":49,"text":"order, the LRSC company commander is ultimately responsible for the completeness and accuracy of ","rect":[108.0,462.11749267578127,542.5322217941284,453.0093078613281]},{"page":49,"text":"the document.","rect":[108.0,471.79376220703127,164.75478649139405,464.7096252441406]},{"page":49,"text":"3-22. Simultaneously,  in  writing  the  company  order,  the  BFSB  S-2 ISR fusion element develops","rect":[108.0,491.51806640625,539.9710223655701,482.4098815917969]},{"page":49,"text":"specific information about the target and compiles it into the target folder for inclusion into the MPF.  ","rect":[108.0,503.218505859375,518.9237623214722,494.1103210449219]},{"page":49,"text":"CONTENTS","rect":[90.0,522.9296264648438,166.80611338806154,513.2554321289063]},{"page":49,"text":"3-23. The  MPF  normally  contains,  at  a  minimum, base  LRSC  OPORD,  team  mission-specific","rect":[108.0,543.2943115234375,539.9870882110596,534.1861572265625]},{"page":49,"text":"information, and target information. The MPF can also contain additional information or resources to assist","rect":[108.0,554.9945678710938,540.1786875686646,545.8864135742188]},{"page":49,"text":"the  LRS  team  in  mission  planning.  This  information  includes:  excepts  from  R&S  squadron  and  BFSB","rect":[108.0,566.6950073242188,540.0209257545471,557.5868530273438]},{"page":49,"text":"order (as required), unit SOP formats for briefings, orders, RFIs, reports, supply requests, logs, planning","rect":[108.0,578.3953857421875,540.0261745452881,569.2872314453125]},{"page":49,"text":"area setup, and so on.","rect":[108.0,590.07568359375,194.50640392303468,580.987548828125]},{"page":49,"text":"LRSC OPERATIONS ORDER","rect":[90.0,607.85986328125,227.51417636871339,599.5558471679688]},{"page":49,"text":"3-24. The LRSC operations order follows the standard five-paragraph order format with annexes. In","rect":[108.0,627.8341674804688,540.0170803070068,618.7260131835938]},{"page":49,"text":"general, the order includes the enemy road to war/enemy situation, and the mission, intent, and concept","rect":[108.0,639.5344848632813,540.0700449905396,630.4263305664063]},{"page":49,"text":"of operations for the BFSB, R&S squadron, and LRSC commanders. If a LRSD is operating independently","rect":[108.0,651.2349243164063,540.0316677093506,642.1267700195313]},{"page":49,"text":"of the LRSC in an MSS, the detachment leader will substitute his mission, intent, and concept of the","rect":[108.0,662.915283203125,540.0275545196533,653.8271484375]},{"page":49,"text":"operation for the LRSC commander.","rect":[108.0,674.6156005859375,254.68345165252686,665.5274658203125]},{"page":49,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":49,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":49,"text":"3-5","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":50,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":50,"text":"3-25. The LRSC operations order does not contain information that is specific to individual LRS team","rect":[90.0,83.55424499511719,522.0995764694214,74.46610260009766]},{"page":50,"text":"missions. For example, paragraph 5, command and signal, will provide information on the location of ","rect":[90.0,95.27471923828125,524.5566968917847,86.16654205322266]},{"page":50,"text":"COB, AOB, frequency ranges used (which radios to carry) and when reports are expected. It will not","rect":[90.0,106.97503662109375,522.0310435256959,97.86685943603516]},{"page":50,"text":"contain the specific frequencies or times for communications windows the individual teams will use.","rect":[90.0,118.65531921386719,493.53386974334719,109.56717681884766]},{"page":50,"text":"LRS TEAM-SPECIFIC OPERATIONS INFORMATION","rect":[72.0,136.43988037109376,318.31578159332278,128.13589477539063]},{"page":50,"text":"3-26. Operational security considerations require that each team knows only the specific information","rect":[90.0,156.414306640625,522.0156154632568,147.30612182617188]},{"page":50,"text":"that is pertinent to their mission. While commanders can make exceptions to this general rule, each team is","rect":[90.0,168.11468505859376,522.0193622093201,159.00650024414063]},{"page":50,"text":"only provided the information they need to conduct their specific mission.","rect":[89.9990005493164,179.81500244140626,387.18584728240969,170.70681762695313]},{"page":50,"text":"3-27.","rect":[90.0,195.47705078125,108.75060272216797,189.2760467529297]},{"page":50,"text":"Normally, the LRS team specific operations information also follows the standard five-paragraph","rect":[126.0,197.51434326171876,521.9819240570068,188.40615844726563]},{"page":50,"text":"order  format  with  annexes.  The  information  contained  in  this  document  will not repeat information","rect":[90.0000991821289,209.19456481933595,522.0781154632568,200.10641479492188]},{"page":50,"text":"contained within  the  LRSC  operations  order  but  is  formatted  to  supplement  the  company  order.  For","rect":[90.0000991821289,220.91497802734376,522.0321557579041,211.80679321289063]},{"page":50,"text":"example, paragraph 5, command and signal, will specify the frequencies, communications windows and","rect":[90.0000991821289,232.6153564453125,522.0164089202881,223.50717163085938]},{"page":50,"text":"code words the individual team will use.","rect":[90.0000991821289,242.29164123535157,252.41796398162843,235.20748901367188]},{"page":50,"text":"3-28.","rect":[90.0,259.9593505859375,108.75060272216797,253.77635192871095]},{"page":50,"text":"The planning for a LRS team is largely a bottom-up process. The LRSC provides information and","rect":[126.0,262.01434326171877,521.9701442718506,252.90615844726563]},{"page":50,"text":"packages the contents to assist the LRS team in analyzing and completing their plan. The information","rect":[90.0000991821289,273.714599609375,522.0491237640381,264.6064147949219]},{"page":50,"text":"should most importantly be complete and through. Also, the information should be presented in a form that","rect":[90.0000991821289,285.41497802734377,522.1066050491334,276.3067932128906]},{"page":50,"text":"makes it easy for the team to reference and use. A common method of packaging is to provide annexes and","rect":[90.0000991821289,297.11541748046877,522.0373439788818,288.0072326660156]},{"page":50,"text":"appendices to the base order that group information by the five phases of a LRS team operation. Examples","rect":[90.0000991821289,308.8157043457031,521.9809710960388,299.70751953125]},{"page":50,"text":"appendixes  might  cover  insertion,  extraction,  evasion,  and  communications.  Below  is  a list of  items","rect":[90.0000991821289,320.5160827636719,522.0575091819763,311.40789794921877]},{"page":50,"text":"normally covered in the LRS team base order, appendices or annexes:","rect":[90.0000991821289,332.2164306640625,370.4934458694458,323.1082458496094]},{"page":50,"text":"Critical Times","rect":[72.0,348.99371337890627,139.39744052505493,341.39556884765627]},{"page":50,"text":"• Time schedule during planning.","rect":[126.0,368.8143005371094,264.4091749191284,359.70611572265627]},{"page":50,"text":"• Event times during operations.","rect":[126.0,386.51458740234377,259.95559215545657,377.4064025878906]},{"page":50,"text":"Fire Support","rect":[72.0,405.478759765625,132.75674267959597,395.6955871582031]},{"page":50,"text":"• Task and purpose.","rect":[126.0,423.09423828125,210.23906993865968,414.006103515625]},{"page":50,"text":"•  Supporting units.","rect":[126.0,440.8146057128906,206.00710582733155,431.7064208984375]},{"page":50,"text":"•  Unit locations.","rect":[126.0,456.510986328125,195.87159252166749,449.40679931640627]},{"page":50,"text":"• Frequencies and call signs.","rect":[126.0,476.2153015136719,244.91384410858155,467.10711669921877]},{"page":50,"text":"• Type and size of fire support.","rect":[126.0,493.91558837890627,255.0391035079956,484.8074035644531]},{"page":50,"text":"•  Target numbers.","rect":[126.0,511.6159973144531,202.50623607635499,502.5078125]},{"page":50,"text":"• No-fire areas (NFA) or restrictive fire areas (RFA) numbers (method of control).","rect":[126.0,529.2962646484375,461.2434034347534,520.2081298828125]},{"page":50,"text":"• High-payoff target (HPT) list.","rect":[126.0,547.0166015625,257.2552900314331,537.908447265625]},{"page":50,"text":"• CAS (A- or C-type ordnance).","rect":[126.0,564.7169189453125,258.69683361053469,555.6087646484375]},{"page":50,"text":"• Gun target lines.","rect":[126.0,582.4172973632813,203.43393993377686,573.3091430664063]},{"page":50,"text":"•  Danger 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aircraft.","rect":[136.79849243164063,689.8148803710938,297.96108531951907,680.7067260742188]},{"page":50,"text":"Aircraft capabilities such as Special Purpose Insertion and Extraction System (SPIES) and Fast","rect":[136.82351684570313,707.5151977539063,518.4580454788209,698.4070434570313]},{"page":50,"text":"Rope Insertion and Extraction System (FRIES).","rect":[136.79959106445313,719.2155151367188,328.4489698410034,710.1073608398438]},{"page":50,"text":"3-6","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":50,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":50,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":51,"text":"Mission Development","rect":[447.6600036621094,46.404014587402347,539.9747221679687,38.196014404296878]},{"page":51,"text":"• Date-time group for aircraft availability.","rect":[144.0,83.57427978515625,316.4830274581909,74.46610260009766]},{"page":51,"text":"• Air mission commander.","rect":[144.0,99.25061798095703,253.98147106170655,92.1664810180664]},{"page":51,"text":"• Location of pickup zone.","rect":[144.0,118.95500183105469,255.25796031951905,109.86685943603516]},{"page":51,"text":"• Tentative flight routes.","rect":[144.0,136.67529296875,246.4474287033081,127.5671157836914]},{"page":51,"text":"• Date-time groups for the initial planning conference and the air mission brief.","rect":[144.0,154.3756103515625,466.2597608566284,145.26742553710938]},{"page":51,"text":"• Suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) plan (lethal and nonlethal).","rect":[144.0,172.07586669921876,440.2176465988159,162.96768188476563]},{"page":51,"text":"Vehicle or Ground 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","rect":[144.0,385.0,149.98389720916749,379.0]},{"page":51,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,402.0,147.50700016021728,398.0]},{"page":51,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,420.0,147.50700016021728,416.0]},{"page":51,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0,436.0,149.98400402069093,432.0]},{"page":51,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0,454.0,149.98389720916749,450.0]},{"page":51,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0,472.0,149.98400402069093,468.0]},{"page":51,"text":"Supporting personnel.","rect":[154.7985076904297,386.8742980957031,243.60019969940186,377.76611328125]},{"page":51,"text":"Type of insertion platform (time available and capabilities).","rect":[154.8195037841797,404.5745849609375,394.14300060272219,395.4664001464844]},{"page":51,"text":"Coordination for linkup.","rect":[154.7983856201172,422.25494384765627,252.76992321014405,413.16680908203127]},{"page":51,"text":"Linkup.","rect":[154.79861450195313,439.9552307128906,186.32285594940186,430.8670959472656]},{"page":51,"text":"Recognition signals.","rect":[154.7985076904297,457.67559814453127,236.69080638885499,448.5674133300781]},{"page":51,"text":"Routes.","rect":[154.797607421875,473.3518371582031,185.15532970428468,466.5883483886719]},{"page":51,"text":"Waterborne Operational Information Requirements","rect":[90.0,494.3386535644531,335.73679599380497,484.55548095703127]},{"page":51,"text":"•  Supporting unit.","rect":[144.0,511.9742126464844,220.12812328338624,502.86602783203127]},{"page":51,"text":"•  Insertion platform.","rect":[144.0,529.6544799804688,230.01539134979249,520.5663452148438]},{"page":51,"text":"• Tables showing currents and tides (blue water).","rect":[144.0,547.3748779296875,345.2815809249878,538.2667236328125]},{"page":51,"text":"• Tables showing currents and depths (brown water).","rect":[144.0,565.0751953125,361.05108165740969,555.967041015625]},{"page":51,"text":"• Terrain at beach-landing site.","rect":[144.0,582.7755126953125,272.37746715545657,573.6673583984375]},{"page":51,"text":"•  Fire support.","rect":[144.0,600.4557495117188,206.1302137374878,591.3676147460938]},{"page":51,"text":"Communications Data","rect":[90.0,617.253662109375,195.33005714416505,609.6554565429688]},{"page":51,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,634.0,147.50700016021728,631.0]},{"page":51,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,652.0,147.50700016021728,649.0]},{"page":51,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,670.0,147.50700016021728,666.0]},{"page":51,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0,687.0,150.00500011444093,683.0]},{"page":51,"text":"Frequency modulations (signal operation instructions).","rect":[154.79849243164063,637.0742797851563,374.63186168670657,627.9661254882813]},{"page":51,"text":"UHF TACSAT frequencies and availability.","rect":[154.82351684570313,654.7745971679688,332.2739210128784,645.6664428710938]},{"page":51,"text":"HF propagation charts.","rect":[154.79849243164063,672.4749755859375,247.14179515838624,663.3668212890625]},{"page":51,"text":"HF list.","rect":[154.81961059570313,688.1512451171875,184.86252880096436,681.067138671875]},{"page":51,"text":"• VHF frequency list.","rect":[144.0,707.8756103515625,234.7611951828003,698.7674560546875]},{"page":51,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":51,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":51,"text":"3-7","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":52,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":52,"text":"• Reporting procedures from LRSC or LRSD to higher headquarters.","rect":[126.0,83.57427978515625,406.9782361984253,74.46610260009766]},{"page":52,"text":"•  IP address.","rect":[126.0,99.25061798095703,180.8897352218628,92.1664810180664]},{"page":52,"text":"Evasion Plan","rect":[72.0,118.04276275634766,133.4693359222412,110.45558166503906]},{"page":52,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,133.63580322265626,129.50700016021728,131.180908203125]},{"page":52,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,151.336181640625,129.50700016021728,148.88128662109376]},{"page":52,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,171.0,129.50700016021728,167.0]},{"page":52,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,186.73687744140626,129.50700016021728,184.281982421875]},{"page":52,"text":"Personnel recovery procedure and evasion corridors.","rect":[136.79849243164063,137.874267578125,348.34047985076907,128.76608276367188]},{"page":52,"text":"DD Form 1833 TEST (V2).","rect":[136.79869079589845,155.5546112060547,248.6715955734253,146.46646118164063]},{"page":52,"text":"Location of selected area for evasion (SAFE) or designated area of recovery (DAR).","rect":[136.83360290527345,173.2750244140625,475.56301403045657,164.16683959960938]},{"page":52,"text":"Documents that describe SAFEs.","rect":[136.79849243164063,188.96131896972657,269.33974742889407,181.86715698242188]},{"page":52,"text":"•  Blood chits.","rect":[126.0,206.6515655517578,185.26600170135499,199.56741333007813]},{"page":52,"text":"• General survival information.","rect":[126.0,224.36183166503907,255.71718883514405,217.26766967773438]},{"page":52,"text":"• Civilian population information.","rect":[126.0,244.05625915527345,266.87835216522219,234.96810913085938]},{"page":52,"text":"• Cache and air resupply.","rect":[126.0,261.776611328125,231.54589366912843,252.66842651367188]},{"page":52,"text":"•  Medical information.","rect":[126.0,277.45281982421877,221.8777723312378,270.3686828613281]},{"page":52,"text":"•  Border information.","rect":[126.0,295.15325927734377,217.02550792694093,288.0691223144531]},{"page":52,"text":"•  Food sources.","rect":[126.0,312.853515625,192.65110301971436,305.7693786621094]},{"page":52,"text":"•  Water sources.","rect":[126.0,330.5638732910156,196.50055980682374,323.79034423828127]},{"page":52,"text":"• Plant and wildlife data.","rect":[126.0,348.2542419433594,229.81870555877686,341.17010498046877]},{"page":52,"text":"•  Epidemic diseases.","rect":[126.0,367.9585266113281,212.9477186203003,358.8703918457031]},{"page":52,"text":"• Air-tasking order, special instructions, and airspace-control order.","rect":[126.0,385.67889404296877,401.4097547531128,376.5707092285156]},{"page":52,"text":"Maps, Products, and Imagery","rect":[72.0,404.6606750488281,211.62827491760255,395.0312194824219]},{"page":52,"text":"3-29. These supplement target folder information.","rect":[90.0,422.2743225097656,302.7293653488159,413.1661376953125]},{"page":52,"text":"• Gridded satellite imagery of possible LZs or PZs, recovery points, and linkup sites. ","rect":[125.9999008178711,439.9745788574219,472.84112071990969,430.86639404296877]},{"page":52,"text":"• Line of sight and field of view from the proposed surveillance site, 360 degrees from the","rect":[125.9999008178711,457.67498779296877,492.5138216094971,448.5668029785156]},{"page":52,"text":"objective.","rect":[136.80039978027345,469.3752746582031,176.1018476486206,460.257080078125]},{"page":52,"text":"•  Maps.","rect":[126.00090026855469,487.0555419921875,161.5974988937378,478.2880554199219]},{"page":52,"text":"1: 250,000.","rect":[148.3347930908203,503.0,193.88996410369874,495.8481750488281]},{"page":52,"text":"1: 100,000.","rect":[148.3347930908203,520.4522705078125,193.88996410369874,513.5485229492188]},{"page":52,"text":"1: 50,000.","rect":[148.3347930908203,538.1525268554688,188.85390758514405,531.248779296875]},{"page":52,"text":"1: 25,000.","rect":[148.3347930908203,556.0,188.85390758514405,548.9491577148438]},{"page":52,"text":"3-8","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":52,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":52,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":53,"text":"Mission Development","rect":[447.6600036621094,46.404014587402347,539.9747221679687,38.196014404296878]},{"page":53,"text":"• Gridded satellite imagery.","rect":[144.00039672851563,101.274658203125,259.03237438201907,92.1664810180664]},{"page":53,"text":"• Multispace imagery products.","rect":[144.00039672851563,118.97503662109375,274.0811719894409,109.86685943603516]},{"page":53,"text":"•  Elevation tint.","rect":[144.00039672851563,134.65126037597657,211.57612133026124,127.5671157836914]},{"page":53,"text":"• ","rect":[144.00039672851563,151.0,149.99839305877686,147.0]},{"page":53,"text":"• ","rect":[144.00039672851563,169.0,150.0174970626831,164.0]},{"page":53,"text":"• ","rect":[144.00039672851563,186.0,149.98440074920655,182.0]},{"page":53,"text":"• ","rect":[144.00039672851563,204.0,149.98440074920655,200.0]},{"page":53,"text":"Slope tint.","rect":[154.81300354003907,154.35557556152345,196.04291820526124,145.26742553710938]},{"page":53,"text":"Surface drainage.","rect":[154.8321075439453,172.07586669921876,225.0324354171753,162.96768188476563]},{"page":53,"text":"Panoramic graphs.","rect":[154.79901123046876,189.77630615234376,229.41628551483155,180.66812133789063]},{"page":53,"text":"MCOO.","rect":[154.79901123046876,205.4626007080078,187.3541669845581,198.53878784179688]},{"page":53,"text":"• Hydrology overlay and charts.","rect":[144.00039672851563,225.17681884765626,276.9110975265503,216.06863403320313]},{"page":53,"text":"• Overlay of landing or pickup zone.","rect":[144.00039672851563,242.87725830078126,295.4459180831909,233.76907348632813]},{"page":53,"text":"• Cover and concealment overlay.","rect":[144.00039672851563,260.57763671875,284.55938243865969,251.46945190429688]},{"page":53,"text":"•  Operational graphics (friendly unit locations).","rect":[144.00039672851563,278.27789306640627,338.97329235076907,269.1697082519531]},{"page":53,"text":"• Overlay of DARs (if used).","rect":[144.00039672851563,295.978271484375,264.40761852264407,286.8700866699219]},{"page":53,"text":"• Flight corridors and air control points.","rect":[144.00039672851563,313.6785888671875,308.2336072921753,304.5704040527344]},{"page":53,"text":"• Enemy situational template (most dangerous and probable courses of action).","rect":[144.00039672851563,331.3788757324219,464.38836193084719,322.27069091796877]},{"page":53,"text":"• Enemy event template.","rect":[144.00039672851563,349.07928466796877,246.70550060272218,339.9710998535156]},{"page":53,"text":"• Photos or pictures of enemy weapon systems and uniforms.","rect":[144.00039672851563,366.77960205078127,393.4556837081909,357.6714172363281]},{"page":53,"text":"TARGET FOLDER FORMAT","rect":[90.0,386.48968505859377,276.069624294281,376.8015441894531]},{"page":53,"text":"3-30. The target folder is created by and the responsibility of the BFSB S-2 fusion element. The R&S","rect":[108.0,406.85430908203127,540.0518941802978,397.7461242675781]},{"page":53,"text":"squadron S-3 insertion and extraction section, the S-2 section, the LRSC operations section, and the LRS","rect":[108.0,418.5346374511719,539.9752950592041,409.4465026855469]},{"page":53,"text":"team  LNO  assist  in  the  development  of  the  target folder.  The  target  folder  format  is derived from","rect":[108.0,430.2550048828125,540.1850256881714,421.1468200683594]},{"page":53,"text":"FM 3-05.102 (Appendix C). The advantage of using this format is the standardization of the information","rect":[108.0,441.9554138183594,539.9684963226318,432.84722900390627]},{"page":53,"text":"the BFSB S-2 fusion element is required to produce (Figure 3-3). ","rect":[108.0,453.65570068359377,372.2940320968628,444.5475158691406]},{"page":53,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":53,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":53,"text":"3-9","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0679931640625,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":54,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":54,"text":"(Classification) ","rect":[249.0,89.22193145751953,351.0116340637207,81.7069320678711]},{"page":54,"text":"Section 1: Target Identification and Description ","rect":[86.40050506591797,107.31407165527344,380.4115669250488,99.04756927490235]},{"page":54,"text":"A. Target identification data. ","rect":[100.80010223388672,124.3941879272461,286.81140823364259,115.9072494506836]},{"page":54,"text":"B. Description and significance. ","rect":[100.80010223388672,141.13453674316407,298.81137771606447,132.64759826660157]},{"page":54,"text":"C. Detailed target description. ","rect":[100.80010223388672,157.8749542236328,292.81137771606447,149.3880157470703]},{"page":54,"text":"D. Target vulnerability assessment. ","rect":[100.80010223388672,174.61537170410157,316.8113166809082,166.12843322753907]},{"page":54,"text":"Section 2: Natural Environment ","rect":[86.40050506591797,200.7625732421875,272.41187210083009,194.20948791503907]},{"page":54,"text":"A. Geographic data (including terrain and hazards to movement). ","rect":[100.80010223388672,219.55604553222657,484.81052322387697,211.06910705566407]},{"page":54,"text":"B. Meteorological data (climatologically overview and tables and ","rect":[100.80010223388672,236.29640197753907,490.8104621887207,227.80946350097657]},{"page":54,"text":"illumination data). ","rect":[86.40050506591797,246.06500244140626,206.41208572387695,238.5500030517578]},{"page":54,"text":"C. Hydrographic data (coastal, waterway, lakes, luminescence, and ","rect":[100.80010223388672,263.7774353027344,496.81040115356447,255.2904815673828]},{"page":54,"text":"so on). ","rect":[86.40050506591797,273.5457763671875,134.412345123291,266.0909118652344]},{"page":54,"text":"Section 3: Threat ","rect":[86.40050506591797,300.6649475097656,194.41211624145508,294.11187744140627]},{"page":54,"text":"A. Ground forces. ","rect":[100.80010223388672,317.63482666015627,208.81165237426758,311.2420654296875]},{"page":54,"text":"B. Paramilitary and indigenous forces (including intelligence and ","rect":[100.80010223388672,336.1988525390625,496.81040115356447,327.7119140625]},{"page":54,"text":"security and police services). ","rect":[86.40050506591797,346.93939208984377,272.41187210083009,338.45245361328127]},{"page":54,"text":"C. Naval forces (including Coast Guard and maritime border guard). ","rect":[100.80010223388672,363.6797790527344,502.81040115356447,355.1928405761719]},{"page":54,"text":"D. Air forces. ","rect":[100.80010223388672,378.5965270996094,190.81171340942383,371.9332275390625]},{"page":54,"text":"E. Air defense forces (including radars, passive detectors, and ","rect":[100.80010223388672,397.1605529785156,484.81052322387697,388.6736145019531]},{"page":54,"text":"C2). ","rect":[86.40050506591797,406.92901611328127,116.4124137878418,399.4741516113281]},{"page":54,"text":"F. Electronic order of battle. ","rect":[100.80010223388672,422.81781005859377,286.81140823364259,416.1545104980469]},{"page":54,"text":"G. Space-based assets. ","rect":[100.80010223388672,441.3818664550781,238.8115608215332,433.16546630859377]},{"page":54,"text":"H. Counter Intelligence environment (efforts of indigenous forces ","rect":[100.80010223388672,458.12225341796877,496.81040115356447,449.63531494140627]},{"page":54,"text":"to collect against R&S forces). ","rect":[86.40050506591797,468.8626403808594,278.41187210083009,460.3757019042969]},{"page":54,"text":"I. Other. ","rect":[100.78760528564453,483.7794494628906,160.81186599731445,477.3866882324219]},{"page":54,"text":"(Classification) ","rect":[249.0,508.092041015625,351.0116340637207,500.5770568847656]},{"page":54,"text":"Figure 3-3. Example format for target folder.","rect":[203.22000122070313,533.6610107421875,390.8895732421875,525.22802734375]},{"page":54,"text":"3-10","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":54,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":54,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":55,"text":"Mission Development","rect":[447.6600036621094,46.404014587402347,539.9747221679687,38.196014404296878]},{"page":55,"text":"(Classification) ","rect":[267.0,83.22193145751953,369.0116340637207,75.7069320678711]},{"page":55,"text":"Section 4: Demographics and Cultural Features ","rect":[104.40050506591797,101.31407165527344,380.41162796020509,93.04756927490235]},{"page":55,"text":"A. Area population characteristics. ","rect":[117.00050354003906,118.3941879272461,333.01169509887697,109.9072494506836]},{"page":55,"text":"B. Languages, dialects, and ethnic composition. ","rect":[117.00050354003906,135.13453674316407,405.0115119934082,126.6476058959961]},{"page":55,"text":"C. Social conditions. ","rect":[117.00050354003906,150.06134033203126,249.01196975708008,143.3880157470703]},{"page":55,"text":"D. Religious factors. ","rect":[117.00050354003906,168.61537170410157,249.01196975708008,160.12843322753907]},{"page":55,"text":"E. Political characteristics. ","rect":[117.00050354003906,183.53208923339845,297.01181716918947,176.86878967285157]},{"page":55,"text":"F. Economic conditions. ","rect":[116.37580108642578,200.2725067138672,260.41162796020509,193.6092071533203]},{"page":55,"text":"G. Miscellaneous (for example, currency, holidays, dress, and ","rect":[117.00050354003906,218.8365020751953,489.0110542297363,210.3495635986328]},{"page":55,"text":"customs). ","rect":[104.40050506591797,228.60516357421876,164.41228408813476,221.15028381347657]},{"page":55,"text":"Section 5: Lines of Communications and Information Systems ","rect":[104.40050506591797,258.1470642089844,458.4112007141113,249.8905792236328]},{"page":55,"text":"A. Airfields. ","rect":[118.78760528564453,273.41357421875,202.811759185791,266.7502746582031]},{"page":55,"text":"B. Railways. ","rect":[118.78760528564453,291.9775695800781,196.81178970336914,283.4906311035156]},{"page":55,"text":"C. Roadways. ","rect":[118.78760528564453,308.71795654296877,196.81178970336914,300.5015563964844]},{"page":55,"text":"D. Waterways. ","rect":[118.78760528564453,325.4584655761719,202.811759185791,317.79315185546877]},{"page":55,"text":"E. Ports. ","rect":[118.78760528564453,340.3752136230469,178.81186599731445,334.5335388183594]},{"page":55,"text":"F. Petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL). ","rect":[118.80010223388672,357.9673156738281,370.8112251281738,350.45233154296877]},{"page":55,"text":"G. Power grid. ","rect":[118.80010223388672,375.6796569824219,208.81171340942383,367.1927185058594]},{"page":55,"text":"H. Public information media and telecommunications (print, radio, ","rect":[118.80010223388672,392.4200744628906,514.8104011535645,383.9331359863281]},{"page":55,"text":"television, telephone, and so on). ","rect":[104.40050506591797,403.1605529785156,314.4118110656738,394.6736145019531]},{"page":55,"text":"Section 6: Infiltration and Exfiltration. This includes potential DZs, ","rect":[104.40050506591797,431.8407897949219,530.411841583252,423.3538513183594]},{"page":55,"text":"LZs, recover zones, seaward launch and recovery points, and ","rect":[104.40050506591797,442.8206481933594,464.4111701965332,434.3337097167969]},{"page":55,"text":"beach landing zones.","rect":[104.40050506591797,453.5611572265625,224.41208572387695,445.07421875]},{"page":55,"text":"A. Potential zones. ","rect":[118.80010223388672,468.4779052734375,238.81160659790039,461.8146057128906]},{"page":55,"text":"B. Choke points between insertion point(s) and objective. ","rect":[118.80010223388672,487.0419921875,466.81088943481447,478.5550537109375]},{"page":55,"text":"Section 7: Survival, Evasion, Resistance, Escape, Recovery (SERER) ","rect":[104.40050506591797,514.892578125,506.41077346801759,506.62603759765627]},{"page":55,"text":"Data.","rect":[104.40050506591797,524.6390380859375,134.41242141723633,518.79736328125]},{"page":55,"text":"See JP 3-50.3,","rect":[140.40029907226563,524.6390380859375,224.4119789123535,518.6771240234375]},{"page":55,"text":"Joint Doctrine for","rect":[230.39990234375,524.6390380859375,338.41150588989259,517.9757080078125]},{"page":55,"text":"Evasion and Recovery. ","rect":[349.197998046875,526.462646484375,481.2115852355957,517.9757080078125]},{"page":55,"text":"A. SAFE data. ","rect":[118.7990951538086,541.618896484375,202.81073684692383,535.2261352539063]},{"page":55,"text":"B. SAID data. ","rect":[118.7990951538086,558.3593139648438,202.81073684692383,551.966552734375]},{"page":55,"text":"C. Survival data. ","rect":[118.7990951538086,575.1097412109375,226.81064529418945,568.4364013671875]},{"page":55,"text":"Section 8: Unique Intelligence (mission-specific requirements not ","rect":[104.39939880371094,605.5033569335938,500.4097053527832,597.226806640625]},{"page":55,"text":"covered above) ","rect":[104.39939880371094,615.9812622070313,194.4110481262207,608.6867065429688]},{"page":55,"text":"Section 9: Intelligence Shortfalls ","rect":[104.39939880371094,645.8829956054688,314.4106819152832,637.616455078125]},{"page":55,"text":"(Classification) ","rect":[266.9989929199219,661.9910888671875,369.01059646606447,654.47607421875]},{"page":55,"text":"Figure 3-3. Example format for target folder (continued).","rect":[195.4199981689453,688.5809936523438,434.70579638671878,680.1480102539063]},{"page":55,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":55,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":55,"text":"3-11","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":56,"text":"Chapter 3","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":56,"text":"(Classification)","rect":[249.0,99.90192413330078,345.0116340637207,92.38692474365235]},{"page":56,"text":"Appendix A: Bibliography ","rect":[86.40050506591797,117.99406433105469,236.41199417114258,109.7275619506836]},{"page":56,"text":"Appendix B: Glossary ","rect":[86.40050506591797,135.44387817382813,212.41205520629883,127.1874008178711]},{"page":56,"text":"Appendix C: Imagery ","rect":[86.40050506591797,152.9137420654297,206.41208572387695,144.64723205566407]},{"page":56,"text":"Appendix D: Maps and Charts ","rect":[86.40050506591797,170.36349487304688,254.41193313598633,162.1070098876953]},{"page":56,"text":"Appendix E: Sensitive Compartmented Information (if applicable) ","rect":[86.40050506591797,187.82345581054688,470.4109260559082,179.5569610595703]},{"page":56,"text":"(Classification) ","rect":[249.0,203.94158935546876,351.0116340637207,196.4265899658203]},{"page":56,"text":"Figure 3-3. Example format for target folder (continued).","rect":[177.4199981689453,230.54103088378907,416.70579638671878,222.1080322265625]},{"page":56,"text":"Section III. OPERATIONS SECURITY","rect":[62.63999938964844,251.84400939941407,269.2968466796875,242.96401977539063]},{"page":56,"text":"LRS units' OPSEC measures are important planning considerations. LRS mission classification seldom falls","rect":[72.0,275.33416748046877,522.0539081077576,266.2259826660156]},{"page":56,"text":"below SECRET  during  war  or  stability conditions.  This  section  discusses security  classifications;  mission","rect":[72.0,287.03448486328127,522.0208644866943,277.9263000488281]},{"page":56,"text":"classification; the need and procedures for separating teams during planning; and security during coordination.","rect":[72.0,298.7348937988281,516.3370923995972,289.626708984375]},{"page":56,"text":"PERSONNEL SECURITY","rect":[72.0,318.4496765136719,232.95873300933838,308.7755432128906]},{"page":56,"text":"LEADERS","rect":[72.0,338.84222412109377,118.37399864196778,330.7560119628906]},{"page":56,"text":"3-31. Leaders require TOP SECRET clearance and inclusion on the BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element","rect":[90.0,358.8342590332031,522.0010142288209,349.7461242675781]},{"page":56,"text":"access roster as well as TOP SECRET SCI access to national-level assets so that they can plan missions","rect":[90.0,370.5546875,521.9953753929138,361.4465026855469]},{"page":56,"text":"in detail:","rect":[90.0,380.23095703125,125.32848310089112,373.1468200683594]},{"page":56,"text":"•  LRSC commander.","rect":[125.9999008178711,397.9412841796875,214.01169872283936,390.84710693359377]},{"page":56,"text":"• LRSC executive officer.","rect":[125.9999008178711,415.6416931152344,234.5526990890503,408.5475158691406]},{"page":56,"text":"• LRS detachment leaders.","rect":[125.9999008178711,433.34197998046877,237.1957197189331,426.247802734375]},{"page":56,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,450.0,129.50690097808838,447.0]},{"page":56,"text":"• ","rect":[125.9999008178711,467.0,132.00989818572999,463.0]},{"page":56,"text":"• ","rect":[125.9999008178711,487.0,131.98379039764405,481.0]},{"page":56,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,504.0,129.50690097808838,500.0]},{"page":56,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,521.0,129.50690097808838,518.0]},{"page":56,"text":"LRSC communications platoon leader.","rect":[136.798583984375,453.0362548828125,292.58181285858157,443.9481201171875]},{"page":56,"text":"First Sergeant.","rect":[136.8245086669922,470.7567138671875,195.26014232635499,461.6485290527344]},{"page":56,"text":"Operations NCO.","rect":[136.79840087890626,488.43695068359377,207.06067943572999,479.34881591796877]},{"page":56,"text":"Any LRSU Soldier acting as an LNO.","rect":[136.82440185546876,506.1573181152344,289.28692150115969,497.04913330078127]},{"page":56,"text":"The LRS team leader.","rect":[135.02479553222657,521.8436279296875,222.86126232147218,514.74951171875]},{"page":56,"text":"LRS TEAM MEMBERS","rect":[72.0,541.619873046875,181.43344688415528,533.3158569335938]},{"page":56,"text":"3-32. Each LRS team member must hold a current SECRET clearance and access level, or higher. The","rect":[90.0,561.5941772460938,522.0705232696533,552.4860229492188]},{"page":56,"text":"information that a LRS team needs for planning purposes is sometimes classified above the individual team","rect":[89.9990005493164,573.2945556640625,522.3735022506714,564.1864013671875]},{"page":56,"text":"member’s access level. When a LRSU Soldier fails the mandatory investigation for a required security","rect":[89.9990005493164,584.994873046875,522.0334377288818,575.88671875]},{"page":56,"text":"clearance, he receives a transfer to a position or unit with lower clearance requirements. Members of a","rect":[89.9990005493164,596.67529296875,521.9944124298096,587.587158203125]},{"page":56,"text":"LRSU  who  frequently  engage  in  alcohol-  or  drug-related  incidents,  demonstrate  financial  or  mental","rect":[89.9990005493164,608.3956298828125,522.0529551467896,599.2874755859375]},{"page":56,"text":"instability, or violate the law are reassigned or separated from military service. The BFSB commander must","rect":[89.9990005493164,620.0960083007813,522.1292490921021,610.9878540039063]},{"page":56,"text":"entrust a LRSU Soldier with mission-sensitive and classified information. Mishandling of information, no","rect":[89.9990005493164,631.7962646484375,522.0717678070068,622.6881103515625]},{"page":56,"text":"matter how innocent the compromise, constitutes a serious incident. ","rect":[89.9990005493164,643.4766845703125,364.71563243865969,634.3885498046875]},{"page":56,"text":"MISSION CLASSIFICATION","rect":[72.0,663.2095947265625,256.43669931793218,653.535400390625]},{"page":56,"text":"3-33. LRS missions receive SECRET-level classification due to the vulnerability of a six-man element,","rect":[90.0,683.5742797851563,522.0350294113159,674.4661254882813]},{"page":56,"text":"which might be operating deep behind enemy lines. LRS team locations are seldom posted or mentioned on","rect":[90.0,695.274658203125,522.0348415374756,686.16650390625]},{"page":56,"text":"a computer LAN, graphic or written OPORD, intelligence summary (INTSUM), or INTREP, regardless of","rect":[90.0,706.9749755859375,521.9631249961853,697.8668212890625]},{"page":56,"text":"the classification of the dissemination vehicle. The BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element OIC, S-2s, S-3s, G-2,","rect":[90.0,718.1844482421875,521.9739942550659,709.5672607421875]},{"page":56,"text":"3-12","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":56,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":56,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":57,"text":"Mission Development","rect":[447.6600036621094,46.404014587402347,539.9747221679687,38.196014404296878]},{"page":57,"text":"G-3, R&S squadron, BFSB, division and corps commanders are normally the only personnel outside the","rect":[108.0,83.57427978515625,539.9678011016846,74.46610260009766]},{"page":57,"text":"LRS operations cell that \"need to know\" LRS team locations. Teams working close together might need","rect":[108.0,95.27471923828125,539.9772243499756,86.16654205322266]},{"page":57,"text":"collateral support and, therefore, might need to know. At a minimum, they publish NFAs or RFAs on the","rect":[108.0,106.97503662109375,539.9792146759033,97.86685943603516]},{"page":57,"text":"FC's system. The system then automatically disseminates information to all units on the system. The BFSB","rect":[108.0,118.67535400390625,540.1475737037658,109.56717681884766]},{"page":57,"text":"generally needs to coordinate with the special operations coordinator (SOCOORD) LNO at division or","rect":[108.0,130.37567138671876,540.0149438438416,121.26749420166016]},{"page":57,"text":"corps as special forces and LRS teams might be operating in the same AO. Information provided to the","rect":[108.0,142.07611083984376,540.0125398712158,132.96792602539063]},{"page":57,"text":"SOCOORD LNO prevents fratricide among LRS and SOF operating in the same AO.","rect":[108.0,153.7763671875,451.44915294647219,144.66818237304688]},{"page":57,"text":"SEPARATION","rect":[90.0,173.4896697998047,181.55220835113526,163.8155059814453]},{"page":57,"text":"3-34. LRS teams plan independently. What they need to know (critical information) generally depends","rect":[108.0,193.85430908203126,540.0303485374451,184.74612426757813]},{"page":57,"text":"on mission proximity. That is,  LRS  teams  may  require  support  from  another  team  in  the  form  of a","rect":[108.0,205.5546875,539.9809846954346,196.44650268554688]},{"page":57,"text":"communications  relay  or  contact  team  (Joint Pub 3-50.12).  The  planning  facility  separates teams and","rect":[108.0,217.2550048828125,540.0695705413818,208.14682006835938]},{"page":57,"text":"insolates them from distractions and mission operational pace. Each team member keeps all information","rect":[108.0,228.9353485107422,540.0712184906006,219.84719848632813]},{"page":57,"text":"about  his  mission  from  the  other  teams.  He  only  acknowledges,  mentions,  or  discusses  it  with other","rect":[108.0,240.6556396484375,539.9997460899353,231.54745483398438]},{"page":57,"text":"members of his own team. Keeping mission information internal to the team ensures that, if one team is","rect":[108.0,252.3560791015625,540.0372455101013,243.24789428710938]},{"page":57,"text":"compromised and later captured, the enemy can only obtain information about that team and its mission. ","rect":[108.0,264.05633544921877,529.2882642745972,254.94815063476563]},{"page":57,"text":"3-35. Teams  on  the  ground-conducting  missions  avoid communicating  with  each  other.  Radio","rect":[108.0,281.75665283203127,540.0541896820068,272.6484680175781]},{"page":57,"text":"communications  are  vulnerable  to  direction-finding  (DF)  equipment. Threat forces might target areas","rect":[108.0,293.45709228515627,540.0683734397888,284.3489074707031]},{"page":57,"text":"where LRS teams could be templated to operate. The less that it knows about other teams' missions, the","rect":[108.0,305.137451171875,539.9924593048096,296.04931640625]},{"page":57,"text":"more secure they and the LRSU as a whole remain.","rect":[108.0,316.8577880859375,314.0530958175659,307.7496032714844]},{"page":57,"text":"SECURITY DURING COORDINATION","rect":[90.0,336.5696716308594,339.02996103668218,326.88153076171877]},{"page":57,"text":"3-36.","rect":[108.0,354.8902282714844,128.98789501190186,348.0064697265625]},{"page":57,"text":"Coordination, such as air mission briefs, can also compromise a LRS team mission. The LRS","rect":[143.99989318847657,356.91424560546877,540.0117330474853,347.82611083984377]},{"page":57,"text":"LNO must consider OPSEC when coordinating. During an air mission brief, everyone avoids discussing","rect":[107.9990005493164,368.63458251953127,540.0316066741943,359.5263977050781]},{"page":57,"text":"the mission location, NAI, or duration. They only discuss details such as the infiltration route, checkpoints,","rect":[107.9990005493164,380.3349914550781,540.0363721847534,371.226806640625]},{"page":57,"text":"call signs, and logger area.","rect":[107.9990005493164,392.035400390625,215.06310558319093,382.9272155761719]},{"page":57,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":57,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":57,"text":"3-13","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":58,"text":"This page intentionally left blank. ","rect":[163.4399871826172,392.5619812011719,452.493501953125,375.69598388671877]},{"page":59,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[287.3399963378906,85.87195587158203,342.6683989257813,74.7839584350586]},{"page":59,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[249.66000366210938,110.29995727539063,380.3495335845947,95.49747467041016]},{"page":59,"text":"The success of LRS operations depends on thorough planning, acquisition of ISR","rect":[126.0,131.1805877685547,504.0112817649841,121.19976806640625]},{"page":59,"text":"tasks and RFIs, rapid and timely reporting, and avoidance of detection. ","rect":[126.0,143.9009246826172,440.8295030593872,133.92010498046876]},{"page":59,"text":"LRS teams collect critical information for  the  BFSB  commander  in  support  of ","rect":[126.0,162.5987548828125,506.75400257110598,152.639892578125]},{"page":59,"text":"division  commanders'  PIR. Answers  to  the PIR directly  affect  the  commander's","rect":[126.0,175.3411102294922,503.9973855934143,165.36029052734376]},{"page":59,"text":"decision-making  and  dictate  the  successful  execution  of  military operations. This","rect":[126.0,188.06138610839845,504.0633951148987,178.08056640625]},{"page":59,"text":"chapter discusses the following aspects of LRS team operations:","rect":[126.0,200.78172302246095,408.73038787078857,190.8009033203125]},{"page":59,"text":"Phases (Section I)","rect":[144.0,218.4342498779297,216.45667052841189,209.34609985351563]},{"page":59,"text":"Reconnaissance operations (Section II)","rect":[144.0,234.15464782714845,300.87666869735718,225.06607055664063]},{"page":59,"text":"Surveillance operations (Section III)","rect":[143.99949645996095,249.8746795654297,290.3166406211853,240.78610229492188]},{"page":59,"text":"Combat assessment (Section IV)","rect":[143.9995880126953,265.5946350097656,274.9566552696228,256.5061340332031]},{"page":59,"text":"Target acquisition (Section V)","rect":[144.00030517578126,281.334716796875,265.71663451766968,272.2261047363281]},{"page":59,"text":"Urban terrain (Section VI)","rect":[143.99969482421876,297.0346374511719,250.2366540489197,287.94610595703127]},{"page":59,"text":"Imagery collection and transmission (Section VII)","rect":[143.9995880126953,312.7746887207031,345.21663451766968,303.6661376953125]},{"page":59,"text":"Stability operations (Section VIII)","rect":[144.0,328.49468994140627,281.3166406211853,319.3861083984375]},{"page":59,"text":"Special missions (Section IX)","rect":[143.9995880126953,344.19464111328127,263.37666869735718,335.1061096191406]},{"page":59,"text":"Section I. PHASES","rect":[80.63999938964844,363.5039978027344,186.62401037597656,354.6239929199219]},{"page":59,"text":"LRS team operations have five distinct  phases--planning,  infiltrating/inserting,  executing  (actions  on  the","rect":[90.0,386.9942932128906,540.0829134063721,377.8861083984375]},{"page":59,"text":"objective), exfiltrating/extracting, and recovering. Controlling or supporting deployed teams can overlap into","rect":[90.0,398.6947021484375,540.0045070648193,389.5765075683594]},{"page":59,"text":"more than one phase.","rect":[90.0,410.37493896484377,175.27302074432374,401.28680419921877]},{"page":59,"text":"PLANNING PHASE","rect":[90.0,430.10968017578127,214.49329983139038,420.4215393066406]},{"page":59,"text":"4-1.","rect":[117.0,448.32000732421877,132.94582653045655,441.5464782714844]},{"page":59,"text":"Detailed planning at all levels helps ensure mission success and team survival. The planning","rect":[152.99989318847657,450.47430419921877,540.0616970062256,441.3661193847656]},{"page":59,"text":"phase starts when the commander receives the mission folder from the BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element. It","rect":[117.0,462.1546325683594,539.9631113967896,453.0664978027344]},{"page":59,"text":"extends throughout the final inspection of the LRS team. ","rect":[117.0,473.8749694824219,347.1440382003784,464.76678466796877]},{"page":59,"text":"SEQUENCE","rect":[90.0,493.1663818359375,143.48740530014039,483.33599853515627]},{"page":59,"text":"4-2.","rect":[117.0,509.4599914550781,132.94582653045655,502.68646240234377]},{"page":59,"text":"In most cases, the commander, XO, first sergeant, and operations personnel participate in the","rect":[152.99989318847657,511.6142883300781,539.9770174102783,502.506103515625]},{"page":59,"text":"initial S-2 planning. To ensure the LRS team completes each of its planning tasks, the team follows a","rect":[117.0,523.314697265625,539.9977693634033,514.20654296875]},{"page":59,"text":"detailed timeline. ","rect":[117.0,532.990966796875,188.89892101287843,525.9068603515625]},{"page":59,"text":"Type of Planning","rect":[90.0,554.000732421875,170.7545871734619,544.195556640625]},{"page":59,"text":"4-3.","rect":[117.0,569.5701293945313,132.94582653045655,562.6864013671875]},{"page":59,"text":"The length of time available determines whether the team conducts deliberate or hasty planning.","rect":[152.99989318847657,571.6141967773438,538.7545728683472,562.5060424804688]},{"page":59,"text":"Deliberate Planning (24 to 48 hours available for planning).","rect":[143.99989318847657,589.3746948242188,388.0715284347534,580.2665405273438]},{"page":59,"text":"Hasty Planning (less than 24 hours available for planning).","rect":[143.99989318847657,607.1351318359375,383.56157970428469,598.0269775390625]},{"page":59,"text":"Required Planning Events","rect":[90.0,626.12060546875,213.43165073013305,616.3154296875]},{"page":59,"text":"4-4.","rect":[117.0,641.5800170898438,132.94582653045655,634.8065185546875]},{"page":59,"text":"The LRS team should cover the following events in each planning sequence, regardless of ","rect":[152.99989318847657,643.7343139648438,542.5384473800659,634.6261596679688]},{"page":59,"text":"time available:","rect":[117.0,653.4105224609375,176.05866193389893,646.326416015625]},{"page":59,"text":"•  Alert notification.","rect":[143.99989318847657,671.1109619140625,226.5957899093628,664.02685546875]},{"page":59,"text":"• N-Hour planning sequence (the sequence followed before deployment).","rect":[143.99989318847657,692.8153076171875,442.5789442062378,683.7071533203125]},{"page":59,"text":"• H-Hour sequence (the deployment sequence).","rect":[143.99989318847657,712.4954833984375,338.49859142303469,703.3873291015625]},{"page":59,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":59,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":59,"text":"4-1","rect":[527.0773315429688,753.9600219726563,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":60,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.47270422363282,38.0880126953125]},{"page":60,"text":"ACTIVITIES","rect":[72.0,83.60221862792969,129.46579551696778,75.3480224609375]},{"page":60,"text":"4-5.","rect":[99.0,101.57024383544922,114.94582653045655,94.6865005493164]},{"page":60,"text":"To make the best use of time for planning at company, detachment, and team levels, all leaders","rect":[135.0019073486328,103.61431884765625,522.0600726585388,94.50614166259766]},{"page":60,"text":"use TLP. Table 4-1 (page 4-4 and 4-5) lists what each member of the company and detachment must do","rect":[99.0,115.31768798828125,522.0189113616943,106.20951080322266]},{"page":60,"text":"during the planning phase. ","rect":[99.0,127.02099609375,208.1726942062378,117.9128189086914]},{"page":60,"text":"LRSU Commander","rect":[72.0,143.80471801757813,163.1910835418701,136.20655822753907]},{"page":60,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,161.0,129.50700016021728,157.0]},{"page":60,"text":"•","rect":[125.98999786376953,179.0,129.4969980239868,175.0]},{"page":60,"text":"•","rect":[125.98999786376953,196.0,129.4969980239868,193.0]},{"page":60,"text":"•","rect":[125.98999786376953,214.0,129.4969980239868,211.0]},{"page":60,"text":"•","rect":[125.98999786376953,232.0,129.4969980239868,228.0]},{"page":60,"text":"•","rect":[125.98999786376953,249.0,129.4969980239868,246.0]},{"page":60,"text":"•","rect":[125.98999786376953,267.0,129.4969980239868,264.0]},{"page":60,"text":"•","rect":[125.98999786376953,285.0,129.4969980239868,281.0]},{"page":60,"text":"•","rect":[125.98999786376953,303.0,129.4969980239868,299.0]},{"page":60,"text":"Receives WARNOs and OPORDs from the R&S squadron and BFSB headquarters as required.","rect":[136.83050537109376,163.5942840576172,520.7379102706909,154.50613403320313]},{"page":60,"text":"Reviews target information from the BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element.","rect":[136.78350830078126,181.319580078125,409.01287364959719,172.21139526367188]},{"page":60,"text":"Conducts TLP and mission analysis using METT-TC.","rect":[136.8245086669922,199.0250244140625,353.2134962081909,189.91683959960938]},{"page":60,"text":"Prepares and issues WARNOs as required.","rect":[136.8236083984375,216.70018005371095,308.63274669647219,207.61203002929688]},{"page":60,"text":"Prepares and issues OPORDs as required.","rect":[136.8245086669922,234.4055633544922,304.6885938644409,225.31741333007813]},{"page":60,"text":"Supervises the finalization of the MPF.","rect":[136.7886962890625,252.11094665527345,293.9055128097534,243.02279663085938]},{"page":60,"text":"Coordinates with BFSB and R&S squadron staff members.","rect":[136.79249572753907,269.8162536621094,373.55071544647219,260.7281188964844]},{"page":60,"text":"Approves the location of the COB, AOBs, and MSSs.","rect":[136.7906951904297,287.5216064453125,352.88430309295657,278.4334716796875]},{"page":60,"text":"Receives LRS team confirmation briefs.","rect":[136.8177947998047,303.2330017089844,297.7939100265503,296.1388244628906]},{"page":60,"text":"• Receives LRS team decision briefs.","rect":[125.98999786376953,320.9382629394531,279.53127574920657,313.8440856933594]},{"page":60,"text":"• Receives LRS team backbriefs.","rect":[125.98999786376953,338.6336669921875,262.50103282928469,331.53948974609377]},{"page":60,"text":"LRSC Headquarters","rect":[72.0,359.5787353515625,169.3091531715393,349.8065185546875]},{"page":60,"text":"• Receives WARNOs and OPORDs from the R&S squadron and the BFSB headquarters.","rect":[126.0,377.1942443847656,488.66985607147219,368.1061096191406]},{"page":60,"text":"• Receives target information from the 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MPF.","rect":[136.82980346679688,669.4010620117188,417.53567028045657,660.3129272460938]},{"page":60,"text":"Establishes BRSs.","rect":[136.81649780273438,683.1284790039063,209.6962080001831,676.0343627929688]},{"page":60,"text":"Confirms all radio frequencies with R&S squadron S-6 or BFSB S-6.","rect":[136.79449462890626,700.8438720703125,414.7912244796753,691.7557373046875]},{"page":60,"text":"4-2","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":60,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.018310546875,754.0679931640625,310.97220068359379,747.489013671875]},{"page":60,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.05328369140627,754.0679931640625,522.0356162109375,747.489013671875]},{"page":61,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0793173828125,38.0880126953125]},{"page":61,"text":"• Develops communications plan for company WARNOs, OPORDs and communication","rect":[144.0,83.57427978515625,503.7035427093506,74.46610260009766]},{"page":61,"text":"annexes.","rect":[154.80160522460938,93.25366973876953,189.65818309783936,88.50419616699219]},{"page":61,"text":"• Coordinates and conducts communication rehearsals.","rect":[144.0,108.9850082397461,368.38958263397219,101.8908462524414]},{"page":61,"text":"LRS Detachment 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WARNOs and OPORDs from the R&S squadron and BFSB headquarters as required.","rect":[154.83050537109376,145.5942840576172,538.7379102706909,136.50613403320313]},{"page":61,"text":"Receives WARNOs and OPORDs from the LRSU headquarters as required.","rect":[154.8205108642578,163.29954528808595,460.8584852218628,154.21139526367188]},{"page":61,"text":"Receives and reviews target information from the BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element as required.","rect":[154.8155059814453,181.0250244140625,526.2185010910034,171.91683959960938]},{"page":61,"text":"Helps establish the COB (including the planning facility), AOB and MSSs as required.","rect":[154.81069946289063,198.72021484375,503.1849012374878,189.61203002929688]},{"page":61,"text":"Helps commander conduct TLP to include developing and issuing WARNOs and OPORDs.","rect":[154.7895050048828,216.42559814453126,524.4739332199097,207.31741333007813]},{"page":61,"text":"Conducts TLP for his detachment.","rect":[154.79249572753907,232.11695861816407,292.68010997772219,225.02279663085938]},{"page":61,"text":"Prepares and issues WARNOs as required.","rect":[154.8236083984375,251.81626892089845,326.63274669647219,242.72811889648438]},{"page":61,"text":"Prepares and issues OPORDs as required.","rect":[154.8245086669922,269.5216369628906,322.6885938644409,260.4335021972656]},{"page":61,"text":"Supervises the finalization of the MPF.","rect":[154.7886962890625,287.2269592285156,311.9055128097534,278.1388244628906]},{"page":61,"text":"Coordinates with BFSB and squadron staff members.","rect":[154.79249572753907,304.9322204589844,368.9826612472534,295.8440856933594]},{"page":61,"text":"Approves the location of MSSs in support of his LRSD.","rect":[154.79249572753907,322.62762451171877,379.6147413253784,313.53948974609377]},{"page":61,"text":"Receives LRS team-confirmation briefs.","rect":[154.81849670410157,338.3389892578125,316.64406871795657,331.24481201171877]},{"page":61,"text":"• Receives LRS team-decision briefs.","rect":[143.989990234375,356.0442810058594,298.3478956222534,348.9501037597656]},{"page":61,"text":"• Receives LRS team backbriefs.","rect":[143.989990234375,373.74969482421877,280.50103282928469,366.655517578125]},{"page":61,"text":"LRS Team Leader and Team Members","rect":[90.0,392.50469970703127,274.5847879371643,384.9065246582031]},{"page":61,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,410.0,147.50700016021728,406.0]},{"page":61,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,427.0,147.50700016021728,424.0]},{"page":61,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0,480.0,149.9869031906128,476.0]},{"page":61,"text":"Receives the initial mission analysis from LRSC headquarters.","rect":[154.82659912109376,412.3143005371094,405.7321424484253,403.20611572265627]},{"page":61,"text":"Receives WARNO from LRSC headquarters or LRS detachment leader. ","rect":[154.83180236816407,429.9995422363281,447.2010145187378,420.9114074707031]},{"page":61,"text":"— The team leader and radio telephone operator (RTO) normally attend. ","rect":[154.80160522460938,447.7250061035156,448.39947032928469,438.6168212890625]},{"page":61,"text":"— The RTO serves as the recorder.","rect":[154.80160522460938,463.4062805175781,296.2358350753784,456.3121032714844]},{"page":61,"text":"Conducts TLP.","rect":[154.801513671875,481.1116027832031,215.57244396209718,474.0174255371094]},{"page":61,"text":"• Issues team WARNOs. ","rect":[144.0,498.8170166015625,250.60341930389405,491.8931884765625]},{"page":61,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,516.0,147.50700016021728,512.0]},{"page":61,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,534.0,147.50700016021728,530.0]},{"page":61,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,551.0,147.50700016021728,548.0]},{"page":61,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,567.413818359375,147.50700016021728,564.9589233398438]},{"page":61,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,587.0,147.50700016021728,583.0]},{"page":61,"text":"Conducts initial inspections.","rect":[154.8255157470703,518.5162353515625,268.6767225265503,509.4280700683594]},{"page":61,"text":"Moves to and establishes team area in the planning facility.","rect":[154.8175048828125,536.24169921875,392.5766553878784,527.133544921875]},{"page":61,"text":"Receives the OPORD with mission folder from LRSC headquarters or LRS","rect":[154.83180236816407,553.927001953125,457.8153829498291,544.8388671875]},{"page":61,"text":"Issues confirmation brief.","rect":[154.79449462890626,569.6282348632813,257.57367992401125,562.5441284179688]},{"page":61,"text":"Receives decision brief.","rect":[154.8278045654297,587.3236694335938,250.88054943084718,580.2395629882813]},{"page":61,"text":"detachment leader. ","rect":[460.3213806152344,551.9229736328125,538.4601392745972,544.8388671875]},{"page":61,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,602.8145141601563,147.50700016021728,600.359619140625]},{"page":61,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,622.0,147.50700016021728,619.0]},{"page":61,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,640.0,147.50700016021728,636.0]},{"page":61,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,655.9305419921875,147.50700016021728,653.4756469726563]},{"page":61,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,675.0,147.50700016021728,672.0]},{"page":61,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,691.3412475585938,147.50700016021728,688.8863525390625]},{"page":61,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,709.0465087890625,147.50700016021728,706.5916137695313]},{"page":61,"text":"Issues COA or decision brief to commander (after mission analysis brief).","rect":[154.801513671875,607.052978515625,451.30007457733157,597.94482421875]},{"page":61,"text":"Directs the activities of the team LNO.","rect":[154.81878662109376,622.7442626953125,310.2954969406128,615.650146484375]},{"page":61,"text":"Delivers OPORD to the LRS team (LRS team leader).","rect":[154.8278045654297,642.4436645507813,372.1044569015503,633.3555297851563]},{"page":61,"text":"Coordinates as needed with operations personnel.","rect":[154.801513671875,660.1489868164063,353.87160778045657,651.0608520507813]},{"page":61,"text":"Memorizes plan and prepares for backbrief.","rect":[154.83450317382813,677.8543701171875,330.3876905441284,668.7662353515625]},{"page":61,"text":"Backbriefs the commander or his representative.","rect":[154.79949951171876,695.5596923828125,349.0738172531128,686.4715576171875]},{"page":61,"text":"Conducts final inspection.","rect":[154.79339599609376,713.2649536132813,259.8527784347534,704.1768188476563]},{"page":61,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98140173339844,747.489013671875]},{"page":61,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0636901855469,754.0679931640625,329.0175192871094,747.489013671875]},{"page":61,"text":"4-3","rect":[527.064697265625,754.0590209960938,540.035494140625,747.489013671875]},{"page":62,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":62,"text":"4-4","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":62,"text":"Note:","rect":[126.0,87.31024932861328,148.83958983993532,80.5467529296875]},{"page":62,"text":"The entire team normally attends the OPORD.","rect":[162.0,89.33428955078125,348.1285352706909,80.22611236572266]},{"page":62,"text":"Table 4-1. Actions and responsibilities of LRSU personnel.","rect":[171.95999145507813,111.5639877319336,422.03563037109378,103.24798583984375]},{"page":62,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":62,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":63,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0793173828125,38.0880126953125]},{"page":63,"text":"Table 4-1. Actions and responsibilities of LRSU personnel (continued).","rect":[164.16000366210938,82.52101135253906,465.7582255859375,74.0880126953125]},{"page":63,"text":"ORDERS","rect":[90.0,608.6879272460938,131.44979667663575,600.3958740234375]},{"page":63,"text":"4-6.","rect":[117.0,626.630126953125,132.94582653045655,619.7463989257813]},{"page":63,"text":"LRSU OPORDs are very detailed and specific to LRS operations. To ensure mission success,","rect":[153.0019073486328,628.6741943359375,539.9555006027222,619.5660400390625]},{"page":63,"text":"LRSU orders must contain all planning coordination conducted for the pending mission. For this reason,","rect":[117.0,640.3775634765625,540.0346021652222,631.2694091796875]},{"page":63,"text":"OPORD format may deviate from the standard five-paragraph Army order format. Appendix B shows","rect":[117.0,652.0808715820313,539.9154193382263,642.9727172851563]},{"page":63,"text":"some example orders formats used in LRSU operations.","rect":[117.0,663.7642822265625,341.3532361984253,654.6761474609375]},{"page":63,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98230200195312,747.489013671875]},{"page":63,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0636901855469,754.0679931640625,329.0175192871094,747.489013671875]},{"page":63,"text":"4-5","rect":[527.064697265625,754.0590209960938,540.035494140625,747.489013671875]},{"page":64,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":64,"text":"Movement Order--This stand-alone order facilitates an uncommitted, typically administrative,","rect":[126.0,83.63427734375,504.41265392303469,74.5261001586914]},{"page":64,"text":"unit movement. While the arrangement of the troops and vehicles should expedite their","rect":[136.79959106445313,95.334716796875,486.32805419540406,86.2265396118164]},{"page":64,"text":"movement and conserve time and energy, they should still maintain 360-degree security.","rect":[136.79959106445313,107.0350341796875,492.2210645675659,97.9268569946289]},{"page":64,"text":"Warning Order--This notifies of an upcoming order or action. The WARNO can, but need not,","rect":[125.9990005493164,124.7955322265625,509.0062208175659,115.6873550415039]},{"page":64,"text":"follow the standard five-paragraph OPORD format.","rect":[136.79959106445313,136.495849609375,344.23757457733157,127.3876724243164]},{"page":64,"text":"Confirmation Brief--No later than 30 minutes after receiving the unit OPORD, each subordinate","rect":[125.9990005493164,154.25628662109376,514.6658601837158,145.14810180664063]},{"page":64,"text":"leader gives his higher commander a confirmation brief. This demonstrates his understanding","rect":[136.798583984375,165.95660400390626,511.6814479827881,156.84841918945313]},{"page":64,"text":"of the higher unit OPORD. It also ensures the correct focus during mission planning.","rect":[136.798583984375,177.65692138671876,477.26296520233157,168.54873657226563]},{"page":64,"text":"COA or Decision Brief--The team conducts a METT-TC analysis, analyzes possible COAs,","rect":[125.9990005493164,195.4173583984375,495.4093885421753,186.30917358398438]},{"page":64,"text":"develops and compares war games. The team leader then briefs the commander on his chosen","rect":[136.79959106445313,207.1177978515625,512.3896999359131,198.00961303710938]},{"page":64,"text":"COA, explaining the criteria he used to choose it over other possible COAs. When the team","rect":[136.79959106445313,218.818115234375,505.08682012176515,209.70993041992188]},{"page":64,"text":"leader finishes his briefing, the commander approves, disapproves, or modifies the COA and","rect":[136.79959106445313,230.51849365234376,508.83824729919436,221.41030883789063]},{"page":64,"text":"gives guidance on finalizing the team plan.","rect":[136.79959106445313,242.21875,309.2496290206909,233.11056518554688]},{"page":64,"text":"Operations Order--The unit leader uses the OPORD to coordinate the actions of subordinates in","rect":[126.0,259.9582824707031,512.6914882659912,250.87014770507813]},{"page":64,"text":"the execution of an operation. Sometimes called the five-paragraph field order, this order","rect":[136.80059814453126,271.6785888671875,494.0186669883728,262.5704040527344]},{"page":64,"text":"describes, at a minimum, the task organization, situation, mission, execution, administrative","rect":[136.80059814453126,283.37896728515627,505.06918049621586,274.2707824707031]},{"page":64,"text":"and logistics support, and command and signal requirements for the specific operation.","rect":[136.80059814453126,295.07928466796877,485.26186656951907,285.9710998535156]},{"page":64,"text":"Fragmentary Order--An abbreviated OPORD, used to update the original OPORD. Fragmentary","rect":[126.0,312.8398132324219,516.813985824585,303.73162841796877]},{"page":64,"text":"orders (FRAGO) can be issued anytime. Although the FRAGO follows the five-paragraph","rect":[136.79959106445313,324.5400695800781,499.2807216644287,315.431884765625]},{"page":64,"text":"OPORD format, it normally only includes the paragraphs or items that have changed. New","rect":[136.79959106445313,336.2405090332031,500.74795961761478,327.13232421875]},{"page":64,"text":"missions or significant mission changes require a new OPORD rather than just a FRAGO.","rect":[136.79959106445313,347.9408874511719,498.4715223312378,338.82269287109377]},{"page":64,"text":"Backbrief--A briefing by subordinates to the commander to review how subordinates intend to","rect":[125.9990005493164,365.7013244628906,506.7353115081787,356.5931396484375]},{"page":64,"text":"accomplish their mission (FM 1-02). The backbrief can be a formal or informal presentation.","rect":[136.79959106445313,377.3816223144531,509.15154552459719,368.2934875488281]},{"page":64,"text":"During the backbrief, each leader conveys detailed information about the planned mission as he","rect":[136.79959106445313,389.10198974609377,520.7176790313721,379.9938049316406]},{"page":64,"text":"understands it. This gives the recipient of the briefing an idea of the leader and unit's ability to","rect":[136.79959106445313,400.80242919921877,514.7869167327881,391.6942443847656]},{"page":64,"text":"conduct a planned mission. After listening to the subordinate leader's backbrief, each leader","rect":[136.79959106445313,412.502685546875,504.69817138290406,403.3945007324219]},{"page":64,"text":"briefs back his own understanding of the mission to his higher as required. The unit SOP","rect":[136.79959106445313,424.2030944824219,493.2389669342041,415.09490966796877]},{"page":64,"text":"usually identifies who briefs whom and what must be briefed.","rect":[136.79959106445313,435.9034118652344,384.7070264816284,426.79522705078127]},{"page":64,"text":"PLANNING PROCEDURES","rect":[72.0,453.6222229003906,193.18717002868653,445.5360107421875]},{"page":64,"text":"4-7.","rect":[99.0,471.6102600097656,114.94582653045655,464.70648193359377]},{"page":64,"text":"The LRSU uses detailed planning procedures to enhance mission planning and OPSEC. Unit","rect":[134.99989318847657,473.6343078613281,522.0707774124146,464.526123046875]},{"page":64,"text":"SOPs and leaders cover planning procedures in detail. Each LRSU should have a planning facility, with","rect":[99.0,485.3346862792969,522.1102199554443,476.22650146484377]},{"page":64,"text":"a separate planning area for each team planning for a mission. In the planning area, the team only sees","rect":[99.0,497.03497314453127,522.0108172874451,487.9267883300781]},{"page":64,"text":"mission-essential personnel such as the LNO, members of the planning cell, or others on the access","rect":[99.0009994506836,508.73541259765627,522.0484759788513,499.6272277832031]},{"page":64,"text":"roster. The unit maintains OPSEC at all times to avoid compromising the teams and the mission. \"Need","rect":[99.0009994506836,520.4356689453125,522.0138454437256,511.3274841308594]},{"page":64,"text":"to know\" applies: The less each Soldier knows about the other teams' missions, the less can be divulged","rect":[99.0009994506836,532.1361083984375,522.0402736663818,523.0279541015625]},{"page":64,"text":"in case of capture.","rect":[99.0009994506836,543.81640625,172.04680919647218,534.728271484375]},{"page":64,"text":"4-8.","rect":[99.0009994506836,559.4927368164063,114.94682598114014,552.6090087890625]},{"page":64,"text":"The planning facility location can vary, but the unit can locate it wherever they can achieve the","rect":[135.0009002685547,561.5368041992188,522.1057405548096,552.4286499023438]},{"page":64,"text":"objective of separating a LRS team during planning from the remainder of the unit. A planning facility","rect":[99.0009994506836,573.2371215820313,522.1093044281006,564.118896484375]},{"page":64,"text":"can be located at an intermediate staging base, depending on the unit's deployment plan. The planning","rect":[99.0009994506836,584.9375,522.1166896820068,575.829345703125]},{"page":64,"text":"facility can use tents, buildings, hangers, or navy vessels. The exact structures used matter less than the","rect":[99.0009994506836,596.6378173828125,522.1523103790283,587.5296630859375]},{"page":64,"text":"ability  to  achieve  and  maintain  security  and separation.  A  planning  facility  should  only  have  one","rect":[99.0009994506836,608.3381958007813,522.0024080352783,599.2300415039063]},{"page":64,"text":"controlled entrance, and the unit must maintain an access roster. ","rect":[99.0009994506836,618.0144653320313,358.4982862472534,610.9303588867188]},{"page":64,"text":"4-9.","rect":[99.0009994506836,635.7147216796875,114.94682598114014,628.8109741210938]},{"page":64,"text":"An  ideal  planning  facility  has  separate  sleeping  quarters,  showers, electricity, heat or","rect":[135.0009002685547,637.73876953125,522.0797631797791,628.630615234375]},{"page":64,"text":"air-conditioning, and a latrine for each team. If possible, the planning facility should be structured to","rect":[99.0009994506836,649.439208984375,522.0354518890381,640.3310546875]},{"page":64,"text":"make the teams' accommodations comfortable.","rect":[99.0009994506836,659.1155395507813,286.49599742889407,652.0314331054688]},{"page":64,"text":"4-6","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":64,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":64,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":65,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":65,"text":"TROOP LEADING PROCEDURES","rect":[90.0,83.60221862792969,242.8071804046631,75.51602172851563]},{"page":65,"text":"4-10. The TLP provides leaders at company level and below with a framework to develop plans and","rect":[117.0,103.61431884765625,540.0613918304443,94.50614166259766]},{"page":65,"text":"orders, and to prepare for operations. TLP is a dynamic process used by small unit leaders to analyze a","rect":[117.0,115.314697265625,539.9942903594971,106.2065200805664]},{"page":65,"text":"mission, develop a plan, and prepare for an operation. These procedures enable leaders to maximize","rect":[117.0,126.99497985839844,540.0185823516846,117.9068374633789]},{"page":65,"text":"available planning time while developing effective plans and adequately preparing their unit(s) for an","rect":[117.0,138.71533203125,539.9526882171631,129.60714721679688]},{"page":65,"text":"operation. The TLP have eight steps, shown in Figure 4-1. The sequence is not rigid. They can be","rect":[117.0,150.4156494140625,539.9619417266846,141.30746459960938]},{"page":65,"text":"modified to meet the mission, situation, and available time. Some steps are performed concurrently,","rect":[117.0,162.1160888671875,540.0117750167847,153.00790405273438]},{"page":65,"text":"while others may continue throughout the operation (FM 5-0).","rect":[117.0,173.81634521484376,367.07134532928469,164.70816040039063]},{"page":65,"text":"Figure 4-1. TLP and METT-TC.","rect":[250.86000061035157,509.6009216308594,379.10569873046878,501.16790771484377]},{"page":65,"text":"4-11. LRS teams use TLP slightly differently than do other units. Normally, Steps 3 and 4 reverse,","rect":[117.0,527.334228515625,540.0519361495972,518.22607421875]},{"page":65,"text":"because the team moves to the planning facility before receiving the company OPORD and making a","rect":[117.0,539.0344848632813,540.0211458282471,529.9263305664063]},{"page":65,"text":"tentative plan (mission analysis). After Step 7, the team usually must backbrief to gain approval to","rect":[117.0,550.7349243164063,540.0391750335693,541.6267700195313]},{"page":65,"text":"conduct the mission. The following description of how TLP are executed uses the LRS team as an","rect":[117.0,562.435302734375,540.0189723968506,553.3271484375]},{"page":65,"text":"example. However, other LRSU leaders use TLP the same way:","rect":[117.0,574.1356201171875,373.40161847686769,565.0274658203125]},{"page":65,"text":"Receive the Mission","rect":[90.0,590.9026489257813,182.7699951019287,583.3154296875]},{"page":65,"text":"4-12. Detailed planning ensures mission success and team survival. On receipt of the WARNO, the","rect":[117.0,610.7343139648438,539.9912386016846,601.6261596679688]},{"page":65,"text":"team begins an intensive preparatory phase at the unit area. The team leader has the team start initial","rect":[117.0,622.4345703125,540.0688242874146,613.326416015625]},{"page":65,"text":"inspections and prepare for movement to the planning facility. Occasionally, the team may need to","rect":[117.0,634.135009765625,540.0507717132568,625.02685546875]},{"page":65,"text":"receive the initial mission briefing (OPORD with MPF) at this time. However, it is preferred this briefing","rect":[117.0,645.8353881835938,540.0544338226318,636.7272338867188]},{"page":65,"text":"occur after the team is in the planning facility.","rect":[116.9990005493164,657.5357055664063,302.15688610076907,648.4275512695313]},{"page":65,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":65,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":65,"text":"4-7","rect":[527.0773315429688,753.9600219726563,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":66,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":66,"text":"Perform an Initial Assessment--During the initial assessment, the team leader conducts a","rect":[126.0,83.63427734375,485.6222200469971,74.5261001586914]},{"page":66,"text":"METT-TC analysis with the available information. The team leader shares the results of this","rect":[136.79959106445313,95.334716796875,506.9163348655701,86.2265396118164]},{"page":66,"text":"analysis with the team that are necessary to complete details of the WARNO. Details of the","rect":[136.798583984375,107.0350341796875,503.1717805938721,97.9268569946289]},{"page":66,"text":"analysis may be withheld from the team for OPSEC reasons until arrival at the planning","rect":[136.798583984375,118.7353515625,489.2469081878662,109.6271743774414]},{"page":66,"text":"facility.","rect":[136.798583984375,130.4356689453125,167.61809825897218,121.3274917602539]},{"page":66,"text":"Allocate the Available Time--The LRS team leader produces a time schedule based on the","rect":[125.9990005493164,154.1760711669922,488.6415071563721,145.08792114257813]},{"page":66,"text":"information received in the company or detachment WARNO. Using the reverse planning","rect":[136.79959106445313,165.896484375,497.81810569763186,156.78829956054688]},{"page":66,"text":"methodology, knowing critical times and experienced judgment on time estimates for events","rect":[136.79959106445313,177.59686279296876,507.4777362327576,168.47866821289063]},{"page":66,"text":"are essential in creating a realistic time schedule. The team leader should also consider potential","rect":[136.79959106445313,189.29718017578126,521.7333750686646,180.18899536132813]},{"page":66,"text":"changes to the time schedule. For example, if the team were ordered to execute the mission six","rect":[136.79959106445313,200.9976806640625,516.5206508636475,191.88949584960938]},{"page":66,"text":"hours early, the team leader must determine what remaining critical must still be completed to","rect":[136.79959106445313,212.6978759765625,513.4989833831787,203.58969116210938]},{"page":66,"text":"ensure mission success.","rect":[136.79959106445313,222.37428283691407,231.75303173065186,215.29013061523438]},{"page":66,"text":"Issue the Warning Order","rect":[72.0,243.3806610107422,190.08111344909669,233.5755157470703]},{"page":66,"text":"4-13. The team leader issues a WARNO to the team. This WARNO generally provides the same","rect":[99.0,260.99432373046877,522.0191927032471,251.88613891601563]},{"page":66,"text":"information as the company WARNO, with the addition of both general and team-specific instructions","rect":[99.0,272.6947021484375,522.0206439476013,263.5865173339844]},{"page":66,"text":"(Appendix B).","rect":[99.0,284.37493896484377,157.06139659881593,275.28680419921877]},{"page":66,"text":"Initiate Movement","rect":[72.0,301.1627502441406,159.00443860244753,293.5755920410156]},{"page":66,"text":"4-14. After the inspections, the team compiles a list of deficiencies and an initial supply request. The","rect":[99.0,320.9942932128906,521.9962434844971,311.8861083984375]},{"page":66,"text":"team and LNO move to the planning facility area, where they set up the planning facility IAW unit SOP","rect":[99.0,332.6947021484375,522.0058126373291,323.5865173339844]},{"page":66,"text":"(Appendix D). ","rect":[99.0,344.37493896484377,160.18642711639405,335.28680419921877]},{"page":66,"text":"Make a Tentative Plan","rect":[72.0,361.1627502441406,178.67290342712404,353.5755920410156]},{"page":66,"text":"4-15. Making a plan combines mission analysis, COA development, COA analysis, COA comparison,","rect":[99.0,380.9942932128906,522.0922803878784,371.8861083984375]},{"page":66,"text":"and  COA  approval.  The  team  leader  and  RTO normally  receive  the  mission  briefing from the","rect":[99.0,392.6947021484375,522.0315828399658,383.5865173339844]},{"page":66,"text":"commander, detachment leader, or the operations section. At the same briefing, the team leader receives","rect":[99.0,404.3949890136719,522.0169818382263,395.28680419921877]},{"page":66,"text":"the mission folder. Following the briefing, the team leader conducts a confirmation briefing. The team","rect":[99.0,416.0954284667969,522.1280188522339,406.98724365234377]},{"page":66,"text":"leader, with the assistance of the team, conducts mission analysis using METT-TC. ","rect":[99.0,427.79571533203127,435.52666759490969,418.6875305175781]},{"page":66,"text":"Conduct a Confirmation Brief ","rect":[72.0000991821289,445.55621337890627,199.61699962615968,436.6183776855469]},{"page":66,"text":"4-16. Immediately following the OPORD, the team leader briefs the commander or detachment leader","rect":[99.0,463.1361999511719,522.0181176719666,454.02801513671877]},{"page":66,"text":"to confirm that he understands  the  mission  and  the  commander's  intent.  (Appendix B  provides  an","rect":[99.0,474.8165588378906,521.9932765960693,465.7284240722656]},{"page":66,"text":"example confirmation brief.) Before mission planning begins, the team leader may give the team an","rect":[99.0,486.5369873046875,522.0630397796631,477.4288024902344]},{"page":66,"text":"updated WARNO based on material in the company OPORD.","rect":[99.0,498.2373046875,347.78545665740969,489.1291198730469]},{"page":66,"text":"Begin Team-Planning Process","rect":[72.0000991821289,515.997802734375,198.49856447982789,507.0599670410156]},{"page":66,"text":"4-17. The team begins the planning process. The team leader might conduct a visual reconnaissance","rect":[99.0,533.577880859375,522.0467805938721,524.4697265625]},{"page":66,"text":"of the AO. If feasible, the senior scout accompanies him. While he reconnoiters, the assistant team leader","rect":[99.0,545.2581787109375,522.0429589805603,536.1700439453125]},{"page":66,"text":"supervises  equipment  and  personnel  preparation.  TOC  personnel  make  themselves  available for","rect":[99.0,556.9585571289063,522.0189721641541,547.8704223632813]},{"page":66,"text":"coordination throughout the planning phase. ","rect":[99.0,568.6788940429688,279.32900524139407,559.5707397460938]},{"page":66,"text":"Note:  The OPORD, not the  backbrief,  drives  planning.  The  backbrief  is  just  a  form","rect":[125.9999008178711,592.07861328125,504.119748588562,582.9603881835938]},{"page":66,"text":"of rehearsal.","rect":[126.0,601.7501220703125,175.6197919845581,594.666015625]},{"page":66,"text":"Analyze the Mission","rect":[72.0,627.2343139648438,155.4665975494385,618.2964477539063]},{"page":66,"text":"4-18. The team leader reviews and studies the mission, first identifying the specified and implied","rect":[98.9999008178711,644.8143920898438,521.9889430999756,635.7062377929688]},{"page":66,"text":"tasks. From the specified and implied tasks, the team leader identifies the essential tasks. These tasks","rect":[98.9989013671875,656.4946899414063,522.0579364280701,647.4065551757813]},{"page":66,"text":"must be completed to accomplish the mission. Failure to complete an essential task results in mission","rect":[98.9989013671875,668.195068359375,522.0087184906006,659.10693359375]},{"page":66,"text":"failure. He also identifies any constraints. The product of this part of the mission analysis is the restated","rect":[98.9979019165039,679.91552734375,521.9554347991943,670.807373046875]},{"page":66,"text":"mission.","rect":[98.9979019165039,689.5917358398438,132.59191417694093,682.5076293945313]},{"page":66,"text":"4-8","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":66,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":66,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":67,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":67,"text":"Mission Statement","rect":[90.0,81.6202621459961,166.5427622756958,74.69644165039063]},{"page":67,"text":"4-19. The  restated  mission  is  a  simple,  concise  expression  of  the essential tasks the unit must","rect":[116.9999008178711,101.19432067871094,540.0843272171021,92.1061782836914]},{"page":67,"text":"accomplish, and the purpose to be achieved. The mission statement says who (the unit), what (the task),","rect":[116.9999008178711,112.9146728515625,540.0300245285034,103.8064956665039]},{"page":67,"text":"when (either the critical time or on order), where (location), and why (the purpose of the operation).","rect":[116.9999008178711,124.6151123046875,539.9528150558472,115.5069351196289]},{"page":67,"text":"Each mission statement has three distinct elements: operation, task, and purpose:","rect":[116.9999008178711,136.2953338623047,440.88938092803957,127.20719146728516]},{"page":67,"text":"Operation","rect":[90.0,153.9957733154297,131.27074241638185,145.07797241210938]},{"page":67,"text":"4-20. This is a military action. It consists of all the processes involved with combat: movement,","rect":[116.9999008178711,171.716064453125,539.9818677902222,162.60787963867188]},{"page":67,"text":"supply, attack, defense, and maneuvers to gain objectives. LRSU conduct the following four operations:","rect":[116.9989013671875,183.41644287109376,534.9167246780396,174.29824829101563]},{"page":67,"text":"Surveillance--This is a systematic observation of airspace or surface area by visual, aural (hearing),","rect":[144.0,201.11431884765626,537.6005811691284,192.00613403320313]},{"page":67,"text":"electronic, photographic, or other means.","rect":[154.80050659179688,212.814697265625,319.5257520675659,203.70651245117188]},{"page":67,"text":"Reconnaissance--This is any action taken to obtain information about the operational area. It","rect":[144.0,230.51434326171876,509.4584116897583,221.40615844726563]},{"page":67,"text":"includes any visual or other detection methods taken to learn the enemy's or potential enemy's","rect":[154.79959106445313,242.214599609375,531.2509295921326,233.10641479492188]},{"page":67,"text":"activities and resources and the area's meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic","rect":[154.79959106445313,253.91497802734376,486.83456135559086,244.80679321289063]},{"page":67,"text":"characteristics.","rect":[154.79959106445313,263.59130859375,214.57390880584718,256.5071716308594]},{"page":67,"text":"Target Acquisition--This is the detection, identification, and location of a target in sufficient detail","rect":[144.0,283.3143005371094,530.6786265335084,274.20611572265627]},{"page":67,"text":"to permit the effective employment of weapons against it.","rect":[154.80010986328126,295.0146789550781,385.94387340545657,285.906494140625]},{"page":67,"text":"Target Interdiction--This is any action taken to divert, disrupt, delay, or destroy the enemy's surface","rect":[144.0,312.71429443359377,537.1914949493408,303.6061096191406]},{"page":67,"text":"military potential before it can be used effectively against friendly forces.","rect":[154.80010986328126,324.4146728515625,449.6546583175659,315.3064880371094]},{"page":67,"text":"Task","rect":[89.99970245361328,340.0709228515625,108.95153523254395,333.0068054199219]},{"page":67,"text":"4-21. A task is a clearly defined, measurable activity accomplished by individuals and organizations.","rect":[116.99960327148438,359.8153076171875,540.0220289230347,350.7071228027344]},{"page":67,"text":"(Table 4-2 identifies LRS tasks by operation.) A task includes specific actions that contribute to mission","rect":[116.99860382080078,371.51568603515627,540.0121974945068,362.4075012207031]},{"page":67,"text":"accomplishment or other requirements. A task is definable, obtainable, and decisive; and it is either","rect":[116.99860382080078,383.1959533691406,540.0270898399353,374.1078186035156]},{"page":67,"text":"specified or implied. A specified task is stated in the WARNO, mission order, annex, or overlay, or the","rect":[116.99960327148438,394.9164123535156,539.9395418243408,385.8082275390625]},{"page":67,"text":"commander directs it. An implied task is neither specified, routine, nor included in the SOP, yet it is","rect":[116.99960327148438,406.61669921875,539.9637591819763,397.5085144042969]},{"page":67,"text":"inherent and mission specific. It is deduced from the order and its products:","rect":[116.99960327148438,418.29705810546877,419.9381785354614,409.20892333984377]},{"page":67,"text":"Observe--This is the visual; audible; or mechanical, electrical, or photographic monitoring of enemy","rect":[126.0,436.0142822265625,540.0723171234131,426.9060974121094]},{"page":67,"text":"activities. It applies to missions in which the enemy's location is known or strongly suspected, such","rect":[136.79969787597657,447.714599609375,539.9637355804443,438.6064147949219]},{"page":67,"text":"as an NAI where the enemy must pass.","rect":[136.79969787597657,459.41497802734377,292.6641798019409,450.3067932128906]},{"page":67,"text":"Locate--This is to search or examine an area to find an enemy (or his equipment) known to be present","rect":[126.0,477.1142883300781,540.0755381546021,468.006103515625]},{"page":67,"text":"in the AO, but whose specific location is unknown. ","rect":[136.79959106445313,488.7946472167969,345.1234998703003,479.7065124511719]},{"page":67,"text":"Detect--This is to discover or discern the existence or presence of enemy activity. This task applies to","rect":[126.0,506.5142822265625,540.0398464202881,497.4060974121094]},{"page":67,"text":"missions  in  which  little,  if  anything  is  known  about  the  enemy.  The  enemy  may or may not","rect":[136.79949951171876,518.214599609375,539.9198985061646,509.1064147949219]},{"page":67,"text":"be present.","rect":[136.79949951171876,529.8949584960938,180.29389476776124,520.8068237304688]},{"page":67,"text":"Determine--This  is  to  decide  or  settle  conclusively  that  this  task  applies  to  missions  in  which  much","rect":[126.0,547.6141967773438,540.0338649749756,538.5060424804688]},{"page":67,"text":"information  is  known  about  the  enemy.  However,  some  questions  still  exist  about his exact","rect":[136.79959106445313,559.3145141601563,539.9938120803834,550.2063598632813]},{"page":67,"text":"disposition, location, or content. This mission is  to  gather  one  or  two  specified  intelligence","rect":[136.79959106445313,571.014892578125,540.0186433868408,561.90673828125]},{"page":67,"text":"requirements.","rect":[136.79959106445313,582.6953125,191.5940351486206,573.607177734375]},{"page":67,"text":"Identify--This is to positively recognize enemy units, formations, equipment, and so on.","rect":[126.0,600.4141845703125,474.1687879562378,591.3060302734375]},{"page":67,"text":"Evaluate--This is to examine and judge carefully and place a value or worth on the condition and state","rect":[126.0,618.1141967773438,540.0456819610596,608.9959716796875]},{"page":67,"text":"of specified structures or enemy capabilities. Structures or enemy location are known.","rect":[136.79949951171876,629.8145141601563,481.23955821990969,620.7063598632813]},{"page":67,"text":"Confirm--This is to support or establish certainty or validity.","rect":[126.0,647.5142822265625,365.2243299484253,638.4061279296875]},{"page":67,"text":"Deny--This is to prove untrue or invalid.","rect":[126.0000991821289,665.214599609375,288.6256055831909,656.1064453125]},{"page":67,"text":"Report--This is to communicate collected information accurately and in a timely manner.","rect":[126.0,682.9141845703125,480.2358350753784,673.8060302734375]},{"page":67,"text":"Mark--This is to designate a target by using lasers or other marking devices.","rect":[126.0,700.6143188476563,429.46844005584719,691.5061645507813]},{"page":67,"text":"Pinpoint--This is to locate and precisely identify a target for engagement without using lasers.","rect":[126.0,718.314208984375,499.63799571990969,709.2060546875]},{"page":67,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":67,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":67,"text":"4-9","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0679931640625,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":68,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":68,"text":"Measure--This is to estimate by comparing two distances.","rect":[108.0,83.57427978515625,336.56609630584719,74.46610260009766]},{"page":68,"text":"Attack by fire--This is to use direct fires, supported by indirect fires, to engage an enemy without","rect":[108.0000991821289,101.274658203125,522.0725474319459,92.1664810180664]},{"page":68,"text":"closing with him to destroy, suppress, fix, or deceive him.","rect":[118.79969787597656,112.97503662109375,351.43548107147219,103.86685943603516]},{"page":68,"text":"Suppress--This results in the temporary degradation of the performance of a force or weapons system","rect":[107.99909973144531,130.67529296875,522.0552649459839,121.5671157836914]},{"page":68,"text":"below the level needed to accomplish the mission.","rect":[118.79869842529297,142.3556365966797,320.2637891769409,133.26748657226563]},{"page":68,"text":"Disrupt--This  is  to  integrate  direct  and  indirect  fires,  terrain,  and  obstacles  to  upset  an enemy’s","rect":[107.99909973144531,160.07598876953126,522.0415179710388,150.96780395507813]},{"page":68,"text":"formation or tempo, interrupt his timetable, or cause his forces to commit prematurely or attack in","rect":[118.79969787597656,171.7763671875,522.0082302093506,162.66818237304688]},{"page":68,"text":"piecemeal fashion.","rect":[118.79969787597656,183.45664978027345,193.87578868865968,174.36849975585938]},{"page":68,"text":"Table 4-2. LRS tasks by operation.","rect":[223.739990234375,216.80067443847657,370.28181567382816,208.36767578125]},{"page":68,"text":"Purpose","rect":[72.0,440.1945495605469,105.45678425598145,431.42706298828127]},{"page":68,"text":"4-22. The purpose generally supports the BFSB’s purpose and is the same as other Army operations.","rect":[98.9999008178711,457.91497802734377,521.9897413253784,448.8067932128906]},{"page":68,"text":"LRSU study strengths, dispositions, composition, and capabilities of the friendly and enemy forces that","rect":[98.9999008178711,469.61529541015627,522.0838389358521,460.5071105957031]},{"page":68,"text":"could affect the team's mission.","rect":[98.9999008178711,479.2916564941406,225.0325574874878,472.20751953125]},{"page":68,"text":"• Plan use of time and prepare a written schedule for required actions. Include--","rect":[125.99980163574219,498.9959411621094,449.92021728134156,489.9078063964844]},{"page":68,"text":"— Time.","rect":[136.79930114746095,514.6922607421875,171.85871410369874,507.6081237792969]},{"page":68,"text":"— Event.","rect":[136.79930114746095,532.3926391601563,174.23110485076905,525.629150390625]},{"page":68,"text":"— Place.","rect":[136.79930114746095,550.0929565429688,172.50957775115968,543.0088500976563]},{"page":68,"text":"— Uniform.","rect":[136.79930114746095,567.8132934570313,185.31000804901124,560.7091064453125]},{"page":68,"text":"— Personnel who will attend.","rect":[136.79930114746095,585.4935302734375,255.32989025115968,578.409423828125]},{"page":68,"text":"• Use the reverse-planning technique.","rect":[125.99980163574219,605.218017578125,281.2431592941284,596.10986328125]},{"page":68,"text":"• Select and request equipment (routine and special).","rect":[125.99980163574219,622.8983154296875,342.07717418670657,613.8101806640625]},{"page":68,"text":"Enemy","rect":[72.0,640.6787719726563,100.92774678039551,631.8912353515625]},{"page":68,"text":"4-23. The MPF provides information about the enemy’s composition, disposition, strength, recent","rect":[98.9999008178711,658.2589111328125,521.9695811233521,649.1507568359375]},{"page":68,"text":"activities, ability to reinforce, and possible COAs. The team also determines what they do not know","rect":[98.9999008178711,669.959228515625,522.0478558578491,660.85107421875]},{"page":68,"text":"about the enemy and requests that information. It is likely the enemy situation will remain uncertain and","rect":[98.9999008178711,681.6594848632813,522.0230617523193,672.5513305664063]},{"page":68,"text":"the experience and training of the LRS team becomes essential in determining a realistic enemy situation.","rect":[98.9999008178711,693.3599243164063,521.8638868331909,684.2517700195313]},{"page":68,"text":"4-10","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":68,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":68,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":69,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":69,"text":"Terrain","rect":[90.0,81.61023712158203,121.7393560333252,74.69644165039063]},{"page":69,"text":"4-24. This aspect of mission analysis addresses the military aspects of terrain: observation and fields","rect":[116.9999008178711,101.21435546875,540.0502459983826,92.1061782836914]},{"page":69,"text":"of fire; avenues of approach; key terrain; obstacles; and cover and concealment (OAKOC). The MPF","rect":[116.9999008178711,112.9146728515625,539.9973897857666,103.8064956665039]},{"page":69,"text":"provides significant details about the operations area including hydrology, LOS data, and locations of ","rect":[116.9989013671875,124.6151123046875,542.5295972824097,115.5069351196289]},{"page":69,"text":"potential drop zones, landing and pick-up zones.","rect":[116.9989013671875,136.31536865234376,311.83001232147219,127.20719146728516]},{"page":69,"text":"Weather","rect":[89.9990005493164,152.0618438720703,125.05114626693725,145.13803100585938]},{"page":69,"text":"4-25. The five military  aspects  of  weather  include  visibility,  winds,  precipitation,  cloud  cover,","rect":[116.9989013671875,171.65594482421876,540.0212354660034,162.54776000976563]},{"page":69,"text":"temperature, and humidity (FM 34-130). The consideration of their effects is an important part of the","rect":[116.9989013671875,183.35626220703126,539.9861116485596,174.24807739257813]},{"page":69,"text":"mission analysis. The team reviews the forecasts and conclusions available in the MPF and develops","rect":[116.9989013671875,195.056640625,540.0102069358826,185.94845581054688]},{"page":69,"text":"their own conclusions on the effects of weather on the mission. The analysis considers the effects on","rect":[116.9979019165039,206.757080078125,539.9936428070068,197.64889526367188]},{"page":69,"text":"personnel, equipment, and supporting forces, such as air and artillery support. The team identifies the","rect":[116.9979019165039,218.4573974609375,540.0745515899658,209.34921264648438]},{"page":69,"text":"aspects of weather that can affect the mission. They focus on factors whose effects they can mitigate. For","rect":[116.9979019165039,230.15777587890626,540.0493676719666,221.04959106445313]},{"page":69,"text":"example, the team leader may modify SOP uniform and carrying loads based on the temperature. The","rect":[116.9979019165039,241.85809326171876,540.0171785430908,232.74990844726563]},{"page":69,"text":"team leader checks for compliance during preparation, especially during rehearsals (FM 5-0).","rect":[116.9979019165039,253.5584716796875,491.6581678390503,244.45028686523438]},{"page":69,"text":"Troops and Support Available","rect":[89.99800109863281,271.2987976074219,214.11868000793457,262.3810119628906]},{"page":69,"text":"4-26. The team leader knows the status of the teams’ morale, their experience and training, and the","rect":[116.9979019165039,288.89898681640627,539.9781770782471,279.7908020019531]},{"page":69,"text":"strengths and weaknesses. The team leader realistically determines all available resources. This includes","rect":[116.9979019165039,300.59942626953127,540.0619647483826,291.4912414550781]},{"page":69,"text":"possible attachments like a sniper team, target acquisition or a medic. The assessment includes knowing","rect":[116.9979019165039,312.2997131347656,539.9989528656006,303.1915283203125]},{"page":69,"text":"the strength and status of team members and their equipment. It also includes understanding the full","rect":[116.9979019165039,324.0000915527344,540.0644907913209,314.89190673828127]},{"page":69,"text":"array of assets in support of the team. The team knows, for example, how much indirect fire, by type, is","rect":[116.9979019165039,335.700439453125,540.0980975608826,326.5922546386719]},{"page":69,"text":"available,  when  it  will  become  available  and  the  time  it  takes  to  employ.  They  consider  any  new","rect":[116.9979019165039,347.40081787109377,540.0805096664428,338.2926330566406]},{"page":69,"text":"limitations based on level of training or recent fighting.","rect":[116.9979019165039,359.1011047363281,339.00200939178469,349.992919921875]},{"page":69,"text":"Time Available","rect":[89.99800109863281,374.8375244140625,152.57767964172363,367.9237365722656]},{"page":69,"text":"4-27. The team leader continues to refine the time schedule. The team views its own tasks and enemy","rect":[116.9979019165039,394.441650390625,540.0428371429443,385.3334655761719]},{"page":69,"text":"actions in relation to time. Most importantly, the team leader monitors the time available. As the situation","rect":[116.9979019165039,406.1419677734375,540.1209011077881,397.0337829589844]},{"page":69,"text":"changes, the team leader uses his experience to adjust the time schedule to ensure the team is best","rect":[116.9979019165039,417.8424072265625,539.9823985061646,408.7242126464844]},{"page":69,"text":"prepared to accomplish the mission.","rect":[116.9979019165039,429.5226135253906,261.4565076828003,420.4344787597656]},{"page":69,"text":"Civil Considerations","rect":[89.99800109863281,445.2892150878906,174.28207278060914,438.3653869628906]},{"page":69,"text":"4-28. Civil considerations are how the man-made infrastructure, civilian institutions, and attitudes and","rect":[116.9979019165039,464.0,540.0453395843506,455.77508544921877]},{"page":69,"text":"activities of the civilian leaders, populations, and organizations within an AO influence the conduct of ","rect":[116.9979019165039,476.5835876464844,542.4932813644409,467.47540283203127]},{"page":69,"text":"military operations (FM 6-0). Rarely are military operations conducted in uninhabited areas. Most of the","rect":[116.9979019165039,488.28399658203127,540.0423860626221,479.1758117675781]},{"page":69,"text":"time, units are surrounded by noncombatants. LRS team operations are in fact even more complicated","rect":[116.9979019165039,499.9842834472656,540.0080471038818,490.8760986328125]},{"page":69,"text":"because they often depend on effectively hiding among the civilian population. These noncombatants","rect":[116.9979019165039,511.6846923828125,540.0241839866638,502.5765075683594]},{"page":69,"text":"include  residents  of  the  AO, local officials, and  governmental  and  nongovernmental  organizations","rect":[116.9979019165039,523.385009765625,540.0149676780701,514.27685546875]},{"page":69,"text":"(NGOs). Based on information from higher headquarters and their own knowledge and judgment, the","rect":[116.9979019165039,535.08544921875,539.9693880157471,525.9672241210938]},{"page":69,"text":"team leader identifies civil considerations that affect their mission. Civil considerations are analyzed in","rect":[116.9979019165039,546.7857666015625,540.0051784515381,537.6776123046875]},{"page":69,"text":"terms of six factors, known by the memory aid ASCOPE (FM 6-0):","rect":[116.9979019165039,558.486083984375,387.70774030303957,549.3779296875]},{"page":69,"text":"• Areas.","rect":[143.99778747558595,574.3417358398438,180.72304821014405,567.43798828125]},{"page":69,"text":"• Structures.","rect":[143.99778747558595,592.2415161132813,197.98362255096436,585.3076171875]},{"page":69,"text":"•","rect":[143.99778747558595,609.0,147.5047876358032,606.0]},{"page":69,"text":"•","rect":[143.99778747558595,627.0,147.5047876358032,624.0]},{"page":69,"text":"•","rect":[143.9967803955078,645.0,147.5037805557251,641.0]},{"page":69,"text":"•","rect":[143.9967803955078,663.0,147.5037805557251,659.0]},{"page":69,"text":"Capabilities.","rect":[154.79730224609376,612.1051635742188,205.70669078826905,603.0170288085938]},{"page":69,"text":"Organizations.","rect":[154.79730224609376,630.0048828125,214.15178966522218,620.896728515625]},{"page":69,"text":"People.","rect":[154.79629516601563,647.8645629882813,185.16071605682374,638.7764282226563]},{"page":69,"text":"Events.","rect":[154.79629516601563,663.7401123046875,185.15771007537843,656.9766235351563]},{"page":69,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":69,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":69,"text":"4-11","rect":[522.09765625,753.9600219726563,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":70,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":70,"text":"Develop Courses of Action","rect":[72.0,84.83873748779297,196.2562469329834,75.05555725097656]},{"page":70,"text":"4-29. The purpose of COA development (Figure 4-2) is simple: to determine one or more ways to","rect":[99.0,102.47418212890625,521.9059352874756,93.36600494384766]},{"page":70,"text":"accomplish the mission. Most missions and tasks can be accomplished in more than one way. However,","rect":[99.0,114.17449951171875,522.0222120285034,105.06632232666016]},{"page":70,"text":"in a time-constrained environment, the team leader may develop only one COA. Normally, the team will","rect":[99.0,125.8748779296875,522.0333018264771,116.7667007446289]},{"page":70,"text":"develop two or more. Usable COAs are suitable, feasible, acceptable, distinguishable, and complete. To","rect":[99.0,137.5753173828125,522.1019802093506,128.46713256835938]},{"page":70,"text":"develop them, the team focuses on the actions the team takes at the objective and conducts a reverse plan","rect":[99.0,149.275634765625,522.0805568695068,140.15744018554688]},{"page":70,"text":"to the point infiltration starts.","rect":[99.0,160.9559783935547,216.2938642501831,151.86782836914063]},{"page":70,"text":"COA DEVELOPMENT","rect":[246.3000030517578,179.0320281982422,347.62423443984985,171.62725830078126]},{"page":70,"text":"1.","rect":[204.4803924560547,196.3798828125,212.83606671905518,189.17550659179688]},{"page":70,"text":"2. ","rect":[204.4803924560547,213.89984130859376,215.62476300811768,206.69546508789063]},{"page":70,"text":"3. ","rect":[204.4803924560547,232.0,215.62876081085205,224.21542358398438]},{"page":70,"text":"4.","rect":[204.4803924560547,248.9398193359375,212.83808087921143,241.7655029296875]},{"page":70,"text":"5. ","rect":[204.4803924560547,267.0,215.63056134796143,259.3855895996094]},{"page":70,"text":"6.","rect":[204.4803924560547,284.0899353027344,212.83907270050049,276.77532958984377]},{"page":70,"text":"Analyze relative combat power.","rect":[218.8968963623047,198.47406005859376,358.0165476760864,189.20556640625]},{"page":70,"text":"Generate options.","rect":[218.90130615234376,215.88380432128907,298.5420603713989,206.60528564453126]},{"page":70,"text":"Array forces.","rect":[218.90530395507813,233.51397705078126,275.67505597686769,224.125244140625]},{"page":70,"text":"Develop the concept of operations.","rect":[218.90130615234376,250.9237823486328,373.6732554397583,241.645263671875]},{"page":70,"text":"Assign responsibilities.","rect":[218.9071044921875,268.55389404296877,320.31323957061769,259.285400390625]},{"page":70,"text":"Prepare COA statement and sketch.","rect":[218.9031982421875,285.9636535644531,379.8143687210083,276.67510986328127]},{"page":70,"text":"Figure 4-2. Development of courses of action.","rect":[199.5,311.9010314941406,394.48619189453128,303.468017578125]},{"page":70,"text":"Analyze (War-Game) ","rect":[72.0,328.67431640625,162.29870128631593,319.7364807128906]},{"page":70,"text":"4-30. For each COA, the team thinks through the operation from beginning to end. They compare","rect":[98.9999008178711,346.2544250488281,522.0464754180908,337.146240234375]},{"page":70,"text":"each COA with the most likely enemy COA, given what the LRS team is doing at that instant. Normally,","rect":[98.9999008178711,357.9546813964844,522.0797071456909,348.84649658203127]},{"page":70,"text":"small unit leaders visualize a set of actions, reactions and counteractions. The LRS team leader does this","rect":[98.9999008178711,368.0,522.0468890647888,360.5469055175781]},{"page":70,"text":"also, but because the LRS team’s objective is to not make enemy contact, the result should minimize the","rect":[98.9999008178711,381.3554992675781,521.9740266876221,372.2373046875]},{"page":70,"text":"chance of contact. The team records the results of all wargames. ","rect":[98.9999008178711,393.0558166503906,358.7735242843628,383.9476318359375]},{"page":70,"text":"Compare","rect":[72.0,410.7962646484375,109.89868641662598,401.87847900390627]},{"page":70,"text":"4-31. The team leader compares results of all the wargames and chooses the COA that has the best","rect":[98.9999008178711,428.39642333984377,522.0184702835084,419.2882385253906]},{"page":70,"text":"chance  of  mission  accomplishment  and  preserves  the team for  future  operations.  Criteria  normally","rect":[98.9999008178711,440.0967102050781,522.0179347991943,430.988525390625]},{"page":70,"text":"include-- mission accomplishment, time to execute the mission, risk, and posture of the team for future","rect":[98.9999008178711,451.7770690917969,521.9892854766846,442.6889343261719]},{"page":70,"text":"operations.","rect":[98.9999008178711,463.47735595703127,143.32859325408936,454.38922119140627]},{"page":70,"text":"Approve","rect":[72.0,481.23785400390627,106.53603840637207,472.320068359375]},{"page":70,"text":"4-32. The team leader picks  the  COA  that  best  supports  successful  mission  accomplishment.","rect":[98.9999008178711,498.81793212890627,522.0513868331909,489.72979736328127]},{"page":70,"text":"Normally, before the team continues plan development, the team leader must obtain approval for the","rect":[98.9989013671875,510.53826904296877,521.9930696563721,501.4300842285156]},{"page":70,"text":"chosen COA. This briefing is given to the detachment leader or company commander. Once approval is","rect":[98.9989013671875,522.2386474609375,522.0845477561951,513.1304931640625]},{"page":70,"text":"obtained and guidance given, the team begins development of the OPORD. ","rect":[98.9989013671875,533.93896484375,403.64239025115969,524.830810546875]},{"page":70,"text":"Conduct Reconnaissance","rect":[72.0,550.7137451171875,188.9194008026123,543.1155395507813]},{"page":70,"text":"4-33. Ideally, the team leader reconnoiters the area visually. If this cannot be done, then the team","rect":[99.0,570.5341796875,522.1704382858277,561.426025390625]},{"page":70,"text":"leader continues to study aerial reconnaissance photos, UAS video and satellite imagery (if available).","rect":[99.0,582.234619140625,522.0604810714722,573.12646484375]},{"page":70,"text":"He confirms, clarifies, and supplements information gleaned from maps and other sources.","rect":[99.0,593.9349365234375,462.6798963546753,584.8267822265625]},{"page":70,"text":"Complete the Plan","rect":[72.0,612.8987426757813,158.68709410095216,603.1265258789063]},{"page":70,"text":"4-34. Complete  detailed  planning  to  include  necessary coordination with all support","rect":[99.0,630.5341796875,480.54868268585207,621.426025390625]},{"page":70,"text":"required for the mission. (Appendix G provides an example list of the necessary coordination.)","rect":[99.0,642.234619140625,479.4825646934509,633.12646484375]},{"page":70,"text":"elements","rect":[486.5849914550781,628.5101318359375,522.1081073265076,621.426025390625]},{"page":70,"text":"Issue the OPORD","rect":[72.0,659.0137329101563,155.5072868423462,651.426513671875]},{"page":70,"text":"4-35. Include  all  necessary  annexes.  Use  a  detailed  OPORD  format.  (Appendix B provides an","rect":[99.0,678.8342895507813,521.9867458343506,669.7261352539063]},{"page":70,"text":"example.) Use visual aids (terrain models, objective sketches, charts, photos, maps, and overlays) to","rect":[99.0,690.53466796875,521.9906520843506,681.4164428710938]},{"page":70,"text":"reinforce information and to help ensure the team fully understands all aspects of the mission.","rect":[99.0,702.2349853515625,475.20363903045657,693.1268310546875]},{"page":70,"text":"4-12","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":70,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":70,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":71,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":71,"text":"Supervise and Inspect Soldiers","rect":[90.0,84.83873748779297,233.80509433364868,75.05555725097656]},{"page":71,"text":"4-36. The team leader and the assistant team leader supervise the team throughout the preparation to","rect":[117.0,102.47418212890625,539.9857082366943,93.36600494384766]},{"page":71,"text":"ensure timely completion of all required tasks. They inspect to ensure that--","rect":[117.0,114.17449951171875,420.5581262168884,105.06632232666016]},{"page":71,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,127.63642120361328,147.50689334869385,125.1815185546875]},{"page":71,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,145.33673095703126,147.50689334869385,142.8818359375]},{"page":71,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,163.03704833984376,147.50689334869385,160.5821533203125]},{"page":71,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,182.0,147.50689334869385,179.0]},{"page":71,"text":"The team takes only the equipment required for the mission.","rect":[154.798583984375,131.8748779296875,396.3875379562378,122.7667007446289]},{"page":71,"text":"All equipment is functional, complete, secured, and evenly distributed.","rect":[154.7982940673828,149.5751953125,438.8581495285034,140.46701049804688]},{"page":71,"text":"Resupply bundles and packages meet SOP criteria.","rect":[154.798583984375,167.2755126953125,358.97332286834719,158.16732788085938]},{"page":71,"text":"Cache meets SOP criteria.","rect":[154.82260131835938,182.9618682861328,259.86355113983157,175.86770629882813]},{"page":71,"text":"• Insertion vehicle and aircraft preparation meet SOP criteria.","rect":[143.99989318847657,202.65611267089845,394.8541212081909,193.56796264648438]},{"page":71,"text":"Check the Communications Equipment","rect":[90.0000991821289,220.4165496826172,252.91025495147705,211.49874877929688]},{"page":71,"text":"4-37. Under the guidance of the team leader, the RTO checks all communications equipment on a","rect":[117.0,238.01666259765626,540.0100984649658,228.90847778320313]},{"page":71,"text":"distant BRS (HF and UHF TACSAT). They also check--","rect":[117.0,249.717041015625,345.3427636680603,240.60885620117188]},{"page":71,"text":"• Internal communications with all VHF frequency modulation (FM) communications","rect":[143.99989318847657,267.4173583984375,493.11573672103887,258.3091735839844]},{"page":71,"text":"equipment. Unserviceable and inoperable equipment is reported to the communications","rect":[154.80039978027345,279.0977478027344,504.9895770530701,270.0096130371094]},{"page":71,"text":"NCOIC.","rect":[154.80039978027345,288.8040771484375,188.51269054412843,281.8802490234375]},{"page":71,"text":"• For all radios, frequencies are confirmed with the frequency manager, and, if needed, more","rect":[144.0009002685547,308.51849365234377,520.0830354766846,299.4103088378906]},{"page":71,"text":"frequencies are requested.","rect":[154.80039978027345,320.1987609863281,259.30572032928469,311.1106262207031]},{"page":71,"text":"Rehearse Mission","rect":[90.0,336.98272705078127,172.66182554626466,329.39556884765627]},{"page":71,"text":"4-38. After  briefing  the  OPORD,  the  team  leader conducts rehearsals. This includes inspecting","rect":[117.0,356.8143005371094,540.0051784515381,347.70611572265627]},{"page":71,"text":"personnel  and  equipment.  During  the  rehearsal,  the  team  wears  the  full  uniform  and  carries  all","rect":[117.0,368.5146789550781,540.0470347366334,359.406494140625]},{"page":71,"text":"mission-essential equipment. The unit conducts detailed, full force rehearsals, because the team needs","rect":[117.0,380.1949462890625,539.9974505882263,371.1068115234375]},{"page":71,"text":"them to reinforce complex procedures. Terrain and conditions should, as much as possible, replicate","rect":[117.0,391.8953552246094,540.0130281524658,382.8072204589844]},{"page":71,"text":"those expected for the actual operation. Detailed rehearsals can include transportation and OPFOR, and","rect":[117.0,403.59564208984377,540.0300197601318,394.50750732421877]},{"page":71,"text":"as many contingencies as can be anticipated. The team simulates casualties among key personnel, with","rect":[117.0,415.31610107421877,540.0273342132568,406.2079162597656]},{"page":71,"text":"other  team  members  assuming  their duties. Leaders  continually  ask  team  members  to  answer","rect":[117.0,427.01641845703127,540.0439355430603,417.9082336425781]},{"page":71,"text":"mission-specific questions.  Sand  table  briefings,  a  map  study,  and  photograph  examinations  should","rect":[117.0,438.7168273925781,540.0178127288818,429.608642578125]},{"page":71,"text":"complement all rehearsals. At a minimum, during hasty planning, the team should rehearse actions in the","rect":[117.0,450.4170837402344,540.0749788360596,441.30889892578127]},{"page":71,"text":"objective area (entering; maintaining; and sterilizing the hide, surveillance, and communication sites).","rect":[117.0,462.11749267578127,540.1011915206909,452.9992980957031]},{"page":71,"text":"Otherwise, rehearsals should cover as much as possible the following, also shown in Table 4-3.","rect":[117.0,473.81781005859377,499.83037853240969,464.7096252441406]},{"page":71,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,487.27972412109377,147.50689334869385,484.8248291015625]},{"page":71,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99989318847657,504.0,149.98389720916749,500.0]},{"page":71,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99989318847657,520.0,150.00178050994874,515.0]},{"page":71,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,534.4408569335938,147.50689334869385,531.9859619140625]},{"page":71,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,550.1612548828125,147.50689334869385,547.7063598632813]},{"page":71,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,567.0,147.50689334869385,564.0]},{"page":71,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99989318847657,582.0,149.98379039764405,578.0]},{"page":71,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,599.0,147.50689334869385,595.0]},{"page":71,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,615.0,147.50689334869385,611.0]},{"page":71,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,630.0,147.50689334869385,627.0]},{"page":71,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,646.0,147.50689334869385,643.0]},{"page":71,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,660.203857421875,147.50689334869385,657.7489624023438]},{"page":71,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,678.0,147.50689334869385,674.0]},{"page":71,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,693.0,147.50689334869385,690.0]},{"page":71,"text":"Off-loading and assembly procedures at points of insertion.","rect":[154.7983856201172,491.5181884765625,393.43072032928469,482.4100036621094]},{"page":71,"text":"Movement formations.","rect":[154.7985076904297,505.2144470214844,246.53101634979249,498.13031005859377]},{"page":71,"text":"\"Lost-man\" drill.","rect":[154.81639099121095,520.934814453125,223.0397138595581,513.8507080078125]},{"page":71,"text":"Security halt procedures.","rect":[154.7983856201172,538.6793212890625,254.82262706756593,529.5711669921875]},{"page":71,"text":"Actions at possible danger areas.","rect":[154.7983856201172,554.3997192382813,286.6142225265503,545.2915649414063]},{"page":71,"text":"Reaction drill for aircraft flyover (friendly or enemy).","rect":[154.82650756835938,570.1201171875,370.3023633956909,561.011962890625]},{"page":71,"text":"Countertracking techniques.","rect":[154.79840087890626,585.8403930664063,268.0035047531128,576.7322387695313]},{"page":71,"text":"Actions on enemy contact such as chance, near/far ambush, sniper, air attack, indirect fire, flares.","rect":[154.8297119140625,601.560791015625,544.7607984542847,592.45263671875]},{"page":71,"text":"Loading procedures at the extraction site.","rect":[154.8325958251953,617.2811889648438,320.94411754608157,608.1730346679688]},{"page":71,"text":"Special actions (as required), and use of new or unfamiliar equipment.","rect":[154.8245086669922,632.9815673828125,436.87896251678469,623.8934326171875]},{"page":71,"text":"Procedures for emplacement and recovery of a cache.","rect":[154.8323974609375,648.7219848632813,369.7432813644409,639.6138305664063]},{"page":71,"text":"Actions at recovery points or contact points.","rect":[154.7983856201172,664.4423217773438,332.3654432296753,655.3341674804688]},{"page":71,"text":"Actions in the absence of a communications plan.","rect":[154.8303985595703,680.1427001953125,354.1160840988159,671.0545654296875]},{"page":71,"text":"Communications during scheduled windows and initial entry.","rect":[154.83551025390626,695.8831176757813,401.82842540740969,686.7749633789063]},{"page":71,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":71,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":71,"text":"4-13","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":72,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":72,"text":"Table 4-3. Priority of actions for rehearsal.","rect":[207.0,82.52101135253906,387.13472094726566,74.0880126953125]},{"page":72,"text":"Conduct Backbrief ","rect":[72.0,546.8136596679688,164.1968584060669,539.2154541015625]},{"page":72,"text":"4-39. When mission planning is complete, the team briefs back the entire mission to the commander","rect":[99.0,566.6341552734375,522.0226953086853,557.5260009765625]},{"page":72,"text":"or to the commander's designated representative. The backbrief ensures the commander that the team","rect":[99.0,578.3345947265625,522.1413245162964,569.2264404296875]},{"page":72,"text":"understands and is prepared for the mission. They can shorten the backbrief to accommodate condensed","rect":[99.0,590.034912109375,522.0482082366943,580.9267578125]},{"page":72,"text":"planning time or as the commander requests, based on his knowledge of the team's experience and on","rect":[99.0,601.7352905273438,521.9762477874756,592.6271362304688]},{"page":72,"text":"who attends the backbrief. The team rehearses the backbrief to ensure that all team members understand","rect":[99.0,611.4115600585938,521.9855251312256,604.3274536132813]},{"page":72,"text":"all aspects of the operation. (Appendix B provides an example backbrief format.)","rect":[99.0,625.115966796875,424.70479369735718,616.02783203125]},{"page":72,"text":"Conduct Final Inspection","rect":[72.0,644.0986328125,191.16043699645997,634.3154296875]},{"page":72,"text":"4-40. The team always conducts a final inspection before the team leaves the planning area. The team","rect":[99.0,661.7343139648438,522.1427283248902,652.6261596679688]},{"page":72,"text":"leader inspects personnel, personal equipment, and mission equipment, especially those items identified","rect":[99.0,673.4345703125,522.0431423187256,664.326416015625]},{"page":72,"text":"during previous inspections or during rehearsals as needing correction. The team leader questions team","rect":[99.0,685.135009765625,522.0782141647339,676.02685546875]},{"page":72,"text":"members to reinforce critical aspects of the mission.","rect":[99.0,696.8153686523438,308.1042432785034,687.7272338867188]},{"page":72,"text":"4-14","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":72,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":72,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":73,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":73,"text":"Receive Intelligence Updates","rect":[90.0,84.86070251464844,224.20633945083618,75.05555725097656]},{"page":73,"text":"4-41. The team leader receives intelligence updates from higher and adapts his plans accordingly.","rect":[117.0,102.47418212890625,520.8400220870972,93.36600494384766]},{"page":73,"text":"CONTROL MEASURES","rect":[90.0,120.22799682617188,197.08487510681153,111.93599700927735]},{"page":73,"text":"4-42. A control measure is a graphic or oral directive assigning responsibility, coordinating fires and","rect":[117.0,140.21417236328126,540.0344142913818,131.10598754882813]},{"page":73,"text":"maneuver, and controlling combat operations. Each measure is shown graphically and easily identified","rect":[117.0,151.91461181640626,540.0614528656006,142.80642700195313]},{"page":73,"text":"on the ground. Examples include boundaries, objectives, coordinating points, and contact points. Some","rect":[117.0,163.6148681640625,540.0790681915283,154.49667358398438]},{"page":73,"text":"control measures that help the team leader control team actions during the mission are--","rect":[117.0,175.3153076171875,468.4437463340759,166.20712280273438]},{"page":73,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,190.0,147.50790042877197,187.0]},{"page":73,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,208.0,147.50790042877197,205.0]},{"page":73,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0009002685547,225.0,149.98479747772218,221.0]},{"page":73,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0009002685547,243.0,149.9849042892456,238.0]},{"page":73,"text":"Times of departure and return.","rect":[154.79959106445313,192.99559020996095,277.1180372238159,183.90744018554688]},{"page":73,"text":"Points of departure and reentry.","rect":[154.7993927001953,210.7158203125,281.70510387420657,201.60763549804688]},{"page":73,"text":"Checkpoints.","rect":[154.79940795898438,228.39610290527345,207.48960399627686,219.30795288085938]},{"page":73,"text":"Routes.","rect":[154.7995147705078,244.09254455566407,185.15713024139405,237.32904052734376]},{"page":73,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,261.0,147.50790042877197,258.0]},{"page":73,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,279.0,147.50790042877197,275.0]},{"page":73,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,297.0,147.50790042877197,293.0]},{"page":73,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,314.0,147.50790042877197,311.0]},{"page":73,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,332.0,147.50790042877197,328.0]},{"page":73,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,350.0,147.50790042877197,346.0]},{"page":73,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0009002685547,367.0,149.98479747772218,362.0]},{"page":73,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0009002685547,384.0,149.98479747772218,380.0]},{"page":73,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0009002685547,402.0,150.0129041671753,398.0]},{"page":73,"text":"Forward line of own troops (FLOT).","rect":[154.7993927001953,263.7967834472656,301.65240001678469,254.70864868164063]},{"page":73,"text":"Phase lines (PLs).","rect":[154.82870483398438,281.4971008300781,226.9576826095581,272.4089660644531]},{"page":73,"text":"Restrictive fire lines (RFLs) and NFAs or RFAs.","rect":[154.79959106445313,299.1975402832031,350.48015880584719,290.1094055175781]},{"page":73,"text":"Decision points (DPs).","rect":[154.7993927001953,316.8978271484375,245.9696455001831,307.8096923828125]},{"page":73,"text":"Designated areas for recovery (DARs).","rect":[154.79959106445313,334.6181945800781,311.77447032928469,325.510009765625]},{"page":73,"text":"Limits of advance (LOA).","rect":[154.79959106445313,352.2985534667969,259.4688367843628,343.2104187011719]},{"page":73,"text":"Recovery points.","rect":[154.79940795898438,370.0188903808594,222.79922008514405,360.91070556640627]},{"page":73,"text":"Contact points.","rect":[154.79940795898438,387.69915771484377,215.5207166671753,378.61102294921877]},{"page":73,"text":"SAFEs.","rect":[154.8275146484375,403.40557861328127,185.72919750213624,396.48175048828127]},{"page":73,"text":"• Airspace-recovery activation signals.","rect":[144.0009002685547,423.1199035644531,303.82009410858157,414.01171875]},{"page":73,"text":"•  No-fly areas.","rect":[144.0009002685547,440.8202209472656,207.14687633514405,431.7120361328125]},{"page":73,"text":"• Identification friend or foe (IFF).","rect":[144.0009002685547,458.5004577636719,287.9250440597534,449.4123229980469]},{"page":73,"text":"FIELD PLANNING ACTIVITIES","rect":[90.0,476.2422180175781,234.70580101013185,467.9880065917969]},{"page":73,"text":"4-43. Leaders can conduct field planning one of two ways:","rect":[117.0,496.25421142578127,365.5436472854614,487.1460266113281]},{"page":73,"text":"Field Planning","rect":[90.0,515.2406005859375,158.82044410705567,505.4354553222656]},{"page":73,"text":"4-44. This generally means conducting deliberate planning in a tent. Special considerations include--","rect":[117.0,532.8543090820313,534.0434472618103,523.7461547851563]},{"page":73,"text":"• The number of tents required for all elements to have sufficient planning and sleeping space.","rect":[143.99989318847657,550.5545654296875,526.8040113449097,541.4464111328125]},{"page":73,"text":"• Type and quantity of lighting required.","rect":[144.0009002685547,568.2550048828125,310.99648571014407,559.1468505859375]},{"page":73,"text":"•  Heating requirements.","rect":[144.0009002685547,585.955322265625,243.8793134689331,576.84716796875]},{"page":73,"text":"•  Latrine facilities.","rect":[144.0009002685547,601.631591796875,223.14196300506593,594.5474853515625]},{"page":73,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,619.0,147.50790042877197,615.0]},{"page":73,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,636.0,147.50790042877197,633.0]},{"page":73,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,654.0,147.50790042877197,651.0]},{"page":73,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,672.0,147.50790042877197,668.0]},{"page":73,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0009002685547,689.0,150.00890636444093,685.0]},{"page":73,"text":"Dining facilities. Ideally, teams should receive at least two hot meals a day.","rect":[154.82870483398438,621.3558959960938,457.22552013397219,612.2477416992188]},{"page":73,"text":"Security considerations such as wire, field phones, and guards.","rect":[154.7993927001953,639.0562744140625,406.6781873703003,629.9481201171875]},{"page":73,"text":"Support required to construct the site and maintain it for the period required.","rect":[154.79730224609376,656.736572265625,461.7259473800659,647.6484375]},{"page":73,"text":"Communications to supporting units during planning and conduct of the mission.","rect":[154.79959106445313,674.4569091796875,480.62465953826907,665.3487548828125]},{"page":73,"text":"Rehearsal areas.","rect":[154.82351684570313,690.1332397460938,219.88262462615968,683.0491333007813]},{"page":73,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":73,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":73,"text":"4-15","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":74,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.47270422363282,38.0880126953125]},{"page":74,"text":"Patrol-Base Planning","rect":[72.0,84.86070251464844,171.93555641174317,75.05555725097656]},{"page":74,"text":"4-45. This refers to planning that occurs when the team receives a change of mission during the","rect":[99.0,102.47418212890625,522.0497102813721,93.36600494384766]},{"page":74,"text":"conduct of an operation. LRS patrol-base principles apply. The team--","rect":[99.0,114.1776123046875,380.66206908798218,105.0694351196289]},{"page":74,"text":"•  Maintains security.","rect":[126.00389862060547,131.88287353515626,213.56190013885499,122.77469635009766]},{"page":74,"text":"• Plans and issues a FRAGO.","rect":[126.00389862060547,147.5741729736328,248.04946422576905,140.48001098632813]},{"page":74,"text":"•  Plans resupply.","rect":[126.00389862060547,167.28363037109376,198.11431407928468,158.17544555664063]},{"page":74,"text":"• Plans for continuous communications.","rect":[126.00389862060547,182.96485900878907,290.52117443084719,175.88070678710938]},{"page":74,"text":"CONTINGENCY PLANS","rect":[72.0,202.72799682617188,180.8318691253662,194.43600463867188]},{"page":74,"text":"4-46. The contingency plan covers alternate, anticipated major events that could occur before, during,","rect":[99.0,222.71429443359376,522.0135450363159,213.59609985351563]},{"page":74,"text":"and after an operation, for example--","rect":[99.01000213623047,234.3976287841797,246.80327392196657,225.30947875976563]},{"page":74,"text":"• Replacement of team members as needed to fulfill mission requirements.","rect":[126.01390075683594,252.1029510498047,429.17534923553469,243.01480102539063]},{"page":74,"text":"• Transportation to the planning facility.","rect":[126.01390075683594,269.82830810546877,292.0143995285034,260.7201232910156]},{"page":74,"text":"• The planning facilities (garrison or field).","rect":[126.01390075683594,287.523681640625,303.52410411834719,278.4154968261719]},{"page":74,"text":"• Direct support for unserviceable equipment.","rect":[126.01390075683594,305.2089538574219,313.7570753097534,296.1208190917969]},{"page":74,"text":"• Acquisition of mission-essential equipment.","rect":[126.01390075683594,322.91424560546877,313.2550001144409,313.82611083984377]},{"page":74,"text":"• Security during the mission planning process.","rect":[126.01390075683594,340.6396789550781,320.1893262863159,331.531494140625]},{"page":74,"text":"• Reposition to COB, AOB or MSS.","rect":[126.01390075683594,358.324951171875,275.8725233078003,349.23681640625]},{"page":74,"text":"INFILTRATION PHASE AND INSERTION METHOD","rect":[72.0,378.0296936035156,408.6580738296509,368.3555603027344]},{"page":74,"text":"4-47. The infiltration phase extends from the point of embarkation to arrival in the objective area.","rect":[99.0,398.394287109375,522.0762281417847,389.2760925292969]},{"page":74,"text":"Insertion method options include--","rect":[99.0,410.07763671875,238.09215331649782,400.989501953125]},{"page":74,"text":"• High altitude, high opening (HAHO).","rect":[126.00389862060547,427.8030090332031,288.0733289718628,418.69482421875]},{"page":74,"text":"• High altitude, low opening (HALO).","rect":[126.00389862060547,445.5082702636719,284.11660289764407,436.40008544921877]},{"page":74,"text":"•  FRIES.","rect":[126.00389862060547,461.189697265625,166.59592723846436,454.265869140625]},{"page":74,"text":"•  SCUBA.","rect":[126.00389862060547,478.90496826171877,172.7361249923706,471.97113037109377]},{"page":74,"text":"•  SPIES.","rect":[126.00389862060547,496.60028076171877,165.51977062225343,489.67645263671877]},{"page":74,"text":"•  Air.","rect":[126.00389862060547,514.295654296875,152.67980480194093,507.2115173339844]},{"page":74,"text":"•  Vehicle.","rect":[126.00389862060547,532.010986328125,170.4496259689331,524.9168701171875]},{"page":74,"text":"•  Rubber boat.","rect":[126.00389862060547,549.7063598632813,188.69890880584718,542.6222534179688]},{"page":74,"text":"•  Stay behind.","rect":[126.00389862060547,569.4257202148438,186.93984508514405,560.3175659179688]},{"page":74,"text":"•  Rollover.","rect":[126.00389862060547,585.10693359375,174.40758800506593,578.0228271484375]},{"page":74,"text":"• Foot movement. ","rect":[126.00389862060547,603.0,204.87624645233155,596.0488891601563]},{"page":74,"text":"4-48. Any requested SEAD and CAS start when the insertion platform crosses the FLOT and starts","rect":[99.0,622.5416870117188,521.9846942405701,613.4335327148438]},{"page":74,"text":"moving towards the insertion point. Insertion normally ends after the team caches nonmission-essential","rect":[99.0,634.2451171875,522.0061411819459,625.136962890625]},{"page":74,"text":"equipment and the insertion platform leaves the loiter area. Generally, the infiltration phase continues","rect":[99.0,645.9483642578125,522.1203143577576,636.8402099609375]},{"page":74,"text":"with team movement from the point of insertion to the security halt, and ends before the objective rally","rect":[99.0,657.6517944335938,522.0396633148193,648.5335693359375]},{"page":74,"text":"point (ORP). Ideally, infiltration occurs during times of limited visibility. If the team must halt during","rect":[99.0,669.3551025390625,507.2357997894287,660.2469482421875]},{"page":74,"text":"4-16","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":74,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01910400390627,754.0679931640625,310.972994140625,747.489013671875]},{"page":74,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.05419921875,754.0679931640625,522.0364096679688,747.489013671875]},{"page":75,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0793173828125,38.0880126953125]},{"page":75,"text":"periods of increased visibility, they establish a clandestine patrol base. During infiltration, the","rect":[117.0,83.57427978515625,516.3344698028565,74.46610260009766]},{"page":75,"text":"leader records the team's movements in the patrol log. In the log, the team leader records in detail--","rect":[117.0,95.2777099609375,514.353902584076,86.1695327758789]},{"page":75,"text":"• The general direction of movement.","rect":[143.993896484375,112.9830322265625,298.7080945968628,103.8748550415039]},{"page":75,"text":"• Deviations from planned infiltration route.","rect":[143.993896484375,128.6843719482422,325.51467418670657,119.59622955322266]},{"page":75,"text":"• Information about terrain and weather.","rect":[143.993896484375,142.40174865722657,310.0422315597534,135.31759643554688]},{"page":75,"text":"• Enemy sightings en route.","rect":[143.993896484375,160.1470947265625,259.46319103240969,151.03890991210938]},{"page":75,"text":"• Signs of activity.","rect":[143.993896484375,175.86846923828126,223.07075023651124,166.76028442382813]},{"page":75,"text":"•  Grid locations.","rect":[143.993896484375,189.57582092285157,214.45337963104249,182.48165893554688]},{"page":75,"text":"•  Any peculiarities.","rect":[143.993896484375,207.31134033203126,226.0270185470581,198.20315551757813]},{"page":75,"text":"• Time of initial entry report. ","rect":[143.993896484375,223.03271484375,267.2175245285034,213.92453002929688]},{"page":75,"text":"EXECUTION (ACTIONS ON OBJECTIVE)","rect":[90.0,243.32199096679688,359.59171069717407,231.0755157470703]},{"page":75,"text":"team","rect":[520.7653198242188,81.55023956298828,540.2171301803589,75.46810150146485]},{"page":75,"text":"4-49. The LRS team establishes a security halt and the leader reconnoiters to identify an ORP. After","rect":[117.0,261.11431884765627,540.1002709922791,252.00613403320313]},{"page":75,"text":"the team establishes the ORP, the leader moves out to pinpoint the objective or NAI, then to establish","rect":[117.0,272.81768798828127,539.9186305999756,263.6994934082031]},{"page":75,"text":"surveillance.  Once  the  reconnaissance  is  complete,  other  team  members  move  to  and establish the","rect":[117.0,284.5009460449219,540.1595125274658,275.4128112792969]},{"page":75,"text":"tentative hide site and to set up communications with the COB or AOB. The surveillance team keeps","rect":[117.0,296.2043762207031,540.0714251976013,287.1162414550781]},{"page":75,"text":"their \"eyes on\" the objective and maintains  continuous  communications  with  the  hide  site.  The","rect":[117.0,307.92767333984377,539.9412508087158,298.8094787597656]},{"page":75,"text":"surveillance site reports ISR tasks to the hide site. ","rect":[117.0,319.6110534667969,319.25701427459719,310.5229187011719]},{"page":75,"text":"4-50. If the LRS team cannot establish communications, the team and the LRS COB or AOB execute","rect":[117.0,335.3224182128906,539.9956331329346,328.2282409667969]},{"page":75,"text":"the \"no communications\" contingency plan (developed during the planning phase). ","rect":[117.0,349.039794921875,452.1370496749878,339.9316101074219]},{"page":75,"text":"4-51. The hide site sends information to the COB or AOB via HF or UHF TACSAT communications.","rect":[117.0,364.7410888671875,540.1475782394409,357.63690185546877]},{"page":75,"text":"Once communications is established, the COB or AOB forwards the information to the BFBS S-2 ISR","rect":[117.0,377.95751953125,539.9008696022033,369.3403015136719]},{"page":75,"text":"fusion element over a LAN. The R&S squadron is copied on all reports.","rect":[117.0,390.1318359375,405.81328868865969,381.043701171875]},{"page":75,"text":"4-52. The LRS team keeps sending reports to the COB or AOB until the team meets the mission","rect":[117.0,407.8572082519531,539.9835109710693,398.7490234375]},{"page":75,"text":"completion  criteria  or  until  the  LTIOV.  The  LRS  team  reports  during  designated  communication","rect":[117.0,419.56060791015627,540.0563869476318,410.4524230957031]},{"page":75,"text":"windows or, if the report is information answering a PIR, out of those windows. After the team pulls","rect":[117.0,431.263916015625,539.9732806663513,422.1557312011719]},{"page":75,"text":"back  from  the  objective  they  disseminate  information,  collect  all  surveillance  logs  and objective","rect":[117.0,442.9673156738281,540.1455354766846,433.84912109375]},{"page":75,"text":"sketches.","rect":[117.0,452.6465759277344,153.4928388595581,445.56243896484377]},{"page":75,"text":"EXFILTRATION PHASE AND EXTRACTION METHOD","rect":[90.0,474.3297119140625,446.7360767593384,464.65557861328127]},{"page":75,"text":"4-53. This phase starts after the team links up and disseminates information at the ORP and ends","rect":[117.0,494.6741638183594,540.0236346702576,485.5860290527344]},{"page":75,"text":"when the team arrives at the debriefing location. Exfiltration routes normally differ from infiltration","rect":[117.0,506.3975830078125,540.1492824554443,497.2893981933594]},{"page":75,"text":"routes. The team leader (again) keeps a patrol log, which details--","rect":[117.0,518.1009521484375,380.51933837509156,508.9927673339844]},{"page":75,"text":"4-54.","rect":[116.98999786376953,621.958251953125,137.97788524627686,615.0745239257813]},{"page":75,"text":"•","rect":[143.993896484375,533.0,147.50089664459228,530.0]},{"page":75,"text":"•","rect":[143.993896484375,548.0,147.50089664459228,544.0]},{"page":75,"text":"•","rect":[143.993896484375,563.0,147.50089664459228,559.0]},{"page":75,"text":"• ","rect":[143.993896484375,577.0,149.9788007736206,572.0]},{"page":75,"text":"•","rect":[143.993896484375,592.0,147.50089664459228,588.0]},{"page":75,"text":"• ","rect":[143.993896484375,606.0,149.99689769744874,602.0]},{"page":75,"text":"•","rect":[143.993896484375,639.0,147.50089664459228,636.0]},{"page":75,"text":"• ","rect":[143.993896484375,653.0,149.9777021408081,649.0]},{"page":75,"text":"• ","rect":[143.993896484375,668.0,150.0078992843628,664.0]},{"page":75,"text":"• ","rect":[143.993896484375,682.0,149.99988842010499,678.0]},{"page":75,"text":"• ","rect":[143.993896484375,697.0,149.97890758514405,693.0]},{"page":75,"text":"• ","rect":[143.993896484375,712.0,149.97378063201905,708.0]},{"page":75,"text":"The general direction of movement.","rect":[154.79638671875,535.8062744140625,298.7080945968628,526.6981201171875]},{"page":75,"text":"Deviations from the planned exfiltration route.","rect":[154.81539916992188,550.485595703125,341.9572706222534,541.3974609375]},{"page":75,"text":"The terrain and weather.","rect":[154.8256072998047,563.1808471679688,252.90639781951905,556.0967407226563]},{"page":75,"text":"Enemy sightings.","rect":[154.7934112548828,579.904296875,224.28876781463624,570.796142578125]},{"page":75,"text":"Signs of activity.","rect":[154.8094024658203,594.6035766601563,223.07075023651124,585.4954223632813]},{"page":75,"text":"Peculiarities.","rect":[154.81150817871095,607.2789306640625,206.77923107147218,600.19482421875]},{"page":75,"text":"Extraction method options include--","rect":[152.99179077148438,623.9822998046875,298.1597802696228,614.8941650390625]},{"page":75,"text":"Linkup (friendly or partisan).","rect":[154.79039001464845,641.7076416015625,272.51995372772219,632.5994873046875]},{"page":75,"text":"Air.","rect":[154.7923126220703,654.3829345703125,170.66979503631593,647.298828125]},{"page":75,"text":"SPIES.","rect":[154.822509765625,669.09228515625,183.50977611541749,662.16845703125]},{"page":75,"text":"Vehicle.","rect":[154.8144989013672,683.7916259765625,188.4396162033081,676.697509765625]},{"page":75,"text":"Watercraft.","rect":[154.79351806640626,698.490966796875,200.23430919647218,691.4068603515625]},{"page":75,"text":"Rollover.","rect":[154.78839111328126,713.1802368164063,192.39747142791749,706.0961303710938]},{"page":75,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98230200195312,747.489013671875]},{"page":75,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0636901855469,754.0679931640625,329.0175192871094,747.489013671875]},{"page":75,"text":"4-17","rect":[522.0786743164063,753.9600219726563,540.0363486328125,747.489013671875]},{"page":76,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":76,"text":"RECOVERY","rect":[72.0,85.57572174072266,151.876121925354,75.91554260253906]},{"page":76,"text":"4-55. This phase starts when the LRS team returns to the debriefing site, which is normally located at","rect":[99.0,105.95428466796875,522.1326060256959,96.84610748291016]},{"page":76,"text":"the planning facility, and starts the multiphase debriefing process. It ends with the after action review","rect":[99.0,117.6546630859375,522.0795941390991,108.5464859008789]},{"page":76,"text":"(AAR).","rect":[99.0,129.33494567871095,129.40068340301515,120.2468032836914]},{"page":76,"text":"DEBRIEFING PROCESS","rect":[72.0,147.0820770263672,181.37999534606935,138.99588012695313]},{"page":76,"text":"4-56. The whole LRS team attends all phases of the debriefing. The debriefing covers the team's","rect":[99.0,167.09417724609376,521.9824969749451,157.98599243164063]},{"page":76,"text":"actions and all related details, chronologically, from the start of the infiltration phase, through arrival at","rect":[99.0,178.794677734375,522.0162119827271,169.68649291992188]},{"page":76,"text":"the  debriefing  site.  The  debriefing  process  normally  includes  the  following in sequence: initial","rect":[99.0,190.49493408203126,522.0989146194459,181.38674926757813]},{"page":76,"text":"debriefing, post initial debriefing, review of documents and other materials, follow-up debriefing, AAR","rect":[99.0,202.1953125,522.0287992897033,193.08712768554688]},{"page":76,"text":"and team report of lessons learned.","rect":[99.0,213.87559509277345,238.8705701828003,204.78744506835938]},{"page":76,"text":"Debrief Team","rect":[72.0,230.66270446777345,136.92913075637819,223.0755157470703]},{"page":76,"text":"4-57. A trusted and knowledgeable intelligence representative, or LRS operations personnel conducts","rect":[99.0,250.49432373046876,521.9812762718201,241.38613891601563]},{"page":76,"text":"the debriefing, which starts NLT two hours after the team returns. The timely collection, analysis, and","rect":[99.0,262.1947021484375,521.9786891937256,253.08651733398438]},{"page":76,"text":"dissemination of information recovered in the debrief can provide many answers needed for follow-on","rect":[99.0,273.89501953125,522.1210842132568,264.7868347167969]},{"page":76,"text":"missions in the objective area. ","rect":[99.0,285.5954284667969,222.6138105392456,276.47723388671877]},{"page":76,"text":"Follow-up Actions","rect":[72.0,304.5587463378906,157.8405252418518,294.77557373046877]},{"page":76,"text":"4-58. After the debriefing, the LRS team starts equipment maintenance, refit operations, and training","rect":[99.0,322.1943054199219,522.0490627288818,313.08612060546877]},{"page":76,"text":"for follow-on missions.","rect":[99.0,331.8706359863281,192.9587812423706,324.7864990234375]},{"page":76,"text":"Timing","rect":[72.0,352.8807067871094,106.19720649719238,343.0755920410156]},{"page":76,"text":"4-59. Every LRS team is debriefed immediately after returning from a mission. The debriefing is","rect":[99.0,370.4942932128906,521.9787127952576,361.3861083984375]},{"page":76,"text":"important  in  the  intelligence  collection  effort,  especially when  used  to  clarify  and  expound  on","rect":[99.0,382.1947021484375,522.0012722015381,373.0865173339844]},{"page":76,"text":"information received via reporting. ","rect":[99.0,393.8949890136719,241.96535778045655,384.78680419921877]},{"page":76,"text":"Advantages","rect":[72.0,412.8807067871094,126.97905978775025,403.0975341796875]},{"page":76,"text":"4-60. A debriefing can--","rect":[99.0,430.4942932128906,209.2228601036072,421.3861083984375]},{"page":76,"text":"• Bring out unreported details that when collated with other information could alter the picture of ","rect":[125.9999008178711,448.1946105957031,522.7691602706909,439.08642578125]},{"page":76,"text":"the enemy situation.","rect":[136.79949951171876,459.8949890136719,217.65847301483155,450.78680419921877]},{"page":76,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,475.0,129.50690097808838,471.0]},{"page":76,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,491.0571594238281,129.50690097808838,488.6022644042969]},{"page":76,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,508.7575378417969,129.50690097808838,506.3026428222656]},{"page":76,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,528.0,129.50690097808838,525.0]},{"page":76,"text":"Update terrain information.","rect":[136.8245086669922,477.57525634765627,246.8277997970581,468.48712158203127]},{"page":76,"text":"Reveal the location of downed or missing friendly aircraft.","rect":[136.7983856201172,495.2956237792969,372.1824903488159,486.18743896484377]},{"page":76,"text":"Highlight shortcomings in pre-mission planning in unit SOPs.","rect":[136.798583984375,512.9960327148438,385.38515758514407,503.8878173828125]},{"page":76,"text":"Help reconstruct a mission in which casualties were sustained, either to recover remains or to","rect":[136.8214111328125,530.67626953125,510.83156394958498,521.588134765625]},{"page":76,"text":"determine KIA, MIA, or POW status.","rect":[136.79949951171876,540.3826904296875,287.8839063644409,533.28857421875]},{"page":76,"text":"Site","rect":[72.0,576.8846435546875,89.69865953063965,569.2755126953125]},{"page":76,"text":"• Provide historical record of the mission for post-hostilities analysis.","rect":[125.9999008178711,560.0969848632813,408.52862071990969,550.9888305664063]},{"page":76,"text":"4-61. The LRS operations and the supporting intelligence section provide a facility for the debriefing.","rect":[99.0,596.6942138671875,522.0373487472534,587.5860595703125]},{"page":76,"text":"They must choose a quiet, secure site with few physical, visual, or audible distractions. For example, if ","rect":[99.0,608.39453125,524.5533399581909,599.286376953125]},{"page":76,"text":"they set up  in  a  tent,  they  should  do  so  away  from  generators.  Before  the  LRS  team  arrives,  the","rect":[99.0,620.0949096679688,521.9764070587158,610.9867553710938]},{"page":76,"text":"debriefing team sets up everything they need such as maps, overlays and other planning materials. They","rect":[99.0,631.7952880859375,522.1250514984131,622.6871337890625]},{"page":76,"text":"arrange for soup and coffee to keep team members alert and active during the debriefing process. If the","rect":[99.0,643.49560546875,522.0199861602783,634.387451171875]},{"page":76,"text":"debriefing team plans to record the debriefing on audio or videotape, they should set up and test the","rect":[99.0,655.1959838867188,522.0475740509033,646.0878295898438]},{"page":76,"text":"equipment before the team arrives.","rect":[99.0,666.8762817382813,238.4010419845581,657.7881469726563]},{"page":76,"text":"4-18","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":76,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":76,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":77,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":77,"text":"Written or Taped Record of Information","rect":[90.0,84.83873748779297,282.1082977142334,75.05555725097656]},{"page":77,"text":"4-62. Rather than recording the mission himself, the debriefer should delegate this task to two people","rect":[117.0,102.47418212890625,540.0545320587158,93.36600494384766]},{"page":77,"text":"(written record) or one person (electronic record that is, audio or videotape). The recorder(s) should","rect":[117.0,114.15446472167969,540.0113430023193,105.06632232666016]},{"page":77,"text":"concentrate on  locations,  times,  direction  of  movement,  and  any  other  information  the  debriefer","rect":[117.0,125.8748779296875,540.0516870079041,116.7667007446289]},{"page":77,"text":"identifies as important. For best results, the recorders should use two electronic recording devices so that","rect":[117.0,137.5753173828125,540.0729136428834,128.46713256835938]},{"page":77,"text":"they can capture everything accurately. Voice and video recorders capture the facts of a debriefing and","rect":[117.0,149.275634765625,540.0170192718506,140.16744995117188]},{"page":77,"text":"serve as excellent historical records. When a patrol is in progress or the pace of an operation increases, a","rect":[117.0,160.97601318359376,540.0323152618408,151.86782836914063]},{"page":77,"text":"unit can record the action and send copies of the tapes in place of formal patrol reports. Knowing that he","rect":[117.0,172.67626953125,540.0163240509033,163.56808471679688]},{"page":77,"text":"can hear or see a tape of the proceedings later keeps most requesters from asking to attend the live","rect":[117.0009994506836,184.37664794921876,540.0324983673096,175.26846313476563]},{"page":77,"text":"debriefing. Operations provide the overlays produced during planning. These include the infiltration,","rect":[117.0009994506836,196.07696533203126,540.0584058761597,186.96878051757813]},{"page":77,"text":"exfiltration, evasion and recovery (E&R), enemy situation map, and enemy SITEMP overlays. On a","rect":[117.0009994506836,207.77740478515626,540.0285310821533,198.66921997070313]},{"page":77,"text":"clean overlay, the team records the actual routes taken. They also mark locations of key events such as","rect":[117.0009994506836,219.47772216796876,539.9732806663513,210.36953735351563]},{"page":77,"text":"halts, enemy sightings, and signs of enemy presence or passage. On the overlay, they can add short","rect":[117.0009994506836,231.1781005859375,540.0158457717896,222.06991577148438]},{"page":77,"text":"narratives of the events.","rect":[117.0009994506836,240.8544464111328,212.89338207244874,233.77029418945313]},{"page":77,"text":"Protocol","rect":[90.0,259.6427307128906,129.71465605926515,252.2312469482422]},{"page":77,"text":"4-63. Everyone attending must understand the rules. Although informal, the initial debriefing still","rect":[117.0,279.47418212890627,540.0489878616334,270.3659973144531]},{"page":77,"text":"follows a strict protocol. Regardless of rank, the debriefer is in charge of the debriefing at all times. This","rect":[117.0,291.17449951171877,540.0289447288513,282.0663146972656]},{"page":77,"text":"keeps the process orderly and prevents conflict. Interested parties may submit questions or comments for","rect":[117.0,302.8748779296875,540.0153710899353,293.7666931152344]},{"page":77,"text":"the debriefer to address during the session. This ensures that all personnel receive as much information","rect":[117.0,314.5752868652344,540.0071926116943,305.46710205078127]},{"page":77,"text":"as possible. \"Strangers\" may not interrogate the team. Only the debriefer may address them during the","rect":[117.0,326.2756042480469,539.9510774688721,317.16741943359377]},{"page":77,"text":"debriefing. This allows rapport to build between the debriefer and the team. The LRS team sits together","rect":[117.0,337.9759826660156,540.0152490196228,328.8677978515625]},{"page":77,"text":"in the center of the room or tent, in front of a map of their operational area. The debriefer sits or stands","rect":[117.0,349.65625,540.0142352561951,340.568115234375]},{"page":77,"text":"near the team, where they can all see and reach the maps. Other participants, such as recorders, interested","rect":[117.0,361.3766784667969,540.0082912445068,352.26849365234377]},{"page":77,"text":"staff members, and LNOs, sit in the second or third row of chairs from the map. This reinforces the fact","rect":[117.0,373.05694580078127,540.0146250686646,363.96881103515627]},{"page":77,"text":"that the team members are the center of the debrief. This encourages them to speak out, especially when","rect":[117.0,384.77740478515627,540.0184841156006,375.6692199707031]},{"page":77,"text":"attendance includes only a small group of people whom the team knows. ","rect":[117.0,396.4776611328125,411.2943983078003,387.3694763183594]},{"page":77,"text":"Attendees","rect":[90.0,413.24273681640627,136.31144198989868,405.6775207519531]},{"page":77,"text":"4-64. The entire team, the debriefer(s), two recorders or one with an electronic recording device, the","rect":[117.0,433.0743103027344,540.0287752227783,423.96612548828127]},{"page":77,"text":"LRSU commander, the operations sergeant, and a communications representative attend the debriefing.","rect":[117.0009994506836,444.7746887207031,540.0153760910034,435.66650390625]},{"page":77,"text":"A few interested parties, such as the R&S squadron or BFSB commanders, may also attend. If unable to","rect":[117.0009994506836,456.4749755859375,540.0605983734131,447.3667907714844]},{"page":77,"text":"attend,  the  commanders  may  give  their  questions  to  the  debrief  team  beforehand.  Keeping  the  group","rect":[117.0009994506836,468.1754150390625,539.9725856781006,459.0672302246094]},{"page":77,"text":"small helps the LRS and debriefing teams establish rapport. It also reduces the chance of hostilities.","rect":[117.0009994506836,479.87567138671877,516.5726270675659,470.7674865722656]},{"page":77,"text":"Debriefer","rect":[90.0,496.64263916015627,135.06411515808106,489.05548095703127]},{"page":77,"text":"4-65. The debriefer focuses on helping team members reconstruct their mission. Ideally, the debriefer","rect":[117.0,516.4742431640625,540.0170190391541,507.3660583496094]},{"page":77,"text":"is an enemy OB analyst or technician who worked with the team before they infiltrated. An enemy OB","rect":[117.0,528.1744995117188,540.0696318092346,519.0663452148438]},{"page":77,"text":"analyst will know the team's mission, the enemy situation in general, and how to deal with information","rect":[117.0,539.8748779296875,540.0450344085693,530.7667236328125]},{"page":77,"text":"from other sources. ","rect":[117.0,549.55126953125,197.2868299484253,542.4671630859375]},{"page":77,"text":"Raw Data","rect":[90.0,568.3427734375,136.70891761779786,560.9312744140625]},{"page":77,"text":"4-66. Before the debriefing, the team gives the intelligence section representative all team maps and","rect":[117.0,588.1741943359375,540.0435085296631,579.0660400390625]},{"page":77,"text":"notes; patrol, surveillance, communications, and photo logs; film and sketches; captured material; and","rect":[117.0,599.8745727539063,540.0288600921631,590.7664184570313]},{"page":77,"text":"any other relevant materials.","rect":[117.0,611.5748901367188,231.0323133468628,602.4667358398438]},{"page":77,"text":"Time-Sensitive Information","rect":[90.0,628.3646850585938,219.7396453704834,620.7555541992188]},{"page":77,"text":"4-67.","rect":[117.0,646.1502685546875,137.98789501190186,639.2465209960938]},{"page":77,"text":"The","rect":[152.99989318847657,646.1502685546875,168.60088825988769,639.066162109375]},{"page":77,"text":"intelligence","rect":[176.21078491210938,648.17431640625,222.97344685363769,639.066162109375]},{"page":77,"text":"staff  immediately  exploits  time-sensitive  information  critical  to  their","rect":[230.58340454101563,648.17431640625,540.1409814414978,639.066162109375]},{"page":77,"text":"commander's, or higher level, decision-making process. For example, the debriefer might ask first about","rect":[117.0,659.8746948242188,540.0918345413209,650.7665405273438]},{"page":77,"text":"the location of insurgent safe houses, so that friendly direct-action teams can target them. ","rect":[117.0,671.5750122070313,477.31753063201907,662.4668579101563]},{"page":77,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":77,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":77,"text":"4-19","rect":[522.09765625,754.0679931640625,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":78,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":78,"text":"TECHNIQUES","rect":[72.0,85.16641998291016,136.78604698181153,75.51602172851563]},{"page":78,"text":"4-68. The debriefer can use several methods to gather information. A good technique is to use a map","rect":[99.0,103.61431884765625,522.0011501312256,94.50614166259766]},{"page":78,"text":"of the team's AO. He starts at the team's point of infiltration and follows their routes and actions through","rect":[99.0,115.314697265625,522.0343532562256,106.2065200805664]},{"page":78,"text":"exfiltration. He monitors the flow of information to ensure the team covers all events, sightings, and","rect":[99.0,127.0150146484375,522.0231227874756,117.9068374633789]},{"page":78,"text":"activities up to the point of arrival at the debriefing site. After going over the initial mission information,","rect":[99.0,138.71533203125,522.0703077316284,129.60714721679688]},{"page":78,"text":"he segments route information. He asks specific questions, emphasizing the specific WFF that affected","rect":[99.0,150.4156494140625,522.0134792327881,141.30746459960938]},{"page":78,"text":"the team's mission. On a clean map overlay, the team leader and other members of the team annotate","rect":[98.9990005493164,162.1160888671875,521.9856844024658,153.00790405273438]},{"page":78,"text":"route  deviations,  enemy  sightings,  or  mission-sensitive  information. Rather than leading participants","rect":[98.9990005493164,173.81634521484376,522.1156146507263,164.70816040039063]},{"page":78,"text":"through  the  reconstruction  of  the  mission,  he  keeps  them  focused and asks them questions for","rect":[98.9990005493164,185.51678466796876,521.9857080039978,176.40859985351563]},{"page":78,"text":"clarification. The team leader is the key, but not the only, speaker. He helps ensure that each member","rect":[98.9990005493164,197.217041015625,522.0077416954041,188.10885620117188]},{"page":78,"text":"gets the chance to say what he saw.","rect":[98.9990005493164,208.91748046875,241.1326551437378,199.80929565429688]},{"page":78,"text":"Prepared Questions","rect":[72.0,227.87872314453126,165.07305392837524,218.0955352783203]},{"page":78,"text":"4-69. The debriefer asks about observed target types.","rect":[99.0,245.51434326171876,324.31374645233157,236.40615844726563]},{"page":78,"text":"Spot Reports","rect":[72.0,264.478759765625,133.34964999771118,254.70655822753907]},{"page":78,"text":"4-70. The team elaborates on their earlier reports.","rect":[99.0,282.0942687988281,310.18081188201907,273.0061340332031]},{"page":78,"text":"Map","rect":[72.0,301.0787353515625,93.99732817077637,291.4712219238281]},{"page":78,"text":"4-71. The team talks through the mission as executed.","rect":[99.0,318.71429443359377,327.5887098312378,309.6061096191406]},{"page":78,"text":"INITIAL DEBRIEFING","rect":[72.0,336.44219970703127,174.42548847198487,328.3559875488281]},{"page":78,"text":"4-72. The  LRS  operations  section,  a  member  of  the  BFSB S-2 ISR fusion element anda","rect":[99.0,356.4342346191406,521.9709138946533,347.3460998535156]},{"page":78,"text":"representative of the R&S squadron S-2 section conduct this portion of the debriefing, but other staff ","rect":[99.0,368.1546936035156,524.5103101730347,359.0465087890625]},{"page":78,"text":"elements may also attend. This debriefing should help answer PIR, intelligence requirements, SIR, and","rect":[99.0,379.85498046875,522.0115261077881,370.7467956542969]},{"page":78,"text":"ISR tasks and RFIs. When the team arrives, the debriefer escorts them to the site. The initial debriefing is","rect":[99.0,391.555419921875,522.1031634788513,382.4472351074219]},{"page":78,"text":"quick and to the point. The debriefer chooses what format and line of questioning he will use. ","rect":[99.0,403.2557067871094,477.3642530441284,394.14752197265627]},{"page":78,"text":"POST-INITIAL DEBRIEFING","rect":[72.0,420.9822082519531,204.72549152374268,412.89599609375]},{"page":78,"text":"4-73. At the end of the formal debrief, a communications representative debriefs the RTO. He covers","rect":[99.0,440.9742431640625,521.9691302757263,431.8861083984375]},{"page":78,"text":"communications-specific information when certain antennas worked best, which frequencies were best,","rect":[99.0,452.6746520996094,521.9858350753784,443.5865173339844]},{"page":78,"text":"and other communications-specific issues. After the initial intelligence debriefing, the intelligence staff ","rect":[99.0,464.3949890136719,524.6348218917847,455.28680419921877]},{"page":78,"text":"gathers all maps, logs, notebooks, papers, exposed film, video tapes, photographs, recovered equipment,","rect":[99.0,476.0954284667969,522.0429639816284,466.98724365234377]},{"page":78,"text":"and other material. If necessary, they inventory all rucksacks, map cases, and uniform pockets to ensure","rect":[99.0,487.79571533203127,522.0685091094971,478.6875305175781]},{"page":78,"text":"that they  have  collected  all  items  of  intelligence  interest.  Then, they  thoroughly  review  all  of  the","rect":[99.0,499.49609375,521.9411897735596,490.3879089355469]},{"page":78,"text":"collected items for data and formulate more detailed questions for the next stage of debriefing. The team","rect":[99.0,511.1964416503906,522.0963416061402,502.0882568359375]},{"page":78,"text":"remains separated from outside contact until after the follow-up debrief, but can start recovery operations","rect":[99.0,522.8968505859375,522.0905902366638,513.7886962890625]},{"page":78,"text":"(showering, eating, sleeping, and conducting post-mission maintenance).","rect":[99.0,534.5971069335938,391.56389904022219,525.4889526367188]},{"page":78,"text":"REVIEW OF DOCUMENTS AND OTHER MATERIAL","rect":[72.0,552.347900390625,312.91983938217165,544.0558471679688]},{"page":78,"text":"4-74. The BFBS and R&S squadron S-2 sections process all of the information the team collected.","rect":[99.0,572.3141479492188,522.0308179855347,563.2260131835938]},{"page":78,"text":"Individual members of the team can be requisitioned to clarify a sketch or log entry. The LRS team also","rect":[99.0,584.0344848632813,522.0115871429443,574.9263305664063]},{"page":78,"text":"begins to complete  a  debrief  report  and  to  collate  their  AAR  notes.  The  R&S  squadron  and  LRS","rect":[99.0,595.7349243164063,521.9969625396728,586.6267700195313]},{"page":78,"text":"operations section collects information on the adequacy of MPF, intelligence and operations support.","rect":[99.0,607.435302734375,522.0346021652222,598.3271484375]},{"page":78,"text":"The original overlays and maps should not be destroyed or discarded. After properly classifying and","rect":[99.0,619.1356201171875,522.0123805999756,610.0274658203125]},{"page":78,"text":"annotating them, the squadron S-2 files them. Later, they will go into the unit historian's archives, for","rect":[99.0,630.8359985351563,522.0303857383728,621.7278442382813]},{"page":78,"text":"reference in case of future missions into the same AO. These artifacts, consisting of actual operations","rect":[99.0,642.5363159179688,521.9876239280701,633.4281616210938]},{"page":78,"text":"overlays, maps, orders, and debriefing records, should go into an historical database. Though considered","rect":[99.0,654.2366943359375,522.0427150726318,645.1285400390625]},{"page":78,"text":"of little immediate value, the information in these items assumes increased importance over time, not","rect":[99.0,665.9169921875,522.0925669631959,656.828857421875]},{"page":78,"text":"only for historical reasons, but also for reference for future operations. ","rect":[99.0,677.6373901367188,384.35659313201907,668.5292358398438]},{"page":78,"text":"4-20","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":78,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":78,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":79,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":79,"text":"FOLLOW-UP DEBRIEF AND AFTER-ACTION REVIEW","rect":[90.0,83.64002227783203,345.4189643859863,75.3480224609375]},{"page":79,"text":"4-75. After individual debriefings, and not later than six hours after the team has recovered to the","rect":[117.0,103.61431884765625,540.0345125274658,94.50614166259766]},{"page":79,"text":"debriefing  site,  the  LRS  operations  section  assembles  the  LRS  team  and  the  staff  for a follow-up","rect":[117.0,115.314697265625,539.9756984710693,106.2065200805664]},{"page":79,"text":"debriefing and AAR. The commander may also attend. At this debriefing, the team leader summarizes","rect":[117.0,127.0150146484375,540.0402362327576,117.9068374633789]},{"page":79,"text":"the operation, focusing on the team's stated and implied missions. He also briefs unanticipated team or","rect":[117.0,138.71533203125,539.9446923789978,129.60714721679688]},{"page":79,"text":"member activities such as actions to exploit a high-value source of information. Each staff section takes a","rect":[117.0,150.4156494140625,540.2287874298096,141.30746459960938]},{"page":79,"text":"turn questioning the team members. This debriefing gives the team members the chance to raise issues of ","rect":[117.0,162.1160888671875,542.4982862472534,153.00790405273438]},{"page":79,"text":"support, communication, and coordination as well as any other perceived deficiencies in planning or","rect":[117.0,173.81634521484376,540.0524804649353,164.70816040039063]},{"page":79,"text":"execution. The commander provides any further guidance and releases the team to prepare their AAR","rect":[117.0,185.51678466796876,540.0515043678283,176.40859985351563]},{"page":79,"text":"and Report of Lessons Learned. ","rect":[117.0,197.19700622558595,247.58123302459718,188.10885620117188]},{"page":79,"text":"AFTER-ACTION REVIEW AND REPORT OF LESSONS LEARNED","rect":[90.0,214.9421844482422,390.4829263687134,206.68798828125]},{"page":79,"text":"4-76. The AAR identifies who, what, when, why, where, and how of the operation. It permanently","rect":[117.0,234.95428466796876,540.0093288421631,225.84609985351563]},{"page":79,"text":"records  the  team's  major  activities  from  planning  to  debriefing.  As  such,  it  serves  as  an  extremely","rect":[117.0,246.6546630859375,540.1280422210693,237.53646850585938]},{"page":79,"text":"important template for comparison with past missions and planning of future missions. In his report, the","rect":[117.0,258.35498046875,540.0081453399658,249.24679565429688]},{"page":79,"text":"team leader reflects on the operation and makes recommendations for the future. He organizes them","rect":[117.0,270.05535888671877,540.1841711959839,260.9471740722656]},{"page":79,"text":"IAW the WFF. He states what did and did not work, and identifies how the unit's existing TTP need to","rect":[117.0,281.75567626953127,539.9758205413818,272.6474914550781]},{"page":79,"text":"change.","rect":[117.0,293.4560852050781,147.95379161834718,284.347900390625]},{"page":79,"text":"Section II. RECONNAISSANCE OPERATIONS","rect":[80.63999938964844,314.7240295410156,337.18554907226567,305.8440246582031]},{"page":79,"text":"The  three  forms  of  reconnaissance  operations  are area  reconnaissance,  zone  reconnaissance  and  route","rect":[90.0,338.1942443847656,540.0021638946533,329.1061096191406]},{"page":79,"text":"reconnaissance.","rect":[90.0,347.890625,153.18410778045655,340.8064880371094]},{"page":79,"text":"Reconnaissance missions greatly increase a team's vulnerability and chances of compromise.","rect":[159.9051971435547,349.9146728515625,540.0228223800659,340.8064880371094]},{"page":79,"text":"The team's mobility is generally limited to foot movement and the amount of equipment carried reduces the size","rect":[90.0,361.614990234375,539.9918489532471,352.5068054199219]},{"page":79,"text":"of  the area they can reconnoiter. Appendix J provides example formats for reconnaissance of bridges and","rect":[90.0,373.3154296875,539.9421291351318,364.2072448730469]},{"page":79,"text":"routes.","rect":[90.0,382.99163818359377,117.06001567840576,376.9095153808594]},{"page":79,"text":"AREA RECONNAISSANCE","rect":[90.0,404.7297058105469,264.1530440940857,395.0555725097656]},{"page":79,"text":"4-77. Area reconnaissance is a form of reconnaissance operation. It is a directed effort to obtain","rect":[117.0,425.0742492675781,540.0164699554443,415.9861145019531]},{"page":79,"text":"detailed information concerning the terrain or enemy activity within a prescribed area (FM 1-02). The","rect":[117.0,436.7947082519531,540.0023470001221,427.6865234375]},{"page":79,"text":"location may be given as a grid coordinate or an objective on an overlay. The team leader organizes the","rect":[117.0,448.4949951171875,540.0846834259033,439.3768005371094]},{"page":79,"text":"team to conduct the reconnaissance in one of two ways. Depending on the terrain and time, the team may","rect":[117.0,460.1954345703125,540.1462917327881,451.0872497558594]},{"page":79,"text":"either use single or multiple separate reconnaissance and security elements (Figure 4-3). Reconnaissance","rect":[117.0,471.89569091796877,539.9915437774658,462.7875061035156]},{"page":79,"text":"and security teams are normally used in any size reconnaissance patrol. When conducting reconnaissance","rect":[117.0,483.5960998535156,540.0807161407471,474.4879150390625]},{"page":79,"text":"missions in team-sized units, the leader can organize the team in any of several ways:","rect":[117.0,495.29644775390627,459.4524302444458,486.1882629394531]},{"page":79,"text":"• One two- to three-Soldier reconnaissance and security team conducts the reconnaissance. The","rect":[143.99989318847657,512.996826171875,530.8858919219971,503.8886413574219]},{"page":79,"text":"rest of the team stays at the release point and establishes a hide site.","rect":[154.80039978027345,524.6971435546875,425.85122203826907,515.5889892578125]},{"page":79,"text":"• Two reconnaissance and security teams reconnoiter a separate portion of the objective, and then","rect":[144.0009002685547,542.3973999023438,539.8883571624756,533.2791748046875]},{"page":79,"text":"meet at a designated linkup point.","rect":[154.80039978027345,554.0977783203125,290.09099864959719,544.9896240234375]},{"page":79,"text":"• One reconnaissance and security team, followed closely by a security team, acting as a","rect":[144.0009002685547,571.798095703125,502.3858919219971,562.68994140625]},{"page":79,"text":"quick-reaction force.","rect":[154.80039978027345,583.4784545898438,238.47240734100343,574.3903198242188]},{"page":79,"text":"4-78. One or two Soldiers in a reconnaissance and security team can reconnoiter, while the rest of the","rect":[117.0,601.1987915039063,539.9873323516846,592.0906372070313]},{"page":79,"text":"element  provides  security.  However,  the  number  of  Soldiers  in  a  reconnaissance and security team","rect":[117.0,612.899169921875,540.1208167037964,603.791015625]},{"page":79,"text":"varies, depending on the mission. Usually, three can provide both an adequate reconnaissance and the","rect":[117.0,624.5994873046875,540.0290193634033,615.4913330078125]},{"page":79,"text":"required security. The information used may vary according to the terrain. The most important planning","rect":[117.0,636.2999267578125,540.0315456390381,627.1917724609375]},{"page":79,"text":"consideration is that each member of the reconnaissance and security team knows the sector or area for","rect":[116.9990005493164,648.0001831054688,539.9852807579041,638.8920288085938]},{"page":79,"text":"which he is responsible.","rect":[116.9990005493164,659.6805419921875,213.47349071502686,650.5924072265625]},{"page":79,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":79,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":79,"text":"4-21","rect":[522.09765625,753.9600219726563,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":80,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":80,"text":"Figure 4-3. Reconnaissance and surveillance elements.","rect":[179.10000610351563,384.56103515625,414.905076171875,376.2090148925781]},{"page":80,"text":"4-79. Before executing an area reconnaissance, the team develops a detailed plan using all available","rect":[99.0,402.2943115234375,522.0803499298096,393.1861267089844]},{"page":80,"text":"information. They conduct this mission the same as they would a surveillance mission. First, the leader","rect":[99.0,413.9945983886719,522.0793359336853,404.88641357421877]},{"page":80,"text":"pinpoints the reconnaissance objective or NAI, and second, he locates the best vantage points for a static","rect":[99.0,425.69500732421877,522.0345735626221,416.5768127441406]},{"page":80,"text":"surveillance. The best static surveillance techniques include— ","rect":[99.0,437.3753662109375,351.40005016326907,428.2872314453125]},{"page":80,"text":"Long-Range Observation and Surveillance","rect":[72.0,456.3807067871094,272.1456276092529,446.5755920410156]},{"page":80,"text":"4-80. Long-range observation and surveillance means \"the observation of an objective from a point\"","rect":[99.0,473.9942932128906,522.0744883117676,464.8760986328125]},{"page":80,"text":"(an observation post [OP]). The OP is normally outside enemy small-arms weapons range and local","rect":[99.0,485.6947021484375,522.0377573928834,476.5865173339844]},{"page":80,"text":"security  measures.  The  LRS  team  can  use  this technique whenever METT-TC  lets  them  gather","rect":[99.0,497.3949890136719,522.0144555625916,488.28680419921877]},{"page":80,"text":"information from a distance. It is the best way to conduct an area reconnaissance, because the team","rect":[99.0,509.0954284667969,522.0835242233277,499.98724365234377]},{"page":80,"text":"remains  far  enough  away  to  avoid  detection.  Using  this  technique  also  keeps  the  team's  no-fire  or","rect":[99.0,520.7957153320313,521.9769189414978,511.6875305175781]},{"page":80,"text":"restricted fire area from overlapping with the objective area. When the reconnaissance team cannot","rect":[99.0,532.49609375,522.1630015335084,523.3778686523438]},{"page":80,"text":"gather  information  from  one  OP,  they  can  move  to  a  series  of  OPs  until  they gather the required","rect":[99.0,544.1964111328125,521.9592189788818,535.0882568359375]},{"page":80,"text":"information.  Observation  posts require  adequate cover  and  concealment  and  a  good  view  of  the","rect":[99.0,555.8967895507813,522.0440340118408,546.7886352539063]},{"page":80,"text":"objective. Routes between and from OPs to the hide site or RP also require cover and concealment.","rect":[99.0,567.5971069335938,496.9149122238159,558.4788818359375]},{"page":80,"text":"Short-Range Observation and Surveillance","rect":[72.0,586.5806884765625,273.9375587615967,576.7755126953125]},{"page":80,"text":"4-81. Short-range observation and surveillance is \"the observation of an objective from a place that is","rect":[99.0,604.1942138671875,522.0757586936951,595.0759887695313]},{"page":80,"text":"within the range of enemy small-arms weapons fire and local security measures.\"","rect":[99.0,615.89453125,424.74459329223637,606.786376953125]},{"page":80,"text":"• Short-range observation works best when METT-TC requires a close approach to the objective","rect":[125.9999008178711,633.5949096679688,518.2618684844971,624.4766845703125]},{"page":80,"text":"to gain information.","rect":[136.80039978027345,645.295166015625,216.75840282440186,636.18701171875]},{"page":80,"text":"• The reconnaissance teams can conduct short-range observation and surveillance from OPs, but","rect":[126.00090026855469,662.99560546875,516.9455943069459,653.887451171875]},{"page":80,"text":"they must usually move near the objective before they can find a place where they can observe.","rect":[136.80039978027345,674.6959228515625,519.2388868331909,665.5776977539063]},{"page":80,"text":"In some cases, the teams may gather information by listening, even though they cannot see","rect":[136.80039978027345,686.3963012695313,500.85433674621586,677.2881469726563]},{"page":80,"text":"the enemy.","rect":[136.80039978027345,698.0965576171875,180.66150951385499,688.9884033203125]},{"page":80,"text":"4-22","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":80,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":80,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":81,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":81,"text":"• Observing at short ranges increases the chance of detection. The enemy might use","rect":[144.0,83.57427978515625,483.6992769317627,74.46610260009766]},{"page":81,"text":"anti-intrusion devices and patrols near key installations. Inclement weather can reduce the","rect":[154.79959106445313,95.27471923828125,515.7466707305908,86.16654205322266]},{"page":81,"text":"sounds of the reconnaissance team's movement, and limited visibility favors short-range","rect":[154.79959106445313,106.97503662109375,508.05468464660648,97.86685943603516]},{"page":81,"text":"observation. When the team must observe at short ranges, they use every means available to","rect":[154.79959106445313,118.67535400390625,524.0129299163818,109.56717681884766]},{"page":81,"text":"avoid detection.","rect":[154.79959106445313,128.3516387939453,218.89565563201905,121.26749420166016]},{"page":81,"text":"4-82. To reconnoiter a road, the team leader selects multiple vantage points (OPs) along the road. The","rect":[116.99909973144531,148.07611083984376,540.0023470001221,138.96792602539063]},{"page":81,"text":"reconnaissance  element  reconnoiters  bridges,  defiles,  bends  in  the  road,  and urban areas. The","rect":[116.99810028076172,159.7763671875,540.0157747344971,150.66818237304688]},{"page":81,"text":"reconnaissance  element  reports  the  condition,  trafficability,  and  width  of  the  road;  evidence  of  the","rect":[116.99810028076172,171.4766845703125,539.9282503204346,162.36849975585938]},{"page":81,"text":"enemy, obstacles;  bridge  and  ford  locations  and  conditions;  and  tunnel  or  underpass  locations  and","rect":[116.99810028076172,183.17706298828126,540.0009670257568,174.06887817382813]},{"page":81,"text":"dimensions.","rect":[116.99810028076172,192.8534698486328,165.1050214767456,185.76931762695313]},{"page":81,"text":"4-83. To reconnoiter a wood line, the reconnaissance element uses concealed routes and stealth to","rect":[116.99810028076172,211.0,540.0236721038818,203.46963500976563]},{"page":81,"text":"reach the wood line and avoids contact. The reconnaissance element checks for evidence of enemy","rect":[116.99810028076172,224.27813720703126,539.9521389007568,215.16995239257813]},{"page":81,"text":"activity such as tracks,  litter,  old  fighting  positions,  mines,  booby  traps,  and  obstacles.  The","rect":[116.99810028076172,235.978515625,540.0247469024658,226.87033081054688]},{"page":81,"text":"reconnaissance element determines if the woods are trafficable. The element checks all positions from","rect":[116.99810028076172,247.65879821777345,540.0950598678589,238.57064819335938]},{"page":81,"text":"which the enemy could observe and fire on friendly elements in open areas, then reports.","rect":[116.99810028076172,259.379150390625,473.1479139328003,250.27096557617188]},{"page":81,"text":"ZONE RECONNAISSANCE","rect":[90.0,279.0895690917969,264.1670058860779,269.4154357910156]},{"page":81,"text":"4-84. Zone reconnaissance is a directed effort to obtain detailed information on all routes, obstacles,","rect":[117.0,298.0,540.0631666183472,290.3460998535156]},{"page":81,"text":"terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by boundaries (FM 1-02). The team obtains detailed","rect":[117.0,311.1546936035156,539.9886379241943,302.0465087890625]},{"page":81,"text":"information about routes, obstacles, key terrain, and enemy activities in a zone established by lateral","rect":[117.0,322.85498046875,540.0574107131959,313.7467956542969]},{"page":81,"text":"boundaries. The team can use the fan, converging-routes, or successive-sectors method.","rect":[117.0,334.555419921875,468.70720958709719,325.4472351074219]},{"page":81,"text":"FAN METHOD","rect":[90.0,352.2727355957031,158.95900058746339,344.1960144042969]},{"page":81,"text":"4-85. The team leader selects a series of ORPs throughout the zone. When the team arrives at the first","rect":[117.0,372.2943115234375,540.0586924514771,363.1861267089844]},{"page":81,"text":"ORP, it halts and establishes security. The team leader confirms the team's location. He then selects","rect":[117.0,383.9945983886719,540.0180194358826,374.88641357421877]},{"page":81,"text":"reconnaissance routes to and from the ORP. The routes form a fan-shaped pattern around the ORP","rect":[117.0,395.6749572753906,540.0078267974853,386.5868225097656]},{"page":81,"text":"(Figure 4-4). The routes must overlap to ensure that the team reconnoiters the entire area. Once the","rect":[117.0,407.3954162597656,539.9573640899658,398.2872314453125]},{"page":81,"text":"routes are selected, the team leader sends out reconnaissance elements. He keeps a small reserve in the","rect":[117.0,419.0756530761719,539.9740877227783,409.9875183105469]},{"page":81,"text":"ORP. For example, if the team has three reconnaissance elements, he sends two, keeping the third in","rect":[117.0,430.7961120605469,539.9700222015381,421.68792724609377]},{"page":81,"text":"reserve. The team leader also sends the elements out on adjacent routes. This keeps the teams from","rect":[117.0,442.4964294433594,540.1036047897339,433.37823486328127]},{"page":81,"text":"making contact in two different directions. After the team has reconnoitered the area (fan), the leader","rect":[117.0,454.19683837890627,540.0758569297791,445.0886535644531]},{"page":81,"text":"reports the information. The team then moves to the next ORP and repeats these actions. ","rect":[117.0,465.8770446777344,474.27703380584719,456.7889099121094]},{"page":81,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":81,"text":"Figure 4-4. Fan method.","rect":[264.17999267578127,704.1209716796875,365.8075114746094,695.7689819335938]},{"page":81,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":81,"text":"4-23","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":82,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":82,"text":"CONVERGING-ROUTES METHOD","rect":[72.0,83.62802124023438,232.819016456604,75.33602142333985]},{"page":82,"text":"4-86. The team leader selects an ORP, reconnaissance routes through the zone, and then a linkup","rect":[99.0,103.61431884765625,522.0358791351318,94.50614166259766]},{"page":82,"text":"point. He sends out a sub element on each route. He normally moves with the center element. The","rect":[99.0,115.314697265625,522.0351839141846,106.2065200805664]},{"page":82,"text":"subunits normally reconnoiter their routes by using the fan method. The entire team meets at the linkup","rect":[99.0,127.0150146484375,521.9671535491943,117.9068374633789]},{"page":82,"text":"point at the designated time (Figure 4-5).","rect":[99.0,138.71533203125,263.60500621795657,129.60714721679688]},{"page":82,"text":"Figure 4-5. Converging routes method.","rect":[214.25999450683595,385.7010192871094,379.7303935546875,377.26800537109377]},{"page":82,"text":"SUCCESSIVE-SECTOR METHOD","rect":[72.0,403.5,225.13899326324464,395.1960144042969]},{"page":82,"text":"4-87. This method is a continuation of the converging-routes method. The team leader selects an","rect":[99.0,423.47430419921877,521.9639797210693,414.3661193847656]},{"page":82,"text":"ORP, a series of reconnaissance routes, and linkup points. The actions of the team from each ORP to","rect":[99.0,435.1546325683594,522.0065212249756,426.0664978027344]},{"page":82,"text":"each linkup point are the same as in the converging-routes method, that is, each linkup point becomes the","rect":[99.0,446.8749694824219,522.0608797149658,437.76678466796877]},{"page":82,"text":"ORP for the next phase. When the team meets, the team leader again designates reconnaissance routes,a","rect":[99.0,458.5754089355469,522.0122957305908,449.46722412109377]},{"page":82,"text":"linkup time, and the next linkup point. This action continues until the team has reconnoitered the entire","rect":[99.0,470.2556457519531,522.0135774688721,461.1675109863281]},{"page":82,"text":"zone (Figure 4-6). ","rect":[99.0,481.97607421875,174.37658214569093,472.8678894042969]},{"page":82,"text":"4-24","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":82,"text":"Figure 4-6. Successive sector method.","rect":[215.10000610351563,682.160888671875,378.9559794921875,673.7279052734375]},{"page":82,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":82,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":83,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":83,"text":"ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE","rect":[90.0,85.58970642089844,274.22419582748418,75.91554260253906]},{"page":83,"text":"4-88. Route reconnaissance is a directed effort to obtain detailed information of a specified route and","rect":[117.0,105.93424987792969,540.0574245452881,96.84610748291016]},{"page":83,"text":"all terrain from which the enemy could influence movement along that route (FM 1-02).","rect":[117.0,117.6546630859375,470.5736036300659,108.5464859008789]},{"page":83,"text":"4-89. Route reconnaissance obtains information about enemy activity, obstacles, route conditions, and","rect":[117.0,135.35498046875,540.0414333343506,126.2468032836914]},{"page":83,"text":"critical terrain features along a specific route. It is generally beyond the capability of a LRS team to","rect":[117.0,147.0552978515625,540.0247707366943,137.94711303710938]},{"page":83,"text":"obtain precise  data  for  road  curves,  widths  and  heights  of  underpasses,  and  dimensions  of  tunnels.","rect":[117.0,158.75567626953126,539.9606275558472,149.64749145507813]},{"page":83,"text":"However, they can report the types of vehicles that use the roads, or that enter or exit the tunnels. From","rect":[117.0,170.45599365234376,540.0429358444214,161.34780883789063]},{"page":83,"text":"this, intelligence personnel can estimate the weight limits, widths, and other information about the roads,","rect":[117.0,182.15631103515626,540.0212354660034,173.04812622070313]},{"page":83,"text":"tunnels, and underpasses. The LRS team follows the example report formats provided in FM 5-170.","rect":[117.0,193.8367156982422,539.9604444503784,184.74856567382813]},{"page":83,"text":"Example intelligence requirements for a LRS route reconnaissance include--","rect":[117.0,205.55706787109376,423.77531982040406,196.44888305664063]},{"page":83,"text":"• The available space (in meters) in which a force can maneuver without having to bunch up to","rect":[143.99989318847657,223.25738525390626,529.3607082366943,214.14920043945313]},{"page":83,"text":"avoid obstacles. The size of trees and the density of forests are reported due to the effect on","rect":[154.79949951171876,234.95782470703126,521.6468410491943,225.84963989257813]},{"page":83,"text":"vehicle movement.","rect":[154.79949951171876,244.63404846191407,230.87580394744874,237.54989624023438]},{"page":83,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,260.1199951171875,147.50689334869385,257.66510009765627]},{"page":83,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,277.8203125,147.50689334869385,275.36541748046877]},{"page":83,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,297.0,147.50689334869385,294.0]},{"page":83,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,315.0,147.50689334869385,311.0]},{"page":83,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,333.0,147.50689334869385,329.0]},{"page":83,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,348.6216125488281,147.50689334869385,346.1667175292969]},{"page":83,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,368.0,147.50689334869385,364.0]},{"page":83,"text":"The locations of all obstacles and of any available bypass(s).","rect":[154.80039978027345,264.35845947265627,398.3904981613159,255.25027465820313]},{"page":83,"text":"Any enemy forces that can influence movement along the route.","rect":[154.80039978027345,282.05877685546877,412.0145215988159,272.9505920410156]},{"page":83,"text":"The observation and fields of fire along the route and adjacent terrain.","rect":[154.83551025390626,299.75909423828127,435.91054821014407,290.6408996582031]},{"page":83,"text":"The locations along the route that provide good cover and concealment.","rect":[154.8297119140625,317.4595031738281,442.7693738937378,308.351318359375]},{"page":83,"text":"Trafficability along the route.","rect":[154.8277130126953,335.1598205566406,273.4464979171753,326.0516357421875]},{"page":83,"text":"Landing and pickup zones along the route.","rect":[154.7983856201172,352.8600769042969,325.8937940597534,343.75189208984377]},{"page":83,"text":"Any bridges by construction and type, estimated dimensions of each, and any vehicles crossing","rect":[154.82839965820313,370.5605163574219,536.7217311859131,361.45233154296877]},{"page":83,"text":"the bridge. This helps intelligence personnel estimate its load classification.","rect":[154.80039978027345,382.2608337402344,457.89187145233157,373.15264892578127]},{"page":83,"text":"BRIDGE CLASSIFICATION","rect":[90.0,401.96966552734377,268.8936695327759,392.2815246582031]},{"page":83,"text":"4-90. This is not a separate category of reconnaissance, but it might be a necessary part of an area,","rect":[117.0,422.3343200683594,539.9840040206909,413.22613525390627]},{"page":83,"text":"zone, or route reconnaissance. The team follows procedures to ensure that they provide the dimensional","rect":[117.0,434.03466796875,540.0126719436646,424.9264831542969]},{"page":83,"text":"data  needed  to  analyze  the  bridge's  structure  for  repairs,  demolition,  or  military-load  classification.","rect":[117.0,445.7349853515625,540.1117506027222,436.6268005371094]},{"page":83,"text":"Seldom can a team obtain precise measurements. However, if possible, they report the type and number","rect":[117.0,457.4353942871094,540.0421044883728,448.32720947265627]},{"page":83,"text":"of vehicles that cross the bridge. Intelligence can then estimate the weight, height, and weight limit of the","rect":[117.0,469.13568115234377,540.1954622344971,460.0274963378906]},{"page":83,"text":"bridge (FM 5-170).","rect":[117.0,480.8360900878906,194.90821361541749,471.7279052734375]},{"page":83,"text":"LEADER RECONNAISSANCE","rect":[90.0,500.5495910644531,282.7534316673279,490.8754577636719]},{"page":83,"text":"4-91. The leader plans and reconnoiters all primary and alternate surveillance and hide sites. The","rect":[117.0,520.9141845703125,540.0564851837158,511.8059997558594]},{"page":83,"text":"criteria for selecting these sites is similar, except that the hide site must be sited to allow for long-range","rect":[116.9990005493164,532.6146240234375,540.1214876251221,523.5064697265625]},{"page":83,"text":"communications, and the surveillance site must allow round-the-clock surveillance. Leaders evaluate all","rect":[116.9990005493164,542.2908325195313,540.0082163772584,535.2067260742188]},{"page":83,"text":"primary and alternate sites based on the following criteria, then they establish and disseminate rally","rect":[116.9990005493164,556.0152587890625,540.0922145843506,546.9071044921875]},{"page":83,"text":"points and break out plans for all sites:","rect":[116.9990005493164,567.695556640625,272.33069562530519,558.607421875]},{"page":83,"text":"HIDE SITE","rect":[90.0,585.4799194335938,141.50093984603883,577.1759033203125]},{"page":83,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,603.0,147.50700016021728,599.0]},{"page":83,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,621.0,147.50700016021728,617.0]},{"page":83,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,636.616455078125,147.50700016021728,634.1615600585938]},{"page":83,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,654.3167114257813,147.50700016021728,651.86181640625]},{"page":83,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,674.0,147.50700016021728,670.0]},{"page":83,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,689.7173461914063,147.50700016021728,687.262451171875]},{"page":83,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,709.0,147.50700016021728,705.0]},{"page":83,"text":"Does the site facilitate long-range (HF or UHF TACSAT) communications?","rect":[154.83180236816407,605.4542236328125,460.3213167266846,596.3460693359375]},{"page":83,"text":"Does the area provide concealment as well as routes of ingress and egress?","rect":[154.82960510253907,623.154541015625,455.1721468048096,614.04638671875]},{"page":83,"text":"Are dominant or unusual terrain features located nearby?","rect":[154.79849243164063,640.8549194335938,383.5372591094971,631.7467651367188]},{"page":83,"text":"Is the area wet, does it have adequate drainage, or is it prone to flooding?","rect":[154.7983856201172,658.55517578125,448.6856050567627,649.447021484375]},{"page":83,"text":"Is the area a place that the enemy would want to occupy?","rect":[154.82351684570313,676.2554931640625,383.9580659942627,667.1473388671875]},{"page":83,"text":"Is the site silhouetted against the skyline or a contrasting background?","rect":[154.79869079589845,693.955810546875,436.2793550567627,684.84765625]},{"page":83,"text":"Are roads or trails located nearby?","rect":[154.83250427246095,711.6561889648438,293.3360872344971,702.5480346679688]},{"page":83,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":83,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":83,"text":"4-25","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":84,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,81.0,129.50700016021728,77.0]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,97.03620147705078,129.50700016021728,94.581298828125]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,116.0,129.50700016021728,113.0]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,134.0,129.50700016021728,130.0]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,152.0,129.50700016021728,148.0]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,167.83740234375,129.50700016021728,165.38250732421876]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,187.0,129.50700016021728,184.0]},{"page":84,"text":"Are other natural lines of drift located nearby?","rect":[136.82080078125,83.57427978515625,323.25057698059086,74.46610260009766]},{"page":84,"text":"Could the hide personnel become trapped easily in the site?","rect":[136.79869079589845,101.274658203125,375.50695515441898,92.1664810180664]},{"page":84,"text":"Do obstacles, such as a ditch, fence, wall, stream, or river, prevent vehicle movement nearby?","rect":[136.83050537109376,118.97503662109375,513.2671785430908,109.86685943603516]},{"page":84,"text":"Are any inhabited areas located in the prevailing downwind area?","rect":[136.8278045654297,136.67529296875,400.1484651641846,127.5671157836914]},{"page":84,"text":"Are any suitable communication sites located nearby?","rect":[136.82460021972657,154.3756103515625,353.2196321563721,145.26742553710938]},{"page":84,"text":"Is the site in the normal line of vision of enemy personnel in the area?","rect":[136.79849243164063,172.07586669921876,416.9253206329346,162.96768188476563]},{"page":84,"text":"Is there a source of water in the area?","rect":[136.83050537109376,187.7522735595703,286.7496919708252,180.66812133789063]},{"page":84,"text":"SURVEILLANCE SITE","rect":[72.0,207.5400390625,173.90096426010133,199.23605346679688]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,225.0,129.50700016021728,221.0]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,254.0,129.50700016021728,251.0]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,272.0,129.50700016021728,268.0]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,290.0,129.50700016021728,286.0]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,305.77752685546877,129.50700016021728,303.3226318359375]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,323.47784423828127,129.50700016021728,321.02294921875]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,343.0,129.50700016021728,339.0]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,358.8785400390625,129.50700016021728,356.42364501953127]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,378.0,129.50700016021728,375.0]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,396.0,129.50700016021728,392.0]},{"page":84,"text":"Can the team place the designated surveillance target(s) under constant and effective","rect":[136.8255157470703,227.51434326171876,476.2580843048096,218.40615844726563]},{"page":84,"text":"observation and within the range of surveillance devices to be used?","rect":[136.79959106445313,239.214599609375,410.71178913879398,230.10641479492188]},{"page":84,"text":"Would the surveillance site have to move if weather and light conditions change?","rect":[136.83050537109376,256.91497802734377,463.41955281066898,247.80679321289063]},{"page":84,"text":"Does the area provide concealment?","rect":[136.83050537109376,274.5952453613281,282.11645222473148,265.5071105957031]},{"page":84,"text":"Does the area provide adequate egress routes?","rect":[136.83250427246095,292.31561279296877,321.8999605255127,283.2074279785156]},{"page":84,"text":"Are dominant or unusual terrain features located nearby?","rect":[136.79849243164063,310.0159912109375,365.5372591094971,300.9078063964844]},{"page":84,"text":"Is the area wet, does it have adequate drainage, or is the area prone to flooding?","rect":[136.80059814453126,327.71630859375,456.6864290313721,318.6081237792969]},{"page":84,"text":"Would the enemy want to occupy this area?","rect":[136.82859802246095,345.4165954589844,312.55404377746586,336.30841064453127]},{"page":84,"text":"Is the site silhouetted against the skyline or a contrasting background?","rect":[136.79869079589845,363.11700439453127,418.2793550567627,354.0088195800781]},{"page":84,"text":"Are any roads or trails located nearby?","rect":[136.82859802246095,380.81732177734377,292.3090181427002,371.7091369628906]},{"page":84,"text":"Are any other natural lines of drift located nearby such as gullies, draws, or any terrain easy for","rect":[136.8227081298828,398.517578125,519.5821435508728,389.4093933105469]},{"page":84,"text":"foot movement?","rect":[136.79959106445313,408.1939392089844,202.09939289855957,401.1198425292969]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,425.0,129.50700016021728,422.0]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,443.0,129.50700016021728,439.0]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,472.0,129.50700016021728,469.0]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,488.4812316894531,129.50700016021728,486.0263366699219]},{"page":84,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,508.0,129.50700016021728,504.0]},{"page":84,"text":"Could the surveillance team become trapped easily in the site?","rect":[136.81649780273438,427.91827392578127,386.9510774688721,418.8100891113281]},{"page":84,"text":"Do any obstacles, such as a roadside ditch, fence, wall, stream, or river, prevent vehicle","rect":[136.83050537109376,445.61859130859377,487.8759126739502,436.5104064941406]},{"page":84,"text":"movement nearby?","rect":[136.79959106445313,457.3190002441406,213.22019673156738,448.2108154296875]},{"page":84,"text":"Are any inhabited areas located in the prevailing downwind area?","rect":[136.8278045654297,475.019287109375,400.1484651641846,465.9111022949219]},{"page":84,"text":"Is the site in the normal line of vision of enemy personnel in the area?","rect":[136.79849243164063,492.7196960449219,416.9253206329346,483.61151123046877]},{"page":84,"text":"Is there a source of water in the area?","rect":[136.83050537109376,508.39593505859377,286.7496919708252,501.3117980957031]},{"page":84,"text":"• Does the site facilitate communications?","rect":[126.0,526.0962524414063,299.14428425598148,519.0121459960938]},{"page":84,"text":"Section III. SURVEILLANCE OPERATIONS","rect":[62.63999938964844,549.3838500976563,301.9415915527344,540.5038452148438]},{"page":84,"text":"This section discusses selection and occupation of sites; security and reports; linkup and dissemination of ","rect":[72.0,572.874267578125,524.5645704269409,563.76611328125]},{"page":84,"text":"information; contingencies and heavy team and platoon operations. ","rect":[72.0,584.5745849609375,344.13201427459719,575.4664306640625]},{"page":84,"text":"SELECTION AND OCCUPATION OF SITES","rect":[72.0,604.2897338867188,352.03621592712406,594.6155395507813]},{"page":84,"text":"4-92. After he completes his reconnaissance (described in Section II), the leader selects the hide and","rect":[99.0,624.63427734375,522.0590724945068,615.546142578125]},{"page":84,"text":"surveillance sites. While selecting the sites,  he determines whether each site will have","rect":[99.0,636.3546142578125,522.0370760040283,627.2464599609375]},{"page":84,"text":"nonmission-essential equipment. His decision determines the size of sites to construct and the type of ","rect":[99.0,648.0549926757813,524.5449171066284,638.9468383789063]},{"page":84,"text":"breakout drills that the team must perform, if required.","rect":[99.0,659.7353515625,317.7734022140503,650.647216796875]},{"page":84,"text":"4-26","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":84,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":84,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":85,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":85,"text":"HIDE SITE","rect":[90.0,83.64002227783203,141.50093984603883,75.33602142333985]},{"page":85,"text":"4-93. The team should test communications from the tentative site before they start constructing it.","rect":[117.0,103.61431884765625,540.0271558761597,94.50614166259766]},{"page":85,"text":"Otherwise, they might have to start over with a new site. ","rect":[117.0,115.314697265625,346.2343702316284,106.2065200805664]},{"page":85,"text":"SURVEILLANCE SITE","rect":[90.0,133.08001708984376,191.90096426010133,124.7760238647461]},{"page":85,"text":"4-94. The leader selects each site based on the quality of its observation and communications with the","rect":[117.0,153.0543212890625,540.0530061798096,143.94613647460938]},{"page":85,"text":"other site. To determine if the planned surveillance site (Figure 4-7) will work well for surveillance, the","rect":[117.0,164.75469970703126,540.1888704376221,155.64651489257813]},{"page":85,"text":"team places all optics at the same levels they will use when they actually occupy the site, such as at","rect":[117.0,176.45501708984376,540.0183482131959,167.34683227539063]},{"page":85,"text":"ground level. Seldom do circumstances allow for rebuilding of sites. Finally, try to minimize digging","rect":[117.0,188.15533447265626,540.0905055999756,179.04714965820313]},{"page":85,"text":"signatures (sound and dust). ","rect":[117.0,199.85565185546876,232.3344373703003,190.74746704101563]},{"page":85,"text":"Figure 4-7. Example surveillance site.","rect":[235.0800018310547,411.56103515625,394.91328540039066,403.2090148925781]},{"page":85,"text":"OCCUPATION","rect":[90.0,429.3480224609375,156.72346591949464,421.0560302734375]},{"page":85,"text":"4-95. Teams maintain security at all time. Security personnel must emplace far enough out to detect","rect":[117.0,449.3343200683594,540.0367197952271,440.22613525390627]},{"page":85,"text":"intruders, but must remain close enough to alert the team. A technique to alert the site of an intruder is to","rect":[117.0,461.03466796875,539.9719142913818,451.9264831542969]},{"page":85,"text":"simply tug on a cord tied from the security position to a Soldier at the site. ","rect":[117.0,472.7349853515625,417.5892286300659,463.6268005371094]},{"page":85,"text":"4-96. The team should maintain all-round security, and pay close attention to the most likely avenues","rect":[117.0,490.4352722167969,540.0292499046326,481.32708740234377]},{"page":85,"text":"of approach. Each site needs all-round observation and a view of anyone or anything in the area. This","rect":[117.0,502.13568115234377,540.1098163108826,493.0274963378906]},{"page":85,"text":"helps prevent compromise, as it allows team members to detect movement and gives them the advantage","rect":[117.0,513.8359985351563,540.0191316680908,504.7278137207031]},{"page":85,"text":"if they must break out of the site. ","rect":[117.0,525.536376953125,252.15174388885499,516.42822265625]},{"page":85,"text":"4-97. Appendix H discusses how to construct hide and surveillance sites. In most cases, the team","rect":[117.0,543.2166748046875,540.1985754928589,534.1285400390625]},{"page":85,"text":"should only work on a surveillance site in limited visibility, but they can work on a hide site during the","rect":[117.0,554.9371337890625,540.0725374298096,545.8289794921875]},{"page":85,"text":"day, if needed. Generally, the team must camouflage all sites well enough to escape detection from","rect":[117.0,566.6373901367188,540.1604895553589,557.5292358398438]},{"page":85,"text":"greater than 10 meters. The sites should blend well with the surrounding terrain in texture and form. ","rect":[117.0,578.3377685546875,520.8701124191284,569.2296142578125]},{"page":85,"text":"4-98. The  LRS  team  prepares  and  rehearses  a  complete  breakout  plan.  Team members prepare","rect":[117.0,596.01806640625,540.0274934844971,586.929931640625]},{"page":85,"text":"equipment for executing a breakout drill immediately. Pre-positioned M18 Claymore mines and smoke","rect":[117.0,607.738525390625,539.9950838165283,598.63037109375]},{"page":85,"text":"grenades can facilitate a quick breakout of the site.","rect":[117.0,619.4387817382813,320.74660778045657,610.3306274414063]},{"page":85,"text":"SECURITY AND REPORTS","rect":[90.0,639.1497192382813,265.3357459564209,629.4755249023438]},{"page":85,"text":"4-99. The team prepares and  sends  reports  during  actions  on  the  objective  from  on  the  start  of ","rect":[117.0,659.5142822265625,542.5136671066284,650.3960571289063]},{"page":85,"text":"observation activities until the dissemination of information. The reports the team members at each site","rect":[117.0,671.194580078125,540.0112581329346,662.1064453125]},{"page":85,"text":"must make depend on that site's specific tasking.","rect":[117.0,682.9149780273438,311.8824415206909,673.8068237304688]},{"page":85,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":85,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":85,"text":"4-27","rect":[522.09765625,753.9600219726563,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":86,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":86,"text":"HIDE SITE","rect":[72.0,83.64002227783203,123.50094747543335,75.33602142333985]},{"page":86,"text":"4-100. The  primary  mission  of  the  hide  site  is  to  facilitate  team  internal  and  long-range","rect":[99.0,103.61431884765625,522.0581331329346,94.50614166259766]},{"page":86,"text":"communications. On long missions, team members can rotate between the surveillance and hide sites","rect":[99.0,115.314697265625,522.0382220726013,106.2065200805664]},{"page":86,"text":"(Figure 4-8). It is usually more secure than the surveillance site, because it is farther from the objective","rect":[99.0,127.0150146484375,522.0748567657471,117.89682006835938]},{"page":86,"text":"and designed for hiding. Antennas, a hide site's largest signature, should remain up only when in use.","rect":[99.0,138.71533203125,522.0366773605347,129.60714721679688]},{"page":86,"text":"Otherwise,  they  are  lowered  or  removed.  One team  member  serves  as  lookout  while  another  one","rect":[99.0,150.4156494140625,522.0390291290283,141.30746459960938]},{"page":86,"text":"constructs or adjusts the antennas. The lookout must be able to see the enemy before the enemy sees the","rect":[99.0,162.1160888671875,521.8944978790283,152.99789428710938]},{"page":86,"text":"Soldier working on the antennas. To prevent detection, team members minimize movement around the","rect":[99.0,173.81634521484376,522.0226717071533,164.70816040039063]},{"page":86,"text":"site. They use countertracking whenever someone moves around the site. They also minimize noise and","rect":[99.0,185.51678466796876,522.0309963226318,176.40859985351563]},{"page":86,"text":"light. Although the site is well camouflaged, noise and light can easily compromise the team's location. ","rect":[99.0,197.217041015625,515.0243482589722,188.10885620117188]},{"page":86,"text":"4-101. The  team  keeps  detailed  communications  and  patrol  logs  throughout  the  mission. The","rect":[99.0,214.91748046875,521.9986238555908,205.80929565429688]},{"page":86,"text":"communications log includes—","rect":[99.0,226.6177978515625,226.40128707885743,217.50961303710938]},{"page":86,"text":"• Exact messages sent.","rect":[125.9999008178711,244.318115234375,221.0535535812378,235.53057861328126]},{"page":86,"text":"• Exact messages received.","rect":[125.9999008178711,262.01849365234377,238.86989879608155,252.91030883789063]},{"page":86,"text":"• Antennas used or tried, and their configuration time(s) and location(s).","rect":[125.9999008178711,279.71875,420.31927013397219,270.6105651855469]},{"page":86,"text":"4-102. Before any element performs a shift change in the site, all information collected at the site","rect":[99.0,297.4190673828125,508.79028034973148,288.3108825683594]},{"page":86,"text":"the outgoing shift is disseminated, to include—","rect":[99.0,309.1195068359375,288.6565971374512,300.0113220214844]},{"page":86,"text":"by","rect":[512.0787963867188,297.4190673828125,522.1288967132568,288.3108825683594]},{"page":86,"text":"•  Message traffic.","rect":[125.9999008178711,326.81982421875,201.36042308807374,317.7116394042969]},{"page":86,"text":"• The status of the surveillance site.","rect":[125.9999008178711,342.49603271484377,273.3432569503784,335.4118957519531]},{"page":86,"text":"• Any enemy activity on the objective.","rect":[125.9999008178711,362.22052001953127,284.8177137374878,353.1023254394531]},{"page":86,"text":"4-28","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":86,"text":"Figure 4-8. Example hide site.","rect":[233.6999969482422,681.9208984375,360.361375,673.5689086914063]},{"page":86,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":86,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":87,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":87,"text":"SURVEILLANCE SITE","rect":[90.0,83.64002227783203,191.90096426010133,75.33602142333985]},{"page":87,"text":"4-103. During periods of activity on the objective, all personnel should be awake and alert to aid in","rect":[117.0,103.61431884765625,539.9986476898193,94.49612426757813]},{"page":87,"text":"security and recording. One person cannot record and conduct surveillance at the same time during","rect":[117.0,115.314697265625,540.0064601898193,106.2065200805664]},{"page":87,"text":"periods of  increased  activity.  The  team  keeps  detailed  surveillance  logs,  to  include  sketches  of  the","rect":[117.0,127.0150146484375,540.1437044219971,117.9068374633789]},{"page":87,"text":"objective. The more detailed the information and sketches are, the more successful the mission will be.","rect":[117.0,138.71533203125,540.0741529464722,129.59713745117188]},{"page":87,"text":"When the team recognizes PIR, intelligence requirements, SIR, ISR tasks and RFIs, they send it to the","rect":[117.0,150.4156494140625,540.0100984649658,141.30746459960938]},{"page":87,"text":"hide site promptly for transmission to the COB or AOB either immediately (PIR) or during a scheduled","rect":[117.0,162.1160888671875,540.0018215179443,153.00790405273438]},{"page":87,"text":"communications window. They  can  use  either  secure  or  nonsecure  means,  depending  upon  the","rect":[117.0,173.81634521484376,540.0340242462158,164.70816040039063]},{"page":87,"text":"equipment or time available. The messages must be complete and well written to reduce time needed for","rect":[117.0,185.51678466796876,540.0643823204041,176.40859985351563]},{"page":87,"text":"corrections or clarification. (Chapter 6 provides examples of communication orders formats.) The team","rect":[117.0,197.19700622558595,540.1775793991089,188.10885620117188]},{"page":87,"text":"pays particular attention to the amount of movement, noise and light discipline, and the reduction of any","rect":[117.0,208.91748046875,540.1490383148193,199.80929565429688]},{"page":87,"text":"reflection that may come from using optics. The team must pack any equipment not in use so that they","rect":[117.0,220.6177978515625,540.0289821624756,211.50961303710938]},{"page":87,"text":"can evacuate the site quickly. As with the hide site, the team must completely disseminate all information","rect":[117.0,232.31817626953126,540.2076930999756,223.20999145507813]},{"page":87,"text":"collected before they change shifts. If the team plans to perform a breakout drill, they send a message to","rect":[117.0,244.01849365234376,540.0303249359131,234.91030883789063]},{"page":87,"text":"the hide site first, if possible.","rect":[117.0,255.6987762451172,233.22617626190186,246.61062622070313]},{"page":87,"text":"LINKUP AND DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION","rect":[90.0,275.4296569824219,426.7249683609009,265.7555236816406]},{"page":87,"text":"4-104. When the decision is made to leave the objective, the team must perform a number of actions.","rect":[117.0,295.7943115234375,540.0472974777222,286.6761169433594]},{"page":87,"text":"The plan outlines the routes they will take, site breakdown procedures, and security during breakdown.","rect":[117.0,307.4945983886719,540.0493726730347,298.38641357421877]},{"page":87,"text":"After they break down the site, they thoroughly sterilize it to prevent the enemy from detecting their","rect":[117.0,319.19500732421877,540.0191552696228,310.0868225097656]},{"page":87,"text":"presence and knowing where to release tracker teams. The team must leave nothing behind that can give","rect":[116.9990005493164,330.8954162597656,540.0346956329346,321.7872314453125]},{"page":87,"text":"the enemy any information. They take extra care with their security. The team is in great danger from","rect":[116.9990005493164,342.595703125,540.1625037155152,333.4875183105469]},{"page":87,"text":"this point until the extraction is complete.","rect":[116.9990005493164,354.27606201171877,283.78725719451907,345.18792724609377]},{"page":87,"text":"4-105. While the surveillance team moves out, the hide site team breaks down and sterilizes the site.","rect":[116.9990005493164,370.0,540.1183423995972,362.88824462890627]},{"page":87,"text":"They follow the same procedures and precautions as described for the surveillance site.","rect":[116.9990005493164,383.69671630859377,467.2841749191284,374.5885314941406]},{"page":87,"text":"4-106. The team rehearses linkup procedures before the mission begins. During linkup, the team is at","rect":[116.9990005493164,401.3970947265625,540.0284190139771,392.2889099121094]},{"page":87,"text":"the greatest risk of fratricide. Everyone must understand all signals. Only one element may move into the","rect":[116.9990005493164,413.097412109375,540.1515169219971,403.9892272949219]},{"page":87,"text":"linkup site at a time. Who moves first is decided during rehearsals. Communications and night vision","rect":[116.9990005493164,424.7978210449219,540.0784816741943,415.68963623046877]},{"page":87,"text":"capability assist in conducting linkups. After the linkup, the team disseminates all information gained in","rect":[116.9990005493164,436.4980773925781,540.0302028656006,427.389892578125]},{"page":87,"text":"case they become separated again before extraction.","rect":[116.9990005493164,448.1985168457031,325.6155652999878,439.09033203125]},{"page":87,"text":"CONTINGENCIES","rect":[90.0,467.9096984863281,208.74332347106935,458.2215576171875]},{"page":87,"text":"4-107. Due to the uncertainty of the situation, contingencies require plans, rapid response, and special","rect":[117.0,488.2743225097656,540.0625987014771,479.1661376953125]},{"page":87,"text":"procedures to ensure safety and readiness of personnel and equipment. The team must consider the","rect":[117.0,499.97467041015627,540.0618562774658,490.8664855957031]},{"page":87,"text":"following contingencies for the execution phase:","rect":[117.0,511.67498779296877,312.47278546905519,502.5668029785156]},{"page":87,"text":"• Actions on enemy contact during insertion.","rect":[143.99989318847657,529.375244140625,328.07378673553469,520.26708984375]},{"page":87,"text":"• Break in contact.","rect":[143.99989318847657,545.0516357421875,223.04787731170655,537.967529296875]},{"page":87,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,560.5375366210938,147.50689334869385,558.0826416015625]},{"page":87,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,578.2378540039063,147.50689334869385,575.782958984375]},{"page":87,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,598.0,147.50689334869385,594.0]},{"page":87,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,627.0,147.50689334869385,623.0]},{"page":87,"text":"Actions taken by the team if separated during insertion.","rect":[154.7983856201172,564.7760009765625,377.36614513397219,555.6678466796875]},{"page":87,"text":"Plan for priority of destruction of equipment.","rect":[154.798583984375,582.476318359375,335.69622325897219,573.3681640625]},{"page":87,"text":"Rally or rendezvous plan to cover team during foot infiltration to objective, while on the","rect":[154.8323974609375,600.1766967773438,509.6827974395752,591.0584716796875]},{"page":87,"text":"objective, and during exfiltration.","rect":[154.79949951171876,611.876953125,289.52920055389407,602.7587280273438]},{"page":87,"text":"Plan for avoiding all known or suspected enemy forces, danger areas, or civilian","rect":[154.83551025390626,629.5772705078125,477.0924892425537,620.4691162109375]},{"page":87,"text":"concentrations.","rect":[154.80039978027345,639.253662109375,215.8262128829956,632.1695556640625]},{"page":87,"text":"• Security during movement, halts, cache, communications, and during hide or surveillance site","rect":[144.0009002685547,658.9779663085938,530.9021272735596,649.8698120117188]},{"page":87,"text":"construction.","rect":[154.801513671875,668.6543579101563,206.93186473846436,661.5702514648438]},{"page":87,"text":"• Cross-loading of equipment, sensitive items, and construction material.","rect":[144.0019073486328,688.3787231445313,440.42422008514407,679.2705688476563]},{"page":87,"text":"• Lack of a communications plan (team internal and external to the COB).","rect":[144.0019073486328,706.0589599609375,445.4207410812378,696.9708251953125]},{"page":87,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":87,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":87,"text":"4-29","rect":[522.09765625,754.0679931640625,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":88,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.47270422363282,38.0880126953125]},{"page":88,"text":"• Actions on enemy contact.","rect":[126.0,83.57427978515625,243.65000438690186,74.46610260009766]},{"page":88,"text":"• Linkup plan for both teams internally, and with other friendly forces.","rect":[126.0,101.27960205078125,413.86941051483157,92.17142486572266]},{"page":88,"text":"HEAVY TEAM AND PLATOON OPERATIONS","rect":[72.0,120.98966979980469,369.79634776306156,111.31550598144531]},{"page":88,"text":"4-108. Some METT-TC conditions may require a LRS team to have additional Soldiers attached or in","rect":[99.0,141.35430908203126,522.0063381195068,132.24612426757813]},{"page":88,"text":"support. A LRS team may require additional personnel to carry surveillance site construction materials","rect":[99.0,153.05767822265626,522.0391986351013,143.94949340820313]},{"page":88,"text":"and water. These additional Soldiers (three to six) are known as a \"mule team.\" They accompany the","rect":[99.0,164.760986328125,521.9480867462158,155.65280151367188]},{"page":88,"text":"team to the objective area, construct the subsurface surveillance site, and depart the objective area during","rect":[99.0,176.46441650390626,522.0496120452881,167.34622192382813]},{"page":88,"text":"limited visibility. The advantage to using these TTP is that the LRS team is rested when starting the","rect":[99.0,188.16766357421876,522.1210603790283,179.05947875976563]},{"page":88,"text":"surveillance mission.","rect":[99.0,197.84706115722657,183.54799938201905,190.76290893554688]},{"page":88,"text":"4-109. METT-TC conditions may also allow for the use of a LRSD employed as a tactical platoon. The","rect":[99.36070251464844,217.57635498046876,522.0174837188721,208.46817016601563]},{"page":88,"text":"LRSD establishes a patrol base, and then emplaces multiple surveillance sites. The LRSD acts both as","rect":[99.3707046508789,229.25975036621095,522.0433490257263,220.17160034179688]},{"page":88,"text":"the  sustainment  base  and  as  a  quick  reaction  force  in  case  a  surveillance  site  is  compromised.  This","rect":[99.3707046508789,240.9631805419922,522.2137591819763,231.87503051757813]},{"page":88,"text":"technique has been very successfully employed in desert environments when the objective area is far","rect":[99.3707046508789,252.68646240234376,522.0538232383728,243.56826782226563]},{"page":88,"text":"from  any  support  base  and  multiple  surveillance  sites are  needed.  Sustainment  and  rotation  of ","rect":[99.3707046508789,264.38983154296877,524.5742139816284,255.28164672851563]},{"page":88,"text":"surveillance site personnel occurs during the hours of limited visibility.","rect":[99.3707046508789,276.09320068359377,385.1874952316284,266.9850158691406]},{"page":88,"text":"Section IV. COMBAT ASSESSMENT","rect":[62.63999938964844,297.32403564453127,265.9331962890625,288.44403076171877]},{"page":88,"text":"Combat  assessment  is  the  determination  of  the  overall effectiveness of  force employment during military","rect":[72.0,320.8143005371094,522.0175685882568,311.70611572265627]},{"page":88,"text":"operations. Combat assessment  has  three  major  components:  battle  damage  assessment  (BDA),  munitions","rect":[72.0,332.5176696777344,521.9876239280701,323.39947509765627]},{"page":88,"text":"effects assessment, and reattack recommendation (JP 3-60 and FM 1-02). However, LRS teams only participate","rect":[72.0,344.22100830078127,521.9620637969971,335.1128234863281]},{"page":88,"text":"in the BDA component. LRS teams are critical sensors for all fire-support platforms. At times, they may be the","rect":[72.0,355.9244079589844,521.9402132110596,346.81622314453127]},{"page":88,"text":"only source of targeting information available for high-value targets (HVTs). Keys to a successful combat","rect":[72.0,367.627685546875,522.0270762405396,358.5195007324219]},{"page":88,"text":"assessment  operation  are  using  standardized  report formats  and  sending  the  best  possible  information  and","rect":[72.0,379.33111572265627,521.9879665374756,370.2229309082031]},{"page":88,"text":"images of the damage observed for trained analysts to evaluate.","rect":[72.0,391.03448486328127,326.44268321990969,381.9263000488281]},{"page":88,"text":"DEFINITION AND PURPOSE","rect":[72.0,410.7297058105469,258.9349197044373,401.0555725097656]},{"page":88,"text":"4-110. BDA is the timely and accurate estimate of damage resulting from the application of military","rect":[99.0,431.09429931640627,522.0582180023193,421.9861145019531]},{"page":88,"text":"force, either lethal or  nonlethal,  against  a  predetermined  objective.  BDA  can  be  applied  to  the","rect":[99.0,442.7976989746094,521.9515657501221,433.67950439453127]},{"page":88,"text":"employment of all types of weapon systems (air, ground, naval, and special forces weapons systems)","rect":[99.0,454.5010070800781,521.9038598594666,445.392822265625]},{"page":88,"text":"throughout the range of military operations. BDA is primarily an intelligence responsibility with required","rect":[99.0,466.20440673828127,522.0584621429443,457.0962219238281]},{"page":88,"text":"inputs  and  coordination  from  the  operators  (FM  1-02).  BDA,  in  its  most basic form, answers four","rect":[99.0,477.8876037597656,521.9655053672791,468.7994689941406]},{"page":88,"text":"questions quickly and accurately:","rect":[99.0,489.611083984375,232.96041059112549,480.5028991699219]},{"page":88,"text":"• Was the target hit?","rect":[126.00389862060547,507.3164367675781,212.35207844543457,498.208251953125]},{"page":88,"text":"• What was the extent of physical and functional damage?","rect":[126.00389862060547,525.0217895507813,363.55929280090336,515.9136352539063]},{"page":88,"text":"• Were the commander's objectives achieved in full, in part, or not at all?","rect":[126.00389862060547,542.7271118164063,423.18078327941898,533.60888671875]},{"page":88,"text":"• Should the target be reattacked?","rect":[126.00389862060547,560.4324951171875,265.5304536895752,551.3243408203125]},{"page":88,"text":"4-111. The LRS team can make a recommendation to reattack, but it is the targeting planners, not the","rect":[99.0,578.1378173828125,522.0193147735596,569.0296630859375]},{"page":88,"text":"LRS team, who decide whether the target should be reattacked.","rect":[99.0,589.8411865234375,352.6812391281128,580.7330322265625]},{"page":88,"text":"CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[72.0,609.5097045898438,199.3130408782959,599.8355102539063]},{"page":88,"text":"4-112. When assessing battle damage, the team should consider—","rect":[99.36000061035156,629.874267578125,372.3400077819824,620.76611328125]},{"page":88,"text":"CONDITION OF THE TARGET","rect":[72.0,647.6279296875,211.58054494857789,639.3358764648438]},{"page":88,"text":"4-113. This includes the overall level of destruction or serviceability of the target and whether it was","rect":[99.0,667.6143188476563,522.0273578147888,658.5061645507813]},{"page":88,"text":"occupied or unoccupied, and whether the enemy was withdrawing or reinforcing.","rect":[99.0,679.3176879882813,425.2581739425659,670.2095336914063]},{"page":88,"text":"4-30","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":88,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01910400390627,754.0679931640625,310.972994140625,747.489013671875]},{"page":88,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.05419921875,754.0679931640625,522.0364096679688,747.489013671875]},{"page":89,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":89,"text":"CASUALTIES","rect":[90.0,83.62802124023438,152.2588710784912,75.33602142333985]},{"page":89,"text":"4-114. This includes the number of wounded or dead.","rect":[117.0,101.59027862548828,339.8570508956909,94.50614166259766]},{"page":89,"text":"EQUIPMENT DAMAGE OR SERVICEABILITY","rect":[90.0,134.60643005371095,299.75422763824465,124.7760238647461]},{"page":89,"text":"4-115. This lists destroyed and neutralized vehicles and weapon systems, and identifies which need","rect":[117.0,153.0543212890625,540.0809841156006,143.94613647460938]},{"page":89,"text":"repair or recovery.","rect":[117.0,164.75469970703126,191.46039867401124,155.64651489257813]},{"page":89,"text":"INSTALLATION DAMAGE OR SERVICEABILITY","rect":[90.0,182.52001953125,313.25422763824465,174.21603393554688]},{"page":89,"text":"4-116. This identifies damage levels and relative serviceability of runways, roads, buildings, lighting,","rect":[117.0,202.49432373046876,539.9995679855347,193.38613891601563]},{"page":89,"text":"bridges, power and phone lines, and any repair and damage-control activities.","rect":[116.9990005493164,214.1947021484375,428.3699903488159,205.08651733398438]},{"page":89,"text":"MISSION PLANNING FACTORS","rect":[90.0,231.9221649169922,237.0499782562256,223.83596801757813]},{"page":89,"text":"4-117.","rect":[117.0,249.9102325439453,143.0269422531128,243.00645446777345]},{"page":89,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,267.0,147.50689334869385,263.0]},{"page":89,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99989318847657,284.0,149.98379039764405,280.0]},{"page":89,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99989318847657,302.0,149.98389720916749,297.0]},{"page":89,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,320.0,147.50689334869385,317.0]},{"page":89,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99989318847657,337.0,150.00879955291749,333.0]},{"page":89,"text":"In addition to normal planning factors, BDA missions include—","rect":[152.99989318847657,251.93426513671876,411.2137870788574,242.82608032226563]},{"page":89,"text":"Task organization (forward observers or combat controllers).","rect":[154.7982940673828,269.6346435546875,399.94619274139407,260.5264587402344]},{"page":89,"text":"Personnel markings.","rect":[154.79840087890626,287.3349914550781,236.68798351287843,278.226806640625]},{"page":89,"text":"Position markings.","rect":[154.7985076904297,305.0352783203125,229.96731090545655,295.9270935058594]},{"page":89,"text":"Communications equipment and frequencies.","rect":[154.7982940673828,322.7155456542969,336.2321424484253,313.6274108886719]},{"page":89,"text":"BDA criteria.","rect":[154.8234100341797,338.4118347167969,209.34409618377686,331.32769775390627]},{"page":89,"text":"• Special equipment such as lasers and thermals.","rect":[143.99989318847657,358.1162414550781,342.6728467941284,349.0281066894531]},{"page":89,"text":"• Pulse repetition codes.","rect":[143.99989318847657,375.8165588378906,245.35595226287843,366.7284240722656]},{"page":89,"text":"•  Authentication codes.","rect":[143.99989318847657,391.5128479003906,242.30774974822999,384.4287109375]},{"page":89,"text":"• Training in the use of special equipment.","rect":[143.99989318847657,411.2373046875,318.8384656906128,402.1291198730469]},{"page":89,"text":"• Rehearsals and precombat inspections.","rect":[143.99989318847657,428.9175109863281,310.1947889328003,419.8293762207031]},{"page":89,"text":"•  Withdrawal.","rect":[143.99989318847657,444.6238708496094,204.71804332733155,437.5296936035156]},{"page":89,"text":"CHARACTERISTICS","rect":[90.0,466.3497009277344,225.82967295837404,456.6755676269531]},{"page":89,"text":"4-118. Initial post-strike BDA reports are sent to the COB or AOB, who sends them to the controlling","rect":[117.0,486.71429443359377,539.9688014984131,477.6061096191406]},{"page":89,"text":"headquarters. The team is responsible for obtaining and reporting raw data about collateral, physical, and","rect":[117.0,498.4146728515625,540.1796169281006,489.3064880371094]},{"page":89,"text":"functional damage.","rect":[117.0,510.114990234375,193.8015546798706,501.0068054199219]},{"page":89,"text":"WEAPON AND ORDNANCE MALFUNCTIONS","rect":[90.0,527.8680419921875,299.8690547943115,519.5759887695313]},{"page":89,"text":"4-119. Because the team observes and reports any observed battle damage, the team can also report the","rect":[117.0,547.8543090820313,540.0201082305908,538.7461547851563]},{"page":89,"text":"number and type of dud ordinance and any weapon malfunctions. ","rect":[117.0,559.5546875,382.72683238983157,550.446533203125]},{"page":89,"text":"REPORTS","rect":[90.0,577.2822265625,136.5381374359131,569.1959838867188]},{"page":89,"text":"4-120. The  team  reports  their  BDA  observations  from the  target  area  in  either  the  SALUTER  or","rect":[117.0,597.2943115234375,539.9409692344666,588.1861572265625]},{"page":89,"text":"INTREP format. They should include digital imagery, if available. ","rect":[116.9990005493164,608.9945678710938,386.4267225265503,599.8864135742188]},{"page":89,"text":"DAMAGE TYPES AND LEVELS","rect":[90.0,628.709716796875,294.38194956970218,619.0215454101563]},{"page":89,"text":"4-121. The  team  reports  the  extent  of  physical  and functional  damage sustained  by  each  target.","rect":[117.0,649.0742797851563,540.0503492355347,639.9661254882813]},{"page":89,"text":"Physical damage assessments estimate the extent of physical damage resulting from the application of ","rect":[117.0009994506836,660.774658203125,542.5418043136597,651.66650390625]},{"page":89,"text":"military force, that is, from munitions blasts, fragmentation, and the effects of fire. The team bases their","rect":[117.0009994506836,672.4749755859375,540.1217553672791,663.3668212890625]},{"page":89,"text":"assessment upon observed or interpreted damage.","rect":[117.0009994506836,684.1754150390625,315.94472789764407,675.0672607421875]},{"page":89,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":89,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":89,"text":"4-31","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":90,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":90,"text":"COLLATERAL DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,83.62802124023438,187.40168142318727,75.33602142333985]},{"page":90,"text":"4-122. The team reports any collateral damage that occurs during BDA missions. Collateral damage is","rect":[99.0,103.61431884765625,522.0335834007263,94.50614166259766]},{"page":90,"text":"defined as unintentional or incidental damage to facilities or equipment, or casualties, that occur due to","rect":[99.0,115.314697265625,522.0533351898193,106.2065200805664]},{"page":90,"text":"military actions directed against a targeted enemy force or facility.","rect":[99.0,127.0150146484375,365.52468395233157,117.9068374633789]},{"page":90,"text":"PHYSICAL DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,144.74217224121095,169.8216643333435,136.65597534179688]},{"page":90,"text":"4-123. Assessing physical damage is a judgment call. The key factors are the type and size of the target","rect":[99.0,164.7542724609375,522.2311778030396,155.63607788085938]},{"page":90,"text":"and warhead used, and the location of the detonation. The team also considers whether the enemy's use","rect":[99.0,176.4547119140625,521.9577303009033,167.34652709960938]},{"page":90,"text":"of camouflage, concealment, and deception reduced or increased the physical damage, because these","rect":[99.0,188.15496826171876,522.0198030548096,179.04678344726563]},{"page":90,"text":"factors could distort the assessment.","rect":[99.0,197.83131408691407,243.47910594940186,190.74716186523438]},{"page":90,"text":"FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,217.5820770263672,184.52167654037477,209.49588012695313]},{"page":90,"text":"4-124. The team assesses the extent to which military force degraded or destroyed the ability of the","rect":[99.0,237.59417724609376,522.1648225860596,228.48599243164063]},{"page":90,"text":"targeted facility or objective to perform its intended mission. The level of success is based upon the","rect":[99.0,249.294677734375,522.0243196563721,240.17648315429688]},{"page":90,"text":"operational objectives established  against  the  target.  Because  assessment  of  functional  damage  is","rect":[99.0,260.99493408203127,521.9770038108826,251.87673950195313]},{"page":90,"text":"subjective, the team need not associate a confidence level with it. However, they can include an estimate","rect":[99.0,272.6953125,521.9976472930908,263.5771179199219]},{"page":90,"text":"of the time required for the recuperation or replacement of the target function.","rect":[99.0,284.3955993652344,411.82488536834719,275.28741455078127]},{"page":90,"text":"No Functional Damage--Target is undamaged or has sustained little or no damage to critical","rect":[126.00090026855469,302.2752990722656,500.7792429885864,293.1671142578125]},{"page":90,"text":"element(s), leaving normal functional capability intact. The target is fully operational or able to","rect":[136.801513671875,313.9756774902344,519.1071681976318,304.86749267578127]},{"page":90,"text":"act; it is mission capable. This damage level does not require recuperation or replacement","rect":[136.801513671875,325.6759948730469,495.7853465042114,316.56781005859377]},{"page":90,"text":"times.","rect":[136.80039978027345,335.35235595703127,160.87641429901124,328.2682189941406]},{"page":90,"text":"Light Functional Damage--The critical element(s) of the target has sustained damage, causing","rect":[126.00090026855469,355.256103515625,509.1471462249756,346.1479187011719]},{"page":90,"text":"less than a 15 percent decrease in normal operational capability. This damage level requires an","rect":[136.80039978027345,366.9564208984375,516.3389797210693,357.8482360839844]},{"page":90,"text":"estimation of the time required for recuperation or replacement of the target function.","rect":[136.80039978027345,378.6568298339844,478.9805860519409,369.54864501953127]},{"page":90,"text":"Moderate Functional Damage--The critical element(s) of the target has sustained damage,","rect":[125.9999008178711,396.5364990234375,494.3800001144409,387.4283142089844]},{"page":90,"text":"causing a 15 to 45 percent decrease in normal operational capability. This damage level","rect":[136.79949951171876,408.23681640625,488.2922739944458,399.1286315917969]},{"page":90,"text":"requires an estimation of the time required for recuperation or replacement of the target","rect":[136.79949951171876,419.93719482421877,487.35193585968019,410.8290100097656]},{"page":90,"text":"function.","rect":[136.79949951171876,429.6134338378906,172.7850751876831,422.529296875]},{"page":90,"text":"Severe Functional Damage--The critical element(s) of the target has sustained damage, causing","rect":[125.9999008178711,449.5172119140625,514.1260280609131,440.4090270996094]},{"page":90,"text":"greater than a 45 percent decrease in normal operational capability. This damage level requires","rect":[136.79949951171876,461.2174987792969,517.2046039085388,452.10931396484377]},{"page":90,"text":"an estimation of the time required for recuperation or replacement of the target function.","rect":[136.79949951171876,472.9178771972656,491.00860118865969,463.8096923828125]},{"page":90,"text":"Functional Destruction--The critical element(s) of the target has sustained damage rendering the","rect":[125.9989013671875,490.797607421875,518.3384676055908,481.6894226074219]},{"page":90,"text":"entire target unusable for its original purpose. Target cannot support combat or production","rect":[136.7983856201172,502.4978942871094,499.49950218200686,493.38970947265627]},{"page":90,"text":"operations without repairing or replacing critical elements. This damage level requires an","rect":[136.7983856201172,514.1983032226563,494.78847312927248,505.0901184082031]},{"page":90,"text":"estimation of the time required for recuperation or replacement of the target function.","rect":[136.79949951171876,525.898681640625,478.9796094894409,516.79052734375]},{"page":90,"text":"Abandoned--Regardless of physical damage, this facility or equipment is not being used for its","rect":[125.9989013671875,543.7783203125,509.48426699447637,534.670166015625]},{"page":90,"text":"intended purpose. Target cannot support combat or production operations without being","rect":[136.79949951171876,555.4786987304688,490.1701259613037,546.3705444335938]},{"page":90,"text":"reoccupied, re-equipped, or both.","rect":[136.79949951171876,567.158935546875,270.27529430389407,558.07080078125]},{"page":90,"text":"Unknown Functional Damage--Although the critical element(s) of the target has been attacked,","rect":[125.9999008178711,585.0587158203125,515.4983472824097,575.9505615234375]},{"page":90,"text":"insufficient data exist to assess whether functional damage occurred.","rect":[136.80039978027345,596.7590942382813,412.2828016281128,587.6509399414063]},{"page":90,"text":"BRIDGES","rect":[72.0,616.4696044921875,134.9072028656006,606.7814331054688]},{"page":90,"text":"4-125. A  bridge  is  designed  to  allow  movement  of  personnel  and  equipment  across an obstacle.","rect":[99.0,636.8341674804688,522.0176954269409,627.7260131835938]},{"page":90,"text":"Destruction of the bridge might not be required. For example, degrading the ability of the bridge to allow","rect":[98.9990005493164,648.5344848632813,522.1335492172241,639.4263305664063]},{"page":90,"text":"movement of vehicles might be enough to accomplish the mission. ","rect":[98.9990005493164,660.2349243164063,369.15398693084719,651.1267700195313]},{"page":90,"text":"4-32","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":90,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":90,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":91,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":91,"text":"PHYSICAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,83.60221862792969,187.8216643333435,75.51602172851563]},{"page":91,"text":"4-126. When reporting physical damage, report the number of spans that are damaged and destroyed","rect":[117.0,103.61431884765625,540.0200099945068,94.50614166259766]},{"page":91,"text":"out of the total number of spans on the bridge. Note that the deck or floor of a railroad bridge can be","rect":[117.0,115.314697265625,539.8583040313721,106.2065200805664]},{"page":91,"text":"solid or open track.","rect":[117.0,126.99497985839844,194.5768690109253,117.9068374633789]},{"page":91,"text":"No Damage--Military action has caused no apparent damage. ","rect":[143.99989318847657,144.89471435546876,394.51690196990969,135.78652954101563]},{"page":91,"text":"Light Damage--The bridge has sustained superficial damage, but the roadway remains","rect":[143.99989318847657,156.7744140625,493.60499453353887,147.66622924804688]},{"page":91,"text":"undamaged.","rect":[154.79949951171876,168.474853515625,203.50910472869874,159.36666870117188]},{"page":91,"text":"Moderate Damage--All spans remain intact, but one or more spans has sustained holes in the","rect":[143.99989318847657,180.3544921875,521.0422029571533,171.24630737304688]},{"page":91,"text":"deck or floor. For pontoon bridges, one pontoon section has been sunk.","rect":[154.79949951171876,192.0548095703125,440.84051036834719,182.94662475585938]},{"page":91,"text":"Severe Damage--All spans remain attached, but one or more spans has sustained 50 percent","rect":[143.99989318847657,203.93450927734376,514.6657786331177,194.82632446289063]},{"page":91,"text":"destruction to the deck or floor width. For pontoon bridges, two or more nonadjacent pontoon","rect":[154.79949951171876,215.6348876953125,531.6006984710693,206.51669311523438]},{"page":91,"text":"sections has been sunk.","rect":[154.79949951171876,225.31129455566407,248.50782299041749,218.22714233398438]},{"page":91,"text":"Destruction--At least one span has been dropped. Piers or abutments might have sustained","rect":[143.99989318847657,239.2149658203125,509.3317165374756,230.10678100585938]},{"page":91,"text":"damage or they might have been destroyed. For pontoon bridges, two or more adjacent pontoon","rect":[154.80039978027345,250.915283203125,538.9778347015381,241.79708862304688]},{"page":91,"text":"sections have been sunk.","rect":[154.79949951171876,260.59161376953127,254.0984754562378,253.50747680664063]},{"page":91,"text":"FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,275.542236328125,202.52167654037477,267.4560241699219]},{"page":91,"text":"4-127. Using the assessment of physical damage can help determine the level of functional damage. ","rect":[117.0,295.5542907714844,527.2736158370972,286.44610595703127]},{"page":91,"text":"Highway Bridge--When you report that a bridge has sustained moderate to severe damage,","rect":[143.99989318847657,313.4339904785156,511.53591442108157,304.3258056640625]},{"page":91,"text":"identify the number of lanes that remain open (on a highway bridge) and what how much traffic","rect":[154.79949951171876,325.1343078613281,539.8710603790283,316.026123046875]},{"page":91,"text":"can still use the bridge.","rect":[154.79949951171876,336.8346862792969,247.62011241912843,327.72650146484377]},{"page":91,"text":"Railroad Bridge--Moderate or greater physical damage to a railroad bridge generally renders","rect":[143.99989318847657,354.71441650390627,520.3171527366638,345.6062316894531]},{"page":91,"text":"it unusable.","rect":[154.80039978027345,364.390625,201.05358409881593,357.3064880371094]},{"page":91,"text":"Pontoon Bridge--Recuperation time may be short in duration for a pontoon bridge that has been","rect":[144.0009002685547,384.29443359375,531.9680690765381,375.1862487792969]},{"page":91,"text":"destroyed due to the destruction of a few sections. Several factors such as the presence or","rect":[154.801513671875,395.99481201171877,513.2749536094666,386.8866271972656]},{"page":91,"text":"availability of spare sections, repair capability, or both, can rapidly reverse the effects of an","rect":[154.801513671875,407.6950988769531,521.7845363616943,398.5869140625]},{"page":91,"text":"attack. Some might be repaired before the combat assessment report is completed.","rect":[154.801513671875,419.3955078125,483.8821973800659,410.2873229980469]},{"page":91,"text":"Permanent Spanned Bridge--When a permanent bridge span sustains moderate to severe","rect":[144.0009002685547,437.27520751953127,506.78332234191898,428.1670227050781]},{"page":91,"text":"physical damage, assessing the extent of functional damage is difficult. The combat assessment","rect":[154.80039978027345,448.9754943847656,537.1549448928834,439.8673095703125]},{"page":91,"text":"analyst can seldom see under the bridge, but the damage there often exceeds the damage he can","rect":[154.80039978027345,460.6759033203125,537.6475734710693,451.5677185058594]},{"page":91,"text":"see on the deck. This is due to the delayed fuses used on most bridges. ","rect":[154.80039978027345,472.3761901855469,439.98650646209719,463.26800537109377]},{"page":91,"text":"BUILDINGS","rect":[90.0,492.089599609375,168.4334022064209,482.4014587402344]},{"page":91,"text":"4-128. A  building  is  designed  to  environmentally  shelter  an  enclosed  function  or  equipment.","rect":[117.0,512.4542846679688,540.0895338058472,503.3460998535156]},{"page":91,"text":"Destruction of the building is not required. The point is to destroy the critical element(s) it houses. ","rect":[117.0,524.1546630859375,514.0180921554565,515.0465087890625]},{"page":91,"text":"TYPES","rect":[90.0,541.882080078125,122.19382286071778,533.7958374023438]},{"page":91,"text":"4-129. These include framed buildings, buildings with load-bearing walls, high multistory buildings,","rect":[117.0,561.8941650390625,540.0414381027222,552.7860107421875]},{"page":91,"text":"and buildings with multiple wings.","rect":[117.0,573.594482421875,256.640513420105,564.486328125]},{"page":91,"text":"Framed Buildings--Framed structures (such as military headquarters, office buildings, and","rect":[143.99989318847657,591.4741821289063,510.7930507659912,582.3660278320313]},{"page":91,"text":"aircraft hangars) rarely collapse totally in an attack with conventional weapons. However,","rect":[154.80039978027345,603.174560546875,515.5975294113159,594.06640625]},{"page":91,"text":"regardless of external and overall damage, the building's frame tends to remain intact. On the","rect":[154.80039978027345,614.875,528.1598177032471,605.766845703125]},{"page":91,"text":"other hand, a steel or concrete frame need not collapse for the building to sustain damage at the","rect":[154.80039978027345,626.5753173828125,537.0141878204346,617.4671630859375]},{"page":91,"text":"levels previously described. ","rect":[154.80039978027345,638.2756958007813,269.04140758514407,629.1675415039063]},{"page":91,"text":"Buildings with Load Bearing Walls--In contrast to framed buildings, those with load-bearing","rect":[144.0009002685547,656.1553955078125,524.6536769866943,647.0472412109375]},{"page":91,"text":"walls, that is, walls that carry the weight of the floor and roof, generally sustain damage levels","rect":[154.801513671875,667.855712890625,532.7575213890076,658.74755859375]},{"page":91,"text":"equal to the amount of building collapse, and the damaged elements generally include the","rect":[154.801513671875,679.5560302734375,513.9136629180908,670.4478759765625]},{"page":91,"text":"load-bearing and non-load-bearing structural elements. ","rect":[154.801513671875,691.2564086914063,377.7277479171753,682.1482543945313]},{"page":91,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":91,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":91,"text":"4-33","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":92,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":92,"text":"High, Multistory Buildings--For buildings with more than four stories or with multiple sections","rect":[126.0,101.4539794921875,514.7929828147888,92.3458023071289]},{"page":92,"text":"(or wings), the team should report the level of damage for each story, section, or wing","rect":[136.79959106445313,113.154296875,481.9342861175537,104.0461196899414]},{"page":92,"text":"individually and that of the structure as a whole. For example, if a ten-story building receives","rect":[136.79959106445313,124.85467529296875,510.99439883041387,115.74649810791016]},{"page":92,"text":"severe damage to the upper three stories, they report the level of damage to those three floors","rect":[136.79959106445313,136.55511474609376,510.3314044456482,127.44693756103516]},{"page":92,"text":"plus the level of damage to the structure as a whole, which in this case might be assessed as","rect":[136.79959106445313,148.25537109375,504.2013690452576,139.14718627929688]},{"page":92,"text":"moderate.","rect":[136.79959106445313,157.93177795410157,176.51410961151124,150.84762573242188]},{"page":92,"text":"Buildings with Multiple Wings--For buildings with multiple wings, the team reports the","rect":[126.0,177.83551025390626,484.72521687316898,168.72732543945313]},{"page":92,"text":"destroyed wings and the damage to the remainder of the structure. For example, they might","rect":[136.79959106445313,189.53582763671876,502.6810984573364,180.42764282226563]},{"page":92,"text":"report that the North and South wings of a headquarters building have been destroyed, while","rect":[136.79959106445313,201.236083984375,508.09130574035648,192.12789916992188]},{"page":92,"text":"the center section sustained only moderate damage.","rect":[136.79959106445313,212.93646240234376,343.01262950897219,203.82827758789063]},{"page":92,"text":"PHYSICAL DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,230.6621551513672,169.8216643333435,222.57595825195313]},{"page":92,"text":"4-130. Target-element-area damage includes damage to non-load-bearing elements such as facades and","rect":[99.0,250.67425537109376,522.0405178070068,241.56607055664063]},{"page":92,"text":"external sheathing, as well as broken  windows  and  glass,  blown-out  curtain  walls,  and  blown-out","rect":[99.0,262.37469482421877,522.1016612014771,253.26651000976563]},{"page":92,"text":"roof panels.","rect":[99.0,274.0549621582031,146.44069957733155,264.9668273925781]},{"page":92,"text":"No Damage--Military action has caused no apparent damage. ","rect":[125.9999008178711,291.9546813964844,376.51690196990969,282.84649658203127]},{"page":92,"text":"Light Damage--At this level of damage, the target-element area has sustained up to 15","rect":[125.9999008178711,309.83441162109377,475.2567653656006,300.7262268066406]},{"page":92,"text":"percent damage.","rect":[136.79949951171876,321.53466796875,202.46422863006593,312.4264831542969]},{"page":92,"text":"Moderate Damage--At this level of damage, the target-element area has sustained from 15 to 45","rect":[125.9999008178711,339.4143981933594,515.64528465271,330.30621337890627]},{"page":92,"text":"percent damage.","rect":[136.79949951171876,351.11480712890627,202.45122814178468,342.0066223144531]},{"page":92,"text":"Severe Damage--At this level of damage, the target-element area has sustained from 45 to 75","rect":[125.9999008178711,368.9945068359375,502.20546531677248,359.8863220214844]},{"page":92,"text":"percent damage.","rect":[136.79949951171876,380.69482421875,202.45122814178468,371.5866394042969]},{"page":92,"text":"Destruction--At this level of damage, the target-element area has sustained from 75 to 100","rect":[125.9999008178711,398.5744934082031,491.3297939300537,389.46630859375]},{"page":92,"text":"percent damage.","rect":[136.80039978027345,410.27490234375,202.45221996307374,401.1667175292969]},{"page":92,"text":"FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,428.002197265625,184.52167654037477,419.9159851074219]},{"page":92,"text":"4-131. The greater the extent of physical damage to the building, the greater the likelihood that the","rect":[99.0,448.0142822265625,521.9255037384033,438.9060974121094]},{"page":92,"text":"critical element(s) within is damaged, hence the building requires a longer recuperation time to restore","rect":[99.0,459.714599609375,521.9972200469971,450.6064147949219]},{"page":92,"text":"the function.","rect":[99.0,469.39093017578127,149.72878551483155,462.3067932128906]},{"page":92,"text":"Location and Hardness--Although the level of physical damage to a building and functional","rect":[125.9999008178711,489.2947082519531,501.19492292022707,480.1865234375]},{"page":92,"text":"damage to its critical element(s) correlate somewhat, the location and hardness of a building's","rect":[136.80039978027345,500.9949951171875,512.2453753929138,491.8868103027344]},{"page":92,"text":"contents are the keys to a meaningful functional assessment. For example, in an industrial","rect":[136.80039978027345,512.6954345703125,496.8185496292114,503.5872497558594]},{"page":92,"text":"building, the machinery may be less vulnerable than the structure in which it is contained. The","rect":[136.80039978027345,524.3958129882813,515.204220779419,515.2876586914063]},{"page":92,"text":"structure might be moderately damaged, while the machinery it houses sustains little or no","rect":[136.80039978027345,536.0960693359375,499.07945823669436,526.9879150390625]},{"page":92,"text":"damage. On the other hand, fragile computer or other electronic equipment might be destroyed","rect":[136.80039978027345,547.7965087890625,516.9236965179443,538.6883544921875]},{"page":92,"text":"while the building that houses it sustains far less functional damage.","rect":[136.80039978027345,559.4967651367188,410.01262950897219,550.3886108398438]},{"page":92,"text":"Contents--Framed structures tend to show less apparent physical damage and is less likely to","rect":[126.00090026855469,577.37646484375,500.58788108825686,568.268310546875]},{"page":92,"text":"collapse than other types of buildings. Thus, determining the functional damage to the contents","rect":[136.80039978027345,589.076904296875,518.1867206077576,579.96875]},{"page":92,"text":"of a framed building is more difficult than assessing those of a wall-bearing structure. These","rect":[136.80039978027345,600.7771606445313,507.05675984191898,591.6690063476563]},{"page":92,"text":"tend to show more physical damage, and they collapse more readily, causing greater functional","rect":[136.80039978027345,612.4776000976563,517.9974131546021,603.3694458007813]},{"page":92,"text":"damage to their contents than do framed structures. ","rect":[136.80039978027345,624.1779174804688,344.7776746749878,615.0697631835938]},{"page":92,"text":"Recuperation--The team reports recuperation for both the structure and for the critical elements.","rect":[126.00090026855469,642.03759765625,515.1508131027222,632.949462890625]},{"page":92,"text":"Structural Damage as Unusability Criteria--General weaponeering guidance considers a","rect":[126.00090026855469,659.9373168945313,492.3591585235596,650.8291625976563]},{"page":92,"text":"building unusable (functionally destroyed) when it has sustained 50 percent structural damage.","rect":[136.80039978027345,671.6376953125,516.8467969894409,662.529541015625]},{"page":92,"text":"Depending on the type and location of critical elements, a lesser percentage of damage may be","rect":[136.80039978027345,683.3380126953125,515.9064302520752,674.2298583984375]},{"page":92,"text":"adequate to achieve the desired level of functional degradation.","rect":[136.80039978027345,695.0383911132813,390.67217540740969,685.9302368164063]},{"page":92,"text":"4-34","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":92,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":92,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":93,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":93,"text":"Landmarks and Symbols--A building may also serve as an important landmark or other symbol","rect":[144.0,101.4539794921875,534.2216563186646,92.3458023071289]},{"page":93,"text":"of national unity and resolve; in these cases, the entire building may be the critical element.","rect":[154.79959106445313,113.154296875,521.3375196456909,104.0461196899414]},{"page":93,"text":"BUNKERS","rect":[90.0,132.86973571777345,157.53737559509279,123.19557189941406]},{"page":93,"text":"4-132. Bunkers were formerly called hardened facilities. It can be very difficult for LRS teams to","rect":[117.0,153.2342529296875,539.9941310882568,144.12606811523438]},{"page":93,"text":"provide accurate BDA on bunkers unless they are able to conduct a physical inspection.","rect":[117.0,164.93463134765626,469.31524181365969,155.82644653320313]},{"page":93,"text":"PHYSICAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,182.6621551513672,187.8216643333435,174.57595825195313]},{"page":93,"text":"4-133. Target-element-area damage includes damage to non-load-bearing elements such as facades and","rect":[117.0,202.67425537109376,540.0405178070068,193.56607055664063]},{"page":93,"text":"external sheathing, as well as to broken windows and glass, blown-out curtain walls, and blown-out","rect":[117.0,214.37469482421876,540.1061167678834,205.26651000976563]},{"page":93,"text":"roof panels.","rect":[117.0,226.0549774169922,164.44069957733155,216.96682739257813]},{"page":93,"text":"No Damage--Military action has caused no apparent damage. ","rect":[143.99989318847657,243.9547119140625,394.51690196990969,234.84652709960938]},{"page":93,"text":"Light Damage--At this level of damage, no weapon penetration has occurred, but exterior","rect":[143.99989318847657,261.83441162109377,507.0213830528259,252.72622680664063]},{"page":93,"text":"damage is apparent.","rect":[154.79949951171876,273.53472900390627,234.67571544647218,264.4265441894531]},{"page":93,"text":"Moderate Damage--At this level of damage, weapons have obviously penetrated the bunker.","rect":[143.99989318847657,291.4143981933594,519.5551099777222,282.30621337890627]},{"page":93,"text":"Severe Damage--At this level of damage, part, but less than one-third of, the bunker roof or","rect":[143.99989318847657,309.2940979003906,514.3368432579041,300.1859130859375]},{"page":93,"text":"sidewalls has collapsed.","rect":[154.79949951171876,320.9744567871094,250.91250133514405,311.8863220214844]},{"page":93,"text":"Destruction--At this level of damage, more than one-third of the bunker roof and sidewalls have","rect":[143.99989318847657,338.87408447265627,532.8508577423096,329.7658996582031]},{"page":93,"text":"collapsed.","rect":[154.79949951171876,350.554443359375,195.19512462615968,341.46630859375]},{"page":93,"text":"FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,368.3022155761719,202.52167654037477,360.21600341796877]},{"page":93,"text":"4-134. Assessing damage to all types of hardened structures requires analysis of aircraft cockpit video","rect":[117.0,388.3143005371094,539.9843654632568,379.20611572265627]},{"page":93,"text":"(ACV) and a search for blown-off entrance doors, burn marks outside entrances, or smoke from fire or","rect":[117.0,399.99462890625,540.0300195274353,390.906494140625]},{"page":93,"text":"secondary explosions. The results of this analysis must be compared to information about the internal","rect":[117.0,411.7149963378906,540.0862193069459,402.6068115234375]},{"page":93,"text":"configuration of the bunker to determine the approximate location of the weapon detonation.","rect":[117.0,423.4154052734375,489.0829725265503,414.3072204589844]},{"page":93,"text":"4-135. A single weapon is unlikely to collapse or partially destroy a large bunker built with lots of","rect":[117.0,441.1156921386719,539.9592187461853,432.00750732421877]},{"page":93,"text":"thick  concrete,  burster  slabs,  and  soil  layers. However,  a  big  weapon  detonation  inside the bunker","rect":[117.0,452.8160095214844,540.0118310508728,443.70782470703127]},{"page":93,"text":"generally destroys the contents. Knowledge of bunker construction such as dimensions, wall placement,","rect":[117.0,464.51641845703127,539.9930982589722,455.4082336425781]},{"page":93,"text":"and thickness of roofs, floors, or walls is required to accurately assess the extent of internal physical and","rect":[116.9990005493164,476.2168273925781,540.0404567718506,467.108642578125]},{"page":93,"text":"functional damage.","rect":[116.9990005493164,487.9170837402344,193.80054759979249,478.80889892578127]},{"page":93,"text":"4-136. Functional damage to a bunker depends on its mission. If internal compartmentalization allows,","rect":[116.9990005493164,505.6174011230469,540.0179395675659,496.50921630859377]},{"page":93,"text":"a round that penetrates the bunker has a good chance of damaging or destroying sensitive contents such","rect":[116.9990005493164,517.3178100585938,540.0285549163818,508.2096252441406]},{"page":93,"text":"as aircraft or munitions. If the damage is not too great, the contents can be moved. In these situations,","rect":[116.9990005493164,529.01806640625,540.0045118331909,519.909912109375]},{"page":93,"text":"depending on the level  of  physical  damage,  the  contents  can  be  removed  and  the  bunker  can  be","rect":[116.9990005493164,540.718505859375,540.0509920196533,531.6103515625]},{"page":93,"text":"reconstituted to reuse for protective storage of other equipment or supplies.","rect":[116.9990005493164,552.4188842773438,418.8739881515503,543.3107299804688]},{"page":93,"text":"4-137. A successful weapon penetration and detonation generally damages or destroys both mission","rect":[116.9990005493164,570.1192016601563,540.0095729827881,561.0110473632813]},{"page":93,"text":"and operations in a bunker serving in a production or C2 role. In any of these situations, the extent of ","rect":[116.9990005493164,581.8195190429688,542.5123853683472,572.7113647460938]},{"page":93,"text":"functional damage depends on estimates of physical damage to the internal structure, ventilation system,","rect":[116.9990005493164,593.5198974609375,540.0971632003784,584.4117431640625]},{"page":93,"text":"to  electronic  or  communications  equipment,  and  to  power  supplies,  lights,  water  lines,  tools,  and","rect":[116.9990005493164,605.22021484375,540.0552883148193,596.112060546875]},{"page":93,"text":"equipment, for example. Generally, long recuperation times are associated with this type of internal","rect":[116.9990005493164,616.9205932617188,540.0934824905396,607.8124389648438]},{"page":93,"text":"damage.  As  with  buildings,  when  reporting  recuperation,  the team reports both the structure's","rect":[116.9990005493164,628.6209716796875,539.8296039085388,619.5128173828125]},{"page":93,"text":"recuperation and the recuperation of the critical elements.    ","rect":[116.9990005493164,640.30126953125,358.22759532928469,631.213134765625]},{"page":93,"text":"DAMS AND LOCKS","rect":[90.0,660.0296020507813,217.29488291931154,650.3554077148438]},{"page":93,"text":"4-138. Dams and  locks  have  one  function:  to  contain  water  on  the  upstream  side.  Military  action","rect":[117.0,680.394287109375,540.0714015960693,671.2861328125]},{"page":93,"text":"can cause--","rect":[117.0,690.0706176757813,162.43669677352907,685.3211669921875]},{"page":93,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":93,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":93,"text":"4-35","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":94,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":94,"text":"NO DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,83.62802124023438,135.38166189193727,75.51602172851563]},{"page":94,"text":"4-139. If no damage occurs, no loss of functionality occurs.","rect":[99.0,103.61431884765625,345.8543348312378,94.50614166259766]},{"page":94,"text":"DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,141.38218688964845,116.96167135238648,133.29598999023438]},{"page":94,"text":"4-140. A breach, break, or puncture in the face of the lock or dam affects functionality immediately in","rect":[99.0,161.394287109375,522.0100002288818,152.28610229492188]},{"page":94,"text":"the form of a leak, whose size depends on the amount of damage. ","rect":[99.0,173.0947265625,363.92776012420657,163.98654174804688]},{"page":94,"text":"DESTRUCTION","rect":[72.0,190.8221893310547,143.21936130523683,182.73599243164063]},{"page":94,"text":"4-141. Loss of the lock or dam causes an immediate flood, which is total functional failure. ","rect":[99.0,209.0,474.95171642303469,201.72610473632813]},{"page":94,"text":"DISTILLATION TOWERS","rect":[72.0,230.5497283935547,239.25252452087404,220.8755645751953]},{"page":94,"text":"4-142. Distillation tower targets include the tower and all associated equipment.","rect":[99.0,250.9141845703125,427.40383434295657,241.80599975585938]},{"page":94,"text":"PHYSICAL DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,268.64208984375,169.8216643333435,260.5558776855469]},{"page":94,"text":"4-143. When reporting physical damage to a specific tower, also report damage level of equipment","rect":[99.0,288.654296875,522.0365366897584,279.5461120605469]},{"page":94,"text":"directly  associated  with  the  tower.  This  equipment usually includes  one  or  more  furnaces,  heat","rect":[99.0,300.3545837402344,521.9968638381959,291.24639892578127]},{"page":94,"text":"exchangers, or condensers; and elevated pipe ways. If possible, also report damage level of the control","rect":[99.0,312.05499267578127,522.0245127639771,302.9468078613281]},{"page":94,"text":"building associated with the distillation tower.","rect":[99.0,323.75543212890627,284.5036268234253,314.6472473144531]},{"page":94,"text":"No Damage","rect":[72.0,354.4407043457031,126.6584373626709,344.8112487792969]},{"page":94,"text":"4-144.","rect":[99.0,369.8999938964844,125.02694988250733,363.12646484375]},{"page":94,"text":"Military action has caused no apparent damage. ","rect":[134.99989318847657,372.0542907714844,328.8302869796753,362.94610595703127]},{"page":94,"text":"Light Damage","rect":[72.0,391.04071044921877,138.87988053894044,381.235595703125]},{"page":94,"text":"4-145. Military action has caused no apparent  penetration  of  tower  shell  or  disruption  to  piping","rect":[99.0,408.654296875,522.0325222015381,399.5461120605469]},{"page":94,"text":"connections. Portions of the insulation covering the tower shell appear damaged or scorched.","rect":[99.0,420.3545837402344,472.0527296066284,411.24639892578127]},{"page":94,"text":"Moderate Damage","rect":[72.0,439.3406982421875,159.01101457214356,429.71124267578127]},{"page":94,"text":"4-146. Military action has left the tower shell standing, but has penetrated the tower or deformed or","rect":[99.0,456.95428466796877,522.0618188438416,447.8460998535156]},{"page":94,"text":"severed piping connections.","rect":[99.0,468.6546936035156,210.88738536834718,459.5465087890625]},{"page":94,"text":"Destruction","rect":[72.0,485.4227294921875,126.91097868347168,477.8355712890625]},{"page":94,"text":"4-147. Military action has at least partially collapsed or toppled the tower.","rect":[99.0,505.25421142578127,403.58599376678469,496.1460266113281]},{"page":94,"text":"FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,522.9821166992188,184.52167654037477,514.8958740234375]},{"page":94,"text":"4-148. The effects of damaging a distillation tower on the target’s production capabilities depend on","rect":[99.0,542.9942626953125,522.0663967132568,533.8861083984375]},{"page":94,"text":"the  specific  functions  of  the  towers such  as  primary  distillation  or  secondary  processing.  The  team","rect":[98.9990005493164,554.6947021484375,522.0843787155152,545.5865478515625]},{"page":94,"text":"reports functional damage of a distillation tower in terms of the time required to repair or replace it and","rect":[98.9990005493164,566.39501953125,522.0069484710693,557.286865234375]},{"page":94,"text":"the  specific  production  capabilities  denied  in  the  meantime.  The  team must  also  report  damage  to","rect":[98.9990005493164,578.0953979492188,521.9766139984131,568.9872436523438]},{"page":94,"text":"equipment directly associated with a distillation tower, because the results could compare to significant","rect":[98.9990005493164,589.7957153320313,522.0221934280396,580.6875610351563]},{"page":94,"text":"damage to the tower. ","rect":[98.9990005493164,601.49609375,185.57055187225343,592.387939453125]},{"page":94,"text":"MILITARY EQUIPMENT","rect":[72.0,623.5164184570313,234.5188888206482,611.5355224609375]},{"page":94,"text":"4-149. This applies to equipment whether deployed or in depot:","rect":[99.0,641.5742797851563,361.87253522491457,632.4661254882813]},{"page":94,"text":"DEFINITIONS","rect":[72.0,659.3021240234375,136.37010765075685,651.2158813476563]},{"page":94,"text":"• Armored vehicles include tanks and armored personal carriers.","rect":[126.0,679.294189453125,388.6656141281128,670.2060546875]},{"page":94,"text":"• Artillery includes field and antiaircraft artillery systems, both towed and self propelled.","rect":[126.0,697.0145263671875,486.7679090499878,687.9063720703125]},{"page":94,"text":"• Trucks include all types of nonarmored vehicles, whether used for land transportation, and C2.","rect":[126.0,714.7149047851563,517.0861768722534,705.6067504882813]},{"page":94,"text":"4-36","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":94,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":94,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":95,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":95,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,79.33582305908203,147.50700016021728,76.88092041015625]},{"page":95,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,99.0,147.50700016021728,95.0]},{"page":95,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,116.0,147.50700016021728,113.0]},{"page":95,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,134.0,147.50700016021728,130.0]},{"page":95,"text":"Locomotives and rolling stock include all types of rail transportation.","rect":[154.79849243164063,83.57427978515625,432.7941541671753,74.46610260009766]},{"page":95,"text":"Aircraft include all types of fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft.","rect":[154.81878662109376,101.274658203125,393.0861463546753,92.1664810180664]},{"page":95,"text":"Rockets include single-round and multiround rockets and their associated launchers.","rect":[154.83560180664063,118.97503662109375,493.21099376678469,109.86685943603516]},{"page":95,"text":"Missiles include surface-to-surface and surface-to-air (fixed and mobile) missiles and their","rect":[154.8278045654297,136.65525817871095,518.5607202110291,127.5671157836914]},{"page":95,"text":"associated launchers.","rect":[154.79959106445313,146.35157775878907,239.49868297576905,139.26742553710938]},{"page":95,"text":"• Radar antennas include those that stand alone or are attached to a van or trailer. Radars may or","rect":[144.0,166.07598876953126,534.1619775352478,156.96780395507813]},{"page":95,"text":"may not be associated with a missile site. ","rect":[154.79959106445313,177.77630615234376,322.4371290206909,168.66812133789063]},{"page":95,"text":"• Fire-control components include all vans or trailers (radar, guidance, power and computer)","rect":[144.0,195.4766845703125,519.1192529258728,186.36849975585938]},{"page":95,"text":"associated with SSM, SAM, and AAA sites.","rect":[154.79959106445313,206.6859588623047,332.35122203826907,198.06875610351563]},{"page":95,"text":"PHYSICAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,224.90220642089845,187.8216643333435,216.81600952148438]},{"page":95,"text":"4-150. The team must consider their observations carefully before they report \"No damage\" to military","rect":[117.0,244.914306640625,540.0485744476318,235.80612182617188]},{"page":95,"text":"equipment. They might not observe some of the physical deformations that happened to it. To determine","rect":[117.0,256.61468505859377,540.0079622344971,247.50650024414063]},{"page":95,"text":"damage level, they must analyze as many sources and types of information as they can observe; for","rect":[117.0,268.31500244140627,540.0306909141541,259.2068176269531]},{"page":95,"text":"example, a complete lack of either vehicular movement or radio transmissions for an extended period of ","rect":[117.0,279.9953308105469,542.6032667160034,270.9071960449219]},{"page":95,"text":"time. Then, when they are ready to report physical damage to military equipment, they must report the","rect":[117.0,291.7156982421875,540.0273714141846,282.6075134277344]},{"page":95,"text":"total number of each type of equipment observed, the number of pieces of equipment damaged, and the","rect":[117.0,303.41607666015627,540.0251741485596,294.3078918457031]},{"page":95,"text":"number destroyed.","rect":[117.0,315.1164245605469,191.62914562225343,306.00823974609377]},{"page":95,"text":"No Damage","rect":[90.0,345.8006896972656,144.65844499206544,336.1712341308594]},{"page":95,"text":"4-151.","rect":[117.0,361.3702087402344,143.0269422531128,354.4864501953125]},{"page":95,"text":"Military action has caused no apparent damage. ","rect":[152.99989318847657,363.4142761230469,346.8302869796753,354.30609130859377]},{"page":95,"text":"Damage","rect":[90.0,394.1006774902344,128.44556199645997,384.4712219238281]},{"page":95,"text":"4-152. Military action has caused physical deformations to equipment such as holes, exterior scorch","rect":[117.0,411.71429443359377,540.1056423187256,402.6061096191406]},{"page":95,"text":"marks, or broken or missing exterior equipment  or  components  such  as  broken  tracks  or  wheel  or","rect":[117.0,423.4146728515625,540.0432031211853,414.3064880371094]},{"page":95,"text":"missing armored plates. However, major components remain intact.","rect":[117.0,435.114990234375,388.5277967453003,425.9967956542969]},{"page":95,"text":"Destruction","rect":[90.0,451.8827209472656,144.91097105407716,444.2955627441406]},{"page":95,"text":"4-153. Military  action  has  left ","rect":[117.0,471.71429443359377,254.9633436203003,462.6061096191406]},{"page":95,"text":"catastrophic damage (K-Kill).","rect":[117.0,483.4146728515625,236.95916271209718,474.3064880371094]},{"page":95,"text":"the  equipment  unrepairable,","rect":[257.61865234375,471.6942443847656,375.1050672531128,462.6061096191406]},{"page":95,"text":"possibly","rect":[380.19622802734377,471.71429443359377,413.6418972015381,462.6061096191406]},{"page":95,"text":"scrappable.","rect":[418.73309326171877,471.6942443847656,464.09755992889407,462.6061096191406]},{"page":95,"text":"This","rect":[469.1886901855469,469.69024658203127,487.0163409690857,462.6061096191406]},{"page":95,"text":"qualifies","rect":[492.10748291015627,471.6942443847656,526.6244037132263,462.6061096191406]},{"page":95,"text":"as","rect":[531.7155151367188,469.69024658203127,540.0531756858826,464.9508056640625]},{"page":95,"text":"FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,501.1421203613281,202.52167654037477,493.055908203125]},{"page":95,"text":"4-154. The level of functional damage of a missile or radar site depends upon the extent of damage, the","rect":[117.0,521.1541748046875,540.0768098907471,512.0460205078125]},{"page":95,"text":"number of  critical elements and their  individual  levels  of  damage,  and  the  interconnectivity  of  the","rect":[117.0,532.8546142578125,540.0494661407471,523.7464599609375]},{"page":95,"text":"various elements that make up the site. Visible damage might have little or no effect on equipment","rect":[117.0,544.554931640625,540.0784068069459,535.44677734375]},{"page":95,"text":"functionality. Functional damage of equipment includes any damage that partly or completely reduces--","rect":[117.0,556.2553100585938,533.2216699180603,547.1471557617188]},{"page":95,"text":"• The ability of the C2 nodes to effectively operate. ","rect":[143.99989318847657,573.95556640625,356.9999952316284,564.847412109375]},{"page":95,"text":"• The ability of the logistics nodes to--","rect":[143.99989318847657,591.6558837890625,303.01555419540406,582.5477294921875]},{"page":95,"text":"--  Fuel,","rect":[154.7976531982422,607.3272094726563,186.66326427459718,600.2431030273438]},{"page":95,"text":"--  Arm,","rect":[154.79949951171876,626.5656127929688,187.12401866912843,618.1187133789063]},{"page":95,"text":"--  Fix,","rect":[154.79949951171876,643.0,182.21422863006593,635.643798828125]},{"page":95,"text":"--  Transport,","rect":[154.79949951171876,662.42724609375,207.90148448944093,653.6597290039063]},{"page":95,"text":"--  Operate, or","rect":[154.79949951171876,680.1375732421875,211.49567199325564,671.2197265625]},{"page":95,"text":"--  Protect.","rect":[154.79949951171876,695.828857421875,197.23620128631593,689.0653686523438]},{"page":95,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":95,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":95,"text":"4-37","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":96,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":96,"text":"•","rect":[126.00039672851563,99.0,129.5073968887329,95.0]},{"page":96,"text":"The ability of the engineering resources to provide--","rect":[136.8212127685547,101.274658203125,346.8252160606384,92.1664810180664]},{"page":96,"text":"--  Mobility,","rect":[136.8000030517578,118.97503662109375,185.8778486251831,109.86685943603516]},{"page":96,"text":"--  Countermobility, and","rect":[136.8000030517578,136.67529296875,234.05731773376466,127.5671157836914]},{"page":96,"text":"--  Survivability support.","rect":[136.8000030517578,154.3756103515625,235.8637342453003,145.26742553710938]},{"page":96,"text":"TYPES OF EQUIPMENT","rect":[72.0,173.6664276123047,182.3001799583435,164.01602172851563]},{"page":96,"text":"4-155. Types of equipment  whose  reduction  in  capability  can  affect  the  functioning  of  a  site  or","rect":[99.0,192.11431884765626,522.0198266563416,183.00613403320313]},{"page":96,"text":"element include--","rect":[99.0,201.79066467285157,169.32932067489626,194.70651245117188]},{"page":96,"text":"Armored Vehicles and Artillery--Functional damage is an elimination of firepower capability","rect":[125.9999008178711,221.69427490234376,509.0934658050537,212.58609008789063]},{"page":96,"text":"(F-kill), prevention of mobility (M-kill), or both, which the crew cannot repair on the","rect":[136.79949951171876,233.39471435546876,478.5978059844971,224.28652954101563]},{"page":96,"text":"battlefield.","rect":[136.79949951171876,244.0,179.8760175704956,235.98696899414063]},{"page":96,"text":"Trucks--Functional damage is a reduction in mobility (M-kill) or in ability to use the truck's","rect":[125.9999008178711,262.9747314453125,497.08586001205449,253.86654663085938]},{"page":96,"text":"internal equipment for a number of hours until the crew can repair the equipment or vehicle.","rect":[136.80039978027345,274.6550598144531,506.7846632003784,265.5669250488281]},{"page":96,"text":"Locomotives and Rolling Stock--Functional damage is prevention of mobility (M-kill) for a","rect":[125.9999008178711,292.5548095703125,500.3246431427002,283.4466247558594]},{"page":96,"text":"number of hours until the crew can repair the locomotive or rolling stock cars. Functional","rect":[136.79949951171876,304.2550964355469,496.0661997756958,295.14691162109377]},{"page":96,"text":"damage can also include damage or destruction of materials within the cars.","rect":[136.79949951171876,315.95550537109377,440.70684337615969,306.8473205566406]},{"page":96,"text":"Aircraft--Functional damage prevents takeoff (PTO-kill) for a number of hours until the crew can","rect":[125.9999008178711,333.835205078125,520.9782009124756,324.7270202636719]},{"page":96,"text":"repair it. ","rect":[136.80039978027345,345.51544189453127,173.29857921600343,336.42730712890627]},{"page":96,"text":"Rocket, Missile, or Launcher--Functional damage prevents successful or effective firing of the","rect":[126.00090026855469,363.4151916503906,512.4963655548096,354.3070068359375]},{"page":96,"text":"weapon (F-kill). The crew cannot repair this damage on the battlefield.","rect":[136.801513671875,375.1156005859375,421.0374708175659,366.0074157714844]},{"page":96,"text":"Radar Antenna or Its Van or Trailer--Functional damage prevents a radar system from","rect":[126.00090026855469,392.99530029296877,485.964963432312,383.8871154785156]},{"page":96,"text":"acquiring, firing, or tracking missiles (F-kill) until the system can be repaired.","rect":[136.801513671875,404.69561767578127,449.39028453826907,395.5874328613281]},{"page":96,"text":"GROUND FORCE PERSONNEL","rect":[72.0,424.4096984863281,275.16999660873418,414.7215576171875]},{"page":96,"text":"4-156. Damaging or destroying an occupied position such as a bunker, trench, or other structure ora","rect":[99.0,444.7743225097656,521.9683504180908,435.6661376953125]},{"page":96,"text":"vehicle such as a personnel carrier or truck usually causes casualties. FM 6-30 states that for indirect fire,","rect":[99.0,456.47467041015627,522.0383253097534,447.3664855957031]},{"page":96,"text":"thirty-percent casualties or materiel damage inflicted during a short time span normally renders a unit","rect":[99.0,468.17498779296877,522.0967173538209,459.0668029785156]},{"page":96,"text":"ineffective.","rect":[99.0,477.8513488769531,144.39275646209718,470.7672119140625]},{"page":96,"text":"However,","rect":[149.6112060546875,479.0,188.88465404510499,471.0878601074219]},{"page":96,"text":"a","rect":[194.10311889648438,477.80126953125,198.55199909973144,473.1119079589844]},{"page":96,"text":"commander","rect":[203.77040100097657,477.8513488769531,250.92065978622439,470.7672119140625]},{"page":96,"text":"will","rect":[256.13909912109377,477.8513488769531,271.72421979522707,470.7672119140625]},{"page":96,"text":"stipulate  the  desired  effects  and  percentages  required  for","rect":[276.9427185058594,479.8753967285156,522.0316674766541,470.7672119140625]},{"page":96,"text":"success against specific target categories.","rect":[99.0,491.57568359375,264.6206007003784,482.4674987792969]},{"page":96,"text":"PHYSICAL DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,509.3021240234375,169.8216643333435,501.2159118652344]},{"page":96,"text":"4-157. In addition to reporting physical damage levels, the team should estimate the total percentage of ","rect":[99.0,529.314208984375,524.5491285324097,520.2060546875]},{"page":96,"text":"the ground force destroyed. For equipment, see the damage definitions provided for military equipment.","rect":[99.0,541.0145874023438,516.3087720870972,531.9064331054688]},{"page":96,"text":"No Damage","rect":[72.0,560.000732421875,126.6584373626709,550.3712768554688]},{"page":96,"text":"4-158.","rect":[99.0,575.5701293945313,125.02694988250733,568.6864013671875]},{"page":96,"text":"Damage","rect":[72.0,596.6005859375,110.44556199645996,586.9711303710938]},{"page":96,"text":"Military action has caused no apparent damage. ","rect":[134.99989318847657,577.6141967773438,328.8302869796753,568.5060424804688]},{"page":96,"text":"4-159. Military  action  has  caused  up  to  30  percent casualties  to  visible  personnel  or  to  occupied","rect":[99.0,614.2142944335938,521.9793605804443,605.1061401367188]},{"page":96,"text":"positions or organic equipment.","rect":[99.0,625.9146728515625,226.08300304412843,616.8065185546875]},{"page":96,"text":"Destruction","rect":[72.0,642.6826782226563,126.91097868347168,635.095458984375]},{"page":96,"text":"4-160. Military action has caused more than 30 percent casualties to visible personnel or to occupied","rect":[99.0,662.5142822265625,521.9866237640381,653.4061279296875]},{"page":96,"text":"positions or organic equipment.","rect":[99.0,674.214599609375,226.08300304412843,665.1064453125]},{"page":96,"text":"4-38","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":96,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":96,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":97,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0793173828125,38.0880126953125]},{"page":97,"text":"FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,83.60221862792969,202.52167654037477,75.51602172851563]},{"page":97,"text":"4-161. The  attrition  of  ground  forces  is  influenced  by  factors  in  the  domains of  battle: physical","rect":[117.0,103.61431884765625,540.0114512405396,94.50614166259766]},{"page":97,"text":"(personnel, weapons systems, and sustainment), cybernetic (C2), morale (will to fight), training, and","rect":[117.0,115.31768798828125,540.0023097991943,106.20951080322266]},{"page":97,"text":"leadership.  Generally,  the  greater  the  personnel casualties  and  damage  to  their  equipment  and","rect":[117.0,127.02099609375,540.0966091156006,117.9128189086914]},{"page":97,"text":"communications and supply networks, the greater the attrition of ground forces and the lower their","rect":[117.0,138.724365234375,540.0858666954041,129.61618041992188]},{"page":97,"text":"combat  effectiveness.  Desertions  or POW losses may  also  render  a  unit  ineffective.  As  part  of","rect":[117.0,150.42767333984376,539.9761865196228,141.31948852539063]},{"page":97,"text":"determining enemy combat effectiveness (ability to function), two factors must be addressed in clear and","rect":[117.0,162.131103515625,540.0584011077881,153.02291870117188]},{"page":97,"text":"simple terms:","rect":[117.0,173.8144989013672,171.05933332061768,164.72634887695313]},{"page":97,"text":"• Reconstitution of forces and recuperation of facilities.","rect":[148.50289916992188,191.51976013183595,371.4462842941284,182.43161010742188]},{"page":97,"text":"• Residual capabilities to perform defense, assault, and supply missions. ","rect":[148.49288940429688,209.2451171875,439.8553113937378,200.13693237304688]},{"page":97,"text":"STORAGE TANKS FOR PETROLEUM, OIL, LUBRICANTS","rect":[90.0,229.0,467.3916541595459,219.2415313720703]},{"page":97,"text":"4-162. Although a POL tank may sustain damage, its contents may be retrievable and usable. ","rect":[117.0,249.2943115234375,500.4164991378784,240.18612670898438]},{"page":97,"text":"PHYSICAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,267.0220947265625,187.8216643333435,258.9358825683594]},{"page":97,"text":"No Damage","rect":[90.0,288.3206787109375,144.65844499206544,278.69122314453127]},{"page":97,"text":"4-163. Military action has caused no apparent damage. ","rect":[117.0,305.9342956542969,346.8813428878784,296.82611083984377]},{"page":97,"text":"Light to Moderate Damage, Aboveground Tanks","rect":[90.0,324.9206848144531,319.1888528785706,315.1155700683594]},{"page":97,"text":"4-164. Military action has punctured top walls, sidewalls, or both; possibly spilled contents; caused no","rect":[117.0,342.5343017578125,540.0386257171631,333.4261169433594]},{"page":97,"text":"evidence of sustained fire; left structural integrity intact.","rect":[117.01000213623047,354.2376708984375,342.67544078826907,345.1294860839844]},{"page":97,"text":"Light to Moderate Damage, Partly or Completely Underground Tanks","rect":[90.0,373.2206726074219,420.84714755630497,363.4155578613281]},{"page":97,"text":"4-165.","rect":[117.0,388.7902526855469,143.0269422531128,381.906494140625]},{"page":97,"text":"Destruction","rect":[90.0,407.60272216796877,144.91097105407716,400.01556396484377]},{"page":97,"text":"Round has penetrated tank, but no secondary explosion or sustained fire has occurred.","rect":[153.0019073486328,390.8343200683594,498.37050914764407,381.72613525390627]},{"page":97,"text":"4-166. Military action has caused at least partial collapse or buckling of side wall; or, a secondary","rect":[117.0,427.4342956542969,539.9824733734131,418.32611083984377]},{"page":97,"text":"explosion or a sustained fire has occurred, or both.","rect":[117.01000213623047,439.11761474609377,320.1640272140503,430.02947998046877]},{"page":97,"text":"FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,456.8622131347656,202.52167654037477,448.7760009765625]},{"page":97,"text":"4-167. Significant functional damage of a POL storage installation is expressed in terms of storage","rect":[117.0,476.8742980957031,539.9519319610596,467.76611328125]},{"page":97,"text":"capacity rendered unusable and time required to repair or replace this denied capacity. ","rect":[117.0,488.5776672363281,465.17205333709719,479.469482421875]},{"page":97,"text":"POWER PLANT TURBINES AND GENERATORS","rect":[90.0,508.2897033691406,403.35604014587406,498.6015625]},{"page":97,"text":"4-168. Power plant turbines and generators may be housed in separate structures or together in a single","rect":[117.0,528.6541748046875,540.0220613555908,519.5460205078125]},{"page":97,"text":"structure called a \"generator hall.\" Physical damage to the turbine or generator units can be difficult to","rect":[117.0,540.3576049804688,539.9836330413818,531.2494506835938]},{"page":97,"text":"identify if the generator hall remains relatively intact. Therefore, damage estimates to the units are based","rect":[117.0,552.0609130859375,539.9476222991943,542.9527587890625]},{"page":97,"text":"upon the location of the weapon detonation and on the physical damage to the building itself. The closer","rect":[117.0,563.7642822265625,539.9803979454041,554.6561279296875]},{"page":97,"text":"to the floor a weapon detonates, the greater the probability of unit damage. The extent and location of ","rect":[117.0,575.4675903320313,542.5443067550659,566.3594360351563]},{"page":97,"text":"structural damage, as opposed to roof-panel damage, is another indicator of unit damage--the greater the","rect":[117.0,587.1710205078125,540.0004549102783,578.0628662109375]},{"page":97,"text":"wall damage and structural collapse, the greater the likelihood that the unit(s) is damaged or destroyed","rect":[117.0,598.8743896484375,539.8916530609131,589.7662353515625]},{"page":97,"text":"under the rubble.","rect":[117.0,608.5536499023438,185.38849925994874,601.4695434570313]},{"page":97,"text":"PHYSICAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,628.2822265625,187.8216643333435,620.1959838867188]},{"page":97,"text":"4-169. When reporting physical damage, the team reports the number of turbines or generators that are","rect":[117.0,648.2943115234375,539.9231233673096,639.1861572265625]},{"page":97,"text":"damaged and destroyed  out  of  the  total  number  of  units  at  the  facility.  When  performing  combat","rect":[117.0,659.9976806640625,540.2164683303834,650.8895263671875]},{"page":97,"text":"assessment  on  a  generator hall, they report physical  damage  to  both  the  building  (see  previous","rect":[117.0,671.7009887695313,539.9735248069763,662.5928344726563]},{"page":97,"text":"discussion), and they estimate damage to the turbines or generators located inside.","rect":[117.0,683.4044189453125,446.50869274139407,674.2962646484375]},{"page":97,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98230200195312,747.489013671875]},{"page":97,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0636901855469,754.0679931640625,329.0175192871094,747.489013671875]},{"page":97,"text":"4-39","rect":[522.0786743164063,754.0679931640625,540.0363486328125,747.489013671875]},{"page":98,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.47270422363282,38.0880126953125]},{"page":98,"text":"No Damage","rect":[72.0,84.86070251464844,126.6584373626709,75.23123931884766]},{"page":98,"text":"4-170. Military action has caused no apparent damage. ","rect":[99.0,102.47418212890625,328.8813428878784,93.36600494384766]},{"page":98,"text":"Damage","rect":[72.0,121.46067810058594,110.44117509460449,111.83121490478516]},{"page":98,"text":"4-171. Military  action  has  caused  no  apparent weapon  penetration  of  unit,  but  the  environmental","rect":[99.0,139.07415771484376,521.9900279006959,129.96597290039063]},{"page":98,"text":"housing over the unit has sustained damage and is disfigured. The unit may also have been displaced","rect":[99.0,150.77764892578126,521.9721584320068,141.66946411132813]},{"page":98,"text":"from its foundation.","rect":[99.0,160.4568634033203,178.94140148162843,153.37271118164063]},{"page":98,"text":"Destruction","rect":[72.0,179.2427215576172,126.91097868347168,171.65553283691407]},{"page":98,"text":"4-172. Military  action  has  breached  or penetrated the turbine  or  generator  unit,  causing  extensive","rect":[99.0,199.07427978515626,522.0334138946533,189.96609497070313]},{"page":98,"text":"structural deformation, or completely tore the unit apart. This is a catastrophic kill (K-kill).","rect":[99.01000213623047,210.7777099609375,463.7380323410034,201.66952514648438]},{"page":98,"text":"FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,228.5022430419922,184.52167654037477,220.41604614257813]},{"page":98,"text":"4-173. Power plants with free-standing, gas-turbine-generator units can operate independently of each","rect":[99.0,248.51434326171876,522.0591945648193,239.40615844726563]},{"page":98,"text":"other.  These  units  are  housed  in  light  metal  structures  that  provide  environmental protection only.","rect":[99.0,260.2176513671875,522.0737867355347,251.10946655273438]},{"page":98,"text":"Destruction of one unit of these units only partly degrades electrical production. Also, because turbines","rect":[99.0,271.92095947265627,521.9992816429138,262.8127746582031]},{"page":98,"text":"and  generator  units  exemplify  machines  that  are  less  vulnerable  to damage than their housing,","rect":[98.98999786376953,283.6244201660156,521.9516553878784,274.5162353515625]},{"page":98,"text":"moderately damaging a generator hall can have little or no effect on the units it houses, and thus on their","rect":[98.98999786376953,295.32769775390627,522.0394189414978,286.2195129394531]},{"page":98,"text":"functioning. When reporting recuperation, the team reports recuperation both of the structure and of the","rect":[98.98999786376953,307.0310974121094,521.9497957305908,297.92291259765627]},{"page":98,"text":"turbines and generators.","rect":[98.98999786376953,318.7344970703125,195.25709056854249,309.6263122558594]},{"page":98,"text":"RAIL LINES AND RAIL YARDS","rect":[72.0,338.4296875,276.0325233001709,328.75555419921877]},{"page":98,"text":"4-174. Recuperation time for destroyed rail yards may be short in duration, because new rails, repair","rect":[99.0,358.7943115234375,522.0113427696228,349.6861267089844]},{"page":98,"text":"equipment, and repair personnel might already be onsite or readily available.","rect":[99.0,370.4976806640625,406.9552869796753,361.3894958496094]},{"page":98,"text":"PHYSICAL DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,388.22222900390627,169.8216643333435,380.1360168457031]},{"page":98,"text":"4-175.","rect":[99.0,406.21026611328127,125.02694988250733,399.3064880371094]},{"page":98,"text":"No Damage","rect":[72.0,427.2206726074219,126.6584373626709,417.5912170410156]},{"page":98,"text":"4-176.","rect":[99.0,442.8102722167969,125.02694988250733,435.906494140625]},{"page":98,"text":"Cut","rect":[72.0,461.61370849609377,89.69317456436157,454.0265197753906]},{"page":98,"text":"These definitions also indicate the rail yard's functional damage.","rect":[135.0019073486328,408.23431396484377,393.01272106170657,399.1261291503906]},{"page":98,"text":"Military action has caused no apparent damage. ","rect":[135.0019073486328,444.8343200683594,328.8813428878784,435.72613525390627]},{"page":98,"text":"4-177. Military action has cratered one or more tracks, prohibiting movement around the damaged","rect":[99.0,481.4342956542969,522.0550441741943,472.32611083984377]},{"page":98,"text":"area, although movement around or past the damaged area (choke point or rail yard) is still possible on","rect":[99.01000213623047,493.1376647949219,522.0053615570068,484.02947998046877]},{"page":98,"text":"undamaged tracks.","rect":[99.0,504.84100341796877,174.18955516815186,495.7328186035156]},{"page":98,"text":"Destruction","rect":[72.0,521.6027221679688,126.91097868347168,514.0155029296875]},{"page":98,"text":"4-178. Military action has caused multiple cuts to multiple tracks, which keeps rolling stock from","rect":[99.0,541.434326171875,522.2445349655152,532.326171875]},{"page":98,"text":"moving around or past the damaged area (choke point or rail yard).","rect":[99.0,553.1376953125,368.3043165206909,544.029541015625]},{"page":98,"text":"FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,570.8621826171875,184.52167654037477,562.7759399414063]},{"page":98,"text":"4-179. The location(s) of rail yard \"cuts\" and the ability of the yard to bypass the damage determine the","rect":[99.0,590.874267578125,522.2168245391846,581.76611328125]},{"page":98,"text":"extent of functional damage to the rail yard.   ","rect":[99.0,602.5776977539063,282.54983043670657,593.4695434570313]},{"page":98,"text":"ROADS","rect":[72.0,622.2897338867188,120.90204539489746,612.6155395507813]},{"page":98,"text":"4-180. Where geographically possible, an alternate to damaging a road with crater(s) is to attack the","rect":[99.0,642.654296875,521.9884309844971,633.546142578125]},{"page":98,"text":"adjacent hillside to cause a landslide to cover the road.","rect":[99.0,654.3577270507813,318.0081434249878,645.239501953125]},{"page":98,"text":"PHYSICAL DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,672.0820922851563,169.8216643333435,663.995849609375]},{"page":98,"text":"No Damage","rect":[72.0,693.3807373046875,126.6584373626709,683.7512817382813]},{"page":98,"text":"4-181.","rect":[99.0,708.9502563476563,125.02694988250733,702.0665283203125]},{"page":98,"text":"Military action has caused no apparent damage. ","rect":[135.0019073486328,710.9943237304688,328.8813428878784,701.8861694335938]},{"page":98,"text":"4-40","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":98,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01910400390627,754.0679931640625,310.972994140625,747.489013671875]},{"page":98,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.05419921875,754.0679931640625,522.0364096679688,747.489013671875]},{"page":99,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0793173828125,38.0880126953125]},{"page":99,"text":"Cratered","rect":[90.0,82.65371704101563,132.6638854827881,75.06654357910156]},{"page":99,"text":"4-182. Military action has cratered the road, but vehicles can maneuver around the damaged section.","rect":[117.0,102.47418212890625,527.5920972824097,93.36600494384766]},{"page":99,"text":"4-183. Cut","rect":[117.0,118.1654281616211,167.48287152862549,111.24160766601563]},{"page":99,"text":"4-184. Military action has caused so many aligned and close-set craters that vehicles cannot pass. ","rect":[117.0,137.8848876953125,517.3901929855347,128.77670288085938]},{"page":99,"text":"FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,155.6022186279297,202.52167654037477,147.51602172851563]},{"page":99,"text":"4-185. The effectiveness of attacks on roads depends on reducing or stopping traffic flow. Estimating","rect":[117.0,175.61431884765626,540.0411891937256,166.50613403320313]},{"page":99,"text":"flow reduction and road repair requirements are based on whether and what vehicles the adjacent terrain","rect":[117.0,187.31768798828126,540.0504055023193,178.19949340820313]},{"page":99,"text":"allows to bypass the damaged road section, on  the  depth  and  width  of  the  cratered  area,  on  the","rect":[117.01000213623047,199.02099609375,540.1112947540283,189.91281127929688]},{"page":99,"text":"availability of repair equipment and personnel (usually readily available), and so on.","rect":[117.01000213623047,210.724365234375,455.4815320968628,201.61618041992188]},{"page":99,"text":"RUNWAYS AND TAXIWAYS","rect":[90.0,230.42967224121095,276.2080298919678,220.75550842285157]},{"page":99,"text":"4-186. To successfully assess runway or taxiway damage, the team must know the takeoff and landing","rect":[117.0,250.7943115234375,539.9859523773193,241.68612670898438]},{"page":99,"text":"capabilities of the aircraft located at the airfield. They must also know what type or category of aircraft","rect":[117.0,262.49774169921877,539.9892954788209,253.38955688476563]},{"page":99,"text":"can or  cannot  use  the  airfield.  A  fighter  or  bomber base  may  be  considered  interdicted  if  damage","rect":[117.0,274.20098876953127,540.0201692657471,265.0928039550781]},{"page":99,"text":"prevents normal operation of the aircraft stationed there. However, the airfield may be usable by other","rect":[117.0,285.9043884277344,540.0204980430603,276.79620361328127]},{"page":99,"text":"aircraft types that can operate on an unimproved runway. The team can refer to the appropriate aircraft","rect":[117.0,297.607666015625,540.0198740921021,288.4994812011719]},{"page":99,"text":"documents for specific aircraft minimum clear (takeoff) length (MCL) and minimum clear takeoff width","rect":[117.0,309.31109619140627,540.0845241546631,300.2029113769531]},{"page":99,"text":"(MCW) dimensions. The team also assesses nearby roads for possible aircraft use.","rect":[117.01000213623047,321.0144958496094,447.1043653488159,311.90631103515627]},{"page":99,"text":"PHYSICAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,338.72222900390627,187.8216643333435,330.6360168457031]},{"page":99,"text":"4-187.","rect":[117.0,356.71026611328127,143.0269422531128,349.8064880371094]},{"page":99,"text":"No Damage","rect":[90.0,377.7206726074219,144.65844499206544,368.0912170410156]},{"page":99,"text":"4-188.","rect":[117.0,393.2902526855469,143.0269422531128,386.406494140625]},{"page":99,"text":"Cratered","rect":[90.0,412.11370849609377,132.6638854827881,404.5265197753906]},{"page":99,"text":"An assessment of physical damage to runways and taxiways implies its functional capability.","rect":[153.0019073486328,358.73431396484377,526.3290967941284,349.6261291503906]},{"page":99,"text":"Military action has caused no apparent damage. ","rect":[153.0019073486328,395.3343200683594,346.8813428878784,386.22613525390627]},{"page":99,"text":"4-189. Military action has cratered runways or taxiways, but aircraft can maneuver around them. ","rect":[117.0,431.9342956542969,514.7471265792847,422.82611083984377]},{"page":99,"text":"Cut","rect":[90.0,448.7137145996094,107.69317456436157,441.12652587890627]},{"page":99,"text":"4-190. Military action has caused multiple craters in line and close enough together to prohibit aircraft","rect":[117.0,468.5343017578125,539.9838023147584,459.4261169433594]},{"page":99,"text":"movement around them. However, operations can occur beyond the cut.","rect":[117.0,480.2376708984375,406.21511363983157,471.1294860839844]},{"page":99,"text":"Interdicted","rect":[90.0,497.0027160644531,142.45145262145997,489.4155578613281]},{"page":99,"text":"4-191. Military action has caused multiple cuts close enough together to prevent any takeoff or landing","rect":[117.0,516.834228515625,540.0092678070068,507.7260437011719]},{"page":99,"text":"operations, either between the cuts, or between the last cut and the runway overrun. ","rect":[117.0,528.53759765625,454.5454053878784,519.429443359375]},{"page":99,"text":"FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,546.2620849609375,202.52167654037477,538.1758422851563]},{"page":99,"text":"4-192. The effectiveness of an attack on a runway or taxiway depends on whether surface cratering","rect":[117.0,566.274169921875,540.0303859710693,557.166015625]},{"page":99,"text":"prevents aircraft takeoff or landing. ","rect":[117.0,577.9776000976563,262.0234022140503,568.8694458007813]},{"page":99,"text":"SATELLITE DISHES","rect":[90.0,597.6895751953125,223.89345469665529,588.015380859375]},{"page":99,"text":"4-193. Before assessing damage to a satellite dish (es), the team must know the dish type (fixed or","rect":[117.0,618.05419921875,539.9955346641541,608.946044921875]},{"page":99,"text":"tracking) and the location of the damage.","rect":[117.0,629.757568359375,281.62932872772219,620.6494140625]},{"page":99,"text":"PHYSICAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,647.482177734375,187.8216643333435,639.3959350585938]},{"page":99,"text":"No Damage","rect":[90.0,668.7807006835938,144.65844499206544,659.1512451171875]},{"page":99,"text":"4-194.","rect":[117.0,684.3702392578125,143.0269422531128,677.4664916992188]},{"page":99,"text":"Military action has caused no apparent damage. ","rect":[153.0019073486328,686.394287109375,346.8813428878784,677.2861328125]},{"page":99,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98230200195312,747.489013671875]},{"page":99,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0636901855469,754.0679931640625,329.0175192871094,747.489013671875]},{"page":99,"text":"4-41","rect":[522.0786743164063,753.9600219726563,540.0363486328125,747.489013671875]},{"page":100,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.47270422363282,38.0880126953125]},{"page":100,"text":"Light Damage","rect":[72.0,84.86070251464844,138.88427507019044,75.05555725097656]},{"page":100,"text":"4-195. Military action has blown off a few reflective panels.","rect":[99.0,102.47418212890625,348.1295118331909,93.36600494384766]},{"page":100,"text":"Moderate Damage","rect":[72.0,121.46067810058594,159.01101457214356,111.83121490478516]},{"page":100,"text":"4-196. Military action has blown off less than 25 percent of the reflective panels and either damaged","rect":[99.0,139.07415771484376,522.0065212249756,129.96597290039063]},{"page":100,"text":"the dish support structure or the feed horn, or both.","rect":[99.0,150.7576141357422,303.55181407928469,141.66946411132813]},{"page":100,"text":"Severe Damage","rect":[72.0,169.76072692871095,144.2868324432373,159.96656799316407]},{"page":100,"text":"4-197. Military action has blown off between 25 and 60 percent of the reflective panels, changed the","rect":[99.0,187.374267578125,522.0984773712158,178.26608276367188]},{"page":100,"text":"antenna point, and either slightly deformed the dish or damaged its structural components, or both.","rect":[99.0,199.07769775390626,494.9023389816284,189.96951293945313]},{"page":100,"text":"Destruction","rect":[72.0,215.84275817871095,126.91097868347168,208.2555694580078]},{"page":100,"text":"4-198. Military action has blown off more than 60 percent of the reflective panels, destroyed the feed","rect":[99.0,235.67425537109376,522.1002712249756,226.56607055664063]},{"page":100,"text":"horn, extensively deformed the dish, or knocked the dish off its base, or any combination of these.","rect":[99.0,247.377685546875,493.1998243331909,238.26950073242188]},{"page":100,"text":"FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,265.10223388671877,184.52167654037477,257.0160217285156]},{"page":100,"text":"4-199. Functional  degradation  to  sites  depends  on damage  to  the  dish  or  its  associated  control","rect":[99.0,285.1142883300781,521.9712901077271,276.006103515625]},{"page":100,"text":"building(s), or both. ","rect":[99.0,296.81768798828127,181.94350719451905,287.7095031738281]},{"page":100,"text":"SHIPS","rect":[72.0,316.5296936035156,112.44134440612793,306.8555603027344]},{"page":100,"text":"4-200. The types and locations of  damage  determine  the  ship's  ability  to  continue  offensive  and","rect":[99.0,336.894287109375,522.0053615570068,327.7861022949219]},{"page":100,"text":"defensive operations as well as its need to return to the shipyard for repairs.","rect":[99.0,348.5976867675781,402.3709669113159,339.489501953125]},{"page":100,"text":"PHYSICAL DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,366.3222351074219,169.8216643333435,358.23602294921877]},{"page":100,"text":"4-201.","rect":[99.0,384.2902526855469,125.02694988250733,377.406494140625]},{"page":100,"text":"Factors","rect":[72.0,403.10272216796877,107.3863473854065,395.69122314453127]},{"page":100,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,412.6958312988281,129.50700016021728,410.2409362792969]},{"page":100,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,430.401123046875,129.50700016021728,427.94622802734377]},{"page":100,"text":"•","rect":[125.98999786376953,501.2125244140625,129.4969980239868,498.75762939453127]},{"page":100,"text":"• ","rect":[125.98999786376953,522.0,131.97600841522218,516.0]},{"page":100,"text":"• ","rect":[125.98999786376953,537.0,131.97590160369874,533.0]},{"page":100,"text":"The team must consider certain factors before determining the level of physical damage.","rect":[135.0019073486328,386.3343200683594,489.13115978240969,377.22613525390627]},{"page":100,"text":"Seaworthiness--Is the ship listing, capsized, or sunk?","rect":[136.79949951171876,416.9342956542969,349.27328205871586,407.82611083984377]},{"page":100,"text":"Firepower--What are the degrees of damage to the ship's guns, launchers, and magazines?","rect":[136.80059814453126,434.63958740234377,497.5183382110596,425.5314025878906]},{"page":100,"text":"--  Surface-to-air guns.","rect":[136.79150390625,452.3450012207031,228.11339855194093,443.23681640625]},{"page":100,"text":"--  Surface-to-surface guns.","rect":[136.79150390625,470.040283203125,246.52208995819093,460.942138671875]},{"page":100,"text":"-- Antisubmarine guns. ","rect":[136.79150390625,487.74560546875,234.39751720428468,478.6374206542969]},{"page":100,"text":"Flight deck. ","rect":[136.7834014892578,505.45098876953127,187.24575328826905,496.3428039550781]},{"page":100,"text":"Hangars.","rect":[136.79061889648438,523.1563110351563,172.78045177459718,514.3687744140625]},{"page":100,"text":"Aircraft elevators.","rect":[136.79051208496095,538.837646484375,209.7688856124878,531.7535400390625]},{"page":100,"text":"Levels","rect":[72.0,657.5027465820313,101.882074924469,650.0912475585938]},{"page":100,"text":"•","rect":[125.98999786376953,556.0,129.4969980239868,552.0]},{"page":100,"text":"•","rect":[125.98999786376953,585.0,129.4969980239868,582.0]},{"page":100,"text":"•","rect":[125.98999786376953,613.1359252929688,129.4969980239868,610.6810302734375]},{"page":100,"text":"Mobility--To what degree is the rudder (steering) damaged? How much does this degrade the","rect":[136.8205108642578,558.5670166015625,511.7160921173096,549.4588623046875]},{"page":100,"text":"ship's sustained speed capability?","rect":[136.79150390625,570.2703857421875,270.8643159942627,561.1622314453125]},{"page":100,"text":"Sensors--To what degree is the ship's search equipment damaged and capability reduced (air,","rect":[136.81150817871095,587.9656982421875,509.8830518722534,578.8575439453125]},{"page":100,"text":"surface, and subsurface)? This assessment considers radar, sonar, and fire-control means. ","rect":[136.79150390625,599.6489868164063,497.3188428878784,590.5608520507813]},{"page":100,"text":"Command, Control, and Communications--What percentage, type, and level of damage was","rect":[136.78770446777345,617.3743896484375,505.3119952659607,608.2662353515625]},{"page":100,"text":"inflicted on the pilot house, the bridge, the combat information center, the communications","rect":[136.79150390625,629.0776977539063,501.6099383811951,619.9695434570313]},{"page":100,"text":"center, antennas, computer systems, and data links? What is the reconstitution time for each?","rect":[136.79150390625,640.7810668945313,509.47457600402836,631.6729125976563]},{"page":100,"text":"No Damage--Military action has caused no apparent damage. ","rect":[126.0,671.394287109375,375.9428663253784,662.2861328125]},{"page":100,"text":"Moderate Damage--Military action has caused physical deformation, holes in the ship or its","rect":[126.0,689.1597900390625,495.86930727767949,680.0516357421875]},{"page":100,"text":"equipment, reduced the ship's ability to move or maneuver, or any combination of these.","rect":[136.80160522460938,700.8630981445313,491.2559766769409,691.7549438476563]},{"page":100,"text":"4-42","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":100,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01910400390627,754.0679931640625,310.972994140625,747.489013671875]},{"page":100,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.05419921875,754.0679931640625,522.0364096679688,747.489013671875]},{"page":101,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0793173828125,38.0880126953125]},{"page":101,"text":"Severe Damage--Military action has destroyed or burned more than one-third of the","rect":[144.0,83.63427734375,481.62948323059086,74.5261001586914]},{"page":101,"text":"superstructure or deck area, rendered major subsystems (weapon sensors, radar) inoperable,","rect":[154.80160522460938,95.33770751953125,523.1133375167847,86.21951293945313]},{"page":101,"text":"destroyed the ship's ability to move or maneuver, or any combination of these. ","rect":[154.80160522460938,107.041015625,471.70131969451907,97.9328384399414]},{"page":101,"text":"Destruction--Military action has flooded more than one-third of the ship's waterline length. This","rect":[144.0,124.7965087890625,531.0305316429138,115.6883316040039]},{"page":101,"text":"indicates that the ship is experiencing uncontrolled flooding, and is sinking. In addition, the","rect":[154.80160522460938,136.49981689453126,522.3020296173096,127.39163970947266]},{"page":101,"text":"ship's major subsystem that supports operations is destroyed.","rect":[154.79150390625,148.20318603515626,398.8210401535034,139.08499145507813]},{"page":101,"text":"FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,165.9221649169922,202.52167654037477,157.83596801757813]},{"page":101,"text":"4-202. When assessing functional damage, the team considers the ship's ability or inability to move and","rect":[117.0,185.93426513671876,540.1682643890381,176.82608032226563]},{"page":101,"text":"maneuver and the  degree  of  disruption  to  particular  ship  subsystems  such  as  its  weapon-delivery","rect":[117.0,197.6376953125,540.0283718109131,188.52951049804688]},{"page":101,"text":"capability, the functioning of its sensors, and so on.","rect":[117.0,209.34100341796876,323.8158826828003,200.23281860351563]},{"page":101,"text":"STEEL TOWERS","rect":[90.0,229.0497283935547,199.7975379486084,219.3755645751953]},{"page":101,"text":"4-203. Steel towers transmit electric power and support communications antennas, for example.","rect":[117.0,249.39414978027345,508.59670543670657,240.30599975585938]},{"page":101,"text":"PHYSICAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,267.1422119140625,187.8216643333435,259.0559997558594]},{"page":101,"text":"No Damage--Military action has caused no apparent damage. ","rect":[144.0,287.3343200683594,394.48394298553469,278.22613525390627]},{"page":101,"text":"Damage--Military action has damaged supports, but tower remains standing.","rect":[144.0,305.2099914550781,453.19304943084719,296.101806640625]},{"page":101,"text":"Destruction--Military action has caused tower to collapse or topple.","rect":[144.00999450683595,323.085693359375,418.41067028045657,313.9775085449219]},{"page":101,"text":"FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,340.8222351074219,202.52167654037477,332.73602294921877]},{"page":101,"text":"4-204. The level of functional damage associated with a physically damaged steel tower depends on","rect":[117.0,360.8343200683594,539.9948024749756,351.72613525390627]},{"page":101,"text":"the tower's function and on its connectivity with other target elements. ","rect":[117.0,372.53765869140627,401.90310192108157,363.4294738769531]},{"page":101,"text":"TRANSFORMERS","rect":[90.0,392.24969482421877,207.21669688415529,382.5755615234375]},{"page":101,"text":"4-205. A transformer is a static electrical device that uses mutual electromagnetic induction to convert","rect":[117.0,412.6142883300781,540.0831675491334,403.506103515625]},{"page":101,"text":"AC power from one current on one circuit to a different current on another circuit. The team must report","rect":[117.0,424.2976379394531,540.0044932327271,415.2095031738281]},{"page":101,"text":"the extent of external damage, if any, and the expected effects.","rect":[117.0,436.02099609375,367.9759168624878,426.9128112792969]},{"page":101,"text":"PHYSICAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,453.7422180175781,187.8216643333435,445.656005859375]},{"page":101,"text":"4-206. When reporting physical damage, include the total number of transformers, and the number","rect":[117.0,473.7543029785156,540.0405786094666,464.6461181640625]},{"page":101,"text":"damaged or destroyed.","rect":[117.0,485.4576721191406,208.06663036346436,476.3494873046875]},{"page":101,"text":"No Damage--Military action has caused no apparent damage. ","rect":[144.00390625,503.33331298828127,394.48784923553469,494.2251281738281]},{"page":101,"text":"Damage--Military action has left the structure of the unit intact, but blackened as a result of a fire","rect":[144.00390625,521.208984375,536.5194978790283,512.100830078125]},{"page":101,"text":"or of leakage of oil.","rect":[154.80551147460938,532.912353515625,233.77312755584718,523.80419921875]},{"page":101,"text":"Destruction--Military action has torn the structure apart or greatly distorted it. This is considered","rect":[144.00390625,550.7880859375,535.2858791351318,541.679931640625]},{"page":101,"text":"catastrophic damage (K kill).","rect":[154.80551147460938,562.4913940429688,271.7194776535034,553.3832397460938]},{"page":101,"text":"FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE","rect":[90.0,580.2222290039063,202.52167654037477,572.135986328125]},{"page":101,"text":"4-207. The  effect  of  transformer  damage  on  the  target's  function  depends  on  the facility's power","rect":[117.0,600.2343139648438,540.1578271446228,591.1261596679688]},{"page":101,"text":"requirements and on the enemy's ability to reroute the power.  ","rect":[117.0,611.937744140625,367.7652235031128,602.82958984375]},{"page":101,"text":"TUNNEL ENTRANCES OR PORTALS","rect":[90.0,631.6497192382813,331.6162635345459,621.9755249023438]},{"page":101,"text":"4-208. Tunnels at best are dangerous places for people, but some are used only for storage. Tunnels are","rect":[117.0,652.0142822265625,539.9635896759033,642.9061279296875]},{"page":101,"text":"used for passage, operations, storage, or some combination of these. When reporting damage to tunnel","rect":[117.0,663.7177124023438,540.0699229202271,654.6095581054688]},{"page":101,"text":"entrances, the team should also include, when possible, the estimated volume and size of the debris or","rect":[117.0,675.4010009765625,539.8949487266541,666.3128662109375]},{"page":101,"text":"rubble pile that blocks the entrance. This can help in estimating clearing and recuperation times.","rect":[117.0,687.1243896484375,502.39519786834719,678.0162353515625]},{"page":101,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98230200195312,747.489013671875]},{"page":101,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0636901855469,754.0679931640625,329.0175192871094,747.489013671875]},{"page":101,"text":"4-43","rect":[522.0786743164063,754.0590209960938,540.0363486328125,747.489013671875]},{"page":102,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":102,"text":"PHYSICAL DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,83.60221862792969,169.8216643333435,75.51602172851563]},{"page":102,"text":"4-209. Physical  damage  to  a  tunnel  entrance  generally  makes it impassable","rect":[99.0,103.61431884765625,432.9731721954346,94.50614166259766]},{"page":102,"text":"protection afforded to anything or anyone in the tunnel during follow-on attacks.","rect":[99.0,115.314697265625,423.1599988937378,106.2065200805664]},{"page":102,"text":"and","rect":[438.3807678222656,101.59027862548828,452.8656826019287,94.50614166259766]},{"page":102,"text":"can","rect":[458.2732238769531,101.59027862548828,472.19701194763186,96.85082244873047]},{"page":102,"text":"reduce","rect":[477.6044921875,101.59027862548828,504.34786701965336,94.50614166259766]},{"page":102,"text":"the","rect":[509.7552185058594,101.59027862548828,522.0055208282471,94.50614166259766]},{"page":102,"text":"No Damage--Military action has caused no apparent damage. ","rect":[125.9999008178711,133.19427490234376,376.51690196990969,124.08609771728516]},{"page":102,"text":"Light Damage--Military action has left the portal (the approach or entrance to the tunnel) intact,","rect":[125.9999008178711,151.073974609375,514.1165723800659,141.96578979492188]},{"page":102,"text":"but craters and debris partly block access. The doors, if any, operate as before the attack.","rect":[136.79949951171876,162.7744140625,492.7188673019409,153.66622924804688]},{"page":102,"text":"Moderate Damage--Military action has left the portal intact, but entrance to the tunnel is","rect":[125.9999008178711,180.65411376953126,485.29810976791387,171.54592895507813]},{"page":102,"text":"completely cut off by craters or debris. The doors, if any, do not operate. ","rect":[136.79949951171876,192.3543701171875,431.15273571014407,183.24618530273438]},{"page":102,"text":"Severe Damage--Military action has partly collapsed the portal, and has completely blocked any","rect":[125.9999008178711,210.23406982421876,515.0851039886475,201.12588500976563]},{"page":102,"text":"entrance to the tunnel.","rect":[136.79949951171876,219.9104766845703,225.94199657440186,212.82632446289063]},{"page":102,"text":"Destruction--Military action has completely collapsed the portal, rendering access to the tunnel","rect":[125.9999008178711,239.814208984375,510.73984479522707,230.70602416992188]},{"page":102,"text":"impossible.","rect":[136.80039978027345,251.49449157714845,182.63550853729249,242.40634155273438]},{"page":102,"text":"FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,269.2421875,184.52167654037477,261.1559753417969]},{"page":102,"text":"4-210. The extent of functional damage depends on the size of crater(s), the degree of portal collapse,","rect":[99.0,289.2543029785156,521.9431715011597,280.1461181640625]},{"page":102,"text":"or the amount of debris blocking the entrance. Degree of functional damage also depends on the purpose","rect":[99.0,300.9546813964844,521.9371614532471,291.84649658203127]},{"page":102,"text":"of the tunnel facility. For example, a storage tunnel is much more vulnerable to entrance damage than a","rect":[99.0,312.6549987792969,521.9809236602783,303.54681396484377]},{"page":102,"text":"C2  tunnel,  which  depends  less  on  ingress  and egress.  The  time  required  to  repair  tunnel  entrances","rect":[99.0,324.35540771484377,522.0312640647888,315.2472229003906]},{"page":102,"text":"depends on the extent of damage and the availability of personnel and equipment. In addition, the tunnel","rect":[99.0,336.0556945800781,521.9642710647584,326.947509765625]},{"page":102,"text":"might have many entrances. How many it has affects the level of functional damage. When reporting the","rect":[98.9990005493164,347.756103515625,521.9923372344971,338.6479187011719]},{"page":102,"text":"functional damage to tunnel entrances, the team considers accessibility based on how many entrances","rect":[98.9990005493164,359.4564208984375,522.0860125999451,350.3482360839844]},{"page":102,"text":"remain useable.","rect":[98.9990005493164,369.1327819824219,161.8478193283081,362.04864501953127]},{"page":102,"text":"TUNNEL FACILITY AIR VENTS","rect":[72.0,390.86968994140627,281.04149546813968,381.195556640625]},{"page":102,"text":"4-211. Air vents are vital for some tunnel facilities. They bring in fresh air and remove exhaust fumes","rect":[99.0,411.23431396484377,522.0188739280701,402.1261291503906]},{"page":102,"text":"and other noxious byproducts. Closing off these vents can sometimes prevent usage of the tunnel or","rect":[99.0,422.9345703125,522.0372216758728,413.8263854980469]},{"page":102,"text":"facility altogether. The vents are less critical for facilities used for storage only, but more critical if they","rect":[99.0,434.6349792480469,522.0546169281006,425.52679443359377]},{"page":102,"text":"contain operating equipment and people.","rect":[99.0,446.3354187011719,262.6314344406128,437.22723388671877]},{"page":102,"text":"PHYSICAL DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,464.0622253417969,169.8216643333435,455.97601318359377]},{"page":102,"text":"No Damage--Military action has caused no apparent damage. ","rect":[126.0,484.2543029785156,376.51702404022219,475.1461181640625]},{"page":102,"text":"Damage--Military action has partly blocked the vent opening with craters and debris. The vent","rect":[126.0,502.1340026855469,507.38416242218019,493.02581787109377]},{"page":102,"text":"structure might not be damaged.","rect":[136.80059814453126,513.8343505859375,266.20217418670657,504.72613525390627]},{"page":102,"text":"Destruction--Craters or debris completely block the vent opening.","rect":[126.0009994506836,531.7139892578125,393.49074840545657,522.6058349609375]},{"page":102,"text":"FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE","rect":[72.0,549.442138671875,184.52167654037477,541.3558959960938]},{"page":102,"text":"4-212.","rect":[99.0,567.2999267578125,125.02694988250733,560.5264282226563]},{"page":102,"text":"Functional damage restricts or cuts off airflow through the vent(s) in the facility. Complete","rect":[134.99989318847657,569.4542236328125,522.0599641876221,560.3460693359375]},{"page":102,"text":"elimination of airflow to or through the facility might require the destruction of multiple air vents. When","rect":[99.0,581.1546020507813,522.0496730804443,572.0464477539063]},{"page":102,"text":"reporting the functional damage of the facility vents, the team must divide the number of damaged vents","rect":[98.9990005493164,592.8549194335938,522.0568988304138,583.7467651367188]},{"page":102,"text":"by the total number of vents to determine the overall percentage of airflow blockage in the facility.","rect":[98.9990005493164,604.5552978515625,495.42214488983157,595.4471435546875]},{"page":102,"text":"Section V. TARGET ACQUISITION","rect":[62.63999938964844,626.5318603515625,255.35517736816406,616.94384765625]},{"page":102,"text":"Target acquisition is conducted by a combat patrol. The intent of a combat patrol is to make contact with the","rect":[72.0,649.3143310546875,522.0310945587158,640.2061767578125]},{"page":102,"text":"enemy, in contrast to a reconnaissance patrol where the intent is to avoid enemy contact. LRS teams seldom","rect":[72.0,661.0147094726563,522.1600623092652,651.9065551757813]},{"page":102,"text":"conduct combat patrols. However, the capability to conduct a target-acquisition mission is inherent within a","rect":[72.0,672.7149658203125,522.0459261016846,663.6068115234375]},{"page":102,"text":"LRS team. The team can serve as the initial eyes of a long-range targeting asset, by providing terminal guidance","rect":[72.0,684.4154052734375,522.0292024688721,675.3072509765625]},{"page":102,"text":"using appropriate communication and signal such as a beacon or mirror by marking the target with a laser.","rect":[71.9990005493164,696.11572265625,522.0231275558472,687.007568359375]},{"page":102,"text":"Normally, a LRS team is tasked to conduct surveillance or reconnaissance of an NAI. If a target of opportunity","rect":[71.9990005493164,707.8161010742188,521.9832057952881,698.7079467773438]},{"page":102,"text":"4-44","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":102,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":102,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":103,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":103,"text":"is observed, the LRS team can be retasked to engage the target. Under these circumstances, the team guides the","rect":[90.0,83.57427978515625,540.0525178985596,74.46610260009766]},{"page":103,"text":"munitions or aircraft onto the target, then moves out undetected.","rect":[90.0,95.27471923828125,347.6243543624878,86.16654205322266]},{"page":103,"text":"COMBAT PATROL","rect":[93.4645004272461,114.9756851196289,217.9242385520935,105.31550598144531]},{"page":103,"text":"4-213. The LRS team reorganizes into three elements: acquisition, communications, and security.","rect":[117.0,135.35430908203126,515.4432325363159,126.24613189697266]},{"page":103,"text":"• When using a laser designator, the acquisition element has a two-Soldier laser team and a","rect":[143.99989318847657,153.05462646484376,513.8234834747315,143.94644165039063]},{"page":103,"text":"communications element. ","rect":[154.79949951171876,162.73097229003907,260.0104627609253,155.64682006835938]},{"page":103,"text":"• When adjusting artillery, close air, AC-130, or attack helicopters, the acquisition element and","rect":[143.99989318847657,182.455322265625,529.8402004241943,173.33712768554688]},{"page":103,"text":"communications element can combine. ","rect":[154.80039978027345,192.13160705566407,313.4115858078003,185.04745483398438]},{"page":103,"text":"MISSION PLANNING FACTORS","rect":[90.0,213.86973571777345,298.8121863861084,204.1815948486328]},{"page":103,"text":"4-214. Route planning  and  movement  are  the  same  for  target  acquisition  as  for  a  surveillance  or","rect":[117.0,234.2342529296875,540.1576440391541,225.12606811523438]},{"page":103,"text":"reconnaissance mission. A pickup zone close to the planned acquisition point allows for quick removal","rect":[117.0,245.9145965576172,539.9847788772584,236.82644653320313]},{"page":103,"text":"from the area. The PZ must, at a minimum, support FRIES or SPIES operations, although air landing is","rect":[117.0,257.635009765625,539.9937884788513,248.52682495117188]},{"page":103,"text":"preferred.  All  team  members  must  have  a  method  to  illuminate  their  position  to  assist  in  fratricide","rect":[117.0,269.3153381347656,540.0735139923096,260.2272033691406]},{"page":103,"text":"avoidance. Teams need a positive ground-to-air communications means such as a VHF radio. All attack","rect":[117.0,281.03570556640627,539.9732570648193,271.9275207519531]},{"page":103,"text":"helicopters and USAF CAS aircraft have VHF capabilities.","rect":[117.0,292.7160339355469,354.4335584640503,283.6278991699219]},{"page":103,"text":"• Review all procedures for controlling available fires prior to mission execution.","rect":[143.99989318847657,310.4364013671875,474.4003553390503,301.3282165527344]},{"page":103,"text":"• During mission coordination, confirm the PAVE Penny codes for laser designators with a","rect":[143.99989318847657,328.1366882324219,514.6263704376221,319.02850341796877]},{"page":103,"text":"USAF or Army aircraft representative. ","rect":[154.79949951171876,339.83709716796877,312.4573621749878,330.7289123535156]},{"page":103,"text":"• Establish and confirm self-authenticators and code words for communicating with the USAF or","rect":[143.99989318847657,357.5373840332031,538.1174218711853,348.42919921875]},{"page":103,"text":"Navy on a nonsecure net.","rect":[154.79949951171876,369.23779296875,256.6225996017456,360.45025634765627]},{"page":103,"text":"• Quickly assess bomb damage before withdrawing. ","rect":[143.99989318847657,386.93804931640627,359.5443983078003,377.8298645019531]},{"page":103,"text":"• Know the rules of engagement.","rect":[143.99989318847657,404.6383972167969,280.46160411834719,395.53021240234377]},{"page":103,"text":"• Plan for the effect on and reaction of the local populace.","rect":[143.99989318847657,422.3187561035156,380.42278575897219,413.2306213378906]},{"page":103,"text":"• Coordinate no-fire and restrictive-fire zone for weapons systems operators.","rect":[143.99989318847657,440.0390625,456.02410411834719,430.9308776855469]},{"page":103,"text":"EMPLOYMENT OF LASER DESIGNATORS","rect":[90.0,459.74969482421877,371.2607947845459,450.0615539550781]},{"page":103,"text":"4-215. Lasers aid in target identification, location of aim point, site selection, and site illumination.","rect":[117.0,480.1142883300781,521.3381910324097,471.006103515625]},{"page":103,"text":"Aim Point Location—The laser aids in location of aim point by revealing—","rect":[143.99989318847657,497.8746643066406,450.0633659362793,488.7664794921875]},{"page":103,"text":"— Target reflectivity.","rect":[154.80039978027345,515.5750732421875,241.41578197479249,506.4668884277344]},{"page":103,"text":"— Ordnance type.","rect":[154.80039978027345,533.275390625,227.61472606658936,524.167236328125]},{"page":103,"text":"— Method of delivery.","rect":[154.80039978027345,550.9757080078125,246.2808027267456,541.8675537109375]},{"page":103,"text":"Beam divergence—Offset should not exceed 7 degrees from either side -the aircraft must stay","rect":[144.0009002685547,568.7362060546875,521.9192409515381,559.6280517578125]},{"page":103,"text":"within that cone.","rect":[154.801513671875,578.4124755859375,221.98569774627686,571.328369140625]},{"page":103,"text":"Target Orientation—Laser energy reflects in an arc, but is strongest at the angle where it would","rect":[144.0019073486328,598.197021484375,530.1811428070068,589.0888671875]},{"page":103,"text":"reflect if the surface were a mirror. If the laser designator is perpendicular to a surface the","rect":[154.80250549316407,609.8972778320313,515.0795564727783,600.7891235351563]},{"page":103,"text":"reflection can be seen from all angles on the designated side, but can be detected best near the","rect":[154.80250549316407,621.5977172851563,531.4553499298096,612.4895629882813]},{"page":103,"text":"laser designator to target line.","rect":[154.80250549316407,633.298095703125,273.8152723312378,624.18994140625]},{"page":103,"text":"Weather conditions—Visibility of less than three nautical miles restricts the operation, regardless","rect":[144.00289916992188,651.0584716796875,536.5566546897888,641.9503173828125]},{"page":103,"text":"of aircraft type.","rect":[154.80250549316407,662.7589111328125,216.91208934783936,653.6507568359375]},{"page":103,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":103,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":103,"text":"4-45","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":104,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.47270422363282,38.0880126953125]},{"page":104,"text":"Site Selection—The aircraft must be able to approach within 10-to 60 degrees to the left or right","rect":[126.0,83.63427734375,512.7482371292115,74.5261001586914]},{"page":104,"text":"of the team’s location. While maximizing standoff, the team needs to ensure they have both ","rect":[136.80160522460938,95.33770751953125,506.7275342941284,86.22953033447266]},{"page":104,"text":"optical and electrical LOS to the target. Observer to target distance should not exceed the","rect":[136.80160522460938,107.041015625,494.8302583770752,97.9328384399414]},{"page":104,"text":"capabilities of the laser designator being employed.","rect":[136.80160522460938,118.744384765625,343.2275037765503,109.6362075805664]},{"page":104,"text":"Site Illumination—The laser aids in illuminating the site.","rect":[126.0,136.49981689453126,357.55263805389407,127.39163970947266]},{"page":104,"text":"Function Check—Conduct a laser function check, and recheck the laser codes based on the type","rect":[126.0,154.25531005859376,514.7638216094971,145.14712524414063]},{"page":104,"text":"of aircraft conducting the attack. Designate the target (paint) for not less than 5 seconds before","rect":[136.80160522460938,165.9586181640625,516.4676179962158,156.85043334960938]},{"page":104,"text":"the aircraft releases its ordnance. For guns or other nonguided ordnance, you can use the laser","rect":[136.80160522460938,177.66192626953126,513.6080834922791,168.55374145507813]},{"page":104,"text":"to identify targets for aircraft without the 5 second (paint).","rect":[136.80160522460938,189.36529541015626,370.9461622238159,180.25711059570313]},{"page":104,"text":"FIRE SUPPORT","rect":[72.0,209.0697479248047,174.0106643333435,199.3955841064453]},{"page":104,"text":"4-216. Fire support, particularly artillery and CAS, are excellent assets to use during target-acquisition","rect":[99.0,229.43426513671876,522.0624904632568,220.32608032226563]},{"page":104,"text":"missions or in support while breaking out of a site or away from contact. Leaders must fully integrate","rect":[99.01000213623047,241.1376953125,521.9453401641846,232.02951049804688]},{"page":104,"text":"fire  support  into  their  plans.  They  must  understand  how  fire  support  can  assist  or  detract from the","rect":[99.01000213623047,252.84100341796876,521.9627962188721,243.73281860351563]},{"page":104,"text":"execution of their assigned missions. They must understand fire support limitations. ","rect":[99.01000213623047,264.54443359375,437.84258556365969,255.43624877929688]},{"page":104,"text":"INDIRECT-FIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITIES","rect":[72.0,282.3000183105469,268.49628257751467,273.99603271484377]},{"page":104,"text":"4-217.","rect":[99.0,300.2502746582031,125.02694988250733,293.34649658203127]},{"page":104,"text":"•","rect":[126.00389862060547,317.0,129.51089878082275,314.0]},{"page":104,"text":"•","rect":[126.00389862060547,335.0,129.51089878082275,331.0]},{"page":104,"text":"•","rect":[126.00389862060547,353.0,129.51089878082275,349.0]},{"page":104,"text":"•","rect":[126.00389862060547,370.0,129.51089878082275,367.0]},{"page":104,"text":"• ","rect":[126.00389862060547,387.0,132.00890636444093,383.0]},{"page":104,"text":"Indirect fire support capabilities follow:","rect":[135.0019073486328,302.2542724609375,294.9121775588989,293.1661376953125]},{"page":104,"text":"Quick response time.","rect":[136.80459594726563,319.95953369140627,221.68279552459718,310.87139892578127]},{"page":104,"text":"Adjustability of fire.","rect":[136.82540893554688,337.68499755859377,219.05395030975343,328.5668029785156]},{"page":104,"text":"Variety of munitions, including precision munitions.","rect":[136.79730224609376,355.3802795410156,347.5320692062378,346.2720947265625]},{"page":104,"text":"Multiple strike capability.","rect":[136.81759643554688,373.0856018066406,240.5635175704956,363.9774169921875]},{"page":104,"text":"All-weather capability.","rect":[136.82351684570313,390.791015625,229.19558238983155,381.6828308105469]},{"page":104,"text":"INDIRECT-FIRE SUPPORT LIMITATIONS","rect":[72.0,408.53997802734377,265.7375240325928,400.2359924316406]},{"page":104,"text":"4-218. Indirect fire support limitations follow:","rect":[99.0,428.4942321777344,292.09241437530519,419.4060974121094]},{"page":104,"text":"•  Range.","rect":[126.00389862060547,446.2196044921875,164.9283857345581,437.43206787109377]},{"page":104,"text":"• Naval gunfire availability limited to areas with naval assets.","rect":[126.00389862060547,463.92498779296877,376.9086866378784,454.8168029785156]},{"page":104,"text":"CLOSE AIR SUPPORT (USAF FIXED WING) CAPABILITIES","rect":[72.0,483.88800048828127,354.9563045501709,473.3760070800781]},{"page":104,"text":"4-219. Close air support (CAS, or Army fixed wing) capabilities follow:","rect":[99.0,501.6542053222656,396.94663190460207,492.5460205078125]},{"page":104,"text":"•  Long range.","rect":[125.993896484375,519.3594970703125,185.38239574432374,510.57196044921877]},{"page":104,"text":"• Visual target engagement and adjustment of fires.","rect":[125.993896484375,537.06494140625,336.44753551483157,527.9467163085938]},{"page":104,"text":"CLOSE AIR SUPPORT (USAF FIXED WING) LIMITATIONS","rect":[72.0,557.0280151367188,352.1975154876709,546.5159912109375]},{"page":104,"text":"4-220.","rect":[99.0,572.750244140625,125.02694988250733,565.8665161132813]},{"page":104,"text":"•","rect":[126.00389862060547,590.0,129.51089878082275,586.0]},{"page":104,"text":"•","rect":[126.00389862060547,608.0,129.51089878082275,604.0]},{"page":104,"text":"• ","rect":[126.00389862060547,624.0,131.9849042892456,620.0]},{"page":104,"text":"Close air support (CAS, or Army fixed wing) limitations follow:","rect":[135.0019073486328,574.7943115234375,394.0657420120239,565.6861572265625]},{"page":104,"text":"Limited time on target.","rect":[136.82040405273438,592.4995727539063,229.03809642791749,583.3914184570313]},{"page":104,"text":"Limited compatibility with team radio systems (depending on aircraft type).","rect":[136.8234100341797,610.2050170898438,441.12920665740969,601.0968627929688]},{"page":104,"text":"Limited munitions.","rect":[136.7995147705078,625.876220703125,213.42267894744874,618.7921142578125]},{"page":104,"text":"• Limited ability to operate in poor weather.","rect":[126.00389862060547,645.6055908203125,306.9139356613159,636.4974365234375]},{"page":104,"text":"CLOSE COMBAT ATTACK (ARMY ROTARY WING) CAPABILITIES","rect":[72.0,665.5679931640625,388.61627769470217,655.0559692382813]},{"page":104,"text":"4-221. Close combat attack (CCA, or Army rotary wing) capabilities follow:","rect":[99.0,683.3342895507813,413.9894175491333,674.2261352539063]},{"page":104,"text":"•  Medium range.","rect":[126.00389862060547,701.0396118164063,198.0075330734253,691.9314575195313]},{"page":104,"text":"• Longer time on target than fixed wing assets.","rect":[126.00389862060547,718.7449951171875,317.9154005050659,709.6368408203125]},{"page":104,"text":"4-46","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":104,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01910400390627,754.0679931640625,310.972994140625,747.489013671875]},{"page":104,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.05419921875,754.0679931640625,522.0364096679688,747.489013671875]},{"page":105,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0793173828125,38.0880126953125]},{"page":105,"text":"• Visual target engagement and adjustment of fires.","rect":[144.0,83.57427978515625,354.45363903045657,74.45608520507813]},{"page":105,"text":"• VHF radio capabilities.","rect":[144.0,101.25956726074219,248.65888500213624,92.17142486572266]},{"page":105,"text":"CLOSE COMBAT ATTACK (ARMY ROTARY WING) LIMITATIONS","rect":[90.0,121.248046875,403.8575191497803,110.73604583740235]},{"page":105,"text":"4-222. Close combat attack limitations follow:","rect":[117.0,137.0003204345703,310.9233775100708,129.90615844726563]},{"page":105,"text":"• Limited ability to operate in poor weather.","rect":[144.00390625,156.71954345703126,324.9139356613159,147.61135864257813]},{"page":105,"text":"•  Limited munitions.","rect":[144.00390625,172.4009552001953,231.42267894744874,165.31680297851563]},{"page":105,"text":"• Vulnerability to enemy ground fire.","rect":[144.00390625,192.1202392578125,297.6587781906128,183.01205444335938]},{"page":105,"text":"FIRE PLANS","rect":[90.0,211.82969665527345,172.61481394958498,202.15553283691407]},{"page":105,"text":"4-223. Teams plan targets on infiltration and exfiltration routes, LZs, DZs, PZs, routes to and from the","rect":[117.0,232.19427490234376,539.9963655548096,223.08609008789063]},{"page":105,"text":"objective, on the objective, between the objective and surveillance, and between the surveillance and","rect":[117.01000213623047,243.897705078125,540.0479640960693,234.77951049804688]},{"page":105,"text":"hide sites (contiguous targets work well). Teams plan RFAs and NFAs as needed. Coordination is done","rect":[117.01000213623047,255.60101318359376,540.0530061798096,246.49282836914063]},{"page":105,"text":"using the team target list and coordination checklist. They consider the effects, the mission, the types of ","rect":[117.01000213623047,267.304443359375,542.4920606613159,258.1962585449219]},{"page":105,"text":"targets, and the methods of engagement. ","rect":[117.0199966430664,279.00775146484377,281.2811231613159,269.8995666503906]},{"page":105,"text":"Section VI. URBAN TERRAIN","rect":[80.63999938964844,300.2640380859375,245.16837927246093,291.384033203125]},{"page":105,"text":"The LRS teams can be very effective in an urban environment. Their ability to gather information and report","rect":[90.0,323.7543029785156,540.1442027053834,314.6461181640625]},{"page":105,"text":"timely information about the current situation is vital to the BFSB intelligence-collection plan. The LRS team","rect":[90.0,335.4576721191406,540.1745886764527,326.3494873046875]},{"page":105,"text":"can help in two ways during an urban operation: First, the commanders can use LRS teams extensively and","rect":[90.0,347.1610107421875,540.0003566741943,338.0528259277344]},{"page":105,"text":"effectively for surveillance. Second, he can use them on a limited basis for reconnaissance. Before committing","rect":[90.0,358.8644104003906,540.1003322601318,349.7562255859375]},{"page":105,"text":"a LRS team to a mission in urban terrain, he must consider all aspects of the mission and the environment.","rect":[90.0,370.5476379394531,539.9103345870972,361.4595031738281]},{"page":105,"text":"Specifically, he must consider the differences between LRSU support to offense, defense, stability and civil","rect":[90.0,382.2711181640625,540.0173716506959,373.1629333496094]},{"page":105,"text":"support operations.","rect":[90.0,393.9544372558594,167.03290843963624,384.8663024902344]},{"page":105,"text":"SURVEILLANCE OPERATIONS","rect":[90.0,431.36968994140627,296.75157847595218,421.695556640625]},{"page":105,"text":"4-224. This is normally the primary mission a LRS team conducts in an urban environment. LRS teams","rect":[117.0,451.73431396484377,540.3415667991638,442.6261291503906]},{"page":105,"text":"are most often used to report information received along main supply routes to and from the urban","rect":[117.0,463.4376525878906,540.0017604827881,454.3294677734375]},{"page":105,"text":"environment. Depending on the size of the urban area and location of key buildings, the LRS team might","rect":[117.0,475.1409912109375,540.0336070022584,466.0328063964844]},{"page":105,"text":"report information on specific buildings, motor pools, and so on. During stability operations, a LRS team","rect":[117.0,486.84442138671877,540.1697058639527,477.7362365722656]},{"page":105,"text":"might  surveil  a  specific  target  from  inside the environment. Considerations include camouflage,","rect":[117.0,498.54766845703127,539.9284620285034,489.4394836425781]},{"page":105,"text":"observation, security, and support.","rect":[117.0,510.2510986328125,255.3561201095581,501.1429138183594]},{"page":105,"text":"CAMOUFLAGE","rect":[90.0,527.9879760742188,161.304696559906,519.6959228515625]},{"page":105,"text":"4-225. LRS teams are proficient in camouflage techniques","rect":[117.0,547.9741821289063,370.1882159690857,538.8660278320313]},{"page":105,"text":"window screening and false walls.","rect":[117.0,559.6776123046875,255.0039930343628,550.5694580078125]},{"page":105,"text":"specific","rect":[374.6404113769531,547.9541625976563,405.8069429473877,538.8660278320313]},{"page":105,"text":"to","rect":[410.25909423828127,545.9501342773438,418.02663230895998,539.8679809570313]},{"page":105,"text":"urban","rect":[422.4986877441406,545.9501342773438,445.36232566833498,538.8660278320313]},{"page":105,"text":"environments","rect":[449.814697265625,545.9501342773438,504.2859637718201,538.8660278320313]},{"page":105,"text":"such","rect":[508.7279968261719,545.9501342773438,527.1307277679443,538.8660278320313]},{"page":105,"text":"as","rect":[531.5830078125,545.9501342773438,539.9416644554138,541.210693359375]},{"page":105,"text":"OBSERVATION","rect":[90.0,577.4279174804688,161.93936252593995,569.1358642578125]},{"page":105,"text":"4-226. In built-up areas, windows provide readily accessible observation ports. However, care should","rect":[117.0,597.4141845703125,540.0062770843506,588.3060302734375]},{"page":105,"text":"be taken to prevent optics from protruding beyond the window. This is an obvious sign of a surveillance","rect":[117.0,609.1176147460938,539.9880647735596,600.0094604492188]},{"page":105,"text":"position. The team members must position themselves as far back in the room as possible to keep from","rect":[117.0,620.8009033203125,540.1458411178589,611.7127685546875]},{"page":105,"text":"being seen. To lower their silhouettes, they can support their positions with a table or sand bags. Another","rect":[117.0,632.5242919921875,540.0283715782166,623.4161376953125]},{"page":105,"text":"technique is to observe through a hole in the wall. When observing through the window, individuals","rect":[117.0,644.2276000976563,540.0993792991638,635.1194458007813]},{"page":105,"text":"should stand well back in the shadows. At all times, care must be taken to avoid allowing light to reflect","rect":[117.0,655.9309692382813,540.0814585647584,646.8228149414063]},{"page":105,"text":"off optics.","rect":[117.0,667.6143798828125,157.7453260421753,658.5262451171875]},{"page":105,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98230200195312,747.489013671875]},{"page":105,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0636901855469,754.0679931640625,329.0175192871094,747.489013671875]},{"page":105,"text":"4-47","rect":[522.0786743164063,753.9600219726563,540.0363486328125,747.489013671875]},{"page":106,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.47270422363282,38.0880126953125]},{"page":106,"text":"SECURITY","rect":[72.0,83.64002227783203,122.27557468414307,75.33602142333985]},{"page":106,"text":"4-227. From the time the team leaves the last secure point until exfiltration, security remains a constant","rect":[99.0,103.61431884765625,522.0919566116334,94.50614166259766]},{"page":106,"text":"and immediate concern. Teams plan constant and sustained security for every phase of the mission. In","rect":[99.0,115.31768798828125,522.0073146820068,106.20951080322266]},{"page":106,"text":"the security role, the team can use both active and passive security devices. Teams can stage objects in","rect":[99.0,127.02099609375,522.0399074554443,117.90280151367188]},{"page":106,"text":"and  around  the  site  that  will  identify  any  presence.  All  security  devices  must  be  able to withstand","rect":[99.0,138.724365234375,522.0454006195068,129.61618041992188]},{"page":106,"text":"scrutiny. ","rect":[99.01000213623047,150.42767333984376,136.33718395233155,141.31948852539063]},{"page":106,"text":"PROTECTION AND SUSTAINMENT SUPPORT","rect":[72.0,168.17999267578126,290.2247946777344,159.87600708007813]},{"page":106,"text":"4-228. In an urbanized AO, the LRS team can achieve protection and sustainment in stay-behind or","rect":[99.0,188.154296875,521.9984033164978,179.04611206054688]},{"page":106,"text":"rollover missions. ","rect":[99.01000213623047,197.83363342285157,173.32561779022218,190.74948120117188]},{"page":106,"text":"RECONNAISSANCE OPERATIONS","rect":[72.0,219.5697479248047,298.9485389251709,209.8955841064453]},{"page":106,"text":"4-229. This is the second mission that a LRS team can perform in an urban environment. Due to the","rect":[99.0,239.9142303466797,521.9345979766846,230.82608032226563]},{"page":106,"text":"increased  chance  of  compromise  in  an  urbanized  environment,  the  commander  should consider","rect":[99.0,251.61766052246095,522.0631616172791,242.52951049804688]},{"page":106,"text":"employing LRS  teams  in  a  very  limited  reconnaissance  role.  The  LRS  team  plans  reconnaissance","rect":[99.0,263.34100341796877,522.0769929962158,254.23281860351563]},{"page":106,"text":"missions on urbanized terrain in as much detail as possible. Considerations include—METT-TC, the type","rect":[99.0,275.04443359375,522.0223054962158,265.9362487792969]},{"page":106,"text":"of  mission,  planning  time,  specialized  equipment  need  to  accomplish  the  mission,  and specialized","rect":[99.01000213623047,286.7476806640625,522.0599880218506,277.6394958496094]},{"page":106,"text":"equipment weight and size. ","rect":[99.01000213623047,298.4510803222656,211.2473554611206,289.3428955078125]},{"page":106,"text":"PLANS","rect":[72.0,318.1496887207031,117.78729930114746,308.4755554199219]},{"page":106,"text":"4-230.","rect":[99.0,336.47021484375,125.02694988250733,329.5864562988281]},{"page":106,"text":"•","rect":[126.00389862060547,354.0,129.51089878082275,350.0]},{"page":106,"text":"•","rect":[126.00389862060547,369.6865234375,129.51089878082275,367.23162841796877]},{"page":106,"text":"•","rect":[126.00389862060547,401.0,129.51089878082275,397.0]},{"page":106,"text":"•","rect":[126.00389862060547,418.0,129.51089878082275,415.0]},{"page":106,"text":"•","rect":[126.00389862060547,436.0,129.51089878082275,433.0]},{"page":106,"text":"Urban areas are categorized in the following manner, by population size:","rect":[135.0019073486328,338.5142822265625,427.3426890335083,329.4060974121094]},{"page":106,"text":"Villages (population of 3,000 inhabitants or less). ","rect":[135.03390502929688,356.2196044921875,336.6974744796753,347.1114196777344]},{"page":106,"text":"Towns (population of over 3,000 to 100,000 inhabitants and not part of a major urban","rect":[134.998779296875,373.92498779296877,479.4619655609131,364.8067932128906]},{"page":106,"text":"complex).","rect":[135.0019073486328,385.6082458496094,175.32436656951905,376.5201110839844]},{"page":106,"text":"City (population over 100,000 to 1 million inhabitants).","rect":[135.03790283203126,403.3236999511719,358.33303356170657,394.21551513671877]},{"page":106,"text":"Metropolis (population over 1 million to 10 million inhabitants).","rect":[135.03590393066407,421.0089416503906,393.8442335128784,411.9208068847656]},{"page":106,"text":"Megalopolis (population over 10 million inhabitants).","rect":[135.03390502929688,438.73431396484377,350.71132946014407,429.6261291503906]},{"page":106,"text":"RULES OF ENGAGEMENT","rect":[72.0,456.44219970703127,194.4824767112732,448.3559875488281]},{"page":106,"text":"4-231. All LRS team members must receive a detailed briefing on the rules of engagement before","rect":[99.0,476.45428466796877,521.9987459259033,467.3460998535156]},{"page":106,"text":"deployment in an urban environment.","rect":[99.0,488.1576843261719,249.6527967453003,479.04949951171877]},{"page":106,"text":"VISIBILITY","rect":[72.0,505.90789794921877,126.29377841949463,497.7958984375]},{"page":106,"text":"4-232. Weather, smoke, and dust always  obscure  visibility.  Military  operations  can  change  urban","rect":[99.0,525.8941650390625,522.1014308929443,516.7860107421875]},{"page":106,"text":"terrain, shifting shadows and dead spaces around every time a building collapses or a new pile of rubble","rect":[99.0,537.5975952148438,522.0053377227783,528.4894409179688]},{"page":106,"text":"forms. ","rect":[99.0,547.27685546875,127.37095165252686,540.2027587890625]},{"page":106,"text":"SIZE, LOCATION, AND HISTORY","rect":[72.0,568.9678955078125,227.4036569595337,558.755859375]},{"page":106,"text":"4-233. Within the city, urban terrain differs based on size, location, and history.","rect":[99.0,587.0341796875,426.33486461639407,577.926025390625]},{"page":106,"text":"Industrial Areas and Residential Sprawl","rect":[72.0,605.9986572265625,261.3676254196167,596.2154541015625]},{"page":106,"text":"4-234. Residential areas have some houses or small dwellings with yards, gardens, trees and fences.","rect":[99.0,623.6341552734375,522.0584669113159,614.5260009765625]},{"page":106,"text":"Streets  normally  form  rectangular  or  curving  patterns.  Industrial  areas  usually have low (one- to","rect":[99.0,635.3375854492188,521.9511623382568,626.2294311523438]},{"page":106,"text":"three-story) flat-roofed buildings. Most of these are factories or warehouses, and they are generally","rect":[99.0,647.0408935546875,521.8929347991943,637.9327392578125]},{"page":106,"text":"located on or along major rail and highway routes. Both types of terrain have many open areas.","rect":[99.0,658.7443237304688,480.8049268722534,649.6260986328125]},{"page":106,"text":"Core Periphery—A core periphery has narrow streets (12 to 20 meters wide) and continuous","rect":[126.00389862060547,676.4996948242188,521.9892718772888,667.3915405273438]},{"page":106,"text":"fronts of brick- and heavy-walled-concrete buildings. Most buildings are about the same height,","rect":[136.80551147460938,688.203125,522.0841627120972,679.094970703125]},{"page":106,"text":"ranging between two and three stories in small towns and five to ten stories in large cities. ","rect":[136.80551147460938,699.9063720703125,500.8550672531128,690.7982177734375]},{"page":106,"text":"4-48","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":106,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01910400390627,754.0679931640625,310.972994140625,747.489013671875]},{"page":106,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.05419921875,754.0679931640625,522.0364096679688,747.489013671875]},{"page":107,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0793173828125,38.0880126953125]},{"page":107,"text":"City  Cores  and  Outlying  High-Rise Areas—Typical  city  cores  consist  mostly  of  high-rise","rect":[144.0,83.63427734375,540.0049104766846,74.5261001586914]},{"page":107,"text":"buildings  that  can  vary  greatly in  height.  More  modern  buildings  often  have  more  space","rect":[154.80160522460938,95.33770751953125,540.0290193634033,86.22953033447266]},{"page":107,"text":"between  them  than  that  do  the  buildings  in  older  city  cores.  This  open  construction  style  is","rect":[154.80160522460938,107.041015625,539.9961078147888,97.9328384399414]},{"page":107,"text":"more prevalent in outlying high-rise areas than in city cores. Streets generally form rectangular","rect":[154.80160522460938,118.744384765625,540.0609033164978,109.6362075805664]},{"page":107,"text":"patterns. ","rect":[154.80160522460938,130.4276580810547,191.6123914718628,122.34151458740235]},{"page":107,"text":"Commercial Ribbons—These rows of stores, shops, and miscellaneous structures are built on","rect":[144.0,148.1831512451172,539.9805202484131,139.09500122070313]},{"page":107,"text":"either side of the major (at least 25 meters wide) streets that run through built-up areas. These","rect":[154.79150390625,159.906494140625,540.0948152618408,150.78829956054688]},{"page":107,"text":"structures are uniformly two or three stories tall. ","rect":[154.79150390625,171.60986328125,351.2008924484253,162.50167846679688]},{"page":107,"text":"INSERTION AND EXTRACTION","rect":[90.0,189.3221893310547,235.3882761001587,181.23599243164063]},{"page":107,"text":"4-235. Leaders must consider the distance of the insertion or extraction, and the training of all team","rect":[117.0,209.33428955078126,540.0920081100464,200.22610473632813]},{"page":107,"text":"members. They consider support assets, their own experience, and internal and external assets. All types","rect":[117.0,221.0377197265625,539.9648578147888,211.92953491210938]},{"page":107,"text":"of  insertion and extraction means  available  in  other  environments  are  still  viable  in  an  urban","rect":[117.0,230.71693420410157,540.0201930999756,223.63278198242188]},{"page":107,"text":"environment; however, considerations for their use  may  be  different.  For  example,  the  use  of ","rect":[117.0,244.44439697265626,542.5207471847534,235.33621215820313]},{"page":107,"text":"nonstandard tactical vehicles may be a good insertion and extraction platform in urban areas during","rect":[117.0,256.147705078125,540.0917263031006,247.03952026367188]},{"page":107,"text":"stability operations. Subterranean corridors such as sewers, subways, underground tunnels, or drainage","rect":[117.0,267.85113525390627,540.0043001251221,258.7429504394531]},{"page":107,"text":"systems can be used with great effectiveness. ","rect":[117.0,279.55450439453127,300.78261852264407,270.4463195800781]},{"page":107,"text":"EVALUATION","rect":[90.0,297.2622375488281,155.82127475738526,289.176025390625]},{"page":107,"text":"4-236.","rect":[117.0,315.2302551269531,143.0269422531128,308.34649658203127]},{"page":107,"text":"Observation","rect":[90.0,334.0537109375,148.01831663513185,326.45556640625]},{"page":107,"text":"When a LRS team evaluates urban terrain, it considers the following factors: ","rect":[153.0019073486328,317.2743225097656,463.13592052459719,308.1661376953125]},{"page":107,"text":"4-237. Buildings on the edge of a city generally offer better observation than those inside. There, tall","rect":[117.0,353.8742980957031,540.0741953811646,344.76611328125]},{"page":107,"text":"buildings with  numerous  windows  often  offer  the  best  observation,  especially  if  the  buildings  have","rect":[117.0,365.5776672363281,539.9604768829346,356.469482421875]},{"page":107,"text":"spaces between them. ","rect":[117.0,377.2609558105469,206.59960460662843,368.1728210449219]},{"page":107,"text":"Avenues of Approach","rect":[90.0,396.2387390136719,191.37615049743654,386.4665222167969]},{"page":107,"text":"4-238. The best way to enter a building is from the top. Therefore, the most important avenue","rect":[117.0,413.8742980957031,527.2768831329346,404.76611328125]},{"page":107,"text":"approach is one that quickly leads to the top from fire escapes, drainpipes, or adjacent buildings.","rect":[117.0,425.5776672363281,503.9262647628784,416.45947265625]},{"page":107,"text":"of","rect":[531.6107788085938,411.8502502441406,539.9714868125916,404.7761535644531]},{"page":107,"text":"Key Control Points","rect":[90.0,444.5606994628906,180.44227084732055,434.7555847167969]},{"page":107,"text":"4-239. Key control points in a building include entrances, hallways, and stairs. Whoever controls these","rect":[117.0,462.17431640625,539.9787263946533,453.0661315917969]},{"page":107,"text":"controls the building.","rect":[117.0,473.8776550292969,202.68760204315186,464.76947021484377]},{"page":107,"text":"Doors and Fire Barriers","rect":[90.0,490.6427307128906,203.20492038345336,483.0555725097656]},{"page":107,"text":"4-240. These are common in commercial buildings. They become obstacles when closed or secured.","rect":[117.0,510.4742126464844,540.0092725753784,501.36602783203127]},{"page":107,"text":"Furniture and appliances can also become obstacles. ","rect":[117.01000213623047,522.1575927734375,329.26922130584719,513.0694580078125]},{"page":107,"text":"Cover and Concealment","rect":[90.0,538.9536743164063,203.5551435585022,531.366455078125]},{"page":107,"text":"4-241. Buildings with brick walls and a few narrow windows balance cover and concealment. Roofs","rect":[117.0,558.774169921875,540.0211932640076,549.666015625]},{"page":107,"text":"provide little protection—lower floors offer LRS teams better protection than do areas directly under the","rect":[117.0,570.4776000976563,540.0453157501221,561.3694458007813]},{"page":107,"text":"roof.  Additionally,  floor  layouts  with  many  small  rooms  offer more protection than those with","rect":[117.0,582.180908203125,540.0768947601318,573.07275390625]},{"page":107,"text":"larger rooms.","rect":[117.0,593.88427734375,170.46619701385499,584.776123046875]},{"page":107,"text":"Intercity Distribution of Building Types","rect":[90.0,612.8607177734375,276.97397861099247,603.0555419921875]},{"page":107,"text":"4-242. Leaders can generally determine the layout of a city by the distribution of the buildings within","rect":[117.0,630.4741821289063,539.9701442718506,621.3660278320313]},{"page":107,"text":"the city. In built-up areas, mass-construction buildings (modern apartments and hotels) are the most","rect":[117.0,642.1776123046875,539.9908213577271,633.0694580078125]},{"page":107,"text":"common structures. They comprise two-thirds of the total area, and they are usually constructed of brick.","rect":[117.0,653.880859375,539.9841871261597,644.772705078125]},{"page":107,"text":"Steel and concrete-framed multistory buildings comprise the city's core area, its most valuable land. As","rect":[117.0,665.5842895507813,540.0012347679138,656.4761352539063]},{"page":107,"text":"centers of economic and political power, they have potentially great military significance. Open spaces,","rect":[117.0,677.28759765625,540.0845899581909,668.179443359375]},{"page":107,"text":"such as parks, athletic fields, and golf courses, comprise about 15 percent of the average city's area. Most","rect":[117.0,688.9910278320313,540.1869883499146,679.8828735351563]},{"page":107,"text":"of this 15 percent is suitable for air assault or Airborne operations. However, approaches to these areas","rect":[117.0,700.6743774414063,539.9904315452576,691.5862426757813]},{"page":107,"text":"may have obstacles such as tall buildings, trees and wires, and should be carefully considered during","rect":[117.0,712.397705078125,540.0994777679443,703.28955078125]},{"page":107,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98230200195312,747.489013671875]},{"page":107,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0636901855469,754.0679931640625,329.0175192871094,747.489013671875]},{"page":107,"text":"4-49","rect":[522.0786743164063,754.0679931640625,540.0363486328125,747.489013671875]},{"page":108,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.47270422363282,38.0880126953125]},{"page":108,"text":"planning. Additionally, rooftops complement this 15 percent since many can take the weight of aircraft","rect":[99.0,83.57427978515625,522.1336436233521,74.46610260009766]},{"page":108,"text":"or the impact of men and equipment jumping on to them.","rect":[99.0,95.2777099609375,327.9641981124878,86.15951538085938]},{"page":108,"text":"Sources of Information","rect":[72.0,112.06472778320313,180.70528257751466,104.45558166503906]},{"page":108,"text":"4-243.","rect":[99.0,129.83018493652345,125.02694988250733,122.94644927978516]},{"page":108,"text":"•","rect":[126.00389862060547,147.0,129.51089878082275,143.0]},{"page":108,"text":"•","rect":[126.00389862060547,165.0,129.51089878082275,161.0]},{"page":108,"text":"•","rect":[126.00389862060547,182.0,129.51089878082275,179.0]},{"page":108,"text":"•","rect":[126.00389862060547,200.0,129.51089878082275,196.0]},{"page":108,"text":"•","rect":[126.00389862060547,218.0,129.51089878082275,214.0]},{"page":108,"text":"Cities offer a wealth of useful information. This information is found in a variety of sources. ","rect":[135.0019073486328,131.874267578125,508.41924571990969,122.7660903930664]},{"page":108,"text":"Large-scale city maps. ","rect":[136.82850646972657,149.57958984375,229.6338758468628,140.47140502929688]},{"page":108,"text":"Diagrams of underground sewer, utility, transport, and other systems. ","rect":[136.83950805664063,167.2850341796875,417.98662853240969,158.17684936523438]},{"page":108,"text":"Publicly available information about key public buildings. ","rect":[136.79959106445313,184.98028564453126,373.00323009490969,175.87210083007813]},{"page":108,"text":"Rosters of key personnel. ","rect":[136.80340576171876,202.68560791015626,241.3523359298706,193.57742309570313]},{"page":108,"text":"US government studies and data bases that detail—","rect":[136.80250549316407,220.3909912109375,343.1243095397949,211.28280639648438]},{"page":108,"text":"— Size and density of the population. ","rect":[136.80551147460938,238.0963134765625,290.1579542160034,228.98812866210938]},{"page":108,"text":"— Police and security capabilities. ","rect":[136.80551147460938,255.80169677734376,277.7707471847534,246.69351196289063]},{"page":108,"text":"— Civil defense and air-raid shelters.","rect":[136.80551147460938,271.4930114746094,286.22490978240969,264.3988342285156]},{"page":108,"text":"— Fire-fighting capabilities. ","rect":[136.80551147460938,291.2122802734375,252.78606700897218,282.1040954589844]},{"page":108,"text":"— Utility systems. ","rect":[136.80551147460938,308.90765380859377,213.52175426483155,299.7994689941406]},{"page":108,"text":"— Medical facilities. ","rect":[136.80551147460938,324.58892822265627,223.08452892303468,317.5047912597656]},{"page":108,"text":"— Mass-communication facilities. ","rect":[136.80551147460938,342.29425048828127,276.94475841522219,335.2101135253906]},{"page":108,"text":"Equipment","rect":[72.0,363.2387390136719,124.49098035049438,353.45556640625]},{"page":108,"text":"4-244. Some of the items a Soldier might consider carrying into an urban environment include—","rect":[99.0,380.8742980957031,495.00837326049807,371.76611328125]},{"page":108,"text":"•  Camera.","rect":[126.00389862060547,396.5655822753906,170.35436534881593,389.6417541503906]},{"page":108,"text":"• Communications equipment with various antennas.","rect":[126.00389862060547,416.26495361328127,342.45928478240969,407.17681884765627]},{"page":108,"text":"• Spotting scope with stand. ","rect":[126.00389862060547,433.98028564453127,245.26621532440186,424.8721008300781]},{"page":108,"text":"•  Binoculars.","rect":[126.00389862060547,449.66156005859377,182.76841259002686,442.5774230957031]},{"page":108,"text":"•  Dark cloth.","rect":[126.00389862060547,467.366943359375,181.96581554412843,460.2828063964844]},{"page":108,"text":"•  Tape.","rect":[126.00389862060547,487.0762634277344,159.37566661834718,478.30877685546877]},{"page":108,"text":"•  Glass cutter.","rect":[126.00389862060547,502.7876892089844,186.88759899139405,495.6935119628906]},{"page":108,"text":"•","rect":[126.00389862060547,520.0,129.51089878082275,516.0]},{"page":108,"text":"• ","rect":[126.00389862060547,537.0,131.98379039764405,533.0]},{"page":108,"text":"• ","rect":[126.00389862060547,556.0,131.98379039764405,550.0]},{"page":108,"text":"• ","rect":[126.00389862060547,572.0,131.98279857635499,568.0]},{"page":108,"text":"Complete cleaning kit.","rect":[136.81639099121095,522.5069580078125,227.73118114471436,513.3988037109375]},{"page":108,"text":"Multipurpose knife.","rect":[136.79840087890626,540.1922607421875,216.51861095428468,531.1041259765625]},{"page":108,"text":"Suppressed pistol.","rect":[136.79840087890626,557.8876953125,209.90749645233155,548.799560546875]},{"page":108,"text":"Notebook.","rect":[136.7974090576172,573.5889282226563,178.95762157440186,566.5048217773438]},{"page":108,"text":"•  Pencils.","rect":[126.00389862060547,591.2942504882813,168.25950145721436,584.2101440429688]},{"page":108,"text":"• ","rect":[126.00389862060547,610.0,132.02289867401124,604.0]},{"page":108,"text":"• ","rect":[126.00389862060547,625.0,131.99189281463624,621.0]},{"page":108,"text":"•","rect":[126.00389862060547,644.0,129.51089878082275,640.0]},{"page":108,"text":"• ","rect":[126.00389862060547,663.0,131.98789501190186,657.0]},{"page":108,"text":"• ","rect":[126.00389862060547,678.0,132.00890636444093,674.0]},{"page":108,"text":"• ","rect":[126.00389862060547,696.0,131.9849042892456,692.0]},{"page":108,"text":"Tape recorder.","rect":[136.83750915527345,611.003662109375,195.35341930389405,601.91552734375]},{"page":108,"text":"Sleeping pad.","rect":[136.80650329589845,628.72900390625,191.4667615890503,619.620849609375]},{"page":108,"text":"Wasp and hornet spray.","rect":[136.7983856201172,646.4343872070313,231.71679210662843,637.3262329101563]},{"page":108,"text":"Bungee cord(s).","rect":[136.80250549316407,664.1397094726563,200.97190380096436,655.0315551757813]},{"page":108,"text":"Small saw.","rect":[136.82351684570313,679.8309326171875,180.64985179901124,672.73681640625]},{"page":108,"text":"Crowbar.","rect":[136.7995147705078,697.536376953125,174.4578504562378,690.4422607421875]},{"page":108,"text":"4-50","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":108,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01910400390627,754.0679931640625,310.972994140625,747.489013671875]},{"page":108,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.05419921875,754.0679931640625,522.0364096679688,747.489013671875]},{"page":109,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0793173828125,38.0880126953125]},{"page":109,"text":"COMMUNICATIONS","rect":[90.0,83.62802124023438,184.36765098571778,75.33602142333985]},{"page":109,"text":"4-245. Probably the most important consideration in planning urban communications is type of antenna","rect":[117.0,103.61431884765625,540.0559358673096,94.50614166259766]},{"page":109,"text":"placement. ","rect":[117.01000213623047,115.29765319824219,163.0924482345581,106.20951080322266]},{"page":109,"text":"Subsurface Surveillance Site","rect":[90.0,132.10458374023438,223.70678483581544,124.49543762207031]},{"page":109,"text":"4-246. A team can split into surveillance and hide sites, with the hide site located outside of the urban","rect":[117.0,151.89414978027345,540.0654811859131,142.80599975585938]},{"page":109,"text":"area. If so, team members at the hide site should be able to use their HF, UHF TACSAT, and LOS","rect":[117.0,162.0,539.9840841217041,154.50942993164063]},{"page":109,"text":"systems normally. However, when the surveillance site operates subsurface, they need an antenna for","rect":[117.0,175.32086181640626,540.0139062461853,166.21267700195313]},{"page":109,"text":"LOS communications with  the  hide  site.  Depending  on  the  situation,  the  team  members  at  the","rect":[117.0,187.0242919921875,539.8905305938721,177.91610717773438]},{"page":109,"text":"surveillance site might be able to use the whip antenna that is normally issued with their inter team radio.","rect":[117.0,198.72760009765626,540.1346387863159,189.61941528320313]},{"page":109,"text":"When the sites are split, the surveillance site can use any one of several methods to establish LOS","rect":[117.0,210.43096923828126,539.9811544342041,201.32278442382813]},{"page":109,"text":"communications with the hide site. ","rect":[117.0,221.0,259.3857374191284,213.02621459960938]},{"page":109,"text":"4-247. Sometimes, the team will have to use remote equipment to communicate with the hide site.","rect":[117.0,239.8196258544922,540.1066236495972,230.73147583007813]},{"page":109,"text":"Before the mission, they should try to obtain some field-expedient materials. ","rect":[117.0,251.54315185546876,426.69964122772219,242.43496704101563]},{"page":109,"text":"4-248. If the team is configured in a combined surveillance and hide site, and the entire element is in a","rect":[117.0,269.24835205078127,540.1057405548096,260.1401672363281]},{"page":109,"text":"subsurface environment, then the team must remote the long-range antenna system to the surface area. ","rect":[117.0,280.9517822265625,529.7450513839722,271.8435974121094]},{"page":109,"text":"4-249. To make contact with the COB or AOB, the RTO might be able to attach the HF antenna wire","rect":[117.0,298.6571044921875,540.0124788360596,289.5489196777344]},{"page":109,"text":"to some nearby metallic object that protrudes above the surface such as a light, a fence, or a storm drain","rect":[117.0,310.3605041503906,539.9965114593506,301.2423095703125]},{"page":109,"text":"gate. The RTO must remember to place the antenna system towards the receiving station. If using UHF","rect":[117.0,322.0638122558594,540.0172872467041,312.95562744140627]},{"page":109,"text":"TACSAT, the antenna must be placed so that no obstructions stand between it and the satellite.","rect":[116.98999786376953,333.7471923828125,498.3812208175659,324.6590576171875]},{"page":109,"text":"4-250. Operating from a subsurface situation can be highly risky, because the enemy may be able to","rect":[116.98999786376953,351.4725036621094,539.9625148773193,342.36431884765627]},{"page":109,"text":"detect the antenna.","rect":[116.98999786376953,361.15185546875,191.90149974822999,354.0677185058594]},{"page":109,"text":"4-251. Communications are easier to achieve from an elevated position such as a building or other","rect":[116.98999786376953,380.8811950683594,540.0111596641541,371.77301025390627]},{"page":109,"text":"structure. In most cases, depending on distance, the surveillance team can use the whip antennas organic","rect":[116.98999786376953,392.5845947265625,539.9715242462158,383.4764099121094]},{"page":109,"text":"to their radio system. ","rect":[116.98999786376953,404.28790283203127,204.04297924041749,395.1797180175781]},{"page":109,"text":"4-252. If a structure obstructs the LOS view between the two sites (surveillance and hide), then the","rect":[116.98999786376953,421.9732360839844,539.9060335235596,412.8851013183594]},{"page":109,"text":"RTO can make a closed-loop antenna. He fastens Claymore wire to an interior wall in a loop from the","rect":[116.98999786376953,433.6966247558594,539.9659090118408,424.58843994140627]},{"page":109,"text":"socket of the radio's whip antenna to the ground for the radio. He must remember to cut the antenna to at","rect":[116.98999786376953,445.3999938964844,539.9639048538209,436.29180908203127]},{"page":109,"text":"least one full wave-length of the frequency he is using. This is an excellent antenna to use during urban","rect":[116.98999786376953,457.1034240722656,540.0224514007568,447.9952392578125]},{"page":109,"text":"area missions.","rect":[116.98999786376953,466.78265380859377,173.68847179412843,459.6985168457031]},{"page":109,"text":"4-253. VHF  antennas  are  much  shorter  than  HF  antennas. In fact, the  antennas  used  for  HF","rect":[116.98999786376953,485.0,539.9915304107666,477.40386962890627]},{"page":109,"text":"communications can also be used for VHF, except that they must be scaled down for higher frequencies.","rect":[117.0,498.2154235839844,539.9562330245972,489.10723876953127]},{"page":109,"text":"However, constructing and placing them is much the same as it is for the LOS. ","rect":[117.0,509.9187927246094,435.30202770233157,500.81060791015627]},{"page":109,"text":"4-254. Other items that can be used for HF communications include—.","rect":[117.0,525.6100463867188,409.65188121795657,518.5159301757813]},{"page":109,"text":"•","rect":[144.00390625,541.0910034179688,147.51090641021728,538.6361083984375]},{"page":109,"text":"•","rect":[144.00390625,558.7963256835938,147.51090641021728,556.3414306640625]},{"page":109,"text":"•","rect":[144.00390625,576.5016479492188,147.51090641021728,574.0467529296875]},{"page":109,"text":"• ","rect":[144.00390625,595.0,149.98890209197999,591.0]},{"page":109,"text":"•","rect":[144.00390625,613.0,147.51090641021728,610.0]},{"page":109,"text":"Existing antennas on the structure.","rect":[154.80459594726563,545.3294677734375,293.3124952316284,536.2213134765625]},{"page":109,"text":"Existing electrical wiring (team has to test for conductivity).","rect":[154.80551147460938,563.0347900390625,396.6944532394409,553.9266357421875]},{"page":109,"text":"Metal plumbing pipes.","rect":[154.80540466308595,580.7401123046875,245.24621105194093,571.6319580078125]},{"page":109,"text":"Ceiling grids.","rect":[154.8035125732422,598.4454956054688,209.38392162322999,589.3373413085938]},{"page":109,"text":"Metal clothes lines.","rect":[154.81759643554688,614.126708984375,232.9532117843628,607.0426025390625]},{"page":109,"text":"• Metal building frames (if power to the building is off, otherwise damage to the radio could","rect":[144.00390625,633.856201171875,518.6994533538818,624.748046875]},{"page":109,"text":"occur).","rect":[154.80551147460938,645.5394897460938,182.99177074432374,636.4513549804688]},{"page":109,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98140173339844,747.489013671875]},{"page":109,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0636901855469,754.0679931640625,329.0175192871094,747.489013671875]},{"page":109,"text":"4-51","rect":[522.0786743164063,754.0590209960938,540.0363486328125,747.489013671875]},{"page":110,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":110,"text":"WARNING","rect":[267.6600036621094,118.33201599121094,326.28000024414066,109.4640121459961]},{"page":110,"text":"Never construct antennas less than twice their length from power","rect":[139.6800079345703,138.4140625,454.3264911155701,129.02532958984376]},{"page":110,"text":"lines and transformers.","rect":[139.6800079345703,148.1301727294922,250.42304181671143,140.72540283203126]},{"page":110,"text":"HIDE AND SURVEILLANCE SITES","rect":[72.0,184.7696990966797,298.93175425720218,175.0955352783203]},{"page":110,"text":"4-255. When selecting a suitable site, Soldiers tend to go for height. In an urban operation, this can be","rect":[99.0,205.13427734375,522.0362215118408,196.02609252929688]},{"page":110,"text":"a mistake. The greater the height attained, the more the LRS Soldier has to look out over an area and","rect":[99.0,216.834716796875,521.9974880218506,207.72653198242188]},{"page":110,"text":"away from his immediate surroundings. For example, to see the road below a tenth-floor surveillance","rect":[99.0,228.5350341796875,522.0113802032471,219.42684936523438]},{"page":110,"text":"site, the LRS Soldier must lean out of the window, which reveals his location and exposes him to fire.","rect":[99.0,240.21531677246095,522.0114088058472,231.12716674804688]},{"page":110,"text":"Though the observer cannot predict where incidents will occur, he can expect that the ranges will be","rect":[99.0,251.9356689453125,521.9769563751221,242.82748413085938]},{"page":110,"text":"relatively short distances. A surveillance site must cover its surroundings as well as middle and far","rect":[99.0,263.6361083984375,522.0149438438416,254.52792358398438]},{"page":110,"text":"distances. In urban areas, this is rarely possible: sites are often forced off ground-floor levels by passing","rect":[99.0,275.33636474609377,521.9869289398193,266.2281799316406]},{"page":110,"text":"pedestrians. However, generally, the team should avoid going above the second floor.","rect":[99.0,287.03680419921877,443.37798595428469,277.9286193847656]},{"page":110,"text":"CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[72.0,304.78802490234377,160.06345176696778,296.49603271484377]},{"page":110,"text":"4-256. When considering possible hide or surveillance positions, the team should consider old, derelict","rect":[99.0,324.7743225097656,522.0259165725709,315.6661376953125]},{"page":110,"text":"buildings as they are unlikely to be reoccupied by civilians in the area. Abandoned or unoccupied houses","rect":[99.0,336.47467041015627,522.0176532249451,327.3664855957031]},{"page":110,"text":"or buildings also offer good sites, but could be booby-trapped or be reoccupied by civilians. The team","rect":[99.0,348.17498779296877,522.1455969772339,339.0668029785156]},{"page":110,"text":"must search the building after they have occupied it. Buildings that provide protection from weather and","rect":[99.0,359.8753967285156,522.0528469085693,350.7672119140625]},{"page":110,"text":"small arms are preferred. They should avoid isolated buildings as they tend to be obvious observation","rect":[99.0,371.57568359375,522.0027370452881,362.4674987792969]},{"page":110,"text":"positions.  After  carefully  observing  the  inhabitants'  daily  routines,  the  team  can  occupy  private","rect":[99.0,383.2760925292969,521.9835481719971,374.16790771484377]},{"page":110,"text":"residences. They can occupy the home and establish hides or surveillance sites in the basement or attic,","rect":[99.0,394.9764099121094,522.1281690597534,385.86822509765627]},{"page":110,"text":"or both, but the homeowner will pose a danger and the team should generally limit their stay to 12 to 24","rect":[99.0,406.67681884765627,522.0881252288818,397.5686340332031]},{"page":110,"text":"hours. The team can use shops with empty accommodations on a second floor, but again should limit","rect":[99.0,418.3770751953125,522.0137705764771,409.2688903808594]},{"page":110,"text":"their stay to 12 to 24 hours. ","rect":[99.0009994506836,430.0774841308594,211.70006847381593,420.96929931640627]},{"page":110,"text":"CONSTRUCTION","rect":[72.0,447.8280029296875,151.142746925354,439.5360107421875]},{"page":110,"text":"4-257. During the reconnaissance phase, the team  plans  the  construction  of  an  urban  hide  or","rect":[99.0,467.8143005371094,522.0010278282166,458.70611572265627]},{"page":110,"text":"surveillance site in detail. They must prepare a view aperture, a viewing platform (if needed), and the","rect":[99.0,479.5146789550781,522.0976228790283,470.406494140625]},{"page":110,"text":"interior layout. Selection of the viewing aperture takes priority over construction of the viewing platform","rect":[99.0,491.2149963378906,522.1725134811402,482.1068115234375]},{"page":110,"text":"or any interior work. When construction begins, the team must pull local security to warn of any excess","rect":[99.0,502.9154052734375,521.9933001976013,493.8072204589844]},{"page":110,"text":"noise or act as early warning. If they have floor plans of the building or house during their planning","rect":[99.0,514.61572265625,521.9780178070068,505.5075378417969]},{"page":110,"text":"phase, the team can rehearse the construction and occupation of the site. Before constructing a hide or","rect":[99.0,526.3161010742188,522.0016381797791,517.2079467773438]},{"page":110,"text":"surveillance site, the team records what the area looks like so that they can return it to normal before","rect":[99.0,538.0164184570313,521.9544344024658,528.9082641601563]},{"page":110,"text":"departing.","rect":[99.0,549.716796875,139.42878246307374,540.608642578125]},{"page":110,"text":"CAMOUFLAGE","rect":[72.0,573.4679565429688,143.304696559906,565.1759033203125]},{"page":110,"text":"4-258. To survive in an urban environment, LRS Soldiers must supplement cover and concealment","rect":[99.0,599.4342041015625,522.0267100296021,590.3460693359375]},{"page":110,"text":"with camouflage. To properly camouflage their positions, they must study the terrain in the surrounding","rect":[98.9990005493164,611.1546020507813,521.9551296234131,602.0464477539063]},{"page":110,"text":"area. The site must blend in with the terrain. For instance, in an undamaged building, they should not","rect":[98.9990005493164,622.8549194335938,522.0951304397584,613.7467651367188]},{"page":110,"text":"make a loophole for observation. They should use only the materials that they need-excess materials can","rect":[98.9990005493164,634.5552978515625,521.9394435882568,625.4471435546875]},{"page":110,"text":"reveal their position. They should also consider—","rect":[98.9990005493164,646.255615234375,299.3658256530762,637.1474609375]},{"page":110,"text":"Use of Shadows—Buildings in urban areas throw sharp shadows. ","rect":[125.9989013671875,670.0159912109375,392.2316541671753,660.9078369140625]},{"page":110,"text":"Color and Texture—The team needs to break up the silhouettes of their individual equipment.","rect":[125.9989013671875,693.7564697265625,505.3335828781128,684.6683349609375]},{"page":110,"text":"They can use burlap or canvas strips for this. The predominant colors are normally brown, tan,","rect":[136.79949951171876,705.476806640625,516.3958082199097,696.36865234375]},{"page":110,"text":"and gray. The team should evaluate the camouflage they need for each location separately.","rect":[136.79949951171876,717.1771850585938,500.21673107147219,708.0690307617188]},{"page":110,"text":"4-52","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":110,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":110,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":111,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":111,"text":"Section VII. IMAGERY COLLECTION AND TRANSMISSION","rect":[80.63999938964844,87.14399719238281,410.60632177734376,78.26399993896485]},{"page":111,"text":"The timely and accurate collection and transmission of imagery, video or hand drawn pictures of the objective,","rect":[90.0,116.63427734375,540.0428419113159,107.51608276367188]},{"page":111,"text":"plays a key role in the success of follow-on missions. The purpose of imagery collection and transmission is to","rect":[90.0,128.5140380859375,539.9872341156006,119.4058609008789]},{"page":111,"text":"provide an accurate description of enemy strengths, positions and capabilities so that the commander can make","rect":[90.0,140.21435546875,540.0179109649658,131.10617065429688]},{"page":111,"text":"informed decisions. With the introduction of new technology and integration between digital cameras, global","rect":[90.0,151.9146728515625,540.1188120803834,142.80648803710938]},{"page":111,"text":"positioning system (GPS) devices, laser range-finding equipment and other electronic devices, it is now easier","rect":[90.0,163.6151123046875,540.0731103477478,154.50692749023438]},{"page":111,"text":"and of more tactical value to take digital imagery of objectives. The use of a digital camera with laser range-","rect":[90.0,175.31536865234376,539.9913232383728,166.19717407226563]},{"page":111,"text":"finding equipment and GPS helps produce clear, real-time information.","rect":[89.9990005493164,187.01580810546876,375.7212781906128,177.90762329101563]},{"page":111,"text":"IMAGERY LABELS","rect":[90.0,212.7296600341797,217.61083140563967,203.04151916503907]},{"page":111,"text":"4-259.","rect":[117.0,237.0701446533203,143.0269422531128,230.16636657714845]},{"page":111,"text":"PRINCIPLES","rect":[90.0,262.82208251953127,148.84000205993653,254.73587036132813]},{"page":111,"text":"4-260.","rect":[117.0,286.7902526855469,143.0269422531128,279.906494140625]},{"page":111,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,310.0,147.50689334869385,306.0]},{"page":111,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,334.0,147.50689334869385,330.0]},{"page":111,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,357.0,147.50689334869385,354.0]},{"page":111,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99989318847657,380.0,149.98389720916749,376.0]},{"page":111,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,405.0,147.50689334869385,401.0]},{"page":111,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,428.0,147.50689334869385,425.0]},{"page":111,"text":"All personnel on the team should be proficient at labeling images according to the unit SOP. ","rect":[152.99989318847657,239.09417724609376,526.0399732589722,229.98599243164063]},{"page":111,"text":"General principles of labeling imagery include (Figure 4-9 and Figure 4-10) —","rect":[152.99989318847657,288.8343200683594,470.4665336608887,279.72613525390627]},{"page":111,"text":"Placement of letters or numbers on the image to correspond with the legend.","rect":[154.8303985595703,312.5345764160156,460.84636974334719,303.4263916015625]},{"page":111,"text":"Placing appropriate arrows and other graphics where needed.","rect":[154.7983856201172,336.2348937988281,400.29400157928469,327.126708984375]},{"page":111,"text":"Ensuring the image has a title, including a name, DTG, and grid, for example, ","rect":[154.82260131835938,359.9351806640625,469.84185314178469,350.8269958496094]},{"page":111,"text":"North-seeking arrow.","rect":[154.7985076904297,383.635498046875,240.77234935760499,374.5273132324219]},{"page":111,"text":"Size of the picture (from East to West, North to South).","rect":[154.798583984375,407.3157653808594,377.30401134490969,398.2276306152344]},{"page":111,"text":"Remarks page for details about what each number or letter means.","rect":[154.83351135253907,431.03607177734377,420.1675672531128,421.9278869628906]},{"page":111,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":111,"text":"Figure 4-9. Example imagery labels.","rect":[238.739990234375,706.880859375,391.24070849609378,698.5288696289063]},{"page":111,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":111,"text":"4-53","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":112,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":112,"text":"Figure 4-10. Example imagery legend.","rect":[216.47999572753907,252.14088439941407,377.44969287109378,243.7888946533203]},{"page":112,"text":"IMAGE-GATHERING EQUIPMENT","rect":[72.0,290.8763732910156,302.0198806419373,278.88153076171877]},{"page":112,"text":"4-261. There are many types of cameras and video cameras available. The majority of this equipment","rect":[99.0,308.9342956542969,522.0408701858521,299.81610107421877]},{"page":112,"text":"becomes dated quickly, so it is important to stay proficient in the equipment available.","rect":[98.9990005493164,320.63458251953127,445.0319471359253,311.5263977050781]},{"page":112,"text":"CAMERAS","rect":[72.0,338.38800048828127,121.6741771697998,330.09600830078127]},{"page":112,"text":"4-262. Several different types of cameras may be used to gather imagery from an objective. Some basic","rect":[99.0,358.3742980957031,522.0255403594971,349.256103515625]},{"page":112,"text":"principles should be adhered to when considering what type and or kind to use—","rect":[98.9990005493164,370.0745849609375,424.5303764343262,360.9664001464844]},{"page":112,"text":"•  Durable.","rect":[125.9989013671875,385.7509460449219,171.65664196014405,378.66680908203127]},{"page":112,"text":"•  Waterproof.","rect":[125.9989013671875,405.4552307128906,185.6880750656128,396.37713623046877]},{"page":112,"text":"• Number of images at a particular resolution.","rect":[125.9989013671875,423.17559814453127,314.12090587615969,414.0674133300781]},{"page":112,"text":"• Film type, memory stick, or compact flash card.","rect":[125.9989013671875,446.8758850097656,329.1767530441284,437.7677001953125]},{"page":112,"text":"• Weight and size measurements.","rect":[125.9989013671875,470.5762939453125,263.65410900115969,461.4681091308594]},{"page":112,"text":"VIDEO CAMERAS","rect":[72.0,494.3279113769531,156.8941707611084,486.0359191894531]},{"page":112,"text":"4-263. The  introduction  of  the  video  camera  recorder (a  camera  capable  of  taking  video  and still","rect":[99.0,520.314208984375,522.0456309280396,511.2060241699219]},{"page":112,"text":"images) has aided the R&S community in its ability to record information. Considerations for video","rect":[99.0,532.0145874023438,522.1370143890381,522.9064331054688]},{"page":112,"text":"camera use are—","rect":[99.0,541.6908569335938,168.46467208862306,536.94140625]},{"page":112,"text":"•  Zoom.","rect":[125.9999008178711,565.39111328125,163.18711376190186,558.6276245117188]},{"page":112,"text":"• Quality and resolution.","rect":[125.9999008178711,591.115478515625,229.04889965057374,582.00732421875]},{"page":112,"text":"•  Battery life.","rect":[125.9999008178711,614.8157958984375,184.5862684249878,605.7076416015625]},{"page":112,"text":"• Power converter for military batteries (BA-5590).","rect":[125.9999008178711,638.51611328125,336.87383556365969,629.407958984375]},{"page":112,"text":"COMPRESSION SOFTWARE","rect":[72.0,662.2799072265625,202.40314626693727,653.9758911132813]},{"page":112,"text":"4-264. The use of compression software can greatly enhance the effectiveness of a unit when it comes","rect":[99.0,688.2542114257813,522.0310809593201,679.1460571289063]},{"page":112,"text":"to gathering and transmitting imagery and video. Compression software allows compression of files up","rect":[99.0,699.9544677734375,521.9589138031006,690.8463134765625]},{"page":112,"text":"4-54","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":112,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":112,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":113,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":113,"text":"to 88% smaller then the original file. Being able to compress files aids in decreasing the amount of time","rect":[117.0,83.57427978515625,540.0079622344971,74.46610260009766]},{"page":113,"text":"required to transmit.","rect":[117.0,95.25468444824219,198.55080699920655,86.16654205322266]},{"page":113,"text":"OBJECTIVE SKETCH","rect":[90.0,119.04004669189453,189.8962526321411,110.73604583740235]},{"page":113,"text":"4-265. In the case of loss of communication or enemy compromise, an objective sketch may be the","rect":[117.0,145.01434326171876,539.9804353790283,135.89614868164063]},{"page":113,"text":"only piece of information about that objective available. The ability to draft a proper objective sketch is","rect":[117.0,156.714599609375,540.0193622093201,147.59640502929688]},{"page":113,"text":"an extremely important skill. It is important to understand the basics of objective sketch production.","rect":[117.0,168.41497802734376,539.9920606613159,159.29678344726563]},{"page":113,"text":"Understanding the basics allows a novice or non-artist to draw an understandable objective sketch.","rect":[117.0009994506836,180.1153564453125,512.9378309249878,170.99716186523438]},{"page":113,"text":"Types","rect":[90.0,205.10069274902345,118.06487521743775,195.4712371826172]},{"page":113,"text":"Panoramic Sketches","rect":[90.0,226.76026916503907,174.41750979232789,219.83645629882813]},{"page":113,"text":"4-266. Each  of  these  represents  an  area  or  object,  and  is  drawn  to  scale from the observer’s","rect":[116.9999008178711,252.3543701171875,540.0155780296326,243.23617553710938]},{"page":113,"text":"perspective. It provides a useful way to record details about a specific area or structure (Figure 4-11). ","rect":[116.9999008178711,264.0546875,526.0042066574097,254.94650268554688]},{"page":113,"text":"Topographic Sketches","rect":[90.0,287.8150939941406,181.73165774154664,278.87725830078127]},{"page":113,"text":"4-267. Each of these represents a large area drawn to scale as seen from above (bird's eye view). It","rect":[116.9999008178711,311.39520263671877,540.0274424514771,302.2870178222656]},{"page":113,"text":"shows reliable distances and azimuths between major features. A topographic sketch can also be used as","rect":[116.9999008178711,323.0956115722656,539.9418475608826,313.9774169921875]},{"page":113,"text":"an overlay on a range card (Figure 4-12).","rect":[116.9999008178711,334.7959289550781,282.1952772140503,325.687744140625]},{"page":113,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":113,"text":"Figure 4-11. Example panoramic sketch.","rect":[229.25999450683595,669.0809936523438,400.82237353515628,660.72900390625]},{"page":113,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":113,"text":"4-55","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":114,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":114,"text":"Figure 4-12. Example topographic sketch.","rect":[207.95999145507813,371.60101318359377,386.0321513671875,363.2489929199219]},{"page":114,"text":"Objective Sketch","rect":[72.0,389.394287109375,140.71015834045412,380.4464416503906]},{"page":114,"text":"4-268. Each of these, most easily drawn on a printed objective sketchpad, shows all useful information.","rect":[98.9999008178711,406.9743957519531,522.0068311691284,397.856201171875]},{"page":114,"text":"The pad includes reminders of what specific information should be placed on the objective sketch. The","rect":[98.9999008178711,418.6746826171875,522.0583162384033,409.5564880371094]},{"page":114,"text":"sketch pad includes marginal information and remarks (Figure 4-13).","rect":[98.9999008178711,430.37506103515627,376.14345836639407,421.2668762207031]},{"page":114,"text":"4-56","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":114,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":114,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":115,"text":"Figure 4-13. Example objective sketchpad.","rect":[224.5800018310547,411.6809997558594,405.43599047851566,403.3289794921875]},{"page":115,"text":"Marginal Information","rect":[90.0,435.4142761230469,178.4069423675537,426.30609130859377]},{"page":115,"text":"•  Target number.","rect":[143.99778747558595,459.111572265625,216.58501720428468,450.0033874511719]},{"page":115,"text":"• Range from the preparer to the objective.","rect":[143.99778747558595,482.80889892578127,320.06023693084719,473.6907043457031]},{"page":115,"text":"• Reference point, that is, the point of origin.","rect":[143.99778747558595,506.5061950683594,328.1798963546753,497.39801025390627]},{"page":115,"text":"• Deflection angle from the preparer to the objective.","rect":[143.99778747558595,530.2034912109375,360.9658155441284,521.0852661132813]},{"page":115,"text":"• Grid coordinates for the objective.","rect":[143.99778747558595,553.9007568359375,292.82317638397219,544.7825317382813]},{"page":115,"text":"• Block scale, that is, the size of the blocks printed or drawn on the sketchpad.","rect":[143.99778747558595,577.5780639648438,462.2428846359253,568.4899291992188]},{"page":115,"text":"• Mils latitude and longitude (for air strikes using fixed wing aircraft).","rect":[143.99778747558595,601.29541015625,429.9393262863159,592.187255859375]},{"page":115,"text":"• Magnetic azimuth from the preparer to the objective.","rect":[143.99778747558595,624.99267578125,366.9077100753784,615.8744506835938]},{"page":115,"text":"• Sketch number (if more than one sketch). ","rect":[143.99778747558595,648.6699829101563,323.68313121795657,639.5818481445313]},{"page":115,"text":"• DTG when the sketch was prepared.","rect":[143.99778747558595,672.3673095703125,300.92498302459719,663.2791748046875]},{"page":115,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98230200195312,747.489013671875]},{"page":115,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0636901855469,754.0679931640625,329.0175192871094,747.489013671875]},{"page":115,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0793173828125,38.0880126953125]},{"page":115,"text":"4-57","rect":[522.0786743164063,754.0590209960938,540.0363486328125,747.489013671875]},{"page":116,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":116,"text":"• Name of the preparer.","rect":[126.0,83.55424499511719,224.79383373260499,74.46610260009766]},{"page":116,"text":"• Rank and organization of the preparer.","rect":[126.0,107.274658203125,291.91042613983157,98.1664810180664]},{"page":116,"text":"Remarks","rect":[72.00019836425781,128.9308319091797,107.09023928451538,121.86673736572266]},{"page":116,"text":"• Terrain on the objective.","rect":[126.0,154.6751708984375,235.4983777999878,145.55697631835938]},{"page":116,"text":"• Vegetation, that is, whether it can provide concealment.","rect":[126.0,178.37548828125,360.68218517303469,169.26730346679688]},{"page":116,"text":"• Structural composition at the objective, for example, brick, mud, or wood.","rect":[126.0,202.0758056640625,434.5967664718628,192.95761108398438]},{"page":116,"text":"• Tactical value of the objective; for example, what purpose it could serve such as prison camp,","rect":[126.0,225.776123046875,513.2055006027222,216.65792846679688]},{"page":116,"text":"training camp, or communications site.","rect":[136.80059814453126,237.47650146484376,293.0526990890503,228.36831665039063]},{"page":116,"text":"• Additional information of tactical relevance such as whether buildings on the objective are","rect":[126.0009994506836,261.1767578125,500.64489460754398,252.05856323242188]},{"page":116,"text":"elevated and whether their windows have screens, the locations of power lines and","rect":[136.80059814453126,272.8570861816406,468.3766384124756,263.7689514160156]},{"page":116,"text":"construction, types of sidings, building numbers, lighting, gaps, breach points, or any other","rect":[136.80059814453126,284.5774841308594,502.1498010215759,275.46929931640627]},{"page":116,"text":"information that might help the chain of command plan follow-on missions.","rect":[136.80059814453126,296.27789306640627,440.97857189178469,287.1697082519531]},{"page":116,"text":"Preparation","rect":[72.0,321.2387390136719,128.82149351501466,311.45556640625]},{"page":116,"text":"4-269. Sketching is an easy way to record information about an objective. The following are some","rect":[99.0,344.8742980957031,522.0779695587158,335.756103515625]},{"page":116,"text":"useful steps to take when preparing a sketch:","rect":[99.0,356.5745849609375,278.8179087600708,347.4664001464844]},{"page":116,"text":"• Work from the whole to the part.","rect":[126.00090026855469,380.25494384765627,269.2697706222534,371.16680908203127]},{"page":116,"text":"• Use common shapes to show common objects such as roads, buildings, and poles.","rect":[126.00090026855469,403.97528076171877,465.9027967453003,394.8570861816406]},{"page":116,"text":"• Draw in perspective.","rect":[126.00090026855469,427.6555480957031,220.12566661834718,418.5674133300781]},{"page":116,"text":"• Use vanishing points.","rect":[126.00090026855469,451.3758850097656,223.56432628631593,442.2677001953125]},{"page":116,"text":"• Cross-hatch to show depth in the sketch.","rect":[126.00090026855469,475.05615234375,299.39617443084719,465.968017578125]},{"page":116,"text":"• Avoid concentrating on the fine details unless used to clarify the drawing or emphasize","rect":[126.00090026855469,498.7765197753906,486.5208101348877,489.6683349609375]},{"page":116,"text":"something of tactical importance.","rect":[136.80039978027345,510.476806640625,270.85818004608157,501.3686218261719]},{"page":116,"text":"Work from the Whole to the Part","rect":[72.0000991821289,534.2373046875,207.99933576202393,525.2994384765625]},{"page":116,"text":"4-270. Figure 4-14 shows an example drawing  technique for whole to part.","rect":[99.0,557.8172607421875,409.9823865890503,548.7091064453125]},{"page":116,"text":"4-58","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":116,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":116,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":117,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":117,"text":"Figure 4-14. Example drawing technique: whole to part.","rect":[196.62001037597657,671.5408935546875,433.41426196289066,663.1889038085938]},{"page":117,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":117,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":117,"text":"4-59","rect":[522.09765625,754.0679931640625,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":118,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":118,"text":"Use Common Shapes for Common Objects","rect":[72.0,83.63427734375,248.4872882347107,74.68641662597656]},{"page":118,"text":"4-271. Use common shapes to show common objects such as roads, buildings, and poles (Figure 4-15).","rect":[98.9999008178711,101.21435546875,520.5541944503784,92.09616088867188]},{"page":118,"text":"Figure 4-15. Example drawing technique: use of common shapes to show common objects.","rect":[101.34000396728516,234.86097717285157,492.78706469726566,226.427978515625]},{"page":118,"text":"Use Perspective Drawing","rect":[72.0,252.654296875,175.57677268981935,243.71646118164063]},{"page":118,"text":"4-272. Draw in perspective (Figure 4-16).","rect":[98.9999008178711,270.234375,274.7557325363159,261.1261901855469]},{"page":118,"text":"Figure 4-16. Example drawing technique: use of perspective to represent depth.","rect":[126.5999984741211,465.3210144042969,467.423875,456.88800048828127]},{"page":118,"text":"Use Vanishing Points","rect":[72.0,483.1142883300781,161.6858966331482,474.17645263671877]},{"page":118,"text":"4-273. Use vanishing points (Figure 4-17).","rect":[98.9999008178711,500.6944274902344,278.19243907928469,491.58624267578127]},{"page":118,"text":"4-60","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":118,"text":"Figure 4-17. Example drawing technique: use of vanishing points to indicate distance.","rect":[113.2199935913086,717.9208984375,480.770798828125,709.4879150390625]},{"page":118,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":118,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":119,"text":"Cross-Hatch to Show Depth","rect":[90.0,83.61424255371094,205.65985011291506,74.69644165039063]},{"page":119,"text":"4-274. Use hatching to show depth in the sketch (Figure 4-18).","rect":[116.9999008178711,101.21435546875,376.7508192062378,92.1061782836914]},{"page":119,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":119,"text":"Figure 4-18. Example drawing technique: hatching.","rect":[205.97999572753907,579.740966796875,423.96309008789066,571.3889770507813]},{"page":119,"text":"Detail Only the Most Important Elements","rect":[90.0,597.5341796875,261.21375918197637,588.5863037109375]},{"page":119,"text":"4-275. Avoid concentrating on fine detail except to clarify the drawing or to emphasize something of ","rect":[116.9999008178711,615.1143188476563,542.5362501144409,606.0061645507813]},{"page":119,"text":"tactical importance.","rect":[116.9999008178711,626.7945556640625,195.86069774627686,617.7064208984375]},{"page":119,"text":"Section VIII. STABILITY OPERATIONS","rect":[80.63999938964844,648.083984375,296.695162109375,639.2039794921875]},{"page":119,"text":"This  section  discusses  LRSU  activities  in  stability operations.  LRSU  are  well  suited  to  conduct  stability","rect":[90.0,671.5742797851563,540.0241603851318,662.4661254882813]},{"page":119,"text":"operations, because can they provide both overt and covert combat information. Both of these are critical to","rect":[90.0,683.274658203125,539.9975490570068,674.16650390625]},{"page":119,"text":"success in stability operations. Stability operations  occur  unilaterally,  or  with  offensive  and  defensive","rect":[90.0,694.9749755859375,540.0978059844971,685.8668212890625]},{"page":119,"text":"operations. United States forces can participate in a stability operation while a host nation is at war. In addition,","rect":[90.0,706.6754150390625,540.1663770675659,697.5672607421875]},{"page":119,"text":"stability can evolve into war, and leaders should be prepared in case this occurs. Stability operations influence","rect":[90.0,718.3756713867188,540.0343904571533,709.2675170898438]},{"page":119,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":119,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":119,"text":"4-61","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":120,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":120,"text":"the political, civil and military environments, and can disrupt illegal activities. Military operations in stability","rect":[72.0,83.57427978515625,522.1259059906006,74.46610260009766]},{"page":120,"text":"are characterized by indirectness rather than directness. ","rect":[72.0,95.27471923828125,296.4720411300659,86.16654205322266]},{"page":120,"text":"TYPES","rect":[72.0,114.98966979980469,117.03517070007324,105.31550598144531]},{"page":120,"text":"4-276. Stability operations typically fall into ten broad and often overlapping types. For example, a","rect":[99.0,135.35430908203126,522.0902986602783,126.24613189697266]},{"page":120,"text":"force engaged in a peace operation may at the same time conduct arms control or a show of force to set","rect":[99.0,147.0546875,521.8923106155396,137.94650268554688]},{"page":120,"text":"the conditions for achieving an end state. This paragraph introduces stability operations. (See FM 3-0","rect":[99.0,158.7550048828125,522.1215724945068,149.64682006835938]},{"page":120,"text":"and FM 3-07 for  more  detailed  information.)  The  LRSU  can  participate  in  any  of  the  following","rect":[99.0,170.45538330078126,522.0089626312256,161.34719848632813]},{"page":120,"text":"operations in a stability environment: ","rect":[99.0,182.1556396484375,251.29758739471436,173.04745483398438]},{"page":120,"text":"• Peace operations (POs).","rect":[125.9999008178711,199.83604431152345,232.94224071502686,190.74789428710938]},{"page":120,"text":"• Foreign internal defense (FID).","rect":[125.9999008178711,217.55633544921876,262.3341932296753,208.44815063476563]},{"page":120,"text":"• Humanitarian and civic assistance.","rect":[125.9999008178711,233.2326202392578,275.9175977706909,226.14846801757813]},{"page":120,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,250.0,129.50690097808838,247.0]},{"page":120,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,268.0,129.50690097808838,264.0]},{"page":120,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,286.0,129.50690097808838,282.0]},{"page":120,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,303.0,129.50690097808838,300.0]},{"page":120,"text":"• ","rect":[125.9999008178711,320.0,131.98379039764405,316.0]},{"page":120,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,339.0,129.50690097808838,335.0]},{"page":120,"text":"• ","rect":[125.9999008178711,356.0,131.98379039764405,352.0]},{"page":120,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,374.0,129.50690097808838,371.0]},{"page":120,"text":"Foreign humanitarian assistance.","rect":[136.8303985595703,252.95697021484376,268.4908399581909,243.84878540039063]},{"page":120,"text":"Security assistance.","rect":[136.82260131835938,270.6573486328125,215.24212169647218,261.5491638183594]},{"page":120,"text":"Support to insurgencies. ","rect":[136.7983856201172,288.357666015625,236.6707410812378,279.2494812011719]},{"page":120,"text":"Support to counterdrug operations. ","rect":[136.798583984375,306.0579833984375,279.4953260421753,296.9497985839844]},{"page":120,"text":"Combating terrorism.","rect":[136.79840087890626,323.75830078125,222.98650646209718,314.6501159667969]},{"page":120,"text":"Noncombatant evacuation operations (NEO).","rect":[136.7982940673828,341.4386291503906,318.50210094451907,332.3504943847656]},{"page":120,"text":"Arms control.","rect":[136.79840087890626,357.13494873046877,192.46718883514405,350.0508117675781]},{"page":120,"text":"Show of force.","rect":[136.7983856201172,374.84527587890627,196.29516124725343,367.7510986328125]},{"page":120,"text":"PEACE OPERATIONS","rect":[72.0,394.6080017089844,172.61322593688966,386.3160095214844]},{"page":120,"text":"4-277. Peace operations (PO) support strategic and policy objectives and the diplomatic activities that","rect":[99.0,414.59429931640627,522.0885386428834,405.4761047363281]},{"page":120,"text":"implement them. POs include peacekeeping operations (PKOs), peace enforcement operations (PEOs),","rect":[98.9990005493164,426.2947082519531,521.9353590011597,417.1865234375]},{"page":120,"text":"and support to diplomatic efforts to establish and maintain peace. Peace operations monitor and ease the","rect":[98.9990005493164,437.9749450683594,522.0153474884033,428.8868103027344]},{"page":120,"text":"implementation of agreements, such as a cease-fire or truce. They can also support diplomatic efforts to","rect":[98.9990005493164,449.6954345703125,522.0208644866943,440.5872497558594]},{"page":120,"text":"reach a long-term political settlement. They usually consist of observing, monitoring, or supervising and","rect":[98.9990005493164,461.39569091796877,522.0233669281006,452.2875061035156]},{"page":120,"text":"aiding the parties to a dispute. The mission of a peace operation is fluid, and is based on a review of ","rect":[98.9990005493164,473.0960998535156,524.5423536300659,463.9879150390625]},{"page":120,"text":"METT-TC. LRSU activities supporting PKO include, among others—","rect":[98.9990005493164,484.79644775390627,381.1906547546387,475.6882629394531]},{"page":120,"text":"• R&S of a demilitarized zone.","rect":[125.9989013671875,500.4828186035156,254.00611400604249,493.3886413574219]},{"page":120,"text":"• Surveillance of confrontation areas.","rect":[125.9989013671875,518.18310546875,280.1309766769409,511.0889587402344]},{"page":120,"text":"• Surveillance of cease-fire areas.","rect":[125.9989013671875,535.8833618164063,264.9060926437378,528.7892456054688]},{"page":120,"text":"•","rect":[125.9989013671875,553.0,129.50590152740478,549.0]},{"page":120,"text":"• ","rect":[125.9989013671875,570.0,132.0109052658081,566.0]},{"page":120,"text":"•","rect":[125.9989013671875,588.0,129.50590152740478,585.0]},{"page":120,"text":"•","rect":[125.9989013671875,606.0,129.50590152740478,603.0]},{"page":120,"text":"R&S of refugee camps.","rect":[136.83070373535157,555.5977783203125,230.9003095626831,546.4996337890625]},{"page":120,"text":"Damage assessment.","rect":[136.8255157470703,573.298095703125,219.5305585861206,564.5105590820313]},{"page":120,"text":"Monitoring of chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear activity.","rect":[136.79730224609376,590.9984130859375,410.5054883956909,581.8902587890625]},{"page":120,"text":"R&S of smuggling routes.","rect":[136.79759216308595,608.69873046875,242.1275281906128,599.590576171875]},{"page":120,"text":"FOREIGN INTERNAL DEFENSE","rect":[72.0,626.4222412109375,218.96486806869508,618.3359985351563]},{"page":120,"text":"4-278. Foreign internal defense (FID) is participation by civilian and military agencies of a government","rect":[99.0,646.434326171875,522.0364146194459,637.326171875]},{"page":120,"text":"in any action programs taken by another government to free and protect its society from subversion,","rect":[99.0009994506836,658.1345825195313,522.0044507980347,649.0264282226563]},{"page":120,"text":"lawlessness, and insurgency (FM 1-02). The main objective is to promote stability by helping a host","rect":[99.0009994506836,669.8349609375,522.0419688186646,660.7167358398438]},{"page":120,"text":"nation establish and maintain institutions and facilities responsive to its people’s needs. Army forces in","rect":[99.0009994506836,681.535400390625,522.0010280609131,672.42724609375]},{"page":120,"text":"FID normally advise and assist host-nation forces conducting operations to increase their capabilities. ","rect":[99.0009994506836,693.2357177734375,509.12456798553469,684.1275634765625]},{"page":120,"text":"4-62","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":120,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":120,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":121,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":121,"text":"4-279. When conducting FID, Army forces provide military supplies as well as military advice, tactical","rect":[117.0,83.57427978515625,540.0276255569459,74.46610260009766]},{"page":121,"text":"and technical training, and intelligence and logistics support (not involving combat operations). Army","rect":[117.0,95.27471923828125,540.0682888031006,86.16654205322266]},{"page":121,"text":"forces conduct FID operations in accordance with JP 3-07.1 and FM 3-07. Army forces provide indirect","rect":[117.0,106.97503662109375,540.0022959671021,97.86685943603516]},{"page":121,"text":"support, direct support (not involving combat operations), or conduct combat operations to support a","rect":[117.0,118.67535400390625,539.9622469024658,109.56717681884766]},{"page":121,"text":"host nation’s efforts. ","rect":[117.0,128.3516387939453,202.3651533126831,121.26749420166016]},{"page":121,"text":"4-280. LRSU support during FID normally consists of the traditional role of information gathering, but","rect":[117.0,148.07611083984376,540.0319590530396,138.96792602539063]},{"page":121,"text":"can also consist of training host nation combat information gathering units. LRSU can also provide","rect":[117.0,159.7763671875,540.0291414337158,150.66818237304688]},{"page":121,"text":"long-range communications capability to host nations or deployed US forces.","rect":[117.0,171.4766845703125,427.4931592941284,162.36849975585938]},{"page":121,"text":"HUMANITARIAN AND CIVIC ASSISTANCE","rect":[90.0,189.22799682617188,288.43485403060915,180.93600463867188]},{"page":121,"text":"4-281. Humanitarian and civic assistance (HCA)  programs  provide  assistance  to  the  host  nation","rect":[117.0,209.21429443359376,539.9773464202881,200.10610961914063]},{"page":121,"text":"populace  in  conjunction  with  military operations  and  exercises.  The very nature  of  HCA  programs","rect":[117.0,220.9146728515625,539.9682147483826,211.79647827148438]},{"page":121,"text":"frequently dictates that additional engineer units and support capabilities will augment units participating","rect":[117.0,232.614990234375,540.0331325531006,223.50680541992188]},{"page":121,"text":"in HCA operations. In contrast to humanitarian and disaster relief operations, HCA are planned activities","rect":[117.0,244.2953338623047,540.1556537132263,235.20718383789063]},{"page":121,"text":"authorized by the Secretary of State with specific budget limitations and are appropriated in the Army","rect":[117.0,256.01568603515627,540.0098171234131,246.90750122070313]},{"page":121,"text":"budget. Assistance must  fulfill  unit-training  requirements  that  correspondingly  create  humanitarian","rect":[117.0,267.716064453125,540.0153713226318,258.6078796386719]},{"page":121,"text":"benefit to the local populace. HCA programs must be in compliance with Title 10, United States Code,","rect":[117.0,279.41632080078127,540.0620069503784,270.3081359863281]},{"page":121,"text":"Sections 401, 401(E), (5), and Section 2551. For additional information on selected sections of Title 10,","rect":[117.0,291.0967712402344,540.0567579269409,282.0086364746094]},{"page":121,"text":"US Code for medical support, see FM 8-42. See AR 40-400 for information on emergency medical","rect":[117.0,302.8171081542969,539.9999155960084,293.70892333984377]},{"page":121,"text":"treatment for local  national  civilians  during  stability  operations.  Humanitarian  and  civic  actions  are","rect":[117.0,314.5174865722656,540.1930208282471,305.4093017578125]},{"page":121,"text":"limited to the following categories:","rect":[117.0,326.2178039550781,257.82839154815675,317.109619140625]},{"page":121,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,339.6797180175781,147.50689334869385,337.2248229980469]},{"page":121,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,359.0,147.50689334869385,355.0]},{"page":121,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,377.0,147.50689334869385,373.0]},{"page":121,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,394.0,147.50689334869385,391.0]},{"page":121,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,412.0,147.50689334869385,409.0]},{"page":121,"text":"Medical, dental, and veterinary care provided in rural areas of a country.","rect":[154.798583984375,343.9181823730469,445.78887462615969,334.80999755859377]},{"page":121,"text":"Construction of rudimentary surface transportation systems.","rect":[154.83160400390626,361.6184997558594,395.35879039764407,352.51031494140627]},{"page":121,"text":"Well drilling and construction of basic sanitation facilities.","rect":[154.81239318847657,379.3188171386719,390.47585582733157,370.21063232421877]},{"page":121,"text":"Rudimentary construction and repair of public facilities.","rect":[154.81869506835938,397.0191955566406,380.1263380050659,387.9110107421875]},{"page":121,"text":"Specified activities related to mine detection and clearance, including education, training, and","rect":[154.81739807128907,414.7195129394531,530.7831325531006,405.611328125]},{"page":121,"text":"technical assistance.","rect":[154.79949951171876,424.395751953125,236.0096082687378,417.3116149902344]},{"page":121,"text":"4-282. It is unlikely LRSU  would  participate  in  HCA  activities.  However,  LRSU  could  provide","rect":[116.9990005493164,444.1202087402344,540.0141878204346,435.01202392578127]},{"page":121,"text":"support to units conducting traditional HCA activities by providing search and rescue, and long-range","rect":[116.9990005493164,455.8205261230469,540.0173006134033,446.71234130859377]},{"page":121,"text":"communications support.","rect":[116.9990005493164,467.5008544921875,218.28879833221436,458.4127197265625]},{"page":121,"text":"SECURITY ASSISTANCE","rect":[90.0,485.2799987792969,203.95485830307008,476.97601318359377]},{"page":121,"text":"4-283. Security assistance includes the participation of Army forces in any of a group of programs by","rect":[117.0,505.25421142578127,539.9600734710693,496.1460266113281]},{"page":121,"text":"which the US provides defense articles, military training, and other defense-related services to foreign","rect":[117.0,516.9544677734375,540.0801296234131,507.8462829589844]},{"page":121,"text":"nations by grant, loan, credit, or cash sales in furtherance of national policies and objectives (JP 3-07).","rect":[117.0,528.6549072265625,539.9932813644409,519.5366821289063]},{"page":121,"text":"Army forces support security assistance efforts by training, advising, and assisting multinational and","rect":[117.0,540.3552856445313,540.0413722991943,531.2471313476563]},{"page":121,"text":"friendly armed forces. LRSU forces are well suited to provide training and advisory services in their","rect":[116.9990005493164,552.0556030273438,540.0911767539978,542.9474487304688]},{"page":121,"text":"normal areas of expertise.","rect":[116.9990005493164,563.7359619140625,220.56591320037843,554.6478271484375]},{"page":121,"text":"SUPPORT TO INSURGENCIES","rect":[90.0,581.5199584960938,227.19923973083497,573.2159423828125]},{"page":121,"text":"4-284. An insurgency is an organized movement aimed at the overthrow of a constituted government","rect":[117.0,601.4942626953125,540.0290293655396,592.3861083984375]},{"page":121,"text":"through  the  use  of  subversion  and  armed  conflict  (JP  1-02).  At  the  direction  of  the  President  and/or","rect":[117.0,613.1947021484375,540.0024926719666,604.0865478515625]},{"page":121,"text":"Secretary of Defense, US military forces may assist insurgents or counterinsurgents. ","rect":[117.0,624.89501953125,457.57085704803469,615.786865234375]},{"page":121,"text":"4-285. The US supports selected insurgencies that oppose oppressive regimes who work against US","rect":[117.0,642.5952758789063,539.8949117584228,633.4871215820313]},{"page":121,"text":"interests. Major considerations include the feasibility of effective support and the compatibility of US","rect":[117.0,654.2957153320313,540.0381002349853,645.177490234375]},{"page":121,"text":"and insurgent interests. Because support for insurgencies is often covert, special operations forces are","rect":[117.0,665.99609375,540.0022859649658,656.887939453125]},{"page":121,"text":"frequently involved. Leaders may call upon general-purpose forces when needed. That is, when the","rect":[116.9990005493164,677.6964111328125,539.9490022735596,668.5882568359375]},{"page":121,"text":"situation requires their particular specialties or when the scope of operations is so vast that conventional ","rect":[116.9990005493164,689.3766479492188,536.6706495285034,680.2885131835938]},{"page":121,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":121,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":121,"text":"4-63","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":122,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":122,"text":"forces are required. LRSU activities in support of an insurgency or counterinsurgency consist of but not","rect":[99.0,83.57427978515625,521.9622569046021,74.46610260009766]},{"page":122,"text":"limited to--","rect":[99.0,93.25067901611328,144.2607019004822,86.16654205322266]},{"page":122,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,108.73657989501953,129.50690097808838,106.28167724609375]},{"page":122,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,126.43683624267578,129.50690097808838,123.98193359375]},{"page":122,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,146.0,129.50690097808838,142.0]},{"page":122,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,161.8375244140625,129.50690097808838,159.38262939453126]},{"page":122,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,179.537841796875,129.50690097808838,177.08294677734376]},{"page":122,"text":"Early warning for US and host nation forces.","rect":[136.7983856201172,112.97503662109375,317.06304454803469,103.86685943603516]},{"page":122,"text":"Reconnaissance for lines of communication (LOC).","rect":[136.798583984375,130.65525817871095,343.9651746749878,121.5671157836914]},{"page":122,"text":"Surveillance of refugee camps.","rect":[136.8245086669922,148.3756103515625,261.05568981170657,139.26742553710938]},{"page":122,"text":"R&S of targets for future direct action.","rect":[136.7983856201172,166.07598876953126,292.6805372238159,156.96780395507813]},{"page":122,"text":"Training of insurgent forces in their normal areas of expertise.","rect":[136.7983856201172,183.77630615234376,386.5463819503784,174.66812133789063]},{"page":122,"text":"SUPPORT TO COUNTERDRUG OPERATIONS","rect":[72.0,201.5400390625,280.1932125091553,193.23605346679688]},{"page":122,"text":"4-286. Military efforts  support  law  enforcement  agencies  (LEAs),  other  US  agencies,  state","rect":[99.0,221.51434326171876,522.0494661407471,212.40615844726563]},{"page":122,"text":"governments, and foreign governments. The goal of counterdrug operations is to stop the flow of illegal","rect":[99.0,233.214599609375,522.0093760452271,224.10641479492188]},{"page":122,"text":"drugs at the source, in transit, and during distribution. ","rect":[99.0,244.91497802734376,317.13311290740969,235.80679321289063]},{"page":122,"text":"• DOD may provide training, assistance, equipment, and facilities as long as doing so does not","rect":[125.9999008178711,262.61529541015627,509.2989878616333,253.50711059570313]},{"page":122,"text":"affect US military readiness. ","rect":[136.79949951171876,274.315673828125,253.89843273162843,265.2074890136719]},{"page":122,"text":"•  The Posse Comitatus Act applies only to federalized forces, and only within the US.","rect":[125.9999008178711,292.0159912109375,472.54461193084719,282.9078063964844]},{"page":122,"text":"For example, federal military forces may not search US civilians, arrest US civilians, or","rect":[136.79949951171876,303.7164306640625,488.6760461387634,294.6082458496094]},{"page":122,"text":"conduct any related law-enforcement activity involving US civilians. ","rect":[136.79949951171876,315.41668701171877,416.1049757003784,306.3085021972656]},{"page":122,"text":"• Title 10, United States Code, Sections 371-378, gives military forces the authority to assist","rect":[125.9999008178711,333.1170959472656,500.18311261749269,324.0089111328125]},{"page":122,"text":"civilian LEAs. ","rect":[136.79949951171876,342.7933654785156,197.77184581756593,335.709228515625]},{"page":122,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,358.2792053222656,129.50690097808838,355.8243103027344]},{"page":122,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,378.0,129.50690097808838,374.0]},{"page":122,"text":"DOD may pass information collected during normal operations to law-enforcement agencies. ","rect":[136.7983856201172,362.5176696777344,513.1477308273315,353.40948486328127]},{"page":122,"text":"Military efforts support and complement--not replace--the counterdrug efforts of other entities.","rect":[136.83151245117188,380.21807861328127,517.6688184738159,371.1098937988281]},{"page":122,"text":"(These entities can include US agencies, states, and cooperating foreign governments.) The","rect":[136.79949951171876,391.91839599609377,502.9147005157471,382.8102111816406]},{"page":122,"text":"Army can support any or all phases of a combined and synchronized effort to attack the flow of ","rect":[136.79949951171876,403.6188049316406,522.5732984542847,394.5106201171875]},{"page":122,"text":"illegal drugs at the source, in transit, and during distribution. In counterdrug operations, LRS","rect":[136.79949951171876,415.319091796875,509.70878504943848,406.2109069824219]},{"page":122,"text":"normally supports law-enforcement agencies. LRSU activities supporting counterdrug","rect":[136.79949951171876,427.0195007324219,482.8231716156006,417.91131591796877]},{"page":122,"text":"operations include but are limited to—","rect":[136.79949951171876,438.69976806640627,291.8466911315918,429.61163330078127]},{"page":122,"text":"— R&S of shipment facilities.","rect":[136.79949951171876,456.400146484375,257.9506025314331,447.31201171875]},{"page":122,"text":"— R&S of shipment routes.","rect":[136.79949951171876,474.1004638671875,248.02562999725343,465.0123291015625]},{"page":122,"text":"— R&S of marijuana, cocoa, and poppy fields.","rect":[136.79949951171876,491.8208312988281,324.78005504608157,482.70263671875]},{"page":122,"text":"— Surveillance of narcotics traffickers.","rect":[136.79949951171876,507.5072021484375,294.3636426925659,500.41302490234377]},{"page":122,"text":"— Surveillance of air and vehicle traffic.","rect":[136.79949951171876,525.2074584960938,300.5242872238159,518.1133422851563]},{"page":122,"text":"COMBATING TERRORISM","rect":[72.0,544.9679565429688,196.76018524169923,536.6759033203125]},{"page":122,"text":"4-287. Joint Publication 1-02 defines terrorism as \"the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of ","rect":[99.0,562.940185546875,524.5089063644409,555.8460693359375]},{"page":122,"text":"unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or intimidate governments or societies in pursuit","rect":[99.0,576.6546020507813,521.9950327835084,567.5464477539063]},{"page":122,"text":"of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological\" (JP 3-07.2). ","rect":[99.0,588.3549194335938,395.61138439178469,579.2467651367188]},{"page":122,"text":"Categories","rect":[72.0,607.340576171875,122.02268466567993,597.535400390625]},{"page":122,"text":"4-288.","rect":[99.0,622.9102172851563,125.02694988250733,616.0264892578125]},{"page":122,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,638.4161376953125,129.50690097808838,635.9612426757813]},{"page":122,"text":"• ","rect":[125.9999008178711,657.0,131.98389720916749,653.0]},{"page":122,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,675.0,129.50690097808838,672.0]},{"page":122,"text":"Terrorism is categorized three ways, based on where its control and support originate:","rect":[134.99989318847657,624.9542846679688,479.7181773147583,615.8461303710938]},{"page":122,"text":"Non-state supported terrorism.","rect":[136.7983856201172,642.6345825195313,259.61001110076907,633.5464477539063]},{"page":122,"text":"State-supported terrorism.","rect":[136.7985076904297,660.3349609375,241.4609022140503,651.246826171875]},{"page":122,"text":"State-directed terrorism. ","rect":[136.8277130126953,677.0,236.65259838104249,668.9471435546875]},{"page":122,"text":"4-64","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":122,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":122,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":123,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":123,"text":"Methods","rect":[90.0,82.64273834228516,130.89391574478149,75.23123931884766]},{"page":123,"text":"4-289. Antiterrorism refers to defensive measures taken against terrorism. Counterterrorism refers to","rect":[117.0,102.47418212890625,540.0065212249756,93.36600494384766]},{"page":123,"text":"offensive actions taken against terrorism.","rect":[117.0009994506836,114.17449951171875,282.11431407928469,105.06632232666016]},{"page":123,"text":"Antiterrorism","rect":[90.0010986328125,129.9109649658203,146.1858344039917,122.99716186523438]},{"page":123,"text":"4-290. The DOD Dictionary defines this as \"defensive measures used to reduce the vulnerability of ","rect":[117.0009994506836,149.51513671875,542.5043287277222,140.40695190429688]},{"page":123,"text":"individuals and property to terrorist acts, to include limited response and containment by local military","rect":[117.0,161.21533203125,540.0382595062256,152.10714721679688]},{"page":123,"text":"forces.\" Typical antiterrorism actions include— ","rect":[116.9990005493164,172.915771484375,310.96978282928469,163.80758666992188]},{"page":123,"text":"• Crime prevention and physical security actions that prevent theft of weapons, munitions,","rect":[143.99888610839845,190.6160888671875,510.3964796066284,181.50790405273438]},{"page":123,"text":"identification cards, and other materials.","rect":[154.7983856201172,200.2924346923828,316.2554883956909,193.20828247070313]},{"page":123,"text":"• Physical security actions designed to prevent unauthorized access or approach to facilities.","rect":[143.99888610839845,220.01678466796876,518.0735425949097,210.90859985351563]},{"page":123,"text":"• Positioning and hardening of facilities.","rect":[143.99888610839845,237.71710205078126,310.6907606124878,228.60891723632813]},{"page":123,"text":"• Coordination with local law enforcement.","rect":[143.99888610839845,253.40345764160157,322.2238416671753,246.30929565429688]},{"page":123,"text":"• Policies regarding travel, size of convoys, breaking of routines, host nation interaction, and","rect":[143.99888610839845,273.1177978515625,520.6347560882568,264.0096130371094]},{"page":123,"text":"off-duty restrictions.","rect":[154.7983856201172,284.8182067871094,237.30962657928468,275.71002197265627]},{"page":123,"text":"• Protection from weapons of mass destruction.","rect":[143.99888610839845,302.4984436035156,338.63494396209719,293.4103088378906]},{"page":123,"text":"Counterterrorism","rect":[89.99909973144531,318.264892578125,162.35352849578858,311.341064453125]},{"page":123,"text":"4-291. The DOD Dictionary defines this as \"offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, and respond to","rect":[116.9990005493164,337.8589782714844,540.0287990570068,328.75079345703127]},{"page":123,"text":"terrorism.\"  Specially  organized  and  trained  counterterrorism units  usually  conduct  counterterrorism","rect":[116.9990005493164,349.5594177246094,540.1459021530152,340.45123291015627]},{"page":123,"text":"operations. In some cases, conventional forces provide, at most, limited support. LRSU activities that","rect":[116.9990005493164,361.2396545410156,540.0544199905396,352.1515197753906]},{"page":123,"text":"support combating terrorism include at a minimum—","rect":[116.9990005493164,372.9600830078125,331.0118827819824,363.8518981933594]},{"page":123,"text":"• R&S to confirm terrorist activity.","rect":[143.99888610839845,390.6604309082031,288.68557262420657,381.55224609375]},{"page":123,"text":"• Surveillance of a terrorist safe house.","rect":[143.99888610839845,406.3468017578125,304.1844434738159,399.25262451171877]},{"page":123,"text":"• Surveillance of suspected or known terrorists.","rect":[143.99888610839845,426.0410461425781,338.89190196990969,416.9529113769531]},{"page":123,"text":"• Surveillance of individuals on the black, white, and gray lists.","rect":[143.99888610839845,443.76141357421877,403.00579357147219,434.6532287597656]},{"page":123,"text":"•  Force-protection surveillance.","rect":[143.99888610839845,461.4416198730469,275.1937208175659,452.3534851074219]},{"page":123,"text":"NONCOMBATANT EVACUATION OPERATIONS","rect":[90.0,479.2080078125,311.22894859313967,470.916015625]},{"page":123,"text":"4-292. Noncombatant  evacuation  operations  (NEO)  relocate  threatened  civilian  noncombatants  to","rect":[117.0,499.1741638183594,540.0675563812256,490.0860290527344]},{"page":123,"text":"secure areas. Normally, these operations remove US citizens from foreign nations where their lives are in","rect":[117.0,510.8945007324219,540.0203151702881,501.78631591796877]},{"page":123,"text":"danger either from the threat of hostilities or from a natural disaster. In addition to US citizens, relocated","rect":[117.0,522.5949096679688,540.0438747406006,513.4867553710938]},{"page":123,"text":"civilians  can  include  selected  host-nation  citizens and  third-country  nationals.  NEO  has  three  basic","rect":[117.0,534.2952880859375,540.0104036407471,525.1871337890625]},{"page":123,"text":"environments:","rect":[116.9990005493164,543.9715576171875,174.34815167999268,536.887451171875]},{"page":123,"text":"Permissive—A permissive environment has no apparent physical threat and no host-nation","rect":[143.99888610839845,563.756103515625,508.87462425231936,554.64794921875]},{"page":123,"text":"opposition. Military assistance is normally limited to agency support. This operation (NEO in a","rect":[154.7983856201172,575.4564208984375,537.0444612579346,566.3482666015625]},{"page":123,"text":"permissive environment) is slow and deliberate. It is the least likely environment in which an","rect":[154.7983856201172,587.1567993164063,528.1238918304443,578.0486450195313]},{"page":123,"text":"NEO might occur.","rect":[154.7983856201172,598.8571166992188,228.60244274139405,589.7489624023438]},{"page":123,"text":"Uncertain—An uncertain environment requires the commander to disseminate the ROE early.","rect":[143.99888610839845,616.6176147460938,522.7684278488159,607.5094604492188]},{"page":123,"text":"The host nation may or may not be in control, but cannot ensure safety. An uncertain","rect":[154.79949951171876,628.31787109375,495.56969261169436,619.209716796875]},{"page":123,"text":"environment increases the need for a reaction force.","rect":[154.79949951171876,637.9942626953125,362.66033458709719,630.91015625]},{"page":123,"text":"Hostile—A hostile environment might require a large security element and a large reaction force.","rect":[143.99888610839845,657.7786865234375,534.7516431808472,648.6705322265625]},{"page":123,"text":"The ROEs must be strictly enforced. The host nation or other threat will probably oppose","rect":[154.7983856201172,669.4791259765625,512.8251009063721,660.3709716796875]},{"page":123,"text":"evacuation. The LRSU activities supporting NEO include, at a minimum—","rect":[154.7983856201172,681.1793823242188,456.78779220581057,672.0712280273438]},{"page":123,"text":"— R&S of NEO sites.","rect":[154.7983856201172,697.0,243.27099132537843,689.7716674804688]},{"page":123,"text":"— Early warning for host nation and United States forces. ","rect":[154.7983856201172,716.580078125,389.9643201828003,707.471923828125]},{"page":123,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":123,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":123,"text":"4-65","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":124,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":124,"text":"— PR and CSAR support.","rect":[136.8000030517578,83.55424499511719,241.4707899093628,74.46610260009766]},{"page":124,"text":"— Perimeter security.","rect":[136.8000030517578,101.274658203125,223.89110851287843,92.1664810180664]},{"page":124,"text":"— Linkup force.","rect":[136.8000030517578,118.95500183105469,203.01464366912843,109.86685943603516]},{"page":124,"text":"— Pilot and casualty removal from downed aircraft.","rect":[136.8000030517578,136.67529296875,345.15520763397219,127.5671157836914]},{"page":124,"text":"ARMS CONTROL","rect":[72.0,154.42800903320313,153.81209707260133,146.13601684570313]},{"page":124,"text":"4-293. This stability operation is associated with weapons of mass destruction. For example, on 26","rect":[99.0,174.414306640625,522.0240383148193,165.30612182617188]},{"page":124,"text":"November 1993, Iraq agreed to long-term monitoring of its weapons programs. Under the resolution,","rect":[99.0,186.11468505859376,522.0274610519409,177.00650024414063]},{"page":124,"text":"international weapons inspectors were authorized to roam Iraq freely and for an indefinite period. Their","rect":[99.0,197.81500244140626,521.9885156211853,188.70681762695313]},{"page":124,"text":"goal was to prevent Iraq from acquiring weapons of mass destruction. Inspectors monitored numbers,","rect":[99.0,209.515380859375,521.9842481613159,200.40719604492188]},{"page":124,"text":"types, and performance characteristics of the weapon systems at issue. The inspection also extended","rect":[99.0,221.21563720703126,521.9823513031006,212.10745239257813]},{"page":124,"text":"beyond  weapons  to  include  C2, logistics  support,  and  intelligence  mechanisms.  LRSU activities","rect":[99.0,232.91607666015626,522.0375506858826,223.80789184570313]},{"page":124,"text":"supporting arms control include, at a minimum—","rect":[99.0,244.6163330078125,297.29340744018557,235.50814819335938]},{"page":124,"text":"• R&S of ammunition holding areas. ","rect":[125.9999008178711,262.3167724609375,279.9221143722534,253.20858764648438]},{"page":124,"text":"• R&S of motor pools.","rect":[125.9999008178711,279.9970397949219,220.95212841033936,270.9089050292969]},{"page":124,"text":"• R&S of suspected transshipment sites. ","rect":[125.9999008178711,297.6973571777344,293.2902784347534,288.6092224121094]},{"page":124,"text":"• R&S of weapon cache.","rect":[125.9999008178711,315.3976135253906,229.37523937225343,306.3094787597656]},{"page":124,"text":"• Chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear monitoring.","rect":[125.9999008178711,333.1180725097656,368.1470594406128,324.0098876953125]},{"page":124,"text":"• Inspection of storage facilities.","rect":[125.9999008178711,350.81842041015627,260.5369520187378,341.7102355957031]},{"page":124,"text":"SHOW OF FORCE","rect":[72.0,368.5799865722656,155.59919118881227,360.2760009765625]},{"page":124,"text":"4-294. A show of force is a mission carried out to demonstrate resolve. Units conducting a show of","rect":[99.0,388.5542907714844,521.9720361289978,379.44610595703127]},{"page":124,"text":"force must deploy rapidly due to the political need for timely action. As the word \"show\" implies, media","rect":[99.0,400.25469970703127,522.0962801055908,391.1465148925781]},{"page":124,"text":"coverage is desirable and must be planned. Commanders must prepare in case a show of force evolves","rect":[99.0,411.9549865722656,521.9414813499451,402.8468017578125]},{"page":124,"text":"into a combat operation. ","rect":[99.0,423.6353759765625,198.98406505584718,414.5472412109375]},{"page":124,"text":"• A show of force—","rect":[125.9999008178711,439.3316345214844,211.89719772338868,432.24749755859377]},{"page":124,"text":"— Bolsters and reassures allies. ","rect":[136.79949951171876,457.0319519042969,266.12652111053469,449.94781494140627]},{"page":124,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,545.0,129.50690097808838,541.0]},{"page":124,"text":"— Deters potential aggressors.","rect":[136.79949951171876,476.7564392089844,259.5278272628784,467.64825439453127]},{"page":124,"text":"— Gains or increases regional influence. ","rect":[136.79949951171876,494.4566955566406,302.1851758956909,485.3485107421875]},{"page":124,"text":"— Defuses a situation that could damage US interests or national objectives.","rect":[136.79949951171876,512.1570434570313,443.3422498703003,503.038818359375]},{"page":124,"text":"—Lends credibility to US commitments and increases regional influence. ","rect":[136.79949951171876,529.8572998046875,434.79311656951907,520.7491455078125]},{"page":124,"text":"It can take any of the following forms:","rect":[136.7983856201172,547.5577392578125,291.46887921905519,538.4495849609375]},{"page":124,"text":"— Combined training exercise.","rect":[136.79949951171876,565.2579956054688,261.6469678878784,556.1498413085938]},{"page":124,"text":"— Rehearsal.","rect":[136.79949951171876,580.9342651367188,190.34337902069093,573.8501586914063]},{"page":124,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,645.0,129.50690097808838,642.0]},{"page":124,"text":"— Forward deployment of military forces.","rect":[136.79949951171876,600.65869140625,306.73943614959719,591.550537109375]},{"page":124,"text":"—Introduction and buildup of military forces in a region such as in Operation \"Golden","rect":[136.79949951171876,618.3590087890625,486.06651878356936,609.2508544921875]},{"page":124,"text":"Pheasant,\" conducted during a 1988 border incident between Honduras and Nicaragua. ","rect":[147.60000610351563,630.059326171875,499.13103771209719,620.951171875]},{"page":124,"text":"Some LRSU activities that support shows of force follow:","rect":[136.82260131835938,647.7396850585938,369.65622663116457,638.6515502929688]},{"page":124,"text":"— Participation in Airborne operations.","rect":[136.79949951171876,665.43994140625,295.4976758956909,656.351806640625]},{"page":124,"text":"— Surveillance from fixed observation posts.","rect":[136.79949951171876,683.1402587890625,318.6832227706909,674.0521240234375]},{"page":124,"text":"— Route reconnaissance.","rect":[136.79949951171876,698.836669921875,237.29522228240968,691.7525634765625]},{"page":124,"text":"4-66","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":124,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":124,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":125,"text":"Team Operations","rect":[466.5,46.404014587402347,540.0829184570313,38.0880126953125]},{"page":125,"text":"CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS","rect":[90.0,85.58970642089844,323.6658240814209,75.91554260253906]},{"page":125,"text":"4-295.","rect":[117.0,103.93024444580078,143.0269422531128,97.0264663696289]},{"page":125,"text":"Planning","rect":[152.99989318847657,105.95428466796875,188.6700038909912,96.84610748291016]},{"page":125,"text":"factors","rect":[196.44049072265626,103.93024444580078,223.72189211654664,96.85612487792969]},{"page":125,"text":"for","rect":[231.45330810546876,103.93024444580078,243.1576745567322,96.85612487792969]},{"page":125,"text":"stability  include  intelligence,  rules  of ","rect":[250.88900756835938,105.95428466796875,423.05340099334719,96.84610748291016]},{"page":125,"text":"operations, OPSEC, demography, deception, technology, and COMSEC.","rect":[117.0,117.6546630859375,409.67718029022219,108.5464859008789]},{"page":125,"text":"INTELLIGENCE","rect":[90.0,135.38218688964845,164.06412649154664,127.29598999023438]},{"page":125,"text":"engagement, ","rect":[428.2287292480469,105.95428466796875,481.59817028045657,97.84810638427735]},{"page":125,"text":"multinational","rect":[486.77349853515627,103.93024444580078,540.1649546585084,96.84610748291016]},{"page":125,"text":"4-296. The nature of stability operations require detailed intelligence. LRS teams need this intelligence","rect":[117.0,155.394287109375,540.0506868438721,146.28610229492188]},{"page":125,"text":"before  they  infiltrate.  It  should  include the target  location  and  description;  enemy  equipment  and","rect":[117.0,167.0947265625,539.9865016937256,157.98654174804688]},{"page":125,"text":"capabilities; any civilian personnel in the area; and a variety of terrain, weather, and other related facts. ","rect":[117.0,178.7950439453125,533.1035108566284,169.68685913085938]},{"page":125,"text":"RULES OF ENGAGEMENT","rect":[90.0,196.52220153808595,212.4824767112732,188.43600463867188]},{"page":125,"text":"4-297. The commander must monitor the ROE to ensure that all teams know when and how to apply","rect":[117.0,216.5343017578125,540.0062160491943,207.42611694335938]},{"page":125,"text":"force to meet specific situations. He must avoid vague or wordy ROE. Each Soldier must understand the","rect":[117.0,228.23468017578126,540.0604524688721,219.12649536132813]},{"page":125,"text":"rules as they apply to him. LRS teams must adjust rapidly to changes in the ROE.","rect":[117.0,239.93499755859376,444.00954723358157,230.81680297851563]},{"page":125,"text":"MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS","rect":[90.0,257.66217041015627,240.4717617034912,249.57595825195313]},{"page":125,"text":"4-298. LRSUs  must  be  prepared to coordinate and  work  with  the  host  country's  military  and","rect":[117.0,277.67425537109377,540.0078639984131,268.5660705566406]},{"page":125,"text":"paramilitary forces. Every situation is unique and depends on the extent of involvement of US forces and","rect":[116.9990005493164,289.3746643066406,540.0082302093506,280.2664794921875]},{"page":125,"text":"the nature  of  the  operations.  Chief  considerations  when  planning  multinational  operations  are  C2,","rect":[116.9990005493164,301.0749816894531,540.0510816574097,291.966796875]},{"page":125,"text":"intelligence, operational procedures, and sustainment.","rect":[116.9990005493164,312.7754211425781,332.87554454803469,303.667236328125]},{"page":125,"text":"OPERATIONS SECURITY","rect":[90.0,330.53997802734377,207.29559421539308,322.2359924316406]},{"page":125,"text":"4-299. OPSEC is critical for LRSU in stability operations. Due to the potential for other forces (US or","rect":[117.0,350.5142822265625,540.1147973594666,341.4060974121094]},{"page":125,"text":"host nation) to operate near LRS teams, LRS commanders must carefully coordinate to reduce the risk of ","rect":[117.0,362.214599609375,542.5316114425659,353.1064147949219]},{"page":125,"text":"fratricide. This requirement poses an equally dangerous risk to OPSEC for the teams.","rect":[117.0,373.91497802734377,459.08510875701907,364.8067932128906]},{"page":125,"text":"DEMOGRAPHY","rect":[90.0,391.6422119140625,162.37213230133058,383.5559997558594]},{"page":125,"text":"4-300. LRS commanders must study all aspects of the local population to understand the effect that it","rect":[117.0,411.654296875,540.0070567092896,402.5461120605469]},{"page":125,"text":"might have on teams operating in the area. He can obtain information from a variety of sources, to","rect":[117.0,423.3545837402344,540.0483303070068,414.24639892578127]},{"page":125,"text":"include area studies, intelligence staff agencies, local government, and the media.","rect":[117.0,435.05499267578127,443.81670665740969,425.9468078613281]},{"page":125,"text":"DECEPTION","rect":[90.0,452.7727355957031,148.098313331604,444.6960144042969]},{"page":125,"text":"4-301. To reduce the risk to LRS teams, commanders should consider using deception, particularly","rect":[117.0,472.7943115234375,540.0253810882568,463.6861267089844]},{"page":125,"text":"during insertion of the teams. Establishing false landing zones and sending dummy radio transmissions","rect":[117.0,484.4945983886719,540.0188128929138,475.38641357421877]},{"page":125,"text":"are two techniques to deceive the enemy. Deception is limited only by the imagination, but leaders","rect":[117.0,496.19500732421877,539.9788959007263,487.0868225097656]},{"page":125,"text":"should consider and coordinate all means of insertion or extraction through the R&S squadron S-3.","rect":[117.0,507.8954162597656,514.4457349777222,498.7872314453125]},{"page":125,"text":"TECHNOLOGY","rect":[90.0,525.6221313476563,160.63142490386964,517.535888671875]},{"page":125,"text":"4-302. Technology is a proven combat multiplier. Advanced optics, thermal sights, and remote sensors","rect":[117.0,545.6341552734375,540.0116107444763,536.5260009765625]},{"page":125,"text":"increase the capabilities of the LRS teams. Commanders must weigh the advantages against the inherent","rect":[117.0,557.3345947265625,540.0202403030396,548.2264404296875]},{"page":125,"text":"disadvantages. These include increased Soldier's load and the impact of emitting the various equipment","rect":[117.0,569.034912109375,540.1420054397584,559.9267578125]},{"page":125,"text":"signatures.","rect":[117.0,580.7352905273438,160.19622325897218,571.6271362304688]},{"page":125,"text":"COMMUNICATIONS SECURITY","rect":[90.0,598.4998779296875,237.0612497329712,590.1958618164063]},{"page":125,"text":"4-303. The threat of interception and direction finding exists in all levels of conflict. Foreign purchases","rect":[117.0,618.4741821289063,540.1666400413513,609.3660278320313]},{"page":125,"text":"of threat equipment and relatively inexpensive off-the-shelf technology have enabled many third world","rect":[117.0,630.1744995117188,540.0699977874756,621.0663452148438]},{"page":125,"text":"countries  and  indigenous  forces  to  equip themselves with the  ability  to  take  advantage  of  poor","rect":[117.0,641.8748779296875,539.9853417930603,632.7667236328125]},{"page":125,"text":"COMSEC. LRS commanders and team leaders must take appropriate measures to enforce COMSEC","rect":[116.9990005493164,653.5552978515625,539.9897978248596,644.4671630859375]},{"page":125,"text":"procedures.","rect":[116.9990005493164,665.2555541992188,163.61204051971436,656.1674194335938]},{"page":125,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":125,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":125,"text":"4-67","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":126,"text":"Chapter 4","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":126,"text":"Section IX. SPECIAL MISSIONS","rect":[62.63999938964844,104.84400939941406,241.3487265625,95.9640121459961]},{"page":126,"text":"Special missions include, among others, CBRN; Pathfinder; and personnel recovery (PR). ","rect":[72.0,128.33416748046876,435.2229871749878,119.22599029541016]},{"page":126,"text":"CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND NUCLEAR","rect":[72.0,148.0497283935547,478.0042347183228,138.36158752441407]},{"page":126,"text":"4-304. LRSU may be called on to perform limited CBRN reconnaissance duties. The amount or type of ","rect":[99.0,168.414306640625,524.5111036300659,159.30612182617188]},{"page":126,"text":"equipment  available  and  the  current  qualifications  of  the  team  members  help  determine  the  nature  of ","rect":[99.0,180.0946502685547,524.5526685714722,171.00650024414063]},{"page":126,"text":"these duties (FM 3-100).","rect":[99.0,191.7949676513672,198.25432872772218,182.70681762695313]},{"page":126,"text":"PATHFINDER","rect":[72.0,211.51560974121095,164.29595224761963,201.86940002441407]},{"page":126,"text":"4-305. Commanders sometimes require LRSU to perform limited Pathfinder duties. This capability is","rect":[99.0,231.894287109375,522.0679461936951,222.78610229492188]},{"page":126,"text":"limited by the team's pathfinding experience, number of radios, and signaling devices (FM 3-21.38). ","rect":[99.0,243.5947265625,504.21377086639407,234.48654174804688]},{"page":126,"text":"PERSONNEL RECOVERY","rect":[72.0,263.3096618652344,240.65052072906495,253.63551330566407]},{"page":126,"text":"4-306. The LRSU commander, with assistance from the Joint Search and Rescue Center (JSRC), is","rect":[99.0,283.6542663574219,522.0299823265076,274.5661315917969]},{"page":126,"text":"responsible for conducting PR operations in support of his own operations and should be prepared to do","rect":[99.0,295.3746643066406,522.0432643890381,286.2664794921875]},{"page":126,"text":"so. He also coordinates with the rescue coordination center (RCC), advising them when his teams might","rect":[99.0,307.0749816894531,522.1362070999146,297.966796875]},{"page":126,"text":"have to evade a threat. He relays information such as isolated personnel report (ISOPREP) cards and an","rect":[99.0,318.7754211425781,522.0060939788818,309.667236328125]},{"page":126,"text":"evasion plan of action (EPA) along with overlays of the evasion corridor. After he coordinates with other","rect":[99.0,330.4756774902344,522.0054223594666,321.36749267578127]},{"page":126,"text":"evasion planning agencies, he might determine that the unit must make its own evasion plans. He starts","rect":[99.0,342.17608642578127,522.0989520530701,333.0679016113281]},{"page":126,"text":"by identifying the team's evasion corridor and forms an evasion annex with the assistance of the JSRC","rect":[99.0,353.87640380859377,521.9862577857971,344.7682189941406]},{"page":126,"text":"(JP 3-50.2 and FM 3-50.1).","rect":[98.9990005493164,365.5567626953125,208.80893993377686,356.4686279296875]},{"page":126,"text":"4-68","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":126,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":126,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":127,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[287.3399963378906,85.87195587158203,342.6683989257813,74.7839584350586]},{"page":127,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[188.33999633789063,107.33625793457031,441.6850743560791,95.68971252441406]},{"page":127,"text":"The LRS team must be prepared to insert and extract by various means to accomplish","rect":[126.0,129.2007293701172,504.0774631500244,119.21990966796875]},{"page":127,"text":"their mission. The team can insert and extract by water (Section I), air (Section II),","rect":[126.0,141.92100524902345,504.10724353790286,131.940185546875]},{"page":127,"text":"land (vehicle [Section III] or on foot [Section IV]); or it can stay behind [also covered","rect":[126.0,154.6414031982422,504.05576515197756,144.66058349609376]},{"page":127,"text":"in Section IV]. Proficiency at inserting and extracting improves the team’s likelihood","rect":[126.0,167.36167907714845,504.0849094390869,157.380859375]},{"page":127,"text":"of accomplishing—and surviving—the mission.","rect":[126.0,180.08201599121095,337.3699998855591,170.1011962890625]},{"page":127,"text":"A member of the LRSU headquarters should accompany LRS teams on insertions and","rect":[126.0,198.8018035888672,504.03293800354006,188.82098388671876]},{"page":127,"text":"extractions by air. The presence of a representative from headquarters emphasizes the","rect":[126.0,211.52220153808595,503.9362770233154,201.5413818359375]},{"page":127,"text":"criticality of the air mission. He can also assist with navigation and other key duties,","rect":[126.0,224.24253845214845,504.10614490509036,214.26171875]},{"page":127,"text":"as dictated by the unit SOP.","rect":[126.0,236.96275329589845,247.13310718536378,226.98193359375]},{"page":127,"text":"Section I. WATERBORNE OPERATIONS","rect":[80.63999938964844,258.2038879394531,307.2432272949219,249.32388305664063]},{"page":127,"text":"Using inland and coastal waterways can improve the speed, stealth, and flexibility of a LRS team's insertion","rect":[90.0,281.69427490234377,540.0087184906006,272.5860900878906]},{"page":127,"text":"and extraction.","rect":[90.0,291.3706359863281,149.6494550704956,284.2864990234375]},{"page":127,"text":"CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[90.0,313.10968017578127,217.3130408782959,303.435546875]},{"page":127,"text":"5-1.","rect":[108.0,331.43023681640627,123.94582653045655,324.5464782714844]},{"page":127,"text":"Waterborne insertion means include using surface craft, swimming on the surface, helocasting, or","rect":[143.99989318847657,333.47430419921877,540.0454003868103,324.3661193847656]},{"page":127,"text":"a  combination  of  these.  Whichever  they  choose,  they  should  execute  during limited  visibility  for","rect":[108.0,345.1746826171875,540.0698144493103,336.0664978027344]},{"page":127,"text":"maximum stealth. While planning waterborne operations, leaders must consider the following factors:","rect":[107.9990005493164,356.8749694824219,517.0858530960084,347.76678466796877]},{"page":127,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,372.0,147.5058862686157,368.0]},{"page":127,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,390.0,147.5058862686157,386.0]},{"page":127,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99888610839845,406.0,149.98279857635499,402.0]},{"page":127,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,425.0,147.5058862686157,421.0]},{"page":127,"text":"Enemy situation.","rect":[154.8105926513672,374.5752868652344,222.6127119064331,365.46710205078127]},{"page":127,"text":"Civilian situation.","rect":[154.80740356445313,390.2616882324219,226.5795087814331,383.1675109863281]},{"page":127,"text":"Shipping.","rect":[154.7974090576172,409.9759826660156,193.5904951095581,400.8677978515625]},{"page":127,"text":"Beach landing site, which must allow the team","rect":[154.82740783691407,427.6763000488281,341.94131230926515,418.568115234375]},{"page":127,"text":"objective.","rect":[154.7983856201172,439.3766784667969,194.09081554412843,430.25848388671877]},{"page":127,"text":"to infiltrate and support movement to the inland","rect":[344.218505859375,427.65625,536.0718898773193,418.568115234375]},{"page":127,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,452.8385314941406,147.5058862686157,450.3836364746094]},{"page":127,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99888610839845,473.0,149.98290538787843,467.0]},{"page":127,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,490.0,147.5058862686157,486.0]},{"page":127,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,508.0,147.5058862686157,504.0]},{"page":127,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,525.0,147.5058862686157,522.0]},{"page":127,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,541.3402099609375,147.5058862686157,538.8853149414063]},{"page":127,"text":"Environmental factors; for example, winds, waves, fog, thunderstorms and lightning.","rect":[154.79739379882813,457.0769958496094,495.93227672576907,447.96881103515627]},{"page":127,"text":"Equipment.","rect":[154.79751586914063,474.75726318359377,201.24470043182374,465.66912841796877]},{"page":127,"text":"Time schedule. Leaders use reverse planning to schedule operational events. ","rect":[154.83059692382813,492.4776611328125,464.05703258514407,483.3694763183594]},{"page":127,"text":"Drop site. The team debarks a larger vessel at a planned drop site then begins infiltration.","rect":[154.82040405273438,510.177978515625,512.9387769699097,501.0697937011719]},{"page":127,"text":"Launch point. A point where swimmers enter the water and begin infiltration.","rect":[154.82431030273438,527.8782958984375,466.0325880050659,518.7701416015625]},{"page":127,"text":"Method of loading. Supervisors inspect to ensure loads and lashings, especially waterproofing,","rect":[154.79730224609376,545.5786743164063,535.0931959152222,536.4705200195313]},{"page":127,"text":"adhere to unit SOP.","rect":[154.7983856201172,555.2649536132813,233.4527997970581,548.1708374023438]},{"page":127,"text":"COMBAT RUBBER RAIDING RECONNAISSANCE CRAFT","rect":[90.0,576.98974609375,466.14997707748418,567.3015747070313]},{"page":127,"text":"5-2.","rect":[108.0,595.3102416992188,123.94582653045655,588.426513671875]},{"page":127,"text":"Most LRS teams use a combat rubber raiding reconnaissance craft, commonly called a \"rubber","rect":[143.99989318847657,597.3543090820313,540.0151269493103,588.2461547851563]},{"page":127,"text":"boat,\" for small-boat operations. ","rect":[108.0,609.03466796875,240.22419261932374,599.946533203125]},{"page":127,"text":"TECHNICAL INFORMATION","rect":[90.0,626.772705078125,222.91578769683839,618.6959838867188]},{"page":127,"text":"5-3.","rect":[108.0,644.750244140625,123.94582653045655,637.8665161132813]},{"page":127,"text":"Specifications and other information about the rubber boat follow:","rect":[143.99989318847657,646.7742919921875,410.5558237991333,637.6861572265625]},{"page":127,"text":"Inflation—This boat is inflated with foot pumps, using four separate valves on the inside of the","rect":[143.99989318847657,664.6740112304688,528.7398347930908,655.5658569335938]},{"page":127,"text":"gunwale. Each valve is used to section off the rubber boat into five separate air-tight","rect":[154.7993927001953,676.374267578125,493.54685163116457,667.26611328125]},{"page":127,"text":"compartments. ","rect":[154.7993927001953,688.0546875,216.40423107147218,679.968505859375]},{"page":127,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":127,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":127,"text":"5-1","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":128,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":128,"text":"Structure—A keel tube runs the length of the boat and two skeg tubes serve as shock absorbers.","rect":[126.0,83.7542724609375,514.5610303878784,74.6460952758789]},{"page":128,"text":"Size—Outside, the boat measures about 6 feet by 15 feet. Inside, it measures about 3 by 10 feet.","rect":[126.0009994506836,101.63397216796875,511.2912244796753,92.52579498291016]},{"page":128,"text":"Weight—The boat weighs 265 pounds, including the deck.","rect":[126.0009994506836,119.51373291015625,364.5476942062378,110.40555572509766]},{"page":128,"text":"Maximum Payload—The boat can carry a maximum of 2,710 pounds.","rect":[126.0009994506836,137.39337158203126,412.75869274139407,128.28518676757813]},{"page":128,"text":"Motors—The standard motor is a 40-HP short-shaft outboard motor. Adding a kit to stiffen the","rect":[126.0009994506836,155.27313232421876,509.2771577911377,146.16494750976563]},{"page":128,"text":"transom allows the use of either two 35-HP motors or one 55-HP motor.","rect":[136.80160522460938,164.94935607910157,426.9214735031128,157.86520385742188]},{"page":128,"text":"CREW RESPONSIBILITIES","rect":[72.0,184.72799682617188,196.2992458343506,176.43600463867188]},{"page":128,"text":"5-4.","rect":[90.0,202.6702117919922,105.94582653045655,195.78648376464845]},{"page":128,"text":"The crew includes a coxswain, assistant coxswain, timekeeper, two observers (for security), and a","rect":[125.9999008178711,204.71429443359376,522.0415315704346,195.60610961914063]},{"page":128,"text":"navigator. To ensure mission success, each Soldier must track the team's location during movement. The","rect":[90.0,216.4146728515625,522.0373201446533,207.30648803710938]},{"page":128,"text":"team is positioned as shown in Figure 5-1. ","rect":[90.0,228.114990234375,262.5386915206909,219.00680541992188]},{"page":128,"text":"5-2","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":128,"text":"Figure 5-1. Rubber boat.","rect":[245.16000366210938,619.7008666992188,348.77562060546878,611.348876953125]},{"page":128,"text":"Coxswain—The coxswain controls the boat and the actions of the crew. He supervises the","rect":[126.0,637.5941772460938,489.5807161407471,628.5060424804688]},{"page":128,"text":"loading, lashing, and distribution of equipment. He maintains the heading and speed of the boat","rect":[136.80059814453126,649.3145141601563,520.0721812210084,640.2063598632813]},{"page":128,"text":"and gives all commands.","rect":[136.80059814453126,661.014892578125,235.8102674484253,651.90673828125]},{"page":128,"text":"Assistant Coxswain—The assistant coxswain helps the coxswain navigate and control personnel,","rect":[126.0,678.8945922851563,519.3992261886597,669.7864379882813]},{"page":128,"text":"and, when needed, assumes the duties of the coxswain. He also stows and uses the bowline, and","rect":[136.80059814453126,689.0,521.5750637054443,681.4867553710938]},{"page":128,"text":"he provides rear security for the crew.","rect":[136.80059814453126,702.2952880859375,289.34112071990969,693.1871337890625]},{"page":128,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":128,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":129,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":129,"text":"Timekeeper—The timekeeper keeps time during dead reckoning and aids in navigation. He","rect":[144.0,83.7542724609375,513.9111909942627,74.6460952758789]},{"page":129,"text":"provides flank security during movement.","rect":[154.79959106445313,95.4547119140625,322.76531505584719,86.3465347290039]},{"page":129,"text":"Navigator—The navigator tracks the team's movement on the chart and reads the GPS as needed.","rect":[144.0,113.33428955078125,537.1116895675659,104.22611236572266]},{"page":129,"text":"He notifies the coxswain of any changes in heading, and he provides flank security during","rect":[154.79959106445313,125.03472900390625,516.5555324554443,115.92655181884766]},{"page":129,"text":"movement.","rect":[154.79959106445313,134.71095275878907,199.44199657440186,128.62881469726563]},{"page":129,"text":"Observer—The observer(s) notifies the coxswain of any obstacles and provides frontal security","rect":[144.0,154.61468505859376,530.1005153656006,145.50650024414063]},{"page":129,"text":"during movement.","rect":[154.80059814453126,166.31512451171876,228.24230480194093,157.20693969726563]},{"page":129,"text":"PREPARATION OF PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT","rect":[90.0,185.60643005371095,323.78019094467165,175.95602416992188]},{"page":129,"text":"5-5.","rect":[108.0,202.01023864746095,123.94582653045655,195.26678466796876]},{"page":129,"text":"Each person dons a work vest, a life preserver, or both. He dons any additional equipment, such as","rect":[143.99989318847657,204.0543212890625,540.0110614280701,194.94613647460938]},{"page":129,"text":"LCE, over his vest. He slings his rifle over his life preserver, where it is readily available. Securely lashing","rect":[107.9990005493164,215.75469970703126,540.0817775726318,206.64651489257813]},{"page":129,"text":"radios, ammunition, and other bulk equipment to the boat prevents loss in case the boat capsizes. To lash","rect":[107.9990005493164,227.4349822998047,539.9872341156006,218.34683227539063]},{"page":129,"text":"equipment to the boat—","rect":[107.9990005493164,239.1352996826172,205.1641960144043,230.04714965820313]},{"page":129,"text":"• Secure a 5-foot section of 1-inch tubular nylon across the boat at the rear set of \"D\" rings.","rect":[143.99888610839845,256.85565185546877,514.9101514816284,247.74746704101563]},{"page":129,"text":"• Securely knot a 12-foot section of 1-inch tubular nylon to the front \"D\" ring. Place a loop about","rect":[143.99888610839845,274.55596923828127,538.4242320022584,265.4477844238281]},{"page":129,"text":"two feet from the other end of the rope. Using a slip knot, tie off this section to the","rect":[154.7983856201172,286.2564392089844,486.02218342590336,277.14825439453127]},{"page":129,"text":"5-foot section.","rect":[154.7983856201172,295.9326477050781,212.81818675994874,288.8485107421875]},{"page":129,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,313.0,147.5058862686157,309.0]},{"page":129,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,342.0,147.50689334869385,339.0]},{"page":129,"text":"Attach a snaplink to the top of each rucksack frame and secure the rucksack to the","rect":[154.82659912109376,315.6370544433594,484.51244831848148,306.5489196777344]},{"page":129,"text":"equipment line.","rect":[154.7993927001953,327.33734130859377,217.09691905975343,318.24920654296877]},{"page":129,"text":"Place the coxswain's rucksack at the rear of the boat. Route the snaplink through the loop at the","rect":[154.82839965820313,345.05767822265627,537.3810091094971,335.9494934082031]},{"page":129,"text":"rear of the equipment line. If the boat capsizes, the coxswain can release the knot, allowing the","rect":[154.7993927001953,356.7580871582031,535.1440095977783,347.64990234375]},{"page":129,"text":"rucksacks to float free of the boat while he tries to right it.","rect":[154.7993927001953,368.45849609375,388.1820020675659,359.3503112792969]},{"page":129,"text":"LAUNCHING OF BOAT","rect":[90.0,386.1822204589844,197.12316274642945,378.09600830078127]},{"page":129,"text":"5-6.","rect":[108.0,404.1502380371094,123.94582653045655,397.2664794921875]},{"page":129,"text":"When timing the launch, the coxswain observes surf conditions and considers wave intervals.","rect":[143.99989318847657,406.1943054199219,540.0039625167847,397.08612060546877]},{"page":129,"text":"When team members are about thigh deep in the water, the coxswain orders them to board by pairs. As","rect":[108.0,417.8946838378906,539.9725482444763,408.7864990234375]},{"page":129,"text":"soon as they board, they grab a paddle and help keep the boat perpendicular to the waves as the coxswain","rect":[108.0,429.5950012207031,539.9801540374756,420.48681640625]},{"page":129,"text":"starts the motor. After the motor is running, the coxswain orders the rest of the team into the boat. To help","rect":[108.0,441.2954406738281,539.8182888031006,432.187255859375]},{"page":129,"text":"avoid capsizing, the boat is kept perpendicular to the waves. ","rect":[108.0,452.9956970214844,352.2391004562378,443.88751220703127]},{"page":129,"text":"BEACHING OF BOAT","rect":[90.0,470.72222900390627,189.74315786361695,462.6360168457031]},{"page":129,"text":"5-7.","rect":[108.0,488.71026611328127,123.94582653045655,481.94677734375]},{"page":129,"text":"The coxswain observes the surf to see when to enter. To avoid capsizing, he has the team shift","rect":[143.99989318847657,490.73431396484377,540.0250620803834,481.6261291503906]},{"page":129,"text":"their weight to the rear of the boat before the boat enters the surf.","rect":[108.0,502.4345703125,369.56618785858157,493.3263854980469]},{"page":129,"text":"5-8.","rect":[108.0,518.0909423828125,123.94582653045655,511.2071838378906]},{"page":129,"text":"As the boat enters the surf zone, all team members work to keep the boat perpendicular to the","rect":[143.99989318847657,520.114990234375,540.0351839141846,511.0268249511719]},{"page":129,"text":"waves. The coxswain observes the surf and commands the team to vary speed as needed and to avoid","rect":[108.0,531.8353271484375,540.0474147796631,522.7271728515625]},{"page":129,"text":"plunging into breakers. He periodically looks seaward to observe the waves. ","rect":[108.0,543.5357055664063,416.76421642303469,534.4275512695313]},{"page":129,"text":"5-9.","rect":[108.0,559.2119750976563,123.94582653045655,552.3082275390625]},{"page":129,"text":"When the boat reaches shallow water, the coxswain orders the team out of the boat in pairs, for","rect":[143.99989318847657,561.2160034179688,539.9692285118103,552.1278686523438]},{"page":129,"text":"example (short count), \"Ones, out; twos, out\" (Figure 5-2). On disembarking, each pair immediately grabs","rect":[107.9990005493164,572.9364013671875,539.9955584983826,563.8282470703125]},{"page":129,"text":"the boat handles and pulls the boat to the beach.","rect":[107.99800109863281,584.61669921875,300.3518934249878,575.528564453125]},{"page":129,"text":"5-10. The coxswain directs the team to empty the water from the boat and carry it to higher ground. He","rect":[107.99800109863281,602.3370971679688,540.0097932891846,593.2289428710938]},{"page":129,"text":"has two team members provide security.","rect":[107.99800109863281,614.0374145507813,269.86721324920657,604.9292602539063]},{"page":129,"text":"5-11. Once  the  team  reaches  an  area suitable for  caching  the  boat,  they  conceal  it  in  a  surface  or","rect":[107.99800109863281,631.73779296875,539.9882714805603,622.629638671875]},{"page":129,"text":"subsurface cache, or, if required, they submerge the equipment.","rect":[107.99800109863281,643.4381103515625,362.68609142303469,634.3299560546875]},{"page":129,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":129,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":129,"text":"5-3","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":130,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":130,"text":"OFFSHORE NAVIGATION","rect":[72.0,457.5480041503906,192.97187900543214,449.2560119628906]},{"page":130,"text":"Figure 5-2. Short count, long count.","rect":[220.8000030517578,439.7610168457031,373.1648112792969,431.3280029296875]},{"page":130,"text":"5-12. Inserting a team from a larger vessel to their small boat might require offshore navigation. To","rect":[90.0,477.5343017578125,522.0015163421631,468.4261169433594]},{"page":130,"text":"move a long distance in a small boat, the team must be highly skilled in navigating by nautical charts, tides,","rect":[90.0,489.23468017578127,522.0723829269409,480.1264953613281]},{"page":130,"text":"currents (piloting), and dead reckoning. They must be able to compute for a compensated launch point,","rect":[89.9990005493164,500.9349670410156,522.0308179855347,491.8267822265625]},{"page":130,"text":"using offset navigation to take into account tides and current. Before launching, the team should conduct","rect":[89.9990005493164,512.6354370117188,522.0529551467896,503.5272216796875]},{"page":130,"text":"timed runs at full, half, and a quarter throttle. This helps them determine the speed of the boat at each","rect":[89.9990005493164,524.335693359375,522.0109767913818,515.2275390625]},{"page":130,"text":"setting, which is a critical part of navigation. To determine the speed (distance/time = speed), they divide","rect":[89.9990005493164,536.0360717773438,522.1399812774658,526.9279174804688]},{"page":130,"text":"the distance by the time, or the team uses a nautical slide rule. The types of navigation follow:","rect":[89.9990005493164,547.7363891601563,467.2890086135864,538.6282348632813]},{"page":130,"text":"Piloting uses visible references from land or sea, the depth of the water, and other published","rect":[125.9989013671875,565.4968872070313,496.4441738128662,556.3887329101563]},{"page":130,"text":"information. It resembles land navigation by terrain association.","rect":[136.7983856201172,577.1972045898438,393.23516368865969,568.0890502929688]},{"page":130,"text":"Dead reckoning is the predicted advancement of a vessel's position from a known point","rect":[125.9989013671875,594.9577026367188,478.66147565460207,585.8495483398438]},{"page":130,"text":"(debarking point) to calculate the vessel's approximate position at any time. It uses distance,","rect":[136.7983856201172,606.6580200195313,505.8172254562378,597.5498657226563]},{"page":130,"text":"speed, and time. It does not factor in water currents.","rect":[136.7983856201172,618.33837890625,345.28911876678469,609.250244140625]},{"page":130,"text":"Celestial navigating uses the positions of the sun, moon, other planets, and stars relative to that of ","rect":[125.9989013671875,636.1187744140625,522.2121534347534,627.0106201171875]},{"page":130,"text":"Earth. Because it requires a stable platform (for the sextant) and reference publications,","rect":[136.7983856201172,647.7991943359375,487.24492931365969,638.7110595703125]},{"page":130,"text":"celestial navigation is impractical for use on smaller vessels.","rect":[136.7983856201172,659.51953125,379.07387828826907,650.411376953125]},{"page":130,"text":"Electronic-radio navigating uses radio waves and satellite-based positioning systems such as","rect":[125.9989013671875,677.280029296875,501.53016543197637,668.171875]},{"page":130,"text":"GPS or Long-Range Navigation—Revision C (LORAN-C). ","rect":[136.7983856201172,688.9802856445313,379.6739454269409,679.8721313476563]},{"page":130,"text":"Note: Express distance in nautical miles.","rect":[125.9989013671875,712.420166015625,300.2920789718628,703.33203125]},{"page":130,"text":"5-4","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":130,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":130,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":131,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":131,"text":"MAINTENANCE","rect":[90.0,83.59274291992188,164.962167263031,75.51602172851563]},{"page":131,"text":"5-13.","rect":[108.0,101.57024383544922,128.98789501190186,94.6865005493164]},{"page":131,"text":"STORAGE","rect":[90.0,239.27996826171876,137.72261953353883,230.97598266601563]},{"page":131,"text":"The team must wash the boat with fresh water after using it in salty or muddy water.","rect":[143.99989318847657,103.61431884765625,482.21917247772219,94.50614166259766]},{"page":131,"text":"• Remove all sand and debris.","rect":[143.99989318847657,119.29059600830078,268.16298961639407,112.20645904541016]},{"page":131,"text":"• Carefully clean between the bottom and the skeg tube.","rect":[143.99989318847657,139.0150146484375,372.8157606124878,129.90682983398438]},{"page":131,"text":"• Stand the boat upright on its cones against a wall, or suspend it. Using a high-pressure hose,","rect":[143.99989318847657,156.71527099609376,524.3953809738159,147.60708618164063]},{"page":131,"text":"rinse the entire boat. Allow several hours for it to dry.","rect":[154.7993927001953,168.41558837890626,371.14409923553469,159.30740356445313]},{"page":131,"text":"• Wipe any remaining sand off the boat with a dry rag.","rect":[143.99989318847657,186.115966796875,367.51238536834719,177.00778198242188]},{"page":131,"text":"• After the boat dries, check and clean all metallic parts.","rect":[143.99989318847657,203.79624938964845,373.3533582687378,194.70809936523438]},{"page":131,"text":"• Spray the valves with silicone to prevent freezing.","rect":[143.99989318847657,221.5166015625,355.9910535812378,212.40841674804688]},{"page":131,"text":"5-14. Store the boat in a dry, cool place out of direct sunlight. Avoid storing it near furnaces, steam","rect":[108.0,259.2542724609375,540.1375403366089,250.14608764648438]},{"page":131,"text":"pipes, boilers, oil or oil-contaminated areas, grease, solvents, or sharp or pointed objects. If possible, store","rect":[108.0,270.9547119140625,539.9727449493408,261.8365173339844]},{"page":131,"text":"it on a rack. Excessive handling, such as rolling and unrolling, will shorten the life of the boat. When","rect":[108.0,282.6549987792969,540.0630397796631,273.54681396484377]},{"page":131,"text":"storing it in a carrying bag, be sure to roll the boat from bow to stern.","rect":[108.0,294.35540771484377,385.96233654022219,285.2472229003906]},{"page":131,"text":"SCOUT SWIMMERS","rect":[90.0,314.0696716308594,222.38362803649904,304.3955383300781]},{"page":131,"text":"5-15. The term \"scout swimmers\" refers to a pair of surface swimmers assigned a reconnaissance or","rect":[108.0,334.4342956542969,539.9726464805603,325.32611083984377]},{"page":131,"text":"security mission in advance of the boat or other swimmers. Scout swimmers secure the beach-landing site","rect":[108.0,346.13458251953127,540.1017732696533,337.0263977050781]},{"page":131,"text":"and reconnoiter it to ensure that it can accommodate the entire team. They must also reconnoiter a suitable","rect":[108.0,357.8349914550781,540.0273714141846,348.726806640625]},{"page":131,"text":"assembly area, cache sites, and a position from which to signal the remainder of the team into the beach-","rect":[108.0,369.535400390625,539.9899804649353,360.4272155761719]},{"page":131,"text":"landing site. The team must maintain strict noise and light discipline throughout the operation.","rect":[108.0009994506836,381.2356872558594,486.3218641281128,372.12750244140627]},{"page":131,"text":"EQUIPMENT","rect":[90.0,400.5263977050781,150.08017873764039,390.8760070800781]},{"page":131,"text":"5-16. Normally,  scout  swimmers  launch  from  a  small boat  outside  the  surf  zone.  Their  equipment","rect":[108.0,418.97430419921877,540.0509409866334,409.8661193847656]},{"page":131,"text":"includes a life vest, swim fins, dive tool, MK 13 day or night flare, and coral shoes or booties. ","rect":[108.0,430.6746826171875,487.66643810272219,421.5664978027344]},{"page":131,"text":"Life Vest","rect":[90.0,447.4537048339844,132.38279553604128,439.8555603027344]},{"page":131,"text":"5-17. Each scout swimmer wears his life vest under all equipment except his wet suit. It has no quick","rect":[108.0,467.2542724609375,540.0908107757568,458.1661376953125]},{"page":131,"text":"release, because he must wear it throughout his mission.","rect":[108.0,478.97467041015627,333.57378673553469,469.8664855957031]},{"page":131,"text":"Serviceability ","rect":[90.0000991821289,496.7350769042969,148.10541820526124,487.7972412109375]},{"page":131,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,512.0,147.50689334869385,508.0]},{"page":131,"text":"Check the oral inflation tube.","rect":[154.82960510253907,512.3011474609375,272.1287794113159,505.2070007324219]},{"page":131,"text":"• Inflate the vest and check it for leaks.","rect":[143.99989318847657,529.991455078125,305.2910108566284,522.9073486328125]},{"page":131,"text":"• Check the CO2 inflation mechanism.","rect":[143.99989318847657,547.701904296875,303.64162731170657,540.6077880859375]},{"page":131,"text":"Preventive Maintenance","rect":[90.0000991821289,565.4522705078125,190.3854646759033,558.5384521484375]},{"page":131,"text":"• Wash in fresh water after use.","rect":[143.99989318847657,583.0423583984375,274.7858839035034,575.9482421875]},{"page":131,"text":"Swim Fins","rect":[90.0,672.6445922851563,139.15197238540649,665.0354614257813]},{"page":131,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,600.0,147.50689334869385,597.0]},{"page":131,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,618.0,147.50689334869385,614.0]},{"page":131,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,636.0,147.50689334869385,632.0]},{"page":131,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,653.0,147.50689334869385,650.0]},{"page":131,"text":"Clean and lubricate the CO2 mechanism.","rect":[154.82839965820313,600.74267578125,319.48330211639407,593.6485595703125]},{"page":131,"text":"Replace the C02 cartridge if used.","rect":[154.83059692382813,620.4569702148438,291.3471632003784,611.3488159179688]},{"page":131,"text":"Partially inflate the vest.","rect":[154.81539916992188,638.1574096679688,252.69990062713624,629.0492553710938]},{"page":131,"text":"Store vest in a cool, dry area.","rect":[154.82839965820313,655.8577270507813,271.8399610519409,646.7495727539063]},{"page":131,"text":"5-18. These help propel the swimmer.","rect":[108.0,692.4342651367188,272.7980909347534,683.3461303710938]},{"page":131,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":131,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":131,"text":"5-5","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.6060180664063]},{"page":132,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":132,"text":"Serviceability","rect":[72.0,83.63427734375,127.58842182922364,74.69644165039063]},{"page":132,"text":"5-19. Check fins for proper fit and broken straps. Check for any rips or tears.","rect":[89.9999008178711,101.21435546875,411.51665782928469,92.1061782836914]},{"page":132,"text":"Preventive Maintenance","rect":[72.0,116.95081329345703,172.38537312316894,110.03701782226563]},{"page":132,"text":"5-20.","rect":[89.9999008178711,134.5107879638672,110.98779582977295,127.6270523071289]},{"page":132,"text":"Dive Tool","rect":[72.0,153.32273864746095,117.53844756317139,145.7355499267578]},{"page":132,"text":"Wash the fins with fresh water after each use. Store in a cool dry place.","rect":[125.99980163574219,136.55487060546876,412.0256299972534,127.44669342041016]},{"page":132,"text":"5-21. Swimmers keep this tool or knife with them at all times in case they become entangled while","rect":[90.0,173.154296875,522.0441560821533,164.04611206054688]},{"page":132,"text":"swimming.","rect":[90.0,184.8546142578125,134.6282148361206,175.74642944335938]},{"page":132,"text":"Serviceability","rect":[72.0000991821289,202.6151123046875,127.58852864074707,193.67727661132813]},{"page":132,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,218.0,129.50690097808838,214.0]},{"page":132,"text":"Check for rust or corrosion.","rect":[134.99899291992188,218.18116760253907,246.41338634490968,211.08700561523438]},{"page":132,"text":"•  Sharp edges.","rect":[125.9999008178711,237.8955078125,188.1656904220581,228.78732299804688]},{"page":132,"text":"• Cracked or broken blade.","rect":[125.9999008178711,253.5818634033203,238.3898572921753,246.48770141601563]},{"page":132,"text":"Preventive Maintenance","rect":[72.0000991821289,271.33221435546877,172.3854646759033,264.4184265136719]},{"page":132,"text":"• Wash with fresh water. ","rect":[125.9999008178711,288.9223937988281,230.6940565109253,281.8282165527344]},{"page":132,"text":"•  Sharpen.","rect":[125.9999008178711,308.61663818359377,172.24415111541749,299.52850341796877]},{"page":132,"text":"•  Lubricate.","rect":[125.9999008178711,324.31304931640627,177.70810985565186,317.2289123535156]},{"page":132,"text":"• Store dive tool out of the sheath to dry.","rect":[125.9999008178711,344.0373840332031,293.7860975265503,334.92919921875]},{"page":132,"text":"MK13 Day or Night Flare","rect":[72.0,363.02069091796877,193.63207780456544,353.215576171875]},{"page":132,"text":"5-22. This is an emergency signal device.","rect":[90.0,380.6343078613281,269.06780529022219,371.526123046875]},{"page":132,"text":"Serviceability","rect":[72.0000991821289,398.3946838378906,127.58852864074707,389.45684814453127]},{"page":132,"text":"• Use flare only if seals are intact.","rect":[125.9999008178711,415.97479248046877,266.2176465988159,406.8666076660156]},{"page":132,"text":"• Check pull-ring lanyard.","rect":[125.9999008178711,433.6752014160156,235.21325206756593,424.5670166015625]},{"page":132,"text":"Preventive Maintenance","rect":[72.0000991821289,449.4115295410156,172.3854646759033,442.49774169921877]},{"page":132,"text":"• Wash in fresh water. ","rect":[125.9999008178711,467.0016784667969,222.48972606658936,459.9075012207031]},{"page":132,"text":"• Store according to standing operating procedures.","rect":[125.9999008178711,486.71600341796877,336.57424449920657,477.6078186035156]},{"page":132,"text":"Coral Shoes or Booties","rect":[72.0,503.5046081542969,178.5850320777893,495.8954772949219]},{"page":132,"text":"5-23. The swimmer wears these  under  his  fins.  They  protect  his  feet  from  coral,  rocks,  or  other","rect":[90.0,523.314208984375,522.0026147422791,514.2060546875]},{"page":132,"text":"sharp-edged or poisonous underwater objects.","rect":[90.0,535.0145874023438,274.5358533859253,525.8963623046875]},{"page":132,"text":"Serviceability","rect":[72.0000991821289,552.7749633789063,127.58852864074707,543.8370971679688]},{"page":132,"text":"• Check for rips or holes.","rect":[125.9999008178711,570.3350830078125,231.42612743377686,561.2469482421875]},{"page":132,"text":"• Check for proper fit.","rect":[125.9999008178711,588.035400390625,219.42922496795655,578.947265625]},{"page":132,"text":"• Check to ensure the zippers work.","rect":[125.9999008178711,605.7357788085938,273.47817516326907,596.6476440429688]},{"page":132,"text":"Preventive Maintenance","rect":[72.0000991821289,621.4921264648438,172.3854646759033,614.5783081054688]},{"page":132,"text":"• Wash in fresh water.","rect":[125.9999008178711,639.082275390625,219.97471141815186,631.9881591796875]},{"page":132,"text":"• Dry away from direct sunlight.","rect":[125.9999008178711,658.7965698242188,260.6856336593628,649.6884155273438]},{"page":132,"text":"5-6","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":132,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":132,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":133,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":133,"text":"LAUNCH POINT","rect":[90.0,83.60221862792969,166.645272731781,75.51602172851563]},{"page":133,"text":"5-24. Scout swimmers normally move from the debarkation to launch points in inflatable boats with","rect":[108.0,103.61431884765625,540.0381374359131,94.50614166259766]},{"page":133,"text":"motors. The scout swimmers enter the water at the launch point. The launch point should be at least 400","rect":[108.0,115.29466247558594,540.0330104827881,106.2065200805664]},{"page":133,"text":"meters off the beach, out of the range of small arms. ","rect":[108.0,127.0150146484375,319.8657178878784,117.9068374633789]},{"page":133,"text":"RECONNAISSANCE","rect":[90.0,144.74217224121095,180.73490285873414,136.65597534179688]},{"page":133,"text":"5-25. Once the  team  reaches  the  launch  point,  the  team  leader  sends  out  a  scout  swim  team  to","rect":[108.0,164.73423767089845,539.9796047210693,155.64608764648438]},{"page":133,"text":"reconnoiter  the  beach-landing  site. Before  leaving  the  main  body,  the  swimmers  receive  last-minute","rect":[108.0,176.4547119140625,540.0303621368408,167.34652709960938]},{"page":133,"text":"instructions or adjustments to the original plan. The scout swimmers' may either leave their rucksacks with","rect":[108.0,188.15496826171876,540.0202541351318,179.03677368164063]},{"page":133,"text":"the main body or take them along. The swimmers use a dive compass, or they guide on prominent terrain","rect":[108.0,199.8553466796875,539.9876613616943,190.74716186523438]},{"page":133,"text":"features or lights on the beach. To allow all-round observation, they swim facing each other, which lets","rect":[108.0,211.5556640625,540.0347430686951,202.44747924804688]},{"page":133,"text":"each swimmer observe the area behind the other one.","rect":[108.0,221.23207092285157,321.1014051437378,214.14791870117188]},{"page":133,"text":"APPROACH","rect":[90.0,240.97274780273438,145.54324054718018,232.72802734375]},{"page":133,"text":"5-26. As the scout swimmers reach the surf zone, or when they get close to the beach-landing site, they","rect":[108.0,260.99432373046877,540.0457668304443,251.88613891601563]},{"page":133,"text":"start using the breaststroke to observe the beach. They approach with stealth and caution, keeping a low","rect":[108.0,272.6947021484375,540.0734295883178,263.5865173339844]},{"page":133,"text":"profile. One of them looks to the rear periodically so he can warn of large waves, which could injure or","rect":[108.0,284.3949890136719,540.0074975547791,275.27679443359377]},{"page":133,"text":"separate them from their equipment and each other. When they reach shallow water and determine that the","rect":[108.0,296.0954284667969,540.0471468048096,286.98724365234377]},{"page":133,"text":"situation is safe, they remove their fins.","rect":[108.0,307.79571533203127,266.1914930343628,298.6875305175781]},{"page":133,"text":"1. If they can see the wood line easily from the waterline, one scout swimmer remains in the","rect":[143.99989318847657,325.49609375,521.7830476837158,316.3879089355469]},{"page":133,"text":"water just inside the waterline and covers the other Soldier’s movement across the beach.","rect":[161.99978637695313,337.1964416503906,520.1682081222534,328.0782470703125]},{"page":133,"text":"Once the first scout moves to the edge of the wood line, he covers his partner's movement to","rect":[161.99978637695313,348.8966979980469,532.6299953460693,339.78851318359377]},{"page":133,"text":"the same position.","rect":[161.99978637695313,360.5770568847656,234.5845594406128,351.4889221191406]},{"page":133,"text":"2. If the topography prohibits easy observation of the wood line from the waterline, the","rect":[143.99989318847657,378.29742431640627,501.50036335754398,369.1892395019531]},{"page":133,"text":"swimmers move by successive bounds.","rect":[161.99978637695313,389.997802734375,319.1997022628784,380.8896179199219]},{"page":133,"text":"3. Once both scouts move inland, they use a modified box pattern to reconnoiter and secure the","rect":[143.99989318847657,407.6980895996094,533.7465486602783,398.58990478515627]},{"page":133,"text":"beach. They choose a suitable assembly and cache site that provides the entire team cover and","rect":[161.99978637695313,419.39849853515627,538.9438991546631,410.2903137207031]},{"page":133,"text":"concealment.","rect":[161.99978637695313,429.07476806640627,215.05016613006593,421.9906311035156]},{"page":133,"text":"4. One scout positions himself at the edge of the wood line. He provides security for the","rect":[143.99989318847657,448.7992248535156,504.8054781036377,439.6910400390625]},{"page":133,"text":"remainder of the team and guides them to the assembly area. The other scout positions","rect":[161.99978637695313,460.49951171875,508.5837237815857,451.3913269042969]},{"page":133,"text":"himself where he can signal the main body. When he makes visual contact, with the","rect":[161.99978637695313,472.1999206542969,498.4022493438721,463.09173583984377]},{"page":133,"text":"remainder of the team, he moves to the waterline.","rect":[161.99978637695313,482.0,360.67348766326907,474.7920227050781]},{"page":133,"text":"5.","rect":[143.99989318847657,499.5565490722656,151.51990795135499,492.8130798339844]},{"page":133,"text":"6.","rect":[143.99989318847657,552.35791015625,151.51589488983155,545.4741821289063]},{"page":133,"text":"When the remainder of the team reaches the beach-landing site, the scout at the waterline","rect":[161.9648895263672,501.6006164550781,519.8350496368408,492.492431640625]},{"page":133,"text":"directs them to the other scout, who guides them to the assembly area. After the last team","rect":[161.99978637695313,513.3009643554688,519.9701209030152,504.1927490234375]},{"page":133,"text":"member passes him, the scout at the waterline disguises any tracks left in the sand and rejoins","rect":[161.99978637695313,525.0013427734375,537.6009051780701,515.8831176757813]},{"page":133,"text":"the team.","rect":[161.99978637695313,534.6775512695313,198.62189769744874,527.5934448242188]},{"page":133,"text":"If possible, the team locates the cache site away from the assembly area. If the enemy","rect":[161.95689392089845,554.4019775390625,504.8927822113037,545.2938232421875]},{"page":133,"text":"discovers and follows the tracks or trails from the beach to the assembly area, they could","rect":[161.99978637695313,566.102294921875,518.0258083343506,556.994140625]},{"page":133,"text":"easily determine the number of personnel involved in the operation by counting swim gear. ","rect":[161.99978637695313,577.8026123046875,530.5352735519409,568.6944580078125]},{"page":133,"text":"HELOCASTING OPERATIONS","rect":[90.0,597.5096435546875,289.78673472595218,587.8214721679688]},{"page":133,"text":"5-27. Helocasting can be an effective means of inserting and extracting LRS teams and equipment. The","rect":[108.0,617.874267578125,540.0547761993408,608.76611328125]},{"page":133,"text":"speed,  range,  and  lift  capability  of  rotary-wing  aircraft  make them excellent waterborne delivery and","rect":[108.0,629.5745849609375,540.0485134124756,620.4664306640625]},{"page":133,"text":"recovery vehicles. Helocast preparation considerations include--","rect":[108.0,641.2749633789063,366.05550170516968,632.1668090820313]},{"page":133,"text":"1. When planning for the number of personnel for each type of aircraft, the leader uses the","rect":[143.99989318847657,658.9752807617188,514.5884676055908,649.8671264648438]},{"page":133,"text":"standard planning figures for loading troops. He can adjust these figures based on aircraft","rect":[161.99978637695313,670.6756591796875,521.4025034866334,661.5574340820313]},{"page":133,"text":"configuration, type of equipment, and casting or recovery procedures. He coordinates these","rect":[161.99978637695313,682.3759765625,528.3026399688721,673.267822265625]},{"page":133,"text":"items in advance with the aircrew.","rect":[161.99978637695313,692.0523681640625,299.4865674972534,684.96826171875]},{"page":133,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":133,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":133,"text":"5-7","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.6060180664063]},{"page":134,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":134,"text":"2.","rect":[126.0,81.41998291015625,133.51800060272218,74.6464614868164]},{"page":134,"text":"3.","rect":[126.0,122.63121795654297,133.53403759002686,115.74747467041016]},{"page":134,"text":"4.","rect":[126.0,151.92169189453126,133.52903270721436,145.14817810058595]},{"page":134,"text":"Rehearsals include all jumpers, the crew, the accompanying equipment, and support","rect":[143.9611053466797,83.57427978515625,481.2582468948364,74.45608520507813]},{"page":134,"text":"personnel. During live-casting rehearsals, the leader emphasizes the commands, positions,","rect":[143.99989318847657,95.27471923828125,505.7051954269409,86.16654205322266]},{"page":134,"text":"and timing of body exit and water entry.","rect":[143.99989318847657,106.97503662109375,305.6141004562378,97.86685943603516]},{"page":134,"text":"All equipment attaches to the jumper with l/4-inch, 80-pound test, cotton webbing. In or on","rect":[143.99319458007813,124.67529296875,510.6241054534912,115.55709838867188]},{"page":134,"text":"this webbing, he normally carries a mask, fins, web belt with knife, flare(s), and life vest. ","rect":[143.99989318847657,136.37567138671876,504.5036573410034,127.26749420166016]},{"page":134,"text":"When using rubber boats, the team must—","rect":[143.98399353027345,154.07598876953126,315.9114799499512,144.96780395507813]},{"page":134,"text":"a. Tie down and secure all equipment inside the boat.","rect":[143.99989318847657,171.75633239746095,361.70681285858157,162.66818237304688]},{"page":134,"text":"b. Secure the motor in the floor of the boat and pad it with honeycomb cardboard (for","rect":[143.99989318847657,189.4766845703125,490.6838281211853,180.36849975585938]},{"page":134,"text":"UH-60).","rect":[157.49989318847657,201.1569061279297,191.30536937713624,192.06875610351563]},{"page":134,"text":"c.","rect":[143.99989318847657,216.8533477783203,150.9557752609253,212.11387634277345]},{"page":134,"text":"d.","rect":[143.99989318847657,234.5536651611328,151.5279188156128,227.46951293945313]},{"page":134,"text":"e.","rect":[143.99989318847657,252.2539825439453,150.95678234100343,247.50450134277345]},{"page":134,"text":"f.","rect":[143.99989318847657,269.8240966796875,149.85657787322999,262.8802490234375]},{"page":134,"text":"g.","rect":[143.99989318847657,289.6786804199219,151.5279188156128,282.9151916503906]},{"page":134,"text":"Securely attach and isolate fuel cans.","rect":[157.49778747558595,218.87738037109376,305.6725721359253,209.76919555664063]},{"page":134,"text":"Secure paddles under the gunwales, out of the way of the rest of the gear.","rect":[157.48069763183595,236.57769775390626,452.03249645233157,227.46951293945313]},{"page":134,"text":"Secure the rucksacks as tightly as possible to the deck of the boat.","rect":[157.50010681152345,254.27801513671876,421.9470167160034,245.16983032226563]},{"page":134,"text":"Waterproof all equipment in the boat in case of submersion.","rect":[157.49169921875,271.9583435058594,398.21966075897219,262.8702087402344]},{"page":134,"text":"Regardless of the type of aircraft used, tie down or secure all equipment. Tape or pad all","rect":[157.48069763183595,289.6786804199219,512.0229563674927,280.57049560546877]},{"page":134,"text":"sharp edges or items.","rect":[157.49989318847657,301.37896728515627,242.17632579803468,292.2707824707031]},{"page":134,"text":"h. If using side doors for casting (UH-60 or UH-1H), secure the doors in the open position,","rect":[143.99989318847657,319.07940673828127,512.9502820968628,309.9712219238281]},{"page":134,"text":"and tape all edges.","rect":[157.49989318847657,330.7796936035156,231.62639904022218,321.6715087890625]},{"page":134,"text":"i. With a CH-46 or CH-47, ensure the ramp is secured in the open or casting position (10","rect":[143.99989318847657,348.4800720214844,506.4661159515381,339.37188720703127]},{"page":134,"text":"degrees below horizontal).","rect":[157.49989318847657,360.180419921875,264.30239391326907,351.0722351074219]},{"page":134,"text":"j. To use a wire ladder for recovery, secure it beforehand using a wire \"donut\" secured to the","rect":[143.99989318847657,377.88067626953127,521.2300081329346,368.7624816894531]},{"page":134,"text":"floor of the aircraft. Use 5/8-inch wire and secure the wire to at least five points","rect":[157.49989318847657,389.56103515625,477.50929140853887,380.472900390625]},{"page":134,"text":"using snaplinks.","rect":[157.49888610839845,401.281494140625,222.23101329803468,392.1733093261719]},{"page":134,"text":"k. Ensure all personnel (cast master, pilots, and safety boats) use the same frequency.","rect":[143.99888610839845,418.9817810058594,489.1236219406128,409.87359619140627]},{"page":134,"text":"l. Ensure the casting area is clear of all surface and subsurface obstacles.","rect":[143.99888610839845,436.68206787109377,440.5849256515503,427.5738830566406]},{"page":134,"text":"5-28. When  helocasting  from  a  ramp,  such  as  a  CH-47,  the  cast  master  gives the commands","rect":[89.99909973144531,454.38238525390627,521.9591205101013,445.2742004394531]},{"page":134,"text":"GET READY,  STAND  UP,  CHECK  EQUIPMENT,  SOUND OFF WITH EQUIPMENT CHECK, and","rect":[89.99810028076172,465.88238525390627,521.9985256195068,456.974609375]},{"page":134,"text":"GO. When using UH-60 or UH-lH, he omits STAND UP:","rect":[89.99810028076172,477.7830810546875,323.02210187530519,468.6748962402344]},{"page":134,"text":"1. The cast master ensures jumpers leave their seat belts on until they hear the command","rect":[125.99800109863281,495.4834899902344,487.9685878753662,486.36529541015627]},{"page":134,"text":"GET READY.","rect":[143.99789428710938,505.1697998046875,203.07482433319093,498.2459716796875]},{"page":134,"text":"2. If using a rubber boat, the team moves it to the end of the ramp. Just before the command","rect":[125.99800109863281,524.8841552734375,502.6337490081787,515.7760009765625]},{"page":134,"text":"GO, they push out until the boat is about halfway past the edge of the ramp. On hearing the","rect":[143.99789428710938,536.58447265625,510.33495808410648,527.476318359375]},{"page":134,"text":"command GO, they push the boat off the ramp.","rect":[143.99789428710938,548.284912109375,333.32876110076907,539.1767578125]},{"page":134,"text":"3. The cast master ensures that when the pilot drops personnel, he flies within 10 feet of the","rect":[125.99800109863281,565.9651489257813,501.52550984191898,556.8770141601563]},{"page":134,"text":"surface of the water at 10 knots or slower.","rect":[143.99789428710938,575.6615600585938,312.8048963546753,568.5774536132813]},{"page":134,"text":"4. When casting from the ramp, jumpers assume a normal prepare-to-land attitude.","rect":[125.99800109863281,595.3859252929688,465.3131971359253,586.2677001953125]},{"page":134,"text":"5. When casting from a side door, jumpers cast from a seated door position. On the cast master's","rect":[125.99800109863281,613.086181640625,520.1599261741638,603.9679565429688]},{"page":134,"text":"command, jumpers push off and face the direction of flight, assuring a normal prepare-to-","rect":[143.99789428710938,624.78662109375,504.27727294540406,615.6683959960938]},{"page":134,"text":"land attitude.","rect":[143.99789428710938,634.4628295898438,196.36570262908936,627.3787231445313]},{"page":134,"text":"6. The cast master throws bundles or rucksacks before the jumper exits on the command GO.","rect":[125.99800109863281,654.1871948242188,507.5377149581909,645.0689697265625]},{"page":134,"text":"7. Upon entering the water, the jumper signals \"Okay\" to the cast master and safety boat.","rect":[125.99800109863281,671.8875732421875,490.3833875656128,662.7693481445313]},{"page":134,"text":"8. When using a single rotor aircraft for recovery operations, the cast master lowers a wire","rect":[125.99800109863281,689.587890625,496.5635042266846,680.479736328125]},{"page":134,"text":"ladder to the swimmers, who line up at 50-meter intervals in the recovery area.","rect":[143.99789428710938,701.288330078125,460.03994274139407,692.18017578125]},{"page":134,"text":"5-8","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":134,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":134,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":135,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0700400390625,38.196014404296878]},{"page":135,"text":"9. As the aircraft flies over, each swimmer hooks the lowest rung on the ladder with his leading","rect":[144.0,83.57427978515625,535.1326808929443,74.46610260009766]},{"page":135,"text":"arm and climbs to a designated height, where he hooks up (with snaplink and rope seat) to","rect":[161.9958953857422,95.2777099609375,524.0884914398193,86.1695327758789]},{"page":135,"text":"the ladder.","rect":[161.9958953857422,104.95697784423828,204.36231517791749,97.87284088134766]},{"page":135,"text":"10. All CH-46 or CH-47 aircraft land in the water. If using a rubber boat with a motor, the team","rect":[144.0,124.68634033203125,531.0843176803589,115.57816314697266]},{"page":135,"text":"drives the boat up to the ramp. When the rubber boat is not using a motor, the cast master","rect":[161.9958953857422,136.3896484375,520.9223535118103,127.2814712524414]},{"page":135,"text":"uses the aircraft's winch to lower a rope with a 10-pound-padded weight attached to it. He","rect":[161.9958953857422,148.0931396484375,522.9017000274658,138.98495483398438]},{"page":135,"text":"lowers the rope behind the boat and drags the rope over it. The swimmers secure the rope,","rect":[161.9958953857422,159.79638671875,523.2241773605347,150.68820190429688]},{"page":135,"text":"and the winch pulls the boat in.","rect":[161.9958953857422,171.4797821044922,287.73723888397219,162.39163208007813]},{"page":135,"text":"11. When swimmers are in the water without a boat, they either go up a ladder or, if the aircraft is","rect":[144.0,189.20513916015626,538.8919818382263,180.09695434570313]},{"page":135,"text":"on the water, they swim up to the ramp.","rect":[161.9958953857422,200.90850830078126,321.20229625701907,191.80032348632813]},{"page":135,"text":"12. For SPIES recovery, swimmers put on their harnesses before the helicopter arrives. The","rect":[144.0,218.61383056640626,514.1913423614502,209.50564575195313]},{"page":135,"text":"helicopter hovers over the group of swimmers as they attach their harnesses to the \"D\" ring.","rect":[162.0059051513672,230.317138671875,530.1170606613159,221.20895385742188]},{"page":135,"text":"5-29. Due to the hazards involved, the leader emphasizes safety in all aspects of planning and executing","rect":[108.0082015991211,248.02252197265626,540.0720119476318,238.91433715820313]},{"page":135,"text":"helicopter casting and recovery operations:","rect":[108.0082015991211,259.725830078125,280.8517527542114,250.61764526367188]},{"page":135,"text":"•","rect":[144.00999450683595,275.0,147.5169946670532,271.0]},{"page":135,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,328.0,147.50700016021728,324.0]},{"page":135,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,346.0,147.50700016021728,342.0]},{"page":135,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,363.0,147.50700016021728,360.0]},{"page":135,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,381.0,147.50700016021728,377.0]},{"page":135,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,399.0,147.50700016021728,395.0]},{"page":135,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,416.0,147.50700016021728,413.0]},{"page":135,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,434.0,147.50700016021728,431.0]},{"page":135,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,452.0,147.50700016021728,448.0]},{"page":135,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,470.0,147.50700016021728,466.0]},{"page":135,"text":"Immediately before a helocast and recovery operation, the leader—","rect":[154.83351135253907,277.43115234375,425.0470390319824,268.3229675292969]},{"page":135,"text":"— Physically reconnoiters the casting area. ","rect":[154.80160522460938,295.1365966796875,330.0589551925659,286.0284118652344]},{"page":135,"text":"— Verifies water depth and the absence of obstacles and debris.","rect":[154.80160522460938,312.82183837890627,411.10711193084719,303.73370361328127]},{"page":135,"text":"He ensures that the water is at least 15 feet deep.","rect":[154.82859802246095,330.5272521972656,350.11846446990969,321.4391174316406]},{"page":135,"text":"He ensures motorized safety boats are in the water with motors.","rect":[154.82351684570313,348.2525939941406,410.1340284347534,339.1444091796875]},{"page":135,"text":"He establishes radio voice communications between the safety boats and the drop aircraft.","rect":[154.8007049560547,365.9578857421875,515.9601392745972,356.8497009277344]},{"page":135,"text":"He ensures the cast master has voice communications with the pilot.","rect":[154.82980346679688,383.64324951171877,428.32973766326907,374.55511474609377]},{"page":135,"text":"He ensures one dive supervisor and two divers, with complete scuba gear, are in a safety boat.","rect":[154.79339599609376,401.36859130859377,532.5793409347534,392.2604064941406]},{"page":135,"text":"He ensures that a qualified medic/dive medical technician is in one of the safety boats.","rect":[154.79750061035157,419.06390380859377,501.24041271209719,409.9557189941406]},{"page":135,"text":"He ensures drop altitude stays within 10 feet of the surface of the water.","rect":[154.82980346679688,436.7693176269531,443.5970106124878,427.6611328125]},{"page":135,"text":"He ensures drop speed remains at or slower than 10 knots indicated airspeed.","rect":[154.79949951171876,454.45452880859377,463.9332227706909,445.36639404296877]},{"page":135,"text":"If an injury occurs, the leader ceases until he determines the cause and extent of the injury.","rect":[154.83050537109376,472.17999267578127,518.7371168136597,463.0617980957031]},{"page":135,"text":"Section II. HELICOPTER OPERATIONS","rect":[80.63999938964844,493.3440246582031,300.6587546386719,484.4640197753906]},{"page":135,"text":"Helicopters provide a variety of methods for inserting and extracting teams. (FM 3-05.210, TC 21-24 and","rect":[90.0,516.834228515625,539.9965114593506,507.7260437011719]},{"page":135,"text":"USASOC Reg 350-6 provide more information.) This section only covers the operational requirements and","rect":[90.0,528.53759765625,540.0369167327881,519.429443359375]},{"page":135,"text":"procedures for SPIES, FRIES, Army aviation, air assault, pick-up and landing zones, and the UH-60 loading","rect":[90.0,540.2409057617188,539.9893703460693,531.1327514648438]},{"page":135,"text":"sequence. Training requirements are covered in FM 3-05.210 and USASOC Reg 350-6.","rect":[90.0,551.9443359375,442.5202589035034,542.836181640625]},{"page":135,"text":"SPECIAL PATROL INSERTION/EXTRACTION SYSTEM","rect":[90.0,571.6495971679688,453.4953373413086,561.9754028320313]},{"page":135,"text":"5-30. The SPIES should be used only when the team needs immediate extraction or cannot move to a","rect":[108.0,592.0142822265625,539.9965486602783,582.9061279296875]},{"page":135,"text":"clear (open) position suitable for helicopter landing. The SPIES works best for extracting LRS teams over","rect":[108.0,603.7177124023438,539.9927270469666,594.6095581054688]},{"page":135,"text":"short  distances.  Teams  are  almost  never  inserted by SPIES because doing  so  would  expose  them  to","rect":[108.0,615.4210205078125,539.9950466156006,606.3128662109375]},{"page":135,"text":"observation  and  fire  throughout  the  insertion.  Before a SPIES operation,  the  leader  thoroughly  briefs","rect":[108.0,627.1243896484375,539.9666888694763,618.0162353515625]},{"page":135,"text":"participants.  Before  inserting, the  team  receives  extensive  training  in  SPIES  operations.  Personnel","rect":[108.0,638.8276977539063,539.9842905960084,629.7195434570313]},{"page":135,"text":"supporting the SPIES operation receive a complete preoperational briefing. This is most crucial when the","rect":[108.0,650.5310668945313,539.9458894805908,641.4229125976563]},{"page":135,"text":"operation involves assets other than the extraction helicopter such as gunships, aerial observers, or artillery.","rect":[108.0,662.2344970703125,539.7638502120972,653.1263427734375]},{"page":135,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98140173339844,747.489013671875]},{"page":135,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0636901855469,754.0679931640625,329.0175192871094,747.489013671875]},{"page":135,"text":"5-9","rect":[527.064697265625,754.0679931640625,540.035494140625,747.489013671875]},{"page":136,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":136,"text":"FAMILIARIZATION","rect":[72.0,83.59274291992188,163.28291416168214,75.51602172851563]},{"page":136,"text":"5-31. When time and situation permit, personnel unfamiliar with SPIES should watch or help with the","rect":[90.0,103.59428405761719,522.0384798126221,94.50614166259766]},{"page":136,"text":"rigging of the helicopter. Initial training with SPIES is without combat equipment. This builds confidence","rect":[90.0,115.314697265625,521.9883699493408,106.2065200805664]},{"page":136,"text":"in the equipment and procedures, and it aids in more comprehensive training of new SPIES masters.","rect":[90.0,127.0150146484375,491.9458875656128,117.9068374633789]},{"page":136,"text":"SAFETY","rect":[72.0,144.77996826171876,110.7688455581665,136.47598266601563]},{"page":136,"text":"5-32. This safety briefing should cover at a minimum--","rect":[90.0,164.7542724609375,323.30086303329468,155.64608764648438]},{"page":136,"text":"•  Area hazards.","rect":[125.9999008178711,180.4306182861328,191.96934032440186,173.34646606445313]},{"page":136,"text":"• General Aircraft safety. ","rect":[125.9999008178711,198.17498779296876,234.21430492401124,189.06680297851563]},{"page":136,"text":"• SPIES equipment and its characteristics.","rect":[125.9999008178711,213.87535095214845,299.09612560272219,204.78720092773438]},{"page":136,"text":"• Preoperational inspection of equipment.","rect":[125.9999008178711,229.5957489013672,297.29030895233157,220.50759887695313]},{"page":136,"text":"• Proper donning of the harness.","rect":[125.9999008178711,245.33612060546876,259.9295606613159,236.22793579101563]},{"page":136,"text":"• Method of insertion and extraction.","rect":[125.9999008178711,259.03240966796877,278.7289686203003,251.94827270507813]},{"page":136,"text":"• Hand-and-arm signals and emergency signals.","rect":[125.9999008178711,276.77685546875,321.9314832687378,267.6686706542969]},{"page":136,"text":"•  Medical coverage.","rect":[125.9999008178711,292.497314453125,210.85814952850343,283.3891296386719]},{"page":136,"text":"•  Communications requirements.","rect":[125.9999008178711,308.1976318359375,262.42229747772219,299.1094970703125]},{"page":136,"text":"• Operational requirements for limited visibility.","rect":[125.9999008178711,323.9379577636719,324.57766246795657,314.82977294921877]},{"page":136,"text":"COMMUNICATIONS","rect":[72.0,339.7080078125,166.36765098571778,331.416015625]},{"page":136,"text":"5-33. Helicopter  noise  necessitates  radio  communications  be the primary means of communications","rect":[90.0,359.6943054199219,522.1292865257263,350.58612060546877]},{"page":136,"text":"between the Soldiers on the ground and the helicopter. Light and arm-and-hand signals are the alternate","rect":[90.0,371.3946838378906,522.0274934844971,362.2864990234375]},{"page":136,"text":"means of communication.  The  SPIES  master  uses  the  inter-cockpit  communication  system  on  the","rect":[90.0,383.0950012207031,522.0002718048096,373.98681640625]},{"page":136,"text":"helicopter. Soldiers practice the appropriate arm-and-hand and light signals in case radio communications","rect":[90.0,394.7954406738281,522.0631854515076,385.687255859375]},{"page":136,"text":"fail.","rect":[90.0,404.42156982421877,105.8616590499878,397.38751220703127]},{"page":136,"text":"5-34. Radio operators should use headsets and voice suppressors (if available) rather than handsets. This","rect":[90.0,424.17596435546877,522.0509173851013,415.08782958984377]},{"page":136,"text":"frees the ground RTO's hands so that, when the helicopter hovers, he can hook up faster and more safely.","rect":[90.0,435.89642333984377,512.0949964523315,426.7882385253906]},{"page":136,"text":"EXTRACTION","rect":[72.0,453.61273193359377,137.94078159332276,445.5360107421875]},{"page":136,"text":"5-35. After the extracting team is located on the ground, the SPIES master helps direct the helicopter the","rect":[90.0,473.6343078613281,522.0896272735596,464.526123046875]},{"page":136,"text":"proper distance above the team. On order of the pilot, the SPIES master drops the rope.","rect":[90.0,485.31463623046877,440.03676891326907,476.22650146484377]},{"page":136,"text":"1. The team leader positions himself to move and approach the rope as the SPIES master drops","rect":[125.9999008178711,503.0149230957031,514.6188800315857,493.9267883300781]},{"page":136,"text":"it. Once the rope is clear of any obstacles, the team leader directs the team to move to their","rect":[143.99978637695313,514.7352905273438,507.4515283164978,505.6271057128906]},{"page":136,"text":"assigned positions along the hookup points. ","rect":[143.99978637695313,526.4356689453125,321.7717237472534,517.3275146484375]},{"page":136,"text":"2.","rect":[125.9999008178711,541.981689453125,133.51990795135499,535.2081909179688]},{"page":136,"text":"Each member attaches the primary (harness) snaplink to the \"D\" ring on his side of the line.","rect":[143.9648895263672,544.135986328125,511.69793224334719,535.02783203125]},{"page":136,"text":"Using the safety line and snaplink, he hooks into the alternate or secondary hookup point on","rect":[143.99978637695313,555.83642578125,513.8328762054443,546.728271484375]},{"page":136,"text":"the opposite side of the rope. He faces forward along the line so that, when the aircraft","rect":[143.99978637695313,567.5366821289063,490.9311900100708,558.4285278320313]},{"page":136,"text":"ascends, he is looking in the direction of travel. He holds up the SPIES rope and routes it over","rect":[143.99978637695313,579.2371215820313,521.7171533164978,570.1289672851563]},{"page":136,"text":"the shoulder closest to the rope. With the other hand, he gives a thumbs-up signal to the team","rect":[143.99978637695313,590.9373779296875,517.8780493698121,581.8292236328125]},{"page":136,"text":"leader and SPIES master signaling he is ready to go. ","rect":[143.99978637695313,602.6378173828125,356.5924940109253,593.5296630859375]},{"page":136,"text":"3. After all team members signal they are ready, the team leader physically inspects (if time and","rect":[125.9999008178711,620.338134765625,518.1326808929443,611.22998046875]},{"page":136,"text":"situation permit) each team members hook up. The team leader then hooks himself on to the","rect":[143.99978637695313,632.0184936523438,513.541623123169,622.9303588867188]},{"page":136,"text":"lowest point with the RTO. He then gives the thumbs-up signal to the SPIES master. He","rect":[143.99978637695313,643.73876953125,497.51778889465336,634.630615234375]},{"page":136,"text":"continues this thumbs-up signal, which at night is an arranged light signal, until the helicopter","rect":[143.99978637695313,655.439208984375,520.9536645469666,646.3310546875]},{"page":136,"text":"reaches a safe altitude (about 3 meters above the tallest obstacle at the extraction site). ","rect":[143.99978637695313,667.1195068359375,491.9812879562378,658.0313720703125]},{"page":136,"text":"5-10","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":136,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":136,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":137,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":137,"text":"4. During extraction, the team RTO maintains communications with the extraction helicopter.","rect":[144.0,83.57427978515625,527.6808423995972,74.46610260009766]},{"page":137,"text":"Because he is near the bottom of the rope with the team leader, he can assist in giving verbal","rect":[161.99989318847657,95.27471923828125,533.2950205764771,86.16654205322266]},{"page":137,"text":"confirmation of all light and arm-and-hand signals, and relay information between the team","rect":[161.99989318847657,106.97503662109375,528.7790198287964,97.86685943603516]},{"page":137,"text":"leader, the SPIES master and the aircraft crew.","rect":[161.99989318847657,117.0,349.4339551925659,109.56717681884766]},{"page":137,"text":"CAUTION","rect":[287.70001220703127,151.15196228027345,342.30959936523439,142.28396606445313]},{"page":137,"text":"Not all chemical lights are visible at night using image intensifying night","rect":[157.6800079345703,170.99420166015626,472.25586652374269,161.60546875]},{"page":137,"text":"vision devises. Coordination with the pilots during the air mission brief","rect":[157.6800079345703,182.51416015625,472.2548289260864,173.12542724609376]},{"page":137,"text":"to finalize the types and colors of chemical lights to use is required.","rect":[157.6800079345703,194.0340576171875,454.41931867218019,184.64532470703126]},{"page":137,"text":"EMERGENCY PROCEDURES","rect":[90.0,226.4620819091797,223.4271755218506,218.37588500976563]},{"page":137,"text":"5-36. During the flight, from the time the team extracts until they safely detach from the SPIES rope,","rect":[108.0,246.47418212890626,540.0316114425659,237.36599731445313]},{"page":137,"text":"each team member watches for any problems that might arise from above or below. The Soldier above","rect":[108.0,258.17449951171877,539.9734773712158,249.06631469726563]},{"page":137,"text":"checks the Soldier below. At the first sign of danger, or if an emergency occurs, the team leader or a team","rect":[108.0,269.8748779296875,540.1172156295777,260.7666931152344]},{"page":137,"text":"member places his free hand on the top of his head. When the SPIES master sees this, he instructs the pilot","rect":[108.0,281.5552673339844,540.0043101272584,272.4671325683594]},{"page":137,"text":"to make an emergency landing in the nearest and safest area.","rect":[108.0,293.2756042480469,351.06084728240969,284.16741943359377]},{"page":137,"text":"DISMOUNTING PROCEDURES","rect":[90.0,311.002197265625,230.91200828552247,302.9159851074219]},{"page":137,"text":"5-37. When the extraction helicopter has reached a tactically safe dismount area, the pilot transitions to","rect":[108.0,331.0142822265625,540.0002956390381,321.9060974121094]},{"page":137,"text":"a hover and then begins a vertical descent. The SPIES master continuously provides information to the","rect":[107.9990005493164,342.714599609375,539.9838533477783,333.6064147949219]},{"page":137,"text":"pilot on the distance from the ground to the lower end of the SPIES rope. As team members reach the","rect":[107.9990005493164,354.41497802734377,539.9901399688721,345.3067932128906]},{"page":137,"text":"ground, they immediately move away from the aircraft. For a UH-60, the team walks to a 90-degree angle","rect":[107.9990005493164,366.11541748046877,539.9053011016846,357.0072326660156]},{"page":137,"text":"to the front of the aircraft. For a UH-1, the team walks to the direction of the front of the aircraft. In both","rect":[107.9990005493164,376.0,539.9342555999756,368.70751953125]},{"page":137,"text":"cases, the pilot or the crew can see the team is out from under the aircraft. The team ensures the SPIES","rect":[107.9990005493164,389.49603271484377,539.9667501373291,380.40789794921877]},{"page":137,"text":"rope does not interfere with the aircraft and that the aircraft does not land on the rope. All team members","rect":[107.9990005493164,401.1963806152344,539.9876849632263,392.1082458496094]},{"page":137,"text":"rapidly unhook themselves and their teammates who need assistance. Once unhooked, they move away","rect":[107.9990005493164,412.91680908203127,540.0361843109131,403.8086242675781]},{"page":137,"text":"from the area and set up security, or help clear the rope if the helicopter is going to land.","rect":[107.9990005493164,424.6170959472656,462.53127574920657,415.5089111328125]},{"page":137,"text":"OPERATIONAL TRAINING","rect":[90.0,442.3680114746094,214.90380573272706,434.0760192871094]},{"page":137,"text":"5-38. In preparing for an operation, if the leader thinks the situation, mission, or terrain indicates the","rect":[108.0,462.35430908203127,540.0240755157471,453.2461242675781]},{"page":137,"text":"need for a SPIES extraction, then he should include a SPIES harness in each Soldier's equipment list. If the","rect":[108.0,474.0346374511719,540.0371980743408,464.9465026855469]},{"page":137,"text":"mission or insertion precludes team members from wearing the harnesses, they should carry them inside","rect":[108.0,485.7550048828125,539.9833650665283,476.6468200683594]},{"page":137,"text":"their packs. As soon as they request helicopter extraction, they can retrieve and don their harnesses.","rect":[108.0,497.4554138183594,507.7051649093628,488.34722900390627]},{"page":137,"text":"1. The extraction helicopter(s) proceeds to the area and the pilot establishes radio or visual","rect":[143.99989318847657,515.1356811523438,515.0685191116334,506.0475158691406]},{"page":137,"text":"contact with the team. The backup helicopter, equipped with the SPIES, remains aloft and","rect":[161.99978637695313,526.8360595703125,522.9824123382568,517.7479248046875]},{"page":137,"text":"away from the area, maintaining visual contact with the LZ and monitoring radio","rect":[161.99978637695313,538.556396484375,486.86168479919436,529.4482421875]},{"page":137,"text":"communications.","rect":[161.99978637695313,548.232666015625,230.59099864959718,541.1485595703125]},{"page":137,"text":"2.","rect":[143.99989318847657,565.9330444335938,151.54494762420655,559.029296875]},{"page":137,"text":"3.","rect":[143.99989318847657,677.2161254882813,151.52892589569093,670.3323974609375]},{"page":137,"text":"The SPIES master deploys the rope, and then notifies the pilot the rope is out. The pilot","rect":[162.0,567.9570922851563,513.1861643753052,558.8489379882813]},{"page":137,"text":"normally cannot see the team nor determine the most suitable position for the aircraft. The","rect":[161.99978637695313,579.6574096679688,524.0015535430908,570.5492553710938]},{"page":137,"text":"SPIES master gives the pilot vertical and lateral corrections until the aircraft reaches the","rect":[161.99978637695313,591.3577880859375,515.2218294219971,582.2496337890625]},{"page":137,"text":"desired position. He commands, LEFT, RIGHT, FORWARD, or REAR, along with the","rect":[161.99978637695313,603.05810546875,513.3906831817627,593.949951171875]},{"page":137,"text":"estimated distance. For example, LEFT, 10 FEET. The SPIES master counts down as the","rect":[161.99978637695313,614.7384643554688,519.2538118438721,605.6503295898438]},{"page":137,"text":"pilot responds, for example, \"Ten, nine, eight, seven, six, hover. Hold, ropes out.\" The SPIES","rect":[161.99978637695313,626.4588623046875,536.0293722076416,617.3507080078125]},{"page":137,"text":"master informs the pilot of any unexpected drift that could pull the team into an obstruction.","rect":[161.99978637695313,638.1591796875,531.3557691574097,629.051025390625]},{"page":137,"text":"The crew chief maintains his attention to the safety of the aircraft and watches for any","rect":[161.99978637695313,649.859619140625,507.1214199066162,640.75146484375]},{"page":137,"text":"possible interference with the tail rotor.","rect":[161.99978637695313,661.5399169921875,320.20363903045657,652.4517822265625]},{"page":137,"text":"To avoid losing weapons during a SPIES extraction, team members sling them over their","rect":[161.98289489746095,679.2601928710938,519.0146386680603,670.1520385742188]},{"page":137,"text":"shoulders and attach them to their bodies with safety lines. They secure other weapons and","rect":[161.99978637695313,690.9605712890625,526.2065334320068,681.8524169921875]},{"page":137,"text":"equipment against the wind as well. After observing this, the team leader gives them the","rect":[161.99978637695313,702.6610107421875,515.5847749786377,693.5528564453125]},{"page":137,"text":"thumbs-up signal.","rect":[161.99978637695313,714.361328125,233.87420177459718,705.253173828125]},{"page":137,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":137,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":137,"text":"5-11","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":138,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":138,"text":"4. During the extraction, the team RTO maintains communications with the extraction","rect":[126.0,83.57427978515625,479.2780055999756,74.46610260009766]},{"page":138,"text":"helicopter. He verbally confirms the thumbs-up signal and relays any other relevant","rect":[143.99989318847657,95.27471923828125,479.3256297073364,86.16654205322266]},{"page":138,"text":"information during the flight. He should position himself near or at the bottom hookup point.","rect":[143.99989318847657,106.97503662109375,516.9727735519409,97.86685943603516]},{"page":138,"text":"This ensures he can give accurate information about the extraction, the clearing of obstacles,","rect":[143.99989318847657,118.67535400390625,515.3881788253784,109.56717681884766]},{"page":138,"text":"and the descent.","rect":[143.99989318847657,128.3516387939453,208.39943981170655,121.26749420166016]},{"page":138,"text":"5.","rect":[126.0,147.0,133.54505443572999,139.28857421875]},{"page":138,"text":"6.","rect":[126.0,187.1329803466797,133.51499462127686,180.24925231933595]},{"page":138,"text":"7.","rect":[126.0,239.95448303222657,133.54505443572999,233.19097900390626]},{"page":138,"text":"8.","rect":[126.0,304.4361267089844,133.52802562713624,297.5523681640625]},{"page":138,"text":"The extraction aircraft must lift off vertically until the SPIES rope clears all obstacles. If ","rect":[143.99978637695313,148.07611083984376,500.9338026046753,138.96792602539063]},{"page":138,"text":"needed, team members can fire their individual weapons from the hip with their barrels","rect":[143.99989318847657,159.75633239746095,493.70207094955449,150.66818237304688]},{"page":138,"text":"directed downward at a 45-degree angle and outward from the team.","rect":[143.99989318847657,171.4766845703125,418.48089122772219,162.36849975585938]},{"page":138,"text":"Once the aircraft clears any vertical obstacles, the RTO, who is the lowest Soldier on the","rect":[143.9547882080078,189.17706298828126,499.7201204376221,180.06887817382813]},{"page":138,"text":"SPIES rope, signals the pilot all team members have cleared the obstacle. This is especially","rect":[143.99989318847657,200.87738037109376,510.18089866638186,191.76919555664063]},{"page":138,"text":"important during limited visibility. Even if the pilot uses night vision goggles, his depth","rect":[143.99989318847657,212.57781982421876,495.8071804046631,203.46963500976563]},{"page":138,"text":"perception is poor when looking 120 feet below the aircraft.","rect":[143.99989318847657,224.27813720703126,385.01238536834719,215.16995239257813]},{"page":138,"text":"On descent, both the RTO and the SPIES master inform the pilot of his altitude, drift, and","rect":[143.99978637695313,241.95848083496095,503.7933864593506,232.87033081054688]},{"page":138,"text":"forward speed. They also tell him whether their ropes are oscillating enough to potentially","rect":[143.99989318847657,253.67877197265626,505.63670921325686,244.57058715820313]},{"page":138,"text":"injure team members on impact. The RTO counts down in 10-foot increments (\"Fifty, forty,","rect":[143.99989318847657,265.379150390625,512.7338819503784,256.2609558105469]},{"page":138,"text":"thirty, twenty, ten, nine, eight…one; one man down, two…\") until the whole team is down.","rect":[143.99989318847657,277.0794677734375,510.3763074874878,267.9712829589844]},{"page":138,"text":"During limited visibility, the SPIES master might not be able to see this.","rect":[143.99989318847657,288.7799072265625,434.0419874191284,279.6717224121094]},{"page":138,"text":"Once the team is on the ground, the SPIES master monitors drift. Sudden lateral shifts can","rect":[143.9807891845703,306.4801940917969,505.7570400238037,297.37200927734377]},{"page":138,"text":"drag team members before they can disconnect from their ropes.","rect":[143.99989318847657,318.18060302734377,402.28484630584719,309.0724182128906]},{"page":138,"text":"WATER-EXTRACTION PROCEDURE","rect":[72.0,335.927978515625,244.15810537338258,327.81597900390627]},{"page":138,"text":"5-39. The SPIES also works well for extracting LRS teams from the water. Three inflatable life vests or","rect":[90.0,355.9142761230469,521.9955346641541,346.80609130859377]},{"page":138,"text":"other flotation devices are attached to the SPIES; one to each end of the attachment points, and one to the","rect":[90.0,367.5946350097656,522.0348787384033,358.5065002441406]},{"page":138,"text":"middle of the attachment point area, just above the middle two sets of \"D\" rings. Each team member wears","rect":[90.0009994506836,379.31500244140627,522.0667254905701,370.1968078613281]},{"page":138,"text":"a SPIES harness under his life vest. In amphibious operations, he may also wear swim fins, mask, and","rect":[90.0009994506836,391.0154113769531,522.0161647796631,381.9072265625]},{"page":138,"text":"snorkel. This simplifies hookup to the SPIES rope in the chop and spray caused by the helicopter.","rect":[90.0009994506836,402.7156982421875,482.01409435272219,393.6075134277344]},{"page":138,"text":"1. After the pilot stabilizes the aircraft above the team members, he gives the order and the","rect":[126.00090026855469,420.4159851074219,497.50948811340336,411.30780029296877]},{"page":138,"text":"SPIES master drops the SPIES rope (with flotation attached).","rect":[144.00079345703126,432.09637451171877,390.09157848358157,423.00823974609377]},{"page":138,"text":"2. When the team members finish hooking up to the SPIES rope, the team leader signals the","rect":[126.00090026855469,449.81671142578127,502.7003755645752,440.7085266113281]},{"page":138,"text":"SPIES master to start liftoff.","rect":[144.00079345703126,459.5030822753906,257.8142194747925,452.4089050292969]},{"page":138,"text":"3.","rect":[126.00090026855469,477.193359375,133.54595470428468,470.2895812988281]},{"page":138,"text":"4.","rect":[126.00090026855469,518.1641845703125,133.51890087127686,511.3906555175781]},{"page":138,"text":"The aircraft must lift off vertically until all team members and the bottom end of the rope","rect":[144.00070190429688,479.2174072265625,501.80273152160648,470.1092224121094]},{"page":138,"text":"clear the water. During initial liftoff, the aircraft may drag team members through the water.","rect":[144.00079345703126,490.91778564453127,513.8051099777222,481.8096008300781]},{"page":138,"text":"They must be ready to roll onto their backs until the aircraft lifts them clear of the water. ","rect":[144.00079345703126,502.6180725097656,501.8859510421753,493.5098876953125]},{"page":138,"text":"The aircraft should fly at the same speed and altitude as it would over land. Dismounting","rect":[143.96189880371095,520.3184814453125,500.5432643890381,511.2102966308594]},{"page":138,"text":"procedures also remain the same, except for shipboard landings: on a ship, all team members","rect":[144.00079345703126,532.018798828125,516.5444476585388,522.91064453125]},{"page":138,"text":"take their orders from the personnel in charge of the deck.","rect":[144.00079345703126,543.7191772460938,376.8414258956909,534.6110229492188]},{"page":138,"text":"PERSONNEL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES","rect":[72.0,561.442138671875,284.998327255249,553.3558959960938]},{"page":138,"text":"5-40. SPIES training and operations require the designation of key personnel to perform assigned tasks.","rect":[90.0,581.4542236328125,522.0045118331909,572.3460693359375]},{"page":138,"text":"The positions are unit commander, SPIES master,  ground  safety  officer  (GSO)  or  NCO,  air  mission","rect":[90.0,593.1546020507813,521.9648952484131,584.0464477539063]},{"page":138,"text":"commander, and pilot in command.","rect":[90.0,604.8348999023438,232.33538341522218,595.7467651367188]},{"page":138,"text":"QUALIFICATIONS OF SPIES MASTER","rect":[72.0,624.5999755859375,254.21324253082276,614.3159790039063]},{"page":138,"text":"5-41. Selection  of  personnel  for  qualification  as  SPIES  master  should  be  based  on the individual's","rect":[90.0,642.5742797851563,522.0204608421326,633.4861450195313]},{"page":138,"text":"demonstrated leadership capabilities, maturity, and knowledge of SPIES operations. Individuals selected","rect":[90.0,654.294677734375,522.0082912445068,645.1865234375]},{"page":138,"text":"must participate in at least three SPIES operations (observe twice and execute SPIES master duties once","rect":[90.0,665.9749755859375,521.9978303985596,656.8868408203125]},{"page":138,"text":"under the supervision by a qualified SPIES master). For example, the SPIES master candidate configures","rect":[90.0,677.6953735351563,522.0480487327576,668.5872192382813]},{"page":138,"text":"the hookups in the helicopter, helps prepare for an operation, and conducts a successful operation under the","rect":[90.0,689.3756713867188,522.0363435821533,680.2875366210938]},{"page":138,"text":"supervision of a qualified SPIES master. He must be able to give an effective pilot's brief, use the aircraft","rect":[90.0,701.0960693359375,522.0029063186646,691.9879150390625]},{"page":138,"text":"5-12","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":138,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":138,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":139,"text":"communication","rect":[108.0,81.55023956298828,170.21649742126466,74.46610260009766]},{"page":139,"text":"equipment,","rect":[182.46759033203126,83.55424499511719,227.24340343475343,74.46610260009766]},{"page":139,"text":"requirements include--","rect":[108.0,95.25468444824219,199.01392150497439,86.16654205322266]},{"page":139,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,110.0,147.50689334869385,107.0]},{"page":139,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,128.0,147.50689334869385,124.0]},{"page":139,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,146.0,147.50689334869385,142.0]},{"page":139,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,163.0,147.50689334869385,160.0]},{"page":139,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":139,"text":"qualifications","rect":[485.489990234375,83.55424499511719,539.9997699241638,74.46610260009766]},{"page":139,"text":"GENERAL DUTIES OF THE SPIES MASTER","rect":[90.0,360.8399963378906,297.1732339859009,352.5240173339844]},{"page":139,"text":"5-42. The SPIES master is responsible for the safe conduct of the SPIES operation. Preflight, he—","rect":[108.0,380.8143005371094,516.3874626159668,371.70611572265627]},{"page":139,"text":"Equipment","rect":[90.0,399.77874755859377,142.4909803504944,389.9955749511719]},{"page":139,"text":"5-43. Inventories and inspects all SPIES equipment.","rect":[108.0,417.39422607421877,329.5462293624878,408.30609130859377]},{"page":139,"text":"Briefs","rect":[90.0,434.1827392578125,118.02645358657837,426.5955810546875]},{"page":139,"text":"5-44. Briefs pilots and others concerned about the details of the operation, concentrating on extraction","rect":[108.0,454.0142822265625,540.0320339202881,444.9060974121094]},{"page":139,"text":"and dismounting procedures.","rect":[108.0,465.714599609375,224.27712535858155,456.6064147949219]},{"page":139,"text":"Inter-Cockpit Communications System Helmet","rect":[90.0,484.70068359375,310.57717724990848,474.89556884765627]},{"page":139,"text":"5-45. Ensures that he has an inter-cockpit communications helmet and a gunner's belt or, lacking a belt,","rect":[108.0,502.314208984375,539.9890699386597,493.2060241699219]},{"page":139,"text":"a sling rope instead. He connects, then checks the operation of the inter-cockpit communication system. On","rect":[108.0,514.0145874023438,540.2518215179443,504.9064025878906]},{"page":139,"text":"all SPIES operations, he, the crew chiefs, and the pilots must establish interagency communications using","rect":[108.0,525.7149047851563,540.0358180999756,516.6067504882813]},{"page":139,"text":"this system.","rect":[108.0,537.415283203125,155.19900035858155,528.30712890625]},{"page":139,"text":"Rope","rect":[90.0,556.378662109375,114.4140297088623,546.7711791992188]},{"page":139,"text":"5-46. Attaches the SPIES rope to the helicopter as previously described.","rect":[108.0,574.0142822265625,409.8984022140503,564.9061279296875]},{"page":139,"text":"Loose Items","rect":[90.0,590.7827758789063,146.38120517349243,583.3712768554688]},{"page":139,"text":"5-47.","rect":[108.0,608.5901489257813,128.98789501190186,601.6864013671875]},{"page":139,"text":"Axe","rect":[90.0,627.3826293945313,108.28828965759277,619.8173828125]},{"page":139,"text":"Checks for loose items that could fall on a team member during flight.","rect":[143.99989318847657,610.6141967773438,425.88030529022219,601.5060424804688]},{"page":139,"text":"5-48. Ensures that the axe is available, sharp, and securely stored so that it presents no danger to the","rect":[108.0,647.2142944335938,540.0085115509033,638.1061401367188]},{"page":139,"text":"Soldiers on the SPIES rope. He also ensures that he has an alternate means of cutting the rope in case of ","rect":[108.0,658.9146728515625,542.5322217941284,649.8065185546875]},{"page":139,"text":"emergency.","rect":[108.0009994506836,670.614990234375,154.37363719940186,663.8414916992188]},{"page":139,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":139,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":139,"text":"5-13","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":140,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":140,"text":"DUTIES OF THE SPIES MASTER DURING EXTRACTION","rect":[72.0,83.64002227783203,337.1407632827759,75.33602142333985]},{"page":140,"text":"5-49. On arrival at the team's estimated position, the SPIES master helps the pilot determine the exact","rect":[90.0,103.59428405761719,521.9991221389771,94.50614166259766]},{"page":140,"text":"locations of the team members, and—","rect":[90.0,113.29065704345703,242.38140487670899,106.2065200805664]},{"page":140,"text":"1. As the aircraft approaches the team's location, he helps the pilot (using the clock system)","rect":[125.9999008178711,133.0150146484375,500.1226708946228,123.9068374633789]},{"page":140,"text":"position the aircraft directly above the team.","rect":[143.99978637695313,144.71527099609376,321.2687940597534,135.60708618164063]},{"page":140,"text":"2. He requests permission from the pilot to drop the SPIES rope when the aircraft is hovering","rect":[125.9999008178711,162.4156494140625,508.3097438812256,153.30746459960938]},{"page":140,"text":"above the team.","rect":[143.99978637695313,172.09193420410157,207.11989879608155,165.00778198242188]},{"page":140,"text":"3.","rect":[125.9999008178711,189.77220153808595,133.53193187713624,182.8884735107422]},{"page":140,"text":"4.","rect":[125.9999008178711,207.36236572265626,133.5179090499878,200.58885192871095]},{"page":140,"text":"5.","rect":[125.9989013671875,236.87327575683595,133.52692699432374,230.12982177734376]},{"page":140,"text":"6.","rect":[125.9989013671875,254.59364318847657,133.54395580291749,247.6898651123047]},{"page":140,"text":"He drops the rope, taking care to avoid striking team members on the ground.","rect":[143.98858642578126,191.8162841796875,455.28591442108157,182.70809936523438]},{"page":140,"text":"He notifies the pilot when the rope is down, and reports any altitude corrections necessary to","rect":[143.9608917236328,209.51666259765626,515.8800868988037,200.40847778320313]},{"page":140,"text":"ensure that the team members can reach all of the SPIES attachment points.","rect":[143.99978637695313,221.19688415527345,446.9216260910034,212.10873413085938]},{"page":140,"text":"He watches for the team leader to give the thumbs-up signal.","rect":[143.97959899902345,238.9173583984375,387.6680860519409,229.80917358398438]},{"page":140,"text":"When he sees it, he tells the pilot that the team is ready for extraction, and he requests a","rect":[143.99899291992188,256.61767578125,495.70922566223148,247.50949096679688]},{"page":140,"text":"vertical liftoff.","rect":[143.998779296875,266.2940673828125,202.45600414276124,259.2099304199219]},{"page":140,"text":"7. He advises the pilot of the team's approximate position, the locations of any potential","rect":[125.9989013671875,286.0184020996094,485.4476695022583,276.91021728515627]},{"page":140,"text":"obstacles, and the avoidance of horizontal movement.","rect":[143.998779296875,296.0,359.52529430389407,288.6105041503906]},{"page":140,"text":"8.","rect":[125.9989013671875,313.375,133.51990795135499,306.4912414550781]},{"page":140,"text":"9.","rect":[125.9989013671875,366.19647216796877,133.54395580291749,359.2926940917969]},{"page":140,"text":"10.","rect":[125.9999008178711,407.2774353027344,138.55095958709718,400.3936767578125]},{"page":140,"text":"If a team member becomes entangled with an obstacle during the extraction, he notifies the","rect":[143.96559143066407,315.4190673828125,509.3581819610596,306.3108825683594]},{"page":140,"text":"pilot to stop the vertical lift immediately. If the situation is critical, he prepares to cut the","rect":[143.998779296875,327.1194152832031,499.6522798614502,318.01123046875]},{"page":140,"text":"SPIES rope (the anchor point or cargo straps) after team members are secured to the obstacle","rect":[143.998779296875,338.81982421875,517.0393343048096,329.7116394042969]},{"page":140,"text":"or on the ground.","rect":[143.998779296875,350.52008056640627,213.30987071990968,341.4118957519531]},{"page":140,"text":"When he is sure the team has cleared all obstructions, he advises the pilot. The pilot flies to a","rect":[143.99868774414063,368.2004699707031,517.4308137969971,359.1123352050781]},{"page":140,"text":"safe altitude (about 350 feet above ground level for training purposes, or, in combat, however","rect":[143.998779296875,379.9208068847656,519.7264306602478,370.8126220703125]},{"page":140,"text":"high the situation dictates), or transitions to forward flight.","rect":[143.99978637695313,391.6212158203125,379.28164196014407,382.5130310058594]},{"page":140,"text":"At frequent intervals during the flight, he advises the pilot on the safety status of all team","rect":[143.96359252929688,409.3215026855469,501.4731421432495,400.21331787109377]},{"page":140,"text":"members. He constantly watches the team and checks the security of the SPIES attachments.","rect":[143.99978637695313,421.0218811035156,515.3578443527222,411.9136962890625]},{"page":140,"text":"DUTIES OF THE SPIES MASTER DURING DISMOUNTING","rect":[72.0,438.7799987792969,342.97489643096926,430.47601318359377]},{"page":140,"text":"5-50. On arrival at the dismount area, the SPIES master tells the pilot the approximate height of the","rect":[90.0,458.7543029785156,522.0010042266846,449.6461181640625]},{"page":140,"text":"lower roper from the ground and—","rect":[90.0,470.6340026855469,231.48038864135743,461.52581787109377]},{"page":140,"text":"1. Once the pilot starts the vertical descent, the SPIES master continually informs the pilot of the","rect":[126.00090026855469,488.3343200683594,522.1573152618408,479.22613525390627]},{"page":140,"text":"approximate distance between the lowest roper and the ground.","rect":[144.00079345703126,500.03466796875,397.90407848358157,490.9264831542969]},{"page":140,"text":"2. He informs the pilot of any horizontal drift or oscillation in the rope, and of any obstructions.","rect":[126.00090026855469,517.7349853515625,518.2590284347534,508.6268005371094]},{"page":140,"text":"3. He tells the pilot when the rope is about 25 feet above the ground and again when it is 10 feet","rect":[126.00090026855469,535.4354248046875,519.3996958694459,526.3272705078125]},{"page":140,"text":"above the ground.","rect":[144.00079345703126,547.1357421875,216.32712841033936,538.027587890625]},{"page":140,"text":"4. He ensures that the rate of descent is slow enough to enable the team members to land safely.","rect":[126.00090026855469,564.8359985351563,518.1887769699097,555.7278442382813]},{"page":140,"text":"5. He reports initial touchdown of the lowest roper, when the last team member lands safely, and","rect":[126.00090026855469,582.536376953125,521.9744167327881,573.42822265625]},{"page":140,"text":"when all team members are disconnected.","rect":[144.00079345703126,592.212646484375,311.39248180389407,585.1285400390625]},{"page":140,"text":"6.","rect":[126.00090026855469,609.89306640625,133.52993297576905,603.0093383789063]},{"page":140,"text":"On order of the pilot, he either retrieves or disconnects and drops the SPIES rope. With the","rect":[143.98390197753907,611.9171142578125,509.45898152160648,602.8289794921875]},{"page":140,"text":"UH-60/1H helicopter, he can only retrieve the rope if he has previously attached a recovery","rect":[144.00079345703126,623.6373901367188,511.13365745544436,614.5292358398438]},{"page":140,"text":"rope (a 12-foot sling rope or two 6-foot sling ropes joined together) about 5 or 6 feet below","rect":[144.00079345703126,635.3377685546875,510.61731386566165,626.2195434570313]},{"page":140,"text":"the cargo hook or cargo strap hookup point. The recovery rope must be attached using a","rect":[144.00079345703126,647.0380859375,497.17358113098148,637.929931640625]},{"page":140,"text":"self-tightening knot such as the Prussik knot. The standing end of the sling rope may be","rect":[144.00079345703126,658.738525390625,495.9271516876221,649.63037109375]},{"page":140,"text":"fastened to the deck tie-down or to a snaplink. Although the line should be kept out of the","rect":[144.00079345703126,670.4387817382813,504.37487507629398,661.3306274414063]},{"page":140,"text":"way, it must be long enough to control any oscillation in the SPIES during flight.","rect":[144.00079345703126,682.1392211914063,469.5935926437378,673.0310668945313]},{"page":140,"text":"5-14","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":140,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":140,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":141,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":141,"text":"INSPECTION","rect":[90.0,83.60221862792969,149.94081211090089,75.51602172851563]},{"page":141,"text":"5-51. A certified SPIES master or rigger inspects SPIES at a minimum every 6 months or whenever the","rect":[108.0,103.61431884765625,539.9770784454346,94.50614166259766]},{"page":141,"text":"serviceability of the equipment is in doubt. Out-dated, spliced, abraded, or cut ropes are removed from","rect":[108.0,115.314697265625,540.0854163131714,106.2065200805664]},{"page":141,"text":"service. The SPIES master or rigger inspects the ropes as follows:","rect":[108.0,127.0150146484375,372.43625592803957,117.9068374633789]},{"page":141,"text":"1.","rect":[143.99989318847657,142.56097412109376,151.5309247970581,135.78746032714845]},{"page":141,"text":"Inspects harness and suspension sling webbing for signs of contamination from oil, grease,","rect":[161.98678588867188,144.71527099609376,526.6906690597534,135.60708618164063]},{"page":141,"text":"acid, rust, cuts, twists, fading, excessive wear, or fusing (indicated by unusual hardening or","rect":[161.99978637695313,156.4156494140625,528.2567651329041,147.30746459960938]},{"page":141,"text":"softening of webbing fibers), fraying, burns, abrasions, and loose or broken stitching (in","rect":[161.99978637695313,168.115966796875,515.9608364105225,159.00778198242188]},{"page":141,"text":"excess of three stitches). The inspector removes damaged harnesses or suspension slings and","rect":[161.99978637695313,179.81634521484376,534.0717678070068,170.70816040039063]},{"page":141,"text":"returns damaged equipment to supply for appropriate disposition. In some cases, riggers may","rect":[161.99978637695313,191.51678466796876,535.2527980804443,182.40859985351563]},{"page":141,"text":"be able to repair deficiencies.","rect":[161.99978637695313,203.19700622558595,279.85500621795657,194.10885620117188]},{"page":141,"text":"2. Inspects all hardware for signs of corrosion, pitting, ease of operation, security of attachment,","rect":[143.99989318847657,220.9173583984375,537.5841627120972,211.80917358398438]},{"page":141,"text":"bends, dents, nicks, burrs, and sharp edges. Replacing any hardware (except the chest strap","rect":[161.99978637695313,232.6177978515625,527.3350124359131,223.50961303710938]},{"page":141,"text":"adapter) that requires unstitching the webbing, makes the harness unserviceable.","rect":[161.99978637695313,244.318115234375,484.37566661834719,235.20993041992188]},{"page":141,"text":"3. Replaces the \"V\" ring by cutting the strap above the stitching. A qualified rigger can fold and","rect":[143.99989318847657,262.01849365234377,536.8129787445068,252.91030883789063]},{"page":141,"text":"stitch a new end section for leg straps. If straps are damaged, the harness or suspension sling","rect":[161.99978637695313,273.71875,533.4915065765381,264.6105651855469]},{"page":141,"text":"is unserviceable and must be returned to supply for appropriate disposition.","rect":[161.99978637695313,285.419189453125,464.45049571990969,276.3110046386719]},{"page":141,"text":"4.","rect":[143.99989318847657,300.9652099609375,151.52691173553468,294.1916809082031]},{"page":141,"text":"5.","rect":[143.99989318847657,318.7757568359375,151.52190685272218,312.03228759765627]},{"page":141,"text":"Ensures rope is free of splices.","rect":[161.97900390625,303.0994567871094,284.6835889816284,294.0113220214844]},{"page":141,"text":"Inspects the surface of the rope for splices, cuts, excessive abrasions, and snags. Cuts are","rect":[161.96868896484376,320.81982421875,518.9801912384033,311.7116394042969]},{"page":141,"text":"considered excessive when four or more strands in any 5-inch length are cut. The two-to-one","rect":[161.99978637695313,332.52020263671877,534.8402986602783,323.4120178222656]},{"page":141,"text":"braided rope has 12 pair (24 strands) around the circumference. Abrasion is extensive when","rect":[161.99978637695313,344.2005615234375,530.1506252288818,335.1124267578125]},{"page":141,"text":"torn yarns are equivalent to that of four strands of any 5-inch length. A rope that has been","rect":[161.99978637695313,355.9208984375,521.8067531585693,346.8127136230469]},{"page":141,"text":"subjected to heavy loads might display glazed areas where it has rubbed against hard","rect":[161.99978637695313,367.6213073730469,502.18675804138186,358.50311279296877]},{"page":141,"text":"surfaces. Painted or fused fibers can both produce a glazed appearance. A rope can also get","rect":[161.99978637695313,379.32159423828127,528.2226939163209,370.2134094238281]},{"page":141,"text":"fuzzy on the surface from long use. The effect on the strength of the rope by glazing or","rect":[161.99978637695313,391.02197265625,511.15971923446656,381.9137878417969]},{"page":141,"text":"surface fuzz is negligible.","rect":[161.99978637695313,402.7222900390625,265.09255504608157,393.6141052246094]},{"page":141,"text":"6. Inspects the rope for signs of contamination by acid, alkaline compounds, salt water, fire","rect":[143.99989318847657,420.42266845703127,517.9903841094971,411.3144836425781]},{"page":141,"text":"extinguishing solutions, and petroleum-based solvents. Although ropes gradually and","rect":[161.99978637695313,432.12298583984377,504.4089870452881,423.0148010253906]},{"page":141,"text":"uniformly change color with use, this does not decrease its strength. However, exposure to","rect":[161.99978637695313,443.82342529296877,525.5522975921631,434.7152404785156]},{"page":141,"text":"strong chemicals, usually indicated by spotty discoloration on the rope, can affect the strength","rect":[161.99978637695313,455.523681640625,538.9296169281006,446.4154968261719]},{"page":141,"text":"of the rope. ","rect":[161.99978637695313,467.20404052734377,210.57253551483155,458.11590576171877]},{"page":141,"text":"7. Ensures the eye loop at the attachment point is not broken, frayed, or loose.","rect":[143.99989318847657,484.9244079589844,464.63039684295657,475.81622314453127]},{"page":141,"text":"SERVICE LIFE","rect":[90.0,502.6799011230469,159.62316274642945,494.37591552734377]},{"page":141,"text":"5-52. The SPIES master and riggers check ropes, harnesses, and suspension slings for expiration of ","rect":[108.0,522.6541748046875,542.5686597824097,513.5460205078125]},{"page":141,"text":"service life or total life. Expiration of service is 7 years from the date the manufacturer's package is opened,","rect":[108.0,534.3546142578125,540.0179395675659,525.2464599609375]},{"page":141,"text":"and total life is 15 years from the date of manufacture.","rect":[108.0,546.054931640625,326.06948375701907,536.94677734375]},{"page":141,"text":"REPAIR AND CLEANING OF ROPE","rect":[90.0,563.8080444335938,252.38691091537477,555.5159912109375]},{"page":141,"text":"5-53. To repair the rope, the SPIES master must--","rect":[108.0,583.7742919921875,319.99226928329468,574.6861572265625]},{"page":141,"text":"Note:  You must repair loose or broken stitching.","rect":[143.99989318847657,607.2540893554688,349.4392042160034,598.1459350585938]},{"page":141,"text":"1.","rect":[144.0,628.5,151.53002452850343,621.7265014648438]},{"page":141,"text":"2.","rect":[144.0,669.6010131835938,151.53002452850343,662.8275146484375]},{"page":141,"text":"Wash contaminated ropes with a mild detergent (such as liquid dish soap) and cold water,","rect":[161.9847869873047,630.654296875,522.3330030441284,621.546142578125]},{"page":141,"text":"followed by a rinse in clean, fresh water. Dry the rope at room temperature (not to exceed","rect":[161.99989318847657,642.3546142578125,522.0022487640381,633.2464599609375]},{"page":141,"text":"140 degrees Fahrenheit).","rect":[161.99989318847657,654.0549926757813,261.61269664764407,644.9468383789063]},{"page":141,"text":"Remove stubborn oil, grease, hydraulic fluid, and other petroleum stains with the cleaning","rect":[161.98370361328126,671.7553100585938,523.7769069671631,662.6471557617188]},{"page":141,"text":"agent xylene (Grade A or B, TT-X 916). Use the cleaning agent as directed.","rect":[161.99989318847657,683.4556884765625,466.4542188644409,674.3475341796875]},{"page":141,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":141,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":141,"text":"5-15","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":142,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":142,"text":"WARNING","rect":[267.6600036621094,100.63200378417969,326.28000024414066,91.76399993896485]},{"page":142,"text":"AVOID  TRYING  TO  REPAIR  NONREPAIRABLE","rect":[139.6800079345703,118.73021697998047,378.29729294204716,111.32543182373047]},{"page":142,"text":"DAMAGE,","rect":[385.6839904785156,119.0,433.01645612335207,111.32543182373047]},{"page":142,"text":"INCLUDE","rect":[139.6800079345703,130.4300994873047,184.25096725845337,123.02532196044922]},{"page":142,"text":"ACID","rect":[194.8203125,130.4300994873047,219.33023500823976,123.02532196044922]},{"page":142,"text":"CONTAMINATION,","rect":[229.89939880371095,130.4300994873047,317.9418101272583,123.02532196044922]},{"page":142,"text":"CUTS,","rect":[328.50579833984377,130.44012451171876,358.57382917022707,123.02532196044922]},{"page":142,"text":"OR","rect":[369.1376953125,130.4300994873047,384.16971254730228,123.02532196044922]},{"page":142,"text":"FRAYS","rect":[394.73370361328127,130.44012451171876,428.69951462173466,123.02532196044922]},{"page":142,"text":"HARNESS OR SLING WEBBING.","rect":[139.6800079345703,142.14019775390626,293.85776471710207,134.72540283203126]},{"page":142,"text":"TO","rect":[440.401611328125,118.73021697998047,454.322385307312,111.32543182373047]},{"page":142,"text":"ON","rect":[439.2633972167969,130.4300994873047,454.29541445159915,123.02532196044922]},{"page":142,"text":"STORAGE","rect":[72.0,188.52001953125,119.72261953353882,180.21603393554688]},{"page":142,"text":"5-54. The SPIES master stows the SPIES as follows:","rect":[90.0,206.4803009033203,314.55576276397707,199.38613891601563]},{"page":142,"text":"1. Protect nylon materials from direct sunlight as much as possible to avoid ultraviolet","rect":[125.9999008178711,226.19464111328126,479.7048716506958,217.08645629882813]},{"page":142,"text":"deterioration.","rect":[143.99978637695313,235.87098693847657,197.7568769454956,228.78683471679688]},{"page":142,"text":"2.","rect":[125.9999008178711,253.4410400390625,133.53193187713624,246.6675262451172]},{"page":142,"text":"3.","rect":[125.9999008178711,271.2716064453125,133.5449628829956,264.3678283691406]},{"page":142,"text":"Stow the SPIES rope in an aviator's kit bag for protection when not in use.","rect":[143.98858642578126,255.5953369140625,442.87502574920657,246.48715209960938]},{"page":142,"text":"Use bins or similar facilities to store SPIES equipment. Use shelves that are at least 4 inches","rect":[143.99969482421876,273.2756042480469,514.0438983421326,264.1874694824219]},{"page":142,"text":"from the walls and 12 inches from the floor. Ensure that storage areas are well ventilated and","rect":[143.99978637695313,284.9960021972656,517.0856838226318,275.8878173828125]},{"page":142,"text":"free of oil, acid, cleaning compounds, and other contaminants. Avoid stowing equipment","rect":[143.99978637695313,296.6964416503906,500.9893259963989,287.5882568359375]},{"page":142,"text":"above or near hot water pipes or other heat sources.","rect":[143.99978637695313,308.37664794921877,351.00896739959719,299.28851318359377]},{"page":142,"text":"RIGGING OF A UH-1H AND UH-60","rect":[72.0,326.1600036621094,240.89041137695313,317.8680114746094]},{"page":142,"text":"5-55. To rig the UH-lH or UH-60 helicopter (with cargo hook) for a SPIES Operation, use the following","rect":[90.0,346.1343078613281,521.9749050140381,337.026123046875]},{"page":142,"text":"equipment:","rect":[90.0,357.81463623046877,135.05445050811768,348.72650146484377]},{"page":142,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,373.0,129.50690097808838,369.0]},{"page":142,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,391.0,129.50690097808838,387.0]},{"page":142,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,408.0,129.50690097808838,405.0]},{"page":142,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,426.0,129.50690097808838,422.0]},{"page":142,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,444.0,129.50690097808838,440.0]},{"page":142,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,461.0,129.50690097808838,458.0]},{"page":142,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,479.0,129.50690097808838,476.0]},{"page":142,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,497.0,129.50690097808838,493.0]},{"page":142,"text":"One SPIES rope with deployment bag.","rect":[136.7982940673828,375.53497314453127,292.31191539764407,366.4267883300781]},{"page":142,"text":"Two 11-foot or 9-foot, three- or four-loop, Type 26 cargo slings.","rect":[136.7983856201172,393.23529052734377,396.80230236053469,384.1271057128906]},{"page":142,"text":"Two Type IV connector links.","rect":[136.7982940673828,410.9355773925781,258.0922803878784,401.827392578125]},{"page":142,"text":"Nine locking snaplinks.","rect":[136.7983856201172,428.635986328125,231.90020275115968,419.5278015136719]},{"page":142,"text":"One 12-foot sling rope.","rect":[136.7983856201172,446.3363037109375,230.59832286834718,437.2281188964844]},{"page":142,"text":"One roll of heavy-duty (\"100 mile-an-hour\") tape.","rect":[136.798583984375,464.0365905761719,337.6139783859253,454.92840576171877]},{"page":142,"text":"One block of wood measuring 4 by 4 by 18 inches.","rect":[136.798583984375,481.73699951171877,341.9149122238159,472.6288146972656]},{"page":142,"text":"One fire ax (for use during emergency cutaway procedures). ","rect":[136.7982940673828,499.4372863769531,381.5968885421753,490.3291015625]},{"page":142,"text":"Note: For UH-1H or UH-60 helicopters without cargo hooks, use the same equipment plus","rect":[125.9999008178711,522.8970947265625,503.9994647483826,513.7889404296875]},{"page":142,"text":"two additional 9-foot or 11-foot, three- or four-loops, Type 26 cargo slings, two additional","rect":[126.0,534.59423828125,504.0175242385864,525.486083984375]},{"page":142,"text":"Type IV connector links, and a total of 16 locking snaplinks.","rect":[125.9990005493164,546.2945556640625,369.7451124191284,537.1864013671875]},{"page":142,"text":"5-56. The primary attachment point for the SPIES rope is the cargo hook. At the end of the SPIES rope,","rect":[90.0,569.6942138671875,522.0250196456909,560.5860595703125]},{"page":142,"text":"the  polyurethane-encapsulated  eye  is  attached  to  the  cargo hook. The two 9- or 11-foot-long, cargo","rect":[90.0,581.39453125,521.9913845062256,572.286376953125]},{"page":142,"text":"suspension slings joined together by a Type IV link to form one continuous sling. The team stretches out","rect":[90.0,593.0949096679688,521.9946665725709,583.9766845703125]},{"page":142,"text":"this sling on the helicopter deck. They take one end under the helicopter and through the eye of the SPIES","rect":[90.0,604.7952880859375,521.9797506256103,595.6871337890625]},{"page":142,"text":"rope, and they connect it on the other end of the sling using a Type IV link assembly. The straps are taped","rect":[90.0,616.49560546875,522.0020046234131,607.387451171875]},{"page":142,"text":"with 100-mph tape at 12-inch intervals (Figure 5-3). On the UH-1H only, the sling is passed between the","rect":[90.0,628.1959838867188,521.9053011016846,619.0878295898438]},{"page":142,"text":"helicopter skids and the fuselage. For both models, they can use locally procured padding to protect the","rect":[90.0,639.8963012695313,522.0203523712158,630.7881469726563]},{"page":142,"text":"sling from damage around the edge of the cargo hatch.","rect":[90.0,651.5966796875,309.0627393722534,642.488525390625]},{"page":142,"text":"5-16","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":142,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":142,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":143,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":143,"text":"Figure 5-3. SPIES rope rigging on UH-60","rect":[229.13999938964845,330.6210021972656,400.94229345703129,322.18798828125]},{"page":143,"text":"5-57. Once the team secures the SPIES rope and cargo straps, they secure the straps running across the","rect":[108.0,348.35430908203127,539.9803133087158,339.2461242675781]},{"page":143,"text":"deck of the helicopter. To do this takes eight snaplinks. The team spaces the snaplinks evenly across the","rect":[108.0,360.0546875,539.9983186798096,350.9465026855469]},{"page":143,"text":"deck, alternating from one side of the strap to the other, and from top and bottom. The first snaplink goes","rect":[108.0,371.7550048828125,540.0238788108826,362.6468200683594]},{"page":143,"text":"from the rear of the strap around the bottom two straps, and the next snaplink goes from the front of the","rect":[108.0,383.4554138183594,539.9396028594971,374.34722900390627]},{"page":143,"text":"cargo strap around the top two sections of the strap. This continues until the team establishes at least four","rect":[108.0,395.15570068359377,540.0014550743103,386.0475158691406]},{"page":143,"text":"points (Figure 5-4).","rect":[108.0,406.8560791015625,186.43130016326905,397.7478942871094]},{"page":143,"text":"Figure 5-4. Rigging of snap links.","rect":[244.0800018310547,671.6008911132813,385.87947192382816,663.1679077148438]},{"page":143,"text":"5-58. The 4-inch by 4-inch block of wood is taped down along the right edge of the doorway so the","rect":[108.0,689.3342895507813,540.0094881134033,680.2261352539063]},{"page":143,"text":"cargo strap crosses the block perpendicularly at the middle. The wood block serves as a chopping block","rect":[108.0,701.03466796875,540.0519924163818,691.926513671875]},{"page":143,"text":"pad in case of an emergency cutaway (Figure 5-5).","rect":[108.0,712.7349853515625,311.68007946014407,703.6268310546875]},{"page":143,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":143,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":143,"text":"5-17","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":144,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":144,"text":"Figure 5-5. Rigging of wood block.","rect":[223.1999969482422,330.6210021972656,370.82307543945316,322.18798828125]},{"page":144,"text":"5-59. Once the cargo strap and wood block are secured, the excess cargo strap is gathered on the","rect":[90.0,348.35430908203127,522.0512971954346,339.2461242675781]},{"page":144,"text":"opposite side of the wood block and taped to the floor of the aircraft (Figure 5-6).","rect":[90.0,360.0546875,417.5513563156128,350.9465026855469]},{"page":144,"text":"Figure 5-6. Excess cargo straps secured.","rect":[209.52000427246095,624.8009643554688,384.45237841796878,616.448974609375]},{"page":144,"text":"5-60. The sling rope is then tied to the SPIES rope by a Prusik knot about 2 to 3 feet below the cargo","rect":[90.0,642.5341796875,522.0189723968506,633.426025390625]},{"page":144,"text":"hook (Figure 5-7). A bowline knot with a half hitch is then tied to the running end and the ninth snap link","rect":[90.0,654.234619140625,522.0244045257568,645.12646484375]},{"page":144,"text":"is inserted and connected to a cargo ring in the middle of the aircraft floor. This line serves as a recovery","rect":[90.0,665.9349365234375,521.9923000335693,656.8267822265625]},{"page":144,"text":"line for the rope so that the aircrew can retrieve the rope into the aircraft. The recovery rope should be long","rect":[90.0,677.6353149414063,522.1320095062256,668.5271606445313]},{"page":144,"text":"enough so the weight on the SPIES rope is hanging from the cargo hook and not the recovery rope.","rect":[89.9990005493164,689.3355712890625,488.16558361053469,680.2274169921875]},{"page":144,"text":"5-18","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":144,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":144,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":145,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":145,"text":"Figure 5-7. Recovery line with Prusik knot.","rect":[224.39999389648438,324.6210021972656,405.63890185546878,316.2959899902344]},{"page":145,"text":"5-61. If the SPIES rope is not to be used immediately, it is neatly coiled and placed on the opposite side","rect":[108.0,342.35430908203127,540.0628938751221,333.2461242675781]},{"page":145,"text":"of the aircraft from the wood block. This ensures it will not become tangled or interfere with normal","rect":[108.0,354.0546875,539.9710459671021,344.9465026855469]},{"page":145,"text":"aircraft operations.","rect":[108.0,365.7349548339844,183.80430126190186,356.6468200683594]},{"page":145,"text":"5-62. If the helicopter has no cargo hook, or if the hook is not working properly, the team can still use","rect":[108.0,383.4552917480469,539.9878206329346,374.34710693359377]},{"page":145,"text":"the SPIES by doubling up on the cargo slings and Type IV links. This places two cargo straps side by side,","rect":[108.0,395.15570068359377,540.0644483566284,386.0475158691406]},{"page":145,"text":"for a total of four slings and four Type IV links.","rect":[108.0,406.8560791015625,300.24038219451907,397.7478942871094]},{"page":145,"text":"5-63. The  team  must  use  caution  when  using  the  UH-lH, because  different  configurations  of  the","rect":[108.0,424.5564270019531,539.9791536407471,415.4482421875]},{"page":145,"text":"helicopter may make rigging difficult. Some of  them  have  steps,  which  get  in  the  way  during  both","rect":[108.0009994506836,436.2567138671875,540.0701808929443,427.1485290527344]},{"page":145,"text":"installation and operation. Others have rocket pods or mounted machine guns. The team might have to","rect":[108.0009994506836,447.95709228515627,539.9861965179443,438.8489074707031]},{"page":145,"text":"hook up two different UH-1s in two different ways. ","rect":[108.0009994506836,459.65740966796877,317.90410900115969,450.5492248535156]},{"page":145,"text":"RIGGING OF A CH-46 OR CH-47","rect":[90.0,477.4079895019531,249.23040771484376,469.1159973144531]},{"page":145,"text":"5-64.  The CH-46 and CH-47 require—","rect":[108.0,497.55426025390627,279.9000663757324,488.46612548828127]},{"page":145,"text":"•  One SPIES rope with deployment bag.","rect":[143.99989318847657,515.2745971679688,312.8319044113159,506.1664123535156]},{"page":145,"text":"•  Two 9-foot or two 11-foot, three- or four-loop slings.","rect":[143.99989318847657,532.9749755859375,371.8429822921753,523.8668212890625]},{"page":145,"text":"•  Four Type IV connectors.","rect":[143.99989318847657,550.67529296875,261.0797071456909,541.8877563476563]},{"page":145,"text":"•  Eight oval snap links.","rect":[143.99989318847657,568.3756103515625,244.30678844451905,559.2674560546875]},{"page":145,"text":"•  Heavy-duty tape (100-mph tape).","rect":[143.99989318847657,586.075927734375,291.05288219451907,576.9677734375]},{"page":145,"text":"•  A 12-foot length of tubular nylon or one 12-foot sling rope.","rect":[143.99989318847657,603.7763061523438,396.6326551437378,594.6681518554688]},{"page":145,"text":"5-65. As they do with the UH models, the team attaches the SPIES rope using the slings and snaplinks","rect":[108.0,621.4765625,539.9961078147888,612.368408203125]},{"page":145,"text":"(Figure 5-8). They pass the slings through the eye of the rope and attach it to the outboard cargo tie-down","rect":[108.0,633.177001953125,539.9214382171631,624.06884765625]},{"page":145,"text":"rings on the aircraft floor. They use two tie-down rings for each sling. They can use locally procured","rect":[108.0,644.8773193359375,540.0142726898193,635.7691650390625]},{"page":145,"text":"padding around the edge of the cargo hatch to protect the slings from damage.","rect":[108.0,656.5776977539063,421.33913707733157,647.4695434570313]},{"page":145,"text":"5-66. The team arranges the cargo straps to form two U-shapes. They place one strap forward of the","rect":[108.0,674.2780151367188,540.0273714141846,665.1698608398438]},{"page":145,"text":"cargo hole in the center of the aircraft floor, and the other one aft, toward the rear of the helicopter.","rect":[108.0,685.9783935546875,539.9940748214722,676.8702392578125]},{"page":145,"text":"However,  varying  positions  of  the  tie-down  rings  could  require  them  to  adapt  their  rigging  techniques","rect":[108.0,697.6787109375,540.0290057640076,688.570556640625]},{"page":145,"text":"accordingly.  Once  they  finish  the rigging,  the  cargo  straps  should hold  the  SPIES  rope  comfortably","rect":[108.0,709.3790893554688,539.9724636077881,700.2709350585938]},{"page":145,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":145,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":145,"text":"5-19","rect":[522.09765625,754.0679931640625,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":146,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":146,"text":"centered and slightly below the cargo hatch. Attaching snaplinks close to all four tie-down points serves as","rect":[90.0,83.57427978515625,522.0045917015076,74.46610260009766]},{"page":146,"text":"a backup in case of a faulty tie-down ring, and reduces the amount of movement in the cargo suspension","rect":[90.0,95.27471923828125,522.0276393890381,86.16654205322266]},{"page":146,"text":"straps. The team should use eight snaplinks, two at each point, with swing gates reversed, for added","rect":[90.0,106.97503662109375,522.0413722991943,97.86685943603516]},{"page":146,"text":"security.","rect":[90.0,118.67535400390625,124.22031688690186,109.56717681884766]},{"page":146,"text":"Figure 5-8. SPIES rigging procedures for CH-46 or CH-47.","rect":[174.66000366210938,346.22100830078127,419.27501025390628,337.7879943847656]},{"page":146,"text":"FAST-ROPE INSERTION/EXTRACTION SYSTEM","rect":[72.0,365.96966552734377,392.4830082397461,356.2955322265625]},{"page":146,"text":"5-67. The FRIES, also know as \"fast rope,\" is a polyester rope, consisting of three olive drab 1 3/4-inch","rect":[90.0,386.3343200683594,521.9341335296631,377.22613525390627]},{"page":146,"text":"strands, and comes in 20-, 40-, 60-, 90-, and 120-foot lengths. The top of the main rope has an 8-inch eye","rect":[90.0,398.03466796875,521.9223299102783,388.9264831542969]},{"page":146,"text":"spliced in, which allows the team to attach the rope to specially equipped helicopters. Before conducting a","rect":[90.0,409.7349853515625,522.0241975860596,400.6268005371094]},{"page":146,"text":"fast-rope  operation,  the  team must thoroughly inspect  the  rope.  The  following  paragraphs  cover  the","rect":[90.0,421.4353942871094,522.0436067657471,412.32720947265627]},{"page":146,"text":"requirements and procedures for FRIES operations; however, FM 3-05.210 and USASOC Reg 350-6 cover","rect":[90.0,433.13568115234377,522.0956323204041,424.0274963378906]},{"page":146,"text":"training requirements.","rect":[90.0,444.8360900878906,178.5232343673706,435.7279052734375]},{"page":146,"text":"INSPECTION","rect":[72.0,462.5622253417969,131.94081211090089,454.47601318359377]},{"page":146,"text":"5-68. The team lays out the rope so they can inspect the full length for fraying and the eyelet on the end","rect":[90.0,482.5743103027344,522.0814113616943,473.46612548828127]},{"page":146,"text":"for excessive wear. Snags from normal use will not significantly weaken the rope. A rope with several","rect":[90.0009994506836,494.2746887207031,522.0210947952271,485.16650390625]},{"page":146,"text":"strands frayed in one particular spot or any single strand cut halfway through cannot be used. If the fast","rect":[90.0009994506836,505.9749755859375,522.0957407913209,496.8667907714844]},{"page":146,"text":"rope gets wet, team members \"S\"-fold it or hang it in a dry, warm area out of direct sunlight. It must dry","rect":[90.0009994506836,517.6754150390625,522.0605983734131,508.5672302246094]},{"page":146,"text":"thoroughly before the next use. If the team uses the fast rope in salt water or it becomes imbedded with dirt","rect":[90.0009994506836,529.3756713867188,522.0868906936646,520.2675170898438]},{"page":146,"text":"or mud, the rope must be washed in fresh water within 72 hours and then dried as described above. Inspect","rect":[90.0009994506836,541.0560913085938,522.0663828811646,531.9679565429688]},{"page":146,"text":"the rope for contamination  by  acid,  alkaline  compounds,  salt  water,  fire  extinguishing  solutions,  or","rect":[90.0009994506836,552.7763671875,522.0252587852478,543.668212890625]},{"page":146,"text":"petroleum-based  solvents.  Although  ropes  gradually  change  color  uniformly  with  use,  this  does  not","rect":[90.0009994506836,564.476806640625,522.0486216506959,555.36865234375]},{"page":146,"text":"necessarily indicate a decrease in strength, unless the change is due to contact with strong chemicals.","rect":[90.0009994506836,576.1771240234375,521.9802808761597,567.0689697265625]},{"page":146,"text":"Chemicals usually cause spotting, not uniform discoloration. A DA Form 5752-R (Rope Log (Usage and","rect":[90.0009994506836,587.8775024414063,522.0233058929443,578.7693481445313]},{"page":146,"text":"History)) for each rope must be maintained. See TM 10-1670-262-12&P for detailed maintenance and","rect":[90.0009994506836,599.5777587890625,522.0156154632568,590.4696044921875]},{"page":146,"text":"inspection information on FRIES equipment. The aviation unit is responsible for installing, removing,","rect":[90.0009994506836,611.2781982421875,522.0067090988159,602.1700439453125]},{"page":146,"text":"storing, and maintaining the FRIES mounting bars.","rect":[90.0009994506836,622.978515625,294.9816541671753,613.870361328125]},{"page":146,"text":"5-20","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":146,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":146,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":147,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":147,"text":"RIGGING OF THE UH-60","rect":[90.0,83.64002227783203,209.33041381835938,75.3480224609375]},{"page":147,"text":"5-69. The aviation unit is responsible for rigging the aircraft (Figure 5-9 and Figure 5-10). The FRIES","rect":[108.0,103.61431884765625,539.9361104888916,94.50614166259766]},{"page":147,"text":"master  and  selected  personnel  may  rig  or  assist  in  the  rigging  under  the supervision of  the aircrew.","rect":[108.0,115.314697265625,539.9721021652222,106.2065200805664]},{"page":147,"text":"Personnel—","rect":[108.0,125.17035675048828,157.6200065612793,118.08621978759766]},{"page":147,"text":"• Ensure the aviation unit has removed the center row, which has nine seats. ","rect":[143.99989318847657,143.0,456.09453868865969,135.78652954101563]},{"page":147,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,158.3565673828125,147.50689334869385,155.90167236328126]},{"page":147,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,187.75726318359376,147.50790042877197,185.3023681640625]},{"page":147,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,205.45751953125,147.50790042877197,203.00262451171876]},{"page":147,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,236.0,147.50790042877197,233.0]},{"page":147,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,252.55865478515626,147.50790042877197,250.103759765625]},{"page":147,"text":"Ensure the aviation unit has provided in-flight floor restraints for fast-rope personnel. These","rect":[154.798583984375,162.59503173828126,524.3297395782471,153.48684692382813]},{"page":147,"text":"restraints can include seat belts, sling ropes, or CGU straps.","rect":[154.80039978027345,174.29541015625,393.9233350753784,165.18722534179688]},{"page":147,"text":"Remove both of the storage pins, and allow the bars to rotate down.","rect":[154.7993927001953,191.9957275390625,426.32390880584719,182.88754272460938]},{"page":147,"text":"Extend the fast-rope bars out to their desired length, fully extended for insertions, and insert the","rect":[154.79959106445313,209.69598388671876,538.7727937774658,200.58779907226563]},{"page":147,"text":"storage pin in the correct hole.","rect":[154.80039978027345,221.3963623046875,276.94121837615969,212.28817749023438]},{"page":147,"text":"Inspect the bar for cracks and for security of nuts and bolts.","rect":[154.83639526367188,239.0966796875,393.5964002609253,229.98849487304688]},{"page":147,"text":"Rig the fast rope to the fast-rope attachment point, as follows:","rect":[154.79959106445313,256.797119140625,403.04404401397707,247.68893432617188]},{"page":147,"text":"— Remove safety pin from the fast-rope release system and apply upward pressure to cabin","rect":[154.80039978027345,274.6766357421875,521.8606472015381,265.5684509277344]},{"page":147,"text":"wall-mounted release handle, releasing the gate.","rect":[166.32040405273438,286.3770751953125,359.2600965499878,277.2688903808594]},{"page":147,"text":"— Insert woven loop the fast rope into the attachment point.","rect":[154.80039978027345,304.2367858886719,395.96538829803469,295.1486511230469]},{"page":147,"text":"— Insert the gate through the woven loop of the fast rope and into the receptacle.","rect":[154.80039978027345,322.1365051269531,480.1347608566284,313.0283203125]},{"page":147,"text":"— Apply a downward pressure to cabin wall-mounted release handle while pushing the gate","rect":[154.80039978027345,340.0162048339844,524.7919588165283,330.90802001953127]},{"page":147,"text":"out until the gate is fully seated in the receptacle (locking position).","rect":[166.32040405273438,351.7165222167969,437.08489513397219,342.60833740234377]},{"page":147,"text":"— Back-coil the fast rope and secure it to the cabin floor; or, insert the fast-rope retention strap","rect":[154.80039978027345,369.576171875,536.1961574554443,360.488037109375]},{"page":147,"text":"through the coil, and suspend the fast rope from the ceiling of the fuel tank. Finally, use the","rect":[166.32040405273438,381.296630859375,533.2448396759033,372.1884460449219]},{"page":147,"text":"safety pin to secure the quick-release mechanism (Figure 5-10).","rect":[166.32040405273438,392.9969177246094,421.66790294647219,383.88873291015627]},{"page":147,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":147,"text":"Figure 5-9. Fast-rope rigging procedures for UH-60.","rect":[205.4399871826172,585.740966796875,424.5638896484375,577.3079833984375]},{"page":147,"text":"5-21","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":148,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":148,"text":"Figure 5-10. UH-60 rigged for fast roping","rect":[210.66000366210938,336.3810119628906,383.30762426757817,327.947998046875]},{"page":148,"text":"OTHER AIRCRAFT","rect":[72.0,354.1679992675781,162.37864065170289,345.8760070800781]},{"page":148,"text":"5-70. The CH-47, CH-46, RH-53, and HH-53 aircraft use the same type of fast-rope bar, only double,","rect":[90.0,374.154296875,521.9854078292847,365.0461120605469]},{"page":148,"text":"for use with the ramps (Figure 5-11).","rect":[90.0,385.8545837402344,238.6059217453003,376.74639892578127]},{"page":148,"text":"Figure 5-11. Fast-rope rigging procedures for other aircraft.","rect":[170.16000366210938,593.0008544921875,423.7411052246094,584.56787109375]},{"page":148,"text":"SAFETY","rect":[72.0,610.7998657226563,110.7688455581665,602.495849609375]},{"page":148,"text":"5-71. All personnel involved in FRIES operations are responsible for identifying hazardous situations","rect":[90.0,630.774169921875,521.9884173851013,621.666015625]},{"page":148,"text":"and preventing injuries of personnel. Anyone who observes an unsafe condition or act is authorized to halt","rect":[89.9990005493164,642.474609375,522.0133433303834,633.3563842773438]},{"page":148,"text":"the operation and inform the FRIES master or the pilot in command. See USSOCOM Reg 350-6 for the","rect":[89.9990005493164,654.1749267578125,521.9629182891846,645.0667724609375]},{"page":148,"text":"most current safety requirements. ","rect":[89.9990005493164,665.8753051757813,226.56788158416749,656.7671508789063]},{"page":148,"text":"5-22","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":148,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":148,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":149,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":149,"text":"Emergencies after Roping Starts","rect":[90.0,84.86070251464844,242.8811288795471,75.05555725097656]},{"page":149,"text":"5-72. 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During all training and operations, the pilot in command or the crewmembers and the FRIES","rect":[108.0,379.43896484375,540.0265035552978,370.3307800292969]},{"page":149,"text":"master must use the intercom. 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For example,","rect":[144.0,660.2945556640625,518.1892042160034,651.1864013671875]},{"page":149,"text":"ensure that each member has his work gloves and has tied down all equipment on his person.","rect":[154.79959106445313,671.9949951171875,527.9645338058472,662.8868408203125]},{"page":149,"text":"• Backbrief, and then inspect aircraft rigging.","rect":[144.0,689.6953125,330.14443492889407,680.587158203125]},{"page":149,"text":"• Install the FRIES rope in the aircraft and conduct safety checks.","rect":[144.0,707.3955688476563,411.4323682785034,698.2874145507813]},{"page":149,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":149,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":149,"text":"5-23","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":150,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":150,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,79.33582305908203,129.50700016021728,76.88092041015625]},{"page":150,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,120.43683624267578,129.50700016021728,117.98193359375]},{"page":150,"text":"Relay 10-minute, 6-minute, and l-minute warnings to team members. Use time warnings as a","rect":[136.79869079589845,83.57427978515625,509.42623616027836,74.46610260009766]},{"page":150,"text":"tool to help synchronize aircrew and ropers' actions. Modify time warnings according to user","rect":[136.79959106445313,95.27471923828125,509.7729394493103,86.16654205322266]},{"page":150,"text":"needs, but always issue 1-minute warning.","rect":[136.79959106445313,106.97503662109375,306.99306774139407,97.86685943603516]},{"page":150,"text":"Break chemical lights, if required, at the 6-minute warning. 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","rect":[136.79849243164063,295.67498779296877,273.89116954803469,286.5668029785156]},{"page":150,"text":"Deploy the rope and ensures it reaches the ground.","rect":[136.83360290527345,313.3752746582031,340.09633922576907,304.26708984375]},{"page":150,"text":"During night operations, wear NVG, see and verify that you see two horizontal chemical lights.","rect":[136.79849243164063,331.0755920410156,520.0175733566284,321.9674072265625]},{"page":150,"text":"Deploy personnel, advising the pilots by announcing--","rect":[136.79869079589845,348.7759094238281,355.19743896102906,339.667724609375]},{"page":150,"text":"— \"Rope out\" when deploying the rope over the target. ","rect":[136.79959106445313,366.6556091308594,360.0893201828003,357.54742431640627]},{"page":150,"text":"— \"Ropers away\" when the first roper exits on the fast rope.","rect":[136.79959106445313,384.5352783203125,378.76458263397219,375.4270935058594]},{"page":150,"text":"— \"Rope clear\" to inform the pilots the aircraft is clear for flight. ","rect":[136.79959106445313,402.41497802734377,400.8428602218628,393.3067932128906]},{"page":150,"text":"— \"Hold\" to inform the pilots to hold the aircraft position.","rect":[136.79959106445313,420.274658203125,370.5768995285034,411.1865234375]},{"page":150,"text":"— \"Move, [left, right, forward, or back]\" as needed.","rect":[136.79959106445313,438.1744079589844,344.90297985076907,429.06622314453127]},{"page":150,"text":"• Account for personnel and signals aircrew. 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Army aviation can increase LRSU mobility as well as flexibility. Once inserted behind enemy","rect":[108.0,105.95428466796875,540.0275173187256,96.84610748291016]},{"page":151,"text":"lines, LRS teams gather combat intelligence that can lead to rapid and decisive action by friendly forces. A","rect":[108.0,117.6546630859375,540.0911297836303,108.5464859008789]},{"page":151,"text":"successful air assault derives from carefully analyzing the factors of METT-TC and from detailed and","rect":[108.0,129.35498046875,540.0762844085693,120.2468032836914]},{"page":151,"text":"precise reverse planning. The latter actually consists of five basic plans, all of which leaders develop for","rect":[108.0,141.05535888671876,540.0253808555603,131.94717407226563]},{"page":151,"text":"each air assault. To make the best use of available time, R&S squadron insertion and extraction section in","rect":[108.0,152.7356414794922,540.1165676116943,143.64749145507813]},{"page":151,"text":"coordination with the LRSC headquarters normally coordinate and develop these plans. If time is limited,","rect":[108.0,164.45611572265626,540.0980787277222,155.34793090820313]},{"page":151,"text":"planners  can  compress  the  steps  of  planning,  or  they  can  conduct  them  concurrently.  They can also","rect":[108.0,176.15631103515626,539.9502468109131,167.04812622070313]},{"page":151,"text":"supplement detailed, written plans and orders with SOPs. Normally, a battalion is the lowest level that","rect":[108.0,187.85675048828126,540.0671153030396,178.74856567382813]},{"page":151,"text":"plans,  coordinates,  and  controls  air  assault operations.  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It ensures units arrive at the designated locations on time and are prepared to execute the ground","rect":[108.0,321.8346862792969,540.0904445648193,312.72650146484377]},{"page":151,"text":"tactical plan.","rect":[108.0,333.5149230957031,159.18116283416749,324.4267883300781]},{"page":151,"text":"AIR MOVEMENT PLAN","rect":[90.0,351.25274658203127,201.48194980621339,343.0080261230469]},{"page":151,"text":"5-77. The  air  movement  plan  is  based  on  the  ground  tactical  and  landing  plans. ","rect":[108.0,371.2743225097656,470.0981092453003,362.1661376953125]},{"page":151,"text":"movement of Soldiers, equipment, and supplies from PZs to LZs by air.","rect":[108.0,382.97467041015627,395.82168102264407,373.8664855957031]},{"page":151,"text":"LOADING PLAN","rect":[90.0,400.70220947265627,166.62384128570558,392.6159973144531]},{"page":151,"text":"It  schedules","rect":[472.6331787109375,369.2502746582031,522.8245379905701,362.1661376953125]},{"page":151,"text":"the","rect":[527.8192749023438,369.2502746582031,540.0696687774658,362.1661376953125]},{"page":151,"text":"5-78. The loading plan is based on the air movement plan. It ensures that Soldiers, equipment, and","rect":[108.0,420.71429443359377,540.0553493499756,411.6061096191406]},{"page":151,"text":"supplies are loaded on the correct aircraft. Planning aircraft loads helps ensure unit integrity. Cross-loading","rect":[108.0,432.4146728515625,539.9907131195068,423.3064880371094]},{"page":151,"text":"may be necessary to ensure survivability of C2 assets and the mix of weapons arriving at the LZ ready to","rect":[108.0,444.114990234375,539.9979152679443,435.0068054199219]},{"page":151,"text":"fight. The detachment or team leader should ensure the aircraft is loaded so that dismounting Soldiers can","rect":[107.9990005493164,455.8154296875,540.0889186859131,446.7072448730469]},{"page":151,"text":"react promptly and contribute to mission accomplishment.","rect":[107.9990005493164,467.51568603515627,341.35183238983157,458.4075012207031]},{"page":151,"text":"STAGING PLAN","rect":[90.0,485.2799987792969,164.763840675354,476.97601318359377]},{"page":151,"text":"5-79. The staging plan is based on the loading plan. It prescribes when and in what order ground units","rect":[108.0,505.25421142578127,540.0390155296326,496.1460266113281]},{"page":151,"text":"(Soldiers, equipment, and supplies) will move to the PZ (order of movement).","rect":[108.0,516.9344482421875,420.56936168670657,507.8462829589844]},{"page":151,"text":"PICKUP AND LANDING ZONES","rect":[90.0,536.6696166992188,297.48693003845218,526.9814453125]},{"page":151,"text":"5-80. Pickup and landing zone size requirements depend on the type and number of helicopters and the","rect":[108.0,557.0341796875,540.0126619415283,547.926025390625]},{"page":151,"text":"minimum  acceptable  distances  between  aircraft.  Small  unit  leaders  should  be  skilled in selecting and","rect":[108.0,568.734619140625,540.0960597991943,559.62646484375]},{"page":151,"text":"marking of PZs and LZs.","rect":[108.0,580.4349365234375,208.62591075897218,571.3267822265625]},{"page":151,"text":"MARKING TECHNIQUES","rect":[90.0,599.726318359375,207.46605491638185,590.0758666992188]},{"page":151,"text":"5-81. During the day, a ground guide marks the PZ or LZ for the lead aircraft by holding his individual","rect":[108.0,618.1741943359375,540.0152964553834,609.0660400390625]},{"page":151,"text":"weapon over his head, by displaying a folded VS-17 panel chest-high, or by other identifiable means. At","rect":[108.0,629.8745727539063,540.0409312210084,620.7664184570313]},{"page":151,"text":"night, an inverted \"Y\" marks the landing point of the lead aircraft. Chemical light sticks or beanbag lights","rect":[108.0,641.5748901367188,540.0308978538513,632.4667358398438]},{"page":151,"text":"help maintain light discipline (Figure 5-12). Each additional aircraft that lands in the same PZ or LZ","rect":[108.0,653.2752685546875,540.0320103187561,644.1671142578125]},{"page":151,"text":"requires an additional light. For an observation, utility, or attack aircraft, the exact landing point is marked","rect":[108.0,664.9755859375,540.1415309906006,655.867431640625]},{"page":151,"text":"with a single light. For cargo aircraft (CH-47, CH-53, CH-54), each additional landing point is marked","rect":[108.0,676.676025390625,539.9997463226318,667.56787109375]},{"page":151,"text":"with two lights. The two lights are placed 10 meters apart and aligned in the aircraft's direction of flight.","rect":[108.0,688.3762817382813,526.0181837081909,679.2681274414063]},{"page":151,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":151,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":151,"text":"5-25","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":152,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":152,"text":"Figure 5-12. Marking procedures for landing and pickup zones.","rect":[162.60000610351563,260.2410583496094,431.37669482421878,251.80804443359376]},{"page":152,"text":"CAUTION","rect":[269.70001220703127,292.75201416015627,324.30959936523439,283.884033203125]},{"page":152,"text":"Not all chemical lights are visible at night, even through","rect":[139.6800079345703,312.59417724609377,454.25746058654786,303.32568359375]},{"page":152,"text":"image-intensifying  night  vision  devices.","rect":[139.6800079345703,324.11419677734377,326.30152082061769,314.7254638671875]},{"page":152,"text":"The  FRIES  master  must","rect":[333.56298828125,322.1302490234375,454.2749400100708,314.7254638671875]},{"page":152,"text":"coordinate  with  the  pilots  during  the  air  mission  brief  to finalize the","rect":[139.6800079345703,335.6341857910156,454.29020594787598,326.2454528808594]},{"page":152,"text":"types and colors of chemical lights to use.","rect":[139.6800079345703,347.1541748046875,325.0320200881958,337.76544189453127]},{"page":152,"text":"LANDING POINT","rect":[72.0,379.58221435546877,152.30529165267945,371.4960021972656]},{"page":152,"text":"5-82. Each aircraft requires a circular landing point separate from those designated for other aircraft,","rect":[90.0,399.59429931640627,522.0633497238159,390.4861145019531]},{"page":152,"text":"and free of obstacles. Table 5-1 shows the minimum recommended landing point diameters (in meters).","rect":[90.0,411.2947082519531,505.16729259490969,402.1865234375]},{"page":152,"text":"Table 5-1. Minimum recommended landing point diameters.","rect":[169.86000061035157,427.9410095214844,424.0818034667969,419.5889892578125]},{"page":152,"text":"SURFACE CONDITIONS","rect":[72.0,562.0798950195313,183.34303855895997,553.77587890625]},{"page":152,"text":"5-83. The surface of the PZ or LZ should allow clear visibility of the touchdown point. It should be free","rect":[90.0,582.05419921875,522.0123567657471,572.946044921875]},{"page":152,"text":"of landing hazards such as blowing sand, dust, or snow. It should contain no obstacles that could damage","rect":[90.0,593.7545776367188,522.0304231719971,584.6464233398438]},{"page":152,"text":"landing aircraft such as trees, stumps, or large rocks. The surface must be firm enough to support the","rect":[90.0,605.4548950195313,521.9850740509033,596.3467407226563]},{"page":152,"text":"traffic.  It  should  have adequate drainage  to  allow  rainfall  to  run  off.  Unacceptable  levels  of  CBRN","rect":[90.0,617.1552734375,522.0093426742553,608.047119140625]},{"page":152,"text":"contamination can preclude the use of an area. If part of an area falls short for any reason, that part is not","rect":[89.9990005493164,628.8555908203125,521.9702525100709,619.7474365234375]},{"page":152,"text":"used.","rect":[89.9990005493164,638.531982421875,110.92676830291748,631.4478759765625]},{"page":152,"text":"GROUND SLOPE","rect":[72.0,658.3200073242188,150.98636770248414,650.0040283203125]},{"page":152,"text":"5-84. Generally, if the ground slopes 0 to 6 percent, then the pilot should land upslope. If the ground","rect":[90.0,678.2943115234375,522.0136623382568,669.1861572265625]},{"page":152,"text":"slopes 7 to 15 percent, then he should land side slope. Over 15 percent, he should not touch down at all,","rect":[90.0,689.9745483398438,522.0472974777222,680.8864135742188]},{"page":152,"text":"but he may, if conditions allow, hover to drop off or pick up personnel or equipment.","rect":[90.0,701.6950073242188,431.41521739959719,692.5868530273438]},{"page":152,"text":"5-26","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":152,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":152,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":153,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":153,"text":"Obstacles","rect":[90.0,94.35372924804688,135.11243686294555,86.76655578613281]},{"page":153,"text":"5-85. For planning purposes, use an obstacle clearance ratio of 10 to 1 on the approach and departure","rect":[108.0,114.17425537109375,540.0005769805908,105.06607818603516]},{"page":153,"text":"ends of the PZ and LZ. That is, a helicopter approaching or departing directly above a 10-foot tall tree","rect":[108.0,125.87469482421875,540.0209016876221,116.76651763916016]},{"page":153,"text":"needs 100 feet of horizontal clearance. Mark obstacles within the PZ and LZ only if the enemy cannot see","rect":[108.0,137.57501220703126,539.9981966094971,128.46682739257813]},{"page":153,"text":"the markings. At night, mark them with red lights, but turn them on only when the PZ or LZ is in use. In","rect":[108.0,149.275390625,540.0239162445068,140.16720581054688]},{"page":153,"text":"the daytime, use red panels instead of lights. ","rect":[108.0,160.9757080078125,288.44890880584719,151.86752319335938]},{"page":153,"text":"Approach and Departure","rect":[90.0,179.938720703125,209.0813881072998,170.177490234375]},{"page":153,"text":"5-86. Analyze the terrain surrounding a possible PZ or LZ for air traffic patterns. In a tactical situation,","rect":[108.0,197.57427978515626,539.9298658370972,188.46609497070313]},{"page":153,"text":"avoid repeatedly approaching the PZ or LZ over the same ground. Choose approaches that are free of","rect":[108.0,209.27471923828126,539.9455468711853,200.16653442382813]},{"page":153,"text":"obstacles. Pilots should land into the wind, but away from the sun. Ideally, they approach and depart along","rect":[108.0,220.97503662109376,539.9977321624756,211.86685180664063]},{"page":153,"text":"the axis of the LZ, over the lowest obstacle, and into the wind.","rect":[108.0,231.0,358.6787977218628,223.56716918945313]},{"page":153,"text":"Load Size","rect":[90.0,249.46456909179688,136.09551774597169,241.8554229736328]},{"page":153,"text":"5-87. When a helicopter is loaded to near maximum lift capacity, it needs more distance to lift off and","rect":[108.0,269.2742919921875,540.0057277679443,260.1661071777344]},{"page":153,"text":"land. It cannot ascend or descend vertically. The nearer the load to maximum, the larger the PZ and LZ","rect":[108.0,280.9747314453125,540.0566685218811,271.8665466308594]},{"page":153,"text":"must be to accommodate a flight.","rect":[108.0,292.67498779296877,241.43670177459718,283.5668029785156]},{"page":153,"text":"Operations","rect":[90.0,311.63873291015627,142.4822030982971,301.8555603027344]},{"page":153,"text":"5-88. Before the aircraft arrives, the PZ control party secures the PZ. Both the PZ control party and the","rect":[108.0,329.2743225097656,540.0481844024658,320.1661376953125]},{"page":153,"text":"Soldiers and equipment are positioned in the LRS team PZ or ORP. When occupying the team PZ or ORP,","rect":[108.0,340.97467041015627,539.9360914230347,331.8664855957031]},{"page":153,"text":"the team leader should (Figure 5-13) —","rect":[108.0,352.8544006347656,267.42023849487307,343.7462158203125]},{"page":153,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,368.0,147.50689334869385,364.0]},{"page":153,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,386.0,147.50689334869385,382.0]},{"page":153,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,403.0,147.50689334869385,400.0]},{"page":153,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,421.0,147.50689334869385,417.0]},{"page":153,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,439.0,147.50689334869385,435.0]},{"page":153,"text":"Maintain all-round security of the PZ or ORP.","rect":[154.7983856201172,370.5546875,339.8411817550659,361.4465026855469]},{"page":153,"text":"Maintain communications (ground-to-air).","rect":[154.798583984375,388.2550048828125,324.89687633514407,379.1468200683594]},{"page":153,"text":"Brief the marking team for the exact aircraft landing point, and check their equipment.","rect":[154.8303985595703,405.9554138183594,501.47268199920657,396.84722900390627]},{"page":153,"text":"Establish priority of loading for each Soldier.","rect":[154.82839965820313,423.65570068359377,336.8838758468628,414.5475158691406]},{"page":153,"text":"If time permits a detailed plan, use a coordination checklist.","rect":[154.798583984375,441.3359375,394.41680431365969,432.247802734375]},{"page":153,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":153,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":153,"text":"5-27","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":154,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.4674017944336,38.0880126953125]},{"page":154,"text":"5-28","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":154,"text":"Figure 5-13. Example coordination checklist.","rect":[201.66000366210938,662.240966796875,392.30259814453128,653.8889770507813]},{"page":154,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":154,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":155,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":155,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":155,"text":"Figure 5-13. Example coordination checklist (continued).","rect":[193.86000061035157,678.380859375,436.09849658203128,669.9478759765625]},{"page":155,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":155,"text":"5-29","rect":[522.09765625,754.0679931640625,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":156,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":156,"text":"LANDING ZONE OPERATIONS","rect":[72.0,83.62802124023438,216.18895530700685,75.33602142333985]},{"page":156,"text":"5-89.","rect":[90.0,101.59027862548828,110.98789501190186,94.6865005493164]},{"page":156,"text":"The following priority of action applies when landing on an LZ:","rect":[125.9999008178711,103.61431884765625,383.70114850616457,94.50614166259766]},{"page":156,"text":"1. The LRS team leader gets the landing direction from the pilot, and then alerts all team","rect":[125.9999008178711,121.31463623046875,489.1824622116089,112.20645904541016]},{"page":156,"text":"members before landing. This helps orient them to the LZ, particularly at night.","rect":[143.99978637695313,133.0150146484375,462.75442028045657,123.9068374633789]},{"page":156,"text":"2. When the aircraft lands, personnel immediately unbuckle their seat belts and exit the aircraft","rect":[125.9999008178711,150.71527099609376,514.8553233108521,141.60708618164063]},{"page":156,"text":"with all equipment.","rect":[143.99978637695313,162.39561462402345,221.6055555343628,153.30746459960938]},{"page":156,"text":"3. As soon as the crew chief or pilot directs them, the LRS team unloads the aircraft.","rect":[125.9999008178711,180.09593200683595,472.8587598800659,171.00778198242188]},{"page":156,"text":"4. The team moves 15 to 20 meters away from the side of the aircraft and assumes the prone","rect":[125.9999008178711,197.8162841796875,503.7561616973877,188.70809936523438]},{"page":156,"text":"position facing away from the aircraft, weapons at the ready position, until the aircraft departs","rect":[143.99978637695313,209.51666259765626,521.1466205101013,200.40847778320313]},{"page":156,"text":"the LZ.","rect":[143.99978637695313,219.19288635253907,173.51870250701905,212.10873413085938]},{"page":156,"text":"5.","rect":[125.9999008178711,236.87327575683595,133.5209150314331,230.12982177734376]},{"page":156,"text":"6.","rect":[125.9999008178711,277.97430419921877,133.52692699432374,271.0905456542969]},{"page":156,"text":"The team moves to a predetermined location using techniques that fit the terrain. Once the","rect":[143.96658325195313,238.9173583984375,505.59676838684086,229.80917358398438]},{"page":156,"text":"team reaches the concealed assembly point, the team leader quickly counts personnel and","rect":[143.99978637695313,250.61767578125,502.1366481781006,241.50949096679688]},{"page":156,"text":"equipment, and then proceeds.","rect":[143.99978637695313,262.2980651855469,266.3833875656128,253.20993041992188]},{"page":156,"text":"The team moves quickly to an assembly area out of sight and hearing of the LZ. They remain","rect":[143.97900390625,280.01837158203127,518.1294460296631,270.9101867675781]},{"page":156,"text":"only long enough to adjust their senses to the surrounding environment and to verify the","rect":[143.99978637695313,291.71881103515627,498.23656941223148,282.6006164550781]},{"page":156,"text":"location of the LZ. ","rect":[143.99978637695313,301.39501953125,221.77288341522218,294.3108825683594]},{"page":156,"text":"7. If planed and coordinated during the air mission brief, the insertion aircraft may be loitering","rect":[125.9999008178711,321.1194152832031,513.1478481292725,312.01123046875]},{"page":156,"text":"nearby in case the team is compromised and needs hasty extraction. This is critical if the team","rect":[143.99978637695313,332.81982421875,520.5081458053589,323.7116394042969]},{"page":156,"text":"is engaged by enemy forces on the LZ.","rect":[143.99978637695313,344.52008056640627,300.03017711639407,335.4118957519531]},{"page":156,"text":"8. If the team makes contact on or near the LZ, they immediately execute the appropriate","rect":[125.9999008178711,362.22052001953127,490.32494831848148,353.1123352050781]},{"page":156,"text":"battle drill.","rect":[143.99978637695313,371.8967590332031,187.97791576385499,364.8126220703125]},{"page":156,"text":"9. The LRS team leader calls for CAS, CCA or fire support, if available.","rect":[125.9999008178711,391.6011657714844,424.4571180343628,382.5130310058594]},{"page":156,"text":"10. Once the team disengages from the enemy force, the team leader moves the unit to a covered","rect":[125.9999008178711,409.3215026855469,516.5681667327881,400.21331787109377]},{"page":156,"text":"and concealed position, accounts for personnel and equipment, and decides whether to","rect":[143.99978637695313,421.0018310546875,491.18358421325686,411.9136962890625]},{"page":156,"text":"continue with the mission.","rect":[143.99978637695313,430.6981506347656,249.74915599822999,423.614013671875]},{"page":156,"text":"11. If the team leader decides to call for emergency extraction.","rect":[125.9999008178711,450.4224853515625,379.91668224334719,441.3143005371094]},{"page":156,"text":"a. The team leader gives a direction and distance to the emergency extraction site from the","rect":[143.99978637695313,468.1228942871094,510.3430757598877,459.01470947265627]},{"page":156,"text":"insertion site.","rect":[157.49969482421876,477.7991638183594,211.52314281463624,470.71502685546877]},{"page":156,"text":"b.","rect":[143.99978637695313,495.49945068359377,151.5448408126831,488.4153137207031]},{"page":156,"text":"c.","rect":[143.99978637695313,524.900146484375,150.96670055389405,520.1607055664063]},{"page":156,"text":"d.","rect":[143.99978637695313,554.3008422851563,151.5448408126831,547.2167358398438]},{"page":156,"text":"As the aircraft approaches, the team leader initiates a directional signal using, for example,","rect":[157.4995880126953,497.52349853515627,521.7272901535034,488.4153137207031]},{"page":156,"text":"pen gun flares, or a strobe light with a directional funnel attached.","rect":[157.49969482421876,509.2239074707031,422.07387828826907,500.11572265625]},{"page":156,"text":"This ground-to-air signal lets the pilot determine a clock direction and distance from the","rect":[157.5196990966797,526.9241943359375,510.89208699035648,517.8160400390625]},{"page":156,"text":"aircraft to the team's location. The pilot identifies the signal initiated by the team.","rect":[157.49969482421876,538.6245727539063,483.42470836639407,529.5164184570313]},{"page":156,"text":"After confirming the signal, the pilot forms his approach, assisted by the team leader.","rect":[157.4995880126953,556.3248901367188,499.44204235076907,547.2167358398438]},{"page":156,"text":"OBSTACLES","rect":[72.0,574.0679321289063,130.7773494720459,565.77587890625]},{"page":156,"text":"5-90. These include any obstructions, such as trees, stumps, or rocks that could interfere with aircraft","rect":[90.0,594.05419921875,522.0798716506959,584.946044921875]},{"page":156,"text":"operation on the ground. During daylight, the aircrew is responsible for avoiding obstacles on the PZ or","rect":[90.0,605.7545776367188,522.0023706016541,596.6464233398438]},{"page":156,"text":"LZ. For night and limited visibility operations, all obstacles are marked with red lights. The following","rect":[90.0,617.4548950195313,522.0631008148193,608.3467407226563]},{"page":156,"text":"criteria are used to mark obstacles:","rect":[90.0,627.1312255859375,229.4477457962036,620.047119140625]},{"page":156,"text":"1. Mark the near and far sides of the obstacle on the aircraft approach route. ","rect":[125.9999008178711,646.8355712890625,440.92534923553469,637.7474365234375]},{"page":156,"text":"2. If the obstacle is on the aircraft departure route, mark the near side of the obstacle.","rect":[125.9999008178711,664.535888671875,474.7531690597534,655.44775390625]},{"page":156,"text":"3. If the obstacle protrudes into the PZ or LZ, but is outside of the flight route of the aircraft,","rect":[125.9999008178711,682.2562866210938,505.36806774139407,673.1481323242188]},{"page":156,"text":"mark the near side of the obstacle.","rect":[143.99978637695313,691.9325561523438,281.30877208709719,684.8484497070313]},{"page":156,"text":"4. Mark large obstacles located on the approach route by circling the obstacle with red lights.","rect":[125.9999008178711,711.6569213867188,507.58501720428469,702.5487670898438]},{"page":156,"text":"5-30","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":156,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":156,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":157,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":157,"text":"5. (Signalman) use arm-and-hand signals to guide aircraft in for landing. Stand to the right front","rect":[144.0,83.57427978515625,536.9767222366334,74.46610260009766]},{"page":157,"text":"of the aircraft, where the pilot can see him best. At night, use lighted batons or flashlights in","rect":[161.99989318847657,95.27471923828125,531.4531764984131,86.16654205322266]},{"page":157,"text":"each hand. When using flashlights, avoid blinding the pilot. Keep the batons and flashlights","rect":[161.99989318847657,106.97503662109375,530.1868426780701,97.86685943603516]},{"page":157,"text":"lit at all times when signaling. The speed of the arm movement indicates the desired speed of ","rect":[161.99989318847657,118.67535400390625,537.8535718917847,109.56717681884766]},{"page":157,"text":"aircraft compliance with the signal.","rect":[161.99989318847657,130.37567138671876,303.67422008514407,121.26749420166016]},{"page":157,"text":"UH-60 LOADING SEQUENCE","rect":[90.0,152.3962860107422,280.15876613998418,140.4014434814453]},{"page":157,"text":"5-91. To maintain communications with the pilot, the team leader--","rect":[108.0,170.4342498779297,390.0515344200134,161.34609985351563]},{"page":157,"text":"1. Uses the aircraft troop commander's handset or requests a separate headset. Initiates","rect":[143.99989318847657,188.1345672607422,498.4815204124451,179.04641723632813]},{"page":157,"text":"movement once the aircraft has landed. ","rect":[161.99978637695313,197.83094787597657,322.0202283859253,190.74679565429688]},{"page":157,"text":"2. When the far- and near-side teams move to the aircraft, in file, leads the near-side group","rect":[143.99989318847657,217.5552978515625,515.577169418335,208.44711303710938]},{"page":157,"text":"(Figure 5-14). ","rect":[161.99978637695313,229.25567626953126,220.93667125701905,220.14749145507813]},{"page":157,"text":"3. Ensures that all personnel wear and carry rucksacks on the aircraft.","rect":[143.99989318847657,246.95599365234376,431.03008556365969,237.84780883789063]},{"page":157,"text":"4. Notifies the crew chief when all team members board and prepare for liftoff.","rect":[143.99989318847657,264.6361999511719,469.1477918624878,255.54806518554688]},{"page":157,"text":"5. Ensures that all personnel buckle up as soon as they reach their assigned seats.","rect":[143.99989318847657,282.356689453125,477.0395460128784,273.2485046386719]},{"page":157,"text":"Figure 5-14. UH-60 loading sequence.","rect":[234.95999145507813,571.0408935546875,395.08738818359378,562.6889038085938]},{"page":157,"text":"Section III. VEHICLE OPERATIONS","rect":[80.63999938964844,592.343994140625,278.7023642578125,583.4639892578125]},{"page":157,"text":"The  LRS  team  can  move  by  vehicle  from the planning area  to  a  point  of  departure  in  a  secure  area.","rect":[90.0,615.8341674804688,539.9721632003784,606.7260131835938]},{"page":157,"text":"Traditionally the team normally dismounts at the FLOT, makes final preparations, and conducts a forward","rect":[90.0,627.5344848632813,539.9789333343506,618.4263305664063]},{"page":157,"text":"passage of lines. LRS teams now have the capability to conduct mounted operations providing relatively rapid","rect":[90.0,639.2349243164063,540.0192165374756,630.1267700195313]},{"page":157,"text":"and secure operational assets within the AO. A LRS team no longer need rely on outside support in order to","rect":[90.0,650.935302734375,539.9869289398193,641.8271484375]},{"page":157,"text":"insert, extract, infiltrate, and exfiltrate in the AO.","rect":[90.0,661.0,286.89614391326907,653.5274658203125]},{"page":157,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":157,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":157,"text":"5-31","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":158,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":158,"text":"MOBILITY PLATFORMS","rect":[72.0,85.58970642089844,236.12940135192873,75.91554260253906]},{"page":158,"text":"5-92. LRSU use a variety of vehicles to support themselves when conducting operations. The use of","rect":[90.0,105.95428466796875,521.9441430625916,96.84610748291016]},{"page":158,"text":"all-terrain vehicles (ATV), variations of the HMMWV, and nonstandard tactical vehicles (NSTVs) allow","rect":[90.0,117.63462829589844,521.9726605453491,108.5464859008789]},{"page":158,"text":"the commander to rapidly employ teams with reduced resupply requirements while conducting operations. ","rect":[90.0,129.35498046875,519.1982374191284,120.2468032836914]},{"page":158,"text":"5-93. The  ATV’s  primary  mission  is  short-range  mounted  reconnaissance.  The  ATV provides the","rect":[90.0,147.0552978515625,521.9552888946533,137.94711303710938]},{"page":158,"text":"capability to conduct surveillance and reconnaissance missions over a 48-hour or 250-mile range (carrying","rect":[90.0,158.75567626953126,522.0219020843506,149.64749145507813]},{"page":158,"text":"extra fuel) without resupply in austere environments over difficult terrain.","rect":[89.9990005493164,170.45599365234376,386.46377086639407,161.34780883789063]},{"page":158,"text":"5-94. The different variations of the HMMWV such as the army standard M1025A2 or the M1114 are","rect":[89.9990005493164,188.15631103515626,521.9873323516846,179.04812622070313]},{"page":158,"text":"good platforms to conduct long-range R&S in a desert environment.","rect":[89.9990005493164,199.85662841796876,363.70550060272219,190.74844360351563]},{"page":158,"text":"5-95. NSTV  come  in  a  variety  of  configurations  such as  four-door  pickup trucks  and  sport  utility","rect":[89.9990005493164,217.55706787109376,522.0052394866943,208.44888305664063]},{"page":158,"text":"vehicles. The NSTV are also used to conduct R&S missions, but allow the LRS teams flexibility when","rect":[89.9990005493164,229.25738525390626,522.0497951507568,220.14920043945313]},{"page":158,"text":"operating in areas that limit the use of standard military vehicles.","rect":[89.9990005493164,240.95782470703126,350.25405406951907,231.84963989257813]},{"page":158,"text":"PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[72.0,260.6697082519531,277.24458995056156,250.98158264160157]},{"page":158,"text":"5-96. Planning and preparation for a mounted mission  starts  long  before  the  LRS  team  is  alerted.","rect":[90.0,281.0341796875,522.0247755050659,271.9259948730469]},{"page":158,"text":"Preparations include training and rehearsals such as mounted battle drills, laager/hide sites and vehicle","rect":[90.0,292.7345886230469,522.0494661407471,283.62640380859377]},{"page":158,"text":"maintenance. The distance from the FOB to the operational area, or even the staging (launch) site may","rect":[90.0,304.43487548828127,522.0447292327881,295.3266906738281]},{"page":158,"text":"require additional transportation. Various infiltration combinations of aircraft, rail line, or surface ships","rect":[90.0,316.115234375,521.9933001976013,307.027099609375]},{"page":158,"text":"may be required to get the mounted team positioned to insert into an operational area. These infiltration","rect":[90.0009994506836,327.8356018066406,522.0284328460693,318.7274169921875]},{"page":158,"text":"combinations may also be used to increase the operational range of the mounted team by decreasing the","rect":[90.0009994506836,339.5359802246094,522.0145540313721,330.42779541015627]},{"page":158,"text":"required distance for overland insertion. When an operation requires either aircraft and surface ships or","rect":[90.0009994506836,351.21624755859377,522.0062158164978,342.12811279296877]},{"page":158,"text":"other combinations, a rendezvous must take place to transfer the team. The method selected should be one","rect":[90.0009994506836,362.9166259765625,522.0483675079346,353.8284912109375]},{"page":158,"text":"that will land or position the element with the least chance of detection as close as possible to its AO and as","rect":[90.0009994506836,374.616943359375,522.1436297874451,365.52880859375]},{"page":158,"text":"simply and rapidly as possible. Factors to consider include—","rect":[90.0009994506836,386.33740234375,334.8411674499512,377.2292175292969]},{"page":158,"text":"•  Security.","rect":[126.00090026855469,404.03765869140627,172.68398571014405,394.9294738769531]},{"page":158,"text":"• Size of the element.","rect":[126.00090026855469,419.7239685058594,216.29822826385499,412.6297912597656]},{"page":158,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,437.0,129.50790042877197,433.0]},{"page":158,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,454.0,129.50790042877197,451.0]},{"page":158,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,472.0,129.50790042877197,469.0]},{"page":158,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,490.0,129.50790042877197,486.0]},{"page":158,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,508.0,129.50790042877197,504.0]},{"page":158,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,525.0,129.50790042877197,522.0]},{"page":158,"text":"Operational requirements relating to the overt or covert nature of the mission.","rect":[136.82040405273438,439.4383850097656,448.1873731613159,430.3302001953125]},{"page":158,"text":"Capabilities of personnel and equipment loads.","rect":[136.83140563964845,457.1186218261719,325.0829725265503,448.0304870605469]},{"page":158,"text":"Availability of transport and delivery capabilities.","rect":[136.8153076171875,474.8389892578125,336.7340040206909,465.7308044433594]},{"page":158,"text":"Weather, terrain, hydrographic, and astronomical data, and conditions in the delivery area.","rect":[136.8354034423828,492.5393981933594,499.6628370285034,483.43121337890627]},{"page":158,"text":"Enemy and friendly situation in the delivery area and AO.","rect":[136.82850646972657,510.23968505859377,369.57708263397219,501.1315002441406]},{"page":158,"text":"The team may be delivered into the staging area, delivery area or the AO via—","rect":[136.82440185546876,528.119384765625,453.8401908874512,519.01123046875]},{"page":158,"text":"— Surface ships.","rect":[136.80039978027345,545.9790649414063,204.64309215545655,536.8909301757813]},{"page":158,"text":"— Amphibious landing craft.","rect":[136.80039978027345,563.8787841796875,253.93639659881593,554.7706298828125]},{"page":158,"text":"— Fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft.","rect":[136.80039978027345,581.7584228515625,269.38103771209719,572.6502685546875]},{"page":158,"text":"— Rail lines.","rect":[136.80039978027345,597.6140747070313,188.90272045135499,590.5299682617188]},{"page":158,"text":"— Line haul transport.","rect":[136.80039978027345,617.497802734375,227.21399974822999,608.40966796875]},{"page":158,"text":"—Any combination of the above.","rect":[136.80039978027345,635.3975219726563,272.1487684249878,626.2893676757813]},{"page":158,"text":"PRE-MISSION CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[72.0,653.1598510742188,263.56799609375,644.8558349609375]},{"page":158,"text":"5-97. Elements should consider the following factors when planning for a successful infiltration.","rect":[90.0,673.1342163085938,490.0625867843628,664.0260620117188]},{"page":158,"text":"5-32","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":158,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":158,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":159,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":159,"text":"Mission","rect":[90.0,82.64273834228516,126.65343321228028,75.05555725097656]},{"page":159,"text":"5-98. The mission determines what and how much ammunition and supplies are necessary, including","rect":[108.0,102.47418212890625,540.0320949554443,93.36600494384766]},{"page":159,"text":"special equipment.","rect":[108.0,114.15446472167969,183.10047435760499,105.06632232666016]},{"page":159,"text":"Enemy and Friendly Situation","rect":[90.0,133.1605682373047,232.1602996673584,123.35542297363281]},{"page":159,"text":"5-99. Order of  battle  (OB)  affects  the  routes,  communications  procedures  and  capabilities,  external","rect":[108.0,150.75425720214845,540.0950694046021,141.66610717773438]},{"page":159,"text":"exfiltration capabilities, and sources of resupply.","rect":[108.0,162.4747314453125,303.37993907928469,153.36654663085938]},{"page":159,"text":"Troops Available and Training Level of Unit Personnel","rect":[90.0,181.46067810058595,348.8128463668823,171.65553283691407]},{"page":159,"text":"5-100. LRS  teams  are  proficient  in  air  infiltration  and  dismounted  operations.  However, mounted","rect":[108.0,199.0542449951172,539.9794216156006,189.96609497070313]},{"page":159,"text":"operations require additional training such as cross-country and night driving with and without night vision","rect":[107.9990005493164,210.77471923828126,540.0924587249756,201.66653442382813]},{"page":159,"text":"aids and vehicle maintenance, recovery operations, and use and care of mounted weapon systems.","rect":[107.9990005493164,222.47503662109376,500.67129039764407,213.36685180664063]},{"page":159,"text":"Terrain and Weather","rect":[90.0,239.25369262695313,190.74371110534669,231.65553283691407]},{"page":159,"text":"5-101. Terrain  and  weather  affect  route planning, personal  equipment,  and  special  equipment  needs.","rect":[108.0,259.07427978515627,540.0606031417847,249.96609497070313]},{"page":159,"text":"Light conditions determine the time available for movement.","rect":[108.0,270.77471923828127,351.54278087615969,261.6665344238281]},{"page":159,"text":"Time and Distance","rect":[90.0,287.542724609375,177.9014564666748,279.95556640625]},{"page":159,"text":"5-102. These factors primarily affect the amount of required fuel for the vehicles and subsistence for","rect":[108.0,307.3742980957031,539.9802148399353,298.26611328125]},{"page":159,"text":"team members, since distance and duration are similar.","rect":[108.0,317.050537109375,327.9139051437378,309.9664001464844]},{"page":159,"text":"Civilian Populace","rect":[90.0,338.03875732421877,172.8319984588623,328.2555847167969]},{"page":159,"text":"5-103. Mission planning must consider the local civilians in the AO and what to do in case of mission","rect":[108.0,355.67431640625,539.9866847991943,346.5661315917969]},{"page":159,"text":"compromise.","rect":[108.0,367.3546142578125,159.89170360565186,358.2664794921875]},{"page":159,"text":"Equipment and Supplies","rect":[90.0,386.3387451171875,205.46895846939086,376.5555725097656]},{"page":159,"text":"5-104. The pre-mission considerations help determine the teams' logistical needs. The team must plan for","rect":[108.0,403.97430419921877,540.0253808555603,394.8661193847656]},{"page":159,"text":"the minimum levels of all needed supplies. Mission essential equipment and supplies take priority in the","rect":[108.0,415.6746826171875,540.0577669219971,406.5664978027344]},{"page":159,"text":"allocation of space. During planning, the team may find that pre-positioned equipment is available in the","rect":[108.0,427.3749694824219,540.0693025665283,418.26678466796877]},{"page":159,"text":"AO.  This  equipment  can  range  from  fuel  and  water  to  a  complete  HMMWV with weapons,","rect":[108.0,439.0754089355469,540.0432691574097,429.96722412109377]},{"page":159,"text":"communications equipment, and repair parts. The availability of pre-positioned supplies greatly reduces the","rect":[108.0,450.77569580078127,540.0804109649658,441.6675109863281]},{"page":159,"text":"number of vehicles and amount of equipment the unit must deploy with, and reduces the deployment","rect":[108.0,462.47607421875,540.1413950881959,453.3678894042969]},{"page":159,"text":"timeline. Additionally, when planning for deployment, the unit must allocate time to inspect and prepare","rect":[108.0,474.1764221191406,540.0392122344971,465.0682373046875]},{"page":159,"text":"the equipment when it arrives in country.","rect":[108.0,485.8768005371094,273.19622325897219,476.76861572265627]},{"page":159,"text":"Collective and Individual Training","rect":[90.0,505.8206787109375,253.64795875549317,495.33599853515627]},{"page":159,"text":"5-105. LRS  teams  are  capable  of  operating  in  all  types  of  terrain  and  using various","rect":[108.0,523.6142578125,480.30982851791387,514.506103515625]},{"page":159,"text":"extraction techniques. However, all teams require training to become and stay proficient.","rect":[108.0,535.314697265625,464.4635877609253,526.20654296875]},{"page":159,"text":"insertion","rect":[485.36920166015627,521.5902099609375,520.4738063812256,514.506103515625]},{"page":159,"text":"and","rect":[525.5331420898438,521.5902099609375,540.0400905609131,514.506103515625]},{"page":159,"text":"Collective Training","rect":[90.0000991821289,553.0750732421875,169.81940269470216,544.13720703125]},{"page":159,"text":"5-106. Training required for the mounted LRS teams include cross-country and night driving (with and","rect":[108.0,570.6552124023438,540.0054836273193,561.5470581054688]},{"page":159,"text":"without  night  vision  aids),  vehicle  navigation,  vehicle  infiltration,  garage  site,  MSS  and  hide  site","rect":[108.0,582.3555297851563,540.0464143829346,573.2473754882813]},{"page":159,"text":"establishment, vehicle maintenance, recovery operations, mounted battle drills, and dismounted crew battle","rect":[108.0009994506836,594.055908203125,540.0866975860596,584.94775390625]},{"page":159,"text":"drills. Priority for team collective training for the vehicles must always include maintenance. ","rect":[108.0009994506836,605.7562866210938,482.38991832733157,596.6481323242188]},{"page":159,"text":"Individual Training","rect":[90.0010986328125,623.5167236328125,172.2093563079834,614.578857421875]},{"page":159,"text":"5-107. The following paragraphs address suggested individual training team members:","rect":[108.0009994506836,641.0968017578125,463.21070050811769,631.9886474609375]},{"page":159,"text":"Team Leader and Assistant Team Leader--Mounted mission planning, detachment mounted","rect":[144.0009002685547,658.797119140625,512.3655300140381,649.68896484375]},{"page":159,"text":"training concepts, mounted employment, battle drills, load planning and vehicle maintenance","rect":[154.80140686035157,670.4974975585938,527.9754304962158,661.3893432617188]},{"page":159,"text":"management. The assistant team leader should also be hazardous material certified.","rect":[154.80140686035157,682.1978149414063,488.62099742889407,673.0896606445313]},{"page":159,"text":"Senior Scout Observer--Mounted mission planning, mounted employment, battle drills, vehicle","rect":[144.0019073486328,699.898193359375,525.9712801055908,690.7900390625]},{"page":159,"text":"maintenance, load planning and hazardous material certified.","rect":[154.80239868164063,711.5985107421875,399.2455701828003,702.4903564453125]},{"page":159,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":159,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":159,"text":"5-33","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":160,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":160,"text":"Radiotelephone Operator (RTO)--Mounted employment, battle drills, electrical wiring techniques,","rect":[126.0,83.57427978515625,520.9333448410034,74.46610260009766]},{"page":160,"text":"and vehicle maintenance.","rect":[136.80059814453126,93.25067901611328,238.34194469451905,86.16654205322266]},{"page":160,"text":"Assistant Radiotelephone Operator (ARTO)--Mounted employment, battle drills, electrical wiring","rect":[126.0009994506836,112.97503662109375,517.8941555023193,103.86685943603516]},{"page":160,"text":"techniques, and vehicle maintenance.","rect":[136.80059814453126,124.65525817871094,286.29775524139407,115.5671157836914]},{"page":160,"text":"Scout Observer--Mounted employment, battle drills, and vehicle maintenance.","rect":[126.0009994506836,142.37567138671876,440.4384412765503,133.26748657226563]},{"page":160,"text":"Cross-Training","rect":[72.0,173.0607147216797,144.05625343322755,163.2555694580078]},{"page":160,"text":"5-108. LRS team members require thorough cross-training. Each vehicle crew must be able to operate","rect":[90.0,190.67425537109376,522.0450105743408,181.56607055664063]},{"page":160,"text":"independently for extended periods of time. ","rect":[90.0,202.37469482421876,268.0854444503784,193.26651000976563]},{"page":160,"text":"Vehicle Preparation","rect":[72.0,221.3387451171875,166.32039488220216,211.55555725097657]},{"page":160,"text":"5-109. LRS personnel prepare as necessary for airland, paradrop, waterborne, and overland insertions.","rect":[90.0,238.97418212890626,522.0313673019409,229.86599731445313]},{"page":160,"text":"They plan for and spend sufficient time preparing their vehicles for the assigned mission, from infiltration","rect":[89.9990005493164,250.67449951171876,522.0996608734131,241.56631469726563]},{"page":160,"text":"to exfiltration. They must be prepared to conduct all maintenance and repair operations in the field. ","rect":[89.9990005493164,262.3748779296875,490.5284376144409,253.26669311523438]},{"page":160,"text":"5-110. Team members cross load each vehicle so that if required it can act independently during the","rect":[89.9990005493164,280.0751953125,522.0263338165283,270.9670104980469]},{"page":160,"text":"mission. Total weight of the vehicle, cargo and personnel is a prime consideration during operations. An","rect":[89.99800109863281,291.7756042480469,521.9745998382568,282.66741943359377]},{"page":160,"text":"overloaded vehicle handles poorly, consumes fuel at a higher rate, and will experience more maintenance","rect":[89.99800109863281,303.47589111328127,522.0227937774658,294.3677062988281]},{"page":160,"text":"problems. Items having the greatest effect on weight are fuel, water (50 pounds per 5 gallon container),","rect":[89.9990005493164,315.1763000488281,521.9837598800659,306.068115234375]},{"page":160,"text":"ammunition by type (including shipping containers), and personal equipment.","rect":[89.9990005493164,326.8766784667969,401.9722852706909,317.76849365234377]},{"page":160,"text":"Equipment and Personnel Preparation","rect":[72.0,345.8387451171875,253.73872984313966,336.0555725097656]},{"page":160,"text":"5-111. An important aspect to pre-mission preparation is vehicle maintenance and keeping all equipment","rect":[90.0,363.47430419921877,522.1067271194459,354.3661193847656]},{"page":160,"text":"in a ready status. Members must inspect and exercise their vehicles even while in garrison. The assistant","rect":[90.0,375.1746826171875,522.0302500686646,366.0664978027344]},{"page":160,"text":"team leader is responsible for status of the team’s vehicle. Preventive maintenance checks and service are","rect":[90.0,386.85491943359377,521.9952669219971,377.76678466796877]},{"page":160,"text":"normally  conducted,  at  a  minimum,  weekly  while  in  garrison. This includes road testing the team's","rect":[90.0,398.5754089355469,522.0124042015076,389.46722412109377]},{"page":160,"text":"vehicles. This test should include on- and off-road operation in all gears. Check for wheel alignment and","rect":[90.0,410.27569580078127,522.0635890960693,401.1675109863281]},{"page":160,"text":"listen for any unusual noises.","rect":[90.0,421.97607421875,206.84226512908936,412.8678894042969]},{"page":160,"text":"5-112. Keep the basic equipment common to each mission on the vehicle at all times (Figure 5-15). This","rect":[90.0,439.6764221191406,521.9734637718201,430.5682373046875]},{"page":160,"text":"equipment includes tools; petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL); spare parts; recovery items; tire repair","rect":[90.0,451.3768005371094,522.0053002891541,442.26861572265627]},{"page":160,"text":"kits; and other miscellaneous items. This method will not only save loading time and storage space, it","rect":[90.0,463.07708740234377,521.9630503616334,453.9689025878906]},{"page":160,"text":"reduces the chance that these items will be forgotten. Prepare each vehicle using a unit standardized vehicle","rect":[90.0,474.7774963378906,521.9883089141846,465.6693115234375]},{"page":160,"text":"load plan. This list is compiled from unit SOPs, experience, and mission requirements. The unit vehicle","rect":[90.0,486.4577331542969,522.0656404571533,477.3695983886719]},{"page":160,"text":"load plan standardizes the location of equipment common to all in each vehicle. This ensures that anyone","rect":[90.0,498.1781921386719,522.0163850860596,489.07000732421877]},{"page":160,"text":"assigned to the unit can go to any vehicle and locate or pack team equipment. Control and assist the","rect":[90.0,509.87847900390627,522.0539827423096,500.7702941894531]},{"page":160,"text":"preparations after alert using pre-mission checklists. ","rect":[90.0,521.578857421875,301.99029064178469,512.470703125]},{"page":160,"text":"5-113. Leaders conduct inspections to ensure the vehicles are loaded properly. Upon receipt of a notice to","rect":[90.0,539.2791748046875,522.0424098968506,530.1710205078125]},{"page":160,"text":"deploy,  inspect  the  unit's  vehicles  as  soon  as  possible  to  ensure  mechanical reliability.  Conduct  this","rect":[90.0,550.9796142578125,522.0232684593201,541.8714599609375]},{"page":160,"text":"inspection at least 30 days before vehicle shipment (or as early as possible) to allow motor pool personnel","rect":[90.0,562.679931640625,522.0895152053834,553.57177734375]},{"page":160,"text":"time to correct deficiencies. Motor pool personnel normally help inexperienced team personnel perform","rect":[90.0,574.3803100585938,522.1412634811402,565.2721557617188]},{"page":160,"text":"this  inspection.  It  is  key  that  the  team  personnel  be  present  at the vehicle maintenance inspection.","rect":[90.0,586.08056640625,521.9575147628784,576.972412109375]},{"page":160,"text":"Test-drive each vehicle to ensure mechanical reliability. Make sure the inspection takes the vehicle up to","rect":[90.0,597.781005859375,522.0344142913818,588.6728515625]},{"page":160,"text":"operating temperatures. Check climbing ability, winch operation with load, transmission and transfer case","rect":[90.0,609.4812622070313,522.0659456329346,600.3731079101563]},{"page":160,"text":"performance through all gears on challenging terrain, engine performance, and wheel alignment. Also,","rect":[90.0,621.1817016601563,522.0378370285034,612.0735473632813]},{"page":160,"text":"listen for any unusual noises or rattles. After the inspection and test, rate each vehicle by performance. The","rect":[90.0,632.8819580078125,522.0023470001221,623.7738037109375]},{"page":160,"text":"stronger  vehicles  should  perform  the  more  challenging aspects of  the  mission.  Avoid  overloading  or","rect":[90.0,644.5823974609375,521.9826562461853,635.4742431640625]},{"page":160,"text":"hauling trailers with the weaker vehicles. ","rect":[90.0,656.28271484375,257.4528760910034,647.174560546875]},{"page":160,"text":"5-114. The next inspection should take place 3 to 5 days before load out or during planning. Inspect the","rect":[90.0,673.9830932617188,521.9982576446533,664.8749389648438]},{"page":160,"text":"items normally kept on the vehicle and all mission-related equipment for accountability and serviceability.","rect":[90.0,685.6834106445313,522.0593214035034,676.5752563476563]},{"page":160,"text":"The last inspection should be the normal final inspection or spot check done during the last few hours","rect":[90.0,697.3837890625,522.0094745140076,688.275634765625]},{"page":160,"text":"before the infiltration or shipment of the equipment.","rect":[90.0,709.0640869140625,298.9449415206909,699.9759521484375]},{"page":160,"text":"5-34","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":160,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":160,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":161,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":161,"text":"5-115. Plan for sufficient fuel supplies. Fuel trucks, fuel points or resupply may not be available in the","rect":[108.0,83.57427978515625,539.9859285430908,74.46610260009766]},{"page":161,"text":"mission area. Frequently, it is difficult or impossible to get any kind of resupply. For a HMMWV, a good","rect":[108.0,95.27471923828125,540.0201930999756,86.16654205322266]},{"page":161,"text":"figure is 9 miles per gallon (mpg) for initial estimation of fuel requirements. Plan for and take adequate","rect":[108.0,106.97503662109375,540.1797151641846,97.86685943603516]},{"page":161,"text":"water. Minimum water planning figures are 4 to 6 quarts per man per day for mounted operations in a","rect":[108.0,118.67535400390625,539.9932527618408,109.56717681884766]},{"page":161,"text":"desert environment. Take additional water for dismounted missions within the mounted role. Omit the","rect":[108.0,128.3616485595703,540.0265169219971,121.26749420166016]},{"page":161,"text":"water carried on individual load-bearing equipment (LBE) for this requirement. Team members usea","rect":[108.0,142.07611083984376,540.1168489532471,132.96792602539063]},{"page":161,"text":"vehicle water bottle for the crew. They never use the water supplies on their LBE unless separated from the","rect":[108.0,153.7763671875,540.0805940704346,144.66818237304688]},{"page":161,"text":"vehicles  during  dismounted operations  or  when  placed  in  a  survival  or  evasion  situation. As a rule,","rect":[108.0,165.476806640625,540.0295972824097,156.36862182617188]},{"page":161,"text":"consume water from the vehicle’s stores first before using personal stores. ","rect":[108.0,177.17706298828126,408.3500928878784,168.06887817382813]},{"page":161,"text":"Figure 5-15. Example vehicle load configuration.","rect":[211.739990234375,569.0008544921875,418.2787333984375,560.56787109375]},{"page":161,"text":"5-116. Plan for and take adequate food supplies. Remember that food consumption in hot, dry climates is","rect":[108.0,586.7343139648438,539.9939715843201,577.6261596679688]},{"page":161,"text":"generally less than in other climates. Individuals should pack most of their food items in a food bag (ditty","rect":[108.0,598.4345703125,540.0623073577881,589.326416015625]},{"page":161,"text":"bag) instead of their rucksack to limit the extent of unpacking their rucksack when getting meals. A ditty","rect":[108.0,610.135009765625,540.1809597015381,601.02685546875]},{"page":161,"text":"bag ensures they will have a minimal kit of food, survival and evasion items on hand. Construct the ditty","rect":[108.0,621.8353881835938,540.0430202484131,612.7272338867188]},{"page":161,"text":"bag from a durable bag large enough to hold three days of food, minimal sleeping gear, personal evasion","rect":[108.0,633.5357055664063,540.0151882171631,624.4275512695313]},{"page":161,"text":"and survival gear, first aid kit, and personal toilet articles. Pack at least three meals in the rucksack, so","rect":[108.0,645.236083984375,540.0007839202881,636.1279296875]},{"page":161,"text":"individual team members will have a food supply if required to abandon the vehicle rapidly. If several","rect":[108.0,656.9364013671875,540.0052866897584,647.8282470703125]},{"page":161,"text":"cases of food are packed on the vehicle, the crew must only open one at the time. This aids in estimating","rect":[108.0,668.6367797851563,540.0488185882568,659.5286254882813]},{"page":161,"text":"how long the food will last, and prevents the constant shuffling of equipment. Place ammunition where it","rect":[108.0,680.3370971679688,540.0420298538209,671.2289428710938]},{"page":161,"text":"can be accessed quickly. Secure large ammunition cans or containers to prevent injury in accidents due to","rect":[108.0,692.0374755859375,540.0073757171631,682.9192504882813]},{"page":161,"text":"shifting loads. Construct and position a vehicle destruction kit for quick accessibility. Each member should","rect":[108.0,703.73779296875,540.0620021820068,694.629638671875]},{"page":161,"text":"have three basic loads of small arms ammunition: one on the LBE (primary), one in rucksack (secondary),","rect":[108.0009994506836,715.438232421875,539.9646558761597,706.330078125]},{"page":161,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":161,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":161,"text":"5-35","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":162,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":162,"text":"and one in an ammunition can positioned in the vehicle (contingency). The ammunition can in the vehicle","rect":[90.0,83.57427978515625,521.9923372344971,74.46610260009766]},{"page":162,"text":"should contain all contingency ammunition for the crew. Position basic signaling ammunitions near the","rect":[90.0,95.27471923828125,522.0320100860596,86.16654205322266]},{"page":162,"text":"navigator’s position. These would include colored smoke and colored star clusters to aid in identification.","rect":[90.0,106.97503662109375,513.6782178878784,97.86685943603516]},{"page":162,"text":"5-117. Plan for maintenance and repair contingencies based on the mission, the terrain and weather in the","rect":[90.0,124.67529296875,522.1092805938721,115.5671157836914]},{"page":162,"text":"AO, mission duration, and maintenance experience. A detachment normally carries one general mechanic’s","rect":[90.0,136.37567138671876,522.2669818382263,127.26749420166016]},{"page":162,"text":"toolbox, with metric supplement. In addition, each vehicle carries its own operator vehicle maintenance set","rect":[90.0,148.0560760498047,522.0528941116334,138.96792602539063]},{"page":162,"text":"and a small supply of motor oil, transmission fluid, and brake fluid for basic maintenance needs. ","rect":[90.0,159.7763671875,479.0616102218628,150.66818237304688]},{"page":162,"text":"5-118. For long duration missions, a trailer towed by a second and third vehicle can carry additional","rect":[90.0,177.4766845703125,522.0262827835084,168.36849975585938]},{"page":162,"text":"maintenance supplies. Each vehicle should also carry one complete replacement set of fluids, including","rect":[90.0,189.17706298828126,521.9979152679443,180.06887817382813]},{"page":162,"text":"motor oil, transmission fluid, brake fluid, and antifreeze. Each vehicle should also carry basic spare parts","rect":[90.0,200.87738037109376,522.0062396507263,191.76919555664063]},{"page":162,"text":"such as fan belts, upper and lower radiator hoses, and main fuel tank drain plugs. Construct a battle-","rect":[90.0,212.57781982421876,522.0336816368103,203.46963500976563]},{"page":162,"text":"damage repair kit with such items as a tire plug kit, automotive liquid metal, assorted hose clamps, and","rect":[90.0,224.27813720703126,522.0392971038818,215.16995239257813]},{"page":162,"text":"radiator repair kit (FM 4-30.31). ","rect":[90.0,235.95848083496095,222.51447582244874,226.87033081054688]},{"page":162,"text":"5-119. On long-duration missions requiring trailer usage, construct an additional spare parts box to carry","rect":[90.0,253.67877197265626,521.9865627288818,244.57058715820313]},{"page":162,"text":"such items as starter, alternator, half shafts, glow plugs, and battery. The team will normally carry enough","rect":[90.0,265.379150390625,521.9980983734131,256.2709655761719]},{"page":162,"text":"POL and replacement parts to repair any maintenance problem in the field within their capability. Once","rect":[90.0009994506836,277.0794677734375,522.0473909454346,267.9712829589844]},{"page":162,"text":"everything is packed and ready for deployment, strap down and secure all equipment and supplies. All","rect":[90.0009994506836,288.7799072265625,522.1269297561646,279.6717224121094]},{"page":162,"text":"equipment must be tied down securely for cross-country driving.","rect":[90.0009994506836,300.4801940917969,350.0457715988159,291.37200927734377]},{"page":162,"text":"Operational Employment","rect":[72.0,319.460693359375,192.00932141494753,309.65557861328127]},{"page":162,"text":"5-120. The success of the mission and survival of the LRS team lies in its ability to infiltrate, move,","rect":[90.0,337.0743103027344,522.1298170089722,327.96612548828127]},{"page":162,"text":"conduct operations, and exfiltrate--all without being detected. In mounted operations, survival depends on","rect":[90.0,348.7746887207031,522.0023097991943,339.66650390625]},{"page":162,"text":"moving mostly during times of limited visibility and using proper camouflage techniques at all other times.","rect":[89.9990005493164,360.4749755859375,519.7679395675659,351.3667907714844]},{"page":162,"text":"Infiltration and Exfiltration","rect":[72.0,380.09429931640627,188.11262416076662,369.9960021972656]},{"page":162,"text":"5-121. The threat to each method of infiltration and exfiltration is different. The following paragraphs","rect":[89.99960327148438,398.0942077636719,521.9988543968201,388.98602294921877]},{"page":162,"text":"illustrate typical threats to a mounted team when infiltrating by air or by ground.","rect":[89.99860382080078,409.79461669921877,412.9792432785034,400.6864318847656]},{"page":162,"text":"Air infiltration and Exfiltration","rect":[71.99870300292969,427.55499267578127,202.05950831604006,418.6171569824219]},{"page":162,"text":"5-122. Mounted LRS teams infiltrating and exfiltrating by air must avoid an extensive and integrated","rect":[89.99860382080078,445.13507080078127,522.0400295257568,436.0268859863281]},{"page":162,"text":"enemy air defense system. Such a system  provides  complete  coverage  at  all  altitudes  with  a  high","rect":[89.99860382080078,456.83551025390627,522.0906887054443,447.7273254394531]},{"page":162,"text":"redundancy of coverage in heavily defended areas. Soviet doctrine, currently used by many nations, has","rect":[89.99860382080078,468.5357971191406,522.0418231468201,459.4276123046875]},{"page":162,"text":"tried to improve low-altitude detection.","rect":[89.99860382080078,480.2161560058594,247.31190013885499,471.1280212402344]},{"page":162,"text":"Ground Infiltration and Exfiltration","rect":[71.99870300292969,497.9966125488281,222.26043605041506,489.05877685546877]},{"page":162,"text":"5-123. Mounted LRS teams infiltrating and exfiltrating by land must avoid security forces. These forces","rect":[89.99860382080078,515.57666015625,522.0178973655701,506.4684753417969]},{"page":162,"text":"employ sensors, minefields, barriers, patrols, checkpoints, and other populace control measures to detect","rect":[89.99860382080078,527.277099609375,522.0129160842896,518.1689453125]},{"page":162,"text":"clandestine movement across closed borders. Once the mounted team crosses the border, it still faces rear","rect":[89.99960327148438,537.0,521.9808251914978,529.8692626953125]},{"page":162,"text":"area security threats.","rect":[89.99960327148438,550.6777954101563,172.64556407928468,541.5696411132813]},{"page":162,"text":"Planning Considerations","rect":[72.0,569.66064453125,187.81925448989868,559.85546875]},{"page":162,"text":"5-124. The following paragraphs address the planning considerations for air and ground infiltration:","rect":[90.0,587.274169921875,499.0183787307739,578.166015625]},{"page":162,"text":"Air Infiltration","rect":[72.0000991821289,605.03466796875,134.06082057189944,596.0968017578125]},{"page":162,"text":"5-125. The mounted LRS team can use several platforms to infiltrate its mission area.","rect":[90.0,622.5946655273438,443.1222791671753,613.5065307617188]},{"page":162,"text":"5-36","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":162,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":162,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":163,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":163,"text":"C-17A","rect":[90.0,81.56026458740235,116.20229840469361,74.63644409179688]},{"page":163,"text":"5-126. The C-17A Globemaster","rect":[107.9999008178711,99.2606430053711,259.35295653915406,92.1664810180664]},{"page":163,"text":"considerations include—","rect":[107.9999008178711,110.95099639892578,208.0059471130371,103.86685943603516]},{"page":163,"text":"III","rect":[269.98419189453127,99.120361328125,280.0162255821228,92.48712158203125]},{"page":163,"text":"can","rect":[290.64739990234377,99.25061798095703,304.5771999359131,94.51116180419922]},{"page":163,"text":"be","rect":[315.20849609375,99.25061798095703,324.6784029083252,92.1664810180664]},{"page":163,"text":"used","rect":[335.3096008300781,99.25061798095703,353.70934104919436,92.1664810180664]},{"page":163,"text":"as","rect":[364.3194885253906,99.25061798095703,372.6731708030701,94.51116180419922]},{"page":163,"text":"an","rect":[383.30047607421877,99.20052337646485,392.76637840270998,94.51116180419922]},{"page":163,"text":"infiltration","rect":[403.3936767578125,99.25061798095703,446.3363857269287,92.1664810180664]},{"page":163,"text":"platform.","rect":[456.9037780761719,101.25462341308594,493.85268688201907,92.1664810180664]},{"page":163,"text":"Planning","rect":[504.4198913574219,101.274658203125,540.1000881195068,92.1664810180664]},{"page":163,"text":"• Travel time to operational area is greatly reduced.","rect":[143.99978637695313,130.67529296875,354.60613536834719,121.5671157836914]},{"page":163,"text":"• Team can carry a mounted weapons system.","rect":[143.99978637695313,148.3756103515625,331.92568492889407,139.26742553710938]},{"page":163,"text":"• Vehicle is mission-ready, except weapons system is unloaded.","rect":[143.99978637695313,166.07598876953126,404.4395704269409,156.96780395507813]},{"page":163,"text":"• Aircraft can carry an entire team with trailers loaded and prepared for movement.","rect":[143.99978637695313,183.77630615234376,481.38750743865969,174.66812133789063]},{"page":163,"text":"• Team can carry spare parts and additional mission equipment such as trailers and pallets.","rect":[143.99978637695313,201.47662353515626,511.07839488983157,192.36843872070313]},{"page":163,"text":"• Runway must be C-17A-capable, with a packed dirt runway at least 916 meters long.","rect":[143.99978637695313,219.17694091796876,495.97829723358157,210.06875610351563]},{"page":163,"text":"C-130/MC-130 ","rect":[90.0,234.8632354736328,153.8748426437378,227.76907348632813]},{"page":163,"text":"5-127. The C-130 Hercules aircraft has a great deal of advantages as an infiltration platform. Important","rect":[107.9999008178711,254.57763671875,540.0788340530396,245.46945190429688]},{"page":163,"text":"planning considerations include—","rect":[107.9999008178711,266.27801513671877,245.70550155639649,257.1698303222656]},{"page":163,"text":"• The team can fit two vehicles per aircraft.","rect":[143.99978637695313,283.9582214355469,322.3916883468628,274.8700866699219]},{"page":163,"text":"• Weapons systems can be mounted.","rect":[143.99978637695313,301.6785888671875,294.83330821990969,292.5704040527344]},{"page":163,"text":"• Vehicle is mission-ready, except weapons system is unloaded.","rect":[143.99978637695313,319.37896728515627,404.4395704269409,310.2707824707031]},{"page":163,"text":"• Everyone can ride on the aircraft.","rect":[143.99978637695313,337.07928466796877,289.1834669113159,327.9710998535156]},{"page":163,"text":"• On the C-130, vehicle fuel tanks must be half-empty (without waiver). ","rect":[143.99978637695313,354.77960205078127,440.28652477264407,345.6714172363281]},{"page":163,"text":"• On the MC-130, vehicles allowed on board with a full tank, with prior coordination.","rect":[143.99978637695313,372.4599304199219,492.81475353240969,363.3717956542969]},{"page":163,"text":"• These aircraft require a C-130-capable dirt strip (916 meters).","rect":[143.99978637695313,390.1602478027344,402.51397228240969,381.0721130371094]},{"page":163,"text":"CH-47 Helicopter, Internal Load","rect":[90.0,407.86053466796877,223.32767295837403,398.77239990234377]},{"page":163,"text":"5-128. The basic HMMWV will fit inside a CH-47 helicopter with two inches of clearance around the","rect":[107.9999008178711,425.5609436035156,539.9942293243408,416.4728088378906]},{"page":163,"text":"vehicle (Figure 5-16). This clearance makes for a very tight fit and must be carefully rehearsed with the","rect":[107.9999008178711,437.28131103515627,540.0404939727783,428.1731262207031]},{"page":163,"text":"aircrew. Planning considerations include—","rect":[107.9999008178711,448.9816589355469,281.3720512390137,439.87347412109377]},{"page":163,"text":"•","rect":[143.99978637695313,464.0,147.5067865371704,460.0]},{"page":163,"text":"•","rect":[143.99978637695313,480.143798828125,147.5067865371704,477.68890380859377]},{"page":163,"text":"•","rect":[143.99978637695313,497.8441162109375,147.5067865371704,495.38922119140627]},{"page":163,"text":"•","rect":[143.99978637695313,515.5444946289063,147.5067865371704,513.089599609375]},{"page":163,"text":"Crew must rig the vehicle.","rect":[154.82760620117188,466.6819763183594,260.85467052459719,457.57379150390627]},{"page":163,"text":"No objects may extend from the top or sides of the vehicle.","rect":[154.79849243164063,484.38226318359377,392.11416149139407,475.2640686035156]},{"page":163,"text":"The weapon system is stored.","rect":[154.79849243164063,502.08258056640627,273.0913953781128,492.9743957519531]},{"page":163,"text":"The team cannot use trailers.","rect":[154.79818725585938,517.7589111328125,270.2470655441284,510.6747741699219]},{"page":163,"text":"• Available rehearsal time with driver and aircrew.","rect":[143.99978637695313,535.459228515625,351.6026563644409,528.3751220703125]},{"page":163,"text":"• A requirement for flat LZ or PZ. Any surface undulation will cause the internal frame of the","rect":[143.99978637695313,555.18359375,524.4898958282471,546.075439453125]},{"page":163,"text":"CH-47 to bend. This bend will lock the GMV in the helicopter or prevent it from being loaded","rect":[154.79930114746095,566.8839721679688,533.4640407562256,557.7758178710938]},{"page":163,"text":"or unloaded.","rect":[154.79930114746095,576.5602416992188,205.07007884979249,569.4761352539063]},{"page":163,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":163,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":163,"text":"5-37","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":164,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":164,"text":"Figure 5-16. Procedures for loading HMMWV into CH-47 for infiltration.","rect":[146.33999633789063,355.5210266113281,447.73481860351566,347.0880126953125]},{"page":164,"text":"MH-47 Helicopter, Sling Load","rect":[72.0,373.2543029785156,195.31346702575685,364.1461181640625]},{"page":164,"text":"5-129. Using procedures developed with 5th SFG(A) and 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment,","rect":[89.9999008178711,390.95458984375,522.0158033370972,381.8464050292969]},{"page":164,"text":"the MH-47 can land, hook up the vehicle, and load the vehicle crew on the same aircraft. The procedures","rect":[89.9989013671875,402.63494873046877,522.0003192405701,393.54681396484377]},{"page":164,"text":"for working with an MH-47 are different from conventional sling load operations and require coordination","rect":[89.9989013671875,414.35528564453127,522.0407619476318,405.2471008300781]},{"page":164,"text":"and rehearsals. Planning considerations include the following:","rect":[89.9989013671875,426.0556945800781,339.5673289260864,416.947509765625]},{"page":164,"text":"• Need for additional sling sets.","rect":[125.9988021850586,443.7560119628906,256.9771680831909,434.6478271484375]},{"page":164,"text":"• Rigging the vehicle.","rect":[125.9988021850586,461.456298828125,217.85521984100343,452.3481140136719]},{"page":164,"text":"• Rehearsal with aircrew.","rect":[125.9988021850586,477.1326599121094,231.69922924041749,470.04852294921877]},{"page":164,"text":"Ground infiltration","rect":[71.9990005493164,496.9170837402344,152.0037069244385,487.979248046875]},{"page":164,"text":"5-130. The HMMWV leaves a unique vehicle signature, and its tracks are difficult to conceal. Take","rect":[89.9989013671875,514.4971923828125,522.0251131134033,505.3890075683594]},{"page":164,"text":"extreme care during route selection. ","rect":[89.9979019165039,526.1976318359375,236.46148204803468,517.0894775390625]},{"page":164,"text":"Range","rect":[71.99800109863281,543.8978881835938,97.66323567199707,535.1103515625]},{"page":164,"text":"5-131. Mission planning range for a mounted LRS team with a full combat load is 10 days or 1,000 miles","rect":[89.9979019165039,561.5982055664063,522.2682635765076,552.4900512695313]},{"page":164,"text":"without resupply. A combat loaded HMMWV can expect to carry at least six additional 5-gallon fuel cans","rect":[89.9979019165039,573.298583984375,521.9911639671326,564.1904296875]},{"page":164,"text":"and six 5-gallon water cans on the back of the vehicle. This planning range can be extended to 10+ days or","rect":[89.99689483642578,584.9989624023438,522.0548608360291,575.8908081054688]},{"page":164,"text":"1,000+ miles if using trailers to carry more supplies (fuel, food, and water), or if using an advanced","rect":[89.99689483642578,596.6992797851563,521.9863796234131,587.5911254882813]},{"page":164,"text":"operational base or caches for en route resupply.","rect":[89.99689483642578,608.3995971679688,284.6484327316284,599.2914428710938]},{"page":164,"text":"Rigging of Vehicle","rect":[71.99700164794922,626.0999755859375,146.64518452453613,616.9918212890625]},{"page":164,"text":"5-132. A common mistake is to take everything when using a vehicle. Take care to properly load and","rect":[89.99689483642578,643.80029296875,522.0635890960693,634.692138671875]},{"page":164,"text":"configure the vehicles for a long distance movement.","rect":[89.99689483642578,655.5006713867188,302.7600049972534,646.3925170898438]},{"page":164,"text":"Trailer(s)","rect":[71.99700164794922,673.1809692382813,110.91969848251343,664.0928344726563]},{"page":164,"text":"5-133.","rect":[89.99689483642578,688.8572387695313,116.0238447189331,681.9735107421875]},{"page":164,"text":"These can be taken for use en route or cached.","rect":[125.99679565429688,688.8772583007813,311.7927198410034,681.7931518554688]},{"page":164,"text":"5-38","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":164,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":164,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":165,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":165,"text":"Fundamentals of Movement","rect":[90.0,83.57427978515625,202.1190562210083,74.46610260009766]},{"page":165,"text":"5-134. When planning and conducting movement, consider the below listed fundamentals of movement","rect":[107.9999008178711,101.274658203125,540.0368418655396,92.1664810180664]},{"page":165,"text":"to reduce the chance of enemy observation and contact.","rect":[107.9999008178711,112.97503662109375,330.5928907394409,103.86685943603516]},{"page":165,"text":"Cover and Concealment","rect":[90.0,128.66127014160157,187.61299848175049,121.5671157836914]},{"page":165,"text":"5-135. Use terrain features and vegetation that offer protection from enemy observation. When using","rect":[107.9999008178711,142.37567138671876,540.0139675140381,133.26748657226563]},{"page":165,"text":"cover and concealment to its full advantage, personnel will usually need to compromise between security","rect":[107.9999008178711,154.07598876953126,540.0380153656006,144.96780395507813]},{"page":165,"text":"and speed of movement.","rect":[107.9999008178711,165.75633239746095,205.9934949874878,156.66818237304688]},{"page":165,"text":"Skylining","rect":[90.0,182.4566650390625,127.29439353942871,173.34848022460938]},{"page":165,"text":"5-136. Avoid skylining. Select routes that avoid high ground that may silhouette the vehicles.","rect":[107.9999008178711,199.136962890625,490.58462047576907,190.02877807617188]},{"page":165,"text":"Chokepoints ","rect":[90.0,215.79722595214845,142.67821788787843,206.70907592773438]},{"page":165,"text":"5-137. Avoid chokepoints. Chokepoints or areas where the terrain naturally channels routes are often","rect":[107.9999008178711,232.49755859375,540.0373439788818,223.38937377929688]},{"page":165,"text":"sites for ambushes or areas that the enemy may have under observation. If a chokepoint proves impossible","rect":[107.9999008178711,244.1978759765625,539.9801912384033,235.08969116210938]},{"page":165,"text":"to avoid, then reconnoiter it thoroughly before moving through it.","rect":[107.9999008178711,255.8983154296875,371.6224012374878,246.79013061523438]},{"page":165,"text":"Populated Areas","rect":[90.0,272.5585632324219,157.20583987045289,263.4704284667969]},{"page":165,"text":"5-138. Avoid known or suspected populated areas. For example, in desert environments, this means all","rect":[107.9999008178711,289.2388610839844,540.0868296585084,280.1507263183594]},{"page":165,"text":"water holes, because the populace--and the enemy--know all the water holes. A mounted LRS team cannot","rect":[107.9999008178711,300.9591979980469,540.0243296585084,291.85101318359377]},{"page":165,"text":"move covertly if people know they are in the area.","rect":[107.9999008178711,312.6595153808594,309.65362071990969,303.55133056640627]},{"page":165,"text":"Movement Discipline","rect":[90.0,329.31976318359377,175.42849446105957,320.23162841796877]},{"page":165,"text":"5-139. Practice movement discipline. Movement discipline means adhering to your light, noise, litter, and","rect":[107.9999008178711,346.02008056640627,540.0928249359131,336.9118957519531]},{"page":165,"text":"interval rules. It also means keeping your speed slow enough so that you do not leave a large dust signature","rect":[107.9999008178711,357.72052001953127,540.3883943634033,348.6123352050781]},{"page":165,"text":"(usually 10 to 12 miles per hour [mph] on most surfaces at night, slower during the day).","rect":[107.9999008178711,369.4208984375,464.21197032928469,360.3127136230469]},{"page":165,"text":"Security","rect":[89.9990005493164,386.1011047363281,122.84155751037598,377.16326904296877]},{"page":165,"text":"5-140. Maintain 360-degree security at all times to avoid being surprised. The team leader or the unit","rect":[107.9989013671875,403.801513671875,540.0444712600709,394.6933288574219]},{"page":165,"text":"SOP assigns a sector of fire and observation to each vehicle during movement and at halts.","rect":[107.9989013671875,415.5018005371094,471.95720958709719,406.39361572265627]},{"page":165,"text":"Routes and Contingencies","rect":[89.9990005493164,433.20220947265627,194.82227968978882,424.0940246582031]},{"page":165,"text":"5-141. Make sure all team members know the route and contingency plans.","rect":[107.9989013671875,450.9024963378906,417.0628614425659,441.7943115234375]},{"page":165,"text":"Methods of Travel","rect":[90.0,467.6627502441406,176.74859160614015,460.0865478515625]},{"page":165,"text":"5-142. There are two methods of travel in the operational area. Either on existing tracks, trails, or roads,","rect":[108.0,487.4942932128906,540.0118360519409,478.3861083984375]},{"page":165,"text":"or traveling cross-country. Each has advantages and disadvantages:","rect":[108.0,499.1947021484375,378.5079722366333,490.0865173339844]},{"page":165,"text":"Tracks, Trails, or Roads","rect":[143.99989318847657,515.0,244.1609942893982,508.0172424316406]},{"page":165,"text":"Advantages include speed of movement, hard-packed trails that do not easily yield readable","rect":[154.7993927001953,534.53515625,522.2819490509033,525.427001953125]},{"page":165,"text":"prints and signs of passage, quietness of movement, less stress on vehicles and tires, and","rect":[166.31838989257813,546.235595703125,521.1380519866943,537.12744140625]},{"page":165,"text":"sometimes easier navigation. ","rect":[166.31838989257813,557.9359130859375,284.75567150115969,548.8277587890625]},{"page":165,"text":"Disadvantages are a greater chance of being seen or compromised, natural lanes of observation","rect":[154.7983856201172,575.63623046875,537.1815700531006,566.528076171875]},{"page":165,"text":"and fire for the enemy, and more probable mechanical or manual ambushes. The HMMWV","rect":[166.31838989257813,587.3366088867188,533.4554486312866,578.2284545898438]},{"page":165,"text":"leaves a distinctive tire trail unlike any other truck.","rect":[166.31838989257813,599.036865234375,370.42022228240969,589.9287109375]},{"page":165,"text":"Cross-Country","rect":[143.99888610839845,616.79736328125,204.71406269836425,607.8594970703125]},{"page":165,"text":"Advantages to traveling cross-country include less chance of enemy observation or contact,","rect":[154.7993927001953,634.3775024414063,521.5309400558472,625.2693481445313]},{"page":165,"text":"usually more cover and concealment, and less chance of an ambush. ","rect":[166.31939697265626,646.0777587890625,442.25518321990969,636.9696044921875]},{"page":165,"text":"Disadvantages are slower rates of movement, more noticeable vehicle tracks and signs of","rect":[154.7993927001953,663.7781982421875,513.8240563926697,654.6700439453125]},{"page":165,"text":"passage, greater tire failure and vehicle stress, and more difficult navigation. The team must","rect":[166.31939697265626,675.478515625,534.9061655960084,666.370361328125]},{"page":165,"text":"rehearse cross-country movement in terrain as close as possible to that of the target area","rect":[166.31939697265626,687.1788940429688,518.8545808868408,678.0707397460938]},{"page":165,"text":"before deployment.","rect":[166.31939697265626,698.8792114257813,244.2707929611206,689.7710571289063]},{"page":165,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":165,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":165,"text":"5-39","rect":[522.09765625,754.0679931640625,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":166,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":166,"text":"MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES AND MOVEMENT FORMATIONS","rect":[72.0,85.16641998291016,354.16718101501467,75.51602172851563]},{"page":166,"text":"5-143. Movement  techniques  combined  with  movement formations allow units  to  conduct  tactical","rect":[90.0,103.59428405761719,522.0665659866334,94.50614166259766]},{"page":166,"text":"movement in any METT-TC situation. These combinations can be used when all elements are mounted, or","rect":[90.0,115.314697265625,521.9652001914978,106.2065200805664]},{"page":166,"text":"when there is a combination of mounted and dismounted forces, regardless of what type of vehicle is used.","rect":[90.0,127.0150146484375,518.2972974777222,117.9068374633789]},{"page":166,"text":"Movement Techniques","rect":[72.0,145.978759765625,178.49280795669555,136.19557189941407]},{"page":166,"text":"5-144. The three standard movement  techniques  are  traveling,  traveling  overwatch,  and  bounding","rect":[90.0,163.61431884765626,522.0203151702881,154.50613403320313]},{"page":166,"text":"overwatch. Different movement techniques are used based on the likelihood of enemy contact. ","rect":[90.0,175.314697265625,471.86233043670657,166.20651245117188]},{"page":166,"text":"Traveling--The traveling movement technique is used when enemy contact is not expected or","rect":[125.9999008178711,193.07513427734376,501.3686425743103,183.96694946289063]},{"page":166,"text":"likely.","rect":[136.7993927001953,204.7755126953125,162.07505321502686,195.66732788085938]},{"page":166,"text":"Traveling Overwatch--The traveling overwatch movement technique is used when enemy contact","rect":[125.9999008178711,222.535888671875,519.1377940139771,213.42770385742188]},{"page":166,"text":"is possible.","rect":[136.7993927001953,234.2162322998047,181.3719129562378,225.12808227539063]},{"page":166,"text":"Bounding Overwatch--The bounding overwatch movement technique is used when enemy","rect":[125.9999008178711,251.9967041015625,491.27123069763186,242.88851928710938]},{"page":166,"text":"contact is likely or expected.","rect":[136.80039978027345,263.69708251953127,251.81499767303468,254.58889770507813]},{"page":166,"text":"Formations","rect":[72.0,280.4627380371094,126.36416873550415,272.8755798339844]},{"page":166,"text":"5-145. The mounted LRS team can employ a number of different movement formations depending on the","rect":[90.0,300.2943115234375,522.0475740509033,291.1861267089844]},{"page":166,"text":"number of vehicles and the situation.  ","rect":[90.0,309.9705505371094,243.26232433319093,302.88641357421877]},{"page":166,"text":"Column and Staggered Column--Use this formation when speed is essential as it moves on a","rect":[125.9999008178711,329.7550964355469,501.66198445129398,320.64691162109377]},{"page":166,"text":"designated route. The column offers good protection to the flacks, but little to the front and","rect":[136.80039978027345,341.45550537109377,502.38011741638186,332.3473205566406]},{"page":166,"text":"rear. The lead vehicle or section normally controls column movement by following the planned","rect":[136.80039978027345,353.15582275390627,519.3609523773193,344.0476379394531]},{"page":166,"text":"route and speed. The staggered column is used in open terrain. Use the visibility rule for","rect":[136.80039978027345,364.856201171875,491.17424560165406,355.7480163574219]},{"page":166,"text":"interval. ","rect":[136.80039978027345,374.532470703125,172.46032238006593,367.4483337402344]},{"page":166,"text":"Illumination conditions, terrain and vegetation, and night vision equipment affect this rule. The","rect":[135.00079345703126,394.2569274902344,516.9170198516846,385.14874267578127]},{"page":166,"text":"driver keeps the vehicle to his front in sight.","rect":[136.80039978027345,405.95721435546877,313.83428478240969,396.8490295410156]},{"page":166,"text":"Line Formation--Use this formation is best used when maximum reconnaissance forward is","rect":[126.00090026855469,421.71368408203127,496.06217837142949,414.6094970703125]},{"page":166,"text":"needed.","rect":[136.80039978027345,433.3939208984375,167.7541913986206,426.3097839355469]},{"page":166,"text":"Wedge and VEE Formations--Use these formations when immediate mutual support and depth is","rect":[126.00090026855469,453.1784973144531,519.6827533226013,444.0703125]},{"page":166,"text":"desired. In the wedge formation, the vehicle(s) in the middle of the formation are forward. In","rect":[136.80039978027345,464.8787841796875,509.60924339294436,455.7705993652344]},{"page":166,"text":"the VEE formation, the vehicle(s) on the flanks are forward. These formations can also be used","rect":[136.80039978027345,476.55914306640627,518.9056301116943,467.47100830078127]},{"page":166,"text":"with extremely wide intervals, determined by visibility, to conduct reconnaissance operations","rect":[136.80039978027345,488.2795104980469,511.3991229515076,479.17132568359377]},{"page":166,"text":"(Figure 5-17).","rect":[136.80140686035157,499.9798889160156,193.21422863006593,490.8717041015625]},{"page":166,"text":"Diamond Formation--Use this formation when crossing extremely large open areas. Each section","rect":[126.00189971923828,517.7402954101563,519.4233303070068,508.6321105957031]},{"page":166,"text":"forms a side of the box when moving forward. Visibility determines the interval between","rect":[136.80140686035157,529.440673828125,493.8781032562256,520.33251953125]},{"page":166,"text":"vehicles in each section. The interval between sections should not be greater than 900 to 1,000","rect":[136.80140686035157,541.1409912109375,516.2618618011475,532.0328369140625]},{"page":166,"text":"meters. This formation is hard to control; therefore, the sections plan for and designate rally","rect":[136.80039978027345,552.8414306640625,505.2632350921631,543.7332763671875]},{"page":166,"text":"points before they separate.","rect":[136.80039978027345,564.5416870117188,247.1527967453003,555.4335327148438]},{"page":166,"text":"5-40","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":166,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":166,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":167,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":167,"text":"Figure 5-17. HMMWVs in wedge formation.","rect":[224.0399932861328,241.9409942626953,405.96635546875,233.50799560546876]},{"page":167,"text":"Actions at Halts","rect":[90.0,259.7026062011719,165.87493381118774,251.4478759765625]},{"page":167,"text":"5-146. Any time the team conducts a planned halt (short or long), it will also conduct a coordinated","rect":[108.0,279.71417236328127,539.9587306976318,270.6059875488281]},{"page":167,"text":"shutdown of all vehicles. The team leader initiates the shutdown using hand and arm signals. He exits his","rect":[108.0,291.4145812988281,540.0933978538513,282.306396484375]},{"page":167,"text":"vehicle and stands where everyone can see him. He waves his arm in a circle over his head, and then drops","rect":[108.0,303.1148986816406,540.0260150413513,294.0067138671875]},{"page":167,"text":"it toward the ground. This signals all vehicles to shut down their engines at the same time. When the halt is","rect":[108.0,314.8153076171875,540.0229022483826,305.7071228027344]},{"page":167,"text":"over, he uses the same procedure to signal all drivers to start their engines at the same time. If neither the","rect":[108.0,326.5155944824219,539.9889803009033,317.40740966796877]},{"page":167,"text":"leader nor the assistant leader can visually signal all of the vehicles at the same time, then either may use","rect":[108.0,338.21600341796877,539.9750642852783,329.1078186035156]},{"page":167,"text":"the radio to indicate engine shutdown or engine on. Although radio use should be avoided to lessen the","rect":[108.0009994506836,349.9162902832031,540.0566682891846,340.80810546875]},{"page":167,"text":"team’s radio signature, it can be conducted safely if done properly. Once the vehicles have been shut down,","rect":[108.0009994506836,361.61669921875,540.0850782394409,352.5085144042969]},{"page":167,"text":"and before any other functions take place, the team conducts a security listening halt. The commander sets","rect":[108.0009994506836,373.3170166015625,540.0904681663513,364.2088317871094]},{"page":167,"text":"the duration for halts during planning or in team SOPs. Short-duration halts are used to communicate with","rect":[108.0009994506836,385.01739501953127,540.0077419281006,375.9092102050781]},{"page":167,"text":"higher headquarters, make necessary repairs, or establish a satellite position fix on a GPS receiver. For","rect":[108.0009994506836,396.7176818847656,540.1104638633728,387.6094970703125]},{"page":167,"text":"halts of less than 15 minutes, the team remains in formation. Personnel man all vehicle weapons and","rect":[108.0009994506836,408.39801025390627,540.0216579437256,399.30987548828127]},{"page":167,"text":"establish 360-degree security. For halts of more than 15 minutes, the team tries to move off its direction of ","rect":[108.0009994506836,420.118408203125,542.5457105636597,411.0102233886719]},{"page":167,"text":"travel and reform. During the halt, the team performs necessary tasks. Each Soldier receives a briefing on","rect":[108.0009994506836,431.8188171386719,540.0945949554443,422.71063232421877]},{"page":167,"text":"the present location. An updated contingency plan is issued if needed.","rect":[108.0009994506836,443.5191955566406,388.4819288253784,434.4110107421875]},{"page":167,"text":"Coil","rect":[90.0010986328125,459.2655944824219,107.24757337188722,452.3417663574219]},{"page":167,"text":"5-147. Use this formation when moving in a column formation or along a road or trail. The team moves","rect":[108.0009994506836,478.85968017578127,539.9636371116638,469.7514953613281]},{"page":167,"text":"into a partial perimeter along the route of march. Members of each vehicle observe their assigned section","rect":[108.0009994506836,490.55999755859377,540.0693874359131,481.4518127441406]},{"page":167,"text":"of the perimeter. The terrain determines vehicle interval, but it is seldom less than 50 meters. ","rect":[108.0009994506836,502.2403869628906,482.94243907928469,493.1522521972656]},{"page":167,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":167,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":167,"text":"5-41","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":168,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":168,"text":"Laager Sites","rect":[72.0,83.63427734375,123.51578402328491,74.69644165039063]},{"page":168,"text":"5-148. A laager site is a secure vehicle encampment. Mounted teams should use this site to maintain","rect":[89.9999008178711,101.21435546875,522.0399074554443,92.1061782836914]},{"page":168,"text":"vehicles, rest crews, plan missions, and hide during daylight. ","rect":[89.9999008178711,112.9146728515625,336.6263380050659,103.8064956665039]},{"page":168,"text":"Types","rect":[72.0,130.6151123046875,95.39269137191772,121.82757568359375]},{"page":168,"text":"5-149. The two types of laager sites are short duration (occupied for only one period of daylight) or long","rect":[89.9999008178711,148.31536865234376,521.9711818695068,139.20718383789063]},{"page":168,"text":"duration (occupied for longer than one period of daylight). During route planning, select tentative primary","rect":[89.9999008178711,160.01580810546876,522.0560817718506,150.90762329101563]},{"page":168,"text":"and alternate laager sites on the primary and alternate routes. The team should arrive in the general area of ","rect":[89.9999008178711,171.716064453125,524.5615186691284,162.60787963867188]},{"page":168,"text":"the laager sites about two hours before begin morning nautical twilight (BMNT). This allows time for a","rect":[89.9999008178711,183.41644287109376,522.0648470001221,174.30825805664063]},{"page":168,"text":"proper reconnaissance and emplacement and camouflage of the vehicles before first light. Upon reachinga","rect":[89.9999008178711,195.11676025390626,521.9994783477783,186.00857543945313]},{"page":168,"text":"tentative laager site, or before first light, the ATV element or a dismounted element can reconnoiter it.","rect":[89.9999008178711,206.817138671875,521.9989576339722,197.70895385742188]},{"page":168,"text":"Once the site is selected, the assistant team leader enters the site on foot and directs incoming vehicles into","rect":[89.9999008178711,218.51751708984376,522.0089626312256,209.40933227539063]},{"page":168,"text":"position. As each vehicle moves into position, its members receive their areas of responsibility. After the","rect":[89.9989013671875,230.21783447265626,522.0944490509033,221.10964965820313]},{"page":168,"text":"team is in place, it conducts a listening period to determine if there is any activity in the area. ","rect":[89.9989013671875,241.91815185546876,465.41619396209719,232.80996704101563]},{"page":168,"text":"Tasks","rect":[71.9990005493164,257.57452392578127,94.84860873031616,250.51040649414063]},{"page":168,"text":"5-150. After the listening period, tasks (in order of priority) are—","rect":[89.9989013671875,277.31884765625,361.3378715515137,268.2106628417969]},{"page":168,"text":"•  Security.","rect":[125.9988021850586,295.0191955566406,172.68189525604249,285.9110107421875]},{"page":168,"text":"• Launch a dismounted patrol to erase signs of vehicles into the laager site out to a predetermined","rect":[125.9988021850586,312.7196044921875,521.2227077484131,303.6114196777344]},{"page":168,"text":"distance set by unit SOP.","rect":[136.7982940673828,324.4198913574219,237.35828685760499,315.31170654296877]},{"page":168,"text":"• Camouflage one vehicle, or one vehicle per section, at a time. The others provide security.","rect":[125.9988021850586,342.1202087402344,499.4049940109253,333.01202392578127]},{"page":168,"text":"• Confirm sectors of fire and prepare range cards.","rect":[125.9988021850586,359.82061767578127,329.0943555831909,350.7124328613281]},{"page":168,"text":"• Emplace early warning devices or claymores.","rect":[125.9988021850586,377.5209045410156,319.3057508468628,368.4127197265625]},{"page":168,"text":"• Establish observation posts (OPs) or listening posts (LPs), if necessary.","rect":[125.9988021850586,395.2212219238281,423.18548107147219,386.113037109375]},{"page":168,"text":"• Establish field telephone communications to each vehicle.","rect":[125.9988021850586,412.9015197753906,369.7182569503784,403.8133850097656]},{"page":168,"text":"• Reduce security, refuel, perform maintenance, and attend to personal hygiene.","rect":[125.9988021850586,430.62188720703127,450.10625743865969,421.5137023925781]},{"page":168,"text":"Description","rect":[71.9990005493164,448.3021545410156,119.36353874206543,439.53466796875]},{"page":168,"text":"5-151. The laager site need not resemble a circle. The terrain and vegetation play a role in locating each","rect":[89.9989013671875,466.0225830078125,522.0392971038818,456.9143981933594]},{"page":168,"text":"vehicle. All vehicles may be placed in the perimeter if necessary. When conducting detachment operations,","rect":[89.9989013671875,477.722900390625,522.0445508956909,468.6147155761719]},{"page":168,"text":"the detachment sergeant’s vehicle (number 2), is normally located in the center of the laager site. This","rect":[89.9989013671875,489.42327880859377,522.0734393577576,480.3150939941406]},{"page":168,"text":"formation resembles a triangle and allows a greater arc of fire if attacked. When selecting and preparinga","rect":[89.9989013671875,501.12359619140627,522.0330476837158,492.0154113769531]},{"page":168,"text":"LRS team’s laager site, the priority is concealment, remaining undetected, and if compromised, breaking","rect":[89.9999008178711,512.8240356445313,522.0148220062256,503.7158203125]},{"page":168,"text":"contact rapidly (Figure 5-18).","rect":[90.00090026855469,524.5242919921875,208.78188610076905,515.4161376953125]},{"page":168,"text":"Occupation","rect":[72.0009994506836,542.20458984375,118.85394859313965,533.2867431640625]},{"page":168,"text":"5-152. The LRS team may have to occupy the laager site for more than one period of daylight. Such an","rect":[90.00090026855469,559.9249877929688,522.0385646820068,550.8168334960938]},{"page":168,"text":"occupation is most common when it needs to wait for more advantageous weather or light conditions","rect":[90.00090026855469,571.6253051757813,522.0265643577576,562.5171508789063]},{"page":168,"text":"before moving, has deployed a dismounted element on a mission and must remain in the area, or is in a","rect":[90.00090026855469,583.32568359375,521.9989290313721,574.217529296875]},{"page":168,"text":"situation where repairs to equipment must be made before resuming the mission. When occupied for more","rect":[90.00090026855469,595.0260009765625,522.0052766876221,585.9178466796875]},{"page":168,"text":"than one period of daylight, additional tasks include—","rect":[90.00090026855469,606.7263793945313,308.4611625671387,597.6182250976563]},{"page":168,"text":"•","rect":[126.00080108642578,620.188232421875,129.50780124664306,617.7333374023438]},{"page":168,"text":"•","rect":[126.00080108642578,637.0,129.50780124664306,634.0]},{"page":168,"text":"•","rect":[126.00080108642578,653.0,129.50780124664306,650.0]},{"page":168,"text":"•","rect":[126.00080108642578,669.0,129.50780124664306,665.0]},{"page":168,"text":"•","rect":[126.00180053710938,696.0,129.50880069732666,693.0]},{"page":168,"text":"Enhancing early warning measures.","rect":[136.79949951171876,624.4266967773438,279.9914503097534,615.3185424804688]},{"page":168,"text":"Improving continuously defensive positions (to include defensive minefields as necessary).","rect":[136.83531188964845,640.1470947265625,502.8953504562378,631.0389404296875]},{"page":168,"text":"Conducting reconnaissance and establishing surveillance of the area. ","rect":[136.83331298828126,655.8674926757813,415.2230176925659,646.7593383789063]},{"page":168,"text":"Upon vacating the laager site, the team sterilizes the site as much as possible to deny the enemy","rect":[136.8273162841797,671.587890625,520.1970119476318,662.479736328125]},{"page":168,"text":"intelligence on its operations.","rect":[136.8013153076172,683.2882080078125,254.9403944015503,674.1800537109375]},{"page":168,"text":"Continuing to enhance concealment of the site, even if doing so reduces its potential","rect":[136.83360290527345,699.0086059570313,475.09851789093019,689.9004516601563]},{"page":168,"text":"evacuation routes.","rect":[136.80239868164063,708.6848754882813,209.85122203826905,701.6007690429688]},{"page":168,"text":"5-42","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":168,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":168,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":169,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":169,"text":"Figure 5-18. Single camouflaged HMMWV.","rect":[225.4199981689453,339.2610168457031,404.6123210449219,330.8280029296875]},{"page":169,"text":"Camouflage","rect":[90.0,358.28070068359377,146.8104683074951,348.4865417480469]},{"page":169,"text":"5-153. Mounted  LRS  teams  operating  behind  enemy  lines  need  to  stay undetected to complete the","rect":[108.0,375.894287109375,540.0235872344971,366.7861022949219]},{"page":169,"text":"mission. In an unsupported role in a desert environment, a key to remaining undetected is to use proper","rect":[108.0,387.5946960449219,539.9998071250916,378.48651123046877]},{"page":169,"text":"camouflage measures. The team’s ability to hide in the desert is limited only by the imagination and","rect":[108.0,399.2950134277344,540.0132961273193,390.18682861328127]},{"page":169,"text":"resourcefulness of its members (Figure 5-19).","rect":[108.0,410.99542236328127,291.32937145233157,401.8872375488281]},{"page":169,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":169,"text":"Figure 5-19. Multiple camouflaged HMMWVs.","rect":[219.4199981689453,714.5609741210938,410.61302294921878,706.1279907226563]},{"page":169,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":169,"text":"5-43","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":170,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":170,"text":"Camouflage Theory","rect":[72.0,83.63427734375,154.79516316223144,74.69644165039063]},{"page":170,"text":"5-154. The biggest threat to the team is detection. Detection can be by—","rect":[89.9999008178711,101.21435546875,388.7782096862793,92.1061782836914]},{"page":170,"text":"Direct Observation--Where the observer sees the subject with his eyes, either aided or unaided.","rect":[125.99980163574219,118.9146728515625,508.75014781951907,109.79647827148438]},{"page":170,"text":"Indirect Observation--Where the observer sees an image of the subject and not the subject itself.","rect":[125.99980163574219,136.6151123046875,513.2346754074097,127.49691772460938]},{"page":170,"text":"Indirect observation uses photography, radar, infrared, thermal imaging, and televideo.","rect":[136.80030822753907,148.31536865234376,485.1621961593628,139.20718383789063]},{"page":170,"text":"Factors of Recognition","rect":[72.0,166.07586669921876,167.32882594299319,157.13803100585938]},{"page":170,"text":"5-155. Regardless of the method of observation, certain factors help the eye and brain identify an object.","rect":[89.9999008178711,183.65582275390626,521.9205274581909,174.53762817382813]},{"page":170,"text":"The six factors of recognition are—","rect":[89.9999008178711,195.35626220703126,233.54088973999024,186.24807739257813]},{"page":170,"text":"Position—This factor relates to the position of the object in relation to its surroundings. In","rect":[125.99980163574219,213.05657958984376,488.6794948577881,203.93838500976563]},{"page":170,"text":"addition, position is space relative to one object and another.","rect":[136.79930114746095,224.7569580078125,380.1680860519409,215.63876342773438]},{"page":170,"text":"Shape—Experience teaches people to associate an object with its shape or outline. At a distance,","rect":[125.99980163574219,242.457275390625,513.8730421066284,233.33908081054688]},{"page":170,"text":"the outline of objects can be recognized long before the details of its makeup can be","rect":[136.80030822753907,254.15765380859376,473.82626057434086,245.03945922851563]},{"page":170,"text":"determined. Trucks, guns, tanks, and other common military items all have distinctive outlines","rect":[136.80030822753907,265.85797119140627,515.8151385765076,256.7497863769531]},{"page":170,"text":"that help to identify them.","rect":[136.80030822753907,277.558349609375,240.60920238494874,268.4501647949219]},{"page":170,"text":"Shadow—Shadow may be even more revealing than the object itself. This fact is true when","rect":[126.00080108642578,295.2586975097656,492.43114280700686,286.1405029296875]},{"page":170,"text":"viewed from the air. Sometimes it may be more important to break up or disrupt the shadow","rect":[136.80030822753907,306.9590759277344,506.10120058441165,297.85089111328127]},{"page":170,"text":"than the object itself.","rect":[136.80030822753907,318.659423828125,220.95026683807374,309.5412292480469]},{"page":170,"text":"Texture—Texture refers to the ability of an object to reflect, absorb, and diffuse light. It may be","rect":[126.00080108642578,336.35968017578127,510.36947346496586,327.2414855957031]},{"page":170,"text":"defined as the relative smoothness or roughness of a surface. A rough surface reflects little light","rect":[136.8013153076172,348.0600891113281,521.4640879592896,338.951904296875]},{"page":170,"text":"and will usually appear dark to the eye or in a photo. A smooth surface such as an airstrip,","rect":[136.8013153076172,359.7605285644531,498.6437940597534,350.65234375]},{"page":170,"text":"although it might be painted the same color as its surroundings, would show up as a lighter tone","rect":[136.8013153076172,371.4608154296875,521.4867220001221,362.3526306152344]},{"page":170,"text":"on a photo. One of the most revealing breaches of camouflage discipline is shine. Shine attracts","rect":[136.8013153076172,383.1612243652344,519.8780047874451,374.05303955078127]},{"page":170,"text":"attention by reflecting light such as sunlight or moonlight.","rect":[136.8013153076172,394.8614807128906,369.99087047576907,385.7532958984375]},{"page":170,"text":"Contrast—Color is an aid to an observer when there is a contrast between the object and its","rect":[126.00180053710938,412.5617980957031,493.45619082260137,403.443603515625]},{"page":170,"text":"background. The greater the contrast in color, the more visible the object is. Usually darker","rect":[136.8013153076172,424.26220703125,502.72200561141968,415.1440124511719]},{"page":170,"text":"shades of a given color will be less likely to attract an observer’s attention than the lighter","rect":[136.8013153076172,435.9624938964844,497.4580285606384,426.85430908203127]},{"page":170,"text":"shades.","rect":[136.8013153076172,445.63885498046877,166.0797529220581,438.5547180175781]},{"page":170,"text":"Movement—The last factor of recognition is movement. Although this factor seldom reveals the","rect":[126.00180053710938,465.3631896972656,511.60848713684086,456.2550048828125]},{"page":170,"text":"identity of an object, it is the most important one of revealing location. Movement is detected","rect":[136.80239868164063,477.0635986328125,511.4071559906006,467.9454040527344]},{"page":170,"text":"easily and usually through the observer’s peripheral vision.","rect":[136.80239868164063,488.763916015625,374.3803358078003,479.6557312011719]},{"page":170,"text":"Concealment of Objects","rect":[72.00199890136719,506.5244140625,170.57777285385132,497.5765686035156]},{"page":170,"text":"5-156. Hiding is the concealment of an object by some form of physical screen.","rect":[90.00189971923828,524.1044921875,416.4685926437378,514.9862670898438]},{"page":170,"text":"Hiding—Using thick vegetation or terrain features that screen vehicles from ground observation.","rect":[126.00180053710938,541.8048095703125,514.5723829269409,532.6966552734375]},{"page":170,"text":"In some cases, the screen itself can be invisible to detection and, at times, it is the overt screen","rect":[136.8013153076172,553.0142211914063,514.586446762085,544.3970336914063]},{"page":170,"text":"that protects the activity or equipment from observation.","rect":[136.8013153076172,565.2055053710938,362.8300733566284,556.0973510742188]},{"page":170,"text":"Blending—Arranging or applying camouflage materials on, over, or around an object so that it","rect":[126.00180053710938,582.9058837890625,506.0179820022583,573.7876586914063]},{"page":170,"text":"appears to be part of the background. Blending distinctly man-made objects into a natural","rect":[136.80239868164063,594.606201171875,496.2444529495239,585.4879760742188]},{"page":170,"text":"terrain pattern is necessary to maintain a normal and natural appearance.","rect":[136.80239868164063,606.3065795898438,427.1889600753784,597.1984252929688]},{"page":170,"text":"Disguising—Simulating an object or activity so that it looks like something else. Clever disguises","rect":[126.00279998779297,624.0068969726563,518.0335223655701,614.888671875]},{"page":170,"text":"will mislead the enemy as to identity, strength, and intention.","rect":[136.80239868164063,635.7072143554688,381.6924695968628,626.5990600585938]},{"page":170,"text":"Camouflage in the Desert","rect":[72.00199890136719,653.4677124023438,178.16638898468018,644.5298461914063]},{"page":170,"text":"5-157. Camouflage challenges encountered in the desert require special attention to overcome. The lack","rect":[90.00189971923828,671.0477905273438,522.0206203460693,661.9396362304688]},{"page":170,"text":"of natural overhead cover, the increased range of vision, and the bright tones of terrain all require emphasis","rect":[90.00189971923828,682.7481079101563,522.2087542991638,673.6399536132813]},{"page":170,"text":"on  sitting,  dispersion,  and  camouflage discipline to  achieve  concealment.  Cast  shadows  are  notably","rect":[90.00189971923828,694.448486328125,522.0370998382568,685.34033203125]},{"page":170,"text":"conspicuous.  Deserts  generally have  large  areas  of  sand,  little  tall  vegetation,  brilliant  sunlight,  and","rect":[90.00189971923828,706.1488037109375,522.0313014984131,697.0406494140625]},{"page":170,"text":"extreme temperatures. Rocky areas, steep wadis, and washes characterize desert environments. The density","rect":[90.00289916992188,717.8491821289063,522.0634059906006,708.7410278320313]},{"page":170,"text":"5-44","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":170,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":170,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":171,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":171,"text":"of vegetation coverage is often as high as 80 percent. Most of the vegetation is low, averaging about 30","rect":[108.0,83.57427978515625,539.9647121429443,74.46610260009766]},{"page":171,"text":"inches high in flat areas, while in the wadis and at higher elevations, it can average close to 10 feet. When","rect":[108.0,95.27471923828125,540.0599269866943,86.16654205322266]},{"page":171,"text":"viewed from the air, the desert floor appears spotted or pockmarked in many areas. Vegetation commonly","rect":[108.0,106.97503662109375,540.0994167327881,97.86685943603516]},{"page":171,"text":"found in the desert includes colors ranging from pale yellow to dark gray and dark brown. Although green","rect":[108.0,118.67535400390625,539.9952907562256,109.56717681884766]},{"page":171,"text":"and brown are the principal  colors  of  most  desert  vegetation,  it  is  important  to  study  the  target  area","rect":[108.0,130.37567138671876,539.9732332305908,121.26749420166016]},{"page":171,"text":"vegetation and terrain to formulate a proper vehicle camouflage plan. No one camouflage system or pattern","rect":[108.0,142.07611083984376,540.1443996429443,132.96792602539063]},{"page":171,"text":"will work for every desert or even different parts of the same desert. Only with detailed planning can a","rect":[108.0,153.7763671875,540.1000032501221,144.66818237304688]},{"page":171,"text":"mounted detachment plan for and prepare the materials necessary to properly conceal their vehicles.","rect":[108.0,165.476806640625,509.44927501678469,156.36862182617188]},{"page":171,"text":"Further Camouflage Considerations","rect":[90.0010986328125,183.23712158203126,241.01257204818726,174.29928588867188]},{"page":171,"text":"5-158. In preparing for desert operations, position selection, reflection reduction, and concealment are","rect":[108.0009994506836,200.8172607421875,540.0257234649658,191.70907592773438]},{"page":171,"text":"conditions the team must consider--","rect":[108.0,210.49366760253907,251.55797362899782,203.40951538085938]},{"page":171,"text":"Position Selection","rect":[90.0000991821289,228.2039337158203,162.6851406097412,221.10977172851563]},{"page":171,"text":"5-159. Site or position selection is of critical importance in any environment but particularly so in the","rect":[108.0,247.91827392578126,540.0321931915283,238.81008911132813]},{"page":171,"text":"desert. Site positions that fit into the existing ground pattern with minimum alteration to the terrain are","rect":[108.0,259.61865234375,540.0162630157471,250.51046752929688]},{"page":171,"text":"ideal. The sites selected should suppress ground observation. Some areas such as valley floors might have","rect":[108.0,271.3189697265625,539.9975862579346,262.2107849121094]},{"page":171,"text":"sparse vegetation, but adjacent wadis could offer thicker vegetation with opportunities for defilade and","rect":[108.0,283.0194091796875,540.0689601898193,273.9012145996094]},{"page":171,"text":"enhanced potential for concealment from aerial threats. Day laagers should not be areas that would be","rect":[108.0,294.7196960449219,540.0462923126221,285.61151123046877]},{"page":171,"text":"obvious to enemy patrols. The team leader usually positions the vehicles to provide 360-degree security","rect":[108.0,306.4200744628906,539.9811916351318,297.3118896484375]},{"page":171,"text":"and good concealment, and to allow rapid egress from the position.","rect":[108.0,318.1205139160156,377.7758741378784,309.0123291015625]},{"page":171,"text":"Reflection Reduction","rect":[89.99909973144531,335.8208312988281,173.80614280700685,326.712646484375]},{"page":171,"text":"5-160. Reducing surfaces that reflect light is a measure that starts in garrison before deployment. It","rect":[107.9990005493164,353.5210876464844,540.0152964553834,344.41290283203127]},{"page":171,"text":"involves removing mirrors and covering headlights and taillights. The windshield can be left on so that it","rect":[108.0,365.22149658203127,540.0203013381959,356.1133117675781]},{"page":171,"text":"provides protection from blowing sand, dust, and rocks thrown up by the vehicle in front. The other option","rect":[107.9990005493164,376.9217834472656,539.9877223968506,367.8135986328125]},{"page":171,"text":"is to remove the glass and have team members use eye protection. The windshield frame should not be","rect":[107.9990005493164,388.6221923828125,539.9828157501221,379.5140075683594]},{"page":171,"text":"removed  because  it provides rollover  protection.  Team  members  cover  all  reflective  surfaces  with a","rect":[107.9990005493164,400.3024597167969,540.0465974884033,391.2143249511719]},{"page":171,"text":"close-weaved, non-see-through cloth such as canvas or target cloth. They leave a sight portal open for","rect":[107.9990005493164,412.02288818359377,540.0083520469666,402.9147033691406]},{"page":171,"text":"driving. If cloth or other material is unavailable, they mix water and dirt to get mud, and apply it to the","rect":[107.9990005493164,423.72320556640627,540.0403719024658,414.6150207519531]},{"page":171,"text":"reflective surfaces.","rect":[107.9990005493164,433.3995361328125,183.70312023162843,426.3153991699219]},{"page":171,"text":"Concealment","rect":[89.99909973144531,451.1098937988281,142.89467572784424,444.0157165527344]},{"page":171,"text":"5-161. Usually the best way to conceal vehicles is with nets. Ideally, use the Lightweight Camouflage","rect":[107.9990005493164,470.8243103027344,540.0334749298096,461.71612548828127]},{"page":171,"text":"Screening System (LWCSS) in the desert. These nets provide concealment from visual, near infrared,","rect":[107.9990005493164,482.52459716796877,540.0153150558472,473.4164123535156]},{"page":171,"text":"radar,  and  target-acquisition  devices.  This  net  is  not  intended  as  a complete camouflage system as it","rect":[107.9990005493164,494.2250061035156,540.1023325881959,485.1168212890625]},{"page":171,"text":"depends on imitation of the ground surface, both in color and texture, to be effective. In some deserts, the","rect":[107.9990005493164,505.92529296875,540.0136385040283,496.8171081542969]},{"page":171,"text":"woodland pattern would blend in better. Alternatives to using the LWCSS are--","rect":[107.9990005493164,517.625732421875,427.0311486778259,508.5175476074219]},{"page":171,"text":"• Use open-weaved cloth with color patches to match the terrain in the operational area.","rect":[143.99888610839845,535.3060302734375,500.27712535858157,526.2178955078125]},{"page":171,"text":"This type of net might be the best choice in an area consisting mostly of sand dunes.","rect":[154.7983856201172,547.0263671875,492.6734571456909,537.918212890625]},{"page":171,"text":"• Garnish a large fishing net with burlap to suit the color of the operational area.","rect":[143.99888610839845,564.7266845703125,470.17107677459719,555.6185302734375]},{"page":171,"text":"• Add vegetation to this net to enhance concealment.","rect":[143.99888610839845,582.427001953125,359.7908887863159,573.31884765625]},{"page":171,"text":"5-162. In open areas, drape the net over the vehicle and slope the sides gradually to the ground. Break up","rect":[107.9990005493164,600.1273193359375,539.9556789398193,591.0191650390625]},{"page":171,"text":"the outline of the vehicle by placing props or poles underneath, and then intertwine vegetation into the net.","rect":[107.9990005493164,611.8276977539063,540.0373487472534,602.7195434570313]},{"page":171,"text":"Eliminate shadows caused by the vehicle or net. In broken country, use the drape to tie the net to some","rect":[107.9990005493164,623.5279541015625,540.0185213165283,614.4197998046875]},{"page":171,"text":"irregularity in the terrain such as next to a mesquite or brush mound. Break up the outline and eliminate","rect":[107.9990005493164,635.2283935546875,540.0209627227783,626.1202392578125]},{"page":171,"text":"shadows. After placing the net, cut and place brush into the net to add realism, texture, and similarity to the","rect":[107.9990005493164,646.9287719726563,540.0648470001221,637.8206176757813]},{"page":171,"text":"terrain and to help break up the outline.","rect":[107.9990005493164,658.6090698242188,266.4528455734253,649.5209350585938]},{"page":171,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":171,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":171,"text":"5-45","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":172,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":172,"text":"Maintenance and Recovery","rect":[72.0,84.86070251464844,200.2738437652588,75.05555725097656]},{"page":172,"text":"5-163. Preventive maintenance is critical to being able to execute mounted operations. Long supply lines","rect":[90.0,102.47418212890625,522.0808856468201,93.36600494384766]},{"page":172,"text":"and minimum stocks on hand will increase the time needed to get vital replacement items and repair parts.","rect":[90.0,114.17449951171875,522.0062208175659,105.06632232666016]},{"page":172,"text":"Proper maintenance must be performed on equipment throughout the whole spectrum of service, that is,","rect":[90.0,125.8748779296875,521.9911451339722,116.7667007446289]},{"page":172,"text":"before, during, and after operations.","rect":[90.0,137.5753173828125,234.30100536346436,128.46713256835938]},{"page":172,"text":"Organization","rect":[72.0000991821289,155.335693359375,126.66072749328613,146.38783264160157]},{"page":172,"text":"5-164. R&S squadron units conduct operator level maintenance as with any other unit. Organization level","rect":[90.0,172.915771484375,522.0947642288209,163.80758666992188]},{"page":172,"text":"maintenance  is  provided  by  the  BSC.  The  R&S  squadron  receives  organizational support froma","rect":[89.9990005493164,184.61614990234376,521.9333772735596,175.50796508789063]},{"page":172,"text":"maintenance team provided by the BSC. The LRSC also receives support from this BSC maintenance team.","rect":[89.9990005493164,196.31646728515626,521.9832105636597,187.20828247070313]},{"page":172,"text":"As a result, it is highly unlikely a LRS team conducting a mounted mission will be accompanied by a","rect":[89.9990005493164,208.016845703125,522.0541658477783,198.90866088867188]},{"page":172,"text":"mechanic from the BSC. Therefore, the mounted LRS team should prepare itself to handle all operator and","rect":[89.9990005493164,219.6970672607422,522.0283107757568,210.60891723632813]},{"page":172,"text":"unit maintenance during a mission. In addition, some depot-level knowledge may be necessary. Team","rect":[89.9990005493164,231.4176025390625,522.1114172897339,222.30941772460938]},{"page":172,"text":"members regularly attend maintenance courses for the mobility platforms the unit uses.","rect":[89.9990005493164,243.11785888671876,439.47353649139407,234.00967407226563]},{"page":172,"text":"Preventive Maintenance Checks and Services","rect":[71.99909973144531,258.8643493652344,259.6065967063904,251.94052124023438]},{"page":172,"text":"5-165. The vehicles assigned to a mounted LRS team must be properly maintained and serviced. Its","rect":[89.9990005493164,278.45849609375,522.0150897483826,269.3503112792969]},{"page":172,"text":"members  must  perform  routine  PMCS  on  their  vehicles before, during, and after all operations. The","rect":[89.9990005493164,290.1588134765625,521.9713411407471,281.0506286621094]},{"page":172,"text":"vehicles also require regular operation. The team must perform post-operations maintenance procedures","rect":[89.9990005493164,301.85919189453127,521.9757831077576,292.7510070800781]},{"page":172,"text":"immediately after the conclusion of each mission.","rect":[89.9990005493164,313.55950927734377,289.36114025115969,304.4513244628906]},{"page":172,"text":"Desert Environmental Effects","rect":[71.99909973144531,331.32000732421877,195.0046222190857,322.3821716308594]},{"page":172,"text":"5-166. Several factors affect mounted operations in a desert environment:","rect":[89.9990005493164,348.8800354003906,392.83335065460207,339.7919006347656]},{"page":172,"text":"Rough Terrain","rect":[71.99909973144531,366.6004333496094,131.43890190124513,357.49224853515627]},{"page":172,"text":"5-167. Severe terrain consisting of rough, uneven ground, steep mountains, and loose sand and rocks will","rect":[89.9990005493164,384.30072021484377,522.0162730178834,375.1925354003906]},{"page":172,"text":"cause vibrations and result in the loosening of nuts, bolts, fuel, and hydraulic lines. It could also disrupt","rect":[89.9990005493164,396.0010986328125,522.0933604202271,386.8929138183594]},{"page":172,"text":"electrical components. Rough terrain can  severely  affect  tires,  wheels,  transmissions,  and  suspension","rect":[89.9990005493164,407.701416015625,522.0297756195068,398.5932312011719]},{"page":172,"text":"systems. Therefore, frequent inspections are necessary to ensure vehicles function properly and to prevent","rect":[89.9990005493164,419.40179443359377,522.0951304397584,410.2936096191406]},{"page":172,"text":"long downtime due to repairs.","rect":[89.9990005493164,431.1020812988281,210.0840253829956,421.993896484375]},{"page":172,"text":"Sand and Dust","rect":[71.99909973144531,446.78851318359377,131.28745221710205,439.6943359375]},{"page":172,"text":"5-168. The abrasive effects of sand and dust adversely affect equipment. Any moving part faces the","rect":[89.9990005493164,466.5028076171875,522.0082063751221,457.3946228027344]},{"page":172,"text":"probability of being damaged or impaired by sand or dust. Brakes, recoil systems, bearings, hydraulics, and","rect":[89.9990005493164,478.2032165527344,522.0384426116943,469.09503173828127]},{"page":172,"text":"relays are all susceptible to incapacitation by sand or dust. Also, sand and dust mixed with lubricants turns","rect":[89.9990005493164,489.90350341796877,522.0675189476013,480.7953186035156]},{"page":172,"text":"into an abrasive paste that can easily wear and score moving parts. Cover equipment when not in use.","rect":[89.9990005493164,501.6039123535156,522.0664625167847,492.4957275390625]},{"page":172,"text":"Frequent preventive maintenance will help to alleviate these problems to a manageable degree.","rect":[89.9990005493164,513.3042602539063,470.49843883514407,504.196044921875]},{"page":172,"text":"Heat and Low Humidity","rect":[71.99909973144531,531.0045776367188,168.7953767852783,521.8964233398438]},{"page":172,"text":"5-169. Surface temperatures can reach 140 degrees and reflect heat under and into vehicles. Surface","rect":[89.9990005493164,548.7048950195313,522.0062532501221,539.5967407226563]},{"page":172,"text":"temperatures heat parts and accessories making them untouchable without protection. Such intense heat","rect":[89.99800109863281,560.4052124023438,521.9842905960084,551.2970581054688]},{"page":172,"text":"coupled with low humidity can overheat the vehicles and batteries, and can degrade the seals and tires.","rect":[89.99800109863281,572.1055908203125,522.0397901535034,562.9974365234375]},{"page":172,"text":"Frequent inspections, protection with covers, and regular maintenance can aid in reducing the effects of ","rect":[89.99800109863281,583.805908203125,524.5513257980347,574.69775390625]},{"page":172,"text":"these environmental factors.","rect":[89.99800109863281,593.4822387695313,203.29064464569093,586.3981323242188]},{"page":172,"text":"Vegetation","rect":[71.99810028076172,613.2066040039063,115.44743156433106,604.4190673828125]},{"page":172,"text":"5-170. In  some  deserts,  thorny  and  spiny  plants  pose  a  serious  problem  for  tires, and can puncture","rect":[89.99800109863281,630.906982421875,521.9892244415283,621.798828125]},{"page":172,"text":"radiator hoses. Use of proper individual driving techniques is the first preventive measure for stopping","rect":[89.99800109863281,642.6072998046875,521.9910182952881,633.4991455078125]},{"page":172,"text":"flats.","rect":[89.99800109863281,652.28369140625,109.74241161346436,645.1995849609375]},{"page":172,"text":"Section IV. OTHER OPERATIONS","rect":[62.63999938964844,675.56396484375,251.94722204589844,666.6839599609375]},{"page":172,"text":"The team can also be inserted by other means such as by Airborne operations, stay-behind operations, and","rect":[72.0,699.0543212890625,521.9937648773193,689.9461669921875]},{"page":172,"text":"foot operations. ","rect":[72.0,710.7346801757813,137.57282543182374,701.6465454101563]},{"page":172,"text":"5-46","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":172,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":172,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":173,"text":"Insertion and Extraction Methods","rect":[397.3799743652344,44.739013671875,540.0412314453125,38.196014404296878]},{"page":173,"text":"AIRBORNE OPERATIONS","rect":[90.0,85.58970642089844,261.06343760681156,75.91554260253906]},{"page":173,"text":"5-171. Air insertion is the fastest way to infiltrate. LRS teams and equipment may insert by parachute, by","rect":[108.0,105.95428466796875,540.0243434906006,96.84610748291016]},{"page":173,"text":"static line, or by free-fall techniques. ","rect":[108.0,117.6546630859375,257.88227367401125,108.5464859008789]},{"page":173,"text":"PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[90.0,135.40798950195313,232.48343467712403,127.1159896850586]},{"page":173,"text":"5-172.","rect":[108.0,153.37025451660157,134.0269422531128,146.4664764404297]},{"page":173,"text":"Units must plan—","rect":[143.99989318847657,155.37425231933595,217.49059677124024,146.28610229492188]},{"page":173,"text":"• To coordinate for the suppression of enemy air defenses along the infiltration corridor.","rect":[143.99989318847657,173.09466552734376,502.4943799972534,163.98648071289063]},{"page":173,"text":"• To determine whether enemy air defense artillery lies within artillery or naval gunfire range.","rect":[143.99989318847657,190.7950439453125,525.5665235519409,181.68685913085938]},{"page":173,"text":"• To coordinate with the transporting unit.","rect":[143.99989318847657,208.495361328125,317.6467237472534,199.38717651367188]},{"page":173,"text":"• To consider and prepare for in-flight emergencies.","rect":[143.99989318847657,226.19561767578126,356.8810987472534,217.08743286132813]},{"page":173,"text":"• To use an adverse weather aerial-delivery system during limited visibility or adverse weather.","rect":[143.99989318847657,243.89599609375,530.9210767745972,234.78781127929688]},{"page":173,"text":"• To dispose of parachutes, once assembled.","rect":[143.99989318847657,261.5762634277344,325.6419324874878,252.48812866210938]},{"page":173,"text":"• Lost or dead Soldier.","rect":[143.99989318847657,277.2826232910156,239.07958507537843,270.1884460449219]},{"page":173,"text":"LANDING PLAN","rect":[90.0,297.022216796875,166.08384799957276,288.9360046386719]},{"page":173,"text":"5-173. Leaders plan the operation using reverse planning. The ground tactical plan drives the other plans.","rect":[108.0,317.0343017578125,540.0285596847534,307.9261169433594]},{"page":173,"text":"The landing plan includes—","rect":[108.0,328.73468017578127,221.99958419799806,319.6264953613281]},{"page":173,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,344.0,147.50689334869385,340.0]},{"page":173,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,359.8968200683594,147.50689334869385,357.4419250488281]},{"page":173,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99989318847657,378.0,150.0078992843628,374.0]},{"page":173,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,395.2975158691406,147.50689334869385,392.8426208496094]},{"page":173,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,412.9978332519531,147.50689334869385,410.5429382324219]},{"page":173,"text":"Place of delivery.","rect":[154.8253173828125,346.4349670410156,225.24087047576905,337.3267822265625]},{"page":173,"text":"Time of delivery.","rect":[154.798583984375,364.1352844238281,224.5697889328003,355.027099609375]},{"page":173,"text":"Assembly area.","rect":[154.822509765625,381.835693359375,216.4868574142456,372.7275085449219]},{"page":173,"text":"Method of delivery (type of parachutes).","rect":[154.7983856201172,399.5359802246094,317.5906934738159,390.42779541015627]},{"page":173,"text":"Sequence of delivery. Team may be transported on an aircraft with personnel dropping on a","rect":[154.7983856201172,417.2362976074219,522.9653596954346,408.12811279296877]},{"page":173,"text":"different DZ.","rect":[154.7993927001953,426.9126281738281,207.79015636444093,419.8284912109375]},{"page":173,"text":"• Load in order of the sequence of drops.","rect":[143.99989318847657,446.616943359375,312.81487560272219,437.52880859375]},{"page":173,"text":"•  Door bundles.","rect":[143.99989318847657,462.3132629394531,211.77366161346436,455.2291259765625]},{"page":173,"text":"AIR MOVEMENT PLAN","rect":[90.0,482.052734375,201.48194980621339,473.8080139160156]},{"page":173,"text":"5-174. The air movement plan includes the manifest, load plan, flight routes, in-flight checkpoints, flight","rect":[108.0,502.0743103027344,540.0906138381959,492.96612548828127]},{"page":173,"text":"times, load time, station time, takeoff time, and time on target.","rect":[108.0,513.7747192382813,357.8511915206909,504.66650390625]},{"page":173,"text":"MARSHALING PLAN","rect":[90.0,531.5020751953125,188.40384006500245,523.4158325195313]},{"page":173,"text":"5-175. The jumpmaster gives his briefings. The team conducts sustained Airborne training. Leaders plan","rect":[108.0,551.5142822265625,539.9573879241943,542.3960571289063]},{"page":173,"text":"all joint tactical operations and support. The LRS team, equipment, and supplies are moved to departure","rect":[108.0,563.214599609375,539.9559602813721,554.0963745117188]},{"page":173,"text":"airfield. Leader must know the answers to the following questions:","rect":[108.0,574.9149780273438,376.10007428741457,565.8068237304688]},{"page":173,"text":"•  Aircraft location.","rect":[143.99989318847657,590.5912475585938,223.88500499725343,583.5071411132813]},{"page":173,"text":"• Transportation to the airfield.","rect":[143.99989318847657,610.295654296875,272.9379835128784,601.20751953125]},{"page":173,"text":"• Linkup point for transportation.","rect":[143.99989318847657,627.9959716796875,282.0439100265503,618.9078369140625]},{"page":173,"text":"• No later than team arrival time at a specified location.","rect":[143.99989318847657,645.6962890625,370.6001844406128,636.608154296875]},{"page":173,"text":"STAY-BEHIND OPERATIONS","rect":[90.0,665.4296264648438,282.83873667907718,655.7554321289063]},{"page":173,"text":"5-176. The  stay-behind  team  lets  the  enemy  bypass so  they  can  perform  a  specific mission behind","rect":[108.0,685.7943115234375,540.0473537445068,676.6861572265625]},{"page":173,"text":"enemy lines.","rect":[108.0,697.4945678710938,158.52468395233155,688.3864135742188]},{"page":173,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":173,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":173,"text":"5-47","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":174,"text":"Chapter 5","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":174,"text":"PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[72.0,107.02804565429688,214.48343467712403,98.73604583740235]},{"page":174,"text":"5-177. When  friendly  forces  expect  an  enemy  offensive  and  friendly  defensive  operations,  or when","rect":[90.0,127.01434326171875,521.9895534515381,117.90616607666016]},{"page":174,"text":"friendly  forces  are  conducting  limited  offensive  or reconnaissance operations,  a  stay-behind  operation","rect":[90.0,138.714599609375,521.9769191741943,129.60641479492188]},{"page":174,"text":"might offer the best way for a LRS team to infiltrate. In both cases, the forward friendly unit escorts the","rect":[90.0,150.41497802734376,522.0162019805908,141.30679321289063]},{"page":174,"text":"LRS team to the AO and provides security during site preparation. ","rect":[90.0,162.1153564453125,359.14431285858157,153.00717163085938]},{"page":174,"text":"SITE PREPARATION","rect":[72.0,179.8800048828125,168.30482578277589,171.57601928710938]},{"page":174,"text":"5-178. Because the enemy is expected to overrun and occupy the LRS team's AO, they must prepare a","rect":[90.0,199.85430908203126,522.0035677032471,190.74612426757813]},{"page":174,"text":"good subsurface site. The team can stock enough supplies to operate for an extended period in a subsurface","rect":[90.0,211.5546875,522.0523347930908,202.44650268554688]},{"page":174,"text":"hide site. Engineer support is highly desirable in the construction of such a site (Appendix J).","rect":[90.0,223.2550048828125,463.9097852706909,214.14682006835938]},{"page":174,"text":"FOOT MOVEMENT OPERATIONS","rect":[72.0,242.96971130371095,296.18184580993656,233.29554748535157]},{"page":174,"text":"5-179. When traveling on foot, the LRS team departs as usual from a secure area. The team can move on","rect":[90.0,263.33416748046877,521.9697170257568,254.22598266601563]},{"page":174,"text":"foot alone, or can combine foot and vehicle movement. They normally move during limited visibility. They","rect":[90.0,275.0345458984375,522.1633205413818,265.9263610839844]},{"page":174,"text":"always depart from a secure area. To prevent enemy detection, they travel over rugged terrain normally not","rect":[90.0,286.7348937988281,522.0854868850709,277.626708984375]},{"page":174,"text":"occupied by enemy forces.","rect":[90.0,298.4352722167969,197.4546766281128,289.32708740234377]},{"page":174,"text":"PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[72.0,316.1880187988281,214.48343467712403,307.8960266113281]},{"page":174,"text":"5-180. Route  planning  requires  extensive  intelligence  on  enemy  unit  locations. The team needs fire","rect":[90.0,336.17431640625,522.0456819610596,327.0661315917969]},{"page":174,"text":"support during movement. ","rect":[90.0,347.8746643066406,198.65284252166749,338.7664794921875]},{"page":174,"text":"INTELLIGENCE","rect":[72.0,365.6022033691406,146.07358694076539,357.5159912109375]},{"page":174,"text":"5-181. Ground surveillance radar (GSR) can help them avoid enemy units, and radar-detection systems","rect":[90.0,385.6142883300781,522.0288836936951,376.506103515625]},{"page":174,"text":"alert them when the enemy uses it. Tactical communication-intercept systems can warn them of actual","rect":[89.9990005493164,397.314697265625,521.9740366897584,388.2065124511719]},{"page":174,"text":"enemy along the infiltration route. ","rect":[90.0,409.0149841308594,229.77483654022218,399.90679931640627]},{"page":174,"text":"SUPPLIES","rect":[72.0,426.7799987792969,118.68158531188965,418.47601318359377]},{"page":174,"text":"5-182. The team can  only  carry  enough  supplies  to  move  short  distances  for  short  periods  of  time,","rect":[90.0,446.7543029785156,522.0084180831909,437.6461181640625]},{"page":174,"text":"normally not more than a few days. Because the team's supplies may be depleted once they arrive at the","rect":[90.0,458.4546813964844,521.9991731719971,449.34649658203127]},{"page":174,"text":"AO, the parent unit must place a priority on resupply.","rect":[90.0,470.1549987792969,304.8309278488159,461.04681396484377]},{"page":174,"text":"5-48","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":174,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":174,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":175,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[287.3399963378906,85.87195587158203,342.6683989257813,74.7839584350586]},{"page":175,"text":"Communications","rect":[250.0800018310547,107.33625793457031,379.86763050842287,95.49747467041016]},{"page":175,"text":"This  chapter  discusses  the  networks  (Section  I),  operations  (Section II), radios,","rect":[126.0,129.17877197265626,504.04221057891848,119.21990966796875]},{"page":175,"text":"computers and base radio station (Section III), reports (Section V), electronic warfare","rect":[126.0,141.8990478515625,504.0774818572998,131.940185546875]},{"page":175,"text":"(Section VI),  antennas  (Section VII)  and operational  environments  (Section VIII),","rect":[126.0,154.61944580078126,504.03403186798098,144.66058349609376]},{"page":175,"text":"LRSU use  to  send  and  receive  near  real-time  information.  It  also  discusses","rect":[126.0,165.16567993164063,503.99582919692997,157.380859375]},{"page":175,"text":"communications  in  electronic  warfare","rect":[126.0,177.8640594482422,307.6781593475342,170.1011962890625]},{"page":175,"text":"(Section IV)  and  unusual  environments","rect":[315.60040283203127,180.06005859375,504.0398050270081,170.1011962890625]},{"page":175,"text":"(Section VII).","rect":[126.0,192.78045654296876,186.91045093536378,182.82159423828126]},{"page":175,"text":"Section I. NETWORKS","rect":[80.63999938964844,214.0440216064453,207.33841162109375,205.16403198242188]},{"page":175,"text":"The LRSC must use several communications networks simultaneously. For example, the COB communicates","rect":[90.0,237.5343017578125,540.0058124046326,228.42611694335938]},{"page":175,"text":"internally, to the AOB, to higher, and to deployed teams. The AOB maintains nets to the deployed teams and","rect":[90.0,249.23468017578126,539.9965114593506,240.12649536132813]},{"page":175,"text":"the COB, and must be ready to communicate with the R&S squadron S-2, BFSB S-2, G-2, or J-2, if needed.","rect":[90.0,260.93499755859377,539.9746656417847,251.82681274414063]},{"page":175,"text":"The LRSC maintains an internal communications net with deployed teams. The deployed team must maintain a","rect":[90.0,272.6353759765625,540.0813875274658,263.5271911621094]},{"page":175,"text":"net to higher echelons and a team internal net.","rect":[90.0,284.335693359375,274.6444959640503,275.2275085449219]},{"page":175,"text":"ARCHITECTURE AND FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT","rect":[90.0,306.35638427734377,438.5409377708435,294.3615417480469]},{"page":175,"text":"6-1.","rect":[108.0,322.3701171875,123.94582653045655,315.4863586425781]},{"page":175,"text":"The LRSU have sophisticated and powerful communications equipment. They must also have","rect":[143.99989318847657,324.4141845703125,540.0094881134033,315.3059997558594]},{"page":175,"text":"access to multiple frequencies in multiple spectrums. Both are needed for the LRSU to send and receive","rect":[108.0,336.09454345703127,540.0301179962158,327.00640869140627]},{"page":175,"text":"near-real time information over many types of digital and analog systems.","rect":[108.0,347.8149108886719,404.23867321014407,338.70672607421877]},{"page":175,"text":"ARCHITECTURE MANAGEMENT","rect":[90.0,365.5799865722656,280.7411826171875,357.2640075683594]},{"page":175,"text":"6-2.","rect":[108.0,383.5102233886719,123.94582653045655,376.62646484375]},{"page":175,"text":"The LRSU will need frequencies in the HF, VHF and UHF spectrums. Current communications","rect":[143.99989318847657,385.53424072265627,539.9843890647888,376.44610595703127]},{"page":175,"text":"systems operate in all three spectrums. The LRSU need multiple high frequencies for HF radio systems","rect":[108.0,397.25469970703127,540.0812518577576,388.1465148925781]},{"page":175,"text":"ever-changing  optimum  frequency  of  transmission  (FOT)  as  well  as  multiple  channel  assignments  for","rect":[108.0,408.9549865722656,540.0471704063416,399.8468017578125]},{"page":175,"text":"automatic link-establishment (ALE) radios.","rect":[108.0,420.6353759765625,282.1812391281128,411.5472412109375]},{"page":175,"text":"FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT","rect":[90.0,439.9463806152344,227.836434841156,430.2959899902344]},{"page":175,"text":"6-3.","rect":[108.0,456.3502197265625,123.94582653045655,449.4664611816406]},{"page":175,"text":"Such  complex  communications require extensive  frequency  management.  The  BFSB  S-6  is","rect":[143.99989318847657,458.394287109375,540.0197894554138,449.2861022949219]},{"page":175,"text":"responsible  for  requesting  frequencies  with  the  JTF, corps  or  division  G-6  to  ensure that the unit is","rect":[108.0,470.0946960449219,539.9939105491638,460.98651123046877]},{"page":175,"text":"allocated a sufficient amount and type of frequencies to accomplish the mission The R&S squadron S-6","rect":[108.0,481.7950134277344,540.0551662445068,472.68682861328127]},{"page":175,"text":"and the LRSC signal platoon leader submit all frequency requests thru the BFSB S-6. ","rect":[108.0,493.49542236328127,453.15679454803469,484.3872375488281]},{"page":175,"text":"OPERATIONS BASES","rect":[90.0,513.2095947265625,230.12572398376467,503.5354309082031]},{"page":175,"text":"6-4.","rect":[108.0,531.5302734375,123.94582653045655,524.6465454101563]},{"page":175,"text":"Three primary networks and two backup networks are normally established for communications","rect":[143.99989318847657,533.5743408203125,540.0214984397888,524.4661865234375]},{"page":175,"text":"between operating bases:","rect":[107.9990005493164,545.274658203125,208.9172739944458,536.16650390625]},{"page":175,"text":"PRIMARY","rect":[90.0,562.8599853515625,137.28294467926026,554.9159545898438]},{"page":175,"text":"6-5.","rect":[108.0,580.97021484375,123.94582653045655,574.0864868164063]},{"page":175,"text":"This includes--","rect":[143.99989318847657,580.990234375,204.50987792587282,573.9061279296875]},{"page":175,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,596.4761352539063,147.50689334869385,594.021240234375]},{"page":175,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,616.0,147.50689334869385,612.0]},{"page":175,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,643.5771484375,147.50790042877197,641.1222534179688]},{"page":175,"text":"Internal wire net with tactical switching system (landline telephone). ","rect":[154.7982940673828,600.714599609375,432.53774547576907,591.6064453125]},{"page":175,"text":"Tactical local area networks (LAN) for communication by computer or voice over internet","rect":[154.8303985595703,618.4149780273438,517.9261240921021,609.3068237304688]},{"page":175,"text":"protocol (VoIP) phones. ","rect":[154.80039978027345,630.0952758789063,254.81151866912843,621.0071411132813]},{"page":175,"text":"Combat net radios (single channel ground and Airborne radio system (SINCGARS)) and","rect":[154.79930114746095,647.8156127929688,511.2919216156006,638.7074584960938]},{"page":175,"text":"AN/PRC-148.","rect":[154.80039978027345,657.501953125,211.95574474334718,650.4078369140625]},{"page":175,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":175,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":175,"text":"6-1","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":176,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":176,"text":"BACKUP","rect":[72.0,83.60221862792969,113.66623449325562,75.51602172851563]},{"page":176,"text":"6-6.","rect":[90.0,101.57024383544922,105.94582653045655,94.6865005493164]},{"page":176,"text":"This includes--","rect":[125.9999008178711,101.59027862548828,186.50987792587282,94.50614166259766]},{"page":176,"text":"•  HF radio.","rect":[125.9999008178711,119.29059600830078,175.31115245819093,112.20645904541016]},{"page":176,"text":"• UHF tactical satellite radios.","rect":[125.9999008178711,137.01101684570313,251.4309949874878,129.90682983398438]},{"page":176,"text":"• Secure cellular/satellite phones.","rect":[125.9999008178711,156.6952362060547,263.96819591522219,147.60708618164063]},{"page":176,"text":"TEAMS","rect":[72.0,176.42967224121095,121.68491282653808,166.75550842285157]},{"page":176,"text":"6-7.","rect":[90.0,194.77027893066407,105.94582653045655,187.8665008544922]},{"page":176,"text":"For internal communications, the LRS teams use secure LOS combat net radio systems. Secure,","rect":[125.9999008178711,196.7943115234375,521.9957227706909,187.68612670898438]},{"page":176,"text":"handheld,  lightweight  radios like  the  multipurpose  and  multiband  inter/intra  team  radio  (MBITR)","rect":[90.0,208.49468994140626,522.0881249961853,199.38650512695313]},{"page":176,"text":"incorporate  frequency  hopping  (FH)  and embedded communications  security  (COMSEC)  that  are","rect":[90.0,220.19500732421876,522.0268220977783,211.08682250976563]},{"page":176,"text":"compatible with the SINCGARS. These radios also allow communications with other Army and joint","rect":[90.0,231.8953857421875,521.9761729202271,222.77719116210938]},{"page":176,"text":"elements, including aircraft, and thus are ideally suited to LRS operations.","rect":[90.0,243.595703125,387.68365001678469,234.48751831054688]},{"page":176,"text":"Section II. RADIOS, COMPUTERS, AND THE BASE RADIO STATION","rect":[62.63999938964844,264.8639831542969,447.27136083984376,255.98397827148438]},{"page":176,"text":"R&S units that see  everything  and  cannot  report  what  they  see  are  a  wasted resource.  The  ability  to","rect":[72.0,288.35430908203127,522.0101833343506,279.2461242675781]},{"page":176,"text":"communicate is the lifeblood of LRSU, and radios are the heart that make this possible. LRSU must be experts","rect":[71.9990005493164,300.0346374511719,521.9884784202576,290.9465026855469]},{"page":176,"text":"in the use of multiple radios systems and  in  the  three  primary  military  radio  frequency  spectrums:  high","rect":[71.9990005493164,311.7550048828125,521.9428615570068,302.6468200683594]},{"page":176,"text":"frequency (HF), very high frequency (VHF), and ultra high frequency (UHF). LRS Soldiers must be highly","rect":[71.9990005493164,323.4554138183594,522.0824489593506,314.34722900390627]},{"page":176,"text":"proficient in programming, troubleshooting, and maintaining many types of radios. ","rect":[71.9990005493164,335.15570068359377,407.59270763397219,326.0475158691406]},{"page":176,"text":"ELEMENTS OF SUCCESS","rect":[72.0,354.86968994140627,238.8764411468506,345.195556640625]},{"page":176,"text":"6-8.","rect":[90.0,373.19024658203127,105.94582653045655,366.3064880371094]},{"page":176,"text":"Successful communications depend on—","rect":[125.9999008178711,375.2142639160156,291.7005424499512,366.1261291503906]},{"page":176,"text":"• The type of emission.","rect":[125.9999008178711,392.9345703125,223.5822401046753,383.8263854980469]},{"page":176,"text":"• The amount of transmitter power output.","rect":[125.9999008178711,410.61492919921877,299.98330211639407,401.52679443359377]},{"page":176,"text":"• The characteristics of the transmitter antenna.","rect":[125.9999008178711,426.3112487792969,319.9556837081909,419.22711181640627]},{"page":176,"text":"• The amount of propagation path loss.","rect":[125.9999008178711,446.03558349609377,286.7811231613159,436.9273986816406]},{"page":176,"text":"• The characteristics of the receiving antenna.","rect":[125.9999008178711,463.73590087890627,313.94500255584719,454.6277160644531]},{"page":176,"text":"• The amount of noise received.","rect":[125.9999008178711,479.4122314453125,258.5190076828003,472.3280944824219]},{"page":176,"text":"• The relative sensitivity and selectivity of the receiver.","rect":[125.9999008178711,499.1365966796875,352.1843214035034,490.0284118652344]},{"page":176,"text":"• An approved list of usable frequencies within a selected frequency range.","rect":[125.9999008178711,516.8369140625,431.4594373703003,507.7287292480469]},{"page":176,"text":"HF, VHF, AND UHF RADIOS","rect":[72.0,536.5496826171875,255.77269664001467,526.87548828125]},{"page":176,"text":"6-9.","rect":[90.0,554.89013671875,105.94582653045655,547.9863891601563]},{"page":176,"text":"These three radio wave spectrums combine to provide the primary and alternate means for LRSU","rect":[125.9999008178711,556.9141845703125,521.9888348617553,547.8060302734375]},{"page":176,"text":"to effectively communicate on the battlefield.","rect":[90.0,568.6146240234375,272.3555860519409,559.5064697265625]},{"page":176,"text":"HF RADIOS","rect":[72.0,586.3422241210938,129.72040367126466,578.2559814453125]},{"page":176,"text":"6-10. High frequency radios are harder to maintain than the commonly used LOS radios. However, they","rect":[90.0,606.3543090820313,522.0655422210693,597.2461547851563]},{"page":176,"text":"provide an unbeatable combination of reliability, economy, transportability, and versatility. Under ideal","rect":[90.0,618.0546875,522.1191172561646,608.946533203125]},{"page":176,"text":"conditions,  a  HF  radio  using  only  20  watts of  transmitter  power  can  successfully  communicate  over","rect":[90.0,629.7550048828125,522.0273339805603,620.6468505859375]},{"page":176,"text":"thousands  of  miles. Knowledgeable  operators,  backed  by well-designed  antennas  and  by  propagation","rect":[90.0,641.4553833007813,521.9739284515381,632.3472290039063]},{"page":176,"text":"predictions from a propagation-engineering service, are key to successful HF radio system performance.","rect":[90.0,653.1557006835938,522.0759840011597,644.0475463867188]},{"page":176,"text":"Modern HF radios, such as the AN/PRC-138 and AN/PRC-150, incorporate the technologies of ALE, link","rect":[90.0,664.8560791015625,521.9829616546631,655.7479248046875]},{"page":176,"text":"quality analysis (LQA), embedded COMSEC, and digital modems are ideal for LRSU operations. These","rect":[90.0,676.556396484375,522.0813264923096,667.4482421875]},{"page":176,"text":"radios simplify HF communications and increase reliability and interoperability (Table 6-1).","rect":[90.0,688.2567749023438,459.93740367889407,679.1486206054688]},{"page":176,"text":"6-2","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":176,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":176,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":177,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0392172851563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":177,"text":"VHF RADIOS","rect":[90.0,83.62802124023438,156.3604030609131,75.51602172851563]},{"page":177,"text":"6-11. These  are  generally  simple  to  use  and  provide  reliable  and  clear,  short-range tactical","rect":[108.0,103.61431884765625,540.0627207717896,94.50614166259766]},{"page":177,"text":"communications. The SINCGARS series of radios provide tactical units excellent communications that is","rect":[108.0,115.29466247558594,540.1219623069763,106.2065200805664]},{"page":177,"text":"easy to secure from enemy eavesdropping.","rect":[108.0,127.0150146484375,278.9464063644409,117.9068374633789]},{"page":177,"text":"Table 6-1. Radios that work with AN/PRC-150 in various security modes.","rect":[160.9199981689453,160.34071350097657,469.2312175292969,151.90771484375]},{"page":177,"text":"UHF RADIOS","rect":[90.0,449.3399963378906,156.3604030609131,441.21600341796877]},{"page":177,"text":"6-12. These provide reliable tactical (LOS), operational, and strategic communications. However, due to","rect":[108.0,469.3143005371094,540.0544338226318,460.20611572265627]},{"page":177,"text":"the high demand and to potential interoperability problems with other units, it is not always practical for","rect":[107.9990005493164,481.0146789550781,540.1262719688416,471.906494140625]},{"page":177,"text":"LRSU to use this spectrum.","rect":[107.9990005493164,492.6949462890625,218.5533857345581,483.6068115234375]},{"page":177,"text":"PRIMARY, ALTERNATE, AND CONTINGENCY RADIOS","rect":[90.0,512.4296264648438,456.0424109954834,502.741455078125]},{"page":177,"text":"6-13. The COB and AOB maintain long-range communications with employed teams using HF and","rect":[108.0,532.7943115234375,540.0375881195068,523.6861572265625]},{"page":177,"text":"UHF TACSAT radios. For single-channel HF radio systems, each team should have a separate frequency.","rect":[108.0,544.4945678710938,540.0335645675659,535.3864135742188]},{"page":177,"text":"However, due to ever-changing ionosphere conditions and competition for frequencies, two teams might","rect":[108.0,556.1950073242188,540.0231699905396,547.0868530273438]},{"page":177,"text":"have to share a single frequency. If so, the COB should set up primary, alternate, and guard frequencies;","rect":[107.9990005493164,567.8953857421875,540.0544199905396,558.7872314453125]},{"page":177,"text":"use  the  primary  and  alternate  frequencies for scheduled  communications  traffic;  and  use  the  guard","rect":[107.9990005493164,579.595703125,540.0019435882568,570.487548828125]},{"page":177,"text":"frequency only for priority traffic--","rect":[107.9990005493164,591.2960815429688,249.0525720176697,582.1879272460938]},{"page":177,"text":"• To report ISR tasks.","rect":[143.99888610839845,608.9763793945313,235.6338758468628,599.8882446289063]},{"page":177,"text":"• To request extraction and fire support.","rect":[143.99888610839845,626.6766967773438,308.7752332687378,617.5885620117188]},{"page":177,"text":"• To request medical evacuation.","rect":[143.99888610839845,644.3770751953125,280.04534435272219,635.2889404296875]},{"page":177,"text":"6-14. The LRSC communications platoon leader must carefully design HF networks that use ALE. To","rect":[107.9990005493164,662.097412109375,540.0122585296631,652.9892578125]},{"page":177,"text":"ensure network reliability, he must analyze in detail the number of deployed teams, the availability of ","rect":[107.9990005493164,673.7976684570313,542.6013135910034,664.6895141601563]},{"page":177,"text":"frequencies,  the  distances  between  stations,  and  the configurations of radio  sets.  Since  ALE  and","rect":[107.9990005493164,685.4981079101563,539.9999294281006,676.3899536132813]},{"page":177,"text":"3G-capable radios automatically choose the best frequency for a particular radio path, he should program","rect":[107.9990005493164,697.198486328125,540.1463904342652,688.09033203125]},{"page":177,"text":"separate day and night channel groups to speed link establishment.","rect":[107.9990005493164,708.8988037109375,375.6357069015503,699.7906494140625]},{"page":177,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":177,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":177,"text":"6-3","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":178,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":178,"text":"FUNDAMENTALS","rect":[72.0,85.58970642089844,189.90872874450685,75.91554260253906]},{"page":178,"text":"6-15. The team RTO transmits important information over the HF radio system. He continually adjusts","rect":[90.0,105.95428466796875,522.1455218772888,96.83609008789063]},{"page":178,"text":"it  to  keep  up  with  changing  conditions  and  missions.  Successful  HF  communications  depends  on his","rect":[90.0,117.6546630859375,522.0535418968201,108.5464859008789]},{"page":178,"text":"knowledge; the type of emission (voice or data); the transmitter power output; selection of the best possible","rect":[90.0,129.35498046875,522.0120515899658,120.2468032836914]},{"page":178,"text":"antenna and antenna site; proper antenna construction; propagated frequencies; terrain and weather; and","rect":[90.0009994506836,141.05535888671876,522.0184230804443,131.94717407226563]},{"page":178,"text":"atmospheric conditions. The variable over which he has the most control is antennas. To help eliminate","rect":[90.0009994506836,152.7356414794922,522.0463533477783,143.64749145507813]},{"page":178,"text":"skip zones, the RTO can achieve the NVIS effect with any HF-friendly antenna. This lets him establish","rect":[90.0009994506836,164.45611572265626,522.0518703460693,155.34793090820313]},{"page":178,"text":"communications with the COB or AOB. Extensive training of team members on HF radio systems and","rect":[90.0009994506836,176.15631103515626,522.0150661468506,167.04812622070313]},{"page":178,"text":"antenna construction is essential to mission success (TC 9-64, FM 6-02.74).","rect":[90.0009994506836,187.8367156982422,394.6309766769409,178.74856567382813]},{"page":178,"text":"BEYOND-LINE-OF-SIGHT EQUIPMENT","rect":[72.0,209.87644958496095,333.11982571029668,197.88160705566407]},{"page":178,"text":"6-16. In addition to communicating with many other types of digital and analog equipment, the LRSU","rect":[90.0,221.93426513671876,522.0119061508178,212.82608032226563]},{"page":178,"text":"also requires equipment that can communicate beyond line of sight (BLOS). Tactical VHF radios like the","rect":[90.0009994506836,233.6346435546875,522.0299348907471,224.52645874023438]},{"page":178,"text":"SINCGARS, are LOS only. The LRSU must be experts in the use of HF and TACSAT systems. Only HF","rect":[90.00199890136719,245.33502197265626,521.9208516998291,236.22683715820313]},{"page":178,"text":"allows long-range communications without the use of terrestrial or satellite relays. The LRSU can send","rect":[90.00199890136719,257.035400390625,522.0623683929443,247.92721557617188]},{"page":178,"text":"either secure voice or data over HF. ","rect":[90.00199890136719,266.71160888671877,236.13186168670655,259.6274719238281]},{"page":178,"text":"SPECIALIZED RADIO MODEM","rect":[72.0,292.20001220703127,216.35814666748048,283.8960266113281]},{"page":178,"text":"6-17. The ALE controller (modem) automatically controls a HF receiver and transmitter. This allows","rect":[90.0,306.17431640625,522.0396869163513,297.0661315917969]},{"page":178,"text":"the radio to establish the best possible link with one or more HF radio stations. Each ALE controller","rect":[90.0,317.8546142578125,522.0221459922791,308.7664794921875]},{"page":178,"text":"(radiotelephone) can be embedded (internal) or external to modern HF radio equipment. It works on the","rect":[90.0,329.554931640625,522.0120515899658,320.466796875]},{"page":178,"text":"principles of LQA and--","rect":[90.0,341.25537109375,187.37189269638064,332.167236328125]},{"page":178,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,356.0,129.50690097808838,353.0]},{"page":178,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,372.4375305175781,129.50690097808838,369.9826354980469]},{"page":178,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,390.1378173828125,129.50690097808838,387.68292236328127]},{"page":178,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,463.0,129.50690097808838,459.0]},{"page":178,"text":"Has in memory a predetermined set of frequencies, each properly propagated for conditions.","rect":[136.83351135253907,358.9756774902344,507.31096935272219,349.86749267578127]},{"page":178,"text":"Continuously scans its memory channels, typically about two channels per second. ","rect":[136.7982940673828,376.6759948730469,471.19546031951907,367.56781005859377]},{"page":178,"text":"Has call signs programmed in, including own (SELF) and network's.","rect":[136.7982940673828,394.37628173828127,412.58193492889407,385.2680969238281]},{"page":178,"text":"-- Network (NET) call signs.","rect":[136.7993927001953,412.0766906738281,254.81687450408936,402.968505859375]},{"page":178,"text":"-- Group (GROUP) call signs.","rect":[136.7993927001953,429.7770080566406,259.90798473358157,420.6688232421875]},{"page":178,"text":"-- Individual (IND) call signs.","rect":[136.7993927001953,447.477294921875,259.3171033859253,438.3691101074219]},{"page":178,"text":"Transmits LQA, each of which sounds the programmed frequencies to find the one with the","rect":[136.8354034423828,465.17767333984377,504.92028523254398,456.0694885253906]},{"page":178,"text":"best link quality factors on a regular or automated schedule or when initiated by the operator.","rect":[136.80039978027345,476.8779602050781,510.8995313644409,467.769775390625]},{"page":178,"text":"• In a listening mode, logs each station's call sign and ranks the station's associated frequencies","rect":[126.00090026855469,494.5783996582031,511.04740786361699,485.47021484375]},{"page":178,"text":"and channels based on the quality of the link.","rect":[136.80140686035157,506.2786865234375,318.38897228240969,497.1705017089844]},{"page":178,"text":"•","rect":[126.00189971923828,521.0,129.50889987945556,518.0]},{"page":178,"text":"When someone at the station wants to place a call, tries to link to the outstation using the data","rect":[136.82839965820313,523.97900390625,512.6314973907471,514.870849609375]},{"page":178,"text":"collected during ALE and sounding activities. In the absence of this data, seeks the station and","rect":[136.80140686035157,535.679443359375,516.1947231292725,526.5712890625]},{"page":178,"text":"tries to link a logical circuit between two users on a network with all channels working. When","rect":[136.80140686035157,547.3796997070313,514.5699977874756,538.2715454101563]},{"page":178,"text":"the receiving station hears its address, the ALE controllers stop scanning channels and remain","rect":[136.80140686035157,559.080078125,513.516622543335,549.971923828125]},{"page":178,"text":"at that frequency. Each station notifies users that it has found the other station and is checking","rect":[136.80140686035157,570.780517578125,513.8719081878662,561.67236328125]},{"page":178,"text":"to confirm communications compatibility. This is called a \"handshake.\" Once the handshake is","rect":[136.80140686035157,582.4807739257813,516.9491717796326,573.3726196289063]},{"page":178,"text":"complete, each station notifies its users that it is ready for traffic. Figure 6-1 shows","rect":[136.80140686035157,594.18115234375,469.35829043197637,585.072998046875]},{"page":178,"text":"communications between two stations during the \"handshake\" and LQA.","rect":[136.80140686035157,605.8814697265625,428.84890270233157,596.7733154296875]},{"page":178,"text":"6-4","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":178,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":178,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":179,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0392172851563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":179,"text":"Figure 6-1. Automatic link sequence.","rect":[236.82000732421876,254.3009796142578,393.21458544921878,245.94898986816407]},{"page":179,"text":"• At the end of a link session, the ALE controllers send the link command TERMINATION, and","rect":[144.0,270.0201721191406,536.2923488616943,262.9259948730469]},{"page":179,"text":"returns to scanning mode to await further traffic. Built-in safeguards ensure that ALE","rect":[154.79959106445313,283.7345886230469,497.3711521644592,274.62640380859377]},{"page":179,"text":"controllers return to scanning mode if contact is lost.","rect":[154.79959106445313,295.43487548828127,366.25908946990969,286.3266906738281]},{"page":179,"text":"AN/PRC-150(C) ADVANCED HF OR VHF TACTICAL RADIO SYSTEM","rect":[90.0,315.40802001953127,428.2177963256836,304.8960266113281]},{"page":179,"text":"6-18. The AN/PRC-150(C) is a HF transceiver that covers the frequency range from 1.6 to 60 MHz in","rect":[108.0,333.17431640625,539.9511623382568,324.0661315917969]},{"page":179,"text":"SSB and FM modes. Embedded COMSEC allows secure communications between ground and aircraft as","rect":[108.0,344.8746643066406,540.0565326194763,335.7664794921875]},{"page":179,"text":"well  as  with  the  Army’s  SINCGARS  radios.  The  AN/PRC-150(C) also has an internal, high-speed,","rect":[108.0,356.5749816894531,539.9688673019409,347.466796875]},{"page":179,"text":"Military Standard 188-110B serial-tone modem, which sends and receives data at speeds up to 9,600 BPS;","rect":[108.0,368.2754211425781,540.0233530960084,359.167236328125]},{"page":179,"text":"an  embedded  military  standard  188-141A;  ALE;  digital  voice  600  (DV  600);  and  frequency hopping","rect":[108.0,379.9756774902344,539.9509181976318,370.86749267578127]},{"page":179,"text":"(electronic  protection).  The  AN/PRC-150(C)  belongs  to  a  family  of  interoperable software-designed","rect":[108.0,391.67608642578127,540.0100002288818,382.5679016113281]},{"page":179,"text":"radios. This family also includes the AN/PRC-117F(C), which is the manpack test platform for Step 2B of","rect":[108.0,403.37640380859377,539.9541528282166,394.2682189941406]},{"page":179,"text":"the Joint Tactical Radio System program. The AN/PRC-150(C) gives units BLOS communications without","rect":[108.0,415.0768127441406,540.0099253616334,405.9686279296875]},{"page":179,"text":"the  need  to  rely  on  satellites  from  a  crowded  battlefield.  The  systems'  manpack  and vehicular","rect":[108.0,426.777099609375,540.1122338829041,417.6689147949219]},{"page":179,"text":"configurations  ensure  reliable  communications  and  allow  rapid  transmission  of  data  and  imagery.  The","rect":[108.0,438.47747802734377,540.0215730743408,429.3692932128906]},{"page":179,"text":"AN/PRC-150 replaces the AN/PRC-138.","rect":[108.0,450.1577453613281,272.4703016281128,441.0696105957031]},{"page":179,"text":"AN/PRC-148","rect":[90.0,467.927978515625,157.2659912109375,459.635986328125]},{"page":179,"text":"6-19. The MBITR AN/PRC-148 is a lightweight, durable, compact radio. Its secure multiband voice","rect":[108.0,487.9142761230469,540.0566072540283,478.80609130859377]},{"page":179,"text":"and data communications are ideally suited for use by LRS teams. It interoperates with a wide variety of ","rect":[108.0,499.61468505859377,542.5419263839722,490.5065002441406]},{"page":179,"text":"existing  military  and  civilian  systems,  while  providing  the  LRS  team  leader  internal  C2.  The  MBITR's","rect":[108.0,511.31500244140627,540.0692889671326,502.2068176269531]},{"page":179,"text":"built-in emergency beacon and a GPS interface with PLGR can serve as an emergency radio during escape","rect":[108.0,523.015380859375,539.9833040313721,513.9072265625]},{"page":179,"text":"and  evasion  (E&E)  operations.  It  transmits  in the  30-  to  512-  MHz  frequency  range  and  allows","rect":[108.0,534.7156982421875,539.9806659202576,525.6075439453125]},{"page":179,"text":"communications in the following bands:","rect":[108.0,546.4161376953125,269.50061750030519,537.3079833984375]},{"page":179,"text":"• VHF FM and AM.","rect":[143.99989318847657,562.1023559570313,230.07079601287843,555.0082397460938]},{"page":179,"text":"• UHF AM (air to ground).","rect":[143.99989318847657,581.8167114257813,257.22854137420657,572.7085571289063]},{"page":179,"text":"• UHF FM (LOS).","rect":[143.99989318847657,599.4970703125,222.56927013397218,590.408935546875]},{"page":179,"text":"AN/PRC-152","rect":[90.0,617.2679443359375,157.2659912109375,608.9758911132813]},{"page":179,"text":"6-20. The AN/PRC-152 is a multiband, lightweight, handheld radio. An optional, built-in GPS receiver","rect":[108.0,637.2542114257813,540.0403955039978,628.1460571289063]},{"page":179,"text":"allows time tracking and position reporting. Embedded COMSEC supports Vinson, advanced narrowband","rect":[107.9990005493164,648.9544677734375,539.9937038421631,639.8463134765625]},{"page":179,"text":"digital  voice  terminal  (ANDVT),  AES,  Fascinator,  and  KG-84.  The AN/PRC-152 operates between","rect":[107.9990005493164,660.6549072265625,540.0273342132568,651.5467529296875]},{"page":179,"text":"30 and 512 MHz, and is compatible with many military and civilian radio systems. VHF/UHF line of sight","rect":[107.9990005493164,672.3552856445313,539.9651255569459,663.2471313476563]},{"page":179,"text":"supports AM and FM modulation as well as high-performance waveform and TACSAT communications. ","rect":[107.9990005493164,684.0556030273438,534.0755567550659,674.9474487304688]},{"page":179,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":179,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":179,"text":"6-5","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":180,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":180,"text":"AN/PRC-117F","rect":[72.0,83.62802124023438,146.5800010986328,75.33602142333985]},{"page":180,"text":"6-21. The AN/PRC-117F is a multiband, multimission, 30 to 512 MHz radio. All -117Fs (manpack,","rect":[90.0,103.59428405761719,521.9814405441284,94.50614166259766]},{"page":180,"text":"vehicular, marine, and base station) have COMSEC, UHF TACSAT, ECCM, and DAMA capabilities. The","rect":[90.0,115.29466247558594,522.0945100860596,106.2065200805664]},{"page":180,"text":"AN/PRC-117F  works  with  many  communications  systems,","rect":[90.0,127.0150146484375,352.4814100265503,117.9068374633789]},{"page":180,"text":"including","rect":[359.9393005371094,127.0150146484375,397.82494163513186,117.9068374633789]},{"page":180,"text":"SINCGARS,","rect":[405.28289794921877,125.0009994506836,457.3989210128784,118.07717895507813]},{"page":180,"text":"AN/PRC-148,","rect":[464.85687255859377,125.0009994506836,521.9819898605347,117.9068374633789]},{"page":180,"text":"AN/PRC-112, AN/PSC-5, and most civilian handheld radios. Like the AN/PRC-150, the AN/PRC-117F","rect":[90.0,137.0,522.0106344146728,129.60714721679688]},{"page":180,"text":"interfaces with many data devices, to include ruggedized laptop computers. Although the AN/PRC-117F is","rect":[90.0,150.4156494140625,521.9992206077576,141.30746459960938]},{"page":180,"text":"microprocessor-based, it is controlled by software rather than hardware. It can retransmit voice or data","rect":[90.0,162.1160888671875,521.9865999298096,153.00790405273438]},{"page":180,"text":"across traditional frequency bands and waveforms with two antenna ports and data rates up to 64 Kbps.","rect":[90.0,173.81634521484376,505.1937208175659,164.70816040039063]},{"page":180,"text":"AN/PSC-5C/D","rect":[72.0,190.60458374023438,139.72463303375245,183.0064239501953]},{"page":180,"text":"6-22. The  AN/PSC-5  is  a  multiband,  multimission  communications terminal. It provides excellent","rect":[90.0,210.39427185058595,522.1246714553834,201.30612182617188]},{"page":180,"text":"interoperability  with  military,  marine,  and  civilian  radio  systems.  It  operates  in  the  VHF and UHF","rect":[90.0,222.11468505859376,522.0044698638916,213.00650024414063]},{"page":180,"text":"frequency spectrum (30 to 512 MHz), and supports line of sight (LOS), TACSAT (5K, 25K and DAMA),","rect":[90.0,233.81500244140626,521.9548902511597,224.70681762695313]},{"page":180,"text":"SINCGARS and Havequick I and II. It has an embedded COMSEC engine, which allows the sending of ","rect":[90.0,245.515380859375,524.5718336105347,236.40719604492188]},{"page":180,"text":"secure voice and data. It can achieve data rates of 76.8 Kbps. ","rect":[90.0,257.1955871582031,337.37310314178469,248.10745239257813]},{"page":180,"text":"INTEROPERABILITY","rect":[72.0,274.9327087402344,169.2170114517212,266.8559875488281]},{"page":180,"text":"6-23. Table 6-2 shows the interoperability capabilities and characteristics of the radios commonly used","rect":[90.0,294.95428466796877,522.0157375335693,285.8460998535156]},{"page":180,"text":"by LRSU.","rect":[90.0,306.6546936035156,130.6922254562378,297.5465087890625]},{"page":180,"text":"Table 6-2. Radio interoperability capabilities and characteristics.","rect":[159.47999572753907,323.301025390625,434.52720751953128,314.9490051269531]},{"page":180,"text":"RETRANSMISSION","rect":[72.0,509.3021240234375,160.08616733551026,501.2159118652344]},{"page":180,"text":"6-24. Retransmission can greatly extend the range of a radio LOS network. Traditionally, SINCGARS","rect":[90.0,529.314208984375,521.9956808013916,520.2060546875]},{"page":180,"text":"retransmission networks are used with two different frequencies or net IDs, called F1 to F2 retransmission.","rect":[90.0,540.9945678710938,521.9870557785034,531.9064331054688]},{"page":180,"text":"This requires planning and establishment of triggers where radios will have to switch frequencies based on","rect":[90.0,552.7149047851563,521.9961452484131,543.6067504882813]},{"page":180,"text":"their location on the battlefield. With the ASIP radio, users can use same net retransmission using the same","rect":[90.0,564.415283203125,522.0480012969971,555.30712890625]},{"page":180,"text":"frequency or net ID. This is called F1 to F1 retransmission. Most current radios support retransmission","rect":[90.0,576.1156005859375,521.9664211273193,567.0074462890625]},{"page":180,"text":"operations with the use of a retransmission cable. If the range between two networks it too great for ground","rect":[90.0,587.8159790039063,522.1756496429443,578.7078247070313]},{"page":180,"text":"wave radios, two LOS networks can be connected using TACSAT radios. Both the AN/PSC-5 (all models)","rect":[90.0,599.5162963867188,521.9984033164978,590.4081420898438]},{"page":180,"text":"and the AN/PRC-117F will connect two LOS (VHF/UHF) networks by way of satellite communications. ","rect":[90.0,611.2166748046875,514.302882194519,602.1085205078125]},{"page":180,"text":"VIDEO TRANSMISSION","rect":[72.0,628.968017578125,182.04347324371339,620.85595703125]},{"page":180,"text":"6-25. Each deployed LRS team uses a lightweight video-reconnaissance system to send and receive","rect":[90.0,648.9542846679688,522.0476961212158,639.8461303710938]},{"page":180,"text":"real-time images.","rect":[90.0,660.6547241210938,159.30381298065186,651.5465698242188]},{"page":180,"text":"RUGGEDIZED COTS LAPTOP","rect":[72.0,680.36962890625,268.9768383140564,670.6814575195313]},{"page":180,"text":"6-26. The LRS teams use this ruggedized, standard laptop to send and receive text messages and images","rect":[90.0,700.7343139648438,522.0623919944763,691.6261596679688]},{"page":180,"text":"over the radio. A serial port or external data controller card connects the laptop by cable to the data port of ","rect":[89.9990005493164,712.4345703125,524.5203199386597,703.326416015625]},{"page":180,"text":"6-6","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":180,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":180,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":181,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0392172851563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":181,"text":"the radio. A data controller card is needed to send data via radio waves. The card manages the data","rect":[108.0,83.57427978515625,540.0546541290283,74.46610260009766]},{"page":181,"text":"reducing errors and transmission times. Some radios use \"tactical chat\" or wireless messaging-terminal","rect":[108.0,95.27471923828125,540.0522227249146,86.16654205322266]},{"page":181,"text":"software as the Graphic User Interface for sending and receiving data. Radios without an internal data","rect":[108.0,106.97503662109375,540.0283479766846,97.86685943603516]},{"page":181,"text":"controller card require an external card. Either an inline cable controller or Personal Computer Memory","rect":[108.0,118.67425537109375,540.0556545257568,109.56607818603516]},{"page":181,"text":"Card International Association (PCMCIA) card will work with the laptop as long as it supports the cards","rect":[107.99980163574219,130.37469482421876,539.9995868186951,121.26651763916016]},{"page":181,"text":"interface. In the field, special charging kits allows a team to operate and charge a laptop with a BA-5590 or","rect":[108.00080108642578,142.07501220703126,540.0270898399353,132.96682739257813]},{"page":181,"text":"BB-390 / BB-2590 battery.","rect":[108.00080108642578,153.775390625,217.24929332733155,144.66720581054688]},{"page":181,"text":"COMMUNICATIONS BASE RADIO STATION PLATFORM","rect":[90.0,173.4896697998047,466.26749310302736,163.8155059814453]},{"page":181,"text":"6-27. Each LRSC is authorized eight BRS platforms. The BRS is a multifunctional communications","rect":[108.0,193.85430908203126,540.0998065452576,184.74612426757813]},{"page":181,"text":"platform currently in development. In addition to HF communications, each BRS provides;","rect":[108.0,205.5546875,473.5587534866333,196.44650268554688]},{"page":181,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,221.0,147.50689334869385,217.0]},{"page":181,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,238.0,147.50689334869385,235.0]},{"page":181,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,256.0,147.50689334869385,252.0]},{"page":181,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,274.0,147.50689334869385,270.0]},{"page":181,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,291.0,147.50689334869385,288.0]},{"page":181,"text":"TACSAT communications with the AN/VRC-103(V1 or V2).","rect":[154.7983856201172,223.23497009277345,403.57192516326907,214.14682006835938]},{"page":181,"text":"VHF communications via AN/VRC-92, AN/VRC-110, or AN/VRC-111.","rect":[154.7983856201172,239.0,448.1981153488159,231.84713745117188]},{"page":181,"text":"Network capability with interface to existing secure and nonsecure networks.","rect":[154.8253173828125,258.65557861328127,464.77019786834719,249.54739379882813]},{"page":181,"text":"Modular and reconfigurable to meet changing mission requirements.","rect":[154.7982940673828,276.35595703125,429.93361949920657,267.2477722167969]},{"page":181,"text":"Dismountable and can be stored or transported in transit cases.","rect":[154.798583984375,294.0362548828125,406.17397594451907,284.9481201171875]},{"page":181,"text":"Section III. OPERATIONS","rect":[80.63999938964844,315.32403564453127,223.3967764892578,306.44403076171877]},{"page":181,"text":"BRS comprise the most critical part of the LRSU communications network. It is the primary link between the","rect":[90.0,338.8143005371094,539.9751863555908,329.70611572265627]},{"page":181,"text":"commander and his deployed teams. Each BRS monitors all deployed team frequencies and channels. ","rect":[90.0,350.5146789550781,500.2023572921753,341.406494140625]},{"page":181,"text":"TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT","rect":[90.0,370.2157287597656,270.3028701438904,360.5555725097656]},{"page":181,"text":"6-28. All LRSU BRS are based on the Army's Transformation High-Frequency Radio System (THFRS).","rect":[108.0,390.59429931640627,540.0953321456909,381.4861145019531]},{"page":181,"text":"This system is in turn based on the AN/PRC-150(C) manpack radio (Figure 6-2). The THFRS can be","rect":[108.0,402.2947082519531,539.9433260040283,393.1865234375]},{"page":181,"text":"configured in the same basic manner as the older AN/TSC-128 in an S-250 communications shelter. The","rect":[108.0,413.9949951171875,540.0193758087158,404.8868103027344]},{"page":181,"text":"THFRS works with various power amplifiers, couplers, antennas, software, and ancillaries to build various","rect":[108.0,425.6753845214844,540.0121600608826,416.5872497558594]},{"page":181,"text":"vehicular and BRS configurations.","rect":[108.0,437.39569091796877,246.85840892791749,428.2875061035156]},{"page":181,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":181,"text":"Figure 6-2. AN/PRC-150(C) in vehicular AN/VRC-104 (V)3 configuration.","rect":[164.0399932861328,711.2008666992188,465.9413005371094,702.7678833007813]},{"page":181,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":181,"text":"6-7","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":182,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":182,"text":"COMPANY OPERATIONS BASE","rect":[72.0,83.62802124023438,219.14049673080445,75.33602142333985]},{"page":182,"text":"6-29. When space allows, the BRS should be physically located with or in close proximity to the COB","rect":[90.0,103.61431884765625,521.9749662818908,94.50614166259766]},{"page":182,"text":"TOC.  This  allows  a  direct  link  between  the  operations  cell  and  the  BRS operators. If  circumstances","rect":[89.9990005493164,115.29466247558594,522.0625140647888,106.2065200805664]},{"page":182,"text":"prohibit this employment, the BRS is linked to the TOC by VHF, UHF TACSAT, tactical LAN, or field","rect":[89.9990005493164,127.0150146484375,521.9860134124756,117.9068374633789]},{"page":182,"text":"wire. A new BRS configuration is in development.","rect":[89.9990005493164,138.71533203125,293.73430919647219,129.60714721679688]},{"page":182,"text":"ALTERNATE OPERATIONS BASE","rect":[72.0,156.46798706054688,228.500497341156,148.17599487304688]},{"page":182,"text":"6-30. This base relays communications between the LRS teams and the COB BRS. It links to the COB","rect":[90.0,176.45428466796876,522.0631620826721,167.34609985351563]},{"page":182,"text":"through joint or Army tactical switching systems. ","rect":[90.0,188.1546630859375,290.91482067108157,179.03646850585938]},{"page":182,"text":"• The COB and AOB use HF and UHF TACSAT radios as secondary means of communication. ","rect":[125.9999008178711,205.85498046875,518.4830884933472,196.74679565429688]},{"page":182,"text":"• Message traffic between the two stations should travel by the fastest, most secure means","rect":[125.9999008178711,223.5552978515625,490.9288165550232,214.44711303710938]},{"page":182,"text":"available.","rect":[136.7993927001953,233.2316436767578,175.46758556365968,226.14749145507813]},{"page":182,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,250.0,129.50690097808838,247.0]},{"page":182,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,278.11822509765627,129.50790042877197,275.663330078125]},{"page":182,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,319.2192077636719,129.50790042877197,316.7643127441406]},{"page":182,"text":"Due to variables such as terrain and interference, the AOB can sometimes receive messages the","rect":[136.8323974609375,252.95599365234376,519.5115022735596,243.84780883789063]},{"page":182,"text":"COB cannot.","rect":[136.80039978027345,262.6422424316406,189.17841625213624,255.71841430664063]},{"page":182,"text":"The AOB BRS is normally positioned farther from the deployed teams than the COB BRS and","rect":[136.79930114746095,282.356689453125,516.7849941253662,273.2485046386719]},{"page":182,"text":"can operate mounted or dismounted. It is prepared to assume the mission if the COB, if the","rect":[136.80039978027345,294.0369567871094,501.5649995880127,284.9488220214844]},{"page":182,"text":"COB displaces or is destroyed.","rect":[136.80039978027345,305.7574157714844,260.78289318084719,296.64923095703127]},{"page":182,"text":"The communications platoon leader recommends to the LRSC commander the approximate","rect":[136.79930114746095,323.4376220703125,503.8453645782471,314.3494873046875]},{"page":182,"text":"distance and location of the AOB based on, among other factors--","rect":[136.80039978027345,335.1580810546875,400.8206994590759,326.0498962402344]},{"page":182,"text":"-- Probability of communications with the deployed teams and the COB BRS.","rect":[136.80039978027345,352.8583984375,451.4640760421753,343.7502136230469]},{"page":182,"text":"-- Available local support or unit capability to support.","rect":[136.80039978027345,370.5586853027344,358.4598340988159,361.45050048828127]},{"page":182,"text":"HF OR UHF TACSAT RADIO","rect":[72.0,388.32000732421877,219.7124605178833,380.0160217285156]},{"page":182,"text":"6-31. These are the surveillance team’s primary means of communication with the BRS. Data-burst","rect":[90.0,408.2943115234375,522.0361704788209,399.1861267089844]},{"page":182,"text":"equipment and compression software shorten transmission times. Encryption prevents the enemy from","rect":[90.0,419.9945983886719,522.1808142623902,410.88641357421877]},{"page":182,"text":"deciphering radio transmissions. Lightweight digital photo or video systems allow transmission of near","rect":[90.0,431.69500732421877,521.9128320274353,422.5868225097656]},{"page":182,"text":"real-time imagery.","rect":[90.0,443.3954162597656,163.72075939178468,434.2872314453125]},{"page":182,"text":"• The team leader selects a communication site using METT-TC. The site should allow antenna","rect":[125.9999008178711,461.095703125,513.5664339141846,451.9875183105469]},{"page":182,"text":"construction and terrain masking.","rect":[136.7993927001953,472.7960205078125,271.1077833175659,463.6878356933594]},{"page":182,"text":"• Teams transmit and receive routine messages during scheduled communication windows. For","rect":[125.9999008178711,490.4964294433594,512.3069055137635,481.38824462890627]},{"page":182,"text":"messages requiring transmission outside the schedule, the team first establishes a link with the","rect":[136.7993927001953,502.19671630859377,514.7710847930908,493.0885314941406]},{"page":182,"text":"COB or AOB in ALE mode or with the guard frequency, if in single sideband (SSB mode), and","rect":[136.7993927001953,513.8970947265625,520.6127834320068,504.7889099121094]},{"page":182,"text":"then transmits the message.","rect":[136.7993927001953,525.597412109375,246.8912000656128,516.4892578125]},{"page":182,"text":"• Internal team communications is via secure VHF radios and visual signals. Leaders ensure","rect":[125.9999008178711,543.2977905273438,499.57857991027836,534.1896362304688]},{"page":182,"text":"everyone takes the proper OPSEC and COMSEC precautions.","rect":[136.80039978027345,554.9981079101563,386.03191661834719,545.8899536132813]},{"page":182,"text":"SITE SELECTION","rect":[72.0,574.709716796875,188.79589121246338,565.0355224609375]},{"page":182,"text":"6-32. The  reliability  of  radio  communications  depends  largely  on  proper  radio  site  selection.  The","rect":[90.0,595.0742797851563,522.1125154571533,585.9661254882813]},{"page":182,"text":"communications platoon leader and the BRS team leader must ensure that both primary and alternate sites","rect":[90.0,606.774658203125,522.0773456077576,597.66650390625]},{"page":182,"text":"satisfy technical, tactical, security, and other performance criteria. ","rect":[90.0,618.4749755859375,357.1010389328003,609.3668212890625]},{"page":182,"text":"ALL OPERATIONS BASES","rect":[72.0,636.22802734375,194.31534385681153,627.9359741210938]},{"page":182,"text":"6-33. The site needs good cover and concealment, and a location free of interference (man-made or","rect":[90.0,656.2142333984375,522.0118920860291,647.1060791015625]},{"page":182,"text":"natural). Moving the site  may  be  necessary  if  interference  becomes  a  problem.  Common  sources  of ","rect":[90.0,667.9146118164063,524.5523023605347,658.8064575195313]},{"page":182,"text":"interference include; high-tension power lines, over population of antennas, electronic countermeasures,","rect":[90.0,679.6148681640625,522.0170240402222,670.5067138671875]},{"page":182,"text":"thick vegetation and terrain.","rect":[90.0,691.3153076171875,202.58990001678468,682.2071533203125]},{"page":182,"text":"6-8","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":182,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":182,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":183,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0392172851563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":183,"text":"COMPANY OPERATIONS BASE","rect":[90.0,83.62802124023438,237.14049673080445,75.33602142333985]},{"page":183,"text":"6-34. The COB is the primary link between the deployed teams and BFSB S-2 fusion element. COB","rect":[108.0,103.61431884765625,540.0272123756408,94.50614166259766]},{"page":183,"text":"BRS is normally located well within the security umbrella of the BFSB. It should be close enough to the","rect":[108.0,115.314697265625,539.9847078399658,106.2065200805664]},{"page":183,"text":"BFSB and R&S squadron S-2 sections to permit a land wire network for reporting purposes. ","rect":[108.0,127.0150146484375,481.21233654022219,117.9068374633789]},{"page":183,"text":"ALTERNATE OPERATIONS BASE","rect":[90.0,144.76797485351563,246.500497341156,136.47598266601563]},{"page":183,"text":"6-35. The AOB may collocate if communications are established and maintained between the deployed","rect":[108.0,164.7542724609375,540.0549221038818,155.64608764648438]},{"page":183,"text":"teams and the COB. For increased survivability and redundancy, the AOB may be located elsewhere in the","rect":[108.0,176.4547119140625,539.9891023712158,167.34652709960938]},{"page":183,"text":"AO. If communication cannot be established or maintained between the teams and the COB, the AOB is","rect":[108.0009994506836,187.6639862060547,540.0503680686951,179.04678344726563]},{"page":183,"text":"moved in order to establish communication with the deployed teams and the COB. When the AOB is used","rect":[108.0009994506836,199.8553466796875,540.0662136077881,190.74716186523438]},{"page":183,"text":"as the primary reporting link, it must maintain a constant communication path with the COB, while the","rect":[108.0009994506836,211.5556640625,540.0365266876221,202.44747924804688]},{"page":183,"text":"COB generally moves with the BFSB or R&S squadron. ","rect":[108.0009994506836,223.256103515625,336.96572399139407,214.14791870117188]},{"page":183,"text":"TACTICAL SATELLITE","rect":[90.0,242.96971130371095,246.27264248275757,233.29554748535157]},{"page":183,"text":"6-36. UHF TACSAT radio is a reliable communications system with unlimited range. It comes in both","rect":[108.0,263.33416748046877,540.0333156585693,254.22598266601563]},{"page":183,"text":"manpack and vehicle configurations. The best systems for LRS missions are multiband, multimission,","rect":[108.0,275.0345458984375,540.1248731613159,265.9263610839844]},{"page":183,"text":"multisystem-compatible UHF TACSAT systems with--","rect":[108.0,286.7348937988281,329.7593896446228,277.626708984375]},{"page":183,"text":"• Embedded demand-assigned, multiple access (DAMA) capabilities.","rect":[143.99989318847657,304.4351806640625,426.6719923019409,295.3269958496094]},{"page":183,"text":"• Satellite communications modems.","rect":[143.99989318847657,320.12158203125,294.9889783859253,313.02740478515627]},{"page":183,"text":"• Diverse communications and transmission security capabilities. ","rect":[143.99989318847657,339.8359069824219,412.1157178878784,330.72772216796877]},{"page":183,"text":"6-37. Understandably, satellite channels and UHF TACSAT systems are in high demand and are also in","rect":[108.0,357.53619384765627,539.9862575531006,348.4280090332031]},{"page":183,"text":"short supply. Because the priority for UHF TACSAT channels goes to division HQ and above, joint and","rect":[108.0,369.2366027832031,539.9952907562256,360.118408203125]},{"page":183,"text":"special operations units, LRSUs usually must share satellite channels. For this reason, the HF radio remains","rect":[108.0,380.9368896484375,540.1892840843201,371.8287048339844]},{"page":183,"text":"the primary means of communication. When LRSU do get satellite access, they must carefully manage it","rect":[108.0,392.6372985839844,539.9975352249146,383.52911376953127]},{"page":183,"text":"for airtime and message precedence.","rect":[108.0,404.33758544921877,254.05768871307374,395.2294006347656]},{"page":183,"text":"Section IV. REPORTS","rect":[80.63999938964844,425.60400390625,203.29678564453125,416.7239990234375]},{"page":183,"text":"Teams communicate with the BRS at specified times or per-designated communications windows, with each","rect":[90.0,449.09429931640627,540.0032863616943,439.9861145019531]},{"page":183,"text":"team having a separate window. The number of scheduled times used by the LRSU depends on METT-TC.","rect":[90.0,460.7947082519531,540.0162305831909,451.6865234375]},{"page":183,"text":"Scheduling windows too often places a team at risk, while scheduling windows too seldom can reduce the","rect":[90.0,472.4949951171875,540.0187044219971,463.3868103027344]},{"page":183,"text":"relevance of time-sensitive intelligence.","rect":[90.0,484.1954345703125,249.64202404022218,475.0872497558594]},{"page":183,"text":"MESSAGES AND REPORT FORMATS","rect":[90.0,503.9096984863281,334.8485633392334,494.2215576171875]},{"page":183,"text":"6-38. To  accomplish  their  mission,  LRS  teams  must send  timely  and  accurate  messages, properly","rect":[108.0,524.2742309570313,539.9941310882568,515.1660766601563]},{"page":183,"text":"formatted, to the COB, AOB or MSS BRS. Each team does this during assigned \"windows,\" based on","rect":[108.0,535.974609375,539.9789943695068,526.866455078125]},{"page":183,"text":"METT-TC. Using too frequent windows raises susceptibility to enemy interception and direction-finding","rect":[108.0,547.6749267578125,540.0543727874756,538.5667724609375]},{"page":183,"text":"capabilities; however, using too few windows reduces the relevance--and usefulness--of time-sensitive","rect":[108.0,559.3753051757813,540.0013704376221,550.2671508789063]},{"page":183,"text":"intelligence. For the purpose of this manual, a message refers to the information sent from one station to","rect":[108.0,571.0755615234375,540.0376491546631,561.9674072265625]},{"page":183,"text":"another. Most messages follow a report format.","rect":[108.0,582.7760009765625,297.8804883956909,573.6678466796875]},{"page":183,"text":"MESSAGES","rect":[90.0,600.502197265625,143.99051475524903,592.4159545898438]},{"page":183,"text":"6-39. Each BRS logs in detail all messages it sends and receives. The unit SOP specifies how done. The","rect":[108.0,620.5142822265625,540.0013094024658,611.4061279296875]},{"page":183,"text":"BRS team chief in the COB ensures that all messages for committed teams originate with the operations","rect":[108.0,632.214599609375,540.0790545921326,623.1064453125]},{"page":183,"text":"section and that they are properly formatted.","rect":[108.0,643.9149780273438,285.90273571014407,634.8068237304688]},{"page":183,"text":"Interoperability","rect":[90.0,662.900634765625,165.14161109924317,653.095458984375]},{"page":183,"text":"6-40. Report formats provided below are based on the standardized formats in FM 6-99.2. LRSC should","rect":[108.0,680.4942626953125,540.1758937835693,671.4061279296875]},{"page":183,"text":"base unit SOPs on these report formats in order to gain rapid interoperability between LRSU.","rect":[108.0,692.214599609375,482.3909559249878,683.1064453125]},{"page":183,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":183,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":183,"text":"6-9","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0679931640625,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":184,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":184,"text":"Incoming Messages from Team","rect":[72.0,84.86070251464844,218.778450214386,75.05555725097656]},{"page":184,"text":"6-41. When the BRS receives a message from a team, it is logged and forwarded to the operations","rect":[90.0,102.47418212890625,522.0193622093201,93.36600494384766]},{"page":184,"text":"section for decryption. Intelligence reports are generally sent directly to the BRS located at the COB, then","rect":[90.0,114.17449951171875,521.9630031585693,105.06632232666016]},{"page":184,"text":"to the BFSB S-2 fusion element and the R&S squadron S-2 after being logged and examined by the LRSC","rect":[90.0,125.8748779296875,522.0057890357971,116.7667007446289]},{"page":184,"text":"TOC. The LRSC TOC neither delays nor changes any intelligence report. Sometimes, the AOB BRS","rect":[90.0,137.5753173828125,522.0268697662353,128.46713256835938]},{"page":184,"text":"receives a message that the COB BRS does not receive. When this happens, the AOB logs the message and","rect":[90.0,149.275634765625,522.0003566741943,140.16744995117188]},{"page":184,"text":"sends it, exactly as received, by the fastest, most secure means to the COB (Figure 6-3).","rect":[90.0,160.97601318359376,442.1872510910034,151.86782836914063]},{"page":184,"text":"Outgoing Messages to Team","rect":[72.0,179.96067810058595,204.28705617141726,170.15553283691407]},{"page":184,"text":"6-42. The LRSC operations section formats and encrypts any message going out to a team. The BRS","rect":[90.0,197.57427978515626,522.0396261138916,188.46609497070313]},{"page":184,"text":"then transmits it during that team's next scheduled communication time after the BRS team chief ensures","rect":[90.0,209.27471923828126,522.0612933616638,200.16653442382813]},{"page":184,"text":"the message is properly formatted.","rect":[90.0,220.97503662109376,228.2444257736206,211.86685180664063]},{"page":184,"text":"Figure 6-3. Communications data wire diagram.","rect":[195.5399932861328,542.4208984375,398.420701171875,533.9879150390625]},{"page":184,"text":"Code Words or Letters","rect":[72.0,559.233642578125,180.29465732192993,551.6464233398438]},{"page":184,"text":"6-43. Code words or letters are used by transmitting stations to send vital information quickly, and in a","rect":[90.0,579.05419921875,522.1594514923096,569.946044921875]},{"page":184,"text":"secure manner. These letters and code words are given to the team during mission planning. They keep","rect":[90.0,590.7545776367188,522.0620632171631,581.6464233398438]},{"page":184,"text":"transmissions  short.  They  inform  the  receiving station  of  the  situation on the  ground  without  long","rect":[90.0,602.4548950195313,522.0211696624756,593.3467407226563]},{"page":184,"text":"descriptions. Code words are also used to send vital information in a secure manner. Without knowledge of ","rect":[90.0,614.1552734375,524.7569532394409,605.047119140625]},{"page":184,"text":"the meaning of the code words/ code letters, the meaning of message will not be known to any intercepting","rect":[90.0,625.8555908203125,521.9756984710693,616.7474365234375]},{"page":184,"text":"station or person.","rect":[90.0,637.5360107421875,159.46027660369874,628.4478759765625]},{"page":184,"text":"6-10","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":184,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":184,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":185,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0392172851563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":185,"text":"Duress Codeword","rect":[90.0,81.6202621459961,163.29930686950685,74.69644165039063]},{"page":185,"text":"6-44. A duress code is a simple word placed in a message to indicate the sending station is not under","rect":[107.9999008178711,101.21435546875,540.0431420860291,92.1061782836914]},{"page":185,"text":"duress (Table 6-3). A duress code requires planning and rehearsal to ensure an appropriate response. This","rect":[107.9999008178711,112.9146728515625,539.9909198265076,103.8064956665039]},{"page":185,"text":"code is normally changed after each mission to avoid compromise. ","rect":[107.9999008178711,124.6151123046875,378.2209119796753,115.5069351196289]},{"page":185,"text":"• Only the team, the COB, the AOB and--if used, the MSS--know the duress code. ","rect":[144.00079345703126,142.31536865234376,481.98049449920657,133.20718383789063]},{"page":185,"text":"• The sending station inserts the code into a precise location in the message so the receiving","rect":[144.00079345703126,160.01580810546876,516.7152004241943,150.90762329101563]},{"page":185,"text":"station will know they did so deliberately, not under coercion. Each team and BRS has a","rect":[154.80030822753907,171.716064453125,510.0713167266846,162.60787963867188]},{"page":185,"text":"different duress code.","rect":[154.80030822753907,183.41644287109376,240.8841199874878,174.30825805664063]},{"page":185,"text":"Situation Normal","rect":[90.0,199.1618194580078,162.21834516143799,192.23800659179688]},{"page":185,"text":"• Sender includes duress code in the correct location. ","rect":[143.99978637695313,216.8020782470703,363.5927686691284,209.70791625976563]},{"page":185,"text":"• Recipient responds to content of message.","rect":[143.99978637695313,236.5164794921875,323.61406993865969,227.40829467773438]},{"page":185,"text":"Situation Compromised","rect":[90.0,254.25682067871095,187.77924156188966,245.33901977539063]},{"page":185,"text":"• Sender omits the duress code.","rect":[143.99978637695313,269.9030456542969,274.3264112472534,262.8088684082031]},{"page":185,"text":"• Recipients ignore content of message and responds to the emergency by initiating compromise","rect":[143.99978637695313,289.61749267578127,534.4286165313721,280.5093078613281]},{"page":185,"text":"procedures.","rect":[154.79930114746095,301.2977600097656,201.41233348846436,292.2096252441406]},{"page":185,"text":"Table 6-3. Procedure for use of duress codes.","rect":[217.4399871826172,316.17901611328127,412.56367602539066,309.52801513671877]},{"page":185,"text":"REPORT FORMAT","rect":[90.0,397.9327087402344,177.3216643333435,389.8559875488281]},{"page":185,"text":"6-45. Information is placed  into  a  report  format  (Figure 6-4)  to  aid  encryption,  decryption  and","rect":[108.0,417.95428466796877,540.0609645843506,408.8460998535156]},{"page":185,"text":"information recognition. Using a report format makes even partially received messages useful, because the","rect":[108.0,429.6546936035156,540.0407381134033,420.5465087890625]},{"page":185,"text":"information is more recognizable. The message is divided into three parts. ","rect":[108.0,441.35498046875,407.9020643234253,432.2467956542969]},{"page":185,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":185,"text":"Figure 6-4. Report format.","rect":[259.97998046875,673.4010009765625,369.99369921875,664.968017578125]},{"page":185,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":185,"text":"6-11","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":186,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":186,"text":"Header Information","rect":[72.0,82.64273834228516,166.91332090759279,75.05555725097656]},{"page":186,"text":"6-46. Messages are numbered in sequence of transmission, the first number being the team number. If ","rect":[90.0,102.47418212890625,524.5500440597534,93.36600494384766]},{"page":186,"text":"messages  include  pictures,  they  are  named  using  the  message  number  along  with  an alphabetical","rect":[90.0,114.17449951171875,522.0328135452271,105.06632232666016]},{"page":186,"text":"designation to match the picture with the corresponding message, for example, 101A, 101B (Figure 6-5).","rect":[90.0,125.8748779296875,511.38225841522219,116.7667007446289]},{"page":186,"text":"Address--10 DE 11","rect":[139.6800079345703,158.678955078125,216.07020788574219,152.1089630126953]},{"page":186,"text":"10= Receiving address","rect":[139.6800079345703,176.8410186767578,231.2750244140625,168.48902893066407]},{"page":186,"text":"DE= this is","rect":[139.6800079345703,191.43902587890626,182.98260498046876,184.89602661132813]},{"page":186,"text":"11= Sending address","rect":[139.6800079345703,209.60096740722657,224.80288696289063,201.16796875]},{"page":186,"text":"Message #--MSG 101","rect":[139.6800079345703,225.98097229003907,227.58658056640625,217.5479736328125]},{"page":186,"text":"Type of report","rect":[139.5,251.3009796142578,195.47918811035158,242.86798095703126]},{"page":186,"text":"Duress codeword","rect":[139.5,265.89898681640627,209.20979528808594,259.3559875488281]},{"page":186,"text":"BORIS","rect":[216.05580139160157,249.51898193359376,244.04219982910156,242.85897827148438]},{"page":186,"text":"SOUPY","rect":[216.0406951904297,265.89898681640627,247.5064942626953,259.2389831542969]},{"page":186,"text":"This indicates the type of report that follows.","rect":[288.02020263671877,251.3009796142578,463.2378093261719,242.86798095703126]},{"page":186,"text":"This is a 5 letter codeword used to inform the","rect":[287.9971923828125,265.89898681640627,467.25268774414067,259.24798583984377]},{"page":186,"text":"receiving station that the sending station is not in","rect":[288.0,278.0608825683594,481.777193359375,269.7358703613281]},{"page":186,"text":"duress or being forced to send the message.","rect":[288.0,288.4410095214844,465.7895671386719,280.00799560546877]},{"page":186,"text":"Message Body","rect":[72.0,330.5606994628906,138.89454078674317,320.9312438964844]},{"page":186,"text":"Figure 6-5. Example message header.","rect":[216.77999877929688,311.541015625,377.25889697265628,303.1889953613281]},{"page":186,"text":"6-47. The message body varies depending on the report format. Recipients must be able to recognize,","rect":[90.0,348.17431640625,522.0705518722534,339.0661315917969]},{"page":186,"text":"understand, and react quickly to the information contained in the message. This means the unit SOP must","rect":[90.0,359.8746643066406,521.9917368850709,350.7664794921875]},{"page":186,"text":"provide for short, standard message language. This serves three purposes: observer guidance, speed and","rect":[90.0,371.5749816894531,522.0172023773193,362.466796875]},{"page":186,"text":"communications security. The format gives the observer a tool to report specific information. Knowing the","rect":[90.0,383.2754211425781,521.8798494415283,374.167236328125]},{"page":186,"text":"format speeds the writing and reading of the message. Keeping messages short decreases transmission time","rect":[90.0,394.9756774902344,522.0170564727783,385.86749267578127]},{"page":186,"text":"and helps avoid enemy radio direction finding (RDF) units.","rect":[90.0,406.67608642578127,328.3788709640503,397.5679016113281]},{"page":186,"text":"Footer Information","rect":[72.0,423.4427185058594,163.29869688415529,415.8555603027344]},{"page":186,"text":"6-48. Particular information goes into a report footer:","rect":[90.0,443.2743225097656,316.5901560745239,434.1661376953125]},{"page":186,"text":"REPORT FORMAT TYPES","rect":[72.0,570.2022094726563,193.89381980895997,562.115966796875]},{"page":186,"text":"6-49. LRSU use five basic report formats (Table 6-4):","rect":[90.0,590.1942749023438,319.0607066116333,581.1061401367188]},{"page":186,"text":"6-12","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":186,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":186,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":187,"text":"Table 6-4. Report formats.","rect":[259.5,82.40401458740235,370.512009765625,74.0880126953125]},{"page":187,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0356162109375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":187,"text":"Angus (Initial Entry) Report","rect":[90.0,278.5405578613281,224.6828748817444,268.7354431152344]},{"page":187,"text":"6-50. The RTO normally sends the Angus (Initial Entry) Report as soon after the insertion as the tactical","rect":[108.0,296.154296875,540.0989146194459,287.0461120605469]},{"page":187,"text":"situation allows. This is usually completed within four hours of insertion. If the Angus is not transmitted","rect":[108.0,307.857666015625,540.0121974945068,298.7494812011719]},{"page":187,"text":"within this window the LRSC operations section may assume the mission is compromised and initiate","rect":[108.0,319.5610046386719,540.1023836212158,310.45281982421877]},{"page":187,"text":"emergency procedures. This message alerts the operations section of the status of the insertion, the team's","rect":[108.0,331.2644348144531,540.0318133811951,322.15625]},{"page":187,"text":"initial situation, and possible deviations from the infiltration plan due to previously unknown conditions on","rect":[108.0,342.9676818847656,540.0313014984131,333.8594970703125]},{"page":187,"text":"the  ground.  Table 6-5  shows  the  typical  format  of  an  Angus report  and the message information","rect":[108.0,354.6711120605469,539.9222316741943,345.56292724609377]},{"page":187,"text":"contained in it.","rect":[108.0,364.3504333496094,167.87378978729249,357.26629638671877]},{"page":187,"text":"Table 6-5. Typical format for an Angus (Initial Entry) Report.","rect":[187.55999755859376,383.00103759765627,442.4152995605469,374.5680236816406]},{"page":187,"text":"Boris (Intelligence) Report","rect":[90.0,539.900634765625,215.11269971084597,530.095458984375]},{"page":187,"text":"6-51. The RTO normally sends the Boris (Intelligence) Report to the BRS as soon as the LRS team has","rect":[108.0,557.5142822265625,540.0355365257263,548.4061279296875]},{"page":187,"text":"PIR to report. Other ISR tasks are normally sent during prescribed communications windows. Table 6-6","rect":[108.0,569.2177124023438,540.0836696624756,560.1095581054688]},{"page":187,"text":"shows the typical format for a Boris report and the message information contained in it.","rect":[108.0,580.9210205078125,459.13711071014407,571.8128662109375]},{"page":187,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98230200195312,747.489013671875]},{"page":187,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0636901855469,754.0679931640625,329.0175192871094,747.489013671875]},{"page":187,"text":"6-13","rect":[522.0786743164063,754.0590209960938,540.0363486328125,747.489013671875]},{"page":188,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.47270422363282,38.0880126953125]},{"page":188,"text":"Table 6-6. Typical format for a Boris (Intelligence) Report.","rect":[174.4199981689453,82.52101135253906,419.47557177734378,74.0880126953125]},{"page":188,"text":"Cyril (Situation) Report","rect":[72.0,500.30059814453127,185.03359814834597,490.4954833984375]},{"page":188,"text":"6-52. The RTO must send the  Cyril  (Situation)  Report  during,  and  only  during,  scheduled","rect":[90.0,517.9141845703125,522.0076198577881,508.8059997558594]},{"page":188,"text":"communication windows. The Cyril reports the team’s situation, status (medical, team equipment, food,","rect":[90.0,529.6175537109375,521.9168653488159,520.5093994140625]},{"page":188,"text":"water, batteries), past, current, and planned activity. Table 6-7 shows the typical format and content of a","rect":[90.0,541.3209228515625,521.9602937774658,532.2127685546875]},{"page":188,"text":"Cyril report. The team must send a Cyril report during every communications window.","rect":[90.0,553.0242919921875,438.47649669647219,543.9161376953125]},{"page":188,"text":"6-14","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":188,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01910400390627,754.0679931640625,310.972994140625,747.489013671875]},{"page":188,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.05419921875,754.0679931640625,522.0364096679688,747.489013671875]},{"page":189,"text":"Table 6-7. Typical format for a Cyril (Situation) Report.","rect":[199.4399871826172,82.52101135253906,430.5005046386719,74.0880126953125]},{"page":189,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0392172851563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":189,"text":"Under (Cache) Report","rect":[90.0,350.7587585449219,194.92268201065066,340.9865417480469]},{"page":189,"text":"6-53. The LRS team RTO or the COB normally sends the Under (Cache) Report to report caches of","rect":[108.0,368.394287109375,539.9452416954041,359.2861022949219]},{"page":189,"text":"personnel records, intelligence documents, personnel burials, and so on. After the team infiltrates, the","rect":[108.0,380.0946960449219,540.0592317657471,370.98651123046877]},{"page":189,"text":"LRSC operations section reports caches such as ammunition, demolitions, barter items, weapons, food, and","rect":[108.0,391.77496337890627,540.0537014007568,382.68682861328127]},{"page":189,"text":"water. Table 6-8 shows the typical format of an Under Report and the message information contained in it.","rect":[108.0,403.49542236328127,536.0825147628784,394.3872375488281]},{"page":189,"text":"Table 6-8. Typical format for an Under (Cache) Report.","rect":[199.5,420.1409912109375,430.5905925292969,411.7079772949219]},{"page":189,"text":"Crack (Battle Damage Assessment) Report","rect":[90.0,655.1607055664063,290.6990644569397,645.3665161132813]},{"page":189,"text":"6-54. The Crack (Battle Damage Assessment) Report is used to provide a timely and accurate estimate","rect":[108.0,672.7742919921875,539.9887971954346,663.6661376953125]},{"page":189,"text":"of  damage  resulting  from  the  application  of  military  force,  either lethal or  nonlethal,  against a","rect":[108.0,684.4746704101563,539.9782381134033,675.3665161132813]},{"page":189,"text":"predetermined objective. Table 6-9 shows an example for a Crack report and the message information","rect":[107.9990005493164,696.1749877929688,540.0050563812256,687.0567626953125]},{"page":189,"text":"contained in it.","rect":[107.9990005493164,705.851318359375,167.88280773162843,698.7672119140625]},{"page":189,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":189,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":189,"text":"6-15","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":190,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":190,"text":"Table 6-9. Typical format for a Crack (Battle Damage Assessment) Report.","rect":[139.5,82.52101135253906,454.5732890625,74.0880126953125]},{"page":190,"text":"COMMUNICATIONS SECURITY","rect":[72.0,465.38970947265627,284.2499622573853,455.715576171875]},{"page":190,"text":"6-55. This function is management intensive for LRSU operations. The LRSC commander ensures the","rect":[90.0,485.7543029785156,521.9663362579346,476.6461181640625]},{"page":190,"text":"unit’s  COMSEC  custodian  keeps enough of  the  necessary  materials  on  hand,  both  for  training  and","rect":[90.0,497.4546813964844,522.0504665374756,488.34649658203127]},{"page":190,"text":"contingency missions. Possible COMSEC considerations for LRSU operations include--","rect":[90.0,509.1549987792969,444.65230346298218,500.04681396484377]},{"page":190,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,524.0,129.50790042877197,521.0]},{"page":190,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,542.0,129.50790042877197,538.0]},{"page":190,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,560.0,129.50790042877197,556.0]},{"page":190,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,577.0,129.50790042877197,574.0]},{"page":190,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,595.0,129.50790042877197,591.0]},{"page":190,"text":"JTF, corps or division nets.","rect":[136.79930114746095,526.8352661132813,246.17701244354249,517.7471313476563]},{"page":190,"text":"BFSB and R&S squadron nets.","rect":[136.79930114746095,544.5357055664063,261.47259044647219,535.4475708007813]},{"page":190,"text":"Internal company and team nets.","rect":[136.82940673828126,562.2559814453125,267.2472791671753,553.1478271484375]},{"page":190,"text":"Digital secure voice terminal key for MSE network.","rect":[136.79959106445313,579.956298828125,345.07046031951907,570.84814453125]},{"page":190,"text":"JTF, corps, division or BFSB UHF TACSAT keys.","rect":[136.7993927001953,597.65673828125,342.05959606170657,588.548583984375]},{"page":190,"text":"Section V. ELECTRONIC WARFARE","rect":[62.63999938964844,630.6238403320313,266.5512412109375,621.7438354492188]},{"page":190,"text":"Electronic warfare (EW) is any military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to","rect":[72.0,654.1141967773438,522.0308742523193,645.0060424804688]},{"page":190,"text":"control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy (FM 1-02). There are three major subdivisions","rect":[72.0,665.8145141601563,521.9420306663513,656.6962890625]},{"page":190,"text":"within electronic warfare: electronic attack, electronic warfare support, and electronic protection.","rect":[72.0,677.494873046875,461.61184215545657,668.40673828125]},{"page":190,"text":"6-16","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":190,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":190,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":191,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0392172851563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":191,"text":"ELECTRONIC ATTACK","rect":[90.0,85.57572174072266,247.02196271514894,75.91554260253906]},{"page":191,"text":"6-56. That  division  of  EW  involving  the  use  of  the  electromagnetic energy, directed energy, or","rect":[108.0,105.95428466796875,540.0128076133728,96.84610748291016]},{"page":191,"text":"antiradiation","rect":[108.0,115.63062286376953,158.67516136169435,108.5464859008789]},{"page":191,"text":"weapons  to  attack  personnel,  facilities,  or  equipment  with  the  intent  of  degrading,","rect":[165.51658630371095,117.6546630859375,539.9925489425659,108.5464859008789]},{"page":191,"text":"neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability and is considered a form of fires (FM 1-02).","rect":[108.0,129.35498046875,497.00258922576907,120.2468032836914]},{"page":191,"text":"ELECTRONIC WARFARE SUPPORT","rect":[90.0,149.0697479248047,328.09052883529668,139.3955841064453]},{"page":191,"text":"6-57. That division of EW involving actions tasked by, or under the direct control of, an operational","rect":[108.0,169.43426513671876,540.0970225296021,160.32608032226563]},{"page":191,"text":"commander  to  search  for,  intercept,  identify,  locate  or  localize  sources  of  intentional or unintentional","rect":[108.0,181.1346435546875,540.0335459671021,172.02645874023438]},{"page":191,"text":"radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition, targeting, planning and","rect":[108.0,192.83502197265626,539.9990749359131,183.72683715820313]},{"page":191,"text":"conduct of future operations (FM 1-02).","rect":[108.0,204.51536560058595,268.78643321990969,195.42721557617188]},{"page":191,"text":"ELECTRONIC PROTECTION","rect":[90.0,224.23570251464845,281.16252939605718,214.5755157470703]},{"page":191,"text":"6-58. That division of EW involving passive and active means taken to protect personnel, facilities, and","rect":[108.0,244.61431884765626,540.0533351898193,235.50613403320313]},{"page":191,"text":"equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy employment of EW that degrade, neutralize or destroy","rect":[108.0,256.314697265625,540.0497951507568,247.20651245117188]},{"page":191,"text":"friendly combat capability (FM 1-02). LRSU are primarily concerned with electronic protection.","rect":[108.0,268.0150146484375,495.31399059295657,258.9068298339844]},{"page":191,"text":"METHODS","rect":[90.0,285.7422180175781,140.81471824645997,277.656005859375]},{"page":191,"text":"6-59. These refer to anything a LRSU does to prevent or reduce the effectiveness of enemy EW and","rect":[108.0,305.7543029785156,539.9659938812256,296.6461181640625]},{"page":191,"text":"enhance electronic protection.","rect":[108.0,317.43463134765627,228.57863903045655,308.34649658203127]},{"page":191,"text":"Security Tasks","rect":[90.0,336.4407043457031,159.29477939224243,326.6355895996094]},{"page":191,"text":"6-60.","rect":[108.0,352.0102233886719,128.98789501190186,345.12646484375]},{"page":191,"text":"6-61.","rect":[108.0,440.5119323730469,128.98789501190186,433.628173828125]},{"page":191,"text":"6-62.","rect":[108.0,546.7138671875,128.98789501190186,539.8301391601563]},{"page":191,"text":"Emission security includes--","rect":[143.99989318847657,354.0542907714844,257.6240136680603,344.94610595703127]},{"page":191,"text":"• Using brevity lists.","rect":[143.99989318847657,371.7546081542969,230.8604383468628,362.64642333984377]},{"page":191,"text":"• Masking antenna locations.","rect":[143.99989318847657,389.4549865722656,264.84939098358157,380.3468017578125]},{"page":191,"text":"• Using directional antennas.","rect":[143.99989318847657,407.1553039550781,264.31829357147219,398.047119140625]},{"page":191,"text":"• Using the lowest possible output power.","rect":[143.99989318847657,424.8555908203125,315.98345470428469,415.7474060058594]},{"page":191,"text":"Transmission security includes--","rect":[143.99989318847657,442.5559997558594,274.9742333946228,433.44781494140627]},{"page":191,"text":"• Using voice communication only when essential.","rect":[143.99989318847657,460.2563171386719,351.8919630050659,451.14813232421877]},{"page":191,"text":"• Developing and using brevity lists.","rect":[143.99989318847657,477.95660400390627,295.03960704803469,468.8484191894531]},{"page":191,"text":"• Minimizing transmission time.","rect":[143.99989318847657,495.65692138671877,277.7491407394409,486.5487365722656]},{"page":191,"text":"•  Planning messages.","rect":[143.99989318847657,513.3572998046875,233.2994794845581,504.2491149902344]},{"page":191,"text":"•  Encrypting messages.","rect":[143.99989318847657,531.0576171875,242.17042064666749,521.949462890625]},{"page":191,"text":"Cryptograph security includes--","rect":[143.99989318847657,548.7579345703125,272.74602294540406,539.6497802734375]},{"page":191,"text":"• Exclusive use of authorized codes and key lists only. Only National Security Agency (NSA)-","rect":[143.99989318847657,566.4583129882813,529.3581445274353,557.3501586914063]},{"page":191,"text":"approved codes are authorized for encoding and decoding US Army message traffic. The same","rect":[154.7993927001953,578.1585693359375,535.5069856719971,569.0504150390625]},{"page":191,"text":"is true of mechanical cryptograph systems.","rect":[154.7993927001953,589.8590087890625,326.24041271209719,580.7508544921875]},{"page":191,"text":"• Physical security of all cryptograph and equipment. This includes a comprehensive and","rect":[143.99989318847657,607.559326171875,505.7638759613037,598.451171875]},{"page":191,"text":"workable plan for the destruction of material and equipment. It also includes the SOPs that","rect":[154.7993927001953,619.2395629882813,518.9172739944459,610.1514282226563]},{"page":191,"text":"identify to all team members where material and equipment are kept by the RTO. Table 6-10","rect":[154.7993927001953,630.9599609375,526.9619045257568,621.851806640625]},{"page":191,"text":"shows the priority for destroying material and equipment.","rect":[154.7993927001953,642.660400390625,385.89629650115969,633.55224609375]},{"page":191,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":191,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":191,"text":"6-17","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":192,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":192,"text":"Table 6-10. Priority for destruction of communications devices.","rect":[162.3000030517578,82.52101135253906,431.82957568359378,74.0880126953125]},{"page":192,"text":"1.","rect":[205.739990234375,100.260009765625,214.08765363311768,93.05562591552735]},{"page":192,"text":"2.","rect":[205.739990234375,117.84002685546875,214.08765363311768,110.6356430053711]},{"page":192,"text":"3.","rect":[205.739990234375,135.54010009765626,214.08765363311768,128.21548461914063]},{"page":192,"text":"4.","rect":[205.739990234375,153.0,214.08765363311768,145.82568359375]},{"page":192,"text":"5.","rect":[205.739990234375,170.69017028808595,214.08765363311768,163.50582885742188]},{"page":192,"text":"6.","rect":[205.739990234375,188.27024841308595,214.08765363311768,180.95565795898438]},{"page":192,"text":"All superseded cryptographic keys.","rect":[228.47999572753907,102.35418701171875,383.9582896194458,93.08568572998047]},{"page":192,"text":"All current cryptographic keys.","rect":[228.47999572753907,119.9342041015625,362.71387433624269,110.66570281982422]},{"page":192,"text":"Zero all keyed devices.","rect":[228.47999572753907,137.5140380859375,330.8914256057739,128.24554443359376]},{"page":192,"text":"All future cryptographic keys.","rect":[228.47999572753907,155.09417724609376,357.07068585968019,145.7054443359375]},{"page":192,"text":"All cryptographic devices.","rect":[228.47999572753907,172.67413330078126,342.0978159866333,163.4056396484375]},{"page":192,"text":"Radios.","rect":[228.47999572753907,188.27024841308595,262.46582746124269,180.9857177734375]},{"page":192,"text":"7. Brevity list.","rect":[205.739990234375,207.83416748046876,276.76035260772707,198.565673828125]},{"page":192,"text":"8. Communications log.","rect":[205.739990234375,225.4140625,322.03671979522707,216.02532958984376]},{"page":192,"text":"Data-Burst Devices","rect":[72.0,256.1626892089844,162.59598788833618,248.5755157470703]},{"page":192,"text":"6-63. To further reduce the chance that the enemy will use radio direction finding (RDF) equipment","rect":[90.0,275.99432373046877,521.9993662796021,266.8861389160156]},{"page":192,"text":"against them, the BRS and teams use data-burst devices. They can use the nonsecure OA-8990/P digital","rect":[90.0,287.6947021484375,522.0035166702271,278.5865173339844]},{"page":192,"text":"message device group, KL-43F, or portable computer. These devices shorten transmission times--they do","rect":[90.0,299.3949890136719,521.9702663421631,290.28680419921877]},{"page":192,"text":"not prevent the enemy from intercepting the radio traffic.","rect":[90.0,311.0954284667969,319.1904249191284,301.98724365234377]},{"page":192,"text":"PROCEDURES","rect":[72.0,328.8222351074219,138.76718711853028,320.73602294921877]},{"page":192,"text":"6-64. These procedures apply to interference, jamming, and deception. When someone at the BRS or on","rect":[90.0,348.8343200683594,522.0364894866943,339.71612548828127]},{"page":192,"text":"the team hears interference and suspects jamming, he should--","rect":[90.0,360.53466796875,339.6993615684509,351.4164733886719]},{"page":192,"text":"• Remain calm and continue to operate as if nothing unusual is happening.","rect":[125.9999008178711,378.2349853515625,428.77740001678469,369.1268005371094]},{"page":192,"text":"• Prevent the enemy from knowing whether his jamming is successful or detected.","rect":[125.9999008178711,395.9352722167969,460.3793897628784,386.81707763671877]},{"page":192,"text":"• Switch to a higher power on the radio.","rect":[125.9999008178711,413.6355895996094,290.80767345428469,404.52740478515627]},{"page":192,"text":"• Reorient the antenna to the receiving station.","rect":[125.9999008178711,431.33599853515627,316.4950819015503,422.2278137207031]},{"page":192,"text":"• Report the jamming using the meaconing, intrusion, jamming, and interference (MIJI) report","rect":[125.9999008178711,449.0362854003906,508.8099741897583,439.9180908203125]},{"page":192,"text":"format in the signal operating instructions supplemental instructions (Table 6-11). Send the","rect":[136.7993927001953,460.7366943359375,502.8111848907471,451.6285095214844]},{"page":192,"text":"report over a network free of jamming and interference to ensure that it reaches the intended","rect":[136.7993927001953,472.4369812011719,507.1415615081787,463.31878662109377]},{"page":192,"text":"recipient.","rect":[136.7993927001953,484.1173400878906,174.37339305877686,475.0292053222656]},{"page":192,"text":"• Until communications can be established and maintain over the desired frequency, use an","rect":[125.9999008178711,501.8376770019531,495.75194358825686,492.7294921875]},{"page":192,"text":"alternate one.","rect":[136.7993927001953,511.513916015625,190.81621837615968,504.4297790527344]},{"page":192,"text":"Table 6-11. Contents of a MIJI report.","rect":[218.16000366210938,559.7639770507813,375.84507861328128,551.447998046875]},{"page":192,"text":"6-18","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":192,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":192,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":193,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0392172851563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":193,"text":"Section VI. ANTENNAS","rect":[80.63999938964844,87.14399719238281,211.90201025390625,78.26399993896485]},{"page":193,"text":"This section discusses several concepts to help communications personnel select the best antenna.","rect":[90.0,110.61424255371094,482.2520399093628,101.5261001586914]},{"page":193,"text":"WAVELENGTH AND FREQUENCY","rect":[90.0,132.6564178466797,318.7351917495728,120.66157531738281]},{"page":193,"text":"6-65.","rect":[108.0,148.6700897216797,128.98789501190186,141.78636169433595]},{"page":193,"text":"A wavelength is the distance that an electromagnetic wave travels to complete one cycle at a","rect":[143.99989318847657,150.71417236328126,540.0650301055908,141.60598754882813]},{"page":193,"text":"particular frequency (Figure 6-6). In radio communication, the length of an antenna relates directly to the","rect":[108.0,162.41461181640626,540.0310945587158,153.30642700195313]},{"page":193,"text":"frequency's wavelength. This relationship is important to know when building antennae for a specific","rect":[108.0,174.1148681640625,539.9914827423096,165.00668334960938]},{"page":193,"text":"frequency or frequency range. ","rect":[108.0,185.8153076171875,231.5906171798706,176.71714782714845]},{"page":193,"text":"RESONANCE","rect":[90.0,375.689697265625,177.66578518295288,366.01556396484377]},{"page":193,"text":"Figure 6-6. Measurement of a wavelength.","rect":[225.66000366210938,355.9410095214844,404.3186198730469,347.50799560546877]},{"page":193,"text":"6-66. Antennas are classified as either resonant or nonresonant, depending on their design. Both are","rect":[108.0,396.0542907714844,539.9900789337158,386.94610595703127]},{"page":193,"text":"commonly used on tactical circuits. However, if you can get a clear signal with a resonant antenna, that","rect":[107.9990005493164,407.75469970703127,540.0389780960084,398.6465148925781]},{"page":193,"text":"should be your first antenna choice rather than a nonresonant or standing-wave-ratio antenna.","rect":[107.9990005493164,419.4549865722656,483.1233777999878,410.3468017578125]},{"page":193,"text":"RESONANT ANTENNAS","rect":[90.0,437.1822204589844,200.68717002868653,428.9280090332031]},{"page":193,"text":"6-67. A resonant antenna matches the wavelength of one particular frequency.","rect":[108.0,457.1943054199219,434.36086559295657,448.08612060546877]},{"page":193,"text":"• Advantage is efficiency; most radio signals sent to a resonant antenna radiate successfully. ","rect":[143.99989318847657,474.89459228515627,520.7152051925659,465.7864074707031]},{"page":193,"text":"• Disadvantage is lack of flexibility; a separate antenna must be built for each frequency used.","rect":[143.99989318847657,492.5950012207031,525.4864454269409,483.48681640625]},{"page":193,"text":"NONRESONANT ANTENNAS","rect":[90.0,510.3479309082031,221.75287437438966,502.06793212890627]},{"page":193,"text":"6-68.","rect":[108.0,528.2901611328125,128.98789501190186,521.4064331054688]},{"page":193,"text":"These antennas match a range of frequencies.","rect":[143.99989318847657,530.334228515625,326.4706678390503,521.22607421875]},{"page":193,"text":"• Advantage: This kind of antenna works with more than one frequency.","rect":[143.99989318847657,548.0344848632813,438.95647716522219,538.9263305664063]},{"page":193,"text":"• Disadvantage: A nonresonant antenna, as the name implies, reduces resonance, which weakens","rect":[143.99989318847657,565.7349243164063,536.4742572288513,556.6267700195313]},{"page":193,"text":"the signal. The more frequencies the antenna resonates, the lower the resonance quality, which","rect":[154.80039978027345,577.4351806640625,534.3279323577881,568.3270263671875]},{"page":193,"text":"in turn reduces the efficiency of the signal.","rect":[154.80039978027345,589.1356201171875,326.48113536834719,580.0274658203125]},{"page":193,"text":"STANDING WAVE RATIO","rect":[90.0,606.8999633789063,210.94546222686768,598.595947265625]},{"page":193,"text":"6-69. Signal energy resonates, or causes energy waves in a certain pattern on an antenna. These waves","rect":[108.0,626.874267578125,540.0216205101013,617.76611328125]},{"page":193,"text":"are measured and compared to the standard wave to determine if an antenna resonates at a particular","rect":[108.0,638.5545654296875,540.0632226524353,629.4664306640625]},{"page":193,"text":"frequency. Although a 1-to-1 ratio to a standing wave (standing wave ratio) is ideal, 1.1-to-1 ration is about","rect":[108.0,650.2749633789063,540.0398325881959,641.1668090820313]},{"page":193,"text":"the best ratio obtainable. When building wire antennas, the operator should adjust the length of the antenna","rect":[108.0,661.9754028320313,540.0133943634033,652.857177734375]},{"page":193,"text":"until he obtains the lowest possible standing wave ratio. A 3-to-1 standing wave ratio is acceptable. Check","rect":[108.0,673.6756591796875,540.0533351898193,664.5675048828125]},{"page":193,"text":"the operator’s manual for the particular radio in use to determine the maximum standing wave ratio that the","rect":[108.0,685.3760986328125,540.0235261993408,676.2679443359375]},{"page":193,"text":"radio can tolerate. Some radios automatically lower the power output of the transmitter if the standing","rect":[108.0,697.076416015625,540.0421657562256,687.96826171875]},{"page":193,"text":"wave ratio is too high.","rect":[108.0,708.7767944335938,197.52027416229249,699.6686401367188]},{"page":193,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":193,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":193,"text":"6-19","rect":[522.09765625,754.0679931640625,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":194,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":194,"text":"POLARIZATION","rect":[72.0,85.57572174072266,181.38091318511963,75.91554260253906]},{"page":194,"text":"6-70. Polarization is the relationship of radio energy radiated by an antenna to the earth. The most","rect":[90.0,105.95428466796875,522.1073985061646,96.84610748291016]},{"page":194,"text":"common polarizations are horizontal (parallel to the earth’s surface) and vertical (perpendicular to the","rect":[90.0,117.63462829589844,522.0133333282471,108.5464859008789]},{"page":194,"text":"earth’s surface). Others, such as circular and elliptical, also exist. A vertical antenna normally radiates a","rect":[89.9990005493164,129.35498046875,522.0617952423096,120.2468032836914]},{"page":194,"text":"vertically polarized signal, and vice versa. ","rect":[89.9990005493164,141.05535888671876,261.5935926437378,131.94717407226563]},{"page":194,"text":"GROUND WAVES","rect":[72.0,158.82000732421876,155.7490291595459,150.50401306152345]},{"page":194,"text":"6-71. For best communication with HF ground waves, both the sending and receiving antennas should","rect":[90.0,178.7943115234375,522.0413722991943,169.68612670898438]},{"page":194,"text":"have the same polarization. Vertical polarization works best for HF ground-wave propagation. ","rect":[90.0,190.49468994140626,471.3005323410034,181.38650512695313]},{"page":194,"text":"SKY WAVES","rect":[72.0,208.25994873046876,132.52902793884278,199.95596313476563]},{"page":194,"text":"6-72. For  HF  sky-wave  propagation,  the  sending  and receiving  antennas  need  not  have  the  same","rect":[90.0,228.2342529296875,522.0601472930908,219.12606811523438]},{"page":194,"text":"polarization,  because  the  ionosphere  will  bend  the waves,  thus  randomly  changing  their polarization","rect":[90.0,239.93463134765626,522.0825099945068,230.82644653320313]},{"page":194,"text":"anyway. However, horizontal polarization works best for HF sky-wave propagation.","rect":[90.0,251.635009765625,428.5357618331909,242.52682495117188]},{"page":194,"text":"RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION","rect":[72.0,271.3497009277344,273.65728037261968,261.66156005859377]},{"page":194,"text":"6-73. HF  communications  can  be  established  using  either ground-  or  sky-wave  propagation.  With","rect":[90.0,291.71429443359377,521.9855251312256,282.6061096191406]},{"page":194,"text":"low-powered,  man-pack  radios,  ground-wave  communication  can  be  established  out to about 30 km,","rect":[90.0,303.4146728515625,522.0783033370972,294.3064880371094]},{"page":194,"text":"depending on conditions. High-powered, vehicle-mounted equipment allows communication out to about","rect":[90.0,315.114990234375,522.1167979202271,306.0068054199219]},{"page":194,"text":"100 km. Sky-wave communications range from several to thousands of kilometers.","rect":[90.0,326.8154296875,423.0002088546753,317.7072448730469]},{"page":194,"text":"GROUND-WAVE PROPAGATION","rect":[72.0,344.5799865722656,227.11065769195558,336.2640075683594]},{"page":194,"text":"6-74. Ground-wave propagation means sending a radio signal along or near the surface of the earth. The","rect":[90.0,364.5542907714844,521.9752473907471,355.44610595703127]},{"page":194,"text":"ground-wave signal has three parts: the direct, reflected, and surface waves (Figure 6-7).","rect":[90.0,376.25469970703127,446.5371961593628,367.1465148925781]},{"page":194,"text":"Surface Wave","rect":[72.0,393.0447082519531,137.62087785339356,385.446533203125]},{"page":194,"text":"6-75. The surface wave travels, as the name implies, along the surface of the earth. It is the usual means","rect":[90.0,412.85430908203127,521.9958636741638,403.7461242675781]},{"page":194,"text":"of ground-wave communication. The surface wave depends on the type of surface that lies between the two","rect":[89.9990005493164,424.5546875,522.0574245452881,415.4465026855469]},{"page":194,"text":"antennas. With a good conducting surface, such as seawater, long ground-wave distances are possible.","rect":[89.9990005493164,436.2550048828125,521.9982252120972,427.1468200683594]},{"page":194,"text":"Poor surfaces, such as sand or frozen ground, shorten the distance the surface wave can travel. Heavy","rect":[89.9990005493164,447.9554138183594,521.9962673187256,438.84722900390627]},{"page":194,"text":"vegetation or mountainous terrain can do the same.","rect":[89.9990005493164,459.65570068359377,294.9746961593628,450.5475158691406]},{"page":194,"text":"Direct Wave","rect":[72.0,476.4337158203125,130.87695085144044,468.8355712890625]},{"page":194,"text":"6-76. The direct wave travels from one antenna to the other in what is called the line-of-sight mode.","rect":[90.0,496.25421142578127,521.9915723800659,487.1460266113281]},{"page":194,"text":"Maximum line-of-sight  distance  depends  on  the  height  of  the  antenna  above  ground.  The  higher  the","rect":[90.0,507.9544982910156,521.9895296173096,498.8463134765625]},{"page":194,"text":"antenna, the longer the LOS. Because radio signals travel in the air, any obstruction between the antennas,","rect":[90.0,519.6549072265625,522.0165357589722,510.5467224121094]},{"page":194,"text":"such as a mountain, can block or reduce the signal. For an antenna 10 feet above the ground, the maximum","rect":[90.0,531.3552856445313,522.1278967819214,522.2471313476563]},{"page":194,"text":"LOS is 8 km (5 miles).","rect":[90.0,543.0355834960938,181.85560131072999,533.9474487304688]},{"page":194,"text":"6-20","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":194,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":194,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":195,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0392172851563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":195,"text":"Reflected Wave","rect":[90.0,296.25372314453127,163.5198646697998,288.6665344238281]},{"page":195,"text":"Figure 6-7. Components of ground wave.","rect":[227.5800018310547,279.4408874511719,402.40998950195316,271.00787353515627]},{"page":195,"text":"6-77. This is a wave that bounces off the earth on its way to the receiving antenna.","rect":[108.0,316.0743103027344,451.20501232147219,306.96612548828127]},{"page":195,"text":"Space Wave","rect":[90.0,335.03875732421877,147.0981880340576,325.26654052734377]},{"page":195,"text":"6-78. This wave is the combination of a reflected wave and a direct wave.","rect":[108.0,350.6502685546875,416.71181774139407,343.5661315917969]},{"page":195,"text":"SKY-WAVE PROPAGATION","rect":[90.0,370.4399719238281,221.89065647125245,362.135986328125]},{"page":195,"text":"6-79. HF signals  travel  much  farther  by  sky-wave  propagation  than  by  ground-wave  propagation.","rect":[108.0,390.4142761230469,540.0125684738159,381.30609130859377]},{"page":195,"text":"Sky-wave propagation is the bending (refraction) of the radio signal by a region of the atmosphere called","rect":[108.0,402.11468505859377,540.0219020843506,393.0065002441406]},{"page":195,"text":"the ionosphere.","rect":[108.0,413.7949523925781,169.34533214569093,404.7068176269531]},{"page":195,"text":"6-80. The ionosphere is an electrically charged (ionized) region of the atmosphere that extends from an","rect":[108.0,431.5152893066406,540.0263576507568,422.4071044921875]},{"page":195,"text":"altitude of about 60 to 1,000 km (37 to 620 miles) above the earth’s surface. Energy from the sun ionizes","rect":[108.0,443.2156982421875,539.9895770530701,434.1075134277344]},{"page":195,"text":"the atmosphere in this altitudinal range, and the electrical charge there refracts (bends) some radio signal","rect":[108.0,454.9159851074219,540.0690073928834,445.80780029296877]},{"page":195,"text":"that enters it, sending the signal back to the earth. ","rect":[108.0,466.6164245605469,309.2354688644409,457.50823974609377]},{"page":195,"text":"6-81. The area that affects HF communications the most lies between the altitudes of 48 km (29.6 miles,","rect":[108.0,484.2966613769531,540.0530347824097,475.2085266113281]},{"page":195,"text":"which lies below or inside the ionosphere) to 500 km (310 miles). This 440 km (273 mile) area is divided","rect":[108.0,495.9970397949219,540.0461330413818,486.9089050292969]},{"page":195,"text":"into four incremental altitudinal ranges: D, E, F1, and F2 (Table 6-12 and Figure 6-8).","rect":[108.0,507.7174072265625,453.8949842453003,498.6092224121094]},{"page":195,"text":"Table 6-12. High frequency ranges in ionosphere.","rect":[209.6999969482422,524.3609008789063,420.2890788574219,515.9279174804688]},{"page":195,"text":"D -- 48 to 88 km (30 to 55 miles)","rect":[103.44000244140625,547.9740600585938,285.17510009384156,538.5853271484375]},{"page":195,"text":"NOTE:","rect":[417.8999938964844,546.2401123046875,449.1082971153259,538.8253173828125]},{"page":195,"text":"E -- 88 to136 km (55 to 85 miles)","rect":[103.44000244140625,565.674072265625,285.15425658798218,556.2853393554688]},{"page":195,"text":"F1 and F2 combine into F at night:","rect":[352.0199890136719,565.9140625,514.8990380821228,556.60546875]},{"page":195,"text":"F1  -- 136 to248 km (88 to 155 miles)","rect":[103.44000244140625,583.6140747070313,285.1639611778259,574.225341796875]},{"page":195,"text":"↔ F2  -- 248 to400 km (155 to 250 miles)","rect":[103.44000244140625,602.8080444335938,332.2799987792969,589.9200439453125]},{"page":195,"text":"F -- 136 to400 km (88 to 250 miles)","rect":[340.79998779296877,597.7140502929688,522.5347192344666,588.3253173828125]},{"page":195,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":195,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":195,"text":"6-21","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":196,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":196,"text":"Figure 6-8. Structure of ionosphere.","rect":[220.6800079345703,488.72100830078127,373.3327800292969,480.2879943847656]},{"page":196,"text":"6-82. The majority of HF sky-wave communications depend on the F1 and F2 regions. The F2 region is","rect":[90.0,506.4541931152344,521.9831073265076,497.33599853515627]},{"page":196,"text":"used the most for long-range daytime communications.","rect":[90.0,518.1546020507813,311.14565563201907,509.0464172363281]},{"page":196,"text":"6-83. The E region is the next lower region. It is present 24 hours a day, although at night it is much","rect":[90.0,535.8548583984375,522.0203762054443,526.7467041015625]},{"page":196,"text":"weaker. The E region is the first region with enough charge to bend radio signals. At times, parts of the","rect":[90.0,547.55517578125,522.0315828399658,538.447021484375]},{"page":196,"text":"E-region become highly charged. This can either help or block HF communications. These highly charged","rect":[90.0,559.255615234375,522.0560207366943,550.1474609375]},{"page":196,"text":"areas are called \"sporadic E.\" They occur most often during the summer.","rect":[90.0,570.9559936523438,382.41677379608157,561.8478393554688]},{"page":196,"text":"6-84. The D-region is closest to earth and only exists during the day. It cannot bend a radio signal back","rect":[90.0009994506836,588.6563110351563,522.0789699554443,579.5481567382813]},{"page":196,"text":"to earth, but it does play an important role in HF communication. The D-region absorbs energy from the","rect":[90.0009994506836,600.3565673828125,521.9974641876221,591.2484130859375]},{"page":196,"text":"radio signal passing through it, thereby reducing the strength of the signal.","rect":[90.0009994506836,612.0570068359375,388.6820936203003,602.9488525390625]},{"page":196,"text":"6-85. The bending of the radio signal by the ionosphere depends on the frequency of the radio signal,","rect":[90.0009994506836,629.75732421875,521.9865064620972,620.649169921875]},{"page":196,"text":"the degree of ionization in the ionosphere, and the angle at which the radio signal strikes the ionosphere. At","rect":[90.0009994506836,641.4577026367188,522.0209116897584,632.3495483398438]},{"page":196,"text":"a vertical (straight up) angle, the highest frequency bent back to earth is called the critical frequency. Each","rect":[90.0009994506836,653.1580200195313,522.0082302093506,644.0498657226563]},{"page":196,"text":"region of the ionosphere (E, F1, and F2) has a separate critical frequency. For a vertical angle, signals","rect":[90.0009994506836,664.8583984375,522.0334002952576,655.750244140625]},{"page":196,"text":"above the highest critical frequency pass through all ionospheric regions and into outer space. Frequencies","rect":[90.00199890136719,676.5587158203125,521.9942767601013,667.4505615234375]},{"page":196,"text":"below the critical frequency of a region are bent back to the earth by that region; however, if the frequency","rect":[90.00199890136719,688.2590942382813,522.1182765960693,679.1509399414063]},{"page":196,"text":"is too low, the signal is absorbed by the D region. To have HF sky-wave communication, a radio signal","rect":[90.00199890136719,699.9594116210938,522.0570445022584,690.8512573242188]},{"page":196,"text":"must be a high enough frequency to pass through the D region, but not so high a frequency that it passes","rect":[90.00199890136719,711.6597900390625,522.0258929710388,702.5516357421875]},{"page":196,"text":"6-22","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":196,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":196,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":197,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0392172851563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":197,"text":"through the refracting region. Thus, radio operators must have current propagation charts from which to","rect":[108.0,83.57427978515625,539.9979763031006,74.46610260009766]},{"page":197,"text":"choose the most effective frequency during a given time period. To achieve an NVIS effect, the radio","rect":[108.0,95.27471923828125,539.9972438812256,86.16654205322266]},{"page":197,"text":"operator subtracts 20 percent from frequencies propagated on commercial computer propagation programs.","rect":[108.0,106.97503662109375,538.1039991378784,97.86685943603516]},{"page":197,"text":"6-86. The angle at which a radio signal strikes the ionosphere plays an important part in sky-wave","rect":[108.0,124.67529296875,539.9692659454346,115.5671157836914]},{"page":197,"text":"communication.  As  previously  stated, any frequency  above  the  critical  frequency  passes  through  the","rect":[108.0,136.37567138671876,539.9508333282471,127.26749420166016]},{"page":197,"text":"refracting region. If the radio signal having a frequency above the critical frequency is sent at an angle, the","rect":[108.0,148.07611083984376,539.9882478790283,138.96792602539063]},{"page":197,"text":"signal is bent back to earth instead of passing through the region. This can be compared to skipping stones","rect":[108.0,159.7763671875,540.0468890647888,150.66818237304688]},{"page":197,"text":"across a pond. If a stone is thrown straight down at the water, it penetrates the surface. If a stone is thrown","rect":[108.0,171.4766845703125,539.9872951507568,162.36849975585938]},{"page":197,"text":"at an angle to the pond, the stone skips across the pond. For every circuit, there is an optimum angle above","rect":[108.0009994506836,183.17706298828126,539.9629182891846,174.06887817382813]},{"page":197,"text":"the horizon called the takeoff angle. This angle produces the strongest signal at the receiving station. This","rect":[108.0009994506836,194.87750244140626,540.0123431663513,185.76931762695313]},{"page":197,"text":"optimum takeoff angle is used to select the antenna for a specific circuit. By placing a dipole antenna","rect":[108.0009994506836,206.57781982421876,540.0042390899658,197.46963500976563]},{"page":197,"text":"between one-eighth and one-quarter wavelength above ground level, the radio operator achieves an NVIS","rect":[108.0009994506836,218.2781982421875,539.9984273834228,209.17001342773438]},{"page":197,"text":"effect, and he reduces or eliminates any skip zone (Figure 6-9).","rect":[108.0,229.978515625,361.5945692062378,220.87033081054688]},{"page":197,"text":"Figure 6-9. HF skip zone and distance.","rect":[233.16000366210938,499.76092529296877,396.9079753417969,491.4089050292969]},{"page":197,"text":"6-87. Depending on the frequency, antenna, and other factors, an area may exist between the longest","rect":[108.0,517.4942016601563,540.0001597366334,508.3860168457031]},{"page":197,"text":"ground-wave range and the shortest sky-wave range where no signal exists. This is called the skip zone and","rect":[108.0,529.194580078125,540.0213527679443,520.08642578125]},{"page":197,"text":"no communication is possible. The NVIS effect can eliminate this problem.","rect":[108.0,540.8748779296875,410.7497205734253,531.7867431640625]},{"page":197,"text":"6-88. Multiple frequencies are usually needed to maintain sky-wave communication. As a minimum,","rect":[108.0,558.59521484375,540.0008497238159,549.487060546875]},{"page":197,"text":"two frequencies, one for day and one for night are normally required.","rect":[108.0,570.2955932617188,386.04143810272219,561.1874389648438]},{"page":197,"text":"CLASSIFICATION","rect":[90.0,590.0096435546875,210.34124033355713,580.33544921875]},{"page":197,"text":"6-89. Antennas  are  classified  by  the  directions  in  which  they  can  radiate  energy.  The  three","rect":[108.0,610.374267578125,540.0463533477783,601.26611328125]},{"page":197,"text":"classifications include omnidirectional antennas (all directions), bidirectional antennas (two directions), or","rect":[108.0,622.0545654296875,540.0544335899353,612.9664306640625]},{"page":197,"text":"directional (one direction). A directional antenna is the best choice--if it works--because its signal is the","rect":[108.0,633.7749633789063,539.9782991485596,624.6668090820313]},{"page":197,"text":"most difficult for the enemy to locate.","rect":[108.0,645.4754028320313,259.56438732147219,636.3672485351563]},{"page":197,"text":"DIRECTIONAL","rect":[90.0,663.1926879882813,159.62767934799195,655.115966796875]},{"page":197,"text":"6-90. This antenna's single lobe of energy sends a unidirectional signal (Figure 6-10). The width of the","rect":[108.0,683.2142944335938,540.0097932891846,674.1061401367188]},{"page":197,"text":"signal  ranges  from  a  narrow  pencil  beam  to  a  60-degree  arc,  depending  on  the  type  of  directional","rect":[108.0,694.9146728515625,540.0555186233521,685.8065185546875]},{"page":197,"text":"antenna chosen. ","rect":[108.0,704.5909423828125,174.65522289276124,697.5068359375]},{"page":197,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":197,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":197,"text":"6-23","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":198,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.47270422363282,38.0880126953125]},{"page":198,"text":"Figure 6-10. Unidirectional antenna pattern.","rect":[204.1800079345703,291.6809997558594,389.89607348632816,283.3289794921875]},{"page":198,"text":"Application","rect":[72.0,310.6787414550781,127.00980223083497,300.89556884765627]},{"page":198,"text":"6-91. Directional antennas are used on long-range, point-to-point circuits that need concentrated radio","rect":[90.0,328.3143005371094,522.0781764984131,319.20611572265627]},{"page":198,"text":"energy to ensure a reliable signal.","rect":[90.0,340.0176696777344,224.84119701385499,330.90948486328127]},{"page":198,"text":"Orientation","rect":[72.0,356.7937316894531,126.96587217712403,349.1955871582031]},{"page":198,"text":"6-92. A directional antenna concentrates most of  its  energy  in  one  direction,  so  it  requires  careful","rect":[90.0,376.6142883300781,522.1258921585084,367.506103515625]},{"page":198,"text":"orientation. ","rect":[90.0,386.29364013671877,138.46042919158936,379.2095031738281]},{"page":198,"text":"Detection","rect":[72.0,405.0827331542969,116.53048551940918,397.4955749511719]},{"page":198,"text":"6-93. The enemy has a  hard  time  determining  the  origin  of  directional  antennas,  which  minimizes","rect":[90.0,424.9142761230469,521.9882953147888,415.80609130859377]},{"page":198,"text":"interference.","rect":[90.0,434.5936279296875,140.41062450408936,427.5094909667969]},{"page":198,"text":"Adaptation of Bidirectional Antennas for Directional Use","rect":[72.0,455.5787353515625,340.1414161834717,445.7955627441406]},{"page":198,"text":"6-94. Adding a terminating resistor to absorb the energy of the second lobe allows directional use of a","rect":[90.0,473.21429443359377,522.0090608673096,464.1061096191406]},{"page":198,"text":"bidirectional (long-wire or sloping \"V\") antenna. The terminating resistor must match the antenna. That is,","rect":[90.0,484.91766357421877,521.9839429855347,475.8094787597656]},{"page":198,"text":"it must be able to absorb one-half of the power output of the connected transmitter and provide 400 to","rect":[90.0,496.6009521484375,522.0366115570068,487.5128173828125]},{"page":198,"text":"600 ohms of resistance.","rect":[89.98999786376953,506.3003845214844,184.71094799041749,499.21624755859377]},{"page":198,"text":"BIDIRECTIONAL","rect":[72.0,526.03271484375,151.46488332748414,517.9559936523438]},{"page":198,"text":"6-95. A bidirectional antenna (Figure 6-11) has two opposite lobes of radio energy, with an area of null","rect":[90.0,546.05419921875,522.0462412796021,536.946044921875]},{"page":198,"text":"energy (no energy) between them. The lobes produce two strong signals in opposite directions, and weaker","rect":[90.0,557.757568359375,521.9735009727478,548.6494140625]},{"page":198,"text":"ones in all other directions. ","rect":[90.0,567.4368286132813,201.48638439178468,560.3527221679688]},{"page":198,"text":"6-24","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":198,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01910400390627,754.0679931640625,310.972994140625,747.489013671875]},{"page":198,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.05419921875,754.0679931640625,522.0364096679688,747.489013671875]},{"page":199,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0392172851563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":199,"text":"Figure 6-11. Bidirectional antenna pattern.","rect":[224.9399871826172,345.86102294921877,405.0878154296875,337.5090026855469]},{"page":199,"text":"Application","rect":[90.0,364.8587646484375,145.00980223083497,355.0755920410156]},{"page":199,"text":"6-96. Bidirectional antennas  are  usually  used  on  point-to-point  circuits  and  in  situations  where  the","rect":[108.0,382.4942932128906,539.9897737579346,373.3861083984375]},{"page":199,"text":"antenna null can be positioned to reduce or block signals that could interfere with reception. ","rect":[108.0,394.1947021484375,479.95342540740969,385.0865173339844]},{"page":199,"text":"Orientation","rect":[90.0,410.9737243652344,144.96587217712404,403.3755798339844]},{"page":199,"text":"6-97. To work properly (radiate in the desired directions), a bidirectional antenna must be oriented to","rect":[108.0,430.7943115234375,540.0018215179443,421.6861267089844]},{"page":199,"text":"the  ground  wave,  and  this  is  difficult  to  do.  Lowering  the  antenna to create a near-vertical-incidence","rect":[108.0,442.4945983886719,540.0367708282471,433.38641357421877]},{"page":199,"text":"skywave (NVIS) effect makes this more difficult, because it increases the radiation pattern. A bidirectional","rect":[108.0,454.19500732421877,540.0408701858521,445.0868225097656]},{"page":199,"text":"antenna is best used near other antennas, which should be placed in its null to reduce interference and","rect":[108.0,465.8753662109375,540.0274562835693,456.7872314453125]},{"page":199,"text":"interaction between the antennas. ","rect":[108.0,475.5716552734375,244.2230634689331,468.4875183105469]},{"page":199,"text":"Examples","rect":[90.0,496.55865478515627,135.77352389907836,486.9511413574219]},{"page":199,"text":"6-98. The  bidirectional  antennas  most  commonly  used  in  tactical  situations are the sloping-\"V,\"","rect":[108.0,514.1942138671875,540.0288340148926,505.0860290527344]},{"page":199,"text":"random-length wire, and half-wave dipole.","rect":[108.0,525.89453125,279.76882457733157,516.786376953125]},{"page":199,"text":"OMNI-DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA","rect":[90.0,543.6478881835938,243.42292881011964,535.3558349609375]},{"page":199,"text":"6-99. An omnidirectional antenna (Figure 6-12) radiates and receives energy equally well in all compass","rect":[108.0,563.6341552734375,540.0460345726013,554.5260009765625]},{"page":199,"text":"directions. It is used when it is necessary to communicate in separate directions at once. However, it is also","rect":[108.0,575.3345947265625,540.0006008148193,566.2264404296875]},{"page":199,"text":"more susceptible to interference from all directions. The most common omnidirectional antenna is the","rect":[108.0,587.014892578125,540.0606355743408,577.9267578125]},{"page":199,"text":"whip.  Some  others  are  the  quarter-wave  vertical  (RC-292 and OE-254) and the crossed dipole","rect":[108.0,598.7152709960938,540.0074739532471,589.6271362304688]},{"page":199,"text":"(AS-2259) antennas. ","rect":[108.0,610.4155883789063,193.7201337814331,601.3274536132813]},{"page":199,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":199,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":199,"text":"6-25","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":200,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":200,"text":"Figure 6-12. Omni-directional antenna pattern.","rect":[198.4199981689453,291.6809997558594,395.62629809570316,283.24798583984377]},{"page":200,"text":"CONSTRUCTION AND SELECTION","rect":[72.0,311.4296875,304.7305835952759,301.75555419921877]},{"page":200,"text":"6-100. Antenna construction is limited only by the imagination. There are many types and configurations.","rect":[90.0,331.7943115234375,521.9762525558472,322.6861267089844]},{"page":200,"text":"However, the operator must be careful not to construct an antenna that has a high standing wave ratio,","rect":[90.0,343.4945983886719,522.0306959152222,334.38641357421877]},{"page":200,"text":"which could damage radio equipment. He should use standing wave ratio meters when testing or using","rect":[90.0,355.19500732421877,522.0408229827881,346.0868225097656]},{"page":200,"text":"unfamiliar  antennas.  In  selecting  an  antenna  for  an HF  circuit,  the  operator  must  know  the  type of ","rect":[90.0,366.8954162597656,524.5659132003784,357.7872314453125]},{"page":200,"text":"propagation.","rect":[90.0,378.595703125,140.50268077850343,369.4875183105469]},{"page":200,"text":"GROUND-WAVE PROPAGATION","rect":[72.0,396.3600158691406,227.11065769195558,388.0440368652344]},{"page":200,"text":"6-101. Ground-wave propagation requires low takeoff angles and vertically polarized antennas. The whip","rect":[90.0,416.3343200683594,522.3143215179443,407.22613525390627]},{"page":200,"text":"antenna  provides  good  omnidirectional ground-wave radiation.  If  a  directional  antenna  is  needed,  the","rect":[90.0,428.03466796875,522.0223054962158,418.9264831542969]},{"page":200,"text":"operator selects one with a good low-angle vertical radiation.","rect":[90.0,439.7349853515625,335.53713512420657,430.6268005371094]},{"page":200,"text":"SKY-WAVE PROPAGATION","rect":[72.0,457.5,203.89065647125245,449.1960144042969]},{"page":200,"text":"6-102. Sky-wave  propagation  complicates  antenna  selection.  After  first  finding the distance between","rect":[90.0,477.47430419921877,522.0390529632568,468.3661193847656]},{"page":200,"text":"radio stations, the radio operator can determine the required takeoff angle. The takeoff angle-to-distance","rect":[90.0,489.1746826171875,522.0510530548096,480.0664978027344]},{"page":200,"text":"tables give approximate takeoff angles for day and night sky-wave propagation. If the circuit distance is","rect":[90.0,500.8749694824219,521.9952533226013,491.76678466796877]},{"page":200,"text":"966 kilometers (600 miles) during the day, the required takeoff angle is about 25 degrees. At night, it is 40","rect":[90.0,512.575439453125,522.0464382171631,503.46722412109377]},{"page":200,"text":"degrees. Therefore, the operator selects an antenna that has high gain from 25 to 40 degrees. He omits this","rect":[90.0,524.2756958007813,522.0227191429138,515.1675415039063]},{"page":200,"text":"step if the propagation predictions give the takeoff angles. For NVIS-constructed antennas and short-range","rect":[90.0,535.97607421875,521.9959383087158,526.867919921875]},{"page":200,"text":"HF communications, he subtracts 20 percent from these predictions and uses a planning range of 0 to","rect":[90.0,547.6763916015625,522.0005397796631,538.5682373046875]},{"page":200,"text":"300 miles.","rect":[90.0,557.3527221679688,131.6916151046753,550.2686157226563]},{"page":200,"text":"COVERAGE","rect":[72.0,577.1279296875,128.54244375228883,568.8358764648438]},{"page":200,"text":"6-103. The radio operator determines what type of coverage to use. If the radio circuit consists of mobile","rect":[90.0,597.1141967773438,522.0086336212158,588.0060424804688]},{"page":200,"text":"(vehicular) stations or of many stations at different directions from the transmitter, an omnidirectional","rect":[90.0,608.8145141601563,522.1183848342896,599.7063598632813]},{"page":200,"text":"antenna  is  required.  If  the  circuit  is  point  to  point,  he  can  use  a  directional  or  bidirectional  antenna.","rect":[90.0,620.494873046875,522.0263624191284,611.40673828125]},{"page":200,"text":"Normally, the receiving station locations dictate this choice.","rect":[90.0,632.21533203125,330.7123975753784,623.107177734375]},{"page":200,"text":"CONSTRUCTION","rect":[72.0,649.968017578125,151.142746925354,641.6759643554688]},{"page":200,"text":"6-104. Before he can select an antenna, the operator must examine the materials available to build one.","rect":[90.0,669.9342651367188,522.0413160324097,660.8461303710938]},{"page":200,"text":"He needs two supports to build a horizontal dipole, and a third support in the middle for frequencies of 5","rect":[90.0,681.6346435546875,522.0129909515381,672.5465087890625]},{"page":200,"text":"mega hertz (MHz) or less. If he has nothing he can use for a support, he cannot build a dipole antenna.","rect":[90.0,693.35498046875,501.33645153045657,684.246826171875]},{"page":200,"text":"6-26","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":200,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":200,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":201,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0392172851563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":201,"text":"SITE","rect":[90.0,83.64002227783203,112.9409499168396,75.33602142333985]},{"page":201,"text":"6-105. Another consideration is the site itself.  The  tactical  situation  usually  determines  the  antenna","rect":[108.0,103.61431884765625,540.0705232696533,94.50614166259766]},{"page":201,"text":"positions.  The  ideal  area  is  clear  and  flat  with  no  trees,  buildings,  fences,  power  lines,  or  mountains.","rect":[108.0,115.314697265625,540.0089673995972,106.2065200805664]},{"page":201,"text":"Unfortunately, the tactical communicator seldom finds such a perfect site, so he just tries to find one as flat","rect":[108.0,127.0150146484375,539.9778819046021,117.89682006835938]},{"page":201,"text":"and clear as possible. He will often have to settle for less ideal sites, and these sites usually interfere with","rect":[108.0,138.71533203125,539.9995021820068,129.60714721679688]},{"page":201,"text":"the patterns and functioning of the antennas.","rect":[108.0,150.4156494140625,286.18609142303469,141.30746459960938]},{"page":201,"text":"COMMON TYPES OF ANTENNAS","rect":[90.0,170.1296844482422,309.9431678314209,160.4555206298828]},{"page":201,"text":"6-106. Common  antenna  types  include  the  half-wave  dipole,  inverted  \"V,\"  long  wire, and the","rect":[108.0,190.49432373046876,540.0398836212158,181.38613891601563]},{"page":201,"text":"sloping \"V.\"","rect":[108.0,202.1947021484375,158.03255715942383,193.08651733398438]},{"page":201,"text":"HALF-WAVE DIPOLE","rect":[90.0,219.94796752929688,194.834237575531,211.83596801757813]},{"page":201,"text":"6-107. The  half-wave  dipole  antenna  is  a  balanced resonant antenna (Figure 6-13). It produces its","rect":[108.0,239.93426513671876,540.0024554710388,230.82608032226563]},{"page":201,"text":"maximum gain in a narrow range between 2 percent above and 2 percent below the design frequency.","rect":[108.0,251.6346435546875,540.0270338058472,242.52645874023438]},{"page":201,"text":"Since frequency assignments are normally several megahertz apart, the operator must build a separate","rect":[108.0,263.33502197265627,540.0113191680908,254.22683715820313]},{"page":201,"text":"dipole for each assigned frequency.","rect":[108.0,275.035400390625,250.54458141326905,265.9272155761719]},{"page":201,"text":"Length of Dipole","rect":[90.0,605.900634765625,168.8385902557373,596.095458984375]},{"page":201,"text":"Figure 6-13. Half-wave dipole antenna.","rect":[233.16000366210938,586.8809814453125,396.87007250976566,578.447998046875]},{"page":201,"text":"6-108. The operator calculates the length","rect":[108.0,623.5142822265625,315.9423122406006,614.4061279296875]},{"page":201,"text":"length = 468/frequency, as shown in Figure 6-14.","rect":[108.0,635.3939819335938,308.7117872238159,626.2858276367188]},{"page":201,"text":"of","rect":[327.47540283203127,621.490234375,335.8351037559509,614.4161376953125]},{"page":201,"text":"a","rect":[347.3680725097656,621.4401245117188,351.8169527130127,616.7507934570313]},{"page":201,"text":"half-wave","rect":[363.289794921875,621.490234375,403.41686726379398,614.4061279296875]},{"page":201,"text":"dipole","rect":[414.88958740234377,623.4942626953125,439.9304781036377,614.4061279296875]},{"page":201,"text":"using","rect":[451.40338134765627,623.5142822265625,473.1316432952881,614.4061279296875]},{"page":201,"text":"the","rect":[484.6044921875,621.490234375,496.8548860626221,614.4061279296875]},{"page":201,"text":"formula","rect":[508.3277587890625,621.490234375,539.9648103790283,614.4061279296875]},{"page":201,"text":"Height of Dipole","rect":[90.0,654.3807373046875,166.99065934753419,644.5755615234375]},{"page":201,"text":"6-109. The operator normally keeps the height of a dipole between one-fourth and one-half wavelength","rect":[108.0,671.9943237304688,540.0253200531006,662.8861694335938]},{"page":201,"text":"above ground level for long-range sky wave. For NVIS of 0 to 300 miles, and for inverted and sloping \"V\"","rect":[108.0,683.6947021484375,540.0091806945801,674.5865478515625]},{"page":201,"text":"antennas,  the  operator  raises  the  antenna between  one-eighth  and  one-fourth  wavelengths  above","rect":[108.0,695.39501953125,540.0074739532471,686.286865234375]},{"page":201,"text":"ground level.","rect":[108.0009994506836,707.0953979492188,161.03710460662843,697.9872436523438]},{"page":201,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":201,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":201,"text":"6-27","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":202,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":202,"text":"Length (in meters)","rect":[118.25999450683594,118.64100646972656,191.08258654785159,110.2080078125]},{"page":202,"text":"Length (in feet)","rect":[118.25999450683594,129.0207061767578,178.61128833007815,120.58770751953125]},{"page":202,"text":"= (150.00 x 0.95) = 142.50 Frequency in MHz","rect":[207.98809814453126,118.64100646972656,398.1150817871094,110.2080078125]},{"page":202,"text":"= (492.00 x 0.95) = 468.00 Frequency in MHz","rect":[207.994384765625,129.0207061767578,398.11932373046877,120.58770751953125]},{"page":202,"text":"For harmonic operation, calculate the length of a long-wire antenna ","rect":[118.25999450683594,149.7801055908203,387.1228190917969,141.34710693359376]},{"page":202,"text":"(one wavelength or longer) as follows:","rect":[118.25999450683594,160.15980529785157,269.16731372070316,151.726806640625]},{"page":202,"text":"Length (in meters)","rect":[118.25999450683594,180.91920471191407,191.15010668945315,172.4862060546875]},{"page":202,"text":"Length (in feet)","rect":[118.25999450683594,191.29884338378907,178.6346953125,182.8658447265625]},{"page":202,"text":"= (150.00 x (N--0.05)) / Frequency in MHz","rect":[208.0605926513672,180.91920471191407,383.8509826660156,172.4862060546875]},{"page":202,"text":"= (492.00 x (N--0.05)) / Frequency in MHz","rect":[208.02171325683595,191.29884338378907,383.8945007324219,182.8658447265625]},{"page":202,"text":"Where N = the number of half-wave lengths in the total length of the antenna.","rect":[118.25999450683594,212.2985382080078,447.52229418945316,203.86553955078126]},{"page":202,"text":"For example, if the number of half-wavelengths is 3 and the frequency in MHz is 7, then--","rect":[118.25999450683594,233.23890686035157,471.65621020507816,224.805908203125]},{"page":202,"text":"If length (in meters)","rect":[118.25999450683594,253.99830627441407,195.67708422851565,245.5653076171875]},{"page":202,"text":"Then","rect":[118.25999450683594,262.59600830078127,138.8249991455078,256.0530090332031]},{"page":202,"text":"so length in meters","rect":[118.25999450683594,295.51715087890627,194.1759033203125,287.192138671875]},{"page":202,"text":"= (150.00 x (N--0.05)) / Frequency in MHz ","rect":[208.02879333496095,253.99830627441407,386.3631755371094,245.5653076171875]},{"page":202,"text":"(150.00 x (3--0.05)) / 7","rect":[222.69410705566407,264.3780212402344,314.51550512695317,255.94500732421876]},{"page":202,"text":"(150.00 x (2.95)) / 7","rect":[222.66160583496095,274.7577209472656,303.52456884765629,266.32470703125]},{"page":202,"text":"(442.50 / 7)","rect":[222.66351318359376,285.13739013671877,270.6274931640625,276.7043762207031]},{"page":202,"text":"=","rect":[208.08570861816407,291.8001403808594,213.34170861816407,289.109130859375]},{"page":202,"text":"63.20","rect":[230.64779663085938,293.744140625,253.118990234375,287.1651306152344]},{"page":202,"text":"Figure 6-14. Formula for calculating length of half-wave dipole antenna applied to example.","rect":[102.4800033569336,325.9410095214844,491.6377116699219,317.50799560546877]},{"page":202,"text":"INVERTED \"V\"","rect":[72.0,343.7279968261719,147.30720153808594,335.6159973144531]},{"page":202,"text":"6-110. The inverted \"V\" or \"drooping dipole\" antenna (Figure 6-15) is similar to a dipole antenna, except","rect":[90.0,363.71429443359377,522.0591196975709,354.6061096191406]},{"page":202,"text":"that it only requires one center support. Like a dipole, it is used for a specific frequency, and it has a","rect":[90.0,375.4146728515625,521.9917268829346,366.3064880371094]},{"page":202,"text":"bandwidth of plus or minus 2 percent of design frequency. Because of the inclined sides, the inverted \"V\"","rect":[90.0,387.114990234375,521.9932505187989,378.0068054199219]},{"page":202,"text":"antenna produces a combination of horizontal and vertical radiation; vertical off the ends and horizontal","rect":[90.0,398.7953796386719,522.0568613967896,389.7072448730469]},{"page":202,"text":"broadside to the antenna. All the construction factors for a dipole also apply to the inverted \"V.\" Although","rect":[90.0,410.51568603515627,521.9753932952881,401.4075012207031]},{"page":202,"text":"the inverted \"V\" has less gain than a dipole, the fact that it only requires one support makes it the preferred","rect":[90.0,422.2160949707031,521.9732570648193,413.10791015625]},{"page":202,"text":"antenna in some tactical situations.","rect":[90.0,431.8923645019531,229.99119091033936,424.8082275390625]},{"page":202,"text":"6-28","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":202,"text":"Figure 6-15. Inverted \"V\" antenna.","rect":[224.75999450683595,677.781005859375,369.2354899902344,669.4290161132813]},{"page":202,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":202,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":203,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0392172851563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":203,"text":"LONG-WIRE ANTENNA","rect":[90.0,83.62802124023438,203.40767002105714,75.3480224609375]},{"page":203,"text":"6-111. A long-wire antenna is one that is at least as long as one wavelength (Figure 6-16). However, it","rect":[108.0,103.61431884765625,540.0493540725709,94.50614166259766]},{"page":203,"text":"should be longer to achieve good gain and directional characteristics. Constructing long-wire antennas is","rect":[108.0,115.314697265625,540.0183856468201,106.2065200805664]},{"page":203,"text":"simple, but using the correct dimensions and making the correct adjustments are both critical to its success. ","rect":[108.0,127.0150146484375,540.4557447433472,117.89682006835938]},{"page":203,"text":"Direction","rect":[90.0,449.1827392578125,133.9353698577881,441.5955810546875]},{"page":203,"text":"Figure 6-16. Long-wire antenna.","rect":[247.02000427246095,432.3810119628906,382.9100810546875,424.02899169921877]},{"page":203,"text":"6-112. A long-wire antenna is made directional by placing a terminating resistor at the distant station end","rect":[108.0,469.0142822265625,540.0727443695068,459.9060974121094]},{"page":203,"text":"of the antenna. The terminating resistor should be a 600-ohm, noninductive resistor that can absorb at least","rect":[108.0,480.714599609375,540.0336680374146,471.6064147949219]},{"page":203,"text":"one-half of the transmitter power. Terminating resistors are part of some radio sets, but can be made locally","rect":[108.0,492.41497802734377,540.2233791351318,483.3067932128906]},{"page":203,"text":"using a 100-watt, 106-ohm resistor (NSN 5905-00-764-5573).","rect":[108.0,504.11541748046877,358.15639781951907,495.0072326660156]},{"page":203,"text":"Construction","rect":[90.0,520.8936157226563,151.6691650238037,513.29541015625]},{"page":203,"text":"6-113. Building  a  long-wire  antenna  only  requires  wire,  support  poles,  insulators, and a terminating","rect":[108.0,540.7142944335938,540.0073757171631,531.6061401367188]},{"page":203,"text":"resistor (if directionality is desired). The only other requirement is that the operator string the antenna in as","rect":[108.0,552.4146728515625,540.1121966819763,543.3065185546875]},{"page":203,"text":"straight a line as the situation permits. Because the antenna is less than 20 feet tall, it requires no tall","rect":[108.0,564.114990234375,540.0331797561646,555.0068359375]},{"page":203,"text":"support structures.","rect":[108.0,575.79541015625,182.18044567108155,567.709228515625]},{"page":203,"text":"SLOPING WIRE","rect":[90.0,593.5798950195313,165.2594084739685,585.27587890625]},{"page":203,"text":"6-114. If an HF circuit is only a single point-to-point ground link or a short skywave link, and if all other","rect":[108.0,613.55419921875,540.0092675743103,604.446044921875]},{"page":203,"text":"stations are oriented in the same direction, then the team can use a sloping wire antenna (Figure 6-17). The","rect":[108.0,625.2545776367188,539.9917879180908,616.1464233398438]},{"page":203,"text":"radiating wire is normally one quarter of the wavelength. (Antenna length is measured from the radio","rect":[108.0,636.9548950195313,540.0378322601318,627.8467407226563]},{"page":203,"text":"equipment.)  The  far  end  of  the  antenna  should  be  connected  to  a  rope  whose  other  end  is  tied  to a","rect":[108.0,648.63525390625,539.9828157501221,639.547119140625]},{"page":203,"text":"nonconductive weight such as a stone or brick. The weighted end is then thrown over a tree so that the","rect":[108.0,660.3555908203125,540.0384798126221,651.2474365234375]},{"page":203,"text":"antenna forms a 30- to 45-degree angle to the ground. Angles greater than 45 degrees are used for ground","rect":[108.0,672.0560302734375,539.9111232757568,662.9478759765625]},{"page":203,"text":"waves, and less than 30 degrees for sky waves. The angle formed by the wire should point in the direction","rect":[108.0,683.7562866210938,540.0157375335693,674.6481323242188]},{"page":203,"text":"opposite that of the intended receiver.","rect":[108.0,695.4366455078125,259.68877696990969,686.3485107421875]},{"page":203,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":203,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":203,"text":"6-29","rect":[522.09765625,754.0679931640625,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":204,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":204,"text":"Figure 6-17. Sloping wire antenna.","rect":[223.739990234375,344.541015625,370.19929614257816,336.1080017089844]},{"page":204,"text":"TERMINATED SLOPING \"V\"","rect":[72.0,362.3399963378906,209.64721313476563,354.0360107421875]},{"page":204,"text":"6-115. The sloping \"V\" antenna is a short- to long-range sky-wave antenna that the radio operator can","rect":[90.0,382.3143005371094,522.0132961273193,373.20611572265627]},{"page":204,"text":"build in the field (Figure 6-18). Gain and directivity depend on leg length. For reasonable performance, the","rect":[90.0,394.0146789550781,522.0778474884033,384.906494140625]},{"page":204,"text":"antenna should be at least one-half wavelength long. To make the antenna directional, the operator puts","rect":[90.0,405.7149963378906,522.0166766624451,396.6068115234375]},{"page":204,"text":"terminating resistors on each leg on the open part of the \"V.\" The terminating resistors should be 300 ohms","rect":[90.0,417.4154052734375,521.9923236351013,408.3072204589844]},{"page":204,"text":"and be capable of absorbing one-half of the transmitter’s power output. These terminating resistors are","rect":[90.0,429.1156921386719,522.1074495391846,420.00750732421877]},{"page":204,"text":"either procured or locally made. Using the terminating resistors, the operator aims the antenna so that the","rect":[90.0,440.81610107421877,522.0351839141846,431.7079162597656]},{"page":204,"text":"line cutting the \"V\" in half points at the distant station.","rect":[90.0,452.51641845703127,309.1326856613159,443.4082336425781]},{"page":204,"text":"6-30","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":204,"text":"Figure 6-18. Terminated sloping \"V\" antenna.","rect":[200.63999938964845,696.3208618164063,393.3995830078125,687.9688720703125]},{"page":204,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":204,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":205,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0392172851563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":205,"text":"FIELD-EXPEDIENT ANTENNAS","rect":[90.0,85.58970642089844,299.0303260345459,75.91554260253906]},{"page":205,"text":"6-116. Operators  must  know  the  importance of  field-expedient  antennas.  The  operator  will  have  to","rect":[108.0,105.93424987792969,539.9702053070068,96.84610748291016]},{"page":205,"text":"construct field-expedient antennas if conventional ones are damaged or missing parts.","rect":[108.0,117.6546630859375,452.02862071990969,108.5464859008789]},{"page":205,"text":"REPAIR OF DAMAGED ANTENNA","rect":[90.0,135.38218688964845,248.88768100738526,127.12799072265625]},{"page":205,"text":"6-117.","rect":[108.0,153.37025451660157,134.0269422531128,146.4664764404297]},{"page":205,"text":"A broken whip antenna can be temporarily repaired (Figure 6-19)--","rect":[143.99989318847657,155.394287109375,414.2587792930603,146.28610229492188]},{"page":205,"text":"• If the whip is broken in two sections, the operator can join the sections. First, he removes the","rect":[143.99989318847657,173.09466552734376,540.0380525665283,163.97647094726563]},{"page":205,"text":"paint and cleans the sections where they join. This ensures a good electrical connection. Then,","rect":[154.7993927001953,184.7950439453125,539.9814405441284,175.67684936523438]},{"page":205,"text":"he places the sections together and secures them using bare wire or tape.","rect":[154.7993927001953,196.495361328125,445.40874767303469,187.38717651367188]},{"page":205,"text":"• If the whip is badly damaged, the radio operator can use field wire (WD1/TT) of the same","rect":[143.99989318847657,214.1956787109375,540.0640535430908,205.08749389648438]},{"page":205,"text":"length as the original antenna. The radio operator removes the insulation from the lower end of ","rect":[154.7993927001953,225.89599609375,542.5461378097534,216.78781127929688]},{"page":205,"text":"the  field  wire  antenna,  twists  the  conductors  together,  sticks  them into the antenna base","rect":[154.7993927001953,237.59637451171876,540.0144929962158,228.48818969726563]},{"page":205,"text":"connector, and secures the conductors with a wooden block. He supports the antenna wire with","rect":[154.7993927001953,249.2766571044922,539.9939479827881,240.18850708007813]},{"page":205,"text":"a tree or a pole.","rect":[154.7993927001953,260.9770812988281,216.9514570236206,251.88894653320313]},{"page":205,"text":"Figure 6-19. Repair procedure, whip antenna.","rect":[218.52000427246095,543.2608642578125,411.45088305664066,534.9088745117188]},{"page":205,"text":"INSULATORS","rect":[90.0,561.0220947265625,152.56867027282716,552.9358520507813]},{"page":205,"text":"6-118. The radio operator can make these from items that are readily available (Figure 6-20). He should","rect":[108.0,581.0341796875,540.0043849945068,571.926025390625]},{"page":205,"text":"choose materials that do not absorb water, as those that do, such as rope or cloth, will lose their insulating","rect":[108.0,592.734619140625,540.0388088226318,583.62646484375]},{"page":205,"text":"characteristics and become conductors themselves should they get wet.","rect":[108.0,604.4349365234375,392.81130504608157,595.3267822265625]},{"page":205,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":205,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":205,"text":"6-31","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":206,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":206,"text":"SUPPORTS","rect":[72.0,343.67999267578127,122.91798210144043,335.3760070800781]},{"page":206,"text":"Figure 6-20. Expedient insulators.","rect":[224.9399871826172,325.8810119628906,369.11839404296878,317.52899169921877]},{"page":206,"text":"6-119. Many expedient antennas require support. The most common support is a strong tree that can","rect":[90.0,363.654296875,521.9724636077881,354.5461120605469]},{"page":206,"text":"survive heavy windstorms. However, even the largest tree sways enough in the wind to break a wire","rect":[90.0,375.3545837402344,522.0841341094971,366.24639892578127]},{"page":206,"text":"antenna. The operator attaches a spring or piece of old inner tube to one end of the antenna to keep it taut","rect":[90.0,387.05499267578127,522.0158457717896,377.9468078613281]},{"page":206,"text":"while preventing it from breaking or stretching as the tree sways. If a small pulley is available, he attaches","rect":[90.0,398.75543212890627,522.0153338890076,389.6472473144531]},{"page":206,"text":"that to the tree. He attaches one end of a rope to the end of the antenna, passes the rope through the pulley","rect":[90.0,410.4556884765625,522.0226955413818,401.3475036621094]},{"page":206,"text":"on the tree, then attaches a heavy weight to the free end of rope. This lets the tree sway without straining","rect":[90.0,422.1560974121094,522.0264186859131,413.04791259765627]},{"page":206,"text":"the antenna.","rect":[90.0,431.8323669433594,138.4817762374878,424.74822998046877]},{"page":206,"text":"TERMINATING RESISTORS","rect":[72.0,451.58221435546877,200.9269618988037,443.4960021972656]},{"page":206,"text":"6-120. Resistors for low-power (man-pack) HF radios are readily available from commercial radio supply","rect":[90.0,471.59429931640627,522.0470485687256,462.4861145019531]},{"page":206,"text":"stores. However, carbon resistors that can dissipate more than 5 watts are hard to find. ","rect":[90.0,483.274658203125,438.44268321990969,474.1865234375]},{"page":206,"text":"6-121. As a field-expedient technique, the radio operator can connect the low-power (5-watt) resistors in","rect":[90.0,500.9749450683594,521.9963283538818,491.8868103027344]},{"page":206,"text":"parallel to enable a terminator to handle greater power. For example, eight 5-watt, 4,000-ohm resistors","rect":[90.0,512.6953125,521.9834125022888,503.5871276855469]},{"page":206,"text":"connected in parallel become a 500-ohm, 40-watt terminator. Unfortunately, this is still too small to work","rect":[90.0,524.3956909179688,522.0259914398193,515.2875366210938]},{"page":206,"text":"with a high-power, HF terminator. A terminator for a 1,000-watt transmitter requires 100 5-watt resistors.","rect":[90.0,536.0960083007813,521.9789991378784,526.9878540039063]},{"page":206,"text":"However, a series of 100-watt, 106-ohm resistors (NSN 5905-00-764-5573) may be mounted on a single","rect":[90.0,547.79638671875,521.8915681915283,538.688232421875]},{"page":206,"text":"insulating board to serve as a terminator for a high-powered transmitter.","rect":[90.0,559.4967651367188,379.0675916671753,550.3886108398438]},{"page":206,"text":"FIELD-EXPEDIENT WIRE","rect":[72.0,577.248046875,194.65941762924195,569.135986328125]},{"page":206,"text":"6-122. If regular antenna wire is unavailable, the radio operator can use field telephone wire (WD1/TT)","rect":[90.0,597.2343139648438,522.0362451133728,588.1261596679688]},{"page":206,"text":"to build antennas. Field wire consists of two insulated wires, and each of those has four copper and three","rect":[90.0,608.91455078125,521.9822664337158,599.826416015625]},{"page":206,"text":"steel strands.","rect":[90.0009994506836,618.6109619140625,141.81542491912843,611.52685546875]},{"page":206,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,634.0968627929688,129.50790042877197,631.6419677734375]},{"page":206,"text":"When making electrical connections with field wire, the operator uses the copper strands. To","rect":[136.79949951171876,638.3353271484375,522.0269680023193,629.2271728515625]},{"page":206,"text":"identify them he removes about 1 inch of insulation from one end of the insulated wire. He","rect":[136.80039978027345,650.0357055664063,522.0363435821533,640.9275512695313]},{"page":206,"text":"holds it where the insulation ends and bends the strands to the side. When he releases the","rect":[136.80039978027345,659.7219848632813,521.9679842071533,652.6278686523438]},{"page":206,"text":"pressure, the steel strands snap back to their original positions, but the copper strands remain","rect":[136.80039978027345,673.4364013671875,521.8289089202881,664.3282470703125]},{"page":206,"text":"bent. He can then wrap these copper strands around the steel strands for a good electrical","rect":[136.80039978027345,685.1367797851563,521.9180064163209,676.0286254882813]},{"page":206,"text":"connection.","rect":[136.80039978027345,694.8130493164063,183.35344982147218,687.7289428710938]},{"page":206,"text":"6-32","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":206,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":206,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":207,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0392172851563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":207,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,99.0,147.50700016021728,95.0]},{"page":207,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,193.0,147.50700016021728,189.0]},{"page":207,"text":"If field wire is used as the radiating element of an antenna, the two insulated wires in the","rect":[154.81878662109376,101.274658203125,540.0080232696533,92.1664810180664]},{"page":207,"text":"twisted pair must be connected together at the ends so that electrically the two wires act as one. ","rect":[154.79959106445313,112.97503662109375,539.3190259933472,103.86685943603516]},{"page":207,"text":"-- First, the radio operator tightly twists together all six steel strands from the two wires (for","rect":[154.79959106445313,130.67529296875,540.0202539024353,121.5671157836914]},{"page":207,"text":"strength). ","rect":[166.3195037841797,142.37567138671876,207.03835582733155,133.26748657226563]},{"page":207,"text":"-- Second, he twists the eight copper strands together (to connect them electrically). ","rect":[154.79959106445313,160.07598876953126,494.97072887420657,150.96780395507813]},{"page":207,"text":"-- Third, he twists the copper strands around the steel strands.","rect":[154.79959106445313,177.7562713623047,405.3326368331909,168.66812133789063]},{"page":207,"text":"When using them as a feed line for a dipole antenna, the radio operator connects each of the","rect":[154.83050537109376,195.4766845703125,540.0353059844971,186.36849975585938]},{"page":207,"text":"two insulated wires of the twisted pair to a separate leg of the dipole. At the radio, he connects","rect":[154.79959106445313,207.17694091796876,540.0503680686951,198.06875610351563]},{"page":207,"text":"one wire (any wire) to the center connector of the radio antenna terminal and the second wire to","rect":[154.79959106445313,218.87738037109376,540.1016139984131,209.76919555664063]},{"page":207,"text":"a screw on the antenna case.","rect":[154.79959106445313,228.5536651611328,268.5235548019409,221.46951293945313]},{"page":207,"text":"• In an emergency, any wire of sufficient length can be used for an antenna, for example, barbed","rect":[144.0,248.27801513671876,540.0124416351318,239.16983032226563]},{"page":207,"text":"wire, electrical wire, fence wire, or metal-cored clothesline. Communication has even been","rect":[154.79959106445313,259.0,540.0543117523193,250.87020874023438]},{"page":207,"text":"successful  using  metal  house  gutters and metal  bed  springs.  A  radio  operator’s  mission  is","rect":[154.79959106445313,271.67877197265627,540.0360858421326,262.5705871582031]},{"page":207,"text":"incomplete until he establishes communication.","rect":[154.79959106445313,283.3590087890625,345.25332164764407,274.2708740234375]},{"page":207,"text":"GROUND","rect":[90.0,301.1399841308594,134.09851169586183,292.8240051269531]},{"page":207,"text":"6-123. All  radio  equipment  should  be  grounded to prevent  shock  and  damage  to  equipment  during","rect":[108.0,321.1142883300781,540.0889797210693,312.006103515625]},{"page":207,"text":"electrical  storms.  This  protects  the  operator  and  his  equipment.  Also,  some antennas must havea","rect":[108.0,332.7946472167969,539.9922761993408,323.7065124511719]},{"page":207,"text":"radio-frequency ground before they will function. Most radio sets come with a ground rod that should","rect":[108.0,344.5149841308594,540.0300197601318,335.40679931640627]},{"page":207,"text":"provide enough ground if used properly in good soil. The radio operator checks to ensure that the ground","rect":[108.0,356.2154235839844,540.0605373382568,347.10723876953127]},{"page":207,"text":"rod is neither oily nor corroded. He drives the rod into the ground so that the top of the rod is below","rect":[108.0,367.9156799316406,539.9399457015991,358.8074951171875]},{"page":207,"text":"surface. To ensure a good electrical connection, he makes sure that the top of the ground rod and the end of ","rect":[108.0,379.6160888671875,542.5192213058472,370.5079040527344]},{"page":207,"text":"the ground strap are both clean and bright. Then, he uses a clamp or a nut and bolt to make a good","rect":[108.0,391.3164367675781,539.9592800140381,382.208251953125]},{"page":207,"text":"mechanical and electrical connection at the ground rod.","rect":[108.0,403.0168151855469,330.2571973800659,393.90863037109377]},{"page":207,"text":"Alternative Materials","rect":[90.0,419.7827453613281,191.00611362075805,412.1955871582031]},{"page":207,"text":"6-124. If he has no ground rod, he can use water pipes, concrete reinforcing rods, metal fence posts","rect":[108.0,439.6142883300781,540.0302264671326,430.506103515625]},{"page":207,"text":"(protective paint coating removed), or any length of metal. If a water system has metal pipes, he can make","rect":[108.0,451.314697265625,540.0642976837158,442.2065124511719]},{"page":207,"text":"a good ground by clamping the ground strap to a water pipe. He can also use underground pipes, tanks, and","rect":[108.0,463.0149841308594,539.9976711273193,453.90679931640627]},{"page":207,"text":"metal building foundations.","rect":[108.0,474.7154235839844,218.5757246017456,465.60723876953127]},{"page":207,"text":"WARNING","rect":[285.6600036621094,509.4718933105469,344.28000024414066,500.6039123535156]},{"page":207,"text":"Never  ground  on  any  piping  or  underground  tanks","rect":[157.6800079345703,529.5541381835938,409.44813441467286,520.28564453125]},{"page":207,"text":"flammable materials such as natural gas or gasoline.","rect":[157.6800079345703,541.2540893554688,409.0918345413208,531.8653564453125]},{"page":207,"text":"that","rect":[413.8913879394531,527.5701904296875,432.2640588340759,520.28564453125]},{"page":207,"text":"contain","rect":[436.7077941894531,527.5701904296875,472.35094952774048,520.28564453125]},{"page":207,"text":"Soil Additives","rect":[90.0,572.9845581054688,155.07406100845336,565.3754272460938]},{"page":207,"text":"6-125. The operator can improve the conductivity of dry soil by adding water and chemicals such as table","rect":[108.0,592.7943115234375,540.0448885040283,583.6861572265625]},{"page":207,"text":"or Epsom salt to it (Epsom salt is less corrosive than table salt). First, the radio operator digs a hole around","rect":[108.0,604.4945678710938,540.0284328460693,595.3864135742188]},{"page":207,"text":"the ground rod. Then, he mixes and pours into it one pound of the chemical and one gallon of water. He","rect":[108.0,616.1950073242188,540.0006990509033,607.0868530273438]},{"page":207,"text":"should periodically add water to keep the ground damp. He can use urine in place of water, if needed.","rect":[108.0,627.8953857421875,515.8951978683472,618.7872314453125]},{"page":207,"text":"Multiple Ground Rods","rect":[90.0,646.8587646484375,196.93091830825805,637.0755615234375]},{"page":207,"text":"6-126. Using multiple ground rods can also improve the electrical ground. If he has enough ground rods,","rect":[108.0,664.4942626953125,539.9602003097534,655.3861083984375]},{"page":207,"text":"the operator can build a “star ground.” He drives a single rod into the center of a circle that measures about","rect":[108.0009994506836,676.1947021484375,540.0250620803834,667.0865478515625]},{"page":207,"text":"20 feet in diameter. Then, he drives additional ground rods around the outside of the circle. He connects","rect":[108.0009994506836,687.89501953125,539.9820086936951,678.786865234375]},{"page":207,"text":"the ground strap from the radio to the center rod, which he in turn connects to the rods along the outside of ","rect":[108.0009994506836,699.5953979492188,542.5032911300659,690.4872436523438]},{"page":207,"text":"the circle. Finally, he connects the rods around the circle.","rect":[108.0009994506836,711.295654296875,337.55071544647219,702.1875]},{"page":207,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":207,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":207,"text":"6-33","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":208,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":208,"text":"HIGH FREQUENCY, DIRECTIONAL, FIELD-EXPEDIENT","rect":[72.0,111.29637145996094,444.6605361595154,99.30152893066406]},{"page":208,"text":"ANTENNAS","rect":[72.0,125.37010192871094,148.8019324798584,115.69593811035156]},{"page":208,"text":"6-127. The long-wire (Figure 6-21) and  vertical  half-rhombic  (Figure 6-22)  are  two  field-expedient,","rect":[90.0,145.7342529296875,521.9302320480347,136.62606811523438]},{"page":208,"text":"directional antennas. These antennas consist of a single wire, preferably two or more wavelengths long,","rect":[90.0,157.43463134765626,522.0217237472534,148.32644653320313]},{"page":208,"text":"supported on poles at a height of 3 to 7 meters (10 to 20 feet) above the ground. The antennas will,","rect":[90.0,169.135009765625,522.0621900558472,160.02682495117188]},{"page":208,"text":"however, operate satisfactorily at less than 1 meter (about 3 feet) aboveground. The far end of the wire","rect":[90.0,180.83538818359376,522.0299959259033,171.72720336914063]},{"page":208,"text":"connects to ground through a noninductive resistor of 500 to 600 ohms. The resistor should have a rating","rect":[90.0,192.53570556640626,521.9213771820068,183.42752075195313]},{"page":208,"text":"of  at  least  one-half  the  wattage  output  of  the  transmitter.  This  ensures  that  the  output  power of the","rect":[90.0,204.236083984375,522.0678377227783,195.12789916992188]},{"page":208,"text":"transmitter does not burn out the resistor. A reasonably good ground, such as a number of ground rods ora","rect":[90.0,215.93634033203126,521.9455232696533,206.82815551757813]},{"page":208,"text":"counterpoise, should be used at each end of the antenna. The radiation pattern is directional. The antennas","rect":[90.0,227.6167449951172,522.0222918968201,218.52859497070313]},{"page":208,"text":"are used primarily to transmit or receive HF signals. The \"V\" antenna is another field-expedient, directional","rect":[90.0,239.33709716796876,522.0052866897584,230.22891235351563]},{"page":208,"text":"antenna (Figure 6-23). It consists of two wires forming a \"V\" with the open area of the \"V\" pointing toward","rect":[90.0,251.03753662109376,521.9811305999756,241.92935180664063]},{"page":208,"text":"the  desired  direction  of  transmission  or  reception.  To  make  construction  easier,  the  legs  may slope","rect":[90.0,262.73779296875,522.0197420196533,253.62960815429688]},{"page":208,"text":"downward from the apex of the \"V.\" This is called a sloping \"V\" antenna (Figure 6-24). The angle between","rect":[90.0,274.43817138671877,522.2444972991943,265.3299865722656]},{"page":208,"text":"the legs varies with the length of the legs in order to achieve maximum performance. To make the antenna","rect":[90.0,286.1385803222656,522.0710115509033,277.0303955078125]},{"page":208,"text":"radiate in only one direction, add noninductive terminating resistors from the end of each leg (not at the","rect":[90.0,297.8388977050781,522.0434236602783,288.730712890625]},{"page":208,"text":"apex) to ground. The resistors should be approximately 500 ohms and have a power rating at least one-half ","rect":[90.0,309.5391845703125,524.5212965011597,300.4309997558594]},{"page":208,"text":"that  of  the  output  power  of  the  transmitter  being  used.  Without  the  resistors, the  antenna  radiates","rect":[90.0,321.2395935058594,522.0053851585388,312.13140869140627]},{"page":208,"text":"bidirectionally, both front and back. The antenna must be fed by a balanced transmission line.","rect":[90.0,332.9399719238281,466.3839979171753,323.831787109375]},{"page":208,"text":"Figure 6-21. High frequency antenna, long-wire type.","rect":[184.8000030517578,472.6409912109375,409.17341723632816,464.2079772949219]},{"page":208,"text":"Figure 6-22. High frequency antenna, half-rhombic type.","rect":[177.72000122070313,612.3809814453125,416.34199633789066,603.947998046875]},{"page":208,"text":"6-34","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":208,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":208,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":209,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0392172851563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":209,"text":"Figure 6-23. High frequency antenna, \"V\" type.","rect":[215.6999969482422,363.0210266113281,414.26851000976566,354.5880126953125]},{"page":209,"text":"ANTENNA, AN/GRA-50","rect":[90.0,571.9078979492188,207.3048095703125,561.6838989257813]},{"page":209,"text":"Figure 6-24. Sloping antenna, \"V\" type.","rect":[231.89999389648438,552.2008666992188,398.1158916015625,543.7678833007813]},{"page":209,"text":"6-128. The AN/GRA-50 antenna is a component of the AN/PRC-104, AN/GRC-213, and AN/GRC-193","rect":[108.0,589.9541625976563,539.9695339202881,580.8660278320313]},{"page":209,"text":"and can be used with modern radio systems. It is a half-wave, dipole-type antenna. This means that it can","rect":[108.0,601.6744995117188,540.0591335296631,592.5663452148438]},{"page":209,"text":"be  used  for  long-  (2,500  miles)  or  short-range,  near-vertical-incidence,  sky  wave  (0  to  300 miles)","rect":[108.0,613.3748779296875,540.0342919883728,604.2667236328125]},{"page":209,"text":"messages. (See TM 11-5820-467-15 for more detail.)","rect":[108.0,625.0753173828125,322.0672814903259,615.9671630859375]},{"page":209,"text":"ANTENNA, AS-2259/GR","rect":[90.0,644.748046875,208.6788010253906,634.5240478515625]},{"page":209,"text":"6-129. The AS-2259/GR antenna  has  two  inverted  \"V\"  dipoles  positioned  at  right  angles.  It  uses a","rect":[108.0,662.814208984375,540.0063142852783,653.7060546875]},{"page":209,"text":"foam-electric center pole as its coaxial. It is used for short-range (NVIS, from 0 to 300 mile) messages.","rect":[108.0009994506836,674.5145874023438,540.0548658370972,665.4064331054688]},{"page":209,"text":"(See TM 11-5985-379-14&P for more detail.)","rect":[108.0009994506836,686.1948852539063,292.6314599571228,677.1067504882813]},{"page":209,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":209,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":209,"text":"6-35","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":210,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":210,"text":"Section VII. UNUSUAL ENVIRONMENTS","rect":[62.63999938964844,87.14399719238281,289.20239477539067,78.26399993896485]},{"page":210,"text":"Climatic variations such as temperature, electricity, humidity, and wind require variations in the ways radios","rect":[72.0,110.63427734375,521.9895770530701,101.5261001586914]},{"page":210,"text":"and antennas are set up, used, and maintained.","rect":[71.9990005493164,122.31468200683594,257.58904552459719,113.2265396118164]},{"page":210,"text":"DESERT OPERATIONS","rect":[72.0,142.0497283935547,223.68158641052248,132.3755645751953]},{"page":210,"text":"6-130. The factors that most  affect  radios  and  antennas  in  the  desert  are  poor  electrical  grounding,","rect":[90.0,162.414306640625,521.9375562667847,153.30612182617188]},{"page":210,"text":"temperature and humidity extremes, and wind-blown contaminants. ","rect":[90.0,174.11468505859376,363.57403087615969,165.00650024414063]},{"page":210,"text":"ELECTRICITY","rect":[72.0,191.83273315429688,139.8556833267212,183.75601196289063]},{"page":210,"text":"6-131. For the best operation in the desert, locate radio antennas on the highest terrain available. Poor","rect":[90.0,211.85430908203126,522.0215966758728,202.74612426757813]},{"page":210,"text":"electrical grounding in the desert reduces the ranges of whip antennas by one-fifth to one-third. For this","rect":[89.9990005493164,223.5546875,522.0114276390076,214.44650268554688]},{"page":210,"text":"reason, complete antenna systems such  as  horizontal  dipoles  and  vertical  antennas  with  adequate","rect":[89.9990005493164,235.2550048828125,522.0475740509033,226.14682006835938]},{"page":210,"text":"counterpoises are generally more effective. ","rect":[89.9990005493164,246.95538330078126,265.41421031951907,237.84719848632813]},{"page":210,"text":"STATIC ELECTRICITY","rect":[72.0,264.719970703125,178.8556833267212,256.4159851074219]},{"page":210,"text":"6-132. Static electricity is caused by many factors  present  in  the  desert,  including  wind-blown  dust","rect":[90.0,284.6943054199219,522.1135020217896,275.58612060546877]},{"page":210,"text":"particles. Also, dry air increases static discharges between charged particles. When operating in fixed","rect":[90.0,296.3946838378906,522.0783596038818,287.2864990234375]},{"page":210,"text":"positions, ground communications equipment properly to prevent such discharges. Tape all sharp edges","rect":[90.0,308.0950012207031,522.0373065452576,298.98681640625]},{"page":210,"text":"and tips of  antennas  to  reduce  wind-caused  static  discharges  and  the  accompanying  noise.  Since","rect":[90.0,319.7954406738281,522.0379915313721,310.687255859375]},{"page":210,"text":"static-caused noise diminishes at higher frequencies, use the highest frequencies authorized for use. ","rect":[90.0,331.4956970214844,491.55376720428469,322.38751220703127]},{"page":210,"text":"HEAT","rect":[72.0,349.08001708984377,100.8224425315857,341.1360168457031]},{"page":210,"text":"6-133. Radio sets can overheat and fail, so turn them on only when necessary. Keep air vents and filters","rect":[90.0,369.23431396484377,522.1065204124451,360.1261291503906]},{"page":210,"text":"clean to prevent overheating. High temperature conditions will degrade radio wave propagation. A station","rect":[90.0,380.9345703125,522.0486965179443,371.8263854980469]},{"page":210,"text":"that can be reached at night may not be reachable during the day.","rect":[90.0,392.6349792480469,351.04604625701907,383.52679443359377]},{"page":210,"text":"MOISTURE","rect":[72.0,410.3622131347656,125.96398305892945,402.2760009765625]},{"page":210,"text":"6-134. In deserts with high humidity, condensation occurs wherever a surface is cooler than the air. To","rect":[90.0,430.3742980957031,522.0082912445068,421.26611328125]},{"page":210,"text":"keep contacts dry, tape electrical plugs, jacks, and connectors. To prevent arcing, make sure these are dry","rect":[90.0,442.0745849609375,521.9370632171631,432.9563903808594]},{"page":210,"text":"before connecting.","rect":[90.0,453.7749938964844,164.7604627609253,444.66680908203127]},{"page":210,"text":"DUST AND DIRT","rect":[72.0,471.502197265625,149.83942556381227,463.4159851074219]},{"page":210,"text":"6-135. Wind-blown particles (dust, dirt, sand, and grit) damages everything it contacts. They cause the","rect":[90.0,491.5142822265625,522.0463533477783,482.4060974121094]},{"page":210,"text":"most damage to items with moving or electrical parts, or with vents, grids, or grilles. Because radios with","rect":[90.0,503.214599609375,522.0002956390381,494.1064147949219]},{"page":210,"text":"servomechanisms are particularly vulnerable, extra cleaning and precautions are required. For example, use","rect":[90.0,514.9149780273438,522.0119295196533,505.8067932128906]},{"page":210,"text":"dustproof covers to protect communications equipment such as HF amplifiers. Regularly check items such","rect":[90.0,526.6154174804688,522.0663967132568,517.5072631835938]},{"page":210,"text":"as receiver-transmitter units that have ventilating ports or channels. Keep these openings clear of dust so","rect":[90.0,538.315673828125,521.9721584320068,529.20751953125]},{"page":210,"text":"the equipment remains within operating temperatures. Keep an extra supply of dry batteries on hand,","rect":[90.0,550.01611328125,522.0482130050659,540.907958984375]},{"page":210,"text":"because heat drains batteries at a higher rate and produces a higher failure rate. Protect electrical wire","rect":[90.0,561.7164306640625,522.0372591094971,552.6082763671875]},{"page":210,"text":"insulation with tape while it is still intact. Use an old toothbrush or other brush to clean electrical contacts","rect":[90.0,573.3967895507813,522.1009051780701,564.3086547851563]},{"page":210,"text":"and plugs before connecting, then seal the connection with tape. Conduct preventive maintenance checks","rect":[90.0,585.1170654296875,521.9951922874451,576.0089111328125]},{"page":210,"text":"often.  Check  parts  that  require  lubrication  often.  Dust  and  dirt  can  collect  in  lubricants and damage","rect":[90.0,596.8175048828125,522.0415315704346,587.7093505859375]},{"page":210,"text":"moving parts.","rect":[90.0,608.517822265625,145.13872814178468,599.40966796875]},{"page":210,"text":"JUNGLE OPERATIONS","rect":[72.0,628.2296142578125,224.45047679138185,618.5414428710938]},{"page":210,"text":"6-136. Communications in jungle areas must also be carefully planned. Thick jungle growth vertically","rect":[90.0,648.5942993164063,522.1168727874756,639.47607421875]},{"page":210,"text":"polarizes  RF  energy,  which  reduces  transmission ranges. Heat  and  humidity  increase  maintenance","rect":[90.0,660.294677734375,522.0544099884033,651.1865234375]},{"page":210,"text":"problems. Siting is the most important consideration in the jungle, followed closely by maintenance. ","rect":[90.0,671.9949951171875,495.01504039764407,662.8767700195313]},{"page":210,"text":"6-36","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":210,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":210,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":211,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0392172851563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":211,"text":"ANTENNA SITE","rect":[90.0,83.64002227783203,163.94095754623414,75.33602142333985]},{"page":211,"text":"6-137. Complete  antenna  systems,  such  as  ground  planes  and  dipoles,  work  better than fractional,","rect":[108.0,103.61431884765625,540.0360059738159,94.50614166259766]},{"page":211,"text":"wave-length, whip antennas. To further improve communications--","rect":[108.0,115.314697265625,377.6893518028259,106.2065200805664]},{"page":211,"text":"• Locate antennas in clearings. Place them on the edge farthest from the distant station, and as","rect":[143.99989318847657,133.0150146484375,540.0086810569763,123.9068374633789]},{"page":211,"text":"high as possible.","rect":[154.7993927001953,144.71527099609376,221.46660900115968,135.60708618164063]},{"page":211,"text":"• Keep  all  cables and connectors--antenna,  power,  and  telephone--off  the  ground  to  reduce","rect":[143.99989318847657,162.4156494140625,539.9851961212158,153.30746459960938]},{"page":211,"text":"damage from moisture, fungus, and insects. ","rect":[154.7993927001953,174.115966796875,332.16762828826907,165.00778198242188]},{"page":211,"text":"• If possible, clear vegetation from antenna sites. Foliage touching an antenna will ground its","rect":[143.99989318847657,191.8162841796875,544.5274188499451,182.70809936523438]},{"page":211,"text":"signal.","rect":[154.80039978027345,203.51666259765626,181.2434949874878,194.40847778320313]},{"page":211,"text":"• If  vegetation","rect":[144.0009002685547,221.2169189453125,213.8015193939209,212.10873413085938]},{"page":211,"text":"cannot  be","rect":[224.3765106201172,219.19288635253907,271.17467976379398,212.10873413085938]},{"page":211,"text":"removed,","rect":[281.68939208984377,219.19288635253907,319.2302198410034,212.10873413085938]},{"page":211,"text":"horizontally polarize the antennas.","rect":[154.80039978027345,232.9173583984375,292.91411876678469,223.80917358398438]},{"page":211,"text":"especially ","rect":[329.7449035644531,221.2169189453125,372.24773693084719,212.10873413085938]},{"page":211,"text":"dense","rect":[380.2427062988281,219.19288635253907,403.0983247833252,212.10873413085938]},{"page":211,"text":"or","rect":[413.60888671875,219.19288635253907,421.9655664024353,214.4534149169922]},{"page":211,"text":"wet  vegetation,","rect":[432.4757995605469,221.2169189453125,501.67083263397219,212.10873413085938]},{"page":211,"text":"always","rect":[512.18115234375,221.2169189453125,539.9829852561951,212.10873413085938]},{"page":211,"text":"HUMIDITY","rect":[90.0,250.64219665527345,142.4390115737915,242.55599975585938]},{"page":211,"text":"6-138. The high humidity of jungle environments condenses moisture on equipment. This encourages","rect":[108.0,270.6541748046875,540.0441424827576,261.5359802246094]},{"page":211,"text":"rust and fungus, complicating maintenance. Operators and maintenance personnel should check their TMs","rect":[107.9990005493164,282.3545837402344,540.0266864280701,273.24639892578127]},{"page":211,"text":"for special requirements but mainly they must--","rect":[107.9990005493164,294.0549011230469,298.7757775840759,284.94671630859377]},{"page":211,"text":"• Keep the equipment as dry as possible and in lighted areas to retard fungus growth.","rect":[143.99888610839845,311.7552185058594,489.0867872238159,302.64703369140627]},{"page":211,"text":"• Keep air vents clear to help keep equipment cool and dry.","rect":[143.99888610839845,329.4555969238281,386.3925733566284,320.347412109375]},{"page":211,"text":"• Keep connectors, cables, and bare metal parts as free of fungus as possible. After repairs or","rect":[143.99888610839845,347.1559143066406,521.2120263633728,338.0477294921875]},{"page":211,"text":"damage, paint all surfaces of equipment with moisture-fungus-proofing paint.","rect":[154.7983856201172,358.8562927246094,466.25991344451907,349.74810791015627]},{"page":211,"text":"FIELD-EXPEDIENTS","rect":[90.0,376.58221435546877,186.70766258239747,368.4960021972656]},{"page":211,"text":"6-139. LRSU can greatly improve their ability to communicate in the jungle by using expedient antennas.","rect":[108.0,396.59429931640627,539.9952344894409,387.4761047363281]},{"page":211,"text":"Moving units are generally restricted to using the short and long antennas that come with the radios.","rect":[107.9990005493164,408.2947082519531,540.0225172042847,399.1865234375]},{"page":211,"text":"However, when not moving, field-expedient antennas increase range and improve reception.","rect":[107.9990005493164,419.9949951171875,478.9872999191284,410.8868103027344]},{"page":211,"text":"COLD WEATHER OPERATIONS","rect":[90.0,439.7096862792969,302.52110972595218,430.0355529785156]},{"page":211,"text":"6-140. In very cold weather, ionospheric storms  and  night  lights,  such  as  the  Aurora  Borealis,  can","rect":[108.0,460.0743103027344,540.0234279632568,450.96612548828127]},{"page":211,"text":"degrade  sky-wave  propagation  and  disable  radio communications.  Static  can  block  frequencies for","rect":[108.0,471.7746887207031,540.0430200157166,462.66650390625]},{"page":211,"text":"extended periods; changes in the density and height of the ionosphere can fade a signal for weeks. When","rect":[108.0,483.4749755859375,539.9685573577881,474.3667907714844]},{"page":211,"text":"these disturbances occur is difficult to predict. However, when they do, radio operators must be ready to","rect":[108.0,495.1754150390625,540.0081691741943,486.0672302246094]},{"page":211,"text":"use alternate frequencies, or  other  means  of  communication.  Put  radios  in  vehicles,  if  possible.  This","rect":[108.0,506.8556213378906,540.1323382835388,497.7674865722656]},{"page":211,"text":"simplifies transport and provides shelter for radio operators. It also helps alleviate grounding and antenna","rect":[108.0,518.5760498046875,540.0000886993408,509.4678649902344]},{"page":211,"text":"installation problems caused by the cold:  permafrost  and  deep  snow  limit  grounding.  Frozen  ground","rect":[108.0,530.2764282226563,539.9979763031006,521.1682739257813]},{"page":211,"text":"conducts electricity too poorly to propagate ground waves well. To improve ground wave transmission,","rect":[108.0,541.976806640625,539.9702711105347,532.86865234375]},{"page":211,"text":"install a counterpoise far enough aboveground to prevent the snow from covering it. When installing","rect":[108.0,553.6771240234375,540.0344753265381,544.5689697265625]},{"page":211,"text":"antennas--","rect":[108.0,563.3534545898438,149.8145349082947,557.2713012695313]},{"page":211,"text":"• Handle the mast sections and the antenna cables carefully; they become brittle at very low","rect":[143.99989318847657,583.0777587890625,516.1742291488647,573.9696044921875]},{"page":211,"text":"temperatures.","rect":[154.7993927001953,594.7581787109375,209.00385570526124,586.6719970703125]},{"page":211,"text":"• Run antenna cables overhead to avoid damage from heavy snow and frost. Use nylon rope for","rect":[143.99989318847657,612.478515625,531.7810571250916,603.370361328125]},{"page":211,"text":"guy wires rather than cotton or hemp. Nylon absorbs less moisture, so it is less likely to freeze","rect":[154.7993927001953,624.1788940429688,532.7738924102783,615.0707397460938]},{"page":211,"text":"and break.","rect":[154.7993927001953,633.8551025390625,196.68398571014405,626.77099609375]},{"page":211,"text":"• Use extra guy wires, supports, and anchors to help antennas withstand heavy ice and wind","rect":[143.99989318847657,653.5794677734375,516.8099269866943,644.4713134765625]},{"page":211,"text":"loading.","rect":[154.7993927001953,665.2799072265625,187.4340009689331,656.1717529296875]},{"page":211,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":211,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":211,"text":"6-37","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":212,"text":"Chapter 6","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":212,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,79.33582305908203,129.50700016021728,76.88092041015625]},{"page":212,"text":"Allow radios to warm up for several minutes before use. Since extreme cold lowers the voltage","rect":[136.7983856201172,83.57427978515625,518.4256868438721,74.46610260009766]},{"page":212,"text":"output of a dry battery, try warming the battery before operating the radio set. This minimizes","rect":[136.79959106445313,95.27471923828125,512.9323871116638,86.16654205322266]},{"page":212,"text":"frequency drift. Flakes or pellets of highly electrically charged snow have been reported in","rect":[136.79959106445313,106.97503662109375,500.7892360687256,97.86685943603516]},{"page":212,"text":"northern regions. When these particles strike the antenna, the resulting electrical discharge","rect":[136.79959106445313,118.67535400390625,499.88570881652836,109.56717681884766]},{"page":212,"text":"causes a high-pitched static roar that can blanket all frequencies. To prevent this, cover all","rect":[136.79959106445313,130.37567138671876,498.48194074249269,121.26749420166016]},{"page":212,"text":"antenna elements with polystyrene tape and shellac.","rect":[136.79959106445313,142.07611083984376,344.6834363937378,132.96792602539063]},{"page":212,"text":"6-141. Protect radios from blowing snow. Snow can freeze to dials and knobs and blow into the wiring,","rect":[89.99909973144531,159.7763671875,522.0084791183472,150.66818237304688]},{"page":212,"text":"causing shorts and grounds. Handle cords and cables carefully because they lose their flexibility in extreme","rect":[89.99909973144531,171.4766845703125,522.0511751251221,162.36849975585938]},{"page":212,"text":"cold. Properly winterize all radio equipment and power units. Check the appropriate technical manuals","rect":[89.99909973144531,183.17706298828126,522.1240985374451,174.06887817382813]},{"page":212,"text":"(TM) for winterization procedures.","rect":[89.99909973144531,194.8574676513672,230.54848766326905,185.76931762695313]},{"page":212,"text":"Power Units","rect":[72.0,211.66470336914063,129.63950595474243,204.05555725097657]},{"page":212,"text":"6-142. As temperature decrease, operating and maintaining generators becomes","rect":[90.0,231.47418212890626,429.68839907455449,222.36599731445313]},{"page":212,"text":"Protect them from weather as much as possible.","rect":[90.0,243.1544647216797,281.4576368331909,234.06631469726563]},{"page":212,"text":"increasingly","rect":[434.0210876464844,231.47418212890626,483.04759788513186,222.36599731445313]},{"page":212,"text":"difficult.","rect":[487.3371887207031,229.4501495361328,522.0953321456909,222.36599731445313]},{"page":212,"text":"Batteries","rect":[72.0,259.9427185058594,114.05778750991822,252.3555450439453]},{"page":212,"text":"6-143. The effect of cold weather on wet and dry cell batteries depends on the type and kind of battery,","rect":[90.0,279.7742919921875,522.0389356613159,270.6661071777344]},{"page":212,"text":"the load on the battery, the use of the battery, and the degree of exposure to cold temperatures.","rect":[90.0,291.47467041015627,468.9886426925659,282.3664855957031]},{"page":212,"text":"Shock Damage","rect":[72.0,310.460693359375,141.9469886932373,300.6665344238281]},{"page":212,"text":"6-144. In extreme cold, most synthetic shock mounts get brittle and fail to cushion the equipment. The","rect":[90.0,328.0743103027344,522.0468416290283,318.96612548828127]},{"page":212,"text":"jolting of a vehicle during movement can damage radios. Check the shock mounts often, and change them","rect":[90.0,339.7746887207031,522.1159338912964,330.656494140625]},{"page":212,"text":"when needed.","rect":[90.0,349.450927734375,145.2552900314331,342.3667907714844]},{"page":212,"text":"Microphones","rect":[72.0,370.4387512207031,133.66367587661743,360.65557861328127]},{"page":212,"text":"6-145. Moisture from a Soldiers breath can freeze on the perforated cover plate on the microphone. Use","rect":[90.0,388.05426025390627,522.0055208282471,378.96612548828127]},{"page":212,"text":"standard microphone covers to prevent this. If no standard covers are available, improvise one from rubber","rect":[90.0,399.754638671875,522.0231225547791,390.66650390625]},{"page":212,"text":"or cellophane membranes or from rayon or nylon cloth.","rect":[90.0,411.4749755859375,312.54104137420657,402.3667907714844]},{"page":212,"text":"Breathing and Sweating","rect":[72.0,430.460693359375,185.10279273986817,420.65557861328127]},{"page":212,"text":"6-146. A radio generates heat when  it  is  operated.  When  it  is  turned  off,  the  air  inside  cools  and","rect":[90.0,448.0743103027344,522.0205593109131,438.96612548828127]},{"page":212,"text":"contracts, drawing cold air in. This \"breathing\" can bring still-hot parts into contact with subzero air. This","rect":[90.0,459.7746887207031,522.0218646507263,450.66650390625]},{"page":212,"text":"can cool the glass, plastic, and ceramic parts too quickly, and cause them to break. If the cold equipment is","rect":[90.0,471.4749755859375,522.0141131858826,462.3667907714844]},{"page":212,"text":"brought suddenly into contact with warm air, moisture will condense on its parts. This is called sweating.","rect":[90.0,483.1754150390625,522.0294141769409,474.0672302246094]},{"page":212,"text":"Before cold equipment is brought into a heated area, wrap it in a blanket or parka to ensure that it will","rect":[90.0,494.87567138671877,521.9822764358521,485.7674865722656]},{"page":212,"text":"warm gradually to reduce sweating. Thoroughly dry all equipment before taking it back out into the cold.","rect":[90.0,506.5760803222656,522.0446729660034,497.4678955078125]},{"page":212,"text":"Otherwise, moisture caused by sweating will freeze equipment.","rect":[90.0,518.2764282226563,344.1723585128784,509.1682434082031]},{"page":212,"text":"MOUNTAIN OPERATIONS","rect":[72.0,537.98974609375,246.9596930999756,528.3155517578125]},{"page":212,"text":"6-147. Operation in mountainous areas presents many of the same problems as operation in northern or","rect":[90.0,558.3543090820313,522.0571801719666,549.2461547851563]},{"page":212,"text":"cold weather areas. It also makes selecting transmission sites a critical task. Terrain restrictions often make","rect":[90.0,570.0546875,522.0757722930908,560.946533203125]},{"page":212,"text":"relay stations necessary for good communications. Terrain obstacles often make line-of-sight transmission","rect":[90.0,581.7550048828125,522.0042629241943,572.6468505859375]},{"page":212,"text":"necessary. Also, the dirt in mountainous areas seldom conducts electricity well. Use a complete antenna","rect":[90.0,593.4553833007813,522.0660066680908,584.3472290039063]},{"page":212,"text":"system  such  as  a  dipole  or  ground-plane  antenna  with  a  counterpoise.  Maintenance requirements in","rect":[90.0,605.1557006835938,522.0063381195068,596.0475463867188]},{"page":212,"text":"mountainous areas resemble those in northern or cold weather areas. Tricky mountain climates require","rect":[90.0,616.8560791015625,522.1908845977783,607.7479248046875]},{"page":212,"text":"flexible maintenance planning.","rect":[90.0,628.556396484375,213.86057567596436,619.4482421875]},{"page":212,"text":"6-38","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":212,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":212,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":213,"text":"Communications","rect":[466.97998046875,44.739013671875,540.0392172851563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":213,"text":"URBAN OPERATIONS","rect":[90.0,85.58970642089844,235.43813243103029,75.91554260253906]},{"page":213,"text":"6-148. Communications in urbanized terrain pose special problems. Some problems are similar to those","rect":[108.0,105.93424987792969,539.9734163360596,96.84610748291016]},{"page":213,"text":"encountered in mountainous areas. Obstacles can block transmission paths. Pavement surfaces conduct","rect":[108.0,117.63462829589844,540.0403208694459,108.5464859008789]},{"page":213,"text":"electricity poorly.  Commercial  power  lines  cause  electrical  interfere.  VHF  radios  are  generally  less","rect":[108.0,129.35498046875,540.0483539085388,120.2468032836914]},{"page":213,"text":"effective in urban terrain. Due to their power output and operating frequencies, VHF radios require a LOS","rect":[108.0,141.05535888671876,539.9917135162353,131.94717407226563]},{"page":213,"text":"between antennas. Urban areas sometimes prohibit the establishment of a street-level LOS. HF radios","rect":[108.0,152.7356414794922,539.9921405296326,143.64749145507813]},{"page":213,"text":"require and rely on LOS less than VHF radios, because they use lower operating frequencies and transmit","rect":[108.0,164.45611572265626,540.0567393264771,155.34793090820313]},{"page":213,"text":"at higher powers. The antenna should be hidden or blended into its surroundings to prevent discovery.","rect":[108.0,176.15631103515626,540.0410108566284,167.04812622070313]},{"page":213,"text":"Antennas  can  be  concealed  by  blending them with existing  structures  such  as:  water  towers,  existing","rect":[108.0,187.85675048828126,540.0883693695068,178.74856567382813]},{"page":213,"text":"civilian antennas, or steeples. In urban areas, the LRSU should--","rect":[108.0,199.5370330810547,366.72942138290406,190.44888305664063]},{"page":213,"text":"• Park radio-equipped vehicles inside buildings for cover and concealment and then remote the","rect":[143.99989318847657,217.25750732421876,529.3849763946533,208.14932250976563]},{"page":213,"text":"antennas outside the buildings.","rect":[154.7993927001953,228.95782470703126,278.5456495285034,219.84963989257813]},{"page":213,"text":"• Dismount radio equipment and install it inside buildings, ideally, in basements.","rect":[143.99989318847657,246.6580810546875,472.4082899093628,237.54989624023438]},{"page":213,"text":"• Conceal generators against buildings or under sheds; this also decreases noise. Provide","rect":[143.99989318847657,264.35845947265627,503.35616780090336,255.25027465820313]},{"page":213,"text":"adequate ventilation to prevent heat buildup.","rect":[154.7993927001953,276.0387268066406,333.81975841522219,266.9505920410156]},{"page":213,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":213,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":213,"text":"6-39","rect":[522.09765625,754.0679931640625,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":214,"text":"This page intentionally left blank. ","rect":[163.4399871826172,392.5619812011719,452.493501953125,375.69598388671877]},{"page":215,"text":"Chapter 7","rect":[287.3399963378906,85.87195587158203,342.6683989257813,74.7839584350586]},{"page":215,"text":"Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield","rect":[159.4199981689453,110.50821685791016,470.52198492813116,95.49747467041016]},{"page":215,"text":"The IPB process applies to all types of operations, from stability operations to war. It","rect":[126.0,129.2007293701172,503.9663803024292,119.21990966796875]},{"page":215,"text":"helps leaders reduce uncertainty. IPB is conducted as part of the MDMP. The MDMP","rect":[126.0,141.92100524902345,504.343557723999,131.940185546875]},{"page":215,"text":"is generally used at battalion or squadron level and above--units with staffs. LRSUs","rect":[126.0,154.6414031982422,504.00095615005497,144.66058349609376]},{"page":215,"text":"do not have staffs and as a result use TLP to plan operations. However, because","rect":[126.0,167.3397216796875,504.0078712615967,157.380859375]},{"page":215,"text":"LRSUs make extensive use of IPB products, it is imperative LRSU Soldiers have an","rect":[126.0,180.06005859375,504.0166721343994,170.1011962890625]},{"page":215,"text":"in-depth understanding of the continuous IPB process. FM 2-01.3 defines IPB as,","rect":[126.0,192.8024139404297,503.95770740509036,182.82159423828126]},{"page":215,"text":"“The staff planning activity undertaken by the entire staff to define and understand","rect":[126.0,205.52268981933595,504.03309059143069,195.5418701171875]},{"page":215,"text":"the  operational  environment  and  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  presented to","rect":[126.0,218.24302673339845,503.97522926330569,208.26220703125]},{"page":215,"text":"friendly  and  threat  forces.”  IPB  has  four steps,  which  this  chapter will treat as","rect":[126.0,230.9029998779297,504.0187173805237,220.92218017578126]},{"page":215,"text":"sections:","rect":[126.0,241.40525817871095,164.46512908172608,233.64239501953126]},{"page":215,"text":"•","rect":[154.8000030517578,259.0,158.3070032119751,255.0]},{"page":215,"text":"•","rect":[154.8000030517578,276.0,158.3070032119751,273.0]},{"page":215,"text":"•","rect":[154.8000030517578,294.0,158.3070032119751,291.0]},{"page":215,"text":"•","rect":[154.8000030517578,312.0,158.3070032119751,308.0]},{"page":215,"text":"Define the Operational Environment (Section I).","rect":[166.32000732421876,261.2943115234375,361.45547008514407,252.18612670898438]},{"page":215,"text":"Describe Environmental Effects on Operations (Section II).","rect":[166.32000732421876,278.99468994140627,405.73284435272219,269.8865051269531]},{"page":215,"text":"Evaluate the Threat (Section III).","rect":[166.32000732421876,296.6749572753906,300.43267345428469,287.5868225097656]},{"page":215,"text":"Determine Threat Courses of Action (Section IV).","rect":[166.32000732421876,314.3952941894531,367.28213024139407,305.287109375]},{"page":215,"text":"SECTION I. DEFINE THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT","rect":[80.63999938964844,335.6640319824219,401.23806689453127,326.7840270996094]},{"page":215,"text":"This first of the four steps in the IPB process identifies for further analysis specific features of the environment","rect":[90.0,359.154296875,540.0311655960084,350.0461120605469]},{"page":215,"text":"or  activities  within  it  and  the  physical  space  where  they exist that  may  influence  available  COAs  or  the","rect":[90.0,370.8545837402344,539.9705476837158,361.74639892578127]},{"page":215,"text":"commander’s decision. To conduct this step, the staff performs five substeps:","rect":[89.9990005493164,382.5349426269531,400.25488996124269,373.4468078613281]},{"page":215,"text":"• Identify significant characteristics of the environment.","rect":[143.998779296875,400.25531005859377,372.5173292160034,391.1471252441406]},{"page":215,"text":"• Identify the limits of the command's AO.","rect":[143.998779296875,417.9556884765625,319.2252149581909,408.8475036621094]},{"page":215,"text":"• Establish limits of the area of influence and the area of interest (AOI).","rect":[143.998779296875,435.6359558105469,435.8601026535034,426.5478210449219]},{"page":215,"text":"• Evaluate existing databases and identify intelligence gaps.","rect":[143.998779296875,453.3562927246094,388.4674940109253,444.24810791015627]},{"page":215,"text":"• Initiate collection of information required to complete IPB.","rect":[143.998779296875,471.0366516113281,392.0639295578003,461.9485168457031]},{"page":215,"text":"IDENTIFY SIGNIFICANT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE","rect":[90.0,490.7696838378906,450.0295547142029,481.08154296875]},{"page":215,"text":"ENVIRONMENT","rect":[90.0,507.1361083984375,197.813764919281,497.4759521484375]},{"page":215,"text":"7-1.","rect":[108.0,525.4901123046875,123.94582653045655,518.5863647460938]},{"page":215,"text":"The Army uses METT-TC as the framework for analysis in IPB. Much of the information on","rect":[143.99989318847657,527.51416015625,540.0698757171631,518.406005859375]},{"page":215,"text":"environmental characteristics can be obtained from existing databases. The BFSB S-2 GI&S section and","rect":[108.0,539.214599609375,540.1099147796631,530.1064453125]},{"page":215,"text":"USAF combat weather team contribute much of the commander's and staff's information and analysis.","rect":[108.0,550.9149169921875,517.7561597824097,541.8067626953125]},{"page":215,"text":"TERRAIN","rect":[90.0,568.6326904296875,135.298020362854,560.5559692382813]},{"page":215,"text":"7-2.","rect":[108.0,586.6302490234375,123.94582653045655,579.7265014648438]},{"page":215,"text":"In this first substep of defining the operational environment, commanders and staffs use OAKOC","rect":[143.99989318847657,588.654296875,539.9887602272033,579.546142578125]},{"page":215,"text":"to develop the military aspects of terrain. These are examples of terrain characteristics:","rect":[108.0,600.3546142578125,456.18942975616457,591.2464599609375]},{"page":215,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99989318847657,617.0,149.98379039764405,611.0]},{"page":215,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99989318847657,632.0,149.98379039764405,628.0]},{"page":215,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99989318847657,650.0,149.99489879608155,646.0]},{"page":215,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99989318847657,670.0,149.98379039764405,664.0]},{"page":215,"text":"Hydrological data.","rect":[154.79840087890626,618.0549926757813,229.4394941329956,608.9468383789063]},{"page":215,"text":"Elevation data.","rect":[154.79840087890626,633.7312622070313,214.9239912033081,626.6471557617188]},{"page":215,"text":"Soil composition.","rect":[154.80950927734376,653.435546875,225.48450756072999,644.347412109375]},{"page":215,"text":"Vegetation.","rect":[154.79840087890626,671.156005859375,201.2883710861206,662.0478515625]},{"page":215,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":215,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":215,"text":"7-1","rect":[527.0773315429688,753.9600219726563,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":216,"text":"Chapter 7","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":216,"text":"CLIMATE AND WEATHER","rect":[72.0,83.62802124023438,196.25819492340089,75.33602142333985]},{"page":216,"text":"7-3.","rect":[90.0,101.59027862548828,105.94582653045655,94.6865005493164]},{"page":216,"text":"Climate  and  weather  can  significantly  impact  military  operations.  Climate is the prevailing","rect":[125.9999008178711,103.61431884765625,522.0670070648193,94.50614166259766]},{"page":216,"text":"pattern of temperature, wind velocity, and precipitation in a specific area measured over a period of years.","rect":[90.0,115.314697265625,522.0154981613159,106.2065200805664]},{"page":216,"text":"Weather describes the conditions at a specific place and time, and is only somewhat predictable. The","rect":[90.0,127.0150146484375,522.0281038360596,117.9068374633789]},{"page":216,"text":"following are military aspects of weather:","rect":[90.0,138.71533203125,257.2995219192505,129.60714721679688]},{"page":216,"text":"•  Visibility.","rect":[125.9999008178711,156.4156494140625,177.0970106124878,147.30746459960938]},{"page":216,"text":"•  Wind.","rect":[125.9999008178711,172.10194396972657,161.6761121749878,165.00778198242188]},{"page":216,"text":"•  Precipitation.","rect":[125.9999008178711,191.79624938964845,190.47899913787843,182.70809936523438]},{"page":216,"text":"•  Cloud cover.","rect":[125.9999008178711,207.5026397705078,188.68992137908936,200.40847778320313]},{"page":216,"text":"•  Temperature.","rect":[125.9999008178711,227.19688415527345,190.41950511932374,218.42938232421876]},{"page":216,"text":"•  Humidity.","rect":[125.9999008178711,244.917236328125,177.64019298553468,235.80905151367188]},{"page":216,"text":"CIVIL CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[72.0,262.6679992675781,191.56345176696778,254.37600708007813]},{"page":216,"text":"7-4.","rect":[90.0,280.6302490234375,105.94582653045655,273.7264709472656]},{"page":216,"text":"In urban terrain, manmade infrastructure, civilian institutions, attitudes and activities of civilian","rect":[125.9999008178711,281.0,522.1304836273193,273.5461120605469]},{"page":216,"text":"leaders, populations, and organizations also affect the environment (Figure 7-1).","rect":[90.0,294.3545837402344,412.2689161300659,285.24639892578127]},{"page":216,"text":"Figure 7-1. Classification of urban area by size.","rect":[196.4399871826172,645.5008544921875,397.5811015625,637.06787109375]},{"page":216,"text":"POPULATION","rect":[72.0,663.26220703125,136.68537998199464,655.1759643554688]},{"page":216,"text":"7-5.","rect":[90.0,681.250244140625,105.94582653045655,674.4867553710938]},{"page":216,"text":"Most urban environments have a significant population in both number and density. Civilians in","rect":[125.9999008178711,683.2742919921875,522.1109523773193,674.1661376953125]},{"page":216,"text":"the urban environment may pose significant threats, obstacles, and logistical support problems such as","rect":[90.0,694.9746704101563,522.0532977561951,685.8665161132813]},{"page":216,"text":"medical. They can also provide both support and information. Therefore, it is important to gain as much","rect":[90.0,706.6749877929688,522.0380153656006,697.5668334960938]},{"page":216,"text":"insight into the population as possible. This should start with the basics of demographic information: ethnic","rect":[90.0,718.3753662109375,522.2946443634033,709.2672119140625]},{"page":216,"text":"7-2","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":216,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":216,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":217,"text":"Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield","rect":[364.8599853515625,46.52101516723633,540.0143198242188,38.0880126953125]},{"page":217,"text":"background, religion, age structure, growth rate, birth and death rates, net migration rates, communicable","rect":[108.0,83.57427978515625,540.0673494415283,74.46610260009766]},{"page":217,"text":"disease  issues,  languages  spoken,  and  literacy  rate. Any  information  on  friendly, enemy, or neutral","rect":[108.0,95.27471923828125,539.9978404006959,86.16654205322266]},{"page":217,"text":"personnel will aid in planning.","rect":[108.0,106.97503662109375,230.37426280975343,97.86685943603516]},{"page":217,"text":"POLITICAL OR SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS","rect":[90.0,124.73987579345703,314.93060874938967,116.43587493896485]},{"page":217,"text":"7-6.","rect":[108.0,142.6901397705078,123.94582653045655,135.78636169433595]},{"page":217,"text":"Knowing the political affiliations of the populace may help the team determine whether they are","rect":[143.99989318847657,144.71417236328126,540.0084505157471,135.60598754882813]},{"page":217,"text":"likely to be for, against, or neutral towards the U.S.. Clans, tribes, and gangs may not only influence area","rect":[107.9990005493164,156.41461181640626,540.0211458282471,147.30642700195313]},{"page":217,"text":"politics and economic conditions, they may control them. Cultivation of and traffic in illicit drugs can also","rect":[107.9990005493164,168.1148681640625,539.9892482757568,159.00668334960938]},{"page":217,"text":"impact the political and economic conditions.","rect":[107.99800109863281,179.79527282714845,290.56630992889407,170.70712280273438]},{"page":217,"text":"INFRASTRUCTURE","rect":[90.0,197.54222106933595,179.41222524642945,189.45602416992188]},{"page":217,"text":"7-7.","rect":[108.0,215.53028869628907,123.94582653045655,208.76678466796876]},{"page":217,"text":"Infrastructure refers to all basic resources, support systems, communications, and vital industries.","rect":[143.99989318847657,217.5543212890625,539.9907789230347,208.44613647460938]},{"page":217,"text":"The  physical  and  social  attributes  of  an  infrastructure  operate interdependently. Understanding the","rect":[108.0,229.25469970703126,539.9811067657471,220.14651489257813]},{"page":217,"text":"functions and interrelationships of these components allow an assessment of how disruption or restoration","rect":[108.0,240.9349822998047,540.0092067718506,231.84683227539063]},{"page":217,"text":"of the infrastructure affects the population and ultimately the mission.","rect":[108.0,252.65533447265626,388.03435802459719,243.54714965820313]},{"page":217,"text":"Physical","rect":[90.0,271.6406555175781,129.11405486297608,261.8355407714844]},{"page":217,"text":"7-8.","rect":[108.0,287.2302551269531,123.94582653045655,280.32647705078127]},{"page":217,"text":"Lines of communication such as roads, rails, trails, and waterways, as well as telecommunications","rect":[143.99989318847657,289.2543029785156,540.0404193382263,280.1461181640625]},{"page":217,"text":"means, are key aspects of the physical environment to consider. ","rect":[108.0,300.9546813964844,365.82671642303469,291.84649658203127]},{"page":217,"text":"Social","rect":[90.0,317.7447204589844,118.13624877166748,310.1355895996094]},{"page":217,"text":"7-9.","rect":[108.0,335.5302429199219,123.94582653045655,328.62646484375]},{"page":217,"text":"The social attributes of infrastructure include such things as the medical system, the commerce","rect":[143.99989318847657,337.5542907714844,540.0350618438721,328.44610595703127]},{"page":217,"text":"system, and the transportation system. Each of these needs people in order to operate efficiently. For","rect":[108.0,349.25469970703127,540.0040185508728,340.1465148925781]},{"page":217,"text":"example, the doctors, nurses and support staff (pharmacists, ambulance drivers, clerks and janitors) interact","rect":[108.0,360.9549865722656,540.0697398147584,351.8367919921875]},{"page":217,"text":"with the physical infrastructure. The transportation system allows the people of the medical system to get","rect":[108.0,372.6554260253906,540.0193247756959,363.5472412109375]},{"page":217,"text":"to and from work. The commerce system provides the goods to supply the needs of the medical system.","rect":[108.0,384.3556823730469,523.5065870285034,375.24749755859377]},{"page":217,"text":"IDENTIFY THE LIMITS OF THE COMMAND'S AREA OF","rect":[90.0,404.0696716308594,459.64654656600956,394.3955383300781]},{"page":217,"text":"OPERATIONS","rect":[90.0,420.4500732421875,182.34767832946779,410.77593994140627]},{"page":217,"text":"7-10. In this second of five subtasks, the unit commander defines the AO. The AO is one of the most","rect":[108.0,439.0,540.0034556350709,431.70611572265627]},{"page":217,"text":"basic  and  important  control  measures.  It  is  where he has the  responsibility  and  authority  to  conduct","rect":[108.0,452.5146789550781,540.0349497756959,443.406494140625]},{"page":217,"text":"military operations.  AOs  may  be  contiguous  or  non-contiguous.  Contiguous  means  adjacent,  touching,","rect":[108.0,464.2149963378906,540.0062208175659,455.0968017578125]},{"page":217,"text":"sharing  a  single  boundary.  Thus,  contiguous  AOs  share  a  boundary,  and  noncontiguous  AOs  do  not.","rect":[107.9990005493164,475.9154052734375,539.9634962081909,466.8072204589844]},{"page":217,"text":"Higher headquarters controls the unassigned areas between noncontiguous AOs.","rect":[107.9990005493164,487.6156921386719,430.74380016326907,478.50750732421877]},{"page":217,"text":"ESTABLISH THE LIMITS OF THE AREA OF INFLUENCE AND THE","rect":[90.0,507.3296203613281,530.0919326438904,497.6554870605469]},{"page":217,"text":"AREA OF INTEREST","rect":[90.0,523.7100219726563,226.49790798568726,514.0358276367188]},{"page":217,"text":"7-11. In this third of five tasks, the commander defines the area of influence and the AOI. The area of","rect":[108.0,542.0602416992188,539.9664208946228,534.9661254882813]},{"page":217,"text":"influence is larger than and includes the AO:","rect":[108.0,555.774658203125,287.80417584991457,546.66650390625]},{"page":217,"text":"AREA OF INFLUENCE","rect":[90.0,573.502197265625,193.40680837631227,565.2479858398438]},{"page":217,"text":"7-12. The area of influence (no acronym) is a geographic area--","rect":[108.0,593.5142822265625,375.6040246543884,584.4061279296875]},{"page":217,"text":"• Where the commander can directly influence operations by maneuver or fires support systems","rect":[143.99989318847657,611.214599609375,532.3460834007263,602.1064453125]},{"page":217,"text":"normally under the commander's C2.","rect":[154.7993927001953,622.9149780273438,303.09588146209719,613.8068237304688]},{"page":217,"text":"• An area that includes terrain inside and outside the AO.","rect":[143.99989318847657,638.6012573242188,377.7554883956909,631.5071411132813]},{"page":217,"text":"• An area determined by both the G-2/S-2 and the G-3/S-3.","rect":[143.99989318847657,658.3156127929688,385.70110607147219,649.2074584960938]},{"page":217,"text":"AREA OF INTEREST","rect":[90.0,676.042236328125,185.4786925315857,667.7880249023438]},{"page":217,"text":"7-13. The AOI is the commander's area of concern (interest). It includes the area of influence and","rect":[108.0,696.0343017578125,540.0115261077881,686.9461669921875]},{"page":217,"text":"adjacent areas, and it extends into enemy territory to the objectives of current or planned operations. It also","rect":[108.0,707.7546997070313,539.9982814788818,698.636474609375]},{"page":217,"text":"includes areas occupied by enemy forces","rect":[108.0,719.4550170898438,276.83830141830449,710.3468627929688]},{"page":217,"text":"who could jeopardize the accomplishment of the mission. The","rect":[283.68328857421877,719.4550170898438,540.0000276641846,710.3367919921875]},{"page":217,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":217,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":217,"text":"7-3","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":218,"text":"Chapter 7","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":218,"text":"AOI is established by the commander with input from the G-2/S-2 and G-3/S-3. It is normally larger than","rect":[90.0,83.57427978515625,522.0472316741943,74.46610260009766]},{"page":218,"text":"the area of influence, and may therefore require more intelligence assets to monitor. Time is the key","rect":[90.0,95.27471923828125,521.9095973968506,86.16654205322266]},{"page":218,"text":"consideration in establishing the limits of the AOI. Time limits consider two primary factors: the mobility","rect":[90.0,106.97503662109375,521.9969997406006,97.86685943603516]},{"page":218,"text":"of the threat and the time needed for the friendly unit to accomplish the mission.","rect":[90.0,118.67535400390625,412.1186170578003,109.56717681884766]},{"page":218,"text":"EVALUATE EXISTING DATABASES AND IDENTIFY","rect":[72.0,138.3895721435547,414.08513681793218,128.70143127441407]},{"page":218,"text":"INTELLIGENCE GAPS","rect":[72.0,154.77000427246095,220.55708995056154,145.0818634033203]},{"page":218,"text":"7-14. In this fourth of five subtasks, national, multinational, joint, and higher echelon databases are","rect":[90.0,175.13427734375,522.0774202423096,166.01608276367188]},{"page":218,"text":"examined to  determine  if  the  information  required  already  exists  and  is  available.  Not  all  needed","rect":[90.0,186.834716796875,522.0305080413818,177.72653198242188]},{"page":218,"text":"information will be available, which causes gaps in the available information.  Identifying the gaps early","rect":[90.0,198.5350341796875,522.1645412445068,189.42684936523438]},{"page":218,"text":"allows actions to be initiated to collect the intelligence required to fill them. The commander’s initial","rect":[90.0,210.2353515625,522.0304331741334,201.12716674804688]},{"page":218,"text":"intelligence requirements and intent also allows these gaps to be prioritized. Any gaps not expected to be","rect":[90.0,221.9356689453125,522.0563020782471,212.82748413085938]},{"page":218,"text":"filled within the available time must be substituted with reasonable assumptions.","rect":[90.0,233.61607360839845,413.11330699920657,224.52792358398438]},{"page":218,"text":"INITIATE COLLECTION OF INFORMATION REQUIRED TO","rect":[72.0,255.6564178466797,467.16553266143799,243.67555236816407]},{"page":218,"text":"COMPLETE IPB","rect":[72.0,269.7160949707031,178.62403713607788,260.0559387207031]},{"page":218,"text":"7-15. In this last of five subtasks, the G-2/S-2 identifies and prioritizes the gaps in current holdings","rect":[90.0,290.09429931640627,522.0440814476013,280.9861145019531]},{"page":218,"text":"(Table 7-1). Based  on  this  analysis,  collection  activities  are  initiated  or  RFIs  are  submitted  to  fill","rect":[90.0,301.7947082519531,522.0181040725709,292.6865234375]},{"page":218,"text":"intelligence gaps to the level of detail needed to conduct IPB.  IPB products are constantly updated as the","rect":[90.0,313.4949951171875,521.9883089141846,304.3868103027344]},{"page":218,"text":"staff receives new information. ","rect":[90.0,323.17138671875,217.3094892501831,316.0872497558594]},{"page":218,"text":"Table 7-1. Identification of gaps in existing databases.","rect":[181.62001037597657,341.84100341796877,412.48848071289066,333.4079895019531]},{"page":218,"text":"7-16. Once the LRSC and LRS team receives their mission, they conduct a similar analysis. The leaders","rect":[90.0,523.3145751953125,522.0203387718201,514.2064208984375]},{"page":218,"text":"and team members review and evaluate the MPF, OPORD, annexes, briefings and debriefings to identify","rect":[90.0,535.0150146484375,522.0737819671631,525.9068603515625]},{"page":218,"text":"intelligence or information gaps. Once this is complete, they formulate RFIs and requests for intelligence","rect":[90.0,546.71533203125,522.1586580352783,537.607177734375]},{"page":218,"text":"information (RIIs).","rect":[90.0,558.3956909179688,166.34575939178468,549.3075561523438]},{"page":218,"text":"SECTION II. DESCRIBE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON OPERATIONS","rect":[62.63999938964844,585.6838989257813,464.3831198730469,576.8038940429688]},{"page":218,"text":"At this second step in the IPB process, staffs determine how the environment affects both the friendly and threat","rect":[72.0,609.1741943359375,521.9781870803834,600.0660400390625]},{"page":218,"text":"operations and the friendly and threat COAs. Performing this step in a determined and thorough manner may","rect":[72.0,620.8745727539063,522.0554103851318,611.7664184570313]},{"page":218,"text":"prevent the unit from being surprised by an unexpected enemy COA.","rect":[72.0,632.5748901367188,349.2510633468628,623.4667358398438]},{"page":218,"text":"ANALYZE THE ENVIRONMENT","rect":[72.0,652.2757568359375,284.4512771263123,642.6155395507813]},{"page":218,"text":"7-17. An  AO  evaluation  is  generally more detailed than  an  AOI  evaluation.  For  each,  the  leader","rect":[90.0,672.6541748046875,522.0193383750916,663.5460205078125]},{"page":218,"text":"considers the areas that might favor one type of military operation, such as attack or defend, or those","rect":[90.0,684.3546142578125,522.0589876251221,675.2464599609375]},{"page":218,"text":"associated with stability operations such as peace enforcement, peacekeeping, and arms control.","rect":[90.0,696.054931640625,474.79653453826907,686.94677734375]},{"page":218,"text":"7-4","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":218,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":218,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":219,"text":"Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield","rect":[364.8599853515625,46.52101516723633,540.0143198242188,38.0880126953125]},{"page":219,"text":"ANALYZE TERRAIN","rect":[90.0,83.59274291992188,185.62379550933839,75.3480224609375]},{"page":219,"text":"7-18. Terrain analysis is the study and interpretation of natural and manmade features of an area, their","rect":[108.0,103.61431884765625,540.0396020469666,94.50614166259766]},{"page":219,"text":"effects on military operations, and the effects of weather and climate on these features. Terrain analysis is a","rect":[108.0,115.314697265625,540.0857210235596,106.2065200805664]},{"page":219,"text":"continuous process. Changes in the operational environment may change the analysis of its effects on the","rect":[108.0,127.0150146484375,539.9735384063721,117.9068374633789]},{"page":219,"text":"operation or on threat COA.","rect":[108.0,138.69529724121095,220.96445751190186,129.60714721679688]},{"page":219,"text":"7-19. Ideally, analysis of the military aspects of terrain is based on reconnaissance of the AO and AOI.","rect":[108.0,156.4156494140625,540.0223340988159,147.30746459960938]},{"page":219,"text":"This starts with a map and imagery reconnaissance. If METT-TC permits, the LRS team can conduct an","rect":[108.0,168.115966796875,540.0580348968506,159.00778198242188]},{"page":219,"text":"aerial or vehicular reconnaissance of the AO and of the objective AO. Automated digital terrain tools can","rect":[108.0,179.81634521484376,540.0656032562256,170.69815063476563]},{"page":219,"text":"assist in the analysis of environmental factors and can display data over maps. Multispectral imaging","rect":[108.0,191.51678466796876,540.0358180999756,182.40859985351563]},{"page":219,"text":"processors (MSIPs) and other digital tools can also help. The BFSB S-2's GI&S team can provide these","rect":[108.0,203.217041015625,540.0277376251221,194.10885620117188]},{"page":219,"text":"and other tools, as available. Automated tools supplement ground, air, map, or imagery reconnaissance and","rect":[108.0,214.91748046875,540.0904445648193,205.80929565429688]},{"page":219,"text":"products include-- ","rect":[108.0,226.59776306152345,183.86867809295655,217.50961303710938]},{"page":219,"text":"• Cross-country mobility. ","rect":[143.99989318847657,244.318115234375,253.0067548751831,235.20993041992188]},{"page":219,"text":"• Lines of communication.","rect":[143.99989318847657,259.99444580078127,255.17174816131593,252.91030883789063]},{"page":219,"text":"• Vegetation types and distributions.","rect":[143.99989318847657,279.71875,294.66961193084719,270.6105651855469]},{"page":219,"text":"• Surface drainages and configurations.","rect":[143.99989318847657,297.4190673828125,306.5162000656128,288.3108825683594]},{"page":219,"text":"•  Surface materials.","rect":[143.99989318847657,313.1054992675781,227.01902294158936,306.0113220214844]},{"page":219,"text":"• Subsurface (bedrock) materials.","rect":[143.99989318847657,332.7997741699219,282.6398878097534,323.7116394042969]},{"page":219,"text":"•  Obstacles.","rect":[143.99989318847657,348.5060729980469,196.2591199874878,341.4118957519531]},{"page":219,"text":"•  Infrastructures.","rect":[143.99989318847657,366.19647216796877,215.88042736053468,359.12237548828127]},{"page":219,"text":"•  Flood zones.","rect":[143.99989318847657,383.8967590332031,206.14600658416749,376.8126220703125]},{"page":219,"text":"• Potential helicopter landing zones.","rect":[143.99989318847657,403.62109375,293.55596446990969,394.5129089355469]},{"page":219,"text":"• Potential amphibious landing zones.","rect":[143.99989318847657,421.3214111328125,300.1861524581909,412.2132263183594]},{"page":219,"text":"Note: Lines of communication include transportation, communications, and power.","rect":[143.99989318847657,444.7612609863281,489.0203809738159,435.6731262207031]},{"page":219,"text":"Analyze the Military Aspects of Terrain","rect":[90.0,469.460693359375,277.0781158294678,459.65557861328127]},{"page":219,"text":"7-20. The military aspects of terrain--OAKOC--follow:","rect":[108.0,487.0743103027344,342.79648542022707,477.96612548828127]},{"page":219,"text":"Observation and Fields of Fire","rect":[90.0000991821289,504.8348083496094,217.61448384094238,495.886962890625]},{"page":219,"text":"7-21. Observation refers to the ability to see the threat, either aided by surveillance devices or unaided.","rect":[108.0,522.414794921875,540.0906934738159,513.306640625]},{"page":219,"text":"This includes observation through electronic and optical LOS systems, thermal imaging devices, laser","rect":[108.0,534.115234375,540.0139672813416,525.007080078125]},{"page":219,"text":"range finders, jamming devices, radars, and radios as well as observation from overhead platforms. ","rect":[108.0,545.8156127929688,508.1463575363159,536.6973876953125]},{"page":219,"text":"7-22. A field of fire is an area that a weapon or group of weapons can effectively cover with fire from a","rect":[108.0,563.515869140625,540.0354280548096,554.40771484375]},{"page":219,"text":"given position. A field of fire is evaluated for threat and friendly indirect- and direct-fire weapons. Even if ","rect":[108.0,575.2161865234375,542.5461378097534,566.1080322265625]},{"page":219,"text":"a clear opening offers the best observation, it might have poor fields of fire. ","rect":[108.0,586.9166259765625,414.19582653045657,577.8084716796875]},{"page":219,"text":"7-23. The evaluation of observation and fields of fire allows identification of--","rect":[108.0,602.5928344726563,435.6619775352478,595.5087280273438]},{"page":219,"text":"• Potential engagements areas.","rect":[143.99989318847657,622.3171997070313,270.8082227706909,613.2090454101563]},{"page":219,"text":"• Defensive terrain and specific equipment or equipment positions.","rect":[143.99989318847657,639.99755859375,416.6150770187378,630.909423828125]},{"page":219,"text":"• Areas where friendly forces are most vulnerable to observation and fires.","rect":[143.99989318847657,657.7178955078125,447.7827100753784,648.6097412109375]},{"page":219,"text":"• Areas of visual dead space.","rect":[143.99989318847657,675.398193359375,264.3730421066284,666.31005859375]},{"page":219,"text":"7-24.","rect":[108.0,691.0945434570313,128.98789501190186,684.1907958984375]},{"page":219,"text":"Intervisibility and line of sight have a close relationship.","rect":[143.99989318847657,693.1185913085938,375.5841016769409,684.0104370117188]},{"page":219,"text":"Intervisibility is the condition of being","rect":[382.025390625,693.1185913085938,540.0908718109131,684.0104370117188]},{"page":219,"text":"able to see one point from the other. This condition may be altered or interrupted by adverse weather, dusk,","rect":[108.0,704.8189086914063,540.1439161300659,695.7107543945313]},{"page":219,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":219,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":219,"text":"7-5","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.6060180664063]},{"page":220,"text":"Chapter 7","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":220,"text":"terrain masking, and smoke. Line of sight is an unobstructed path from a Soldier weapon, weapon sight,","rect":[90.0,83.57427978515625,521.9971876144409,74.46610260009766]},{"page":220,"text":"electronic sending and receiving antennas, or reconnaissance equipment from one point to another.","rect":[90.0,95.27471923828125,486.8557081222534,86.16654205322266]},{"page":220,"text":"7-25. Observation  and  field  of  fire  require special consideration  in  urban  environments  such  as","rect":[90.0,112.95500183105469,522.0392596702576,103.86685943603516]},{"page":220,"text":"observation  and  weapons  effects.  Urban  situations  create  a  lot  of  dead  space.  However,  high  structures","rect":[90.0,124.67529296875,522.0113666038513,115.5671157836914]},{"page":220,"text":"generally offer excellent observation. Line of sight distances may decrease in urban settings.","rect":[90.0,136.37567138671876,461.0167188644409,127.26749420166016]},{"page":220,"text":"Avenue of Approach","rect":[72.0,155.3387451171875,169.14885557556154,145.56654357910157]},{"page":220,"text":"7-26. This is an air or ground route of an attacking force (friendly or threat) leading to its objective or","rect":[90.0,172.97418212890626,522.0368554649353,163.85598754882813]},{"page":220,"text":"key terrain. Avenues of approach normally show the size of unit that can use them.","rect":[90.0,184.67449951171876,422.58498668670657,175.56631469726563]},{"page":220,"text":"Key Terrain","rect":[72.0,203.6606903076172,130.29390562438966,193.8555450439453]},{"page":220,"text":"7-27. This refers to any place whose seizure, retention, or control affords a marked advantage to either","rect":[90.0,221.2742919921875,522.0032861289978,212.16610717773438]},{"page":220,"text":"combatant. In an urban environment, key terrain can include tall structures, choke points, intersections,","rect":[90.0,232.9747314453125,521.9970655441284,223.86654663085938]},{"page":220,"text":"bridges,  industrial  complexes,  or  other facilities,  for  example.  High  ground  can  serve  as  key  terrain,","rect":[90.0,244.67498779296876,522.0089063644409,235.56680297851563]},{"page":220,"text":"because it dominates an area with good observation and fields of fire. In an open or arid environment, a","rect":[90.0,256.3753662109375,522.0271272735596,247.26718139648438]},{"page":220,"text":"draw or wadi could serve as key terrain.","rect":[90.0,268.07568359375,250.6457929611206,258.9674987792969]},{"page":220,"text":"7-28. Decisive terrain is key terrain that has an extraordinary impact on the mission. The successful","rect":[90.0,285.7760009765625,521.9772105178834,276.6678161621094]},{"page":220,"text":"accomplishment of the mission depends on seizing, retaining, or denying decisive terrain to the threat. Note","rect":[90.0,297.4764099121094,522.0423250274658,288.36822509765627]},{"page":220,"text":"that key terrain is not necessarily decisive. The commander designates decisive terrain to show his staff and","rect":[89.9990005493164,309.17681884765627,521.9820461273193,300.0686340332031]},{"page":220,"text":"subordinate commanders how important that terrain is to his concept of the operation. ","rect":[89.9990005493164,320.8570251464844,436.50771617889407,311.7688903808594]},{"page":220,"text":"7-29. Other services emphasize the importance of the population, and include groups of people such as","rect":[89.9990005493164,338.577392578125,521.9578387718201,329.4692077636719]},{"page":220,"text":"ethnic groups, the media, or political parties as terrain, and in some cases key terrain.  However, the US","rect":[89.9990005493164,350.2778015136719,521.9978780670166,341.16961669921877]},{"page":220,"text":"Army does not consider people to be terrain.","rect":[89.9990005493164,361.9781799316406,268.9220838546753,352.8699951171875]},{"page":220,"text":"Obstacles","rect":[72.0,378.75372314453127,117.11242923355103,371.1665344238281]},{"page":220,"text":"7-30. An obstacle is any obstruction designed or employed to disrupt, fix, turn, or block the movement","rect":[90.0,398.5743103027344,522.0690073928834,389.46612548828127]},{"page":220,"text":"of a threat, and to impose additional losses in personnel, time, and equipment on the threat. Obstacles can","rect":[90.0,410.254638671875,522.0118923187256,401.16650390625]},{"page":220,"text":"be natural, manmade, or a combination of both. Some examples are--","rect":[90.0,421.9549255371094,367.49922729110718,412.8667907714844]},{"page":220,"text":"• ","rect":[125.9999008178711,436.0,131.99489879608155,432.0]},{"page":220,"text":"• ","rect":[125.9999008178711,454.0,131.98369884490968,450.0]},{"page":220,"text":"• ","rect":[125.9999008178711,474.0,132.01189708709718,468.0]},{"page":220,"text":"• ","rect":[125.9999008178711,489.0,131.98379039764405,485.0]},{"page":220,"text":"Buildings.","rect":[136.80950927734376,439.67529296875,178.34600353240968,430.5671081542969]},{"page":220,"text":"Mountains.","rect":[136.79830932617188,455.35162353515627,182.19353771209718,448.2674865722656]},{"page":220,"text":"Steep slopes.","rect":[136.82650756835938,475.0559387207031,189.16590404510499,465.9678039550781]},{"page":220,"text":"Dense forests.","rect":[136.79840087890626,490.75225830078127,193.66102123260499,483.67816162109377]},{"page":220,"text":"•  Rivers.","rect":[125.9999008178711,508.45263671875,165.50429821014405,501.3684997558594]},{"page":220,"text":"•  Lakes.","rect":[125.9999008178711,526.1529541015625,163.2505750656128,519.06884765625]},{"page":220,"text":"• Urban areas.","rect":[125.9999008178711,543.8733520507813,187.54973888397218,536.7691650390625]},{"page":220,"text":"•  Minefields.","rect":[125.9999008178711,561.5536499023438,182.69152355194093,554.4695434570313]},{"page":220,"text":"• Certain religious and cultural sites.","rect":[125.9999008178711,581.2779541015625,276.8531141281128,572.1697998046875]},{"page":220,"text":"• Wire obstacles such as concertina wire, barbed wire.","rect":[125.9999008178711,597.0,347.8785352706909,589.8701171875]},{"page":220,"text":"7-31. Obstacles could affect certain types of movement differently. As an example, obstacles such as","rect":[90.0,616.6785888671875,522.0245501976013,607.5704345703125]},{"page":220,"text":"rivers, lakes, swamps, densely forested areas, road craters, rubble in streets, or dense populations in urban","rect":[90.0,628.3789672851563,521.9752712249756,619.2708129882813]},{"page":220,"text":"areas may have a greater effect on  mounted  movement  than  on  dismounted  movement.  Mine fields,","rect":[90.0,640.0792846679688,522.0806226730347,630.9711303710938]},{"page":220,"text":"concertina wire, or steep slopes may have a greater effect against dismounted movement. Obstacles that","rect":[90.0,651.7796630859375,522.0619883499146,642.6715087890625]},{"page":220,"text":"can affect air mobility include terrain features that are higher than an aircraft’s service ceiling, that restrict","rect":[90.0,663.4801025390625,522.0549693069459,654.3719482421875]},{"page":220,"text":"nap-of-the-earth flight, or that force the aircraft to use a particular flight profile. Examples include tall","rect":[90.0,675.180419921875,522.0185313186646,666.072265625]},{"page":220,"text":"buildings  (skyscrapers),  cell  phone towers,  phone  and  power  lines,  rapidly  rising  terrain  features,","rect":[90.0,686.8807983398438,522.0512647628784,677.7726440429688]},{"page":220,"text":"mountains, smoke, and other obscurants. High mountains can impact rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft lift","rect":[90.0,698.5811157226563,522.0701060256959,689.4729614257813]},{"page":220,"text":"capabilities.","rect":[90.0,710.261474609375,138.0961103439331,701.17333984375]},{"page":220,"text":"7-6","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":220,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":220,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":221,"text":"Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield","rect":[364.8599853515625,46.52101516723633,540.0143198242188,38.0880126953125]},{"page":221,"text":"7-32. Leaders combine the several factor overlays into a single product known as the combined obstacle","rect":[108.0,83.57427978515625,540.0225496368408,74.46610260009766]},{"page":221,"text":"overlay (COO). They integrate these overlays with the evaluations of various other factors, for example,","rect":[108.0,95.27471923828125,539.9596509933472,86.16654205322266]},{"page":221,"text":"into a single product, the modified COO, or MCOO, that shows the effect of the operational environment","rect":[108.0,106.97503662109375,539.8696665725709,97.86685943603516]},{"page":221,"text":"on mobility.","rect":[108.0,118.67535400390625,156.94851207733155,109.56717681884766]},{"page":221,"text":"7-33. The  MCOO  provides  the  basis  for  identifying air  and  ground  AA  and  mobility  corridors. It","rect":[108.0,136.37567138671876,540.0752329788209,127.26749420166016]},{"page":221,"text":"integrates all obstacles to movement including, but not limited to, built-up areas, slopes, soil, vegetation,","rect":[108.0,148.07611083984376,540.0162916183472,138.96792602539063]},{"page":221,"text":"and transportation systems (bridge classification, road characteristics) into one overlay. It is important that","rect":[108.0,159.7763671875,540.0409922561646,150.66818237304688]},{"page":221,"text":"the MCOO be tailored to operational METT-TC factors. It is a collaborative effort involving input from the","rect":[108.0,171.4766845703125,539.9737215118408,162.36849975585938]},{"page":221,"text":"entire staff. The MCOO shows the terrain according to mobility classification. These classifications are","rect":[108.0,183.17706298828126,540.0193147735596,174.06887817382813]},{"page":221,"text":"severely restricted, restricted, and unrestricted. ","rect":[108.0,194.87750244140626,297.8919324874878,185.76931762695313]},{"page":221,"text":"• Unrestricted--This terrain is free of any restrictions to movement. Examples include gently","rect":[143.99989318847657,212.63787841796876,520.5008449554443,203.52969360351563]},{"page":221,"text":"sloping terrain with scattered or widely spaced obstacles such as trees or rocks. ","rect":[154.7993927001953,224.33831787109376,474.76507091522219,215.23013305664063]},{"page":221,"text":"• Restricted--This terrain hinders movement to some degree. It is represented as \"/////////\" on","rect":[143.99989318847657,242.21795654296876,518.6095485687256,233.10977172851563]},{"page":221,"text":"overlays. Restricted terrain includes \"zigzagging\" or frequent detours; swamp or rugged terrain","rect":[154.7993927001953,253.91827392578126,536.3679103851318,244.81008911132813]},{"page":221,"text":"for LRS teams or dismounts; and moderately to densely spaced obstacles for armor or","rect":[154.7993927001953,265.61865234375,499.18559814071656,256.5104675292969]},{"page":221,"text":"mechanized forces.","rect":[154.7993927001953,275.294921875,232.16480541229249,268.2107849121094]},{"page":221,"text":"• Severely Restricted--This terrain severely impedes or redirects movement. It is represented as","rect":[143.99989318847657,295.0794982910156,530.3790423851013,285.9713134765625]},{"page":221,"text":"\"XXXXXXXXX\" (cross-hatching) on overlays. Examples include minefields; unfordable rivers; and","rect":[154.7993927001953,306.7743225097656,533.5121974945068,297.4457092285156]},{"page":221,"text":"road, railroad, and stream embankments.","rect":[154.79989624023438,316.45062255859377,318.1157178878784,309.3664855957031]},{"page":221,"text":"Cover and Concealment","rect":[90.0,335.25372314453127,203.5551435585022,327.6665344238281]},{"page":221,"text":"7-34. This aids in identification of defensible terrain, approach routes, assembly areas, or deployment","rect":[108.0,355.0743103027344,540.1257700881959,345.96612548828127]},{"page":221,"text":"and dispersal areas. Cover and concealment is evaluated the same as observation and fields of fire. Each","rect":[108.0,366.754638671875,540.0613307952881,357.66650390625]},{"page":221,"text":"factor is combined onto a single product such as a cross-hatched overlay. ","rect":[108.0009994506836,378.4749755859375,403.71892833709719,369.3667907714844]},{"page":221,"text":"Cover","rect":[90.0010986328125,394.2204895019531,114.49799990463257,387.2966613769531]},{"page":221,"text":"7-35. This means protection from bullets, fragments of exploding rounds, flame, nuclear effects, and","rect":[108.0009994506836,413.81451416015627,540.0779933929443,404.7063293457031]},{"page":221,"text":"biological and chemical agents. Cover does not necessarily provide concealment.","rect":[108.0009994506836,425.514892578125,433.4755811691284,416.4067077636719]},{"page":221,"text":"Concealment","rect":[90.0010986328125,441.26129150390627,144.5299448928833,434.33746337890627]},{"page":221,"text":"7-36. This is protection from observation such as that provided by woods, underbrush, snowdrifts, and","rect":[108.0009994506836,460.85540771484377,539.9844264984131,451.7472229003906]},{"page":221,"text":"tall grass. Concealment considerations for urban operations include using NSTVs or wearing the types of ","rect":[108.0009994506836,472.5558166503906,542.5133619308472,463.4476318359375]},{"page":221,"text":"clothing worn by the populace. Both may offer some concealment and help the LRS teams blend in.","rect":[108.0009994506836,484.2562255859375,540.0783643722534,475.1480407714844]},{"page":221,"text":"Concealment and cover are not the same thing. Concealment hides, cover protects.","rect":[108.0009994506836,495.9565124511719,440.6007947921753,486.84832763671877]},{"page":221,"text":"Evaluate the Terrain's Effect on Military Operations","rect":[90.0,514.9407348632813,338.03171786880497,505.1355895996094]},{"page":221,"text":"7-37. The BFSB and R&S squadron staffs evaluate how terrain will affect military operations. They","rect":[108.0,532.5543212890625,540.0714626312256,523.4461669921875]},{"page":221,"text":"disseminate the results of this analysis in the intelligence annex or estimate. The staff uses any of four basic","rect":[108.0,544.2546997070313,540.1724519805908,535.1465454101563]},{"page":221,"text":"techniques to evaluate and graphically show the results of the analysis:","rect":[108.0,555.9549560546875,392.15756940460207,546.8468017578125]},{"page":221,"text":"Concentric Ring Technique--This technique establishes concentric rings around US forces that","rect":[143.99989318847657,573.7155151367188,528.0023570022584,564.6073608398438]},{"page":221,"text":"start from the unit’s base of operation and work out.","rect":[154.7993927001953,585.395751953125,363.9396924972534,576.3076171875]},{"page":221,"text":"Belt Technique--This technique divides the AO in belts (areas) that run the width of the AO. The","rect":[143.99989318847657,603.15625,535.0339632110596,594.068115234375]},{"page":221,"text":"shape of the belt is based on METT-TC analysis.","rect":[154.7993927001953,614.8765869140625,351.23549938201907,605.7684326171875]},{"page":221,"text":"Avenue-In-Depth Technique--This technique focuses on one avenue of approach. It is good for","rect":[143.99989318847657,632.6370849609375,529.8014428672791,623.5289306640625]},{"page":221,"text":"offensive COAs or for defense when canalized terrain inhibits mutual support.","rect":[154.80039978027345,644.3173828125,469.4650831222534,635.229248046875]},{"page":221,"text":"Box Technique--This technique requires a detailed analysis of a critical area such as an","rect":[144.0009002685547,662.097900390625,495.25499534606936,652.98974609375]},{"page":221,"text":"engagement area, river-crossing site, or LZ. It is most useful when time is short for operations","rect":[154.80140686035157,673.7982177734375,531.9395282249451,664.6900634765625]},{"page":221,"text":"in noncontiguous AOs.","rect":[154.80140686035157,685.4985961914063,247.76970958709718,676.3904418945313]},{"page":221,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":221,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":221,"text":"7-7","rect":[527.0773315429688,753.9600219726563,540.0481284179688,747.6060180664063]},{"page":222,"text":"Chapter 7","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":222,"text":"WEATHER ANALYSIS","rect":[72.0,83.62802124023438,176.00668907165528,75.3480224609375]},{"page":222,"text":"7-38. The BFSB USAF combat weather team and the S-2 section work closely during much of the","rect":[90.0,103.61431884765625,521.9755525665283,94.50614166259766]},{"page":222,"text":"analysis process. The weather team analyzes the weather’s direct effects and its effects on terrain and other","rect":[90.0,115.314697265625,522.0270898399353,106.2065200805664]},{"page":222,"text":"aspects of the environment that integrates climate, forecasts, and current weather data with terrain analysis","rect":[89.9990005493164,127.0150146484375,522.0373065452576,117.9068374633789]},{"page":222,"text":"and with the overall analysis of the environment. The weather team describes in detail how the weather","rect":[90.0,138.71533203125,522.0184838829041,129.60714721679688]},{"page":222,"text":"will affect each equipment system and subsystem.","rect":[90.0,150.4156494140625,290.43947887420657,141.30746459960938]},{"page":222,"text":"7-39. Terrain  and  weather  aspects  of  the  environment are  inseparable.  During  terrain  analysis,  the","rect":[90.0,168.115966796875,522.0372591094971,159.00778198242188]},{"page":222,"text":"analyst determines how the weather will affect terrain. In this substep, the analyst also evaluates how the","rect":[90.0,179.81634521484376,522.0823030548096,170.70816040039063]},{"page":222,"text":"weather will directly affect operations.","rect":[90.0,191.51678466796876,245.11559581756593,182.40859985351563]},{"page":222,"text":"7-40. The  Integrated  Meteorological  System  (IMETS)  produces the Integrated  Weather  Effects","rect":[90.0,209.217041015625,522.0269916038513,200.10885620117188]},{"page":222,"text":"Decision Aid (IWEDA). The IWEDA shows the LRSU how the weather will affect current and planned","rect":[90.0,220.89732360839845,521.9753322601318,211.80917358398438]},{"page":222,"text":"operations. IMETS forecasts wind turbulence, surface temperatures, cloud ceilings, humidity, visibility,","rect":[90.0,232.6177978515625,522.0762281417847,223.50961303710938]},{"page":222,"text":"and ice.","rect":[90.0,242.29408264160157,121.22532176971436,235.20993041992188]},{"page":222,"text":"Military Aspects of Weather","rect":[72.0,263.3005676269531,205.40037309265137,253.4954376220703]},{"page":222,"text":"7-41. The military aspects of weather are visibility, wind, precipitation, cloud cover, temperature, and","rect":[90.0,280.9141845703125,522.0270290374756,271.8059997558594]},{"page":222,"text":"humidity. ","rect":[90.0,292.6145935058594,131.10790538787843,283.50640869140627]},{"page":222,"text":"Visibility is the greatest distance from which prominent objects can be seen and identified by the","rect":[125.9999008178711,310.3149108886719,512.7548189239502,301.19671630859377]},{"page":222,"text":"unaided, normal eye.","rect":[136.7993927001953,322.01519775390627,220.84063243865968,312.9070129394531]},{"page":222,"text":"Wind of sufficient speed from any direction can blow dust, smoke, sand, or precipitation, reducing","rect":[125.9999008178711,339.7156066894531,520.6706447601318,330.607421875]},{"page":222,"text":"the combat effectiveness of a force. ","rect":[136.80039978027345,349.391845703125,281.89641857147219,342.3077087402344]},{"page":222,"text":"Precipitation is any moisture that falls from a cloud in frozen or liquid form. Rain, snow, hail,","rect":[126.00090026855469,369.1162109375,503.60830211639407,360.0080261230469]},{"page":222,"text":"drizzle, sleet, and freezing rain are examples. ","rect":[136.80039978027345,380.8166198730469,320.53216075897219,371.70843505859377]},{"page":222,"text":"Cloud Cover affects ground operations by limiting illumination. It can also reduce the thermal","rect":[125.9999008178711,398.51690673828127,503.49317121124269,389.4087219238281]},{"page":222,"text":"signature of targets.","rect":[136.80039978027345,410.2173156738281,216.21099376678468,401.109130859375]},{"page":222,"text":"Temperature extremes can reduce effectiveness of troops and equipment.","rect":[126.00090026855469,427.89752197265627,419.94008922576907,418.80938720703127]},{"page":222,"text":"Humidity is the amount of water vapor suspended in the atmosphere.","rect":[126.00090026855469,445.61798095703127,401.5745496749878,436.5097961425781]},{"page":222,"text":"Additional Weather Considerations","rect":[72.0,462.3937072753906,239.37688693618774,454.7955627441406]},{"page":222,"text":"Thermal Crossover","rect":[72.0,480.26031494140627,151.35841250228882,473.33648681640627]},{"page":222,"text":"7-42. Temperature of targets and objects on the ground is important for the use of thermal sights and","rect":[89.9999008178711,499.8544006347656,521.9418239593506,490.7362060546875]},{"page":222,"text":"forward-looking  infrared  (FLIR).  Thermal  crossover,  which  is  an  additional  weather  consideration,  is a","rect":[89.9999008178711,511.5546875,522.0453157501221,502.4465026855469]},{"page":222,"text":"natural phenomenon that normally occurs twice daily when temperature conditions reduce thermal contrast","rect":[89.9999008178711,523.255126953125,521.9773325881959,514.14697265625]},{"page":222,"text":"between adjacent objects.","rect":[89.9999008178711,534.9554443359375,192.83715343475343,525.8372192382813]},{"page":222,"text":"Direct and Indirect Effects","rect":[72.0,552.7159423828125,182.58174013900757,543.778076171875]},{"page":222,"text":"7-43. Weather has both direct and indirect effects on military operations. The following are examples of ","rect":[89.9999008178711,570.2960205078125,524.6006422042847,561.1878662109375]},{"page":222,"text":"direct effects and indirect effects on military operations:","rect":[89.9999008178711,581.9962768554688,315.20932721710207,572.8881225585938]},{"page":222,"text":"• Temperature inversion can increase the risk of contamination by chemical agents.","rect":[125.99980163574219,599.6967163085938,464.40642833709719,590.5885620117188]},{"page":222,"text":"• Low visibility, such as that caused by fog, obviously affects the observation capabilities of both","rect":[125.99980163574219,617.39697265625,520.8719387054443,608.288818359375]},{"page":222,"text":"friendly and threat forces.","rect":[136.80030822753907,629.097412109375,240.49026012420655,619.9892578125]},{"page":222,"text":"• Hot, dry weather might force friendly and threat forces to consider water sources key terrain.","rect":[126.00080108642578,646.7977294921875,509.69329357147219,637.6895751953125]},{"page":222,"text":"7-8","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":222,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":222,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":223,"text":"Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield","rect":[364.8599853515625,46.52101516723633,540.0143198242188,38.0880126953125]},{"page":223,"text":"Civil Considerations","rect":[90.0,82.65371704101563,186.2199197731018,75.05555725097656]},{"page":223,"text":"7-44. An  appreciation  of  civil  considerations—the  ability  to  analyze their impact on operations—","rect":[108.0,102.47418212890625,540.0856742858887,93.36600494384766]},{"page":223,"text":"enhances several aspects of operations: among them, the selection of objectives; location, movement, and","rect":[108.0,114.17449951171875,540.0618190765381,105.05630493164063]},{"page":223,"text":"control  of  forces;  use  of  weapons;  and  protection","rect":[108.0,125.85484313964844,337.81276512145998,116.7667007446289]},{"page":223,"text":"measures.","rect":[345.0860900878906,123.85083770751953,384.85244274139407,119.10136413574219]},{"page":223,"text":"Civil  considerations  comprise  six","rect":[392.1257019042969,125.85484313964844,540.0400295257568,116.7667007446289]},{"page":223,"text":"characteristics, expressed in the memory aid ASCOPE:","rect":[108.0,137.754638671875,329.73653197860718,128.64645385742188]},{"page":223,"text":"• Areas.","rect":[143.99989318847657,153.61024475097657,180.72515392303468,146.7064666748047]},{"page":223,"text":"• Structures.","rect":[143.99989318847657,165.51004028320313,197.98571300506593,158.57620239257813]},{"page":223,"text":"• Capabilities.","rect":[143.99989318847657,179.37364196777345,205.70879650115968,170.28549194335938]},{"page":223,"text":"• Organizations.","rect":[143.99989318847657,191.27337646484376,214.1538953781128,182.16519165039063]},{"page":223,"text":"• People.","rect":[143.99888610839845,203.13316345214845,185.16282176971436,194.04501342773438]},{"page":223,"text":"• Events.","rect":[143.99888610839845,213.0088653564453,185.1597089767456,206.245361328125]},{"page":223,"text":"DESCRIBE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS","rect":[90.0,228.7496795654297,358.38097300720218,219.0755157470703]},{"page":223,"text":"7-45. Combine the evaluations of the effects of terrain, weather, and civil considerations into a product","rect":[108.0,249.0942840576172,539.9668345413209,240.00613403320313]},{"page":223,"text":"that best suits the LRS team's needs. Avoid guessing or assuming. Focus on the total environment’s effects","rect":[108.0,260.814697265625,540.0066668968201,251.70651245117188]},{"page":223,"text":"on the COAs available to both the LRS team and threat forces. ","rect":[108.0,270.5010070800781,361.78496837615969,263.4068298339844]},{"page":223,"text":"7-46. On request from the LRSC, the BFSB S-2 and R&S squadron S-2 will provide all the products","rect":[108.0,290.19525146484377,540.0255877952576,281.10711669921877]},{"page":223,"text":"previously described.  The LRSC may only need some of these products as is; others they may be able to","rect":[108.0,301.9156799316406,540.0001735687256,292.8074951171875]},{"page":223,"text":"use, with some adaptation, in LRS team-planning operations.  Training and close coordination between the","rect":[108.0,313.6159973144531,540.0309114532471,304.5078125]},{"page":223,"text":"LRSC, the BFSB, and the R&S squadron staffs will produce useful products for team planning.","rect":[108.0,325.3164367675781,491.36110973358157,316.208251953125]},{"page":223,"text":"SECTION III. EVALUATE THE THREAT","rect":[80.63999938964844,346.5840148925781,297.8423759765625,337.7040100097656]},{"page":223,"text":"In step 3, the G-2/S-2 and staff analyze the command’s intelligence holdings, which they identified in step 1, to","rect":[90.0,370.0743103027344,540.0495510101318,360.96612548828127]},{"page":223,"text":"determine how the threat normally  conducts  operations  under  similar  circumstances.  Every  threat  can  be","rect":[90.0,381.7746887207031,540.0241975860596,372.66650390625]},{"page":223,"text":"analyzed,  understood  and,  to  some  extent,  predicted.  Threat  doctrine  may  be simple or even nonexistent.","rect":[90.0,393.4749755859375,539.9964551925659,384.3667907714844]},{"page":223,"text":"However,  a  threat  will  usually,  at  some  level  of  command,  act  based  on  some  set  of  ad  hoc  or  established","rect":[90.0,405.1754150390625,540.0236110687256,396.0672302246094]},{"page":223,"text":"procedures. This third step in the IPB process begins with analyzing the threat, after which two substeps are","rect":[90.0,416.87567138671877,540.0058870391846,407.7674865722656]},{"page":223,"text":"performed: 1) update or create threat models, and 2), identify threat capabilities.","rect":[90.0,428.5760803222656,411.3183546066284,419.4678955078125]},{"page":223,"text":"ANALYZE THREAT FACTORS","rect":[90.0,448.2897033691406,290.8492957611084,438.6155700683594]},{"page":223,"text":"7-47. When operating against a new or less defined threat, the G-2/S-2 may need to develop or expand","rect":[108.0,468.654296875,540.0146389007568,459.5461120605469]},{"page":223,"text":"intelligence databases and threat models concurrently. In order to accomplish this, the G-2/S-2 should","rect":[108.0,480.3545837402344,540.0910549163818,471.24639892578127]},{"page":223,"text":"conduct threat characteristic order of battle (OB) analysis for each group identified in step 1. To do this, the","rect":[108.0,492.05499267578127,540.0804720001221,482.9468078613281]},{"page":223,"text":"staffs analyze--","rect":[107.9990005493164,503.75543212890627,169.53883910751345,494.6472473144531]},{"page":223,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99888610839845,518.0,149.98279857635499,514.0]},{"page":223,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99888610839845,530.0,149.98290538787843,526.0]},{"page":223,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99888610839845,541.0,149.99978160858155,537.0]},{"page":223,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99888610839845,553.0,149.98279857635499,549.0]},{"page":223,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99888610839845,567.0,149.98379039764405,561.0]},{"page":223,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99888610839845,578.0,150.0109052658081,572.0]},{"page":223,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99888610839845,588.0,149.9827070236206,584.0]},{"page":223,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99888610839845,600.0,150.00078868865968,596.0]},{"page":223,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99888610839845,612.0,150.00377941131593,607.0]},{"page":223,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99888610839845,625.0,149.98279857635499,619.0]},{"page":223,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99888610839845,635.0,149.98279857635499,631.0]},{"page":223,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99888610839845,647.0,150.00890636444093,643.0]},{"page":223,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,659.0,147.5058862686157,656.0]},{"page":223,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99888610839845,670.0,149.98279857635499,666.0]},{"page":223,"text":"• ","rect":[143.99888610839845,682.0,150.00178050994874,678.0]},{"page":223,"text":"•","rect":[143.99888610839845,694.0,147.5058862686157,691.0]},{"page":223,"text":"Composition.","rect":[154.7974090576172,521.4356689453125,209.02198314666749,512.3475341796875]},{"page":223,"text":"Disposition.","rect":[154.79751586914063,533.135986328125,203.56627941131593,524.0478515625]},{"page":223,"text":"Tactics.","rect":[154.81439208984376,542.8323364257813,186.17998790740968,535.7482299804688]},{"page":223,"text":"Training.","rect":[154.7974090576172,556.5567626953125,191.85956859588624,547.4486083984375]},{"page":223,"text":"Logistics.","rect":[154.79940795898438,568.257080078125,194.0530195236206,559.14892578125]},{"page":223,"text":"Operational effectiveness.","rect":[154.8255157470703,579.9375,259.4593152999878,570.849365234375]},{"page":223,"text":"Communications.","rect":[154.7973175048828,589.643798828125,225.60399913787843,582.5496826171875]},{"page":223,"text":"Intelligence.","rect":[154.81539916992188,603.3582153320313,204.6241102218628,594.2500610351563]},{"page":223,"text":"Recruitment.","rect":[154.81838989257813,613.034423828125,206.67779064178468,605.9503173828125]},{"page":223,"text":"Support.","rect":[154.7974090576172,626.7388916015625,189.16221141815186,617.821044921875]},{"page":223,"text":"Finance.","rect":[154.7974090576172,636.4351196289063,189.05584239959718,629.3510131835938]},{"page":223,"text":"National agencies.","rect":[154.82351684570313,650.1596069335938,228.82433605194093,641.0514526367188]},{"page":223,"text":"Law enforcement agencies.","rect":[154.82859802246095,661.8599243164063,264.70757579803469,652.7517700195313]},{"page":223,"text":"International organizations and nongovernmental organizations.","rect":[154.7974090576172,673.560302734375,411.48797130584719,664.4521484375]},{"page":223,"text":"Personality.","rect":[154.81639099121095,685.2606811523438,202.39240550994874,676.1525268554688]},{"page":223,"text":"Other threats such as CBRN, diseases, or toxins.","rect":[154.82431030273438,696.0,349.3977003097534,687.8528442382813]},{"page":223,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":223,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":223,"text":"7-9","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0679931640625,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":224,"text":"Chapter 7","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":224,"text":"UPDATE OR CREATE THREAT MODELS","rect":[72.0,85.58970642089844,341.8224402923584,75.91554260253906]},{"page":224,"text":"7-48. Creating or updating a threat model lets the analyst piece together information, identify gaps,","rect":[90.0,105.95428466796875,521.9799146652222,96.84610748291016]},{"page":224,"text":"predict threat activities or COAs, and plan ISR. There will always be information gaps in the threat model,","rect":[89.9990005493164,117.6546630859375,522.0357007980347,108.5464859008789]},{"page":224,"text":"so the analyst will always have some uncertainty. Threat models have three parts: ","rect":[89.9990005493164,129.35498046875,419.61037731170657,120.2468032836914]},{"page":224,"text":"• Convert threat doctrine or patterns of operation to graphics.","rect":[125.9989013671875,147.0552978515625,375.78411388397219,137.94711303710938]},{"page":224,"text":"• Describe the threat’s tactics and options.","rect":[125.9989013671875,158.7356414794922,299.4962110519409,149.64749145507813]},{"page":224,"text":"• Identify HVTs and HPTs.","rect":[125.9989013671875,170.45599365234376,240.53736400604249,161.34780883789063]},{"page":224,"text":"CONVERT THREAT DOCTRINE OR PATTERNS OF OPERATION TO GRAPHICS","rect":[72.0,182.219970703125,439.2600154876709,173.9039764404297]},{"page":224,"text":"7-49. Threat  templates  graphically  portray  how  the  threat  might use its capabilities to perform the","rect":[90.0,202.19427490234376,522.1412019805908,193.08609008789063]},{"page":224,"text":"functions required to accomplish its objectives. Construct threat templates by analyzing the intelligence","rect":[90.0,213.89471435546876,522.0484285430908,204.77651977539063]},{"page":224,"text":"database and by evaluating the threat’s past operations. Determine how the threat normally organizes for","rect":[89.9990005493164,225.59503173828126,521.9705102500916,216.48684692382813]},{"page":224,"text":"combat, and how he deploys and employs his forces and assets. Look for patterns in how the threats","rect":[89.9990005493164,237.29541015625,522.0004413108826,228.18722534179688]},{"page":224,"text":"organize their forces, timing, distances, relative locations, groupings, or use of the terrain and weather.","rect":[89.9990005493164,248.9957275390625,522.1212720870972,239.88754272460938]},{"page":224,"text":"Threat templates are tailored to the needs of the unit or staff section creating them.","rect":[89.9990005493164,260.69610595703127,421.0928602218628,251.58792114257813]},{"page":224,"text":"7-50. Threat templates for a LRS team are tailored to the team's mission. If the LRS team is tasked to","rect":[89.9990005493164,278.3763122558594,522.0970363616943,269.2881774902344]},{"page":224,"text":"locate the threat's regimental or division reconnaissance, the LRSU needs the threat template showing how","rect":[89.9990005493164,290.0968322753906,522.0084881820678,280.9886474609375]},{"page":224,"text":"the threat reconnaissance units are deployed. In some OEs, threat templating can be more difficult and","rect":[89.9990005493164,301.797119140625,522.0525417327881,292.6889343261719]},{"page":224,"text":"unpredictable. The LRS team must consider the enemy situation and mission. Ask this question: “If I had","rect":[89.9990005493164,313.49749755859377,521.9267482757568,304.3893127441406]},{"page":224,"text":"to accomplish the same mission, and had no terrain constraints, where would I place my assets?” Analyze","rect":[89.9990005493164,325.19781494140627,522.0395784454346,316.0896301269531]},{"page":224,"text":"patterns and associations, even though these require frequent updates and are somewhat reactive.","rect":[89.9990005493164,336.898193359375,479.0739698410034,327.7900085449219]},{"page":224,"text":"DESCRIBE THE THREAT'S TACTICS AND OPTIONS","rect":[72.0,354.64801025390627,313.31305503845217,346.35601806640627]},{"page":224,"text":"7-51. The threat model includes a description of the threat’s preferred tactics. A description","rect":[90.0,374.6142578125,491.68910789489748,365.526123046875]},{"page":224,"text":"needed, even if the threat’s preferred tactics are shown in graphic form. The description--","rect":[90.0,386.3346862792969,448.7694299278259,377.22650146484377]},{"page":224,"text":"is","rect":[496.0387878417969,372.6102600097656,502.71412539291387,365.526123046875]},{"page":224,"text":"still","rect":[507.0260009765625,372.6102600097656,522.0339732131959,365.526123046875]},{"page":224,"text":"• Lists the threat's available options.","rect":[126.00090026855469,404.0149230957031,275.2474317550659,394.9267883300781]},{"page":224,"text":"• Is not a \"snapshot in time\"--should portray actions as events unfold.","rect":[126.00090026855469,421.73529052734377,409.0014295578003,412.6271057128906]},{"page":224,"text":"• Aids in war-gaming and in developing threat COAs, and situational templates.","rect":[126.00090026855469,439.4355773925781,451.5400037765503,430.327392578125]},{"page":224,"text":"• Addresses timelines, phases, WFFs.","rect":[126.00090026855469,457.1159362792969,281.09734630584719,448.0278015136719]},{"page":224,"text":"7-52. Describe and determine the threat's goal(s). Threat objectives are often, but not always, what the","rect":[90.0009994506836,474.8363037109375,522.0203523712158,465.7181091308594]},{"page":224,"text":"unit’s mission is trying to prevent. Threat objectives are also often actions taken by the threat to prevent","rect":[90.0009994506836,486.53668212890627,522.0420298538209,477.4184875488281]},{"page":224,"text":"unit mission accomplishment. Describe them in terms of purpose and endstate.","rect":[90.0009994506836,498.2169494628906,405.5934705734253,489.1288146972656]},{"page":224,"text":"IDENTIFY HVTS AND HPTS","rect":[72.0,515.9879760742188,208.1908779144287,507.8759460449219]},{"page":224,"text":"7-53. An HVT is the asset the threat commander requires for successful completion of a COA. It is","rect":[90.0,535.9542236328125,522.0171649436951,526.8660888671875]},{"page":224,"text":"shown and described on the template. Examples include--","rect":[90.0,547.6544799804688,321.74922729110718,538.5663452148438]},{"page":224,"text":"7-10","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":224,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":224,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":225,"text":"Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield","rect":[364.8599853515625,46.52101516723633,540.0143198242188,38.0880126953125]},{"page":225,"text":"Fires, for example, regimental artillery group (RAG), division artillery group (DAG), IV13, IV14,","rect":[144.0,83.7542724609375,539.7739820480347,74.6460952758789]},{"page":225,"text":"SNAR-10, or individual artillery and mortars.","rect":[154.79959106445313,95.4547119140625,338.43642711639407,86.3465347290039]},{"page":225,"text":"Protection, for example, ZSU-23-4, 2S6, straight flush radar, fan song radar, man-portable air","rect":[144.0,113.33428955078125,523.2595117149353,104.22611236572266]},{"page":225,"text":"defense systems, and heavy machine guns.","rect":[154.80059814453126,125.03472900390625,325.9540662765503,115.92655181884766]},{"page":225,"text":"Command and Control, for example, IV13, IV14, TOCs, and vehicles with multiple antennas.","rect":[144.00100708007813,142.8943328857422,528.7579298019409,133.80618286132813]},{"page":225,"text":"Intelligence, for example, twin box DF, dog-ear radar, scanners and local populace.","rect":[144.00100708007813,160.79412841796876,481.36138439178469,151.68594360351563]},{"page":225,"text":"Movement and Maneuver, for example, IMR, MT-55, PMM-2, GSP, MDK-2M, and BTM.","rect":[144.00100708007813,178.6537322998047,517.7789258956909,169.56558227539063]},{"page":225,"text":"Sustainment, for example, a list of assets key to the threat commander's execution of the primary","rect":[144.00100708007813,196.55352783203126,535.6756496429443,187.44534301757813]},{"page":225,"text":"mission is recorded. Then, the assets are ranked by their relative worth to the threat's operation.","rect":[154.80059814453126,208.2537841796875,537.1841382980347,199.14559936523438]},{"page":225,"text":"Throughout the course of an operation, the HVTs will change. The HVTs for the phase of each","rect":[154.80059814453126,219.95416259765626,536.4333400726318,210.84597778320313]},{"page":225,"text":"operation are recorded and annotated on the threat model. The LRS team should identify HVTs","rect":[154.80059814453126,231.65447998046876,537.3283221702576,222.54629516601563]},{"page":225,"text":"for their mission with the help of the unit staff. ","rect":[154.80059814453126,243.33482360839845,345.16543102264407,234.24667358398438]},{"page":225,"text":"7-54. An HPT is a target whose loss to the threat commander, will contribute to the success of the","rect":[108.0000991821289,261.05517578125,539.9844026641846,251.94699096679688]},{"page":225,"text":"friendly COA. HVTs and HPTs may be one in the same. In some OEs, HPTs might be key personalities.","rect":[108.0000991821289,272.7554931640625,539.9254713058472,263.6473083496094]},{"page":225,"text":"However, the loss of the enemy key personality might support the friendly COA, but may fail to deter the","rect":[108.0000991821289,284.4559020996094,539.9187898712158,275.34771728515627]},{"page":225,"text":"enemy from completing the COA.","rect":[108.0000991821289,296.15631103515627,245.03518199920655,287.0481262207031]},{"page":225,"text":"Link Analysis","rect":[90.0,309.14068603515627,155.0905252418518,299.3355712890625]},{"page":225,"text":"7-55. This tool identifies HVTs and HPTs in the OE. It is used to show contacts, associations and","rect":[108.0,319.0,539.9659328460693,311.6461181640625]},{"page":225,"text":"relationships  between  persons,  events  activities  and organizations  in  an unconventional  setting.  Link","rect":[108.0,332.4546813964844,540.0152492523193,323.34649658203127]},{"page":225,"text":"analysis tools use  link  diagrams,  association  matrixes,  relationship  matrixes,  activities  matrixes  and","rect":[108.0,344.1549987792969,540.0954494476318,335.04681396484377]},{"page":225,"text":"time-event charts. All help in identifying HVTs and HPTs in the OE.","rect":[108.0,355.85540771484377,384.59572887420657,346.7472229003906]},{"page":225,"text":"Link Diagram","rect":[90.0,368.8406982421875,156.94945546340944,359.03558349609377]},{"page":225,"text":"7-56. This  tool  seeks  to graphically show relationships  between  people,  locations,  or  other  factors","rect":[108.0,380.45428466796877,540.0279681663513,371.3460998535156]},{"page":225,"text":"deemed significant in  any  given  situation.  It  reflects  information  from  both  association  and  activities","rect":[108.0,392.1546936035156,540.1429584007263,383.0465087890625]},{"page":225,"text":"matrices, is easy to read and interpret and is generally an effective briefing tool. Link diagrams show","rect":[108.0,403.85498046875,540.0391278305053,394.7467956542969]},{"page":225,"text":"participants in activities, personal and nonpersonal links, internal and external contacts, structures and lines","rect":[108.0,415.5353698730469,540.0323626976013,406.4472351074219]},{"page":225,"text":"of C2 (Figure 7-2).","rect":[108.0,427.2557067871094,184.50950145721436,418.14752197265627]},{"page":225,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":225,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":225,"text":"7-11","rect":[522.09765625,753.9600219726563,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":226,"text":"Chapter 7","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.4674017944336,38.0880126953125]},{"page":226,"text":"7-12","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":226,"text":"Figure 7-2. Example link diagram.","rect":[225.4199981689453,516.02099609375,368.55027880859378,507.66900634765627]},{"page":226,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":226,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":227,"text":"Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield","rect":[364.8599853515625,46.52101516723633,540.0143198242188,38.0880126953125]},{"page":227,"text":"Association Matrix","rect":[90.0,82.64273834228516,179.51116371154786,75.05555725097656]},{"page":227,"text":"7-57. The association matrix is used to establish the existence of an association between individuals.","rect":[108.0,100.45014190673828,540.0714673995972,93.36600494384766]},{"page":227,"text":"Analysts can  use  association  matrices  to  identify  those  personalities  and  associations  needing  a  more","rect":[108.0,114.17449951171875,540.1244783477783,105.06632232666016]},{"page":227,"text":"in-depth analysis in order to determine the degree of relationship, contacts, or knowledge between the","rect":[108.0,125.8748779296875,539.9670686798096,116.7667007446289]},{"page":227,"text":"individuals. The structure of a threat organization is formed as connections between personalities are made","rect":[108.0,137.5753173828125,540.1470003204346,128.46713256835938]},{"page":227,"text":"(Figure 7-3).","rect":[108.0,149.275634765625,159.3735761642456,140.16744995117188]},{"page":227,"text":"Figure 7-3. Example association matrix.","rect":[230.45999145507813,495.7409973144531,399.5182048339844,487.38897705078127]},{"page":227,"text":"Relationship Matrix","rect":[90.0,514.73876953125,185.03956031799317,504.9555969238281]},{"page":227,"text":"7-58. Relationship matrices are intended to show the nature of relationships between elements of the","rect":[108.0,532.3541870117188,539.9982576446533,523.2660522460938]},{"page":227,"text":"AO. The  elements  can  include  members  from  the  noncombatant  population,  the  friendly  force,","rect":[108.0,544.0745849609375,540.0058546066284,534.9664306640625]},{"page":227,"text":"international organizations and adversarial groups. Utility infrastructures, significant buildings, media and","rect":[108.0,555.77490234375,540.0092678070068,546.666748046875]},{"page":227,"text":"activities might also be included. The nature of the relationship between two or more components includes","rect":[108.0,567.4752807617188,539.9975726585388,558.3671264648438]},{"page":227,"text":"measures of contention, collusion or dependency. The purpose of this tool is to demonstrate graphically","rect":[107.9990005493164,579.1755981445313,540.0179958343506,570.0674438476563]},{"page":227,"text":"how each component of AO interacts with others and whether these interactions promote or degrade the","rect":[107.9990005493164,590.8759765625,539.9895296173096,581.767822265625]},{"page":227,"text":"likelihood  of  mission  success.  The  relationships  represented  in  the  matrix  can  assist  the  analysts  in","rect":[107.9990005493164,602.5762939453125,540.0063381195068,593.4681396484375]},{"page":227,"text":"deciphering how best to use the relationship to shape the environment (Figure 7-4).","rect":[107.9990005493164,614.2766723632813,442.2658338546753,605.1685180664063]},{"page":227,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":227,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":227,"text":"7-13","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":228,"text":"Chapter 7","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":228,"text":"Figure 7-4. Example relationship matrix.","rect":[211.6800079345703,498.680908203125,382.27000537109378,490.3288879394531]},{"page":228,"text":"Activities Matrix","rect":[72.0,515.482666015625,151.66428565979005,507.8954772949219]},{"page":228,"text":"7-59. Activities matrices help analysts connect individuals (such as those in the association matrices) to","rect":[90.0,535.314208984375,522.0701808929443,526.2060546875]},{"page":228,"text":"organizations, events, entities, addresses and activities--anything other than people. Information from this","rect":[90.0,547.0145874023438,522.1718280296326,537.9064331054688]},{"page":228,"text":"matrix, combined with information from association matrices, can assist analysts in linking personalities as","rect":[90.0,558.7149047851563,522.1246478538513,549.6067504882813]},{"page":228,"text":"well (Figure 7-5).","rect":[90.0,570.415283203125,161.1234540939331,561.30712890625]},{"page":228,"text":"7-14","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":228,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":228,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":229,"text":"Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield","rect":[364.8599853515625,46.52101516723633,540.0143198242188,38.0880126953125]},{"page":229,"text":"Figure 7-5. Example activities matrix.","rect":[236.10000610351563,492.50103759765627,393.94551196289066,484.176025390625]},{"page":229,"text":"Time Event Chart","rect":[90.0,509.3136291503906,175.45074292373659,501.7154846191406]},{"page":229,"text":"7-60. Time event charts are chronological records of individual or group activities designed to store and","rect":[108.0,529.1342163085938,540.0569972991943,520.0260620117188]},{"page":229,"text":"display large amounts of information in a small space. Analysts can use time event charts to help analyze,","rect":[108.0,540.8345947265625,540.0082960128784,531.7264404296875]},{"page":229,"text":"for example, large-scale patterns of activity and relationships (Figure 7-6).","rect":[108.0,552.534912109375,406.9117383956909,543.4267578125]},{"page":229,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":229,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":229,"text":"7-15","rect":[522.09765625,754.0590209960938,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":230,"text":"Chapter 7","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":230,"text":"Figure 7-6. Example time event chart.","rect":[217.55999755859376,594.5008544921875,376.417771484375,586.1488647460938]},{"page":230,"text":"IDENTIFY THREAT CAPABILITIES","rect":[72.0,614.2496337890625,306.3089820404053,604.575439453125]},{"page":230,"text":"7-61. Leaders identify broad COAs and supporting operations that the threat can take to influence the","rect":[90.0,634.6141967773438,521.9967928009033,625.5060424804688]},{"page":230,"text":"accomplishment of the friendly mission. Use statements to define the capabilities, for example--","rect":[90.0,646.3145141601563,474.97002196884156,637.2063598632813]},{"page":230,"text":"“The threat has the capability to attack with up to eight divisions supported by 150 daily sorties","rect":[126.00090026855469,664.014892578125,511.84400820541387,654.90673828125]},{"page":230,"text":"of fixed-wing aircraft.”","rect":[136.80140686035157,675.7152099609375,230.66531275939944,666.6070556640625]},{"page":230,"text":"“The criminal organization has the ability to pay off local law enforcement agencies (LEAs).”","rect":[126.00189971923828,687.4155883789063,504.89979457092286,678.3074340820313]},{"page":230,"text":"“The threat can establish a prepared defense by 14 May.”","rect":[126.00189971923828,699.1159057617188,360.8755941314697,690.0077514648438]},{"page":230,"text":"”The terrorists have the ability to conduct multiple car bombings simultaneously.”","rect":[126.00189971923828,710.8162841796875,459.0667257232666,701.7081298828125]},{"page":230,"text":"7-16","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":230,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":230,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":231,"text":"Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield","rect":[364.8599853515625,46.52101516723633,540.0143198242188,38.0880126953125]},{"page":231,"text":"7-62. In  a  stability  operation,  the  lack  of,  or  a  variety  of,  uniforms  and  equipment makes it more","rect":[108.0,83.57427978515625,540.1444978790283,74.46610260009766]},{"page":231,"text":"difficult to identify the threat. Varying levels of organization increases the range of options afforded the","rect":[108.0,95.27471923828125,540.0326814727783,86.16654205322266]},{"page":231,"text":"enemy threat. This makes it easier for the threat to conduct large-scale demolitions (car bombs and rigged","rect":[108.0,106.97503662109375,540.0419216156006,97.86685943603516]},{"page":231,"text":"buildings) against  friendly  forces. The  ability  of  the  threat  to  collect  information  and  conduct  covert","rect":[108.0009994506836,118.67535400390625,540.0162730178834,109.56717681884766]},{"page":231,"text":"operations is greatly enhanced in a stability operations. Sniper employment and booby traps are capabilities","rect":[108.0009994506836,130.37567138671876,540.0271136741638,121.26749420166016]},{"page":231,"text":"that are often unpredictable and very dangerous to friendly forces.","rect":[108.0009994506836,142.07611083984376,373.4555616378784,132.96792602539063]},{"page":231,"text":"SECTION IV. DETERMINE THREAT COURSES OF ACTION","rect":[80.63999938964844,163.34400939941407,409.88146826171876,154.46401977539063]},{"page":231,"text":"This is the fourth and final step in the IPB process. Staffs identify and develop threat COAs, along with other","rect":[90.0,186.83428955078126,540.0384423789978,177.72610473632813]},{"page":231,"text":"facts  and  assumptions  about  the  OE,  that  drive  the  friendly  COAs  analysis  (wargaming).  This  leads  to","rect":[90.0,198.53472900390626,539.9699001312256,189.42654418945313]},{"page":231,"text":"development of the friendly COA development. The LRS team uses these threat COAs to drive their own","rect":[90.0,210.2349853515625,540.0152492523193,201.12680053710938]},{"page":231,"text":"war-gaming process, and to develop the LRS team COA. Developing threat COAs has five substeps:","rect":[90.0,221.93536376953126,494.6035838088989,212.82717895507813]},{"page":231,"text":"• Identify the threat’s likely objectives and desired endstate.","rect":[143.99978637695313,239.63568115234376,388.7643995285034,230.51748657226563]},{"page":231,"text":"• Identify the full set of COAs available to the threat.","rect":[143.99978637695313,257.33599853515627,361.49260997772219,248.22781372070313]},{"page":231,"text":"• Evaluate and prioritize each COA.","rect":[143.99978637695313,275.0162658691406,293.2405958175659,265.9281311035156]},{"page":231,"text":"• Develop each COA.","rect":[143.99978637695313,292.7166442871094,235.91814708709718,283.6285095214844]},{"page":231,"text":"• Identify initial ISR requirements.","rect":[143.99978637695313,310.4369812011719,287.7283582687378,301.32879638671877]},{"page":231,"text":"IDENTIFY THE THREAT'S LIKELY OBJECTIVES AND DESIRED","rect":[90.0,330.1496887207031,514.3239368667603,320.4755554199219]},{"page":231,"text":"ENDSTATE","rect":[90.0,346.5300598144531,165.23475490951538,336.8559265136719]},{"page":231,"text":"7-63. At a minimum, the staff determines likely objectives and desired endstate. Against a conventional","rect":[108.0,366.894287109375,540.0364146194459,357.7760925292969]},{"page":231,"text":"threat, the analysis should start at more than one level above the friendly echelon unit and work down. For","rect":[108.0,378.5946960449219,540.0067651329041,369.48651123046877]},{"page":231,"text":"those threats that are asymmetrical in nature, the analysis should start at the lowest level possible.","rect":[108.0,390.2950134277344,498.91518688201907,381.18682861328127]},{"page":231,"text":"7-64. The LRS leader starts with the threat command one level above that of the threat he expects the","rect":[108.0,407.9752502441406,539.9506502227783,398.8871154785156]},{"page":231,"text":"LRS team to encounter. He then ensures the objectives of the threat commands at each level are identified.","rect":[108.0,419.6957092285156,539.9962720870972,410.5775146484375]},{"page":231,"text":"The BFSB S-2 fusion element advises the LRSU on the threat's overall objective. A LRS team should","rect":[108.0,431.39599609375,539.9871730804443,422.2778015136719]},{"page":231,"text":"break down the threat objective to the level and detail appropriate for the team mission.","rect":[108.0,443.096435546875,458.79229259490969,433.9782409667969]},{"page":231,"text":"IDENTIFY THE FULL SET OF COAs AVAILABLE TO THE THREAT","rect":[90.0,462.8096923828125,529.9716323509216,453.13555908203127]},{"page":231,"text":"7-65. The staff and the LRS team consider possible threat COAs. ","rect":[108.0,483.1542663574219,384.37761974334719,474.0661315917969]},{"page":231,"text":"CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[90.0,500.9278869628906,178.06345176696778,492.6358947753906]},{"page":231,"text":"7-66.","rect":[108.0,518.89013671875,128.98789501190186,511.9863586425781]},{"page":231,"text":"At a minimum they consider--","rect":[143.99989318847657,520.9141845703125,265.15483642196656,511.8059997558594]},{"page":231,"text":"• The COAs that the threat's doctrine assumes that the threat will use in the current situation, and","rect":[143.99989318847657,538.12353515625,536.7076930999756,529.50634765625]},{"page":231,"text":"the threat's most likely objectives.","rect":[154.7993927001953,550.3148803710938,290.9151258468628,541.1966552734375]},{"page":231,"text":"• The threat COAs that could greatly influence the friendly unit's mission.","rect":[143.99989318847657,568.0151977539063,444.71953868865969,558.9070434570313]},{"page":231,"text":"• The threat COA that may exceed the boundaries of known threat doctrine or TTP, even if threat","rect":[143.99989318847657,585.7155151367188,539.1526255569459,576.6073608398438]},{"page":231,"text":"doctrine generally considers them unfeasible. ","rect":[154.7993927001953,597.4158935546875,339.1452589035034,588.3077392578125]},{"page":231,"text":"• The threat COAs indicated by recent activities and events. ","rect":[143.99989318847657,615.1162109375,390.9467420578003,606.008056640625]},{"page":231,"text":"CRITERIA","rect":[90.0,632.8680419921875,139.07029819488526,624.5759887695313]},{"page":231,"text":"7-67. Each threat COA should meet five criteria:","rect":[108.0,650.8402709960938,316.03769635772707,643.7461547851563]},{"page":231,"text":"Suitability--If the COA is successful, it will accomplish the threat's objective.","rect":[143.99989318847657,670.7340087890625,457.66497325897219,661.6157836914063]},{"page":231,"text":"Feasibility--The threat has the time, resources, and space available to execute the COA. ","rect":[143.99989318847657,688.6137084960938,499.9204053878784,679.5055541992188]},{"page":231,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":231,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":231,"text":"7-17","rect":[522.09765625,753.9600219726563,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":232,"text":"Chapter 7","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":232,"text":"Acceptability--The threat's tactical or operational advantage gained by executing the COA must","rect":[126.0,83.7542724609375,512.9842295608521,74.6460952758789]},{"page":232,"text":"justify the cost. The threat might undertake an unfavorable COA if he believes there are no","rect":[136.80059814453126,95.4547119140625,501.8001308441162,86.33651733398438]},{"page":232,"text":"other choices. ","rect":[136.80059814453126,105.13092803955078,195.08845043182374,98.04679107666016]},{"page":232,"text":"Distinguishability--Each threat COA must differ greatly from the others. ","rect":[126.0009994506836,125.03472900390625,423.4017286300659,115.92655181884766]},{"page":232,"text":"Completeness--The COA must show how the decisive operation accomplishes the mission, and","rect":[126.0009994506836,142.8943328857422,511.5027370452881,133.80618286132813]},{"page":232,"text":"how shaping and sustaining operations support the decisive operation.","rect":[136.80059814453126,154.61468505859376,418.2271680831909,145.50650024414063]},{"page":232,"text":"EVALUATE AND PRIORITIZE EACH COURSE OF ACTION","rect":[72.0,174.32969665527345,458.175194190979,164.65553283691407]},{"page":232,"text":"7-68. The commander and staff need to develop a plan that is optimized to one of the COAs, while","rect":[90.0,194.6742401123047,522.0331087188721,185.58609008789063]},{"page":232,"text":"allowing for contingency options should the threat choose another COA. Therefore, the staff must evaluate","rect":[90.0,206.39471435546876,522.0001497344971,197.28652954101563]},{"page":232,"text":"each threat COA and prioritize it according to how likely the threat will adopt that option. Use judgment to","rect":[90.0,218.09503173828126,521.9986476898193,208.97683715820313]},{"page":232,"text":"rank  the  threat  COAs  in  their  likely  order  of  adoption. Modify  the  list  as  needed  as  the  current","rect":[90.0,229.79541015625,521.9866709671021,220.68722534179688]},{"page":232,"text":"situation changes.","rect":[90.0,241.4957275390625,161.89528942108155,232.38754272460938]},{"page":232,"text":"DEVELOP COURSES OF ACTION","rect":[72.0,261.2096862792969,291.11968271636968,251.53553771972657]},{"page":232,"text":"7-69. Once a COA set is complete, develop each COA into as much detail as time allows. To ensure","rect":[90.0,281.5542297363281,521.9803743438721,272.4660949707031]},{"page":232,"text":"completeness, each COA must answer six basic questions: who, what, when, where, how and why. Each","rect":[90.0,293.2746887207031,521.9892482757568,284.16650390625]},{"page":232,"text":"developed COA has three parts--","rect":[90.0,304.9549255371094,222.1841638145447,295.8667907714844]},{"page":232,"text":"•  Situation templates.","rect":[125.9999008178711,322.6552429199219,216.24660778045655,313.5671081542969]},{"page":232,"text":"• Threat course of action and options.","rect":[125.9999008178711,340.3556213378906,281.2751417160034,331.2674865722656]},{"page":232,"text":"• High value targets.","rect":[125.9999008178711,358.07598876953127,212.85659313201905,348.9678039550781]},{"page":232,"text":"SITUATION TEMPLATES","rect":[72.0,375.8399963378906,188.93076133728028,367.5360107421875]},{"page":232,"text":"7-70. Situation templates are developed on  the  threat’s  current  situation,  for  example,  training  and","rect":[90.0,395.8143005371094,522.0595607757568,386.70611572265627]},{"page":232,"text":"experience levels, logistical status, losses, dispositions, the environment, threat doctrine. or patterns of ","rect":[90.0,407.5146789550781,524.5261793136597,398.406494140625]},{"page":232,"text":"operations. The SITEMP is a graphic that shows the expected threat dispositions should the threat adopta","rect":[90.0,419.2149963378906,521.9418611602783,410.1068115234375]},{"page":232,"text":"particular COA. ","rect":[90.0,430.8953552246094,157.13898754119874,421.8072204589844]},{"page":232,"text":"Construction","rect":[72.0,447.6937255859375,133.6691650238037,440.0955810546875]},{"page":232,"text":"7-71. To construct a SITEMP, start with the threat template and lay it over the MCOO. Adjust the","rect":[90.0,467.5142822265625,522.0476961212158,458.3960876464844]},{"page":232,"text":"disposition of the arrayed force on the threat template to account for battlefield effects such as weather and","rect":[90.0,479.214599609375,522.0324001312256,470.1064147949219]},{"page":232,"text":"terrain. Try to array forces as the threat commander might. Construct the SITEMP in as much detail as","rect":[90.0,490.91497802734377,521.9743182640076,481.8067932128906]},{"page":232,"text":"time allows:","rect":[90.0,500.59136962890627,139.08661603546143,493.5072326660156]},{"page":232,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,518.0,129.50690097808838,514.0]},{"page":232,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,547.0,129.50690097808838,544.0]},{"page":232,"text":"Conventional Threat--evaluate time and space factors to develop time phaselines showing","rect":[136.7993927001953,520.3757934570313,500.41246604919436,511.2676086425781]},{"page":232,"text":"threat movement.","rect":[136.7993927001953,531.0,206.75759410858155,522.968017578125]},{"page":232,"text":"Unconventional Threat--other tools such as pattern analysis. Pattern analysis uses multiple","rect":[136.7993927001953,549.8366088867188,503.7002229766846,540.7284545898438]},{"page":232,"text":"map overlays and text assessing military, terrorist, or other threat activity in an urban area.","rect":[136.7993927001953,561.5369873046875,499.8123426437378,552.4288330078125]},{"page":232,"text":"These events can be related by any of several factors to include location and time. These events","rect":[136.7993927001953,573.2373046875,519.8097064476013,564.129150390625]},{"page":232,"text":"can be analyzed by plotting them on maps over time, using multiple historical overlays (analog","rect":[136.7993927001953,584.937744140625,517.9781398773193,575.82958984375]},{"page":232,"text":"or digital) that can be compared to one another over time, and using a time-event wheel or other","rect":[136.7993927001953,596.6380004882813,521.8185937461853,587.5298461914063]},{"page":232,"text":"analysis tools (Figure 7-7).","rect":[136.7993927001953,608.33837890625,244.92144298553468,599.230224609375]},{"page":232,"text":"7-18","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":232,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":232,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":233,"text":"Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield","rect":[364.8599853515625,46.52101516723633,540.0143198242188,38.0880126953125]},{"page":233,"text":"Pattern Analysis","rect":[90.0,519.920654296875,167.8789316139221,510.1155090332031]},{"page":233,"text":"Figure 7-7. Example pattern analysis plot sheet.","rect":[213.239990234375,500.9010314941406,416.84886279296878,492.5760192871094]},{"page":233,"text":"7-72. The pattern analysis is a technique that is based on certain characteristic patterns that can be","rect":[108.0,537.5341796875,540.0426912384033,528.426025390625]},{"page":233,"text":"identified  and  interpreted.  Pattern  analysis  can  be  critically  important  when  facing  an enemy whose","rect":[108.0,549.234619140625,540.1484651641846,540.12646484375]},{"page":233,"text":"doctrine is undeveloped or unknown. It is necessary for the intelligence analyst to create or update the","rect":[108.0,560.9349365234375,539.9782381134033,551.8267822265625]},{"page":233,"text":"threat model and threat templates.","rect":[108.0,572.6152954101563,243.94506359100343,563.5271606445313]},{"page":233,"text":"7-73. A  pattern  analysis  requires  the  organization  and recording of large volumes of  incoming","rect":[108.0,590.3355712890625,540.0325222015381,581.2274169921875]},{"page":233,"text":"information  and  adding  it  to  existing  information  so  meaningful  relationships  are  clarified. Often,","rect":[108.0,602.0360107421875,540.0921583175659,592.9278564453125]},{"page":233,"text":"indicators can initially be ambiguous and incomplete. but over time patterns of activity or tip-offs that","rect":[108.0,613.736328125,540.0231699905396,604.628173828125]},{"page":233,"text":"characterize specific threat emerge. Expect to deal with a thinking threat that learns from previous success","rect":[108.0,625.4365844726563,540.0095355491638,616.3284301757813]},{"page":233,"text":"or failures and will change or vary patterns of operations.","rect":[108.0,637.136962890625,338.4573926925659,628.02880859375]},{"page":233,"text":"7-74. Once  all  related  items  of  information  from  the  intelligence  files, sources, and agencies are","rect":[108.0,654.8372802734375,540.1164217071533,645.7291259765625]},{"page":233,"text":"obtained, assemble the available information to form as many logical solutions or hypothesis as possible.","rect":[108.0,666.5377197265625,540.0568189620972,657.4295654296875]},{"page":233,"text":"Assembly  of  information  to  develop  logical  hypothesis requires good judgment and considerable area","rect":[108.0,678.2379760742188,540.0270662384033,669.1197509765625]},{"page":233,"text":"expertise.","rect":[108.0,689.9183959960938,146.7673749923706,680.8302612304688]},{"page":233,"text":"When","rect":[156.01869201660157,687.9243774414063,180.06879234313966,680.8302612304688]},{"page":233,"text":"developing","rect":[189.3195037841797,689.9384155273438,233.9385585784912,680.8302612304688]},{"page":233,"text":"hypothesis,","rect":[243.18991088867188,689.9384155273438,288.55437755584719,680.8302612304688]},{"page":233,"text":"avoid","rect":[297.8022155761719,687.9143676757813,320.0987148284912,680.8302612304688]},{"page":233,"text":"reaching","rect":[329.3468017578125,689.9384155273438,363.9017848968506,680.8302612304688]},{"page":233,"text":"conclusions","rect":[373.14971923828127,687.9143676757813,420.5568377952576,680.8302612304688]},{"page":233,"text":"based","rect":[429.8116149902344,687.9143676757813,452.6832790374756,680.8302612304688]},{"page":233,"text":"on","rect":[461.9380798339844,687.9143676757813,471.9720973968506,683.1749267578125]},{"page":233,"text":"prejudices","rect":[481.1666259765625,689.9384155273438,522.4750506858826,680.8201904296875]},{"page":233,"text":"or","rect":[531.6698608398438,687.9143676757813,540.0305688438416,683.1749267578125]},{"page":233,"text":"preconceived notions. ","rect":[108.0,701.6187744140625,198.6562147140503,692.5306396484375]},{"page":233,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":233,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":233,"text":"7-19","rect":[522.09765625,754.0679931640625,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":234,"text":"Chapter 7","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":234,"text":"7-75. Pattern analysis tools consist of  automation,  situation  map  (SITMAP),  incident  map,  IPB","rect":[90.0,83.57427978515625,522.0356962623596,74.46610260009766]},{"page":234,"text":"templates, working files, hot files, resource files, coordinate register and time-event charts.","rect":[90.0,95.27471923828125,454.2359266281128,86.16654205322266]},{"page":234,"text":"Automation--Automation provides immediate access to situational updates and execution","rect":[126.00090026855469,113.01512145996094,485.6418056488037,103.9269790649414]},{"page":234,"text":"information and allow transmittal of situational understanding and execution orders.","rect":[136.80039978027345,124.7354736328125,474.4414014816284,115.6272964477539]},{"page":234,"text":"Automation enhances situational awareness and enables friendly forces to share a common","rect":[136.80039978027345,136.435791015625,501.25121116638186,127.3276138305664]},{"page":234,"text":"picture while communicating and targeting in real or near-real time. ","rect":[136.80039978027345,148.13616943359376,411.49309825897219,139.02798461914063]},{"page":234,"text":"Incident Map--Working incident maps and overlays are considered informal. Post current","rect":[126.00090026855469,165.8966064453125,487.4983591995239,156.78842163085938]},{"page":234,"text":"information on the incident map as received. This map is a working aid that graphically shows","rect":[136.80039978027345,177.59698486328126,515.5564105491638,168.48880004882813]},{"page":234,"text":"threat activity in both AO and AOI considered important to the operation. Information on the","rect":[136.80039978027345,189.29730224609376,510.48876667785648,180.18911743164063]},{"page":234,"text":"incident map can provide a good foundation for the SITMAP. ","rect":[136.80039978027345,200.99774169921876,387.49346446990969,191.88955688476563]},{"page":234,"text":"Situation Map--The SITMAP is built from the incident overlay. The SITMAP adds current","rect":[126.00090026855469,218.75811767578126,493.04196881866457,209.64993286132813]},{"page":234,"text":"intelligence and activities indicating movement, resupply operations, or attacks. ","rect":[136.80140686035157,230.45849609375,459.0536756515503,221.35031127929688]},{"page":234,"text":"Working Files--Working files are critical to properly store the research material generated.","rect":[126.00090026855469,248.21783447265626,491.3804883956909,239.10964965820313]},{"page":234,"text":"Whether done manually or with automation, ensure the filing system is easily understood,","rect":[136.80140686035157,259.91827392578127,497.1569776535034,250.81008911132813]},{"page":234,"text":"information is easy to retrieve, and includes cross-referencing.","rect":[136.80140686035157,271.61859130859377,387.22893810272219,262.5104064941406]},{"page":234,"text":"Hot Files--Hot files are the most important working file. The hot file contains material pertaining","rect":[126.00090026855469,289.3790588378906,516.9963283538818,280.2708740234375]},{"page":234,"text":"to a specific incident, as well as information from related incidents. Reports of planned","rect":[136.80140686035157,301.0593566894531,485.7581081390381,291.9712219238281]},{"page":234,"text":"demonstrations, sabotage, or attack all initiate hot files. A hot file becomes inactive when the","rect":[136.80140686035157,312.7798156738281,510.2893648223877,303.671630859375]},{"page":234,"text":"event occurs, does not occur, or when the unit's priorities change. ","rect":[136.80140686035157,324.4801940917969,401.9676160812378,315.37200927734377]},{"page":234,"text":"Resource Files--Resource files includes all material which is important but not of immediate","rect":[126.00189971923828,342.2205505371094,498.58797932434086,333.1324157714844]},{"page":234,"text":"value. It includes hot files that are obsolete, inactive incident files, inactive personality and","rect":[136.80140686035157,353.94097900390627,501.1484889984131,344.8327941894531]},{"page":234,"text":"organization files, and photographs. ","rect":[136.80140686035157,365.64129638671877,283.5980176925659,356.5331115722656]},{"page":234,"text":"Level of Command, Operational Type, and Named Areas of Interest","rect":[72.0,384.62066650390627,391.7385847206116,374.8155517578125]},{"page":234,"text":"7-76. The level of command and type of operation bears directly on the level of detail that goes into a","rect":[90.0,402.23431396484377,522.0420198516846,393.1261291503906]},{"page":234,"text":"situation template.","rect":[90.0,413.9145202636719,163.90297985076905,404.8263854980469]},{"page":234,"text":"Tactical Level--Templates at this level sometimes show individual vehicles in threat dispositions.","rect":[125.9999008178711,431.675048828125,517.1349439620972,422.5869140625]},{"page":234,"text":"The NAIs are often pinpoint locations such as road junctions or small-unit battle positions.","rect":[136.7993927001953,443.3955078125,500.85711193084719,434.2773132324219]},{"page":234,"text":"Operational Level--Templates at this level focus on large reserve formations, major staging bases","rect":[125.9989013671875,461.1559143066406,518.3135516624451,452.0377197265625]},{"page":234,"text":"and LOCs. The NAIs are often large dispersal areas, reserve assembly areas, or logistical","rect":[136.7993927001953,472.8562927246094,493.92957257843019,463.74810791015627]},{"page":234,"text":"support areas.","rect":[136.7993927001953,484.53656005859377,192.5960340499878,476.450439453125]},{"page":234,"text":"Strategic Level--Templates at this level might focus on the shift of large forces from one theater to","rect":[125.9999008178711,502.3171081542969,521.8399562835693,493.20892333984377]},{"page":234,"text":"another as well as political and economic developments. The NAIs can sometimes encompass","rect":[136.80039978027345,513.9973754882813,513.198775051117,504.9092102050781]},{"page":234,"text":"large regions.","rect":[136.80039978027345,525.7177734375,191.44367504119874,516.609619140625]},{"page":234,"text":"THREAT COURSES OF ACTION AND OPTIONS","rect":[72.0,543.4679565429688,290.2121334075928,535.1759033203125]},{"page":234,"text":"7-77. This describes the activities of the forces shown on the situation template. It can range froma","rect":[90.0,563.4542236328125,522.0679597930908,554.3460693359375]},{"page":234,"text":"narrative  description  to a detailed  synchronization  matrix  showing  activities  of  each  unit,  WFF,  or","rect":[90.0,575.1546020507813,522.0989282188416,566.0464477539063]},{"page":234,"text":"asymmetrical activity in detail. It should address the earliest time the COA can be executed, timelines and","rect":[90.0,586.8549194335938,522.0995998382568,577.7467651367188]},{"page":234,"text":"phases associated with the COA, and decisions the threat commander will make during and after execution","rect":[90.0,598.5552978515625,522.0262966156006,589.4471435546875]},{"page":234,"text":"of the COA. Use the COA description to support staff wargaming and to develop the event template and","rect":[90.0,610.255615234375,522.0349636077881,601.1474609375]},{"page":234,"text":"supporting indicators","rect":[90.0,621.9559936523438,175.0521075706482,612.8478393554688]},{"page":234,"text":"HIGH-VALUE TARGET","rect":[72.0,639.7079467773438,182.7691740989685,631.5958862304688]},{"page":234,"text":"7-78. As  the  SITEMP  is  prepared,  mentally  war-game and note how  and  where  each  of  the  WFF","rect":[90.0,659.6942138671875,521.9809102935791,650.5860595703125]},{"page":234,"text":"provide critical support to the COA. This leads to identification of the HVTs. Note on the SITEMP where","rect":[90.0,671.3744506835938,521.9742097930908,662.2863159179688]},{"page":234,"text":"the HVTs must appear or be employed to make the operation successful. Focus on times just before or","rect":[90.0,683.0949096679688,522.0066430625916,673.9766845703125]},{"page":234,"text":"when the HVTs are most valuable. These HVTs lead to potential TAIs, engagement areas, and decision","rect":[90.0,694.7952880859375,522.0636501312256,685.6871337890625]},{"page":234,"text":"points.","rect":[90.0,706.4755859375,117.0518217086792,697.387451171875]},{"page":234,"text":"7-20","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":234,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":234,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":235,"text":"Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield","rect":[364.8599853515625,46.52101516723633,540.0143198242188,38.0880126953125]},{"page":235,"text":"IDENTIFY INITIAL ISR REQUIREMENTS","rect":[90.0,87.89640808105469,361.9977027435303,75.91554260253906]},{"page":235,"text":"7-79. After identifying the set of potential COAs, focus on which one the threat will most likely adopt.","rect":[108.0,105.95428466796875,539.9906568527222,96.84610748291016]},{"page":235,"text":"This is crucial to identify ISR requirements for an effective ISR plan. At the LRSC and LRS team level,","rect":[108.0,117.6546630859375,540.0075635910034,108.5464859008789]},{"page":235,"text":"they identify the COA RFIs and RIIs to send to the R&S squadron S-2 and the BFSB S-2 ISR fusion","rect":[108.0,129.35498046875,539.9740505218506,120.2468032836914]},{"page":235,"text":"element to \"fill in the blanks\" in the COA. The team identifies the areas where they expect key events to","rect":[108.0,141.05535888671876,539.9721584320068,131.94717407226563]},{"page":235,"text":"occur. These are called \"named areas of interest\" (NAIs). Activities or events that reveal a COA are called","rect":[108.0,152.7356414794922,540.0168361663818,143.64749145507813]},{"page":235,"text":"\"indicators.\"","rect":[108.0,162.4120330810547,159.35647073364258,155.34793090820313]},{"page":235,"text":"EVENT TEMPLATE","rect":[90.0,182.17269897460938,181.46445608139039,174.09597778320313]},{"page":235,"text":"7-80. The event template is a guide for ISR synchronization and ISR planning. It shows the NAIs where","rect":[108.0,202.19427490234376,540.0569124298096,193.08609008789063]},{"page":235,"text":"activity or lack of activity will indicate which threat COA the threat has adopted. It shows who, what,","rect":[108.0,213.89471435546876,539.9936475753784,204.78652954101563]},{"page":235,"text":"where, and when to collect information that reveal the threat's chosen COA. Comparing and contrasting the","rect":[108.0,225.59503173828126,540.2518587188721,216.48684692382813]},{"page":235,"text":"various NAIs and indicators associated with each COA helps identify the differences. These differences are","rect":[108.0,237.29541015625,540.0002107696533,228.18722534179688]},{"page":235,"text":"markers that help to recognize which COA the threat has chosen to execute. The selected NAIs are marked","rect":[108.0,248.9957275390625,539.9656887054443,239.88754272460938]},{"page":235,"text":"on the event template. This initial event template focuses only on identifying which of the predicted COAs","rect":[108.0,260.69610595703127,540.0865619163513,251.58792114257813]},{"page":235,"text":"the threat has adopted.","rect":[108.0,272.3763122558594,198.30071544647218,263.2881774902344]},{"page":235,"text":"EVENT MATRIX","rect":[90.0,290.11273193359377,168.48008823394776,282.0360107421875]},{"page":235,"text":"7-81. The event matrix complements the event template. The matrix provides details on the type of ","rect":[108.0,310.1343078613281,542.5040845870972,301.026123046875]},{"page":235,"text":"activity is expected to occur at each NAI, when it is expected to be active, and how those activities relate to","rect":[107.9990005493164,321.8346862792969,539.9652004241943,312.72650146484377]},{"page":235,"text":"other events (indicators) on the battlefield. The matrix contains the event (indicator) associated with each","rect":[107.9990005493164,333.5149230957031,540.0272731781006,324.4267883300781]},{"page":235,"text":"NAI. It also includes the team phase lines from the SITEMP, and the LTIOV time line. Its main uses are in","rect":[108.0,345.2153625488281,540.0081081390381,336.1272277832031]},{"page":235,"text":"collecting intelligence and aiding in situation development. The elements of the event matrix follow:","rect":[108.0,356.9356689453125,511.69736432647707,347.8274841308594]},{"page":235,"text":"Information Requirement—IR includes all of the information elements that the commander and","rect":[143.99989318847657,374.6360778808594,526.7502346038818,365.52789306640627]},{"page":235,"text":"staff need to successfully conduct operations, that is, all elements necessary to address the","rect":[154.80039978027345,386.33642578125,515.993283279419,377.2282409667969]},{"page":235,"text":"factors of METT-TC.","rect":[154.80039978027345,396.0227966308594,241.45336437225343,388.93865966796877]},{"page":235,"text":"Priority Intelligence Requirement—PIR includes all intelligence requirements for which a","rect":[144.0009002685547,415.7370910644531,505.6296968536377,406.62890625]},{"page":235,"text":"commander has an anticipated and stated priority in his task of planning and decision-making.","rect":[154.80039978027345,427.4373779296875,532.4683790206909,418.3291931152344]},{"page":235,"text":"Intelligence Requirement—Intelligence requirements include knowledge of lesser importance than","rect":[144.0009002685547,445.1377868652344,539.3528347015381,436.02960205078127]},{"page":235,"text":"the PIR.","rect":[154.80140686035157,454.81402587890627,187.6669111251831,447.7298889160156]},{"page":235,"text":"Specific Information Requirement—SIR consists of indicators that will answer all or part of a PIR","rect":[144.0019073486328,474.5384826660156,537.0038969459533,465.4302978515625]},{"page":235,"text":"or IR.","rect":[154.80239868164063,484.2147521972656,178.2502088546753,477.4512634277344]},{"page":235,"text":"ISR Tasks and RFIs—ISR tasks and RFIs are the orders or requests that generate planning and","rect":[144.00289916992188,503.9390563964844,523.0530300140381,494.83087158203127]},{"page":235,"text":"execution of a collection mission or analysis of database information. ","rect":[154.80239868164063,515.6395263671875,435.7661085128784,506.5313415527344]},{"page":235,"text":"Named Area of Interest—An NAI is a geographic area where indicators can be collected.","rect":[144.00289916992188,533.33984375,501.8852491378784,524.231689453125]},{"page":235,"text":"Target Area of Interest—A TAI is a geographic area where high-value targets (HVTs) can be","rect":[144.00390625,551.0401000976563,519.2212801055908,541.9319458007813]},{"page":235,"text":"acquired and engaged.","rect":[154.80340576171876,562.740478515625,244.96807384490968,553.63232421875]},{"page":235,"text":"Decision Point—A DP is a point in space and time where the commander or staff anticipates","rect":[144.00390625,580.4207763671875,516.2454974632263,571.3326416015625]},{"page":235,"text":"making a decision concerning a specific friendly COA. A DP is usually associated with a","rect":[154.80340576171876,592.1411743164063,512.7988557891846,583.0330200195313]},{"page":235,"text":"specific TAI, and is located in time and space to permit the commander sufficient lead time to","rect":[154.80340576171876,603.8214721679688,531.0708522796631,594.7333374023438]},{"page":235,"text":"engage the enemy in the TAI.","rect":[154.80340576171876,615.5418701171875,273.94570446014407,606.4337158203125]},{"page":235,"text":"PREPARE DECISION SUPPORT TEMPLATE","rect":[90.0,635.2496337890625,378.87849270248418,625.575439453125]},{"page":235,"text":"7-82. The decision support template is a graphic version of a war game. From this template, the BFSB","rect":[108.0,655.6143188476563,539.9981596412658,646.5061645507813]},{"page":235,"text":"and R&S squadron S-2 and S-3 prepare a detailed ISR plan. This plan shows where and when R&S","rect":[108.0,667.294677734375,540.0407247467041,658.20654296875]},{"page":235,"text":"elements such as LRS should look for the enemy. The plan directs specific tasks and priorities to LRSC,","rect":[108.0,679.0150146484375,540.0283155441284,669.9068603515625]},{"page":235,"text":"which are then assigned as missions to individual LRS teams. ","rect":[108.0,690.7153930664063,357.7431287765503,681.6072387695313]},{"page":235,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":235,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":235,"text":"7-21","rect":[522.09765625,753.9600219726563,540.0553305664063,747.489013671875]},{"page":236,"text":"This page intentionally left blank. ","rect":[163.4399871826172,392.5619812011719,452.493501953125,375.69598388671877]},{"page":237,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[287.3399963378906,85.87195587158203,342.6683989257813,74.7839584350586]},{"page":237,"text":"Evasion and Recovery","rect":[229.6800079345703,110.50821685791016,400.3346104888916,95.68971252441406]},{"page":237,"text":"Evasion is the process whereby people isolated in hostile or unfriendly territory avoid","rect":[126.0,129.2007293701172,503.98240089416506,119.21990966796875]},{"page":237,"text":"capture and return to areas under friendly control. Recovery is the return of such","rect":[126.0,141.92100524902345,503.9929904937744,131.940185546875]},{"page":237,"text":"evaders to friendly  control,  either  with or  without  aid,  as  the  result  of  plans,","rect":[126.0,154.6414031982422,503.95358753204348,144.66058349609376]},{"page":237,"text":"operations,","rect":[126.0,167.3397216796875,174.61943531036378,157.380859375]},{"page":237,"text":"and","rect":[184.89300537109376,165.1437225341797,200.7744846343994,157.380859375]},{"page":237,"text":"individual","rect":[211.04759216308595,165.1437225341797,255.70106047821046,157.380859375]},{"page":237,"text":"actions","rect":[265.9744873046875,165.1437225341797,297.15989169692997,157.380859375]},{"page":237,"text":"by","rect":[307.43328857421877,167.36167907714845,318.4264621734619,157.380859375]},{"page":237,"text":"recovery","rect":[328.740234375,167.36167907714845,367.2174472808838,159.93919372558595]},{"page":237,"text":"planners,","rect":[377.56719970703127,167.3397216796875,417.59149646759036,157.380859375]},{"page":237,"text":"conventional","rect":[427.8017883300781,165.1437225341797,484.6331588668823,157.380859375]},{"page":237,"text":"or","rect":[494.8435974121094,165.1437225341797,503.9998151893616,159.95018005371095]},{"page":237,"text":"unconventional forces, and sometimes the evaders themselves. Evasion is considered","rect":[126.0,178.0,503.9839572906494,170.1011962890625]},{"page":237,"text":"the highest form of  resistance.  Both  E&R  are  integral  to  military  operations","rect":[126.0,192.8024139404297,504.01792392349247,182.82159423828126]},{"page":237,"text":"(Appendix K).","rect":[126.0,205.500732421875,190.20773792266847,195.5418701171875]},{"page":237,"text":"FUNDAMENTALS","rect":[90.0,225.20970153808595,207.90872874450685,215.53553771972657]},{"page":237,"text":"8-1.","rect":[108.0,243.5301971435547,123.94582653045655,236.64646911621095]},{"page":237,"text":"Conduct of E&R operations requires Soldiers understand each kind of operation and the laws that","rect":[143.99989318847657,245.5542449951172,540.0442881546021,236.46609497070313]},{"page":237,"text":"govern them. Soldiers participating in an evasion operation are classified as one of the following:","rect":[107.9990005493164,257.27471923828127,498.48303937530519,248.16653442382813]},{"page":237,"text":"EVADER","rect":[90.0,274.9927673339844,131.63968753814698,266.9160461425781]},{"page":237,"text":"8-2.","rect":[108.0,292.97021484375,123.94582653045655,286.0864562988281]},{"page":237,"text":"An evader is considered a lawful combatant for the duration of the evasion, since evasion is an","rect":[143.99989318847657,293.0,540.0051784515381,285.9060974121094]},{"page":237,"text":"extension of combat and a refusal to capitulate to the enemy. Evaders are obliged by the Code of Conduct","rect":[108.0,306.714599609375,540.0388560256959,297.6064147949219]},{"page":237,"text":"to do all they can to avoid capture and rejoin friendly forces. If needed, they may commit acts of violence","rect":[108.0,318.41497802734377,539.9869051055908,309.2967834472656]},{"page":237,"text":"against legitimate military targets, without being prosecuted by the enemy for violating local criminal laws.","rect":[108.0,330.11541748046877,538.5945997238159,321.0072326660156]},{"page":237,"text":"Code of Conduct. Article II:","rect":[237.60000610351563,363.61199951171877,392.4684426269531,354.7440185546875]},{"page":237,"text":"I will never surrender of my own free will. If in command, I will never surrender the","rect":[126.0,377.45416259765627,503.92460536193848,368.0654296875]},{"page":237,"text":"members of my command while they still have the means to resist.","rect":[126.0,388.97418212890627,420.86853742218019,379.58544921875]},{"page":237,"text":"ESCAPEE","rect":[90.0,413.4222106933594,135.35964345932008,405.33599853515627]},{"page":237,"text":"8-3.","rect":[108.0,431.3902282714844,123.94582653045655,424.5064697265625]},{"page":237,"text":"An  escapee  is  someone  who  has  escaped  from  a  confinement  facility. Escapees are","rect":[143.99989318847657,433.4342956542969,540.0595369415283,424.32611083984377]},{"page":237,"text":"noncombatants, no longer able to commit hostile acts, who may be charged under the laws of the detaining","rect":[108.0,445.13458251953127,540.0344142913818,436.0263977050781]},{"page":237,"text":"power for certain acts committed against its military or civilian population during escape or avoidance of ","rect":[108.0,456.8349914550781,542.5182447433472,447.726806640625]},{"page":237,"text":"recapture. Such an escapee may carry no arms of any kind, nor may he try to arm himself. If he commits","rect":[107.9990005493164,468.535400390625,539.9475238304138,459.4272155761719]},{"page":237,"text":"any crime(s) of no specific military significance, he may be tried and punished for war crimes, not only by","rect":[107.9990005493164,480.2356872558594,539.9886379241943,471.12750244140627]},{"page":237,"text":"the detaining country, but also by his own. The Code of Conduct and Law of Land Warfare both list the","rect":[107.9990005493164,491.9360656738281,540.0252962188721,482.827880859375]},{"page":237,"text":"responsibilities of the evader and escapee in an evasion. However, under Geneva Convention Articles","rect":[108.0,503.6163635253906,540.0343768577576,494.5282287597656]},{"page":237,"text":"91-94, Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, POWs have a national obligation","rect":[108.0,515.3367919921875,539.9988307952881,506.2286071777344]},{"page":237,"text":"to escape and rejoin their own forces. Those apprehended during or after an attempted escape are subject to","rect":[108.0,527.037109375,540.1070461273193,517.9188842773438]},{"page":237,"text":"disciplinary punishment only. This assumes that any offences they may have committed were for the sole","rect":[108.0,538.737548828125,540.0387849884033,529.62939453125]},{"page":237,"text":"purpose of  escaping,  and  that  the  offences  entail  no  violence  against  life  or  limb,  or  the  goal  of","rect":[108.0,550.4378051757813,539.9578149375916,541.3296508789063]},{"page":237,"text":"self-enrichment.","rect":[108.0,560.1141357421875,173.34986400604249,553.030029296875]},{"page":237,"text":"DETENTION OF EVADERS BY NEUTRAL COUNTRIES","rect":[90.0,579.8880004882813,339.94110679626467,571.595947265625]},{"page":237,"text":"8-4.","rect":[108.0,597.8302001953125,123.94582653045655,590.9464721679688]},{"page":237,"text":"The evader who crosses into a neutral country is subject to detention by that country for the","rect":[143.99989318847657,599.874267578125,540.0323762969971,590.7560424804688]},{"page":237,"text":"duration of the war. A neutral country that receives escapees may leave them at liberty. If it allows them to","rect":[108.0,611.5745849609375,540.0522365570068,602.4664306640625]},{"page":237,"text":"remain in its territory it may assign them a place of residence. The neutral country is also authorized to","rect":[108.0,623.2749633789063,540.0082912445068,614.1668090820313]},{"page":237,"text":"confiscate all equipment of the evader/escapee. ","rect":[108.0009994506836,634.9553833007813,299.77276134490969,625.8672485351563]},{"page":237,"text":"TIMES TO INITIATE E&R","rect":[90.0,652.7279663085938,214.25761267089843,644.4359130859375]},{"page":237,"text":"8-5.","rect":[108.0,670.6702270507813,123.94582653045655,663.7864990234375]},{"page":237,"text":"These include—","rect":[143.99989318847657,670.6902465820313,209.9906120300293,663.6061401367188]},{"page":237,"text":"• On order of commander. ","rect":[143.99989318847657,688.4005737304688,256.4769239425659,681.3064575195313]},{"page":237,"text":"• When considered \"isolated personnel\" by individual unit standards or SOP.","rect":[143.99989318847657,708.114990234375,456.9512586593628,699.0068359375]},{"page":237,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":237,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":237,"text":"8-1","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0679931640625,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":238,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":238,"text":"CHAIN OF COMMAND","rect":[72.0,85.57572174072266,222.47232859039307,75.91554260253906]},{"page":238,"text":"8-6.","rect":[90.0,103.91020965576172,105.94582653045655,97.0264663696289]},{"page":238,"text":"The agencies, units and individuals within the E&R chain of command are responsible for the","rect":[125.9999008178711,105.95428466796875,522.0250520782471,96.84610748291016]},{"page":238,"text":"successful planning for and execution of E&R operations.","rect":[90.0,117.6546630859375,322.6852979660034,108.5464859008789]},{"page":238,"text":"JOINT PERSONNEL RECOVERY AGENCY","rect":[72.0,135.40798950195313,267.6019449234009,127.12799072265625]},{"page":238,"text":"8-7.","rect":[90.0,153.37025451660157,105.94582653045655,146.4664764404297]},{"page":238,"text":"The  JPRA  develops  joint  E&R  tactics,  techniques,  and  procedures;  E&R  aids;  tools;","rect":[125.9999008178711,155.394287109375,501.6716685256958,146.27609252929688]},{"page":238,"text":"specialized equipment for E&R. They also provide expertise on E&R and survival to all services.","rect":[90.0,167.0947265625,480.5582227706909,157.98654174804688]},{"page":238,"text":"JOINT SEARCH-AND-RESCUE CENTER","rect":[72.0,184.8599853515625,257.82273960113528,176.55599975585938]},{"page":238,"text":"and","rect":[507.5271911621094,153.37025451660157,522.0261135101318,146.28610229492188]},{"page":238,"text":"8-8.","rect":[90.0,202.7902069091797,105.94582653045655,195.90647888183595]},{"page":238,"text":"The JSRC represents two or more services or countries. They coordinate recovery efforts among","rect":[125.9999008178711,204.83428955078126,522.0210475921631,195.72610473632813]},{"page":238,"text":"joint services. They develop and distribute the Air Tasking Order Special Instructions (ATOSPINS). They","rect":[90.0,216.53472900390626,522.0550441741943,207.41653442382813]},{"page":238,"text":"maintain ISOPREP cards for missing personnel.","rect":[90.0,228.2349853515625,283.25371837615969,219.12680053710938]},{"page":238,"text":"RESCUE COORDINATION CENTER","rect":[72.0,245.98788452148438,236.81895542144776,237.69589233398438]},{"page":238,"text":"8-9.","rect":[90.0,263.95013427734377,105.94582653045655,257.0463562011719]},{"page":238,"text":"A  RCC  is  located  at  each  service  in  the  theatre  of  operation.  The  RCC  notifies  the  JSRC  of","rect":[125.9999008178711,265.9541320800781,521.9691674766541,256.8659973144531]},{"page":238,"text":"isolated personnel. They help individual units develop their own EPA. They maintain a copy of ISOPREP","rect":[90.0,277.67449951171877,522.0254659576416,268.5663146972656]},{"page":238,"text":"cards for isolated personnel. They coordinate recovery efforts for that service.","rect":[90.0,289.3748779296875,402.82900524139407,280.2666931152344]},{"page":238,"text":"INDIVIDUAL UNITS","rect":[72.0,307.1399841308594,164.44659996032716,299.0159912109375]},{"page":238,"text":"8-10. Each unit is responsible for developing an EPA, and for ensuring that all personnel properly fill","rect":[90.0,327.1142883300781,521.9730601272584,318.006103515625]},{"page":238,"text":"out their ISOPREP cards, after which the unit keeps the cards updated, stores them in a secure location,","rect":[90.0,338.7946472167969,521.9779005050659,329.7065124511719]},{"page":238,"text":"and forwards a copy to the RCC.","rect":[90.0,350.5149841308594,221.9064130783081,341.40679931640627]},{"page":238,"text":"INDIVIDUAL SOLDIER","rect":[72.0,368.2799987792969,177.71801853179933,359.97601318359377]},{"page":238,"text":"8-11. Responsible for filling out the EPA and the ISOPREP card.","rect":[90.0,388.2543029785156,364.75738048553469,379.1461181640625]},{"page":238,"text":"PLANS","rect":[72.0,407.96966552734377,117.78729930114746,398.2955322265625]},{"page":238,"text":"8-12. Personnel assigned to LRSU are considered high-risk-of-capture and subject to isolation in hostile","rect":[90.0,428.3343200683594,522.0593538360596,419.21612548828127]},{"page":238,"text":"territory. Therefore, they should prepare for the possibility of being in an evasion situation. Successful","rect":[90.0,440.03466796875,522.0293955764771,430.9264831542969]},{"page":238,"text":"evasion is dependent on detailed planning, as well as peacetime training and proficiency in survival and","rect":[90.0,451.7349853515625,522.0105495452881,442.6268005371094]},{"page":238,"text":"E&R tactics, techniques and procedures. ","rect":[90.0,463.41534423828127,255.26699352264405,454.32720947265627]},{"page":238,"text":"8-13. The LRSC commander, with assistance from the RCC and JSRC, is responsible for and prepared","rect":[90.0,481.1156311035156,522.0203151702881,472.0274963378906]},{"page":238,"text":"to  conduct  personnel recovery operations  in  support  of  their  own  operations.  The  commander  also","rect":[90.0,492.83599853515627,521.9719142913818,483.7278137207031]},{"page":238,"text":"coordinates with the RCC when elements are preparing to enter a possible evasion situation. He relays","rect":[90.0,504.5364074707031,522.0880877952576,495.42822265625]},{"page":238,"text":"information  such  as  ISOPREP  cards  and  EPA  with overlays of  the AO. After the LRSC commander","rect":[90.0,516.23681640625,522.0206811485291,507.1286315917969]},{"page":238,"text":"coordinates with evasion planning agencies, he may determine the unit must make independent evasion","rect":[90.0,527.9370727539063,522.0204372406006,518.8289184570313]},{"page":238,"text":"plans. The LRSC commander starts by identifying the team's AO and formulating and evasion annex with","rect":[90.0,539.6375122070313,522.0905055999756,530.5293579101563]},{"page":238,"text":"the assistance of the JSRC.","rect":[90.0,549.32373046875,198.3041639328003,542.2296142578125]},{"page":238,"text":"8-14. LRS team evasion planning begins with receiving the E&R annex to the OPORD along with any","rect":[90.0,569.0382080078125,522.0105495452881,559.9300537109375]},{"page":238,"text":"evasion aids that will assist them in the planning phase. After receiving area briefings and examining E&R","rect":[89.9990005493164,580.738525390625,522.0124418678283,571.63037109375]},{"page":238,"text":"area studies, the team formulates an EPA. The EPA is normally an annex to the team OPORD and briefed","rect":[90.0,592.4389038085938,522.0150051116943,583.3307495117188]},{"page":238,"text":"to the commander. All available evasion aids are requested to assist the team if evasion is required. Finally,","rect":[90.0,604.13916015625,522.0228223800659,595.031005859375]},{"page":238,"text":"the team reviews their ISOPREP cards before leaving the planning facility to start infiltration.","rect":[90.0,615.839599609375,466.5461072921753,606.7314453125]},{"page":238,"text":"TYPES OF RECOVERY","rect":[72.0,635.5496826171875,223.23282663726807,625.87548828125]},{"page":238,"text":"8-15. The two types of combat recovery of isolated personnel are conventional and unconventional","rect":[90.0,655.9141845703125,522.0569834671021,646.8060302734375]},{"page":238,"text":"(Figure 8-1):","rect":[90.0,667.6146240234375,141.6643443069458,658.5064697265625]},{"page":238,"text":"8-2","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":238,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":238,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":239,"text":"Evasion and Recovery","rect":[444.47998046875,46.52101516723633,540.0805380859375,38.196014404296878]},{"page":239,"text":"Figure 8-1. Types of recovery.","rect":[251.39999389648438,394.5210266113281,378.6551982421875,386.0880126953125]},{"page":239,"text":"CONVENTIONAL","rect":[90.0,412.3080139160156,170.185555934906,404.0160217285156]},{"page":239,"text":"8-16.","rect":[108.0,430.250244140625,128.98789501190186,423.3664855957031]},{"page":239,"text":"There are three types of conventional recovery:","rect":[143.99989318847657,432.2943115234375,334.02255963897707,423.1861267089844]},{"page":239,"text":"Unassisted--Unassisted recovery by isolated personnel requires evasion back to friendly lines.","rect":[143.99989318847657,450.0548095703125,522.2369947433472,440.9466247558594]},{"page":239,"text":"CSAR--Available PR assets, controlled and initiated by the JPRA, can recover the isolated","rect":[143.99989318847657,467.8152160644531,507.23537254333498,458.70703125]},{"page":239,"text":"personnel.","rect":[154.7993927001953,479.49554443359377,196.36660289764405,470.40740966796877]},{"page":239,"text":"On-Scene--Assets already in the AO, such as aviation, ground or naval forces can recover the","rect":[143.99989318847657,497.2749938964844,520.4475374298096,488.16680908203127]},{"page":239,"text":"isolated personnel.","rect":[154.80039978027345,508.9553527832031,230.01011180877686,499.8672180175781]},{"page":239,"text":"UNCONVENTIONAL","rect":[90.0,526.7399291992188,183.85761404037477,518.6159057617188]},{"page":239,"text":"8-17. There  are  two  types  of  unconventional  recovery: assisted and clandestine (aircraft). Assisted","rect":[108.0,546.7142944335938,539.9760646820068,537.6061401367188]},{"page":239,"text":"evasion is the most likely of the two types that LRSU will have available. Planned recovery by SOF with a","rect":[108.0,558.4146728515625,540.0053377227783,549.3065185546875]},{"page":239,"text":"dedicated  recovery  mission,  or  clandestine  units  may  already  be in  place  in  the AO. Opportunists","rect":[108.0,570.114990234375,539.9815204124451,561.0068359375]},{"page":239,"text":"sometimes perform unplanned recoveries in hope of receiving a reward for their actions. Civilians may","rect":[108.0,581.8154296875,540.0601711273193,572.707275390625]},{"page":239,"text":"perform acts of mercy when evaders need medical attention. At other times, those sympathetic to the cause","rect":[108.0,593.5156860351563,540.0356111602783,584.4075317382813]},{"page":239,"text":"will also provide accidental assistance.","rect":[108.0,605.1961059570313,263.62066173553469,596.1079711914063]},{"page":239,"text":"CLASSIFICATIONS OF EVASION","rect":[90.0,624.9296875,308.11040537261968,615.2554931640625]},{"page":239,"text":"8-18. In a short-range evasion, the evader is close to the main battle area and becomes isolated. The","rect":[108.0,645.2943115234375,540.0664949493408,636.1861572265625]},{"page":239,"text":"evader  usually  has  the  means  to  return  to  the  unit  within  a  few  days.  In  an  extended  evasion,  which","rect":[108.0,656.9945678710938,540.0208644866943,647.8864135742188]},{"page":239,"text":"involves  greater  distances  behind  enemy  lines,  the  evader  might have to travel an extended distance","rect":[108.0,668.6950073242188,540.0849275665283,659.5868530273438]},{"page":239,"text":"through foreign terrain, possibly with little food and equipment. LRS teams generally fit into this group.","rect":[108.0,680.3953857421875,540.0352125167847,671.2872314453125]},{"page":239,"text":"Characteristics of a successful extended evasion include—","rect":[108.0,690.0816650390625,343.0942497253418,682.987548828125]},{"page":239,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":239,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":239,"text":"8-3","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0679931640625,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":240,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":240,"text":"KNOWLEDGE OF THE AO","rect":[72.0,83.62802124023438,196.5599990234375,75.33602142333985]},{"page":240,"text":"8-19. Study of the AO and detailed E&R are critical to success.","rect":[90.0,103.61431884765625,356.98891735076907,94.50614166259766]},{"page":240,"text":"KNOWLEDGE OF SURVIVAL","rect":[72.0,121.38001251220703,207.01110219955445,113.07601165771485]},{"page":240,"text":"8-20. These skills should be reinforced in the unit with thorough survival and evasion classes. Like most","rect":[90.0,141.35430908203126,522.0787730178834,132.24612426757813]},{"page":240,"text":"perishable skills, survival training should be a regular training task. ","rect":[90.0,153.0546875,362.67425060272219,143.94650268554688]},{"page":240,"text":"SUPPLY ECONOMY","rect":[72.0,170.82000732421876,164.87945652008058,162.51602172851563]},{"page":240,"text":"8-21. Limiting use and making the best use of available supplies. ","rect":[90.0,190.7943115234375,365.70717906951907,181.68612670898438]},{"page":240,"text":"ENDURANCE","rect":[72.0,208.52220153808595,134.17526388168336,200.43600463867188]},{"page":240,"text":"8-22. The  physical  and  mental  conditioning  of  individuals  and  the  team  will  largely  determine  the","rect":[90.0,228.5343017578125,522.0939607696533,219.42611694335938]},{"page":240,"text":"ability to successfully execute E&R.","rect":[90.0,240.23468017578126,236.08962535858155,231.12649536132813]},{"page":240,"text":"PATIENCE AND DISCIPLINE","rect":[72.0,257.96209716796877,204.73728322982789,249.87588500976563]},{"page":240,"text":"8-23. Recovery may not be immediate--individuals and teams should be prepared to evade for days,","rect":[90.0,277.97418212890627,522.0854444503784,268.8659973144531]},{"page":240,"text":"weeks, months or even years. Patience and discipline are often traits acquired though tough and realistic","rect":[90.0,289.67449951171877,522.2381868438721,280.5663146972656]},{"page":240,"text":"training.  Soldiers  in  an  E&R  and  survival  situation  will  be  subjected  to  many  physical  and  mental","rect":[90.0,301.3748779296875,522.0428843460084,292.2566833496094]},{"page":240,"text":"hardships. These hardships are compounded if detailed area studies are not conducted during the planning","rect":[90.0,313.0752868652344,522.0102443695068,303.96710205078127]},{"page":240,"text":"phase and Soldiers have limited survival skills. One major factor that has lead to more successful evasions","rect":[90.0,324.7756042480469,522.0515277366638,315.65740966796877]},{"page":240,"text":"than any other is the individuals will to survive. Many factors affect evaders, they include—","rect":[90.0,336.4759826660156,460.1304130554199,327.3677978515625]},{"page":240,"text":"• Family and home ties.","rect":[125.9999008178711,354.1763000488281,225.67690563201905,345.068115234375]},{"page":240,"text":"•  Self-preservation.","rect":[125.9999008178711,371.8565368652344,208.44732189178468,362.7684020996094]},{"page":240,"text":"•  Material items.","rect":[125.9999008178711,387.5529479980469,197.2781171798706,380.46881103515627]},{"page":240,"text":"•  Religion.","rect":[125.9999008178711,407.2773132324219,173.80189037322999,398.16912841796877]},{"page":240,"text":"• Sense of responsibility—to your family, to your team, and to your country. ","rect":[125.9999008178711,424.9775695800781,440.1038770675659,415.869384765625]},{"page":240,"text":"Code of Conduct. Article III:","rect":[217.9199981689453,454.4519958496094,376.15670556640625,445.5840148925781]},{"page":240,"text":"If I am captured, I will continue to resist by all means available. I will make every","rect":[108.0,468.294189453125,485.9242763519287,458.90545654296877]},{"page":240,"text":"effort to escape and aid others to escape. I will accept neither parole nor special","rect":[108.0,479.7039489746094,485.9262833633423,470.4254455566406]},{"page":240,"text":"favors from the enemy.","rect":[108.0,491.33416748046877,210.32025861358643,481.9454345703125]},{"page":240,"text":"MOVEMENT","rect":[72.0,517.7556762695313,157.33392177963257,508.0954895019531]},{"page":240,"text":"8-24. The team must consider the following movement factors in order to ensure successful evasion:","rect":[90.0,538.1342163085938,505.5564646682739,529.0260620117188]},{"page":240,"text":"TECHNIQUES","rect":[72.0,557.4263305664063,136.78604698181153,547.77587890625]},{"page":240,"text":"8-25. The movement techniques used during evasion are the same as with normal patrolling, as well as","rect":[90.0,575.874267578125,522.0319964866638,566.76611328125]},{"page":240,"text":"the SOPs for movement.","rect":[90.0,585.560546875,188.5109052658081,578.4664306640625]},{"page":240,"text":"ROUTE SELECTION","rect":[72.0,605.3399047851563,166.4653787612915,597.035888671875]},{"page":240,"text":"8-26. Route selection is an extremely important factor when conducting evasion. Avoid all major built","rect":[90.0,625.3143310546875,521.9935069046021,616.1961059570313]},{"page":240,"text":"up areas and areas with high traffic.","rect":[90.0,637.0147094726563,233.6567792892456,627.9065551757813]},{"page":240,"text":"CAMOUFLAGE AND CONCEALMENT","rect":[72.0,654.7679443359375,246.15010976791383,646.4758911132813]},{"page":240,"text":"8-27. Camouflage and concealment are crucial when moving, and should never be sacrificed.","rect":[90.0,674.7542114257813,476.6718397140503,665.6460571289063]},{"page":240,"text":"8-4","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":240,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":240,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":241,"text":"Evasion and Recovery","rect":[444.47998046875,46.52101516723633,540.0805380859375,38.196014404296878]},{"page":241,"text":"RATE OF MOVEMENT","rect":[90.0,83.59274291992188,196.34627676010133,75.51602172851563]},{"page":241,"text":"8-28. A rate of movement is established that allows the team to achieve goals established in the E&R","rect":[108.0,103.61431884765625,540.0598051490783,94.50614166259766]},{"page":241,"text":"plan. Moving as fast as possible is seldom the preferred technique. Some of the goals and reasons for","rect":[108.0,115.314697265625,540.0388696250916,106.2065200805664]},{"page":241,"text":"them are--","rect":[108.0,124.99097442626953,149.40944457626345,117.9068374633789]},{"page":241,"text":"Progress","rect":[90.0,146.00071716308595,130.84889468765258,136.3712615966797]},{"page":241,"text":"8-29. The  team  moves  to  the  terrain  feature/location  goals  established  in the E&R plan. Measure","rect":[108.0,163.61431884765626,540.0568513946533,154.50613403320313]},{"page":241,"text":"progress on the ground by the hole-up areas that are reached. Be flexible--make adjustments to the E&R","rect":[108.0,175.314697265625,539.9870512428283,166.19650268554688]},{"page":241,"text":"plan based on METT-TC considerations.","rect":[108.0009994506836,186.99497985839845,272.1696729660034,177.90682983398438]},{"page":241,"text":"Stealth","rect":[90.0,203.80471801757813,122.9926971282959,196.20655822753907]},{"page":241,"text":"8-30. Although progress is extremely important, care should be taken so that the team is not rushed.","rect":[108.0,223.61431884765626,539.9764966964722,214.50613403320313]},{"page":241,"text":"Speed should not be substituted for security.","rect":[108.0,235.314697265625,286.27788829803469,226.20651245117188]},{"page":241,"text":"Energy Conservation","rect":[90.0,254.3005828857422,189.9146941986084,244.4954376220703]},{"page":241,"text":"8-31. Along with assisting in","rect":[108.0,271.9141845703125,241.9753017425537,262.8059997558594]},{"page":241,"text":"longer you will be able to evade.","rect":[108.0,283.6145935058594,239.31809520721436,274.50640869140627]},{"page":241,"text":"stealth,  the  slower  you  move,  the  more  energy  you  conserve,  and  the","rect":[246.264892578125,271.9141845703125,540.0519685821533,262.8059997558594]},{"page":241,"text":"PHYSICAL CONDITION","rect":[90.0,301.3680114746094,200.4167947769165,293.0760192871094]},{"page":241,"text":"8-32. Physical condition is another deciding factor in how successful the team will be in the evasion.","rect":[108.0,321.35430908203127,540.0246534347534,312.2461242675781]},{"page":241,"text":"Equipment cross loading may be necessary if some Soldiers are caring a heavier load than others, or if ","rect":[108.0,333.0546875,542.5181226730347,323.9465026855469]},{"page":241,"text":"there are wounded personnel on the team. The team is only as strong and fast as their weakest or slowest","rect":[108.0009994506836,344.7550048828125,540.0228648147584,335.6468200683594]},{"page":241,"text":"Soldier. Since the goal of the team is to be recovered by friendly forces, at times it may be necessary to","rect":[108.0009994506836,356.4554138183594,539.9593410491943,347.34722900390627]},{"page":241,"text":"cache equipment in order to assist the team in evading. This technique is highly discouraged since the team","rect":[108.0009994506836,368.15570068359377,540.0974402389527,359.0475158691406]},{"page":241,"text":"should have a goal of extracting with 100 percent of Soldiers, weapons, and equipment.","rect":[108.0009994506836,379.8560791015625,460.04400157928469,370.7478942871094]},{"page":241,"text":"TEAM MOVEMENT","rect":[90.0,397.5727233886719,182.7205901145935,389.4960021972656]},{"page":241,"text":"8-33. The team may evade by whatever technique they have for a SOP, such as moving as a whole","rect":[108.0,417.59429931640627,540.0010652618408,408.4861145019531]},{"page":241,"text":"element or by breaking up into two to three groups. There are advantages and disadvantages for both and","rect":[108.0,429.2947082519531,540.1005153656006,420.1865234375]},{"page":241,"text":"they must be considered when deciding how the team will move during E&R.","rect":[108.0,440.9949951171875,420.34890270233157,431.8868103027344]},{"page":241,"text":"COUNTERTRACKING","rect":[90.0,458.7480163574219,191.21220111846925,450.4560241699219]},{"page":241,"text":"8-34. The team should use counter tracking techniques throughout the E&R. During the course of the","rect":[108.0,478.73431396484377,540.0068025665283,469.6261291503906]},{"page":241,"text":"evasion there are certain considerations that will greatly affect the routes that are taken and the way the","rect":[108.0,490.4345703125,539.9963045196533,481.3263854980469]},{"page":241,"text":"evasion is conducted. ","rect":[108.0,500.1109313964844,196.6858777999878,493.02679443359377]},{"page":241,"text":"OBSTACLES","rect":[90.0,519.887939453125,148.7773494720459,511.5959167480469]},{"page":241,"text":"8-35. Obstacles will be encountered throughout the evasion corridor. The two types of obstacles are","rect":[108.0,539.8742065429688,540.0083894805908,530.7660522460938]},{"page":241,"text":"natural  and  man-made.  Obstacles  not  only  restrict  movement,  but  they  may  also  funnel movement.","rect":[107.9990005493164,551.5745849609375,540.0223340988159,542.4664306640625]},{"page":241,"text":"However, some obstacles may serve as navigation aids for the evader, as well as aid in movement:","rect":[107.9990005493164,563.27490234375,502.7217478713989,554.166748046875]},{"page":241,"text":"Mountains and Hilltops","rect":[90.0,582.2386474609375,201.2702127418518,572.4554443359375]},{"page":241,"text":"8-36. Use these for navigation, but avoid traveling on them due to silhouetting.","rect":[108.0,599.874267578125,437.58999156951907,590.76611328125]},{"page":241,"text":"Rivers and Streams","rect":[90.0,616.6646728515625,182.14747104263305,609.0555419921875]},{"page":241,"text":"8-37. You can also use rivers and streams as guides and for water resupply, if the water is potable, but","rect":[108.0,636.4741821289063,540.0726084671021,627.3660278320313]},{"page":241,"text":"remember that the local populace may also use it.","rect":[108.0,648.1744995117188,306.20937633514407,639.0663452148438]},{"page":241,"text":"Roads or Trails","rect":[90.0,664.9427490234375,163.30028781509399,657.3555297851563]},{"page":241,"text":"8-38. Avoid roads and trails, and never use them for movement.","rect":[108.0,683.0,377.0772352218628,675.6661376953125]},{"page":241,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":241,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":241,"text":"8-5","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0679931640625,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":242,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.47270422363282,38.0880126953125]},{"page":242,"text":"Bridges","rect":[72.0,84.86070251464844,107.99244174575806,75.05555725097656]},{"page":242,"text":"8-39. Avoid these, too, because, although they look like the easiest and fastest","rect":[90.0,102.47418212890625,436.30429792022707,93.36600494384766]},{"page":242,"text":"obstacle, they are also used for checkpoints and roadblocks.","rect":[90.0,114.1776123046875,330.3509473800659,105.0694351196289]},{"page":242,"text":"way","rect":[440.62548828125,102.47418212890625,457.3228054046631,95.71068572998047]},{"page":242,"text":"across","rect":[461.6444091796875,100.45014190673828,486.6944110374451,95.71068572998047]},{"page":242,"text":"a","rect":[491.0160217285156,100.4000473022461,495.4649019317627,95.71068572998047]},{"page":242,"text":"water","rect":[499.7864990234375,100.45014190673828,522.0489404258728,94.36800384521485]},{"page":242,"text":"Populated Areas","rect":[72.0,133.13861083984376,149.85807284927368,123.37738800048828]},{"page":242,"text":"8-40. Avoid entering  populated  areas,  though  if  you  are  being  tracked  by  dogs,  traveling  near a","rect":[90.0,150.7742919921875,522.1043977813721,141.66610717773438]},{"page":242,"text":"populated area can throw off your scent.","rect":[90.0,162.47772216796876,252.0465955734253,153.36953735351563]},{"page":242,"text":"SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[72.0,180.239990234375,204.88344383239747,171.93600463867188]},{"page":242,"text":"8-41. Here are some things to considered while evading:","rect":[90.0,200.21429443359376,329.12131452178957,191.10610961914063]},{"page":242,"text":"• Know how the locals feel about your cause. If you are compromised during the evasion, this","rect":[126.00189971923828,217.9195556640625,507.2273700218201,208.81137084960938]},{"page":242,"text":"information can improve your chances of survival. ","rect":[136.80340576171876,229.62298583984376,342.42241954803469,220.51480102539063]},{"page":242,"text":"• Blend in with the natives. Knowing and following their customs and habits will aid in your","rect":[126.00189971923828,247.32830810546876,501.9562890586853,238.22012329101563]},{"page":242,"text":"survival during the evasion. ","rect":[136.80340576171876,259.03167724609377,250.86986827850343,249.92349243164063]},{"page":242,"text":"• Remember that pets and livestock will compromise your situation.","rect":[126.00189971923828,276.7269287109375,403.0052137374878,267.6187438964844]},{"page":242,"text":"• Know local curfews. They may determine your movement in an evasion.","rect":[126.00189971923828,294.4324035644531,429.0129346847534,285.32421875]},{"page":242,"text":"DISGUISES","rect":[72.0,314.12969970703127,146.6392127532959,304.4415588378906]},{"page":242,"text":"8-42. The use of disguises, have been discouraged due to the belief that if captured you could possibly","rect":[90.0,334.4942932128906,522.0756740570068,325.3861083984375]},{"page":242,"text":"be shot as a spy for treason. That is not to far from the truth, however there are ways that you may use a","rect":[90.01000213623047,346.19769287109377,522.0104646759033,337.0895080566406]},{"page":242,"text":"disguise to your advantage.","rect":[90.0,357.9010009765625,199.88396739959718,348.7928161621094]},{"page":242,"text":"WEARING OF ENEMY UNIFORMS","rect":[72.0,375.6600036621094,232.5474910736084,367.5360107421875]},{"page":242,"text":"8-43. It is a violation of international law to make improper use of the uniform of the enemy. It is,","rect":[90.0,395.6343078613281,522.0154371261597,386.526123046875]},{"page":242,"text":"however, permissible for military personnel isolated in hostile territory to use the enemy's uniform to assist","rect":[90.0,407.3376770019531,521.9709238967896,398.2294921875]},{"page":242,"text":"in evading capture, as long as no other military operations are carried out while so attired.","rect":[90.0,419.0409851074219,450.31621837615969,409.93280029296877]},{"page":242,"text":"WEARING OF CIVILIAN CLOTHING","rect":[72.0,436.78802490234377,242.57665729522706,428.49603271484377]},{"page":242,"text":"8-44. It is a violation of international law to kill, injure, or capture the enemy by feigning civilian status.","rect":[90.0,456.7743225097656,522.0994825363159,447.6561279296875]},{"page":242,"text":"As with the military disguise you should avoid conducting operations that might be defined as either","rect":[90.0,468.4776611328125,522.0313623008728,459.3694763183594]},{"page":242,"text":"military or espionage. Even if the evader is within his legal rights to use the clothing to help him evade, he","rect":[90.0,480.1809997558594,522.0342073516846,471.07281494140627]},{"page":242,"text":"might, if captured, have to identify himself as an American. If partisans are aiding his evasion, then he","rect":[90.0,491.8843994140625,522.0600862579346,482.7762145996094]},{"page":242,"text":"could be treated as one of them and tried for acts of treason. Every Soldier must keep his ID card and blood","rect":[90.0,503.5876770019531,522.3503932952881,494.4794921875]},{"page":242,"text":"chit on his person.","rect":[90.0,515.2711181640625,163.6879072189331,506.1829528808594]},{"page":242,"text":"PROTECTED EMBLEMS","rect":[72.0,533.0020751953125,184.8532772064209,524.9158325195313]},{"page":242,"text":"8-45. The only disguises unauthorized for use in escape or evasion are protected emblems such as those","rect":[90.0,553.0142822265625,521.9725618438721,543.9061279296875]},{"page":242,"text":"of medical, religious, or relief agencies.","rect":[90.0,564.7177124023438,249.32879161834718,555.6095581054688]},{"page":242,"text":"IDENTIFICATION","rect":[72.0,582.4326171875,153.95527744293214,574.3558959960938]},{"page":242,"text":"8-46. According to the Geneva Convention, all Soldiers involved in armed conflict must keep control of ","rect":[90.0,602.4542236328125,524.6023511886597,593.3460693359375]},{"page":242,"text":"his ID card and ID tag at all times.","rect":[90.0,614.1575927734375,228.37600231170655,605.0494384765625]},{"page":242,"text":"LOCAL CURRENCY","rect":[72.0,631.9078979492188,165.7193307876587,623.6158447265625]},{"page":242,"text":"8-47. Soldiers are strongly discouraged from carrying any type of payment for helpers, partisan or","rect":[90.0,651.8941650390625,522.0045068321228,642.7860107421875]},{"page":242,"text":"otherwise sympathetic to your cause, since this requires contact, which would compromise the team's","rect":[90.0,663.5975952148438,521.9813983421326,654.4894409179688]},{"page":242,"text":"status. Higher echelons control payment to partisans; teams should not be concerned with this.","rect":[90.0,675.3009033203125,468.55498790740969,666.1927490234375]},{"page":242,"text":"8-6","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":242,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.018310546875,754.0679931640625,310.97220068359379,747.489013671875]},{"page":242,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.05328369140627,754.0679931640625,522.0356162109375,747.489013671875]},{"page":243,"text":"Evasion and Recovery","rect":[444.47998046875,46.52101516723633,540.0805380859375,38.196014404296878]},{"page":243,"text":"UNIFORMS","rect":[90.0,83.64002227783203,143.39317893981935,75.51602172851563]},{"page":243,"text":"8-48. It has traditionally been the practice of LRS teams to go to the field wearing sterile uniforms. The","rect":[108.0,103.61431884765625,539.9969759063721,94.50614166259766]},{"page":243,"text":"Geneva Convention only requires them to wear a nametag and US Army tags. The sole purpose of the","rect":[108.0,115.314697265625,539.9309358673096,106.2065200805664]},{"page":243,"text":"sterile  uniform  is  to  avoid  giving  away  the  major supported unit or command. Wearing of  rank is","rect":[108.0,127.0150146484375,540.0776507835388,117.89682006835938]},{"page":243,"text":"permitted. If captured, a Soldier must provide name, rank, SSN, and date of birth anyway.","rect":[108.0,138.71533203125,469.2403211593628,129.60714721679688]},{"page":243,"text":"EVASION AIDS","rect":[90.0,158.42967224121095,190.5287848968506,148.75550842285157]},{"page":243,"text":"8-49. Evasion aids are easily accessible to the teams as long as the team knows where to request them.","rect":[108.0,178.7943115234375,539.9974927902222,169.68612670898438]},{"page":243,"text":"Some of the evasion aids available and methods of requesting them are--","rect":[108.0,190.49468994140626,399.56108642196656,181.38650512695313]},{"page":243,"text":"ISOLATED PERSONNEL REPORT (ISOPREP) (DD FORM 1833 TEST (V2))","rect":[90.0,210.46795654296876,452.88000268554688,199.95596313476563]},{"page":243,"text":"8-50. This is the most important source of authentication data in the US and in some coalition countries.","rect":[108.0,228.21421813964845,540.0607252120972,219.12606811523438]},{"page":243,"text":"When filled out, it becomes a classified document. JP 3-50.2 provides instructions for completing the","rect":[108.0,239.93463134765626,540.1415071563721,230.82644653320313]},{"page":243,"text":"ISOPREP card. When an individual enters an evasion mode the ISOPREP card should be forwarded to the","rect":[108.0,249.62098693847657,540.0190095977783,242.52682495117188]},{"page":243,"text":"RCC to assist in recovery (Appendix K).","rect":[108.0,263.33538818359377,271.6489210128784,254.22720336914063]},{"page":243,"text":"BLOOD CHITS","rect":[90.0,281.0880126953125,159.5260066986084,272.7960205078125]},{"page":243,"text":"8-51. The blood chit is a small piece of material imprinted with an American flag, control numbers in","rect":[108.0,301.0743103027344,540.0515041351318,291.96612548828127]},{"page":243,"text":"each corner, and a statement in English and in several other languages (spoken by the indigenous populace","rect":[108.0,312.7746887207031,539.9933137969971,303.66650390625]},{"page":243,"text":"in the AO). This chit identifies the bearer as an American and promises a reward to any one or more people","rect":[108.0,324.4749755859375,540.0555696563721,315.3667907714844]},{"page":243,"text":"who help him return to friendly control. The presenter of the blood chit may either tear the control number","rect":[108.0,336.1754150390625,540.1104028282166,327.0672302246094]},{"page":243,"text":"off one of the corners, or he can let them write down the control number. He may also give them his name,","rect":[108.0,347.87567138671877,539.9936475753784,338.7674865722656]},{"page":243,"text":"rank and SSN, to assist in identification. When the blood chit number is presented to friendly authorities","rect":[108.0,359.5760803222656,540.0133197288513,350.4678955078125]},{"page":243,"text":"and the claim has been properly validated, it represents an obligation by the US government to provide","rect":[108.0,371.27642822265627,540.0362215118408,362.1682434082031]},{"page":243,"text":"compensation to the claimant for services rendered to the evader. Blood chits are available through JPRA,","rect":[108.0,382.976806640625,540.0339307785034,373.8686218261719]},{"page":243,"text":"the office of primary responsibility for policy and authorizing the production, distribution, and use of blood","rect":[108.0,394.6770935058594,539.9822292327881,385.56890869140627]},{"page":243,"text":"chits. The National Imagery Mapping Agency (NIMA) maintains the capability to produce and reprint","rect":[108.0,406.3774719238281,539.9712290725709,397.269287109375]},{"page":243,"text":"blood chits at the request of the combatant commander as coordinated through the JPRA. ","rect":[108.0,418.0777893066406,468.1800489425659,408.9696044921875]},{"page":243,"text":"POINTIE TALKIE","rect":[90.0,435.792724609375,172.3409514427185,427.71600341796877]},{"page":243,"text":"8-52. This is similar to language guides used by invasion forces in WWII. They are distributed by the","rect":[108.0,455.8143005371094,540.0186433868408,446.70611572265627]},{"page":243,"text":"JPRA. Each English phrase has the same phrase in various languages to the side. Simply point to the","rect":[108.0,467.5146789550781,539.9969759063721,458.406494140625]},{"page":243,"text":"phrase you wish to use. One of the disadvantages of this are the same as the blood chit, which are you must","rect":[108.0,479.2149963378906,540.4576182327271,470.1068115234375]},{"page":243,"text":"make  contact  with  people  in  order  to  use  it.  Literacy  is also a problem that might arise among the","rect":[108.0,490.9154052734375,539.9570589141846,481.8072204589844]},{"page":243,"text":"local populace.","rect":[108.0,502.59564208984377,168.74123668670655,493.50750732421877]},{"page":243,"text":"EVASION CHARTS","rect":[90.0,520.3680419921875,178.48825645446778,512.0759887695313]},{"page":243,"text":"8-53. The National Imagery Mapping Agency (NIMA) distributes evasion charts. Each evasion chart is","rect":[108.0,540.3543090820313,540.0303485374451,531.2461547851563]},{"page":243,"text":"actually  a  series  of  eight  1:250,000  scale  joint  operations  graphic  (JOG)  charts.  The  National  Imagery","rect":[108.0,552.0546875,540.0233058929443,542.9364624023438]},{"page":243,"text":"Mapping  Agency  (NIMA)  distributes  evasion  charts. Each  evasion  chart  is  actually  a  series  of  eight","rect":[108.0,563.7550048828125,540.0233530960084,554.6468505859375]},{"page":243,"text":"1:250,000 scale joint operations graphic (JOG) charts. The JOG charts are usually printed four to a side.","rect":[108.0,575.4553833007813,539.9801588058472,566.337158203125]},{"page":243,"text":"The chart is overprinted with a camouflage pattern suitable for area terrain, and also includes an American","rect":[108.0,587.1557006835938,540.0428981781006,578.0475463867188]},{"page":243,"text":"flag that allows the evader to identify himself. An evasion chart combines standard navigation charts and","rect":[108.0,598.8560791015625,540.0281276702881,589.7479248046875]},{"page":243,"text":"includes evasion and survival information in the margins. In addition, it typically provides information on","rect":[108.0009994506836,610.556396484375,540.0222072601318,601.4482421875]},{"page":243,"text":"local  navigation,  survival medicine,  environmental  hazards,  personal  protection,  and  water  and  food","rect":[108.0009994506836,622.2567749023438,540.0253200531006,613.1486206054688]},{"page":243,"text":"procurement, plus photos of edible and poisonous plants and wildlife. The evasion chart is waterproof, and","rect":[108.0009994506836,633.9370727539063,540.0441799163818,624.8489379882813]},{"page":243,"text":"can provide a make-shift shelter in an emergency. It folds up small enough to fit into a cargo pocket or","rect":[108.0009994506836,645.6575317382813,539.9976098594666,636.5493774414063]},{"page":243,"text":"flight suit. If evasion charts are unavailable, tactical pilotage charts (1:500,000 scale) may be substituted. ","rect":[108.0009994506836,657.3577880859375,531.6212720870972,648.2496337890625]},{"page":243,"text":"INTELLIGENCE DESCRIPTION FOR SELECTED EVASION AREA","rect":[90.0,675.119873046875,388.9238443374634,666.8158569335938]},{"page":243,"text":"8-54. The term usually used for this is SAID, which means \"SAFE area intelligence description\" or,","rect":[108.0,695.0941772460938,540.0831861495972,685.9860229492188]},{"page":243,"text":"spelled out completely, \"Selected Area for Evasion Intelligence Description.\" The \"SAID\" (say each letter)","rect":[108.0,706.7945556640625,540.0444238243103,697.6864013671875]},{"page":243,"text":"is distributed by the Defense Intelligence Agency for training and real-world contingencies. The SAID is","rect":[108.0,718.494873046875,540.0637958030701,709.38671875]},{"page":243,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":243,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":243,"text":"8-7","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0679931640625,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":244,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":244,"text":"an in-depth study of all-source evasion designated to help in recovering military personnel from a SAFE","rect":[90.0,83.57427978515625,521.9777500648498,74.46610260009766]},{"page":244,"text":"under hostile conditions. The SAID includes a 1-to-1:50,000 scale map of the AO, colored photographs of ","rect":[90.0,95.27471923828125,524.5203809738159,86.16654205322266]},{"page":244,"text":"contact points within the SAFE, possible LZs and PZs, survival information, terrain surveys, a chart that","rect":[90.0,106.97503662109375,522.0356821975709,97.86685943603516]},{"page":244,"text":"shows average rainfall by month, high and low temperatures, and any other information about the AO that","rect":[90.0,118.67535400390625,522.0538706741334,109.56717681884766]},{"page":244,"text":"the evader might find useful. ","rect":[90.0,130.37567138671876,208.14879894256593,121.26749420166016]},{"page":244,"text":"AIR-TASKING-ORDER SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS","rect":[72.0,148.1400146484375,301.00873374938967,139.83602905273438]},{"page":244,"text":"8-55. The JSRC develops the ATOSPIN using information that will allow recovery to be conducted","rect":[90.0,168.11431884765626,522.1035060882568,159.00613403320313]},{"page":244,"text":"with the least amount of problems possible. These instructions include-- ","rect":[89.9990005493164,179.79466247558595,381.56609630584719,170.70651245117188]},{"page":244,"text":"•","rect":[125.9989013671875,195.0,129.50590152740478,191.0]},{"page":244,"text":"• ","rect":[125.9989013671875,212.0,131.98279857635499,208.0]},{"page":244,"text":"•","rect":[125.9989013671875,230.0,129.50590152740478,227.0]},{"page":244,"text":"•","rect":[125.9989013671875,248.0,129.50590152740478,244.0]},{"page":244,"text":"•","rect":[125.9989013671875,266.0,129.50590152740478,262.0]},{"page":244,"text":"•","rect":[125.9989013671875,283.0,129.50590152740478,280.0]},{"page":244,"text":"•","rect":[125.9989013671875,301.0,129.50590152740478,298.0]},{"page":244,"text":"Point of contact for PR incident report.","rect":[136.79730224609376,197.49497985839845,293.19268321990969,188.40682983398438]},{"page":244,"text":"Communications report.","rect":[136.7974090576172,215.1952362060547,234.12580394744874,206.10708618164063]},{"page":244,"text":"Color of the day.","rect":[136.81439208984376,232.91558837890626,204.86529064178468,223.80740356445313]},{"page":244,"text":"Number of the day.","rect":[136.83059692382813,250.615966796875,214.76731395721436,241.50778198242188]},{"page":244,"text":"Codeword of the day.","rect":[136.79730224609376,268.3162841796875,223.82189464569093,259.2080993652344]},{"page":244,"text":"Letter of the day.","rect":[136.81759643554688,286.0166015625,205.9056806564331,276.9084167480469]},{"page":244,"text":"Search and rescue point (SARDOT).","rect":[136.79739379882813,303.69696044921877,284.39126110076907,294.60882568359377]},{"page":244,"text":"EVASION PLAN OF ACTION","rect":[72.0,321.44219970703127,204.18235874176026,313.18798828125]},{"page":244,"text":"8-56. The individual units, not the team, develop the EPA. The RCC helps. Speed of recovery depends","rect":[90.0,341.45428466796877,522.0267474632263,332.3460998535156]},{"page":244,"text":"on how closely everyone follows the EPA. All units operating in or over hostile territory should develop an","rect":[90.0,353.1546936035156,522.0398464202881,344.0465087890625]},{"page":244,"text":"EPA or review their existing EPA each time a designated target or AO changes. Responsibility for properly","rect":[90.0,364.85498046875,522.0623073577881,355.7467956542969]},{"page":244,"text":"preparing and planning the evasion rests with the potential evaders. The headquarters element supports","rect":[90.0,376.555419921875,522.0570209007263,367.4472351074219]},{"page":244,"text":"planning,  the  team  develops  the  plan,  and  joint  theatre  assets  support  the  recovery  effort.  Successful","rect":[90.0,388.2557067871094,522.0102915725709,379.13751220703127]},{"page":244,"text":"evasion","rect":[90.0,397.9320373535156,120.61929893493653,390.847900390625]},{"page":244,"text":"depends","rect":[128.26959228515626,399.93603515625,161.21157717514039,390.847900390625]},{"page":244,"text":"on","rect":[168.83279418945313,397.9320373535156,178.88290977478028,393.1925964355469]},{"page":244,"text":"detailed","rect":[186.533203125,397.9320373535156,218.21451377868653,390.847900390625]},{"page":244,"text":"planning, ","rect":[225.86500549316407,399.9560852050781,266.0494031906128,390.847900390625]},{"page":244,"text":"including ","rect":[271.1044921875,399.9560852050781,311.5524854660034,390.847900390625]},{"page":244,"text":"contingency ","rect":[316.6075744628906,399.9560852050781,368.1748914718628,390.847900390625]},{"page":244,"text":"plans, ","rect":[373.22998046875,399.93603515625,399.38933849334719,390.847900390625]},{"page":244,"text":"initiation ","rect":[404.4444274902344,398.0,443.14101696014407,390.847900390625]},{"page":244,"text":"mechanisms, ","rect":[448.19610595703127,399.0,502.4998731613159,390.847900390625]},{"page":244,"text":"and","rect":[507.5549621582031,397.9320373535156,522.0410060882568,390.847900390625]},{"page":244,"text":"incorporates information from available reference sources. The EPA provides critical information to the","rect":[90.0,411.6363830566406,522.0168123321533,402.5482482910156]},{"page":244,"text":"recovery force, such as the scheme of maneuver. The EPA format has six mandatory and five optional","rect":[90.0,423.3568115234375,522.0298228225709,414.2486267089844]},{"page":244,"text":"components (Appendix K).","rect":[90.0,435.03704833984377,199.61594676971436,425.94891357421877]},{"page":244,"text":"Mandatory Components","rect":[72.0,454.04071044921877,187.17582187271118,444.2465515136719]},{"page":244,"text":"•  Identification.","rect":[90.0,469.6302490234375,157.32831859588624,462.5461120605469]},{"page":244,"text":"— Name and rank for each team member.","rect":[100.79959869384766,487.3305358886719,271.1819715499878,480.24639892578127]},{"page":244,"text":"— Mission number.","rect":[100.79959869384766,505.03094482421877,183.09914684295655,497.9468078613281]},{"page":244,"text":"— Team call sign or identifier.","rect":[100.79959869384766,524.7553100585938,226.7843885421753,515.6471557617188]},{"page":244,"text":"— Team position.","rect":[100.79959869384766,542.435546875,175.23894786834718,533.347412109375]},{"page":244,"text":"— Call sign suffix.","rect":[100.79959869384766,560.1558837890625,179.5537519454956,551.0477294921875]},{"page":244,"text":"—  Other.","rect":[100.79959869384766,575.84228515625,140.56786632537843,568.7481689453125]},{"page":244,"text":"•","rect":[90.0,593.0,93.50700016021729,589.0]},{"page":244,"text":"•","rect":[90.0,646.0,93.50700016021729,642.0]},{"page":244,"text":"Planned flight or travel routes.","rect":[100.79850006103516,595.5565795898438,223.1922254562378,586.4484252929688]},{"page":244,"text":"— Describe routes for both ingress and egress.","rect":[100.79959869384766,613.2568969726563,290.7794141769409,604.1487426757813]},{"page":244,"text":"— In-flight emergency plans for each leg of the mission.","rect":[100.79959869384766,630.957275390625,330.4783887863159,621.84912109375]},{"page":244,"text":"Evasion actions and intentions for first 48 hours, uninjured.","rect":[100.79850006103516,648.6575927734375,339.73757457733157,639.5393676757813]},{"page":244,"text":"— Compare evasion to resupply and continuation of the mission.","rect":[100.79959869384766,666.35791015625,363.9620313644409,657.249755859375]},{"page":244,"text":"— Plan for evading alone, in small groups, or with entire team.","rect":[100.79959869384766,684.0582885742188,356.1241102218628,674.9501342773438]},{"page":244,"text":"8-8","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":244,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":244,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":245,"text":"Evasion and Recovery","rect":[444.47998046875,46.52101516723633,540.0805380859375,38.196014404296878]},{"page":245,"text":"•","rect":[108.00039672851563,116.0,111.50739688873292,113.0]},{"page":245,"text":"•","rect":[108.00039672851563,205.0,111.50739688873292,201.0]},{"page":245,"text":"— Plan travel, including such factors as distance, duration, and speed.","rect":[118.80000305175781,83.57427978515625,402.2978467941284,74.46610260009766]},{"page":245,"text":"— Plan intended actions and length of stay at initial hole-up location(s).","rect":[118.80000305175781,101.274658203125,410.01861095428469,92.1664810180664]},{"page":245,"text":"Evasion actions and intentions for first 48 hours, injured.","rect":[118.7991943359375,118.97503662109375,347.65606212615969,109.85684204101563]},{"page":245,"text":"— Plan for treatment of the injured or self-aid.","rect":[118.80000305175781,136.67529296875,308.27614879608157,127.55709838867188]},{"page":245,"text":"— Considerations for movement techniques.","rect":[118.80000305175781,154.35557556152345,300.25664806365969,145.26742553710938]},{"page":245,"text":"— Litters, canes, crutches, and so on.","rect":[118.80000305175781,171.0,271.23601818084719,162.96768188476563]},{"page":245,"text":"— Rate of march.","rect":[118.80000305175781,188.0,192.40053844451905,180.66812133789063]},{"page":245,"text":"Evasion actions and intentions after 48 hours.","rect":[118.79899597167969,205.4525909423828,302.06276988983157,198.36843872070313]},{"page":245,"text":"•","rect":[108.00039672851563,293.0,111.50739688873292,290.0]},{"page":245,"text":"— Routes, plans to destination.","rect":[118.80000305175781,225.1567840576172,246.60724925994874,216.06863403320313]},{"page":245,"text":"— Actions and intentions at potential contact or recovery locations.","rect":[118.80000305175781,242.87725830078126,391.9378614425659,233.76907348632813]},{"page":245,"text":"— Contact and recovery point signals, signs or procedures.","rect":[118.80000305175781,260.57763671875,358.24709606170657,251.46945190429688]},{"page":245,"text":"— Contingency plans.","rect":[118.80000305175781,278.27789306640627,210.63654613494874,269.1697082519531]},{"page":245,"text":"Communication and authentication.","rect":[118.79889678955078,293.9642639160156,262.0689649581909,286.8700866699219]},{"page":245,"text":"— Code words.","rect":[118.80000305175781,311.6645812988281,183.9873456954956,304.5704040527344]},{"page":245,"text":"— Bona fides.","rect":[118.80000305175781,329.3548278808594,178.91283702850343,322.27069091796877]},{"page":245,"text":"— Color or letter of the day, month, or quarter.","rect":[118.80000305175781,349.07928466796877,310.1848096847534,339.9710998535156]},{"page":245,"text":"— Challenge or password and any number combinations.","rect":[118.80000305175781,366.77960205078127,351.4557752609253,357.6714172363281]},{"page":245,"text":"— Available communications and signaling devices (day or night, near or far).","rect":[118.80000305175781,384.4798889160156,436.9078016281128,375.3717041015625]},{"page":245,"text":"— Primary communication schedule procedures and frequencies.","rect":[118.80000305175781,402.1802062988281,382.6702833175659,393.072021484375]},{"page":245,"text":"— Alternate communication schedule procedures and frequencies.","rect":[118.80000305175781,419.86053466796877,387.7911024093628,410.77239990234377]},{"page":245,"text":"Optional Components","rect":[90.0,438.8387451171875,193.54253635025024,429.0555725097656]},{"page":245,"text":"• Weapons and ammunition carried.","rect":[108.0,456.4542541503906,256.9460554122925,447.3661193847656]},{"page":245,"text":"• Personal evasion kit items.","rect":[108.0,472.1505432128906,226.20110607147218,465.06640625]},{"page":245,"text":"• Listing of issued survival kit items.","rect":[108.0,491.8749694824219,260.3267774581909,482.76678466796877]},{"page":245,"text":"• Mission evasion preparation checklist.","rect":[108.0,509.55523681640627,273.1895399093628,500.46710205078127]},{"page":245,"text":"• Signature of reviewing officer.","rect":[108.0,527.275634765625,242.65603160858155,518.16748046875]},{"page":245,"text":"EVASION AREAS","rect":[90.0,546.98974609375,204.45845713806154,537.3155517578125]},{"page":245,"text":"8-57. Evasion areas within the theatre or area of operation are decisive to mission accomplishment","rect":[108.0,567.3342895507813,540.0353770217896,558.2461547851563]},{"page":245,"text":"should the team or individual become isolated from his unit. Using the evasion area within the study region","rect":[108.0,579.0546875,540.2194728851318,569.946533203125]},{"page":245,"text":"increases the evader's chance to reunite to friendly control.","rect":[108.0,590.7550048828125,343.5341444015503,581.6468505859375]},{"page":245,"text":"SAFE","rect":[90.0,608.5199584960938,120.61439733886719,600.2159423828125]},{"page":245,"text":"8-58. A SAFE is an area within a potentially hostile region where an individual may become isolated","rect":[108.0,628.4942626953125,540.0229396820068,619.3861083984375]},{"page":245,"text":"and must evade to avoid capture by the enemy. This area will be pre-determined to have the best conditions","rect":[108.0,640.1947021484375,540.0354144554138,631.0865478515625]},{"page":245,"text":"for evasion and survival opportunities. Within the SAFE will be contact points and usually a recovery site.","rect":[108.0,651.89501953125,540.0512647628784,642.786865234375]},{"page":245,"text":"An area study of the SAFE will be found in the SAID and should be used when planning for a possible","rect":[108.0,663.5953979492188,539.9972810821533,654.4872436523438]},{"page":245,"text":"evasion situation.","rect":[108.0,673.2716064453125,178.19451427459718,666.1875]},{"page":245,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":245,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":245,"text":"8-9","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0679931640625,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":246,"text":"Chapter 8","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,113.46909552001954,38.0880126953125]},{"page":246,"text":"DESIGNATED AREAS FOR RECOVERY","rect":[72.0,83.60221862792969,253.50312900543214,75.3480224609375]},{"page":246,"text":"8-59. The DAR can be any size or shape within a potentially hostile region where individuals may","rect":[90.0,103.61431884765625,522.0739040374756,94.50614166259766]},{"page":246,"text":"become isolated and must evade to avoid capture. The DAR is issued when no SAFE is available in the AO","rect":[90.0,115.29466247558594,522.0545086898803,106.2065200805664]},{"page":246,"text":"or can supplement the SAFE in the area of recovery. An area study will be used similar to the SAID during","rect":[90.0,127.0150146484375,522.0234889984131,117.9068374633789]},{"page":246,"text":"the planning process. If  a DAR  is  used,  the  contact  points  are  called  'recovery  points.'  (For  more","rect":[89.9990005493164,138.71533203125,522.0459871368408,129.60714721679688]},{"page":246,"text":"information on E&R see JP 3-50.2, JP 3-50.21, and JP 3-50.3.)","rect":[89.9990005493164,150.39561462402345,342.9267480430603,141.30746459960938]},{"page":246,"text":"8-10","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,89.95770483398438,747.489013671875]},{"page":246,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.02178955078127,754.0679931640625,310.98111181640629,747.489013671875]},{"page":246,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.06500244140627,754.0679931640625,522.0553916015625,747.489013671875]},{"page":247,"text":"Appendix A","rect":[279.41998291015627,85.87195587158203,346.0223984375,74.9279556274414]},{"page":247,"text":"Recruitment, Assessment, and Selection Program","rect":[125.2199935913086,110.50821685791016,504.78838074874877,95.49747467041016]},{"page":247,"text":"The physical  and  psychological  demands  on  the  LRSU  Soldier  generally  exceed","rect":[126.0,129.2007293701172,504.0703830718994,119.21990966796875]},{"page":247,"text":"those on conventional Infantry and reconnaissance Soldiers. Instead of operating near","rect":[126.0,141.92100524902345,504.0153486366272,131.940185546875]},{"page":247,"text":"friendly supporting  units,  they  operate  deep  in  the  enemy's  rear,  surrounded  by","rect":[126.0,154.6414031982422,503.8781223297119,144.66058349609376]},{"page":247,"text":"hostile forces. They operate independently for long periods of time without support.","rect":[126.0,167.36167907714845,503.98801136016848,157.380859375]},{"page":247,"text":"They must rely only  on  each  other  and  on  what  they  can carry. The  pressure  of ","rect":[126.0,180.08201599121095,506.7741746902466,170.1011962890625]},{"page":247,"text":"having to perform  under such extreme circumstances requires more than","rect":[126.0,192.8024139404297,504.0713291168213,182.82159423828126]},{"page":247,"text":"extraordinary physical capabilities--it also requires specific character traits. Ideally,","rect":[126.0,205.52268981933595,504.06586170196536,195.5418701171875]},{"page":247,"text":"LRSU Soldiers are selected in three stages: recruitment, assessment, and selection.","rect":[126.0,218.24302673339845,504.0350694656372,208.26220703125]},{"page":247,"text":"This appendix covers  the  purpose,  organization,  and  elements  of  the  recruitment,","rect":[126.0,230.96324157714845,503.99399280548098,220.982421875]},{"page":247,"text":"assessment, and selection program (RASP) as well as reassignment during and after","rect":[126.0,243.68370056152345,504.0893232460022,233.702880859375]},{"page":247,"text":"the  90-day  probationary period. The  purpose  of  the  RASP  is  to ensure quality","rect":[126.0,256.4040222167969,503.85315895080569,246.4232177734375]},{"page":247,"text":"personnel are assigned and maintained to meet the demands of the LRSU mission.","rect":[126.0,269.1242370605469,487.73581409454348,259.1434326171875]},{"page":247,"text":"PURPOSE AND ORGANIZATION","rect":[90.0,288.8096923828125,304.8432239761353,279.1215515136719]},{"page":247,"text":"A-1.","rect":[108.0,307.02001953125,126.16726207733155,300.2364807128906]},{"page":247,"text":"The purpose of a LRSU RASP is to identify and gauge the potential of individual Soldiers to meet","rect":[143.99989318847657,309.17431640625,540.1438975296021,300.0661315917969]},{"page":247,"text":"LRSU standards within a reasonable training period.","rect":[108.0,320.8746643066406,319.00664806365969,311.7664794921875]},{"page":247,"text":"Memorandum of Understanding—The BFSB S-1, the R&S squadron S-1 and the LRSC should","rect":[143.99989318847657,338.63507080078127,539.9910182952881,329.5268859863281]},{"page":247,"text":"develop a RASP Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). The RASP MOU should have the","rect":[154.80039978027345,350.33551025390627,539.9844026641846,341.2273254394531]},{"page":247,"text":"approval of the BFSB and R&S squadron commanders. ","rect":[154.80039978027345,362.0157470703125,380.26189708709719,352.9276123046875]},{"page":247,"text":"Three-Time Volunteers—Potential new Soldiers for a LRS team should be at least three time","rect":[144.0009002685547,377.7823181152344,540.0335970001221,370.6881408691406]},{"page":247,"text":"volunteers: they have joined the  Army,  they  are  Airborne  qualified,  and  they  agree  to  be","rect":[154.80039978027345,391.4966125488281,539.9980135040283,382.37841796875]},{"page":247,"text":"assigned to a LRSC.","rect":[154.80039978027345,403.197021484375,236.69379711151124,394.0888366699219]},{"page":247,"text":"Assessment and Selection Board—The LRSU assessment and selection board consists of senior","rect":[144.0009002685547,418.9533996582031,540.0419824180603,411.8492126464844]},{"page":247,"text":"LRSC leaders, R&S squadron and BFSB commanders and Command Sergeants Majors (or","rect":[154.80140686035157,432.6578063964844,540.0450952110291,423.53961181640627]},{"page":247,"text":"their designated representatives). The board centrally reviews the candidate's qualifications and","rect":[154.80140686035157,444.3580627441406,540.0495510101318,435.2498779296875]},{"page":247,"text":"results of the assessment process. Assignment to the LRSC ideally occurs only after the Soldier","rect":[154.80140686035157,456.0585021972656,540.0114648399353,446.9503173828125]},{"page":247,"text":"successfully completes the assessment phase and receives a recommendation for assignment","rect":[154.80140686035157,467.7588195800781,540.0430064163209,458.650634765625]},{"page":247,"text":"from the selection board.","rect":[154.80140686035157,477.4351501464844,255.05726146697999,470.35101318359377]},{"page":247,"text":"Phases—A LRSU RASP normally has three phases: recruitment, assessment, and selection.","rect":[144.0019073486328,497.2185974121094,513.4031934738159,488.11041259765627]},{"page":247,"text":"RECRUITMENT","rect":[90.0,516.9296264648438,196.24798427963257,507.2554626464844]},{"page":247,"text":"A-2.","rect":[108.0,535.1400146484375,126.16726207733155,528.3564453125]},{"page":247,"text":"LRSU recruitment should not be used to reward or promote particular Soldiers. Neither should","rect":[143.99989318847657,537.2742919921875,540.0917873382568,528.1861572265625]},{"page":247,"text":"other units reassign Soldiers with \"problems\" or marginal performance to the LRSC. For the LRSU to","rect":[108.0,548.9945678710938,540.0165920257568,539.8864135742188]},{"page":247,"text":"properly perform its mission, Soldiers should volunteer or be chosen based on their proven ability or","rect":[108.0,560.6950073242188,540.0845849571228,551.5868530273438]},{"page":247,"text":"potential  to  perform  and  thrive  under  the  demanding  conditions  of  LRS  missions. LRSU recruitment","rect":[108.0,572.3953857421875,539.9953989944459,563.2872314453125]},{"page":247,"text":"should be viewed as an extension of the Army's personnel-management program. It identifies Soldiers who","rect":[108.0,584.095703125,540.0309963226318,574.987548828125]},{"page":247,"text":"meet the requirements for specific LRSU needs.","rect":[108.0,595.7760620117188,300.88076305389407,586.6879272460938]},{"page":247,"text":"A-3.","rect":[108.0,611.4523315429688,126.16726207733155,604.5585327148438]},{"page":247,"text":"Privates through specialists will be assigned to the BFSB by the Human Resources Command.","rect":[143.99989318847657,613.4963989257813,540.0043897628784,604.3882446289063]},{"page":247,"text":"With very few exceptions, 11B1P Soldiers assigned to the BFSB are intended to fill slots in the LRSC. It is","rect":[108.0,625.1967163085938,540.0052630882263,616.0885620117188]},{"page":247,"text":"unlikely that these Soldiers will initially all meet the unique characteristics of a LRS Soldier. The BFSB","rect":[108.0,636.8970947265625,540.0735380592346,627.7889404296875]},{"page":247,"text":"S-1 needs to establish a relationship with units on the host installation that require 11B10s and institute a","rect":[108.0,648.5775146484375,540.0312166290283,639.4893798828125]},{"page":247,"text":"reassignment policy so Soldiers not meeting the RASP standards can be transferred. A Soldier not meeting","rect":[108.0,660.2977905273438,540.0415554046631,651.1896362304688]},{"page":247,"text":"the RASP standards does not necessarily mean he is a substandard performer. Likewise, RASP standards","rect":[108.0,671.9981689453125,539.9491717796326,662.8900146484375]},{"page":247,"text":"should not be so stringent that the failure rate of potential new LRSU Soldiers puts an undue burden on the","rect":[108.0,683.698486328125,539.9918489532471,674.59033203125]},{"page":247,"text":"BFSB, the host installation and the US Army Human Resources Command.","rect":[108.0,695.39892578125,411.2953748703003,686.290771484375]},{"page":247,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":247,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":247,"text":"A-1","rect":[525.8173217773438,753.9600219726563,540.0596640625,747.489013671875]},{"page":248,"text":"Appendix A","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.82690319824219,38.196014404296878]},{"page":248,"text":"A-4.","rect":[90.0,99.120361328125,108.16726207733155,92.33682250976563]},{"page":248,"text":"11B2V through 11B4V Soldiers will be assigned to the LRSC or the R&S squadron insertion and","rect":[125.9999008178711,101.274658203125,522.0262966156006,92.1664810180664]},{"page":248,"text":"extraction section from the Human Resources Command, Ranger assignments NCO.  ","rect":[90.0,112.97503662109375,434.2822217941284,103.86685943603516]},{"page":248,"text":"A-5.","rect":[90.0,128.63121032714845,108.16726207733155,121.73745727539063]},{"page":248,"text":"Officer RASP candidates are normally volunteers from other Infantry organizations. Experience","rect":[125.9999008178711,130.67529296875,522.0489778594971,121.5671157836914]},{"page":248,"text":"proves that for LRSC commanders to be successful, it must be a second or third company command, the","rect":[90.0,142.37567138671876,521.9826936798096,133.26748657226563]},{"page":248,"text":"previous command(s) being very successful. LRSD platoon leaders are normally Captains and should have","rect":[90.0,154.07598876953126,522.0821199493408,144.96780395507813]},{"page":248,"text":"had highly successful previous Infantry rifle platoon leader time including time on an Infantry unit staff.","rect":[90.0,165.7763671875,522.0668897628784,156.66818237304688]},{"page":248,"text":"The  best  candidates  also  having  highly  successful  scout/reconnaissance  platoon  or  company  XO","rect":[90.0,177.4766845703125,522.1068158187866,168.36849975585938]},{"page":248,"text":"experience.","rect":[90.0,189.1570281982422,135.9717664718628,180.06887817382813]},{"page":248,"text":"ASSESSMENT","rect":[72.0,208.8896942138672,164.42457424545288,199.2155303955078]},{"page":248,"text":"A-6.","rect":[90.0,227.21018981933595,108.16726207733155,220.31643676757813]},{"page":248,"text":"To be qualified for selection consideration, the recruit must meet all of the requirements and none","rect":[125.9999008178711,229.23423767089845,522.0094270782471,220.14608764648438]},{"page":248,"text":"of the disqualifiers. The board assesses recruits to determine whether they qualify for consideration for","rect":[90.0,240.9547119140625,522.1418359336853,231.84652709960938]},{"page":248,"text":"assessment.","rect":[90.0,250.6309356689453,136.9196424484253,244.54879760742188]},{"page":248,"text":"QUALIFIERS","rect":[72.0,272.3999938964844,132.895170211792,262.1159973144531]},{"page":248,"text":"A-7.","rect":[90.0,288.3702392578125,108.16726207733155,281.4564514160156]},{"page":248,"text":"Recruits must meet all of the following criteria:","rect":[125.9999008178711,290.394287109375,316.54297589874269,281.2861022949219]},{"page":248,"text":"• Airborne qualified (privates first class and specialists).","rect":[125.9999008178711,308.0745544433594,356.0597791671753,298.9864196777344]},{"page":248,"text":"• Airborne and Ranger qualified (sergeants and above).1, 2 ","rect":[125.9999008178711,325.7950134277344,363.78000366687777,314.759521484375]},{"page":248,"text":"• Earned a GT score of 110 or above (all).","rect":[125.99960327148438,343.47454833984377,299.5020704269409,334.38641357421877]},{"page":248,"text":"• Willing to volunteer for Ranger School.","rect":[125.99960327148438,361.19500732421877,296.9968214035034,352.0868225097656]},{"page":248,"text":"• Willing to volunteer for the RSLC.","rect":[125.99960327148438,378.8952941894531,277.3997755050659,369.787109375]},{"page":248,"text":"• Has at least two years retainability in unit upon selection.","rect":[125.99960327148438,396.5956115722656,366.78924083709719,387.4874267578125]},{"page":248,"text":"• Are eligible for Secret security clearance.","rect":[125.99960327148438,414.2959289550781,303.2895460128784,405.187744140625]},{"page":248,"text":"Notes:","rect":[125.99960327148438,435.7317810058594,152.73296142196657,428.9682922363281]},{"page":248,"text":"1 MOS 11B sergeants and above should not be automatically disqualified if ","rect":[180.0,437.7543029785156,506.55657482147219,426.7195129394531]},{"page":248,"text":"they are not Ranger qualified.","rect":[189.0,449.45428466796877,308.51320934295657,440.3460998535156]},{"page":248,"text":"2 Non-MOS 11B sergeants and above are not required to be Ranger qualified.","rect":[180.0,467.154296875,494.72210216522219,456.1195068359375]},{"page":248,"text":"PHYSICAL SCREENS","rect":[72.0,490.6199951171875,169.9092617034912,482.3160095214844]},{"page":248,"text":"A-8.","rect":[90.0,508.5501403808594,108.16726207733155,501.6563720703125]},{"page":248,"text":"A LRS Soldier normally carries over 100 pounds of equipment during an operation. This far","rect":[125.9999008178711,510.5942077636719,522.0275170860291,501.48602294921877]},{"page":248,"text":"exceeds the normal Soldier's load, so the LRS Soldier needs extraordinary physical capabilities to meet the","rect":[90.0,522.2946166992188,522.0124788360596,513.1864624023438]},{"page":248,"text":"physical requirements:","rect":[90.0,533.994873046875,180.95236920928955,524.88671875]},{"page":248,"text":"• Pass the Army Physical Fitness Test + (Ranger school standard for push-ups, sit-ups and chin-","rect":[125.9999008178711,551.6951904296875,515.6865136680603,542.5870361328125]},{"page":248,"text":"ups).","rect":[136.7993927001953,563.3756103515625,156.63898754119874,554.2874755859375]},{"page":248,"text":"• Pass the Combat Water Survival Test.","rect":[125.9999008178711,579.0818481445313,289.44106578826907,571.9877319335938]},{"page":248,"text":"A-9.","rect":[90.0,596.772216796875,108.16726207733155,589.8583984375]},{"page":248,"text":"The LRS Soldier must have the potential to become experts in the following skills:","rect":[125.9999008178711,598.7962646484375,458.31446027374269,589.6881103515625]},{"page":248,"text":"• Map reading and land navigation.","rect":[125.9999008178711,616.49658203125,272.0824842453003,607.388427734375]},{"page":248,"text":"•  Communications.","rect":[125.9999008178711,632.182861328125,207.60500621795655,625.0887451171875]},{"page":248,"text":"•  Patrolling.","rect":[125.9999008178711,651.897216796875,178.83790111541749,642.7890625]},{"page":248,"text":"•  Field craft.","rect":[125.9999008178711,667.5735473632813,180.7873182296753,660.4894409179688]},{"page":248,"text":"• Threat equipment recognition.","rect":[125.9999008178711,687.2979125976563,258.48765087127688,678.1897583007813]},{"page":248,"text":"A-2","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,86.23970251464844,747.489013671875]},{"page":248,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0263977050781,754.0679931640625,310.98559790039067,747.489013671875]},{"page":248,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0694885253906,754.0679931640625,522.059908203125,747.489013671875]},{"page":249,"text":"Recruitment, Assessment, and Selection Program","rect":[326.8199768066406,46.52101516723633,540.0714956054687,38.0880126953125]},{"page":249,"text":"•  Medical.","rect":[144.0,81.55023956298828,190.0950117111206,74.46610260009766]},{"page":249,"text":"• Planning and orders.","rect":[144.0,101.27960205078125,237.72472667694093,92.17142486572266]},{"page":249,"text":"PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION","rect":[90.0,130.7020721435547,243.9612741470337,122.61587524414063]},{"page":249,"text":"A-10. The success of the LRS Soldier is essential to success of the overall mission. LRS leaders must","rect":[108.0,148.7001495361328,540.0938487014771,141.60598754882813]},{"page":249,"text":"understand the psychological characteristics of those most likely to succeed so that team composition will","rect":[107.98999786376953,162.4176025390625,540.0245127639771,153.30941772460938]},{"page":249,"text":"provide commanders with the best possible resources. Studies such as that conducted by LTC (Dr.) John C.","rect":[107.98999786376953,174.120849609375,540.2513990402222,165.01266479492188]},{"page":249,"text":"Chin, United States Army Infantry Center command psychologist in 2002 indicate successful LRS Soldiers","rect":[107.98999786376953,185.82427978515626,540.0053241233826,176.71609497070313]},{"page":249,"text":"have certain identifiable psychological characteristics. While not resource supportable in all cases, it is","rect":[107.98999786376953,197.52764892578126,539.9293963890076,188.41946411132813]},{"page":249,"text":"recommended a psychological evaluation be included in the assessment phase of RASP. ","rect":[107.98999786376953,209.23095703125,464.0847120285034,200.12277221679688]},{"page":249,"text":"Desirable","rect":[90.0,225.98277282714845,134.51511918640137,218.3955841064453]},{"page":249,"text":"A-11. The Soldier is evaluated on the basis of the following mental and psychological criteria:","rect":[108.0,245.8143310546875,496.88538312530519,236.70614624023438]},{"page":249,"text":"• Effective, functional intelligence. ","rect":[143.99179077148438,263.51959228515627,291.45879650115969,254.41140747070313]},{"page":249,"text":"•  Conceptual complexity.","rect":[143.99179077148438,281.2249755859375,250.45254039764405,272.1167907714844]},{"page":249,"text":"• Emotional stability and high stress tolerance.","rect":[143.99179077148438,298.9202880859375,335.12261486053469,289.8121032714844]},{"page":249,"text":"• Trainability and situational awareness.","rect":[143.99179077148438,316.6256103515625,309.5127820968628,307.5174255371094]},{"page":249,"text":"•  Humor.","rect":[143.99179077148438,332.3069763183594,185.6715955734253,325.5434875488281]},{"page":249,"text":"• Learned optimism. ","rect":[143.99179077148438,352.0162353515625,232.86342906951905,342.9281005859375]},{"page":249,"text":"•  Self-efficacy.","rect":[143.99179077148438,369.7416687011719,209.03872203826905,360.63348388671877]},{"page":249,"text":"• Moral reasoning and integrity.","rect":[143.99179077148438,387.4469909667969,276.87246227264407,378.33880615234377]},{"page":249,"text":"Undesirable","rect":[90.0,404.2047119140625,146.7446418914795,396.5955810546875]},{"page":249,"text":"A-12. The  desirable  mental  and  psychological  criteria  can also","rect":[108.0,424.0142822265625,394.71764183044436,414.9060974121094]},{"page":249,"text":"psychological criteria for LRSU Soldiers which include the following:","rect":[108.0,435.7176818847656,390.64063214874269,426.6094970703125]},{"page":249,"text":"be","rect":[400.83807373046877,421.990234375,410.29797077941898,414.9060974121094]},{"page":249,"text":"contrasted  with  unacceptable","rect":[416.3955993652344,423.9942321777344,540.0133943634033,414.9060974121094]},{"page":249,"text":"•","rect":[144.0019073486328,451.0,147.5089075088501,447.0]},{"page":249,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0019073486328,468.0,150.00377941131593,463.0]},{"page":249,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0019073486328,485.0,149.98070812225343,481.0]},{"page":249,"text":"•","rect":[144.0019073486328,504.0,147.5089075088501,500.0]},{"page":249,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0019073486328,521.0,150.01389598846436,517.0]},{"page":249,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0019073486328,539.0,149.98379039764405,534.0]},{"page":249,"text":"•","rect":[144.0019073486328,557.0,147.5089075088501,553.0]},{"page":249,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0019073486328,576.0,149.98589611053468,570.0]},{"page":249,"text":"•","rect":[144.0019073486328,592.0,147.5089075088501,589.0]},{"page":249,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0019073486328,609.0,150.0059003829956,605.0]},{"page":249,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0019073486328,627.0,149.98379039764405,623.0]},{"page":249,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0019073486328,645.0,150.00278759002686,641.0]},{"page":249,"text":"Anxiety or mood disorders. ","rect":[154.7983856201172,453.4229736328125,267.7184705734253,444.3147888183594]},{"page":249,"text":"Antisocial personality.","rect":[154.81838989257813,471.1282958984375,245.55335521697999,462.0201110839844]},{"page":249,"text":"Serious phobias.","rect":[154.79531860351563,488.80364990234377,221.2101240158081,479.71551513671877]},{"page":249,"text":"High substance abuse potential.","rect":[154.80331420898438,506.52899169921877,281.8756055831909,497.4208068847656]},{"page":249,"text":"Undue sensitivity.","rect":[154.82850646972657,524.2343139648438,227.76903820037843,515.1261596679688]},{"page":249,"text":"Impulsivity.","rect":[154.79840087890626,541.939697265625,203.3953046798706,532.83154296875]},{"page":249,"text":"Chronic relationship problems.","rect":[154.79638671875,559.625,279.2908887863159,550.536865234375]},{"page":249,"text":"Uncooperative family.","rect":[154.80050659179688,577.3504028320313,244.89431285858155,568.2422485351563]},{"page":249,"text":"Chronic financial problems. ","rect":[154.8043975830078,595.0256958007813,269.51372814178469,585.9375610351563]},{"page":249,"text":"Low trainability.","rect":[154.8205108642578,612.7509765625,222.19066905975343,603.642822265625]},{"page":249,"text":"Rambo syndrome.","rect":[154.79840087890626,630.4564208984375,228.1697187423706,621.3482666015625]},{"page":249,"text":"Low motivation.","rect":[154.81739807128907,646.1376953125,221.59290599822999,639.0535888671875]},{"page":249,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98230200195312,747.489013671875]},{"page":249,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0636901855469,754.0679931640625,329.0175192871094,747.489013671875]},{"page":249,"text":"A-3","rect":[525.8046875,754.0590209960938,540.0444052734375,747.489013671875]},{"page":250,"text":"Appendix A","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.82690319824219,38.196014404296878]},{"page":250,"text":"DISQUALIFIERS","rect":[72.0,85.16641998291016,148.4801540374756,75.51602172851563]},{"page":250,"text":"A-13. To be assessed as eligible for consideration, the LRS recruit's record must not indicate a history of","rect":[90.0,103.61431884765625,521.9442651329041,94.50614166259766]},{"page":250,"text":"any one of the following:","rect":[89.9990005493164,115.314697265625,191.52954816436768,106.2065200805664]},{"page":250,"text":"•  Disciplinary problems.","rect":[125.9989013671875,133.0150146484375,228.56147289276124,123.9068374633789]},{"page":250,"text":"•  Drug use.","rect":[125.9989013671875,150.71527099609376,175.9103651046753,141.927734375]},{"page":250,"text":"•  Alcohol abuse.","rect":[125.9989013671875,166.3915557861328,197.0441083908081,159.30740356445313]},{"page":250,"text":"•  Financial irresponsibility.","rect":[125.9989013671875,186.115966796875,239.74734020233155,177.00778198242188]},{"page":250,"text":"•  Emotional instability.","rect":[125.9989013671875,203.8162841796875,223.4980878829956,194.70809936523438]},{"page":250,"text":"CONDUCT OF ASSESSMENT","rect":[72.0,221.56802368164063,204.13634634017945,213.27603149414063]},{"page":250,"text":"A-14. The LRSC normally conducts the RASP with the support of the R&S squadron. Techniques to","rect":[90.0,241.5543212890625,521.8937892913818,232.44613647460938]},{"page":250,"text":"conduct the RASP include— ","rect":[90.0,251.2406768798828,208.68755626678468,244.14651489257813]},{"page":250,"text":"• Training by consolidating cadre/trainers at the LRSC, ","rect":[125.9999008178711,270.95501708984377,354.6295118331909,261.8468322753906]},{"page":250,"text":"• Training conducted by LRSD, or ","rect":[125.9999008178711,288.6553039550781,271.78582286834719,279.547119140625]},{"page":250,"text":"• Training by consolidating cadre/trainers with the program administered by the insertion and","rect":[125.9999008178711,306.3555908203125,505.3239040374756,297.2474060058594]},{"page":250,"text":"extraction section in the R&S squadron S-3 under the supervision of the LRSC. ","rect":[136.7993927001953,318.03594970703127,458.6352491378784,308.94781494140627]},{"page":250,"text":"A-15. To maintain test standards, the LRSC should not have individual LRS teams conduct the RASP.","rect":[89.9990005493164,334.0,522.0010328292847,326.64813232421877]},{"page":250,"text":"The RASP is conducted quarterly. It is normally three weeks long, divided into three phases. Phase1","rect":[89.9990005493164,347.4566955566406,521.9286403656006,338.3485107421875]},{"page":250,"text":"includes both classroom instruction and physical training. Phase 2 is field instruction on critical skills.","rect":[89.9990005493164,359.1570129394531,522.1051588058472,350.048828125]},{"page":250,"text":"Phase 3 is testing, evaluation, and conduct of the selection board.","rect":[89.9990005493164,370.8573913574219,351.78435802459719,361.74920654296877]},{"page":250,"text":"SELECTION","rect":[72.0,390.5696716308594,153.48381845855713,380.8955383300781]},{"page":250,"text":"A-16. Soldiers selected for consideration as a LRS Soldier must meet—","rect":[90.0,408.9202880859375,388.5250358581543,401.82611083984377]},{"page":250,"text":"• Earn at least 70 percent on the Army Physical Fitness Test in each event, within age groups.","rect":[125.9999008178711,428.63458251953127,506.15862560272219,419.5263977050781]},{"page":250,"text":"• Meet height and weight or body fat standards in AR 600-9.","rect":[126.00090026855469,446.3349914550781,374.1509656906128,437.226806640625]},{"page":250,"text":"• Pass the Combat Water Survival Test.","rect":[126.00090026855469,462.0212707519531,289.44692516326907,454.9270935058594]},{"page":250,"text":"• Complete 5-mile run within 40 minutes.","rect":[126.00090026855469,481.7155456542969,297.6020154953003,472.6274108886719]},{"page":250,"text":"• Complete 12-mile foot march with LCE, weapon, and rucksack (with 35-pound load) within","rect":[126.00090026855469,499.41583251953127,507.43297386169436,490.32769775390627]},{"page":250,"text":"3 hours.","rect":[136.80039978027345,509.11224365234377,169.24415111541749,502.0281066894531]},{"page":250,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,526.0,129.50790042877197,523.0]},{"page":250,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,542.2985229492188,129.50790042877197,539.8436279296875]},{"page":250,"text":"•","rect":[126.00090026855469,562.0,129.50790042877197,558.0]},{"page":250,"text":"Pass a written test on map reading and land navigation.","rect":[136.81959533691407,528.8366088867188,358.0590772628784,519.7284545898438]},{"page":250,"text":"Complete practical exercises in day and night land navigation.","rect":[136.79959106445313,546.5369873046875,386.5749464035034,537.4288330078125]},{"page":250,"text":"Demonstrate proficiency following training in basic LRS team skills, including--","rect":[136.82040405273438,564.2373046875,460.9807031211853,555.129150390625]},{"page":250,"text":"--  Communications.","rect":[136.80039978027345,579.923583984375,219.12389659881593,572.8294677734375]},{"page":250,"text":"--  Threat-equipment recognition.","rect":[136.80039978027345,599.6380004882813,270.88006114959719,590.5298461914063]},{"page":250,"text":"--  Fieldcraft.","rect":[136.80039978027345,615.3142700195313,189.80820751190186,608.2301635742188]},{"page":250,"text":"--  Patrolling.","rect":[136.80039978027345,635.03857421875,190.39739513397218,625.930419921875]},{"page":250,"text":"--  Medical aid.","rect":[136.80039978027345,650.71484375,198.40235424041749,643.6307373046875]},{"page":250,"text":"-- Planning and orders production.","rect":[136.80039978027345,670.4393310546875,277.3268690109253,661.3311767578125]},{"page":250,"text":"• Pass psychological screening.","rect":[126.00090026855469,688.1395874023438,256.3266553878784,679.0314331054688]},{"page":250,"text":"• Pass a comprehensive examination given by the unit selection review board.","rect":[126.00090026855469,705.8399047851563,442.8648328781128,696.7317504882813]},{"page":250,"text":"A-4","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,86.23970251464844,747.489013671875]},{"page":250,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0263977050781,754.0679931640625,310.98559790039067,747.489013671875]},{"page":250,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0694885253906,754.0679931640625,522.059908203125,747.489013671875]},{"page":251,"text":"Recruitment, Assessment, and Selection Program","rect":[326.8199768066406,46.52101516723633,540.0624624023437,38.0880126953125]},{"page":251,"text":"REASSIGNMENT","rect":[90.0,85.58970642089844,203.3288558616638,75.90156555175781]},{"page":251,"text":"A-17. Once the Soldier meets the RASP criteria for assignment to the LRSC, he must perform, and","rect":[108.0,105.95428466796875,539.9851589202881,96.84610748291016]},{"page":251,"text":"continue to perform, his duties to LRSU standards.","rect":[108.0,117.63462829589844,312.2697706222534,108.5464859008789]},{"page":251,"text":"90-DAY PROBATION","rect":[90.0,135.39599609375,189.6188669204712,127.12799072265625]},{"page":251,"text":"A-18. During the first 90 days of the Soldier's assignment to the LRSC, the commander should be","rect":[108.0,155.394287109375,539.9933748321533,146.28610229492188]},{"page":251,"text":"allowed to reassign him at any time, with adequate documentation, for failure to meet unit standards.","rect":[108.0,167.0947265625,512.2756299972534,157.98654174804688]},{"page":251,"text":"A-19. During  the  first  90  days  it  is recommended each  Soldier  attend  the  RSLC.  Attendance  and","rect":[108.0,184.7950439453125,540.0904445648193,175.68685913085938]},{"page":251,"text":"graduation of the RSLC will greatly enhance the LRS Soldier skill set and provide a base for LRSU-","rect":[107.9990005493164,196.495361328125,540.0771997032166,187.38717651367188]},{"page":251,"text":"specific training.","rect":[107.9990005493164,208.1956787109375,175.39049816131593,199.08749389648438]},{"page":251,"text":"SUBSEQUENT RELEASE AUTHORITY","rect":[90.0,227.4863739013672,265.9723062515259,217.65597534179688]},{"page":251,"text":"A-20. After the 90-day probationary period, the LRS commander should be allowed to reassign any","rect":[108.0,245.93426513671876,540.0935573577881,236.82608032226563]},{"page":251,"text":"Soldier  whose  performance  or  personal  situation degrades  the  ability  of  the  LRSU  to  accomplish","rect":[108.0,257.6346435546875,540.0213527679443,248.52645874023438]},{"page":251,"text":"its mission.","rect":[108.0,267.31097412109377,153.5507001876831,260.2268371582031]},{"page":251,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":251,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":251,"text":"A-5","rect":[525.8173217773438,754.0590209960938,540.0596640625,747.5159912109375]},{"page":252,"text":"This page intentionally left blank. ","rect":[163.4399871826172,392.5619812011719,452.493501953125,375.69598388671877]},{"page":253,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[279.41998291015627,85.87195587158203,346.0223984375,74.9279556274414]},{"page":253,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[247.3800048828125,107.33625793457031,382.56636097717287,95.49747467041016]},{"page":253,"text":"This appendix helps LRSU prepare orders (WARNO, OPORD, and FRAGO) and","rect":[126.0,129.17877197265626,504.03223609924319,119.21990966796875]},{"page":253,"text":"briefs  (confirmation,  mission  analysis,  decision,  and  mission  concept","rect":[126.0,141.92100524902345,467.8357955856323,131.940185546875]},{"page":253,"text":"briefs;","rect":[476.0060119628906,141.3829803466797,504.1192123336792,131.940185546875]},{"page":253,"text":"backbriefs; and debriefs).","rect":[126.0,154.61944580078126,238.12997913360597,144.66058349609376]},{"page":253,"text":"Brief and order types are distinguished by--","rect":[126.0,173.36119079589845,318.0785505409241,163.38037109375]},{"page":253,"text":"• Time--When the order or brief occurs. ","rect":[154.7993927001953,189.87405395507813,337.61163806915286,182.1002197265625]},{"page":253,"text":"• Contents--What the order or brief includes.","rect":[154.7993927001953,208.59384155273438,356.3887987136841,200.82000732421876]},{"page":253,"text":"Briefs are also distinguished by--","rect":[126.0,229.52061462402345,272.1332685585022,219.539794921875]},{"page":253,"text":"•  Briefer.","rect":[154.7993927001953,246.02244567871095,200.16664600372315,238.25958251953126]},{"page":253,"text":"•  Briefee.","rect":[154.7993927001953,264.7422180175781,201.3272294998169,256.9793701171875]},{"page":253,"text":"Section I. ORDERS","rect":[80.63999938964844,288.2040100097656,188.66639929199219,279.3240051269531]},{"page":253,"text":"This section discusses the three types of orders (FM 1-02). A WARNO is a preliminary notice of an order or","rect":[90.0,311.6943054199219,539.9950463829041,302.58612060546877]},{"page":253,"text":"action that is to follow. A OPORD is a directive issued by a commander to subordinate commanders for the","rect":[90.0,323.3946838378906,540.0376863555908,314.2864990234375]},{"page":253,"text":"purpose of effecting the coordinated execution of an operation. A FRAGO is issued after an OPORD to change,","rect":[90.0,335.0950012207031,540.0613355636597,325.98681640625]},{"page":253,"text":"modify, or execute a branch or sequel to that order. WARNOs follow the five-paragraph OPORD format.","rect":[90.0,346.7954406738281,540.0090284347534,337.687255859375]},{"page":253,"text":"FRAGOs also follow the OPORD format, but seldom include all five paragraphs. For extensive changes, the","rect":[90.0,358.4956970214844,539.9952058868408,349.38751220703127]},{"page":253,"text":"leader normally issues a new OPORD. ","rect":[90.0009994506836,370.19610595703127,247.3565320968628,361.0879211425781]},{"page":253,"text":"WARNING ORDER","rect":[90.0,389.9096984863281,214.4919208755493,380.2215576171875]},{"page":253,"text":"B-1","rect":[108.0,408.1200256347656,123.03000450134278,401.34649658203127]},{"page":253,"text":".","rect":[123.06009674072266,408.2502746582031,125.56509685516358,407.1681213378906]},{"page":253,"text":"Leaders  issue  WARNOs  as  soon  as  they  complete  their  initial  assessment  of  the  situation  and","rect":[143.99989318847657,410.2743225097656,540.0472927093506,401.1661376953125]},{"page":253,"text":"available time. Leaders do not wait for more information. They issue the best WARNO possible with the","rect":[108.0,421.97467041015627,540.0338411407471,412.8664855957031]},{"page":253,"text":"information  at  hand  and  update  it  as  needed  with additional  WARNOs.  The  WARNO  follows  the","rect":[108.0,433.6549377441406,540.0052156524658,424.5668029785156]},{"page":253,"text":"five-paragraph  OPORD  format  (Figure B-1  (page B-3)  shows  an  example  WARNO).  The  WARNO","rect":[108.0,445.3753967285156,539.9442181625366,436.2672119140625]},{"page":253,"text":"contains as much information as possible. Normally an initial WARNO includes--","rect":[108.0,457.07568359375,437.55840087509156,447.9674987792969]},{"page":253,"text":"B-2.","rect":[108.0,561.253662109375,125.56509685516358,554.3499145507813]},{"page":253,"text":"• Mission or nature of the operation.","rect":[143.99989318847657,474.7559509277344,294.20705699920657,465.6678161621094]},{"page":253,"text":"• Time and place for issuing the OPORD.","rect":[143.99989318847657,492.4764099121094,315.54998302459719,483.36822509765627]},{"page":253,"text":"• Units or elements participating in the operation.","rect":[143.99989318847657,510.17669677734377,346.72002696990969,501.0685119628906]},{"page":253,"text":"• Specific tasks not addressed by unit SOP.","rect":[143.99989318847657,527.876953125,321.7865858078003,518.768798828125]},{"page":253,"text":"• Time line for the operation.","rect":[143.99989318847657,545.557373046875,265.35036754608157,536.46923828125]},{"page":253,"text":"The WARNO may also include-- ","rect":[143.99989318847657,563.2777099609375,279.6632032394409,554.1695556640625]},{"page":253,"text":"• The higher unit's mission statement.","rect":[143.99989318847657,580.9779663085938,299.1809034347534,571.8698120117188]},{"page":253,"text":"•  Commander's intent.","rect":[143.99989318847657,596.6643676757813,237.64759349822999,589.5702514648438]},{"page":253,"text":"•  Commander's WARNO.","rect":[143.99989318847657,614.3646240234375,252.8243055343628,607.2705078125]},{"page":253,"text":"• Commander's operations brief or order.","rect":[143.99989318847657,634.0589599609375,312.81573009490969,624.9708251953125]},{"page":253,"text":"• Task organization changes.","rect":[143.99989318847657,651.779296875,264.3959913253784,642.671142578125]},{"page":253,"text":"•  Attachments/detachments.","rect":[143.99989318847657,667.4556274414063,260.57583141326907,660.3715209960938]},{"page":253,"text":"• The unit AO.","rect":[143.99989318847657,685.1659545898438,208.05347728729249,678.0718383789063]},{"page":253,"text":"• Initial intelligence requirements or CCIR.","rect":[143.99989318847657,704.8803100585938,322.01894664764407,695.7721557617188]},{"page":253,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":253,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":253,"text":"B-1","rect":[525.5779418945313,753.9600219726563,540.0427573242188,747.489013671875]},{"page":254,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":254,"text":"B-2","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,86.46480017089844,747.489013671875]},{"page":254,"text":"• ","rect":[126.0,80.0,131.98400402069093,76.0]},{"page":254,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,99.0,129.50700016021728,95.0]},{"page":254,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,116.0,129.50700016021728,113.0]},{"page":254,"text":"• ","rect":[126.0,135.0,131.98389720916749,129.0]},{"page":254,"text":"• ","rect":[126.0,153.0,132.0120038986206,147.0]},{"page":254,"text":"• ","rect":[126.0,171.0,132.00298595428468,165.0]},{"page":254,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,185.537841796875,129.50700016021728,183.08294677734376]},{"page":254,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,203.2381591796875,129.50700016021728,200.78326416015626]},{"page":254,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,220.9383544921875,129.50700016021728,218.48345947265626]},{"page":254,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,238.6387939453125,129.50700016021728,236.18389892578126]},{"page":254,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,256.33917236328127,129.50700016021728,253.88427734375]},{"page":254,"text":"• ","rect":[126.0,275.0,131.98400402069093,271.0]},{"page":254,"text":"•","rect":[125.9990005493164,344.8408203125,129.50600070953369,342.38592529296877]},{"page":254,"text":"Risk guidance.","rect":[136.79861450195313,83.57427978515625,196.44579601287843,74.46610260009766]},{"page":254,"text":"ISR tasks and RFIs.","rect":[136.82859802246095,99.2606430053711,216.51262950897218,92.1664810180664]},{"page":254,"text":"Initial movement instructions.","rect":[136.81878662109376,116.95099639892578,257.2421064376831,109.86685943603516]},{"page":254,"text":"Security requirements.","rect":[136.7985076904297,136.67529296875,227.45086193084718,127.5671157836914]},{"page":254,"text":"Security measures.","rect":[136.8266143798828,154.3756103515625,212.41845226287843,145.26742553710938]},{"page":254,"text":"Specific priorities.","rect":[136.81759643554688,172.0558319091797,210.84728527069093,162.96768188476563]},{"page":254,"text":"Movement time to planning site.","rect":[136.79869079589845,189.77630615234376,267.19631481170657,180.66812133789063]},{"page":254,"text":"Strength figures (for the XO and first sergeant)","rect":[136.7983856201172,207.47662353515626,325.6936242637634,198.36843872070313]},{"page":254,"text":"Class I planning.","rect":[136.7983856201172,225.17681884765626,204.5377607345581,216.06863403320313]},{"page":254,"text":"Coordination actions for communications.","rect":[136.79869079589845,240.8632354736328,306.0964002609253,233.76907348632813]},{"page":254,"text":"to support planning for movement and Class I.","rect":[328.1996154785156,207.47662353515626,514.9246778488159,198.36843872070313]},{"page":254,"text":" Isolated Personnel Report (ISOPREP) DD Form 1833 TEST (V2).","rect":[136.7983856201172,260.5575866699219,406.77263927459719,251.46945190429688]},{"page":254,"text":"Times for--","rect":[136.79861450195313,276.25384521484377,182.6884362754822,269.1697082519531]},{"page":254,"text":"-- For personnel and equipment attachments (communications, transportation, and medic).","rect":[136.79959106445313,295.9582214355469,500.9802198410034,286.8700866699219]},{"page":254,"text":"-- For communication exercise.","rect":[136.79959106445313,311.654541015625,264.8931837081909,304.5704040527344]},{"page":254,"text":"-- For vehicle inspections and dispatches.","rect":[136.79959106445313,331.35882568359377,305.22344493865969,322.27069091796877]},{"page":254,"text":"Times and locations for--","rect":[136.79750061035157,347.05523681640627,238.46538329696657,339.9710998535156]},{"page":254,"text":"-- For issue and turn-in of classified material.","rect":[136.798583984375,364.75555419921877,320.7718458175659,357.6714172363281]},{"page":254,"text":"-- For air-mission brief and coordination.","rect":[136.798583984375,382.4558410644531,304.12957286834719,375.3717041015625]},{"page":254,"text":"--","rect":[136.798583984375,399.0,143.48993468856814,397.0]},{"page":254,"text":"--","rect":[136.798583984375,415.842529296875,143.49394775009157,415.1110534667969]},{"page":254,"text":"--","rect":[136.798583984375,434.0,143.49094176864626,432.0]},{"page":254,"text":"--","rect":[136.798583984375,452.0,143.49394775009157,450.0]},{"page":254,"text":"For issue of equipment.","rect":[148.3065948486328,402.16015625,243.06190013885499,393.072021484375]},{"page":254,"text":"For test-firing and zeroing of equipment (including night-vision devices).","rect":[148.31539916992188,419.8805847167969,443.1558485031128,410.77239990234377]},{"page":254,"text":"For rehearsals (day or night, with or without equipment).","rect":[148.30979919433595,437.5809020996094,376.9374952316284,428.47271728515627]},{"page":254,"text":"For distribution of ammunition.","rect":[148.31539916992188,453.2571716308594,275.24697399139407,446.17303466796877]},{"page":254,"text":"-- For initial or final inspections.","rect":[136.798583984375,472.9615173339844,270.12539196014407,463.8733825683594]},{"page":254,"text":"-- For religious services.","rect":[136.798583984375,490.681884765625,237.27700328826905,481.5736999511719]},{"page":254,"text":"-- For take-off and time on target.","rect":[136.798583984375,508.3821716308594,274.2857618331909,499.27398681640627]},{"page":254,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0093078613281,754.0679931640625,310.96850805664067,747.489013671875]},{"page":254,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0523986816406,754.0679931640625,522.042818359375,747.489013671875]},{"page":255,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":255,"text":"Figure B-1. Example warning order.","rect":[239.0399932861328,463.22100830078127,390.929001953125,454.8689880371094]},{"page":255,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":255,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":255,"text":"B-3","rect":[525.5779418945313,754.0590209960938,540.0427573242188,747.489013671875]},{"page":256,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":256,"text":"Figure B-1. Example warning order (continued).","rect":[195.239990234375,492.3810119628906,398.71348681640628,483.947998046875]},{"page":256,"text":"OPERATION ORDER","rect":[72.0,512.11572265625,210.42435495758057,502.45556640625]},{"page":256,"text":"B-3.","rect":[90.0,530.47021484375,107.56509685516358,523.5664672851563]},{"page":256,"text":"Figure B-2 shows the format used for operation orders. After briefing the","rect":[125.9999008178711,532.4942626953125,439.74789143371586,523.3861083984375]},{"page":256,"text":"leader issues annexes and schedules, then asks for questions.","rect":[90.0,544.1746826171875,333.76604747772219,535.0865478515625]},{"page":256,"text":"B-4","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,86.46480017089844,747.489013671875]},{"page":256,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0093078613281,754.0679931640625,310.96850805664067,747.489013671875]},{"page":256,"text":"OPORD body, the","rect":[444.2047119140625,532.4942626953125,521.9200105743408,523.3861083984375]},{"page":256,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0523986816406,754.0679931640625,522.042818359375,747.489013671875]},{"page":257,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":257,"text":"Figure B-2. Example operation order.","rect":[235.9199981689453,634.9409790039063,394.042283203125,626.5889892578125]},{"page":257,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":257,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":257,"text":"B-5","rect":[525.5779418945313,754.0590209960938,540.0427573242188,747.5159912109375]},{"page":258,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":258,"text":"B-6","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,86.46480017089844,747.489013671875]},{"page":258,"text":"Figure B-2. Example operations order (continued).","rect":[189.66000366210938,695.9010009765625,404.3476726074219,687.468017578125]},{"page":258,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0093078613281,754.0679931640625,310.96850805664067,747.489013671875]},{"page":258,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0523986816406,754.0679931640625,522.042818359375,747.489013671875]},{"page":259,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":259,"text":"Figure B-2. Example operations order (continued).","rect":[207.66000366210938,696.6209716796875,422.3476726074219,688.18798828125]},{"page":259,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":259,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":259,"text":"B-7","rect":[525.5779418945313,753.9600219726563,540.0427573242188,747.5159912109375]},{"page":260,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":260,"text":"FRAGMENTARY ORDER","rect":[72.0,85.58970642089844,237.556785987854,75.90156555175781]},{"page":260,"text":"B-4.","rect":[90.0,103.93024444580078,107.56509685516358,97.0264663696289]},{"page":260,"text":"A FRAGO provides timely changes to existing orders. A FRAGO includes only the items that","rect":[125.9999008178711,105.95428466796875,522.0419688186646,96.84610748291016]},{"page":260,"text":"have changed since the last OPORD. The items in the FRAGO follow the five-paragraph OPORD format.","rect":[90.0,117.6546630859375,522.0385084152222,108.5464859008789]},{"page":260,"text":"However, a significantly changed mission or a brand new mission requires a new OPORD. Figure B-3","rect":[90.0,129.35498046875,521.9498195648193,120.2468032836914]},{"page":260,"text":"shows an example FRAGO.","rect":[90.0,141.0353240966797,202.52749156951905,131.94717407226563]},{"page":260,"text":"Figure B-3. Example fragmentary order.","rect":[212.52000427246095,456.2010192871094,381.43968310546878,447.76800537109377]},{"page":260,"text":"Section II. BRIEFS","rect":[62.63999938964844,477.5039978027344,166.70277624511719,468.6239929199219]},{"page":260,"text":"Briefs are presentations of information from one leader to another, either up or down the chain of command. ","rect":[72.0,500.9741516113281,509.46428966522219,491.8860168457031]},{"page":260,"text":"TYPES","rect":[72.0,520.7095947265625,117.03517070007324,511.0354309082031]},{"page":260,"text":"B-5.","rect":[90.0,540.0,107.56509685516358,532.2867431640625]},{"page":260,"text":"Figure B-4 shows the types of briefs, and Table B-1 compares them based on who gives them","rect":[125.9999008178711,541.0742797851563,511.23818730926515,531.9661254882813]},{"page":260,"text":"whom and why, and on what elements each type must, should, or might include--","rect":[90.0,552.774658203125,416.41631103134156,543.66650390625]},{"page":260,"text":"•  Confirmation","rect":[234.89999389648438,570.3388671875,294.955171875,563.6878662109375]},{"page":260,"text":"•  Mission Analysis","rect":[235.0800018310547,589.1610107421875,310.3186950683594,580.8360595703125]},{"page":260,"text":"• COA Decision Brief","rect":[235.0800018310547,604.4788818359375,321.50340380859378,597.8189086914063]},{"page":260,"text":"•  Backbrief","rect":[235.0800018310547,621.578857421875,281.52900805664066,614.9278564453125]},{"page":260,"text":"• Initial GO/NO-GO Brief","rect":[235.0800018310547,638.6790161132813,335.65962329101566,632.01904296875]},{"page":260,"text":"• Mission Concept Brief","rect":[235.0800018310547,657.4619750976563,331.4843913574219,649.1279907226563]},{"page":260,"text":"• Final GO/NO-GO Brief","rect":[235.0800018310547,672.87890625,334.2006083984375,666.2189331054688]},{"page":260,"text":"•  Debrief","rect":[234.89999389648438,689.9788818359375,273.0348063964844,683.327880859375]},{"page":260,"text":"Figure B-4. Brief types.","rect":[247.739990234375,710.6610107421875,346.24189868164066,702.22802734375]},{"page":260,"text":"to","rect":[514.2442016601563,539.0502319335938,522.0157985687256,532.9680786132813]},{"page":260,"text":"B-8","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,86.46480017089844,747.489013671875]},{"page":260,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0093078613281,754.0679931640625,310.96850805664067,747.489013671875]},{"page":260,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0523986816406,754.0679931640625,522.042818359375,747.489013671875]},{"page":261,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":261,"text":"Table B-1. Comparison of brief types.","rect":[235.1999969482422,82.52101135253906,394.77623095703128,74.0880126953125]},{"page":261,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":261,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":261,"text":"B-9","rect":[525.5779418945313,754.0679931640625,540.0427573242188,747.489013671875]},{"page":262,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":262,"text":"B-10","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":262,"text":"Table B-1. Comparison of brief types (cont’d).","rect":[193.6800079345703,69.38099670410156,388.82869067382816,60.947998046875]},{"page":262,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":262,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0586853027344,754.0679931640625,522.0489829101563,747.489013671875]},{"page":263,"text":"Table B-1. Comparison of brief types (cont’d).","rect":[211.86000061035157,69.32087707519531,407.0140849609375,60.88787841796875]},{"page":263,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0695517578125,38.0880126953125]},{"page":263,"text":"CONFIRMATION BRIEF","rect":[90.0,251.2957000732422,250.18418999862673,241.63551330566407]},{"page":263,"text":"B-6.","rect":[108.0,269.65020751953127,125.56509685516358,262.7464294433594]},{"page":263,"text":"The leader gives a confirmation brief to ensure that he understands the company OPORD and to","rect":[144.0019073486328,271.67425537109377,540.0089626312256,262.5660705566406]},{"page":263,"text":"focus the team's mission planning in the right direction. The confirmation brief should occur NLT 30","rect":[108.0,283.3776550292969,540.0388088226318,274.26947021484377]},{"page":263,"text":"minutes after receipt of the OPORD. The confirmation brief should include three elements:","rect":[108.0,295.0609436035156,473.55933332061769,285.9728088378906]},{"page":263,"text":"• Restated mission (team's mission statement).","rect":[144.0019073486328,312.7663879394531,333.99590587615969,303.6782531738281]},{"page":263,"text":"• Restated commander's intent.","rect":[144.0019073486328,328.4676208496094,272.42071056365969,321.38348388671877]},{"page":263,"text":"• Initial issues or concerns.","rect":[144.0019073486328,346.1729736328125,256.84226512908938,339.0888366699219]},{"page":263,"text":"MISSION ANALYSIS BRIEF","rect":[90.0,367.88970947265627,270.9011547203064,358.215576171875]},{"page":263,"text":"B-7.","rect":[108.0,386.2302551269531,125.56509685516358,379.4667663574219]},{"page":263,"text":"Figure B-5 through Figure B-9 (this page through  B-15)  show  example  formats  for  mission","rect":[144.0019073486328,388.2543029785156,539.9364528656006,379.1461181640625]},{"page":263,"text":"analysis worksheets.","rect":[108.0,399.9576721191406,190.46160411834718,390.8494873046875]},{"page":263,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98230200195312,747.489013671875]},{"page":263,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0636901855469,754.0679931640625,329.0175192871094,747.489013671875]},{"page":263,"text":"B-11","rect":[520.584716796875,753.9600219726563,540.0364096679688,747.489013671875]},{"page":264,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":264,"text":"B-12","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":264,"text":"Figure B-5. Analysis of mission, intent, and priority intelligence requirements.","rect":[130.97999572753907,541.1008911132813,463.00068774414066,532.6679077148438]},{"page":264,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":264,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0586853027344,754.0679931640625,522.0489829101563,747.489013671875]},{"page":265,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":265,"text":"Figure B-6. Analysis of specified and implied tasks.","rect":[205.32000732421876,697.8208618164063,424.7382976074219,689.3878784179688]},{"page":265,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":265,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":265,"text":"B-13","rect":[520.5973510742188,754.0590209960938,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":266,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":266,"text":"B-14","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":266,"text":"Figure B-7. Analysis of facts.","rect":[235.3800048828125,681.9808959960938,358.68589892578128,673.5479125976563]},{"page":266,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":266,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0586853027344,754.0679931640625,522.0489829101563,747.489013671875]},{"page":267,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":267,"text":"Figure B-8. Analysis of assumptions.","rect":[236.10000610351563,689.1809692382813,393.95799365234378,680.7479858398438]},{"page":267,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":267,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":267,"text":"B-15","rect":[520.5973510742188,754.0590209960938,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":268,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":268,"text":"B-16","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":268,"text":"Figure B-9. Analysis of mission roadblocks, issues, and restated mission.","rect":[139.55999755859376,692.781005859375,454.49461474609378,684.3480224609375]},{"page":268,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":269,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":269,"text":"DECISION BRIEF","rect":[90.0,85.58970642089844,205.2329418296814,75.91554260253906]},{"page":269,"text":"B-8.","rect":[108.0,103.93024444580078,125.56509685516358,97.0264663696289]},{"page":269,"text":"The decision brief occurs after the team has completed its initial mission planning. Team members","rect":[143.99989318847657,105.95428466796875,540.1298968772888,96.84610748291016]},{"page":269,"text":"present possible courses of action (COAs) and the criteria for evaluating each. The team leader chooses","rect":[108.0,117.6546630859375,540.0763690452576,108.5464859008789]},{"page":269,"text":"one COA, explains why he chose it, and then presents all of the COAs to the commander. The commander","rect":[108.0,129.35498046875,539.9816186485291,120.2468032836914]},{"page":269,"text":"can  approve  the  selected  COA  or  provide  additional  guidance  to  the  team  leader for continued COA","rect":[108.0,141.05535888671876,540.0376019515991,131.94717407226563]},{"page":269,"text":"development. The decision brief should include these six elements:","rect":[108.0,152.7356414794922,377.25034284210207,143.64749145507813]},{"page":269,"text":"• Restated mission (the team's mission statement).","rect":[143.99989318847657,170.4359588623047,348.7061414718628,161.34780883789063]},{"page":269,"text":"• Restated commander's intent.","rect":[143.99989318847657,186.1322784423828,272.4316053390503,179.04812622070313]},{"page":269,"text":"• Two to three courses of action on the objective.","rect":[143.99989318847657,205.85662841796876,345.85418224334719,196.73843383789063]},{"page":269,"text":"• The team's recommended COA.","rect":[143.99989318847657,221.5429229736328,283.2457227706909,214.44876098632813]},{"page":269,"text":"• Limitations and constraints.","rect":[143.99989318847657,239.2333526611328,266.34829235076907,232.14920043945313]},{"page":269,"text":"• Any issues or concerns.","rect":[143.99989318847657,258.95770263671877,250.16167736053468,249.84951782226563]},{"page":269,"text":"BACKBRIEF","rect":[90.0,278.6557312011719,172.9880687828064,268.9955749511719]},{"page":269,"text":"B-9.","rect":[108.0,298.0,125.56509685516358,290.1064758300781]},{"page":269,"text":"A backbrief is an informal transfer of information to one or more leaders, usually the commander","rect":[143.99989318847657,299.0343017578125,540.0246484336853,289.9261169433594]},{"page":269,"text":"and his guests, about the impending and completed missions, respectively. The amount of information","rect":[108.0,310.73468017578127,539.9640407562256,301.6264953613281]},{"page":269,"text":"briefed is usually set by SOP. All present should understand the mission before they arrive. The purpose of","rect":[108.0,322.4349670410156,539.9745996055603,313.3267822265625]},{"page":269,"text":"the backbrief  is only to demonstrate that  the  team  understands  the  plan  thoroughly  and  has  applied","rect":[108.0,334.1354064941406,539.9696559906006,325.0272216796875]},{"page":269,"text":"contingencies  and  proper  risk  mitigation  procedures  to  ensure  mission  success  and  team  preservation.","rect":[108.0,345.835693359375,540.0330762863159,336.7275085449219]},{"page":269,"text":"Figure B-10 shows an example backbrief format, with explanations.","rect":[108.0,357.53607177734377,381.03615856170657,348.4278869628906]},{"page":269,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":269,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":269,"text":"B-17","rect":[520.5973510742188,753.9600219726563,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":270,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":270,"text":"B-18","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":270,"text":"Figure B-10. Example backbrief.","rect":[228.72000122070313,578.3009643554688,365.2694255371094,569.8679809570313]},{"page":270,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":270,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0586853027344,754.0679931640625,522.0489829101563,747.489013671875]},{"page":271,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":271,"text":"Figure B-10. Example backbrief (continued).","rect":[220.9199981689453,679.3410034179688,409.08247485351566,670.9080200195313]},{"page":271,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":271,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":271,"text":"B-19","rect":[520.5973510742188,754.0679931640625,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":272,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":272,"text":"Figure B-10. Example backbrief (continued).","rect":[202.9199981689453,515.660888671875,391.08247485351566,507.2279052734375]},{"page":272,"text":"MISSION CONCEPT BRIEF","rect":[72.0,535.4097290039063,250.46869012069704,525.7355346679688]},{"page":272,"text":"B-10. Generally 2 to 12 hours before the planned insertion time, the company commander briefs the","rect":[90.0,555.774169921875,522.0120515899658,546.666015625]},{"page":272,"text":"appropriate decision makers on the mission concept to obtain a final \"GO\" or \"NO GO\" on the mission.","rect":[90.0,567.45458984375,521.9581251144409,558.366455078125]},{"page":272,"text":"This gives the commander time to conduct movement back to the team to inform them of the decision and","rect":[90.0,579.1749267578125,521.9996242523193,570.0667724609375]},{"page":272,"text":"any modified guidance before the planned insert time. The decision maker is normally the R&S squadron","rect":[90.0,590.8753051757813,522.0629787445068,581.7671508789063]},{"page":272,"text":"or BFSB commander. The mission concept brief includes the following elements, and an example brief is","rect":[90.0,602.5755615234375,522.0367572288513,593.4674072265625]},{"page":272,"text":"shown in Figure B-11 through Figure B-38 (this page through page B-33). ","rect":[90.0,614.2760009765625,391.2672071456909,605.1678466796875]},{"page":272,"text":"•  Overall recommendation.","rect":[125.9999008178711,629.9622802734375,239.04822826385499,622.8681640625]},{"page":272,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,647.0,129.50690097808838,643.0]},{"page":272,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,665.0,129.50690097808838,661.0]},{"page":272,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,682.0,129.50690097808838,679.0]},{"page":272,"text":"•","rect":[125.9999008178711,700.0,129.50690097808838,697.0]},{"page":272,"text":"Purpose of NAI coverage (S-2 or ISR fusion element chief).","rect":[136.7982940673828,649.6765747070313,378.28777599334719,640.5684204101563]},{"page":272,"text":"Enemy situation (S-2).","rect":[136.7982940673828,667.3770141601563,227.83169078826905,658.2688598632813]},{"page":272,"text":"Weather (Air Force battlefield weather team).","rect":[136.82440185546876,685.0572509765625,320.5755567550659,675.9691162109375]},{"page":272,"text":"Mission statement (LRS commander).","rect":[136.82760620117188,702.757568359375,289.62661266326907,693.66943359375]},{"page":272,"text":"B-20","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":272,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":272,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0586853027344,754.0679931640625,522.0489829101563,747.489013671875]},{"page":273,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,79.33582305908203,147.50700016021728,76.88092041015625]},{"page":273,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,99.0,147.50700016021728,95.0]},{"page":273,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,126.43683624267578,147.50700016021728,123.98193359375]},{"page":273,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":273,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":273,"text":"Mission statement (if applicable for the aviation commander supporting the insertion).","rect":[154.79849243164063,83.57427978515625,500.8072462081909,74.46610260009766]},{"page":273,"text":"Concept of the operation (intelligence, movement and maneuver, fire support, protection,","rect":[154.83050537109376,101.274658203125,512.9995679855347,92.1664810180664]},{"page":273,"text":"sustainment, C2, risk mitigation).","rect":[154.79959106445313,112.97503662109375,288.93508434295657,103.86685943603516]},{"page":273,"text":"Request for decision (GO or NO GO).","rect":[154.79849243164063,130.65525817871095,308.52740001678469,121.5671157836914]},{"page":273,"text":"Figure B-11. Slide 1, LRSC mission concept brief.","rect":[209.39999389648438,410.6610107421875,420.68171801757816,402.2279968261719]},{"page":273,"text":"Figure B-12. Slide 2, statement of purpose.","rect":[223.6800079345703,690.6809692382813,406.40901293945316,682.2479858398438]},{"page":273,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":273,"text":"B-21","rect":[520.5973510742188,753.9600219726563,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":274,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":274,"text":"B-22","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":274,"text":"Figure B-13. Slide 3, LRSC insertion conditions check.","rect":[180.83999633789063,345.86102294921877,413.16771044921878,337.4280090332031]},{"page":274,"text":"Figure B-14. Slide 4, agenda.","rect":[235.6800079345703,625.8809814453125,358.36888232421878,617.447998046875]},{"page":274,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":274,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0586853027344,754.0679931640625,522.0489829101563,747.489013671875]},{"page":275,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":275,"text":"Figure B-15. Slide 5, recommendation.","rect":[233.16000366210938,345.86102294921877,396.799607421875,337.4280090332031]},{"page":275,"text":"Figure B-16. Slide 6, ISR fusion element.","rect":[228.89999389648438,625.8809814453125,401.1399089355469,617.447998046875]},{"page":275,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":275,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":275,"text":"B-23","rect":[520.5973510742188,754.0590209960938,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":276,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":276,"text":"B-24","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":276,"text":"Figure B-17. Slide 7, S-2/ISR fusion element.","rect":[202.62001037597657,345.86102294921877,391.34776416015628,337.4280090332031]},{"page":276,"text":"Figure B-18. Slide 8, ATO slide.","rect":[230.52000427246095,625.8809814453125,363.5389873046875,617.447998046875]},{"page":276,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":276,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0586853027344,754.0679931640625,522.0489829101563,747.489013671875]},{"page":277,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":277,"text":"Figure B-19. Slide 9, team insertion and extraction.","rect":[206.63999938964845,345.86102294921877,423.3942119140625,337.4280090332031]},{"page":277,"text":"Figure B-20. Slide 10, LRSC insertion conditions check.","rect":[196.3800048828125,625.8809814453125,433.68296923828128,617.447998046875]},{"page":277,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":277,"text":"B-25","rect":[520.5973510742188,754.0590209960938,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":278,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":278,"text":"B-26","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":278,"text":"Figure B-21. Slide 11, movement and maneuver.","rect":[194.8800048828125,346.22100830078127,399.08039965820316,337.7879943847656]},{"page":278,"text":"Figure B-22. Slide 12, fire support.","rect":[223.9199981689453,626.6009521484375,370.08210864257816,618.16796875]},{"page":278,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":278,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0586853027344,754.0679931640625,522.0489829101563,747.489013671875]},{"page":279,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":279,"text":"Figure B-23. Slide 13, air protection.","rect":[238.13999938964845,346.22100830078127,391.81880297851566,337.7879943847656]},{"page":279,"text":"Figure B-24. Slide 14, sustainment.","rect":[240.4199981689453,626.6009521484375,389.5387126464844,618.16796875]},{"page":279,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":279,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":279,"text":"B-27","rect":[520.5973510742188,753.9600219726563,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":280,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":280,"text":"B-28","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":280,"text":"Figure B-25. Slide 15, command and control.","rect":[201.89999389648438,346.22100830078127,392.1715251464844,337.7879943847656]},{"page":280,"text":"Figure B-26. Slide 16, intelligence.","rect":[224.16000366210938,626.6009521484375,369.85200610351566,618.16796875]},{"page":280,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":280,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0586853027344,754.0679931640625,522.0489829101563,747.489013671875]},{"page":281,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":281,"text":"Figure B-27. Slide 17, LRSC.","rect":[254.6999969482422,345.86102294921877,375.36457934570316,337.4280090332031]},{"page":281,"text":"Figure B-28. Slide 18, \"Do we know what to look for?\"","rect":[199.9199981689453,626.240966796875,430.15937158203129,617.8079833984375]},{"page":281,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":281,"text":"B-29","rect":[520.5973510742188,754.0679931640625,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":282,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":282,"text":"B-30","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":282,"text":"Figure B-29. Slide 19, LRSC IPB.","rect":[227.9399871826172,346.22100830078127,366.12129321289066,337.7879943847656]},{"page":282,"text":"Figure B-30. Slide 20, LRSC maneuver.","rect":[214.32000732421876,626.6009521484375,379.77781787109378,618.16796875]},{"page":282,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":282,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0586853027344,754.0679931640625,522.0489829101563,747.489013671875]},{"page":283,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":283,"text":"Figure B-31. Slide 21, LRSC fire support.","rect":[228.4199981689453,346.22100830078127,401.61409106445316,337.7879943847656]},{"page":283,"text":"Figure B-32. Slide 22, LRSC sustainment.","rect":[226.9199981689453,626.6009521484375,403.06370654296878,618.16796875]},{"page":283,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":283,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":283,"text":"B-31","rect":[520.5973510742188,754.0590209960938,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":284,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":284,"text":"B-32","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":284,"text":"Figure B-33. Slide 23, LRSC C2.","rect":[229.6800079345703,346.22100830078127,364.3492900390625,337.7879943847656]},{"page":284,"text":"Figure B-34. Slide 24, LRSC C2, communications.","rect":[191.39999389648438,626.6009521484375,402.64241137695316,618.16796875]},{"page":284,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":284,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0586853027344,754.0679931640625,522.0489829101563,747.489013671875]},{"page":285,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":285,"text":"Figure B-35. Slide 25, LRSC abort criteria.","rect":[225.95999145507813,346.22100830078127,404.13377490234378,337.7879943847656]},{"page":285,"text":"Figure B-36. Slide 26, LRSC risk mitigation.","rect":[222.66000366210938,626.6009521484375,407.3759929199219,618.16796875]},{"page":285,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":285,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":285,"text":"B-33","rect":[520.5973510742188,754.0590209960938,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":286,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":286,"text":"Figure B-37. Slide 27, LRSC recommendation.","rect":[199.1999969482422,345.86102294921877,394.84178271484378,337.4280090332031]},{"page":286,"text":"Figure B-38. Slide 28, commander's decision.","rect":[200.33999633789063,626.240966796875,393.6206218261719,617.8079833984375]},{"page":286,"text":"DEBRIEF","rect":[72.0,645.780029296875,134.05722161483767,636.5252685546875]},{"page":286,"text":"B-11. The commander, his representative, or someone from the S-2 interviews, or debriefs, the team to","rect":[90.0,666.3342895507813,521.9430446624756,657.2461547851563]},{"page":286,"text":"obtain information about the mission. A debrief is usually conducted just after the mission is over by the","rect":[90.0,678.0546875,522.0068025665283,668.9364624023438]},{"page":286,"text":"commander, his representative, or by someone from the S-2. Figure B-39 shows an example debrief, and","rect":[90.0,689.7550048828125,521.9548244476318,680.6468505859375]},{"page":286,"text":"Figure B-40 through Figure B-45, pages B-36 through B-48, show example annexes to the same debrief. ","rect":[90.0,701.4553833007813,512.389552116394,692.3472290039063]},{"page":286,"text":"B-34","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":286,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":286,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0586853027344,754.0679931640625,522.0489829101563,747.489013671875]},{"page":287,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":287,"text":"Figure B-39. Example debrief.","rect":[251.6999969482422,609.5008544921875,378.2699138183594,601.06787109375]},{"page":287,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":287,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":287,"text":"B-35","rect":[520.5973510742188,754.0590209960938,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":288,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":288,"text":"B-36","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":288,"text":"Figure B-39. Example debrief (continued).","rect":[207.89999389648438,652.220947265625,386.06602587890628,643.7879638671875]},{"page":288,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":288,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0586853027344,754.0679931640625,522.0489829101563,747.489013671875]},{"page":289,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":289,"text":"Figure B-39. Example debrief (continued).","rect":[225.89999389648438,673.3410034179688,404.06602587890628,664.9080200195313]},{"page":289,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":289,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":289,"text":"B-37","rect":[520.5973510742188,754.0590209960938,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":290,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":290,"text":"B-38","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":290,"text":"Figure B-39. Example debrief (continued).","rect":[207.89999389648438,623.4208984375,386.06602587890628,614.9879150390625]},{"page":290,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":290,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0586853027344,754.0679931640625,522.0489829101563,747.489013671875]},{"page":291,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":291,"text":"Figure B-39. Example debrief (continued).","rect":[225.89999389648438,522.8609008789063,404.06602587890628,514.4279174804688]},{"page":291,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":291,"text":"B-39","rect":[520.5973510742188,754.0679931640625,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":292,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":292,"text":"B-40","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":292,"text":"Figure B-40. Example intelligence estimate annex.","rect":[190.1999969482422,668.781005859375,403.71153369140628,660.4290161132813]},{"page":292,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":292,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0586853027344,754.0679931640625,522.0489829101563,747.489013671875]},{"page":293,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":293,"text":"Figure B-40. Example intelligence estimate annex (continued).","rect":[182.39999389648438,266.5410461425781,447.5211345214844,258.1080322265625]},{"page":293,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":293,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":293,"text":"B-41","rect":[520.5973510742188,753.9600219726563,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":294,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":294,"text":"B-42","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":294,"text":"Figure B-41. Example communications annex.","rect":[198.72000122070313,702.6209716796875,395.33625903320316,694.2689819335938]},{"page":294,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":294,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0586853027344,754.0679931640625,522.0489829101563,747.489013671875]},{"page":295,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":295,"text":"Figure B-42. Example fire support annex.","rect":[227.45999145507813,675.2608642578125,402.520798828125,666.827880859375]},{"page":295,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":295,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":295,"text":"B-43","rect":[520.5973510742188,754.0590209960938,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":296,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":296,"text":"B-44","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":296,"text":"Figure B-43. Example linkup annex.","rect":[221.16000366210938,698.781005859375,372.84166064453128,690.4290161132813]},{"page":296,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":296,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0586853027344,754.0679931640625,522.0489829101563,747.489013671875]},{"page":297,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":297,"text":"Figure B-44. Example vehicle movement annex.","rect":[213.66000366210938,674.781005859375,416.32750048828128,666.4290161132813]},{"page":297,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":297,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":297,"text":"B-45","rect":[520.5973510742188,754.0590209960938,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":298,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":298,"text":"B-46","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":298,"text":"Figure B-44. Example vehicle movement annex (continued).","rect":[169.86000061035157,612.140869140625,424.08250537109378,603.7078857421875]},{"page":298,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":299,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":299,"text":"Figure B-45. Example air infiltration/exfiltration annex.","rect":[199.3800048828125,678.6209716796875,430.601609375,670.18798828125]},{"page":299,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":299,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":299,"text":"B-47","rect":[520.5973510742188,753.9600219726563,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":300,"text":"Appendix B","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":300,"text":"B-48","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":300,"text":"Figure B-45. Example air infiltration/exfiltration annex (continued).","rect":[155.5800018310547,685.3410034179688,438.3365947265625,676.9080200195313]},{"page":300,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":301,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":301,"text":"Figure B-45. Example air infiltration/exfiltration annex (continued).","rect":[173.5800018310547,492.3810119628906,456.3365947265625,483.947998046875]},{"page":301,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":301,"text":"Orders and Briefs","rect":[464.0400085449219,44.739013671875,540.0551474609375,38.0880126953125]},{"page":301,"text":"B-49","rect":[520.5973510742188,754.0679931640625,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":302,"text":"This page intentionally left blank. ","rect":[163.4399871826172,392.5619812011719,452.493501953125,375.69598388671877]},{"page":303,"text":"Appendix C","rect":[279.41998291015627,85.87195587158203,346.0223984375,74.7839584350586]},{"page":303,"text":"Planning Area Facilities and Sites","rect":[187.02000427246095,110.50821685791016,442.9730687408447,95.49747467041016]},{"page":303,"text":"The goal of planning with limited access is to allow LRS teams an environment","rect":[126.0,129.2007293701172,504.0093490524292,119.21990966796875]},{"page":303,"text":"without distractions and a reduced risk of mission compromise. Facilities include","rect":[126.0,141.8990478515625,504.0300270233154,131.940185546875]},{"page":303,"text":"fixed sites (best) or field sites.","rect":[126.0,154.61944580078126,258.5834856033325,144.66058349609376]},{"page":303,"text":"FACILITIES","rect":[90.0,174.32969665527345,170.75267710876467,164.65553283691407]},{"page":303,"text":"C-1.","rect":[108.0,192.6802520751953,125.56509685516358,185.75643920898438]},{"page":303,"text":"Each  LRSU  benefits  by  having  access  to  a  secure  planning  facility.  Ideally  the  facility  should","rect":[143.99989318847657,194.69427490234376,540.0874538421631,185.58609008789063]},{"page":303,"text":"enough space available to allow planning by the required number of teams to support operations. The","rect":[108.0,206.39471435546876,540.0040559844971,197.28652954101563]},{"page":303,"text":"location and type of facility used depends on availability, security, and deployment requirements--detailed","rect":[108.0,218.09503173828126,540.1183986663818,208.98684692382813]},{"page":303,"text":"planning is the same, regardless. Once the planning facility is established, the teams conduct detailed","rect":[108.0,229.79541015625,540.0323390960693,220.68722534179688]},{"page":303,"text":"mission planning. Access to the team is limited to such individuals as the team LNO, company commander,","rect":[108.0,241.4957275390625,540.0062208175659,232.38754272460938]},{"page":303,"text":"BFSB and R&S squadron S-2 and others on the access roster. If available, the team rehearses in a secured","rect":[108.0,253.1760711669922,540.0197658538818,244.08792114257813]},{"page":303,"text":"area nearby ideally on terrain similar to the area where they will operate.","rect":[108.0,264.8963623046875,399.4832410812378,255.78817749023438]},{"page":303,"text":"FIXED SITE","rect":[90.0,284.60968017578127,168.75352322006226,274.935546875]},{"page":303,"text":"C-2.","rect":[108.0,302.9602966308594,125.56509685516358,296.0364685058594]},{"page":303,"text":"When available,  the  unit  conducts  detailed  planning  at  a  fixed  site  on  its  home  installation.","rect":[143.99989318847657,304.97430419921877,540.0631666183472,295.8661193847656]},{"page":303,"text":"The next best option is to use a remote fixed site. The site should offer separate sleeping and planning areas","rect":[108.0,316.6746826171875,540.0691668968201,307.5664978027344]},{"page":303,"text":"(Figure C-1). ","rect":[108.0,328.3749694824219,163.5242567062378,319.26678466796877]},{"page":303,"text":"SLEEPING AREAS","rect":[90.0,346.1399841308594,175.55187034606935,337.83599853515627]},{"page":303,"text":"C-3","rect":[108.0,364.10028076171877,123.03000450134278,357.17645263671877]},{"page":303,"text":".","rect":[123.06009674072266,364.0902404785156,125.56509685516358,363.0080871582031]},{"page":303,"text":"Each sleeping area has electricity, heating, air conditioning (if possible), cots and showers.","rect":[143.99989318847657,366.1142883300781,507.93923473358157,357.006103515625]},{"page":303,"text":"PLANNING AREAS","rect":[90.0,383.84222412109377,178.31186485290528,375.5880126953125]},{"page":303,"text":"C-4.","rect":[108.0,401.8403015136719,125.56509685516358,394.9164733886719]},{"page":303,"text":"Each planning area should be large enough for a LRS team to plan the mission (Figure C-2). It","rect":[143.99989318847657,403.85430908203127,540.0484385452271,394.7461242675781]},{"page":303,"text":"should have a place where the team can post all mission-essential information, a sand table, separate bins","rect":[108.0,415.5346374511719,540.0391375999451,406.4465026855469]},{"page":303,"text":"for classified and unclassified trash, RFI logs, a time schedule, and an access roster.","rect":[108.0,427.2550048828125,444.27935314178469,418.1468200683594]},{"page":303,"text":"COMBINED PLANNING AND SLEEPING AREAS","rect":[90.0,445.0199890136719,310.1918697357178,436.71600341796877]},{"page":303,"text":"C-5.","rect":[108.0,462.98028564453127,125.56509685516358,456.05645751953127]},{"page":303,"text":"Due to any number of constraints, the team must be able to adapt to limited space, and be ready to","rect":[143.99989318847657,464.9942932128906,540.0132961273193,455.8861083984375]},{"page":303,"text":"live in the planning area.","rect":[108.0009994506836,476.6947021484375,207.51464366912843,467.5865173339844]},{"page":303,"text":"FIELD SITE","rect":[90.0,496.4096984863281,167.98463283920288,486.7355651855469]},{"page":303,"text":"C-6.","rect":[108.0,514.7601928710938,125.56509685516358,507.8363952636719]},{"page":303,"text":"If no fixed site is available, or if the deployment plan dictates, the unit can conduct detailed","rect":[143.99989318847657,516.7742309570313,540.1016750335693,507.6660461425781]},{"page":303,"text":"planning at a field site such as an aircraft hanger, a boat(s), or a tent(s) (Figure C-3). Everyone at the","rect":[108.0,528.474609375,539.9844026641846,519.366455078125]},{"page":303,"text":"planning site may  be  subject  to  the  same  restrictions  and  limitations--leaders,  teams,  and  supporting","rect":[108.0009994506836,540.1749267578125,540.0408840179443,531.0567016601563]},{"page":303,"text":"personnel. Each team needs--","rect":[108.0009994506836,551.8552856445313,226.09441161727907,542.7671508789063]},{"page":303,"text":"• Separate field tents for planning and sleeping.","rect":[144.0009002685547,569.5755615234375,339.09746837615969,560.4674072265625]},{"page":303,"text":"•  Electrical source.","rect":[144.0009002685547,585.2518310546875,224.34966564178468,578.167724609375]},{"page":303,"text":"•  Latrines.","rect":[144.0009002685547,602.9521484375,190.14182567596436,595.8680419921875]},{"page":303,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,620.0,147.50790042877197,616.0]},{"page":303,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,638.0,147.50790042877197,634.0]},{"page":303,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,655.0,147.50790042877197,652.0]},{"page":303,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0009002685547,672.0,149.98479747772218,668.0]},{"page":303,"text":"Passive and active security measures such as wire obstacles or guards.","rect":[154.82859802246095,622.6765747070313,436.40154552459719,613.5684204101563]},{"page":303,"text":"Site maintenance support.","rect":[154.79959106445313,640.3568725585938,258.5808057785034,631.2687377929688]},{"page":303,"text":"Communications with the LRSC operations section and with the rehearsal area. ","rect":[154.79930114746095,658.05712890625,476.08840465545657,648.968994140625]},{"page":303,"text":"Planning aids.","rect":[154.79940795898438,675.777587890625,211.67016124725343,666.66943359375]},{"page":303,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":303,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":303,"text":"C-1","rect":[525.5779418945313,754.0590209960938,540.0427573242188,747.4080200195313]},{"page":304,"text":"Appendix C","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.0880126953125]},{"page":304,"text":"C-2","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,86.46480017089844,747.4080200195313]},{"page":304,"text":"Figure C-1. Example fixed site for planning.","rect":[204.36000061035157,508.4010314941406,389.6244060058594,499.968017578125]},{"page":304,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0093078613281,754.0679931640625,310.96850805664067,747.489013671875]},{"page":304,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0523986816406,754.0679931640625,522.042818359375,747.489013671875]},{"page":305,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":305,"text":"Figure C-2. Example planning area.","rect":[239.9399871826172,508.4010314941406,390.0604716796875,499.968017578125]},{"page":305,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":305,"text":"Planning Area Facilities and Sites","rect":[396.1199951171875,46.52101516723633,539.9714682617188,38.0880126953125]},{"page":305,"text":"C-3","rect":[525.5779418945313,754.0590209960938,540.0427573242188,747.4080200195313]},{"page":306,"text":"Appendix C","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.0880126953125]},{"page":306,"text":"C-4","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,86.46480017089844,747.4080200195313]},{"page":306,"text":"Figure C-3. Use of intermediate staging area for planning.","rect":[174.12001037597657,508.4010314941406,419.85505786132816,499.968017578125]},{"page":306,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0093078613281,754.0679931640625,310.96850805664067,747.489013671875]},{"page":306,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0523986816406,754.0679931640625,522.042818359375,747.489013671875]},{"page":307,"text":"Appendix D","rect":[279.41998291015627,85.87195587158203,346.0223984375,74.9279556274414]},{"page":307,"text":"Geographic Environments","rect":[214.97999572753907,110.50821685791016,415.03132679748537,95.49747467041016]},{"page":307,"text":"Teams are greatly affected by extreme climates and terrain such as jungles, deserts,","rect":[126.0,129.2007293701172,504.05023670196536,119.20892333984375]},{"page":307,"text":"mountains, extremely cold areas, and urban areas. Field manuals describe conditions","rect":[126.0,141.92100524902345,504.0535379371643,131.940185546875]},{"page":307,"text":"and operational techniques for each. Extreme temperatures, humidity, and elevations","rect":[126.0,154.6414031982422,504.0903726539612,144.66058349609376]},{"page":307,"text":"also affect the lift capability of transporting aircraft. ","rect":[126.0,167.36167907714845,357.16766834259036,157.380859375]},{"page":307,"text":"JUNGLE OPERATIONS","rect":[90.0,187.0497283935547,242.45047679138185,177.36158752441407]},{"page":307,"text":"D-1.","rect":[108.0,205.260009765625,126.16726207733155,198.4864959716797]},{"page":307,"text":"Dense jungle restricts ground and air observation as well as electronic surveillance. None of these","rect":[143.99989318847657,207.414306640625,540.0168123321533,198.29611206054688]},{"page":307,"text":"observation methods work well for collecting information on a dismounted surveillance target. Sucha","rect":[108.0,219.11468505859376,540.0010042266846,210.00650024414063]},{"page":307,"text":"target  leaves  little  evidence  that  it  has  passed.  LRS  teams  have the dismounted  skills,  stealth,  and","rect":[107.9990005493164,230.81500244140626,540.0369777679443,221.70681762695313]},{"page":307,"text":"communications needed to collect battlefield information under such conditions. (FM 90-5 provides more","rect":[107.9990005493164,242.49534606933595,539.9736604766846,233.40719604492188]},{"page":307,"text":"information on jungle operations.)","rect":[107.9990005493164,254.21563720703126,245.76480651474,245.09744262695313]},{"page":307,"text":"INFILTRATION","rect":[90.0,271.9327087402344,161.4665994644165,263.8559875488281]},{"page":307,"text":"D-2.","rect":[108.0,289.79998779296877,126.16726207733155,283.0264587402344]},{"page":307,"text":"Dismounted, helicopter, and small boat insertion  work  well  in  jungle  terrain.  The  limited","rect":[143.99989318847657,291.95428466796877,540.0360012054443,282.8360900878906]},{"page":307,"text":"availability of LZs could require the team to insert by rappelling or FRIES. Careful coordination with","rect":[108.0,303.6546936035156,539.9836940765381,294.5465087890625]},{"page":307,"text":"adjacent or friendly forward units is necessary for foot or boat movements to prevent fratricide.","rect":[108.0,315.35498046875,490.60845470428469,306.2367858886719]},{"page":307,"text":"EXFILTRATION","rect":[90.0,333.0727233886719,164.88520908355714,324.9960021972656]},{"page":307,"text":"D-3.","rect":[108.0,351.05023193359377,126.16726207733155,344.1664733886719]},{"page":307,"text":"Teams may be recovered by all available means, but communication and coordination are key","rect":[143.99989318847657,353.09429931640627,540.1026515960693,343.9861145019531]},{"page":307,"text":"when operating in a jungle environment. Dismounted exfiltration routes must be coordinated before the","rect":[108.0,364.7947082519531,540.0052156524658,355.676513671875]},{"page":307,"text":"teams use them. Linkup operations with friendly forces require careful and deliberate coordination to the","rect":[107.9990005493164,376.4949951171875,539.9973421173096,367.3868103027344]},{"page":307,"text":"lowest element possible (company or platoon). The SPIES is ideally suited for extraction of a team from","rect":[107.9990005493164,388.1954345703125,540.1335730514527,379.0872497558594]},{"page":307,"text":"dense vegetation. ","rect":[107.9990005493164,399.89569091796877,180.16457653045655,390.7875061035156]},{"page":307,"text":"COMMUNICATIONS","rect":[90.0,417.64801025390627,184.36765098571778,409.35601806640627]},{"page":307,"text":"D-4.","rect":[108.0,435.4800109863281,126.16726207733155,428.70648193359377]},{"page":307,"text":"Dense vegetation, high humidity, and frequent rainfall make HF communications difficult. The","rect":[143.99989318847657,437.6343078613281,540.0354890899658,428.526123046875]},{"page":307,"text":"vegetation  affects  radio  ranges  and  makes  setting  up antennas more difficult. Also, radio components","rect":[108.0,449.3346862792969,540.0225970726013,440.22650146484377]},{"page":307,"text":"experience  higher  failure  rates  in  wet  environments.  UHF  TACSAT  is  best  when there are holes in","rect":[108.0,461.03497314453127,539.9943752288818,451.9267883300781]},{"page":307,"text":"the canopy.","rect":[108.0,472.73541259765627,154.2559003829956,463.6272277832031]},{"page":307,"text":"DESERT OPERATIONS","rect":[90.0,492.4495849609375,241.68158641052248,482.77545166015627]},{"page":307,"text":"D-5.","rect":[108.0,510.7701416015625,126.16726207733155,504.02667236328127]},{"page":307,"text":"To survive in the desert, LRS teams must approach each task systematically so that it becomes a","rect":[143.99989318847657,512.814208984375,540.0320100860596,503.7060241699219]},{"page":307,"text":"habit. Weather and terrain are the main enemies in any military operation. However, in the desert, these","rect":[108.0,524.5145874023438,540.0571565704346,515.4064331054688]},{"page":307,"text":"threats greatly increase (FM 90-3).","rect":[108.0,536.2149047851563,247.55860424041749,527.1067504882813]},{"page":307,"text":"OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS","rect":[90.0,553.9679565429688,252.94345664978028,545.6759033203125]},{"page":307,"text":"D-6.","rect":[108.0,571.91015625,126.16726207733155,565.0264282226563]},{"page":307,"text":"Batteries","rect":[90.0,590.7227783203125,132.0577875099182,583.1355590820313]},{"page":307,"text":"Leaders must consider the following in planning LRS operations in a desert environment:","rect":[143.99989318847657,573.9542236328125,503.51245832061769,564.8460693359375]},{"page":307,"text":"D-7.","rect":[108.0,608.5301513671875,126.16726207733155,601.7666625976563]},{"page":307,"text":"Teams must test all batteries with a battery tester. The heat reduces battery life by one-third.","rect":[143.99989318847657,610.55419921875,540.1434888839722,601.446044921875]},{"page":307,"text":"Teams must not leave batteries on the ground. The sand and other elements will cause a rapid drain of ","rect":[108.0,622.2545776367188,542.5646314620972,613.1464233398438]},{"page":307,"text":"power.","rect":[108.0,633.9348754882813,135.64016246795655,627.181396484375]},{"page":307,"text":"Water","rect":[90.0,650.7337646484375,119.87219010925293,643.311279296875]},{"page":307,"text":"D-8.","rect":[108.0,668.51025390625,126.16726207733155,661.6265258789063]},{"page":307,"text":"Teams can conduct operations for only a few days without a resupply or cache of water. During","rect":[143.99989318847657,670.5543212890625,539.9753322601318,661.4461669921875]},{"page":307,"text":"the 24 hours before insertion, each Soldier must ensure he is fully hydrated. Each Soldier should carry a","rect":[108.0,682.2546997070313,540.0354280548096,673.1465454101563]},{"page":307,"text":"minimum of 11 quarts of water, which is how much water he must drink each day when moving. This is","rect":[107.9990005493164,693.9550170898438,540.0084369163513,684.8468627929688]},{"page":307,"text":"three 2-quart canteens plus one 5-quart bladder. Even when not moving, a Soldier in a desert environment","rect":[107.9990005493164,705.6553955078125,540.0513071975709,696.5472412109375]},{"page":307,"text":"requires 7 quarts of water a day.","rect":[107.9990005493164,717.355712890625,237.12119579315186,708.24755859375]},{"page":307,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":307,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":307,"text":"D-1","rect":[525.5779418945313,753.9600219726563,540.0427573242188,747.489013671875]},{"page":308,"text":"Appendix D","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":308,"text":"Insertion","rect":[72.0,82.64273834228516,114.7275604095459,75.05555725097656]},{"page":308,"text":"D-9.","rect":[90.0,100.45014190673828,108.16726207733155,93.5463638305664]},{"page":308,"text":"When inserting by helicopter, the team should consider using LZs that may provide a lower dust","rect":[125.9999008178711,102.47418212890625,522.0973277053834,93.36600494384766]},{"page":308,"text":"signature such as  a  salt  marsh  or  other  hard-packed  area.  The  distance  from the  LZ  to  the  hide  or","rect":[90.0,114.17449951171875,521.9891259727478,105.06632232666016]},{"page":308,"text":"surveillance site must be carefully considered. Water consumption is a prime consideration.","rect":[90.0009994506836,125.8748779296875,457.9154005050659,116.7667007446289]},{"page":308,"text":"Movement","rect":[72.0,142.6426239013672,122.02959271621704,135.2311248779297]},{"page":308,"text":"D-10. Teams average 1 kmph/day and 3 kmph/night dismounted. They should use GPSs, because terrain","rect":[90.0,162.47418212890626,522.0143947601318,153.36599731445313]},{"page":308,"text":"features may be few or shifting, and maps inaccurate. Walking on rocks and shale can help prevent the","rect":[89.9990005493164,174.17449951171876,521.9782381134033,165.06631469726563]},{"page":308,"text":"enemy from tracking the team. Movement on wet or dark sand is generally quicker. Loose or dune sand","rect":[89.9990005493164,185.8748779296875,521.9777736663818,176.76669311523438]},{"page":308,"text":"leaves clearer tracks and reduces movement speed. ","rect":[89.9990005493164,197.55528259277345,296.58669567108157,188.46713256835938]},{"page":308,"text":"Hide or Surveillance Site","rect":[72.0,214.36471557617188,188.9545570526123,206.7555694580078]},{"page":308,"text":"D-11. Teams should consider locating hide and surveillance sites together due to potential extended","rect":[90.0,234.17425537109376,522.0293483734131,225.06607055664063]},{"page":308,"text":"observation distances. Hide and surveillance sites can be camouflaged with a variety of materials including","rect":[89.9990005493164,245.87469482421876,522.0926418304443,236.76651000976563]},{"page":308,"text":"the diamond desert net, burlap or bed sheets (color matched) pulled tight over a frame. ","rect":[89.9990005493164,257.57501220703127,439.64773082733157,248.46682739257813]},{"page":308,"text":"• Surveil from a point higher than the NAI; afternoon heat (between about 1100 and 1600 hours)","rect":[125.9989013671875,275.27532958984377,518.7916162071228,266.1671447753906]},{"page":308,"text":"obscures optics at ground level due to the mirage effect, among other things. This makes","rect":[136.7983856201172,286.9756774902344,492.2280108909607,277.86749267578127]},{"page":308,"text":"vehicles difficult to identify beyond 2 to 3 kms. ","rect":[136.7983856201172,298.6759948730469,330.16326427459719,289.56781005859377]},{"page":308,"text":"• To identify vehicles at night, consider moving the surveillance site to within 1 to 2 km of ","rect":[125.9989013671875,316.37640380859377,496.8127393722534,307.2682189941406]},{"page":308,"text":"the objective or NAI.","rect":[136.7983856201172,328.0766906738281,222.1637830734253,318.95849609375]},{"page":308,"text":"• When constructing subsurface hides, dig them in sandy soil. To prevent sides from caving in,","rect":[125.9989013671875,345.777099609375,511.2305860519409,336.6689147949219]},{"page":308,"text":"shore them up.","rect":[136.7993927001953,357.45733642578127,196.0964002609253,348.36920166015627]},{"page":308,"text":"MOUNTAIN OPERATIONS","rect":[72.0,377.189697265625,246.9596930999756,367.51556396484377]},{"page":308,"text":"D-12. Irregular  mountain  topography  normally  provides  good  cover  and  concealment.  Observation","rect":[90.0,397.5542907714844,522.0253200531006,388.44610595703127]},{"page":308,"text":"varies depending on trees and scrub growth. Surveillance sites near ridges and peaks often provide broad","rect":[90.0,409.25469970703127,522.0336818695068,400.1465148925781]},{"page":308,"text":"areas of observation. Helicopter movement of teams is often limited by altitude capability, erratic wind","rect":[90.0,420.9549865722656,522.0759792327881,411.8468017578125]},{"page":308,"text":"conditions, and the lack of landing sites. Communications are generally difficult; relay stations might be","rect":[90.0,432.6554260253906,522.0669832305908,423.5472412109375]},{"page":308,"text":"needed for communication between the teams and base stations (FM 3-97.6).","rect":[90.0,444.33563232421877,399.1229200363159,435.24749755859377]},{"page":308,"text":"• During mountain operations, UHF TACSAT is best for primary communications, with HF as","rect":[125.9999008178711,462.0559997558594,510.5464618186951,452.94781494140627]},{"page":308,"text":"secondary (FM 3-97.6).","rect":[136.7993927001953,473.7564392089844,232.22498607635499,464.64825439453127]},{"page":308,"text":"• Use of mountaineering equipment is a must. Teams should also plan for scaling equipment and","rect":[125.9999008178711,491.4566955566406,517.9550685882568,482.3485107421875]},{"page":308,"text":"other specialized gear.","rect":[136.7993927001953,503.1571044921875,226.7990369796753,494.0489196777344]},{"page":308,"text":"• Teams must also be prepared to infiltrate by FRIES or SPIES due to rock formations.","rect":[125.9999008178711,520.857421875,479.28032970428469,511.7492370605469]},{"page":308,"text":"HALO/HAHO insertion may also be considered if suitable DZs can be located. ","rect":[136.7993927001953,532.5578002929688,457.4934034347534,523.4496459960938]},{"page":308,"text":"COLD WEATHER OPERATIONS","rect":[72.0,552.2697143554688,284.52110972595218,542.5955200195313]},{"page":308,"text":"D-13. In extreme cold, teams are hampered by the need to maintain body warmth. In deep snow, the","rect":[90.0,572.6341552734375,521.9848909454346,563.5260009765625]},{"page":308,"text":"teams must operate on skis or snowshoes; dogsleds or skimobiles might also be required. Long-range","rect":[90.0,584.3345947265625,521.9759798126221,575.2264404296875]},{"page":308,"text":"weather forecasts are an important planning consideration. ","rect":[90.0,596.034912109375,327.40386486053469,586.9267578125]},{"page":308,"text":"• Deep snow can conceal stationary surveillance sites, but increase the difficulty of orientation","rect":[125.9999008178711,613.7352294921875,509.2097682952881,604.6270751953125]},{"page":308,"text":"and the concealment of moving teams. ","rect":[136.80039978027345,625.4356079101563,293.97402477264407,616.3274536132813]},{"page":308,"text":"• Magnetic storms, aurora effects, and ionosphere disturbances can seriously degrade radio","rect":[126.00090026855469,643.1359252929688,495.23778343200686,634.0277709960938]},{"page":308,"text":"communications. ","rect":[136.80140686035157,652.812255859375,207.9136152267456,645.7281494140625]},{"page":308,"text":"• Trafficability and load-bearing qualities of ice and snow crust are important planning","rect":[126.00189971923828,672.53662109375,478.7108974456787,663.428466796875]},{"page":308,"text":"considerations. ","rect":[136.80140686035157,682.2129516601563,199.79778575897218,675.1288452148438]},{"page":308,"text":"• Survival is difficult in extreme winter conditions. To operate for extended periods at maximum","rect":[126.00189971923828,701.9172973632813,518.3631567916871,692.8291625976563]},{"page":308,"text":"efficiency, the team must establish a warming area. They can use the heat from candles while in","rect":[136.80140686035157,713.6375732421875,521.2757472991943,704.5294189453125]},{"page":308,"text":"D-2","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,86.46480017089844,747.489013671875]},{"page":308,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0093078613281,754.0679931640625,310.96850805664067,747.489013671875]},{"page":308,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0523986816406,754.0679931640625,522.042818359375,747.489013671875]},{"page":309,"text":"•","rect":[144.00039672851563,120.43683624267578,147.5073968887329,117.98193359375]},{"page":309,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":309,"text":"Geographic Environments","rect":[427.6199951171875,46.52101516723633,540.0414145507813,38.0880126953125]},{"page":309,"text":"a hide or surveillance site. Teams may require the use of extreme cold weather (ECW) sleeping","rect":[154.8000030517578,83.57427978515625,537.3997707366943,74.46610260009766]},{"page":309,"text":"bags and tents. Goggles or dark glasses are required during operations due to the threat of ","rect":[154.8000030517578,95.27471923828125,517.1976881027222,86.16654205322266]},{"page":309,"text":"snow blindness.","rect":[154.8000030517578,104.95099639892578,218.9685468673706,97.86685943603516]},{"page":309,"text":"Northern summer conditions are characterized by long periods of daylight, numerous water","rect":[154.79888916015626,124.67529296875,521.4354760704041,115.5671157836914]},{"page":309,"text":"obstacles, and marshy areas. When aircraft or ground operations are restricted, the teams can","rect":[154.8000030517578,136.37567138671876,527.0203762054443,127.26749420166016]},{"page":309,"text":"use boats designed to navigate northern waterways. ","rect":[154.8000030517578,148.07611083984376,363.9091444015503,138.96792602539063]},{"page":309,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":309,"text":"D-3","rect":[525.5779418945313,754.0590209960938,540.0427573242188,747.489013671875]},{"page":310,"text":"This page intentionally left blank. ","rect":[163.4399871826172,392.5619812011719,452.493501953125,375.69598388671877]},{"page":311,"text":"Appendix E","rect":[279.9599914550781,85.87195587158203,345.90237646484379,74.9279556274414]},{"page":311,"text":"Contingency Plans","rect":[243.0,110.50821685791016,386.98457386779787,95.49747467041016]},{"page":311,"text":"Operations seldom proceed as planned. LRSU operations are high risk conducted by","rect":[126.0,129.2007293701172,503.9585666656494,119.21990966796875]},{"page":311,"text":"skilled and experienced Soldiers. Key to successful operations is the anticipation of ","rect":[126.0,141.92100524902345,506.7940721511841,131.940185546875]},{"page":311,"text":"problems","rect":[126.0,154.61944580078126,166.85972079849243,144.66058349609376]},{"page":311,"text":"and","rect":[176.59120178222657,152.42344665527345,192.47048377990724,144.66058349609376]},{"page":311,"text":"opportunities","rect":[202.201904296875,154.61944580078126,260.29929599380497,144.66058349609376]},{"page":311,"text":"that","rect":[269.9713134765625,152.36854553222657,286.4775497360229,144.66058349609376]},{"page":311,"text":"may  arise.","rect":[296.14971923828127,154.6414031982422,348.24969959259036,144.66058349609376]},{"page":311,"text":"Visualizing","rect":[357.7417297363281,154.6414031982422,407.80710792541506,144.66058349609376]},{"page":311,"text":"and","rect":[417.4792175292969,152.42344665527345,433.35849952697756,144.66058349609376]},{"page":311,"text":"planning","rect":[443.0306091308594,154.6414031982422,481.54514503479006,144.66058349609376]},{"page":311,"text":"for","rect":[491.21722412109377,152.42344665527345,504.04406567764286,144.6715545654297]},{"page":311,"text":"contingencies allow leaders to gain and maintain flexibility.","rect":[126.0,167.36167907714845,388.7016954421997,157.380859375]},{"page":311,"text":"BRANCHES AND SEQUELS","rect":[90.0,189.35643005371095,269.21236338806156,177.3755645751953]},{"page":311,"text":"E-1.","rect":[108.0,205.260009765625,125.03700542449951,198.4864959716797]},{"page":311,"text":"A contingency plan provides for major contingencies that can reasonably be anticipated during the","rect":[143.99989318847657,207.414306640625,540.0519685821533,198.29611206054688]},{"page":311,"text":"course of  an  operation  in  a  particular  geographic area.  Contingency  plans  normally  take  the  form  of","rect":[108.0,219.11468505859376,539.9630639610291,210.00650024414063]},{"page":311,"text":"branches and sequels.","rect":[108.0,230.7949676513672,195.30860424041749,221.70681762695313]},{"page":311,"text":"BRANCHES","rect":[90.0,248.54222106933595,144.27652549743653,240.45602416992188]},{"page":311,"text":"E-2.","rect":[108.0,266.4000244140625,125.03700542449951,259.6264953613281]},{"page":311,"text":"A branch is a contingency plan (an option built into the basic plan) for changing the mission,","rect":[143.99989318847657,268.5543212890625,540.0819044113159,259.4461364746094]},{"page":311,"text":"disposition, orientation, or direction of movement of the force to aid success of the current operation, based","rect":[108.0,280.2346496582031,540.2518825531006,271.1465148925781]},{"page":311,"text":"on anticipated events, opportunities, or dispositions caused by enemy action. Branches are developed by","rect":[108.0,291.9549865722656,539.9988918304443,282.8468017578125]},{"page":311,"text":"the LRSC, LRSD and the LRS team. For example: all three organization develop branch contingency plans","rect":[108.0,303.6554260253906,539.9866473655701,294.5472412109375]},{"page":311,"text":"for loss of communications, the initiation of a LRS team E&R plan and the need to conduct resupply. The","rect":[108.0,315.3556823730469,539.9623079376221,306.24749755859377]},{"page":311,"text":"LRS team will  plan  a  branch  in  the  case  of  compromise  on  the  objective.  The  LRS  team  may  also","rect":[108.0,327.05609130859377,540.0247707366943,317.9378967285156]},{"page":311,"text":"anticipate a change of mission from surveillance to target acquisition if particular circumstances arise","rect":[108.0,338.7564392089844,540.1623811798096,329.64825439453127]},{"page":311,"text":"during the conduct of a mission. LRS leaders must anticipate changes and plan accordingly.","rect":[108.0,350.4568176269531,476.5766553878784,341.3486328125]},{"page":311,"text":"SEQUELS","rect":[90.0,369.74639892578127,135.0445156097412,359.916015625]},{"page":311,"text":"E-3.","rect":[108.0,386.1502380371094,125.03700542449951,379.2664794921875]},{"page":311,"text":"A  sequel  is  an  operation  that follows the current  operation.  They  are  future  operations  that","rect":[143.99989318847657,388.1943054199219,540.0089487991334,379.08612060546877]},{"page":311,"text":"anticipate  the  possible  outcomes--success,  failure,  or  stalemate--of  the  current operation.  Sequels  are","rect":[108.0,399.8746337890625,539.9873323516846,390.7864990234375]},{"page":311,"text":"normally not planned for below the LRSC level. The LRSC is normally alerted to the need to plan sequels","rect":[108.0,411.5950012207031,540.0313861351013,402.48681640625]},{"page":311,"text":"for employment of LRSDs or LRS teams based on orders from the BFSB or R&S squadron.","rect":[108.0,423.2954406738281,477.3609571456909,414.187255859375]},{"page":311,"text":"CONTINGENCY PLAN MATRIX","rect":[90.0,443.0096740722656,299.40361826324468,433.321533203125]},{"page":311,"text":"E-4.","rect":[108.0,461.2200012207031,125.03700542449951,454.44647216796877]},{"page":311,"text":"A  contingency  matrix  can  help  LRS  leaders  plan,  brief,  and  track  contingencies.  Leaders  can","rect":[143.99989318847657,463.3742980957031,540.0363674163818,454.26611328125]},{"page":311,"text":"identify  events  by  phase,  schedule planning and briefing  logically  or  chronologically,  and  effectively","rect":[107.9990005493164,475.0745849609375,540.1077175140381,465.9664001464844]},{"page":311,"text":"execute and monitor contingencies. Figure E-1, shows an example completed contingency matrix.","rect":[107.9990005493164,486.7749938964844,501.1554822921753,477.66680908203127]},{"page":311,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.99609594726562,747.489013671875]},{"page":311,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0813903808594,754.0679931640625,329.046236328125,747.489013671875]},{"page":311,"text":"E-1","rect":[526.0714111328125,753.9600219726563,540.0430014648438,747.489013671875]},{"page":312,"text":"Appendix E","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.30018780517578,38.196014404296878]},{"page":312,"text":"E-2","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,85.97159796142579,747.489013671875]},{"page":312,"text":"Figure E-1. Example completed contingency matrix.","rect":[186.47999572753907,693.2608642578125,407.5555888671875,684.9088745117188]},{"page":312,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[264.99688720703127,754.0679931640625,310.96170263671879,747.489013671875]},{"page":312,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0469055175781,754.0679931640625,522.0430014648438,747.489013671875]},{"page":313,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.99609594726562,747.489013671875]},{"page":313,"text":"Figure E-1. Example completed contingency matrix (continued).","rect":[178.6800079345703,474.3810119628906,451.3626872558594,465.947998046875]},{"page":313,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0813903808594,754.0679931640625,329.046236328125,747.489013671875]},{"page":313,"text":"Contingency Plans","rect":[459.0,46.52101516723633,540.0434897460938,38.0880126953125]},{"page":313,"text":"E-3","rect":[526.0714111328125,754.0590209960938,540.0430014648438,747.489013671875]},{"page":314,"text":"This page intentionally left blank. ","rect":[163.4399871826172,392.5619812011719,452.493501953125,375.69598388671877]},{"page":315,"text":"Appendix F","rect":[280.44000244140627,85.87195587158203,345.7296135253906,74.9279556274414]},{"page":315,"text":"Coordination for Army Aviation","rect":[195.83999633789063,110.50821685791016,434.17762457656866,95.49747467041016]},{"page":315,"text":"This appendix provides  an ","rect":[126.0,129.17877197265626,260.92926502227786,119.21990966796875]},{"page":315,"text":"coordinating the following:","rect":[126.0,141.92100524902345,246.5384017868042,131.940185546875]},{"page":315,"text":"example ","rect":[266.1645202636719,129.17877197265626,306.0760850906372,119.21990966796875]},{"page":315,"text":"OPORD ","rect":[311.31134033203127,128.0,351.30600452423098,119.40657043457031]},{"page":315,"text":"(Figure ","rect":[356.541259765625,129.2007293701172,391.6651964187622,119.21990966796875]},{"page":315,"text":"F-1) ","rect":[396.90045166015627,129.17877197265626,418.5837450027466,119.21990966796875]},{"page":315,"text":"and ","rect":[423.81903076171877,128.0,442.44220447540286,119.21990966796875]},{"page":315,"text":"•","rect":[147.5998992919922,158.0,151.4428991317749,154.0]},{"page":315,"text":"•","rect":[147.5998992919922,174.71603393554688,151.4428991317749,172.02593994140626]},{"page":315,"text":"•","rect":[147.5998992919922,195.0,151.4428991317749,191.0]},{"page":315,"text":"•","rect":[147.5998992919922,214.0,151.4428991317749,210.0]},{"page":315,"text":"Army aviation fire support (Figure F-2).","rect":[161.9990997314453,160.6407928466797,339.31439685821536,150.65997314453126]},{"page":315,"text":"Intelligence (Figure F-3).","rect":[161.9990997314453,179.36058044433595,273.5108690261841,169.3797607421875]},{"page":315,"text":"Rehearsal areas (Figure F-4).","rect":[162.0605926513672,198.0803680419922,290.11154651641848,188.09954833984376]},{"page":315,"text":"Vehicular movement (Figure F-5). ","rect":[161.9990997314453,216.8002166748047,315.52377796173098,206.81939697265626]},{"page":315,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":315,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":315,"text":"annexes ","rect":[447.6774597167969,128.0,485.84283924102786,121.0]},{"page":315,"text":"for","rect":[491.078125,128.0,503.89614697647098,119.23088836669922]},{"page":315,"text":"F-1","rect":[526.537353515625,753.9600219726563,540.0624106445313,747.489013671875]},{"page":316,"text":"Appendix F","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,120.82790319824218,38.196014404296878]},{"page":316,"text":"F-2","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,85.52509527587891,747.489013671875]},{"page":316,"text":"Figure F-1. Example OPORD.","rect":[235.1999969482422,677.4808959960938,358.81294360351566,669.0479125976563]},{"page":316,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0290832519531,754.0679931640625,310.98828344726567,747.489013671875]},{"page":316,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0722351074219,754.0679931640625,522.06259375,747.489013671875]},{"page":317,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":317,"text":"Figure F-1. Example OPORD (continued).","rect":[227.39999389648438,714.8609008789063,402.59330859375,706.4279174804688]},{"page":317,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":317,"text":"Coordination for Army Aviation","rect":[406.6199951171875,46.52101516723633,540.0117563476563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":317,"text":"F-3","rect":[526.537353515625,754.0590209960938,540.0624106445313,747.489013671875]},{"page":318,"text":"Appendix F","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,120.82790319824218,38.196014404296878]},{"page":318,"text":"F-4","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,85.52509527587891,747.489013671875]},{"page":318,"text":"Figure F-2. Example fire support annex.","rect":[212.39999389648438,325.8210144042969,381.520310546875,317.38800048828127]},{"page":318,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0290832519531,754.0679931640625,310.98828344726567,747.489013671875]},{"page":318,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0722351074219,754.0679931640625,522.06259375,747.489013671875]},{"page":319,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":319,"text":"Figure F-3. Example intelligence annex.","rect":[230.63999938964845,495.26092529296877,399.2801677246094,486.9089050292969]},{"page":319,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":319,"text":"Coordination for Army Aviation","rect":[406.6199951171875,46.52101516723633,540.0117563476563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":319,"text":"F-5","rect":[526.537353515625,754.0590209960938,540.0624106445313,747.5159912109375]},{"page":320,"text":"Appendix F","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,120.82790319824218,38.196014404296878]},{"page":320,"text":"F-6","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,85.52509527587891,747.489013671875]},{"page":320,"text":"Figure F-4. Example rehearsal area annex.","rect":[207.0,382.22100830078127,387.0068828125,373.8689880371094]},{"page":320,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0290832519531,754.0679931640625,310.98828344726567,747.489013671875]},{"page":320,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0722351074219,754.0679931640625,522.06259375,747.489013671875]},{"page":321,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98230200195312,747.489013671875]},{"page":321,"text":"Coordination for Army Aviation","rect":[406.6199951171875,46.52101516723633,539.998267578125,38.0880126953125]},{"page":321,"text":"Figure F-5. Example vehicular movement coordination annex.","rect":[183.60000610351563,551.6610107421875,446.4030009765625,543.3360595703125]},{"page":321,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0636901855469,754.0679931640625,329.0175192871094,747.489013671875]},{"page":321,"text":"F-7","rect":[526.5247192382813,753.9600219726563,540.0444052734375,747.5159912109375]},{"page":322,"text":"This page intentionally left blank. ","rect":[163.4399871826172,392.5619812011719,452.493501953125,375.69598388671877]},{"page":323,"text":"Appendix G","rect":[278.8799743652344,85.87195587158203,346.23117211914066,74.7839584350586]},{"page":323,"text":"Hide and Surveillance Sites","rect":[210.5399932861328,107.3522720336914,419.41194203186037,95.49747467041016]},{"page":323,"text":"During  surveillance,  which  is  the  LRS  team's primary mission,  the  team  leader","rect":[126.0,129.2007293701172,504.00585766983036,119.21990966796875]},{"page":323,"text":"reconnoiters,  then  selects  positions  for  the surveillance  and  hide  sites. Where  to","rect":[126.0,141.8990478515625,504.0102939605713,131.940185546875]},{"page":323,"text":"construct  the  positions  depends  on  his METT-TC  analysis  conducted  during  the","rect":[126.0,154.6414031982422,503.9987159881592,144.66058349609376]},{"page":323,"text":"planning phase and his continued analysis once in the vicinity of the objective. The","rect":[126.0,167.36167907714845,503.9479347381592,157.369873046875]},{"page":323,"text":"two sites communicate by wire, VHF, or messenger.","rect":[126.0,180.08201599121095,355.0358934402466,170.1011962890625]},{"page":323,"text":"Selected team members observe or surveil the objective from the surveillance site.","rect":[126.0,198.8018035888672,503.98740100860598,188.80999755859376]},{"page":323,"text":"Some members rotate between the hide and surveillance sites. Others run the team's","rect":[126.0,209.31521606445313,504.0139566383362,201.5413818359375]},{"page":323,"text":"HF  or TACSAT  directly  from  the  hide  site  or  from a separate location chosen","rect":[126.0,224.24253845214845,504.02039527893069,214.26171875]},{"page":323,"text":"specifically for conducting communications.","rect":[126.0,236.96275329589845,322.1162157058716,226.98193359375]},{"page":323,"text":"SURFACE SITES","rect":[90.0,256.6495666503906,199.06494822692873,246.9754180908203]},{"page":323,"text":"G-1.","rect":[108.0,275.0003356933594,126.16726207733155,268.0765075683594]},{"page":323,"text":"The  enemy  situation  may  prohibit  moving  to a subsurface  site,  so  camouflage  must  be  done","rect":[143.99989318847657,277.01434326171877,540.0002107696533,267.9061584472656]},{"page":323,"text":"correctly during occupation of both sites and improved when circumstances allow (Figure G-1).","rect":[108.0,288.714599609375,492.8936414718628,279.6064147949219]},{"page":323,"text":"Figure G-1. Two-man surface site using ghillie suits.","rect":[203.22000122070313,481.4610290527344,426.8407451171875,473.02801513671877]},{"page":323,"text":"ADVANTAGES OF SURFACE SITES","rect":[90.0,499.260009765625,252.8309841156006,490.9560241699219]},{"page":323,"text":"•  Simple construction.","rect":[144.0,519.2142944335938,237.70527172088624,510.1261291503906]},{"page":323,"text":"•  Few materials.","rect":[144.0,534.9105224609375,213.6603651046753,527.826416015625]},{"page":323,"text":"•  Quick setup.","rect":[144.0,554.614990234375,205.5497694015503,545.52685546875]},{"page":323,"text":"• Little soil removal if any.","rect":[144.0,572.3353271484375,256.85749340057375,563.2271728515625]},{"page":323,"text":"•  Optical standoff.","rect":[144.0,590.0155639648438,222.23459911346436,580.9274291992188]},{"page":323,"text":"•  Quick escape.","rect":[144.0,607.7158813476563,211.08025646209718,598.6277465820313]},{"page":323,"text":"DISADVANTAGES OF SURFACE SITES","rect":[90.0,625.4998779296875,268.6109676361084,617.1958618164063]},{"page":323,"text":"• Little protection from small-arms fire.","rect":[144.0,645.4541625976563,307.4053602218628,636.3660278320313]},{"page":323,"text":"• No protection from indirect fires or CBRN hazards.","rect":[144.0,663.1544799804688,362.15139293670657,654.0663452148438]},{"page":323,"text":"• Risk of compromise by dogs, civilians, and enemy patrols.","rect":[144.0,680.8748779296875,390.01235485076907,671.7667236328125]},{"page":323,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,146.0020010986328,747.489013671875]},{"page":323,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.08868408203127,754.0679931640625,329.0590231933594,747.489013671875]},{"page":323,"text":"G-1","rect":[525.0661010742188,754.0590209960938,540.0384848632813,747.4080200195313]},{"page":324,"text":"Appendix G","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,122.33130755615234,38.0880126953125]},{"page":324,"text":"CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR SURFACE SITES","rect":[72.0,83.64002227783203,314.81097984313967,75.33602142333985]},{"page":324,"text":"•  Natural vegetation.","rect":[126.0,103.61431884765625,213.61220836639405,94.50614166259766]},{"page":324,"text":"•  Ghille suits.","rect":[126.0,119.3055648803711,185.27797985076905,112.2114028930664]},{"page":324,"text":"•  Ground blinds.","rect":[126.0,137.01100158691407,197.12353038787843,129.91683959960938]},{"page":324,"text":"• ","rect":[126.0,155.0,131.9809980392456,149.0]},{"page":324,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,170.1871337890625,129.50700016021728,167.73223876953126]},{"page":324,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,187.89251708984376,129.50700016021728,185.4376220703125]},{"page":324,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,205.59783935546876,129.50700016021728,203.1429443359375]},{"page":324,"text":"•","rect":[126.0,223.30322265625,129.50700016021728,220.84832763671876]},{"page":324,"text":"Poncho(s), waterproof.","rect":[136.7956085205078,156.70018005371095,229.2264051437378,147.61203002929688]},{"page":324,"text":"Yeti or camouflage net to prevent reflection.","rect":[136.8007049560547,174.42559814453126,315.30095958709719,165.31741333007813]},{"page":324,"text":"One 550-pound cord or bungee cords.","rect":[136.79649353027345,192.1309814453125,289.38604259490969,183.02279663085938]},{"page":324,"text":"Chicken wire (optional).","rect":[136.7957000732422,209.81626892089845,235.2027997970581,200.72811889648438]},{"page":324,"text":"Burlap or canvas cloth (optional).","rect":[136.80250549316407,227.5216522216797,272.03689098358157,218.43350219726563]},{"page":324,"text":"CONSIDERATIONS FOR SURFACE SITES","rect":[72.0,245.27996826171876,261.6509761810303,236.97598266601563]},{"page":324,"text":"G-2.","rect":[90.0,263.2402648925781,108.16726207733155,256.3164367675781]},{"page":324,"text":"Team members--","rect":[125.9917984008789,263.230224609375,194.46759582138064,256.1460876464844]},{"page":324,"text":"•","rect":[125.9917984008789,278.72113037109377,129.49879856109619,276.2662353515625]},{"page":324,"text":"•","rect":[125.9917984008789,298.0,129.49879856109619,294.0]},{"page":324,"text":"•","rect":[125.9917984008789,314.121826171875,129.49879856109619,311.66693115234377]},{"page":324,"text":"•","rect":[125.9917984008789,331.8271484375,129.49879856109619,329.37225341796877]},{"page":324,"text":"•","rect":[125.9917984008789,351.0,129.49879856109619,348.0]},{"page":324,"text":"•","rect":[125.9917984008789,367.2378234863281,129.49879856109619,364.7829284667969]},{"page":324,"text":"•","rect":[125.9917984008789,387.0,129.49879856109619,383.0]},{"page":324,"text":"•","rect":[125.9917984008789,404.0,129.49879856109619,401.0]},{"page":324,"text":"•","rect":[125.9917984008789,422.0,129.49879856109619,418.0]},{"page":324,"text":"Avoid cutting vegetation, use man-made or natural camouflage.","rect":[136.78530883789063,282.9595947265625,392.6684522628784,273.8514099121094]},{"page":324,"text":"Keep equipment packed when not in use.","rect":[136.82740783691407,300.64495849609377,302.0963087081909,291.55682373046877]},{"page":324,"text":"Remain in uniform and keep on load-carrying equipment.","rect":[136.78829956054688,318.36029052734377,368.0039930343628,309.2521057128906]},{"page":324,"text":"Maintain security around the clock.","rect":[136.7913055419922,336.06561279296877,279.1043653488159,326.9574279785156]},{"page":324,"text":"Construct small, easy to conceal two-man site or,","rect":[136.81959533691407,353.7710266113281,334.03213024139407,344.662841796875]},{"page":324,"text":"Construct three-man site for longer stays (one rests while others surveil).","rect":[136.79249572753907,371.4762878417969,429.01531505584719,362.36810302734377]},{"page":324,"text":"Rotate surveillance teams just after dark and just before daylight.","rect":[136.8153076171875,389.1816711425781,398.2077283859253,380.0634765625]},{"page":324,"text":"Set up communications between the hide and surveillance sites.","rect":[136.8114013671875,406.866943359375,392.18886852264407,397.77880859375]},{"page":324,"text":"Take their rucksacks to the surveillance site.","rect":[136.8134002685547,422.5682373046875,314.8222303390503,415.4841003417969]},{"page":324,"text":"•","rect":[125.9917984008789,440.0,129.49879856109619,436.0]},{"page":324,"text":"•","rect":[125.9917984008789,457.0,129.49879856109619,454.0]},{"page":324,"text":"•","rect":[125.98180389404297,487.0,129.48880405426025,483.0]},{"page":324,"text":"•","rect":[125.98180389404297,516.0,129.48880405426025,513.0]},{"page":324,"text":"•","rect":[125.98180389404297,546.0,129.48880405426025,542.0]},{"page":324,"text":"Remain in hide site during day when conditions only allow limited visibility surveillance.","rect":[136.80740356445313,442.2876892089844,496.27837657928469,433.17950439453127]},{"page":324,"text":"Use nets or natural camouflage to construct all-round concealment for the surveillance site.","rect":[136.8216094970703,459.99298095703127,502.4891309738159,450.8847961425781]},{"page":324,"text":"Ensure that site is hidden from every angle, including overhead.","rect":[136.7834014892578,471.6964416503906,393.4853467941284,462.5882568359375]},{"page":324,"text":"Determine the location of the hide, surveillance, and communication (if used) sites, based on","rect":[136.80331420898438,489.3816223144531,508.7824306488037,480.2934875488281]},{"page":324,"text":"METT-TC, but especially based on terrain.","rect":[136.7834014892578,501.1050720214844,309.7727003097534,491.99688720703127]},{"page":324,"text":"Try to change direction when moving from the hide site to the surveillance site. For example,","rect":[136.80459594726563,518.8104248046875,511.3732557296753,509.7022399902344]},{"page":324,"text":"move in a dogleg or fishhook, or take an indirect route.","rect":[136.7834014892578,530.5137939453125,358.2352247238159,521.4056396484375]},{"page":324,"text":"Never wear a ghillie suit during movement, because pieces can rip off in vegetation and leave a","rect":[136.81430053710938,548.2191162109375,519.8238802032471,539.1109619140625]},{"page":324,"text":"trail. Instead, put the suit on just before occupying the surveillance site.","rect":[136.7834014892578,559.9224853515625,423.3774061203003,550.8042602539063]},{"page":324,"text":"HASTY SUBSURFACE SITES","rect":[72.0,579.5697021484375,259.82550730895999,569.8955078125]},{"page":324,"text":"G-3.","rect":[90.0,597.9202880859375,108.16726207733155,590.9964599609375]},{"page":324,"text":"The team constructs a hasty subsurface site when they have too little time to construct a complete","rect":[125.9917984008789,599.934326171875,521.9956331329346,590.826171875]},{"page":324,"text":"subsurface  site.  A  hasty  subsurface  site  is  especially useful in  the  absence  of  natural  cover  and","rect":[89.98999786376953,611.6376953125,521.9915676116943,602.529541015625]},{"page":324,"text":"concealment. They plan the site so they can improve it to a full subsurface site as time and the situation","rect":[89.98999786376953,623.3410034179688,522.0402736663818,614.2328491210938]},{"page":324,"text":"allow (Figure G-2 and Figure G-3).","rect":[89.98999786376953,635.0443725585938,232.34301280975343,625.9362182617188]},{"page":324,"text":"G-2","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,86.97239904785157,747.4080200195313]},{"page":324,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[264.9792175292969,754.0679931640625,310.9476950683594,747.489013671875]},{"page":324,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.03179931640627,754.0679931640625,522.0312216796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":325,"text":"Hide and Surveillance Sites","rect":[422.6400146484375,44.748016357421878,539.9831870117188,38.0880126953125]},{"page":325,"text":"Figure G-2. Suspension line-weave site.","rect":[117.05999755859375,395.06103515625,286.91557421875,386.6280212402344]},{"page":325,"text":"Figure G-3. Polyvinyl chloride site.","rect":[356.635009765625,395.06103515625,504.036423828125,386.6280212402344]},{"page":325,"text":"ADVANTAGES COMPARED TO SURFACE SITE","rect":[90.0,412.8600158691406,308.06095266342165,404.5560302734375]},{"page":325,"text":"•  Lower profile.","rect":[144.0,431.79425048828127,212.8066053390503,422.70611572265627]},{"page":325,"text":"• Better protection against small-arms and indirect fires.","rect":[144.0,449.51458740234377,373.20000743865969,440.4064025878906]},{"page":325,"text":"•  Excellent camouflage.","rect":[144.0,467.2149963378906,244.33323192596436,458.1068115234375]},{"page":325,"text":"DISADVANTAGES COMPARED TO SURFACE SITE","rect":[90.0,484.97998046875,323.8409514427185,476.6759948730469]},{"page":325,"text":"• Requires more construction tools.","rect":[144.0,504.93414306640627,290.1727247238159,495.84600830078127]},{"page":325,"text":"• Challenge of concealing removed soil.","rect":[144.0,522.654541015625,309.4016065597534,513.54638671875]},{"page":325,"text":"• Greater construction time.","rect":[144.0,538.3408813476563,259.68447399139407,531.2467651367188]},{"page":325,"text":"• More construction noise.","rect":[144.0,556.0311279296875,254.89062023162843,548.947021484375]},{"page":325,"text":"CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS NEEDED","rect":[90.0,575.8080444335938,274.86274814605715,567.5159912109375]},{"page":325,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,593.0,147.50700016021728,590.0]},{"page":325,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,611.0,147.50700016021728,607.0]},{"page":325,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,629.0,147.50700016021728,625.0]},{"page":325,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,646.0,147.50700016021728,643.0]},{"page":325,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0,665.0,149.98400402069093,659.0]},{"page":325,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,682.0,147.50700016021728,678.0]},{"page":325,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0,698.0,149.98389720916749,694.0]},{"page":325,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0,716.0,149.98400402069093,712.0]},{"page":325,"text":"Ponchos or other waterproofing material.","rect":[154.79869079589845,595.7943115234375,320.0776319503784,586.6861572265625]},{"page":325,"text":"Yeti or small camouflage net.","rect":[154.81649780273438,613.4945678710938,273.52566051483157,604.3864135742188]},{"page":325,"text":"Entrenching tool or D-handled shovels.","rect":[154.79849243164063,631.1950073242188,313.0337781906128,622.0868530273438]},{"page":325,"text":"One 550-pound or bungee cord.","rect":[154.79849243164063,648.895263671875,283.06450939178469,639.787109375]},{"page":325,"text":"Sandbags.","rect":[154.79861450195313,666.5955810546875,195.82250499725343,657.4874267578125]},{"page":325,"text":"Polyvinyl chloride pipe with connectors.","rect":[154.7983856201172,684.2958984375,317.82961559295657,675.187744140625]},{"page":325,"text":"Fiberglass rod.","rect":[154.7985076904297,701.9962768554688,214.46714305877686,692.8881225585938]},{"page":325,"text":"Aluminum conduit.","rect":[154.79861450195313,717.6725463867188,233.2113904953003,710.5884399414063]},{"page":325,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,146.0020010986328,747.489013671875]},{"page":325,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.08868408203127,754.0679931640625,329.0590231933594,747.489013671875]},{"page":325,"text":"G-3","rect":[525.0661010742188,754.0590209960938,540.0384848632813,747.4080200195313]},{"page":326,"text":"Appendix G","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,122.33130755615234,38.0880126953125]},{"page":326,"text":"•  Plywood.","rect":[126.0,83.57427978515625,174.98272228240968,74.46610260009766]},{"page":326,"text":"• Chicken wire (optional).","rect":[126.0,101.25956726074219,235.2027997970581,92.17142486572266]},{"page":326,"text":"• Burlap or canvas (optional).","rect":[126.0,118.96501159667969,249.47680187225343,109.87686920166016]},{"page":326,"text":"• Small saplings, stripped and lashed together in place of pipe or fiberglass rods.","rect":[126.0,136.68023681640626,452.8864698410034,127.57205963134766]},{"page":326,"text":"FINISHED SUBSURFACE SITE","rect":[72.0,156.3896942138672,271.45686184310918,146.7155303955078]},{"page":326,"text":"G-4.","rect":[90.0,174.74024963378907,108.16726207733155,167.81643676757813]},{"page":326,"text":"The  team  generally  uses finished subsurface sites  for  stay-behind  missions  and  when  they","rect":[125.9917984008789,176.7542724609375,521.9932765960693,167.64608764648438]},{"page":326,"text":"anticipate having to remain underground for extended periods of time. ","rect":[89.9800033569336,188.45770263671876,374.5628309249878,179.34951782226563]},{"page":326,"text":"LOCATION","rect":[72.0,206.17269897460938,125.22424411773682,198.09597778320313]},{"page":326,"text":"G-5.","rect":[90.0,224.1802520751953,108.16726207733155,217.25643920898438]},{"page":326,"text":"Dig the site in a well-concealed area, away from enemy observation, and well away from any","rect":[125.9917984008789,226.19427490234376,521.9775905609131,217.08609008789063]},{"page":326,"text":"populated areas. ","rect":[89.98999786376953,237.87767028808595,157.72057628631593,228.78952026367188]},{"page":326,"text":"CONSTRUCTION","rect":[72.0,255.64797973632813,151.142746925354,247.35598754882813]},{"page":326,"text":"G-6.","rect":[90.0,273.6202697753906,108.16726207733155,266.6964416503906]},{"page":326,"text":"Use any available containers, such as rucksacks, sandbags, or socks, to remove the dirt. Some of","rect":[125.9917984008789,275.63427734375,521.9625756797791,266.5260925292969]},{"page":326,"text":"the removed soil will later be placed on top of the site. Leftover dirt must also be camouflaged. ","rect":[89.98999786376953,287.3376770019531,473.6991834640503,278.2294921875]},{"page":326,"text":"Overhead Cover","rect":[72.0,304.11370849609377,149.81525956726075,296.5265197753906]},{"page":326,"text":"G-7.","rect":[90.0,321.9202880859375,108.16726207733155,314.9964599609375]},{"page":326,"text":"Overhead cover is constructed strong enough that it can be walked on.","rect":[125.9917984008789,323.9342956542969,408.3130750656128,314.82611083984377]},{"page":326,"text":"Ingress and Egress","rect":[72.0,342.9206848144531,160.4856210670471,333.2912292480469]},{"page":326,"text":"G-8.","rect":[90.0,358.5202941894531,108.16726207733155,351.5964660644531]},{"page":326,"text":"Construct  two  sets  of  entrances  and  exits,  primary  and  secondary  (emergency),  and  cover  and","rect":[125.9917984008789,360.5343017578125,522.0180568695068,351.4261169433594]},{"page":326,"text":"conceal each.","rect":[89.98999786376953,370.213623046875,144.01684093475343,363.1294860839844]},{"page":326,"text":"Size of Site","rect":[72.0,389.0246887207031,123.24258195495605,381.4155578613281]},{"page":326,"text":"G-9.","rect":[90.0,406.8203125,108.16726207733155,399.896484375]},{"page":326,"text":"The site must accommodate the whole team. It must allow freedom of movement and have room","rect":[125.9917984008789,406.8102722167969,522.1506628952027,399.72613525390627]},{"page":326,"text":"for separate and comfortable sleeping positions.","rect":[90.0,420.53765869140627,282.2813673019409,411.4294738769531]},{"page":326,"text":"Materials","rect":[72.0,437.302734375,117.1629358253479,429.715576171875]},{"page":326,"text":"G-10.","rect":[90.0,455.12030029296877,113.20431804656983,448.19647216796877]},{"page":326,"text":"Materials needed depends on the design.","rect":[125.9917984008789,457.1343078613281,288.74953746795657,448.026123046875]},{"page":326,"text":"• Fifty 2 x 4 x 12's (2 inches by 4 inches by 12 feet boards).","rect":[125.9917984008789,474.839599609375,369.91128063201907,465.7314147949219]},{"page":326,"text":"• Six 4 x 4 x 6's (4 inches by 4 inches by 6 feet boards).","rect":[125.9917984008789,492.54498291015627,353.78704357147219,483.4367980957031]},{"page":326,"text":"• Sufficient gravel to cover the floor.","rect":[125.9917984008789,510.24029541015627,278.44805431365969,501.1321105957031]},{"page":326,"text":"• Eighteen inches of cover over entire site.","rect":[125.9917984008789,527.945556640625,300.98626232147219,518.83740234375]},{"page":326,"text":"• Backhoe or Soldiers with shovels.","rect":[125.9917984008789,543.636962890625,273.69610118865969,536.5428466796875]},{"page":326,"text":"• Sandbags, 100 each.","rect":[125.9917984008789,563.3563232421875,218.84911632537843,554.2481689453125]},{"page":326,"text":"• One large general-purpose tent to cover construction until complete.","rect":[125.9917984008789,581.0617065429688,410.7327527999878,571.9535522460938]},{"page":326,"text":"ADVANTAGES OF SUBSURFACE SITES","rect":[72.0,598.7998657226563,253.2509822845459,590.495849609375]},{"page":326,"text":"• Little risk of compromise.","rect":[126.0,618.754150390625,241.39004039764405,609.666015625]},{"page":326,"text":"• Protection from artillery and small-arms weapons fire.","rect":[126.0,636.4794921875,354.6933546066284,627.371337890625]},{"page":326,"text":"• Protection from nuclear attack.","rect":[126.0,652.160888671875,260.96697521209719,645.0767822265625]},{"page":326,"text":"•  Excellent camouflage.","rect":[126.0,671.8801879882813,226.3112440109253,662.7720336914063]},{"page":326,"text":"G-4","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,86.97239904785157,747.4080200195313]},{"page":326,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[264.9792175292969,754.0679931640625,310.9476950683594,747.489013671875]},{"page":326,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.03179931640627,754.0679931640625,522.0312216796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":327,"text":"Hide and Surveillance Sites","rect":[422.6400146484375,44.748016357421878,539.9786704101563,38.0880126953125]},{"page":327,"text":"DISADVANTAGES OF SUBSURFACE SITES","rect":[90.0,83.64002227783203,287.0309810638428,75.33602142333985]},{"page":327,"text":"• Concealment of leftover soil away from the site.","rect":[144.0,103.61431884765625,348.4491834640503,94.50614166259766]},{"page":327,"text":"•  Construction noise.","rect":[144.0,119.3055648803711,232.87084484100343,112.2114028930664]},{"page":327,"text":"• Construction resources (time, manpower, materials, and equipment).","rect":[144.0,139.00498962402345,429.78640270233157,129.91683959960938]},{"page":327,"text":"USE OF EXISTING SITES","rect":[90.0,156.77996826171876,206.8709774017334,148.47598266601563]},{"page":327,"text":"G-11. Look for and use depressions or predug holes, such as former fighting positions, and improve","rect":[108.0,176.7542724609375,540.0019807891846,167.64608764648438]},{"page":327,"text":"them as the situation allows. During heavy rains, do not use streams and waterways as they could flood. ","rect":[107.98999786376953,188.45770263671876,527.2766065597534,179.34951782226563]},{"page":327,"text":"CONCEALMENT","rect":[90.0,206.20797729492188,167.55011892318727,197.91598510742188]},{"page":327,"text":"G-12.","rect":[108.0,224.1802520751953,131.2043104171753,217.25643920898438]},{"page":327,"text":"COVER","rect":[90.0,243.94796752929688,125.99359226226807,235.65597534179688]},{"page":327,"text":"To conceal the site, use yeti nets, man-made and natural camouflage, or chicken wire. ","rect":[143.99179077148438,226.19427490234376,490.2979688644409,217.08609008789063]},{"page":327,"text":"G-13. Build a barricade to provide shelter.","rect":[108.0,263.9142150878906,288.3367872238159,254.82608032226563]},{"page":327,"text":"STOCKAGE","rect":[90.0,281.70001220703127,145.10468435287477,273.3960266113281]},{"page":327,"text":"G-14. Stock it with rations, water, ammunitions, batteries, and so on, and arrange equipment, such as","rect":[108.0,301.67431640625,540.0617206077576,292.5661315917969]},{"page":327,"text":"rucksacks and communications equipment, so it can be grabbed in an emergency. ","rect":[107.98999786376953,313.3776550292969,437.1496534347534,304.26947021484377]},{"page":327,"text":"STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURE","rect":[90.0,331.1399841308594,267.01810598373415,322.83599853515627]},{"page":327,"text":"G-15. Have an SOP for exiting the site. If the team conducts surveillance from the site, then how the","rect":[108.0,351.1142883300781,540.0042390899658,342.006103515625]},{"page":327,"text":"team leaves the site depends on the location of the enemy objective (Figure G-4). The team should also","rect":[108.0,362.81768798828127,540.0209255218506,353.6994934082031]},{"page":327,"text":"prepare a deception plan to cover exiting by the secondary (emergency) exit, in case the enemy finds the","rect":[108.0,374.52099609375,539.9726228790283,365.4128112792969]},{"page":327,"text":"primary entrance.","rect":[108.0,386.22442626953127,178.57592296600343,377.1162414550781]},{"page":327,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.99930029296875,747.489013671875]},{"page":327,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0832824707031,754.0679931640625,329.0518210449219,747.489013671875]},{"page":327,"text":"G-5","rect":[525.0588989257813,754.0590209960938,540.0312827148438,747.4080200195313]},{"page":328,"text":"Appendix G","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,122.32589831542968,38.0880126953125]},{"page":328,"text":"Figure G-4. Example subsurface site.","rect":[217.97999572753907,561.9808959960938,376.05619921875,553.5479125976563]},{"page":328,"text":"WASTE MANAGEMENT","rect":[72.0,579.7679443359375,185.0640196800232,571.6558837890625]},{"page":328,"text":"G-16. Use a portable camping toilet or line an MRE box with a trash bag. Cover waste odor with lime","rect":[90.0,599.7542114257813,521.9455232696533,590.6460571289063]},{"page":328,"text":"(best) or baking soda. Remove the waste in zipper storage bags, leftover MRE bags, or any other type of ","rect":[90.0,611.4544677734375,524.5247755050659,602.3463134765625]},{"page":328,"text":"sealable container.","rect":[90.0,621.130859375,164.61791515350343,614.0467529296875]},{"page":328,"text":"PERSONAL EQUIPMENT","rect":[72.0,642.4462890625,187.58017873764039,632.7958374023438]},{"page":328,"text":"G-17. Disassemble shovels and carry them in rucksacks, and leave on load-carrying equipment.","rect":[90.0,660.894287109375,483.96731090545657,651.7861328125]},{"page":328,"text":"G-6","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,86.97239904785157,747.4080200195313]},{"page":328,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[264.9792175292969,754.0679931640625,310.94949560546879,747.489013671875]},{"page":328,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.03631591796877,754.0679931640625,522.038423828125,747.489013671875]},{"page":329,"text":"Hide and Surveillance Sites","rect":[422.6400146484375,44.748016357421878,539.9831870117188,38.0880126953125]},{"page":329,"text":"SITE SELECTION","rect":[90.0,85.58970642089844,206.79589121246338,75.91554260253906]},{"page":329,"text":"G-18.","rect":[108.0,103.94026947021485,131.2043104171753,97.01644897460938]},{"page":329,"text":"When selecting a site, the leader should--","rect":[143.99989318847657,105.95428466796875,309.88237548446656,96.84610748291016]},{"page":329,"text":"• Consider LOS to target.","rect":[143.99989318847657,123.65460205078125,250.72072887420655,114.54642486572266]},{"page":329,"text":"• Ensure the site is in range of available observation equipment so that it can meet the reporting","rect":[143.99989318847657,141.35498046875,531.3358058929443,132.24679565429688]},{"page":329,"text":"requirements.","rect":[154.7993927001953,153.03526306152345,209.5938367843628,143.94711303710938]},{"page":329,"text":"• Ensure the site has adequate overhead cover and concealment.","rect":[143.99989318847657,170.73558044433595,404.75408458709719,161.64743041992188]},{"page":329,"text":"• Ensure the site is located away from natural lines of drift, roads, trails, railroad tracks, and","rect":[143.99989318847657,188.45599365234376,516.7469081878662,179.34780883789063]},{"page":329,"text":"major waterways.","rect":[154.80039978027345,200.15625,226.01731395721436,191.03805541992188]},{"page":329,"text":"• Ensure the site is defendable for at least a short time.","rect":[144.0009002685547,215.8325958251953,366.7388868331909,208.74844360351563]},{"page":329,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,231.3184814453125,147.50790042877197,228.86358642578126]},{"page":329,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,251.0,147.50790042877197,247.0]},{"page":329,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,280.0,147.50790042877197,276.0]},{"page":329,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,309.0,147.50790042877197,306.0]},{"page":329,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,325.5205383300781,147.50790042877197,323.0656433105469]},{"page":329,"text":"Ensure the site has primary and secondary (emergency or alternate) hasty exits.","rect":[154.79959106445313,235.55694580078126,472.7180128097534,226.44876098632813]},{"page":329,"text":"Ensure the site has a concealed and serviceable entrance, and that Soldiers make little noise","rect":[154.82940673828126,251.2432403564453,521.6024446563721,244.14907836914063]},{"page":329,"text":"getting in and out of the hide site.","rect":[154.80039978027345,264.95770263671877,289.7396192550659,255.84951782226563]},{"page":329,"text":"Ensure the site works within the factors of METT-TC relative to other site positions (hide,","rect":[154.83140563964845,282.637939453125,517.3590040206909,273.5498046875]},{"page":329,"text":"surveillance, and communication).","rect":[154.80039978027345,294.3383483886719,293.4384717941284,285.2502136230469]},{"page":329,"text":"Ensure the site is located well away from any man-made objects.","rect":[154.8216094970703,312.0586853027344,414.8876905441284,302.94049072265627]},{"page":329,"text":"Ensure the site is located downwind of inhabited areas.","rect":[154.79959106445313,327.7349548339844,375.8440809249878,320.65081787109377]},{"page":329,"text":"• Ensure the site uses, but is not dominated by, high ground.","rect":[144.0009002685547,347.45928955078127,389.86638927459719,338.3511047363281]},{"page":329,"text":"LEADER RECONNAISSANCE","rect":[90.0,367.169677734375,282.7534316673279,357.49554443359377]},{"page":329,"text":"G-19. The team leader selects tentative sites during the planning phase. He physically reconnoiters (in a","rect":[108.0,387.5343017578125,540.0360994415283,378.4261169433594]},{"page":329,"text":"stay-behind); observes  from  aircraft;  studies  photographs,  line-of-site  data,  soil  and  drainage  data,  or","rect":[108.0,399.23468017578127,539.9854638633728,390.1264953613281]},{"page":329,"text":"conducts a map reconnaissance. At a minimum, he selects primary and alternate hide and surveillance sites","rect":[108.0,410.9349670410156,540.0153338890076,401.8267822265625]},{"page":329,"text":"(thus, four sites in all). Before the team occupies the sites, the team leader physically reconnoiters the","rect":[108.0,422.6354064941406,540.0008821563721,413.5272216796875]},{"page":329,"text":"tentative sites chosen during planning. If necessary, he moves the site to a better location.","rect":[108.0,434.335693359375,467.1318006515503,425.2275085449219]},{"page":329,"text":"OCCUPATION OF HIDE SITE","rect":[90.0,454.0496826171875,282.7631667747498,444.37554931640627]},{"page":329,"text":"G-20. The leader can occupy the hide site by any of several methods:","rect":[108.0,474.4142761230469,396.10816144561769,465.30609130859377]},{"page":329,"text":"FISHHOOK OR DOG-LEG METHOD","rect":[90.0,492.1421203613281,259.2190103530884,484.055908203125]},{"page":329,"text":"G-21. The team occupies the hide site off the direction of march (Figure G-5).","rect":[108.0,512.1542358398438,431.77935314178469,503.0460205078125]},{"page":329,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,146.00018530273437,747.489013671875]},{"page":329,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.08868408203127,754.0679931640625,329.0590231933594,747.489013671875]},{"page":329,"text":"G-7","rect":[525.0661010742188,754.0590209960938,540.0384848632813,747.4080200195313]},{"page":330,"text":"Appendix G","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,122.32589831542968,38.0880126953125]},{"page":330,"text":"Figure G-5. Fishhook and dog-leg methods.","rect":[203.82000732421876,355.041015625,390.1884013671875,346.6080017089844]},{"page":330,"text":"OCCUPATION BY FORCE","rect":[72.0,372.8280029296875,191.3563323020935,364.5360107421875]},{"page":330,"text":"G-22. The team only occupies a hide site by force if it must, such as when time is a major limiting","rect":[90.0,392.8143005371094,522.0496730804443,383.69610595703127]},{"page":330,"text":"factor. In such a case, the team leader reconnoiters and the team moves directly into the tentative site","rect":[90.0,404.5146789550781,522.0454988555908,395.406494140625]},{"page":330,"text":"(Figure G-6).","rect":[90.0,416.2149963378906,143.59801769256593,407.1068115234375]},{"page":330,"text":"G-8","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,86.97239904785157,747.4080200195313]},{"page":330,"text":"Figure G-6. Forcible occupation of site.","rect":[213.36000061035157,707.781005859375,380.66621508789066,699.3480224609375]},{"page":330,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[264.9792175292969,754.0679931640625,310.94949560546879,747.489013671875]},{"page":330,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.03631591796877,754.0679931640625,522.038423828125,747.489013671875]},{"page":331,"text":"Hide and Surveillance Sites","rect":[422.6400146484375,44.748016357421878,539.9831870117188,38.0880126953125]},{"page":331,"text":"ACTIONS IN HIDE SITE","rect":[90.0,85.58970642089844,247.1449874534607,75.91554260253906]},{"page":331,"text":"G-23. The team maintains security at all  times.  Soldiers  are  positioned  either  back-to-back  or","rect":[108.0,105.95428466796875,540.0062768516541,96.84610748291016]},{"page":331,"text":"feet-to-feet, using all-round security.","rect":[108.0,117.6546630859375,255.4154920578003,108.5464859008789]},{"page":331,"text":"• The team waits 15 minutes before moving or unpacking equipment--a listening halt. They do","rect":[143.99989318847657,135.35498046875,528.0002346038818,126.2468032836914]},{"page":331,"text":"not lean against small trees or vegetation. They place Claymores at least in the four cardinal","rect":[154.7993927001953,147.0552978515625,523.2469859085084,137.94711303710938]},{"page":331,"text":"directions. ","rect":[154.7993927001953,156.7316436767578,199.3846082687378,149.64749145507813]},{"page":331,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,172.217529296875,147.50689334869385,169.76263427734376]},{"page":331,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,203.0,147.50790042877197,200.0]},{"page":331,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,221.0,147.50790042877197,217.0]},{"page":331,"text":"If communication is to be conducted from the hide site, they construct the antenna before","rect":[154.798583984375,176.45599365234376,512.6400728302002,167.34780883789063]},{"page":331,"text":"daylight. They only raise it off the ground once they are ready to establish communication.","rect":[154.80039978027345,188.15631103515626,519.0026807785034,179.04812622070313]},{"page":331,"text":"Wear their load-carrying equipment at all times and camouflage all around the position.","rect":[154.83140563964845,205.85662841796876,506.4399366378784,196.74844360351563]},{"page":331,"text":"The best time to rotate teams is at dusk and dawn. The surveillance team takes their rucksacks","rect":[154.8236083984375,221.5329132080078,532.1789691429138,214.44876098632813]},{"page":331,"text":"or assault packs. The team rests during the day.","rect":[154.80039978027345,235.25738525390626,344.7552137374878,226.14920043945313]},{"page":331,"text":"PRIORITY OF WORK","rect":[90.0,254.9556121826172,231.958501411438,245.29542541503907]},{"page":331,"text":"G-24. Except for security, work priorities vary based on METT-TC. The team has security, alert, guard","rect":[108.0,275.33416748046877,540.0235500335693,266.2259826660156]},{"page":331,"text":"and rest, evacuation, rendezvous, scheduling, maintenance, hygiene, and meal plans. ","rect":[108.0009994506836,287.03448486328127,449.89300060272219,277.9263000488281]},{"page":331,"text":"• Conduct stand-to starting before first light and continue until after full light. Conduct stand-to","rect":[144.0009002685547,304.7348937988281,531.1154689788818,295.626708984375]},{"page":331,"text":"again starting before dark and continue until after dark. Vary start times to avoid patterns.","rect":[154.80039978027345,316.4351806640625,515.0029859542847,307.3269958496094]},{"page":331,"text":"Conduct stand-to at anytime a heightened level of enemy activity is expected.","rect":[154.80039978027345,328.1355895996094,465.8529005050659,319.02740478515627]},{"page":331,"text":"• Maintain equipment, radios, weapons, and camouflage. ","rect":[144.0009002685547,345.8359069824219,379.2981824874878,336.72772216796877]},{"page":331,"text":"• Perform personal hygiene and preventive medicine. Conduct isometric exercises. ","rect":[144.0009002685547,363.5362854003906,482.47906017303469,354.4281005859375]},{"page":331,"text":"SITE STERILIZATION","rect":[90.0,383.24969482421877,237.0737995376587,373.5755615234375]},{"page":331,"text":"G-25. Before departing hide and surveillance locations, team members must ensure sites and routes have","rect":[108.0,403.6142883300781,540.1407747344971,394.506103515625]},{"page":331,"text":"been sterilized.","rect":[108.0,413.2906494140625,168.70415782928468,406.2065124511719]},{"page":331,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,428.7765197753906,147.50689334869385,426.3216247558594]},{"page":331,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,483.0,147.50689334869385,480.0]},{"page":331,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,499.2782287597656,147.50689334869385,496.8233337402344]},{"page":331,"text":"•","rect":[143.99989318847657,519.0,147.50689334869385,515.0]},{"page":331,"text":"Carry out all foreign debris.","rect":[154.7983856201172,433.0149841308594,266.5719861984253,423.90679931640627]},{"page":331,"text":"If possible, avoid burying waste and trash. Animals will uncover it and expose it to enemy","rect":[154.7993927001953,444.7153015136719,517.2405300140381,435.60711669921877]},{"page":331,"text":"patrols. If it must be buried, enclose it in sealed containers or cover the scent with CS or lime,","rect":[154.7993927001953,456.3956298828125,531.0926465988159,447.3074951171875]},{"page":331,"text":"then bury it at least 18 inches deep.","rect":[154.7993927001953,468.1159973144531,296.3640089035034,459.0078125]},{"page":331,"text":"Sterilize the sites with displaced earth. Bury the overhead materials in the site itself. ","rect":[154.8206024169922,485.8164367675781,493.73891735076907,476.708251953125]},{"page":331,"text":"Camouflages the area by blending the site with local surroundings.","rect":[154.7982940673828,503.5166931152344,422.80935192108157,494.40850830078127]},{"page":331,"text":"As team members withdraw from the site, ensure routes are camouflaged to prevent detection.","rect":[154.83160400390626,521.217041015625,532.4448804855347,512.10888671875]},{"page":331,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,146.00018530273437,747.489013671875]},{"page":331,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.08868408203127,754.0679931640625,329.0590231933594,747.489013671875]},{"page":331,"text":"G-9","rect":[525.0661010742188,754.0679931640625,540.0384848632813,747.4080200195313]},{"page":332,"text":"This page intentionally left blank. ","rect":[163.4399871826172,392.5619812011719,452.493501953125,375.69598388671877]},{"page":333,"text":"Appendix H","rect":[279.41998291015627,85.87195587158203,346.0223984375,74.9279556274414]},{"page":333,"text":"Battle Drills","rect":[270.5400085449219,107.33625793457031,359.4462132720947,95.68971252441406]},{"page":333,"text":"A battle drill is a collective action executed by a platoon or smaller element without","rect":[126.0,129.2007293701172,504.0945846481323,119.21990966796875]},{"page":333,"text":"the application of a deliberate decision making process. Well-rehearsed battle drills","rect":[126.0,141.92100524902345,504.1070047340393,131.940185546875]},{"page":333,"text":"are critical to the success of a LRS team. LRS teams are lightly armed, with limited","rect":[126.0,154.6414031982422,504.0400791168213,144.66058349609376]},{"page":333,"text":"amounts of ammunition, and normally have no immediately available fire support.","rect":[126.0,167.36167907714845,504.01413440704348,157.380859375]},{"page":333,"text":"Teams only have resources for basic life-saving first aid in the event of casualties.A","rect":[126.0,180.08201599121095,504.65436631011968,170.1011962890625]},{"page":333,"text":"LRS team might only get one chance to defeat or disengage from an enemy force.","rect":[126.0,192.8024139404297,504.0508165359497,182.82159423828126]},{"page":333,"text":"Therefore, it is critical all team members respond instantly and instinctively when in","rect":[126.0,205.52268981933595,504.0474033355713,195.5418701171875]},{"page":333,"text":"contact. The team must rehearse battle drills thoroughly before actual enemy contact","rect":[126.0,218.24302673339845,504.0252792282104,208.26220703125]},{"page":333,"text":"is made. LRS team battle drills are a supplement to ARTEP 7-1-DRILL.","rect":[126.0,230.9412841796875,442.66156482696536,220.982421875]},{"page":333,"text":"BREAK CONTACT","rect":[90.0,250.63560485839845,212.89259182357788,240.9754180908203]},{"page":333,"text":"H-1.","rect":[108.0,268.86004638671877,126.16726207733155,262.0865173339844]},{"page":333,"text":"A team should break contact as soon it can, since it lacks the capability to stay and fight. The team","rect":[143.99989318847657,271.01434326171877,540.1725134811402,261.9061584472656]},{"page":333,"text":"fires  and  maneuvers  in  two-  or  three-Soldier  groups.  Team  members  can  use  fragmentation  or  smoke","rect":[108.0,282.714599609375,539.9932527618408,273.6064147949219]},{"page":333,"text":"grenades  to  cover their withdrawal,  continuing  until  they  successfully  break  contact.  Doing  so  could","rect":[108.0,294.41497802734377,540.0463771820068,285.3067932128906]},{"page":333,"text":"require repeated bounds. After breaking contact, the team consolidates at a rendezvous or rally point and","rect":[108.0,306.11541748046877,540.0087184906006,297.0072326660156]},{"page":333,"text":"reorganizes.","rect":[108.0,317.8157043457031,156.80471324920655,308.70751953125]},{"page":333,"text":"PRINCIPLES","rect":[90.0,335.5422058105469,148.84000205993653,327.45599365234377]},{"page":333,"text":"H-2.","rect":[108.0,353.3999938964844,126.16726207733155,346.62646484375]},{"page":333,"text":"General principles for breaking contact include--","rect":[143.99989318847657,355.5542907714844,339.98003173446656,346.44610595703127]},{"page":333,"text":"• Maintaining a high initial volume of fire to kill or suppress the enemy.","rect":[143.99989318847657,373.2546081542969,437.3990125656128,364.14642333984377]},{"page":333,"text":"• Using smoke to screen movement. Hexachloroethane (HC)smoke is best, but white","rect":[143.99989318847657,390.9549865722656,488.38866902160648,381.8468017578125]},{"page":333,"text":"phosphorous (if available) kills, wounds, and screens.","rect":[154.7993927001953,402.63525390625,370.52703380584719,393.547119140625]},{"page":333,"text":"• Dually priming Claymores (one command-detonated fuse or one timed fuse from 45 seconds to","rect":[143.99989318847657,420.3555908203125,537.5298976898193,411.2474060058594]},{"page":333,"text":"2 minutes) and preparing them for immediate deployment. This can be integrated into a","rect":[154.80039978027345,432.0559997558594,505.4582796173096,422.94781494140627]},{"page":333,"text":"rucksack destruction plan.","rect":[154.80039978027345,443.73638916015627,259.9472608566284,434.64825439453127]},{"page":333,"text":"• Rehearsing \"man down\" (wounded) actions.","rect":[144.0009002685547,461.4566955566406,332.17068004608157,452.3485107421875]},{"page":333,"text":"• Rehearsing “RTO down” vital communication retrieval actions.","rect":[144.0009002685547,479.1570129394531,410.5722608566284,470.048828125]},{"page":333,"text":"H-3.","rect":[108.0009994506836,494.813232421875,126.16826152801514,487.9294738769531]},{"page":333,"text":"Following  the  successful  execution  of  the  break  contact  battle  drill,  the  team  leader  uses","rect":[144.0009002685547,496.8572998046875,540.0504291038513,487.7491149902344]},{"page":333,"text":"METT-TC to determine the next action of the team.","rect":[108.0009994506836,506.5436706542969,315.8948621749878,499.4494934082031]},{"page":333,"text":"INITIAL CONTACT","rect":[90.0,526.3080444335938,179.84226369857789,518.0159912109375]},{"page":333,"text":"H-4.","rect":[108.0,544.1400146484375,126.16726207733155,537.3665161132813]},{"page":333,"text":"When the team makes initial contact, all team members seek cover and concealment. Each Soldier","rect":[143.99989318847657,544.2802734375,540.0762841758728,537.1861572265625]},{"page":333,"text":"makes every attempt to avoid masking the fires of other team members. The lead element (first, second,","rect":[108.0,557.9945678710938,540.0315504074097,548.8864135742188]},{"page":333,"text":"and third Soldiers), deploy and take cover within a few steps of their original locations, and lay downa","rect":[108.0,569.6950073242188,539.9731111602783,560.5868530273438]},{"page":333,"text":"base  of  fire.  The  trail  element  (fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth Soldiers)  deploy  at  the  assistant  team  leader's","rect":[108.0,581.3953857421875,539.9943988304138,572.2872314453125]},{"page":333,"text":"command. He calls left or right, depending on the direction of enemy contact and the location of the lead","rect":[108.0,593.095703125,540.1209621429443,583.987548828125]},{"page":333,"text":"element. The  team  deploys  roughly  on  line,  and  starts  firing.  This  lead  element  then  bounds  back","rect":[108.0,604.7960815429688,539.9775295257568,595.6879272460938]},{"page":333,"text":"(Figure H-1 and Figure H-2).","rect":[108.0,616.4963989257813,225.54453563690186,607.3882446289063]},{"page":333,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":333,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":333,"text":"H-1","rect":[525.5779418945313,753.9600219726563,540.0427573242188,747.489013671875]},{"page":334,"text":"Appendix H","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":334,"text":"H-2","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,86.46480017089844,747.489013671875]},{"page":334,"text":"Figure H-1. Break contact front (diamond or file).","rect":[193.13999938964845,516.8609008789063,400.84288134765628,508.42791748046877]},{"page":334,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0093078613281,754.0679931640625,310.96850805664067,747.489013671875]},{"page":334,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0523986816406,754.0679931640625,522.042818359375,747.489013671875]},{"page":335,"text":"Battle Drills","rect":[490.0199890136719,44.739013671875,539.9834921875,38.196014404296878]},{"page":335,"text":"Figure H-2. Break contact front, left and right (Australian peel).","rect":[181.5,558.3208618164063,448.54060473632816,549.8878784179688]},{"page":335,"text":"FIRST BOUND","rect":[90.0,576.0820922851563,157.680588722229,567.995849609375]},{"page":335,"text":"H-5.","rect":[108.0,594.0502319335938,126.16726207733155,587.3067626953125]},{"page":335,"text":"The lead element (first, second, and third Soldiers) bound back first, followed by the trail element.","rect":[143.99989318847657,596.0942993164063,540.1675977706909,586.9861450195313]},{"page":335,"text":"The elements can alternate bounds to keep the enemy guessing.","rect":[108.0,607.794677734375,362.4104871749878,598.6865234375]},{"page":335,"text":"SMOKE","rect":[90.0,625.5598754882813,126.69168996810913,617.255859375]},{"page":335,"text":"H-6.","rect":[108.0,643.4901123046875,126.16726207733155,636.6063842773438]},{"page":335,"text":"The elements throw smoke on all bounds.","rect":[143.99989318847657,643.5101318359375,311.3604383468628,636.426025390625]},{"page":335,"text":"RELOADING OF MAGAZINES","rect":[90.0,663.26220703125,228.8223934173584,655.1759643554688]},{"page":335,"text":"H-7.","rect":[108.0,681.250244140625,126.16726207733155,674.4867553710938]},{"page":335,"text":"Everyone changes their magazines on the move.","rect":[143.99989318847657,683.2742919921875,337.49233531951907,674.1661376953125]},{"page":335,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":335,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":335,"text":"H-3","rect":[525.5779418945313,754.0590209960938,540.0427573242188,747.489013671875]},{"page":336,"text":"Appendix H","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":336,"text":"MALFUNCTIONS","rect":[72.0,83.60221862792969,152.26907920837403,75.51602172851563]},{"page":336,"text":"H-8.","rect":[90.0,101.57024383544922,108.16726207733155,94.6865005493164]},{"page":336,"text":"If a team member's weapon malfunctions, he immediately moves and conducts corrective action","rect":[125.9999008178711,103.61431884765625,522.0264797210693,94.50614166259766]},{"page":336,"text":"on the bound.","rect":[90.0,113.29065704345703,145.04168224334718,106.2065200805664]},{"page":336,"text":"SAFETY","rect":[72.0,133.08001708984376,110.7688455581665,124.7760238647461]},{"page":336,"text":"H-9.","rect":[90.0,151.03028869628907,108.16726207733155,144.1265106201172]},{"page":336,"text":"All team members keep weapons on \"Safe\" during bounds.","rect":[125.9999008178711,153.0543212890625,362.89568614959719,143.94613647460938]},{"page":336,"text":"FORMATION","rect":[72.0,170.77273559570313,133.51810550689698,162.69601440429688]},{"page":336,"text":"H-10. Team members bound on line so as to not cross into lines of fire.","rect":[90.0,188.77027893066407,386.20046520233157,181.68612670898438]},{"page":336,"text":"ASSEMBLY","rect":[72.0,208.52220153808595,125.87097263336182,200.26800537109376]},{"page":336,"text":"H-11. Once the team has broken contact, they reassemble on line and move out of the contact area.","rect":[90.0,228.5343017578125,496.89614391326907,219.42611694335938]},{"page":336,"text":"CONTACT LEFT OR RIGHT","rect":[72.0,246.28799438476563,202.35323476791383,237.99600219726563]},{"page":336,"text":"H-12. The team turns toward the contact, takes a knee, and returns fire. One element bounds back while","rect":[90.0,264.2602844238281,521.9655428009033,257.1661071777344]},{"page":336,"text":"the other team suppresses the enemy. The second team bounds back and continues until contact is broken.","rect":[90.0,277.9747314453125,521.9873609542847,268.8665466308594]},{"page":336,"text":"Both teams assemble on line and move out of the area (Figure H-3).","rect":[90.0,289.67498779296877,362.63381481170657,280.5668029785156]},{"page":336,"text":"H-4","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,86.46480017089844,747.489013671875]},{"page":336,"text":"Figure H-3. Break contact left, right (diamond or file).","rect":[184.13999938964845,685.8208618164063,409.90953173828128,677.3878784179688]},{"page":336,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0093078613281,754.0679931640625,310.96850805664067,747.489013671875]},{"page":336,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0523986816406,754.0679931640625,522.042818359375,747.489013671875]},{"page":337,"text":"Battle Drills","rect":[490.0199890136719,44.739013671875,539.9834921875,38.196014404296878]},{"page":337,"text":"REACT TO AIR ATTACK","rect":[90.0,85.57572174072266,254.77109296417238,75.91554260253906]},{"page":337,"text":"H-13. The first Soldier who hears or sees an aircraft gives the \"freeze\" signal. The first Soldier who sees","rect":[108.0,105.95428466796875,540.0193622093201,96.84610748291016]},{"page":337,"text":"an  attacking  aircraft alerts, \"Aircraft,  front  (left,  right,  or  rear).\" The  team  moves  quickly  into  a  line","rect":[108.0,117.6546630859375,540.0053377227783,108.5464859008789]},{"page":337,"text":"formation, well spread out, perpendicular to the aircraft's direction of flight. As each Soldier comes on line,","rect":[108.0,129.35498046875,540.0551710128784,120.2468032836914]},{"page":337,"text":"he goes prone, using available cover. Between attacks, the team should seek better cover and concealment.","rect":[108.0,141.05535888671876,540.0812940597534,131.94717407226563]},{"page":337,"text":"If the team leader wants the team to move out of the area, he gives the clock direction and distance","rect":[108.0,152.75567626953126,540.0600862579346,143.64749145507813]},{"page":337,"text":"(Figure H-4).","rect":[108.0,164.45611572265626,161.59801769256593,155.34793090820313]},{"page":337,"text":"Figure H-4. React to enemy air attack.","rect":[234.77999877929688,553.5809936523438,395.2245036621094,545.22900390625]},{"page":337,"text":"H-14. After the team consolidates and reorganizes, it moves to the last rally point. The team should","rect":[108.0,571.314208984375,540.0617580413818,562.2060546875]},{"page":337,"text":"engage the aircraft only as a last resort. Using the head-on method, they mass fires to engage attacking","rect":[108.0,583.0145874023438,540.0034694671631,573.9064331054688]},{"page":337,"text":"aircraft. They engage slow-moving aircraft at 50 meters and fast-moving aircraft at 200 meters. If the team","rect":[108.0,594.7149047851563,540.0964026412964,585.6067504882813]},{"page":337,"text":"receives fire, the team leader decides whether to continue the mission, move out of the area, or return fire","rect":[108.0,604.3912353515625,539.9845857696533,597.30712890625]},{"page":337,"text":"on the aircraft.","rect":[108.0,616.091552734375,166.82842540740968,609.0074462890625]},{"page":337,"text":"H-15. Another technique is to disperse into two groups of three Soldiers each or three groups of two","rect":[108.0,635.8159790039063,540.0043849945068,626.7078247070313]},{"page":337,"text":"Soldiers each. On sight of the aircraft, the team leader designates a rally point and gives the command to","rect":[108.0,647.5162963867188,540.0230617523193,638.4081420898438]},{"page":337,"text":"disperse. On linkup, the team leader assesses the situation and either calls for extraction or continues the","rect":[108.0009994506836,659.1965942382813,540.0461092071533,650.1084594726563]},{"page":337,"text":"mission.","rect":[108.0009994506836,668.8929443359375,141.5950117111206,661.808837890625]},{"page":337,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":337,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":337,"text":"H-5","rect":[525.5779418945313,754.0590209960938,540.0427573242188,747.5159912109375]},{"page":338,"text":"Appendix H","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":338,"text":"REACT TO INDIRECT FIRE","rect":[72.0,85.57572174072266,254.616499294281,75.91554260253906]},{"page":338,"text":"H-16. On receiving indirect fire, the team deploys and takes cover. If more rounds impact, the team","rect":[90.0,105.95428466796875,522.1147742233277,96.84610748291016]},{"page":338,"text":"leader gives the clock position and the direction and distance to move. The team consolidates while moving","rect":[90.0,117.6546630859375,522.1145534515381,108.5464859008789]},{"page":338,"text":"or at a distance given by team leader. Once the team consolidates and reorganizes, it moves out quickly.","rect":[90.0,129.35498046875,522.0353345870972,120.2468032836914]},{"page":338,"text":"The enemy might adjust fires as the team moves. The team should remain oriented on the 12 o'clock","rect":[89.9990005493164,141.05535888671876,522.0325222015381,131.93716430664063]},{"page":338,"text":"position. They may elect to move to the last rally point or as directed by the team leader. He must also","rect":[89.9990005493164,152.75567626953126,522.0297145843506,143.64749145507813]},{"page":338,"text":"decide whether to continue the mission or move out of the AO (Figure H-5).","rect":[89.9990005493164,164.45611572265626,396.57097911834719,155.34793090820313]},{"page":338,"text":"Figure H-5. React to indirect fire or air attack.","rect":[200.6999969482422,462.0810241699219,393.382126953125,453.64801025390627]},{"page":338,"text":"REACT TO FLARES","rect":[72.0,481.8297119140625,203.0736609954834,472.15557861328127]},{"page":338,"text":"H-17. If the team encounters flares, it should execute the following actions:","rect":[90.0,502.1942138671875,403.25351667022707,493.0860290527344]},{"page":338,"text":"GROUND FLARES","rect":[72.0,519.9598999023438,157.3694362640381,511.6439208984375]},{"page":338,"text":"H-18. The team moves out of the illuminated area and takes cover. Each Soldier closes his firing eye to","rect":[90.0,539.934326171875,522.0432643890381,530.826171875]},{"page":338,"text":"protect his night vision. The team leader decides the next direction to move.","rect":[90.0,551.6345825195313,394.65569591522219,542.5264282226563]},{"page":338,"text":"OVERHEAD FLARE WITH WARNING","rect":[72.0,569.3880004882813,246.7140016555786,561.095947265625]},{"page":338,"text":"H-19. The team assumes a prone position--behind concealment, when available--before the flare bursts.","rect":[90.0,589.354248046875,522.0167798995972,580.26611328125]},{"page":338,"text":"Each Soldier closes his firing eye to protect his night vision.","rect":[90.0,601.0745849609375,331.64654064178469,591.9664306640625]},{"page":338,"text":"OVERHEAD FLARE WITHOUT WARNING","rect":[72.0,618.8279418945313,267.2292604446411,610.535888671875]},{"page":338,"text":"H-20. The team gets into a prone position, making the most use of nearby cover, concealment, and","rect":[90.0,638.8143310546875,522.0310573577881,629.7061767578125]},{"page":338,"text":"shadows until the flare burns out. Each Soldier closes his firing eye to protect his night vision. The team","rect":[90.0009994506836,650.5147094726563,522.1741003952027,641.4065551757813]},{"page":338,"text":"leader gives the direction of movement.","rect":[90.0009994506836,662.2149658203125,249.20899486541749,653.1068115234375]},{"page":338,"text":"BREAK FROM HIDE OR SURVEILLANCE SITE","rect":[72.0,681.9296264648438,381.07673488998418,672.2554321289063]},{"page":338,"text":"H-21. When a hide or surveillance site is compromised, the element involved might have to execute a","rect":[90.0,702.2943115234375,521.9443636016846,693.1861572265625]},{"page":338,"text":"breakout drill. The drill must be well rehearsed to ensure speed, a base of fire, screening, and survivability.","rect":[90.0,713.9945678710938,522.0684156417847,704.8864135742188]},{"page":338,"text":"H-6","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,86.46480017089844,747.489013671875]},{"page":338,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0093078613281,754.0679931640625,310.96850805664067,747.489013671875]},{"page":338,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0523986816406,754.0679931640625,522.042818359375,747.489013671875]},{"page":339,"text":"Battle Drills","rect":[490.0199890136719,44.739013671875,539.9834921875,38.196014404296878]},{"page":339,"text":"The type of breakout drill used depends on the type of site and the number of personnel in the site. Proper","rect":[108.0,83.57427978515625,540.0134790000916,74.46610260009766]},{"page":339,"text":"rehearsals determine the best methods of site construction and the materials needed for a breakout. After","rect":[108.0,93.25067901611328,540.0096337852478,86.16654205322266]},{"page":339,"text":"constructing the site, the team employs M18 Claymores and smoke to assist execution of the drill. ","rect":[108.0,106.97503662109375,503.3077039718628,97.86685943603516]},{"page":339,"text":"• Emplace smoke grenades in the ground around the site so they can be activated with a pull cord","rect":[143.99989318847657,124.67529296875,538.4381618499756,115.5671157836914]},{"page":339,"text":"instead of throwing them after clearing overhead cover. ","rect":[154.7993927001953,136.37567138671876,380.3145399093628,127.26749420166016]},{"page":339,"text":"• Rig Claymores in tandem for one-step activation. ","rect":[143.99888610839845,154.07598876953126,355.16619396209719,144.96780395507813]},{"page":339,"text":"• Keep equipment packed at all times. Prepare an assault pack with all of the site's","rect":[143.99888610839845,171.75633239746095,477.4999530296326,162.66818237304688]},{"page":339,"text":"mission-essential equipment.","rect":[154.7993927001953,183.45664978027345,270.9783887863159,174.36849975585938]},{"page":339,"text":"H-22. Upon site completion, the leader visually recons the immediate vicinity and designates covered","rect":[107.9990005493164,201.17694091796876,540.0573024749756,192.06875610351563]},{"page":339,"text":"and  concealed  positions  for  each  team  member.  The leader  designates  responsibilities  and  order  of ","rect":[107.9990005493164,212.87738037109376,542.6195631027222,203.76919555664063]},{"page":339,"text":"movement from the time claymores are detonated. This helps eliminate confusion and increase battle drill","rect":[107.9990005493164,224.57769775390626,540.0728526077271,215.46951293945313]},{"page":339,"text":"speed and effectiveness.","rect":[107.9990005493164,236.2581024169922,205.3012342453003,227.16995239257813]},{"page":339,"text":"H-23. When compromise is inevitable, the element notifies other team members not in the position of ","rect":[107.9990005493164,253.95835876464845,542.5564527511597,244.87020874023438]},{"page":339,"text":"the situation.  Claymores  are  rigged  to  all detonate  at one  time.  Smoke  grenades  are  thrown  and  each","rect":[107.9990005493164,265.67877197265627,539.9980373382568,256.5705871582031]},{"page":339,"text":"Soldier moves to his designated covered and concealed position, and then he lays down a base of fire to","rect":[107.9990005493164,277.37908935546877,540.0013332366943,268.2709045410156]},{"page":339,"text":"cover bounding team members. After the breakout, the element links up with the rest of the team or","rect":[107.9990005493164,289.0794982910156,539.9708154258728,279.9713134765625]},{"page":339,"text":"continues the mission (Figures H-6A through H-6D, this page through B-11).","rect":[107.9990005493164,300.7798156738281,418.81682872772219,291.671630859375]},{"page":339,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":339,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":339,"text":"H-7","rect":[525.5779418945313,753.9600219726563,540.0427573242188,747.5159912109375]},{"page":340,"text":"Appendix H","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":340,"text":"H-8","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,86.46480017089844,747.489013671875]},{"page":340,"text":"Figure H-6A. Break contact from hide or surveillance site.","rect":[174.4199981689453,651.02099609375,419.54219165039066,642.5880126953125]},{"page":340,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0093078613281,754.0679931640625,310.96850805664067,747.489013671875]},{"page":340,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0523986816406,754.0679931640625,522.042818359375,747.489013671875]},{"page":341,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":341,"text":"Figure H-6B. Break contact from hide or surveillance site (continued).","rect":[166.5,651.02099609375,463.4647685546875,642.5880126953125]},{"page":341,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":341,"text":"Battle Drills","rect":[490.0199890136719,44.739013671875,539.9834921875,38.196014404296878]},{"page":341,"text":"H-9","rect":[525.5779418945313,754.0679931640625,540.0427573242188,747.489013671875]},{"page":342,"text":"Appendix H","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":342,"text":"H-10","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,91.45170050048829,747.489013671875]},{"page":342,"text":"Figure H-6C. Break contact from hide or surveillance site (continued).","rect":[148.5,651.02099609375,445.4647685546875,642.5880126953125]},{"page":342,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0155029296875,754.0679931640625,310.9748251953125,747.489013671875]},{"page":343,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":343,"text":"Figure H-6D. Break contact from hide or surveillance site (continued).","rect":[166.5,651.02099609375,463.4647685546875,642.5880126953125]},{"page":343,"text":"Battle Drills","rect":[490.0199890136719,44.739013671875,539.9834921875,38.196014404296878]},{"page":343,"text":"H-11","rect":[520.5973510742188,753.9600219726563,540.0490439453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":344,"text":"This page intentionally left blank. ","rect":[163.4399871826172,392.5619812011719,452.493501953125,375.69598388671877]},{"page":345,"text":"Appendix I","rect":[283.3799743652344,85.87195587158203,344.73117211914066,74.9279556274414]},{"page":345,"text":"Tracking and Countertracking","rect":[201.1800079345703,110.50821685791016,428.8018311195374,95.49747467041016]},{"page":345,"text":"The LRS teams must learn crucial tracking skills and techniques for use while in","rect":[126.0,129.2007293701172,504.0604953765869,119.21990966796875]},{"page":345,"text":"enemy territory. This allows them to provide immediate intelligence on the frequency","rect":[126.0,141.92100524902345,503.93311500549319,131.940185546875]},{"page":345,"text":"and flow of  enemy  traffic  on  a  trail. Tracking  is  also  useful  when  a  LRS  team","rect":[126.0,154.6414031982422,504.0796100540161,144.66058349609376]},{"page":345,"text":"conducts a PR mission to retrieve a downed pilot.","rect":[126.0,167.3397216796875,344.4912462234497,157.380859375]},{"page":345,"text":"Good tracking skills enhance countertracking skills, and good countertracking skills","rect":[126.0,186.08152770996095,504.06882724380497,176.1007080078125]},{"page":345,"text":"assist in the success or failure of a mission by allowing the team to effectively evade","rect":[126.0,198.8018035888672,503.9886146697998,188.82098388671876]},{"page":345,"text":"anyone tracking them while in enemy territory.","rect":[126.0,211.52220153808595,332.83771228790286,201.5413818359375]},{"page":345,"text":"Both skill sets increase the Soldier's general awareness and reduces the chance of ","rect":[126.0,230.24205017089845,506.7363328933716,220.26123046875]},{"page":345,"text":"being caught off guard.","rect":[126.0,242.96226501464845,228.60100269317628,232.9814453125]},{"page":345,"text":"CONCEPTS OF TRACKING","rect":[90.0,262.6495666503906,269.1984000930786,252.96144104003907]},{"page":345,"text":"I-1.","rect":[108.0,280.8599853515625,122.2634687423706,274.0864562988281]},{"page":345,"text":"To become a tracker, the LRS Soldier must develop and refine traits such as patience, persistence,","rect":[144.0009002685547,282.9942321777344,540.0878248214722,273.9060974121094]},{"page":345,"text":"acute observation, good memory, and attention to detail. These all help when tracking signs weaken and","rect":[108.0009994506836,294.714599609375,540.0112819671631,285.6064147949219]},{"page":345,"text":"the tracker must rely on intuition. As he evaluates sign, he forms an opinion about the enemy's training,","rect":[108.0009994506836,306.41497802734377,540.0098218917847,297.3067932128906]},{"page":345,"text":"equipment, and morale. Six factors help the tracker form a picture of the enemy.","rect":[108.0009994506836,318.11541748046877,429.78203868865969,309.0072326660156]},{"page":345,"text":"DISPLACEMENT-TYPE SIGN","rect":[90.0,335.8800048828125,225.96307468414308,327.5760192871094]},{"page":345,"text":"I-2.","rect":[108.0,353.70001220703127,122.2634687423706,346.9264831542969]},{"page":345,"text":"\"To displace\" means \"to move something from its original position.\" Thus, \"displacement\" means","rect":[144.0009002685547,355.85430908203127,539.9881732444763,346.7461242675781]},{"page":345,"text":"\"the act of displacing\" or \"the signs or evidence that something has moved.\" ","rect":[108.0009994506836,367.5546875,415.7068738937378,358.4465026855469]},{"page":345,"text":"Survey Area","rect":[90.0,386.54071044921877,148.93735694885255,376.7465515136719]},{"page":345,"text":"I-3.","rect":[108.0,402.1102294921875,122.2634687423706,395.2264709472656]},{"page":345,"text":"The tracker looks for displacement signs in a full 15-meter deep, 180-degree arc and up to the","rect":[144.0009002685547,404.154296875,539.9970369415283,395.0461120605469]},{"page":345,"text":"height of a tall man (Figure I-1). He evaluates all of the signs for trends and patterns. ","rect":[108.0009994506836,415.8545837402344,451.11794567108157,406.74639892578127]},{"page":345,"text":"Figure I-1. Areas surveyed for indicators by tracker.","rect":[205.02000427246095,659.0009765625,424.9723063964844,650.5679931640625]},{"page":345,"text":"Human Passage","rect":[90.0,678.0206298828125,164.8177162322998,668.3911743164063]},{"page":345,"text":"I-4.","rect":[108.0,693.4799194335938,122.2634687423706,686.7064208984375]},{"page":345,"text":"Some displacement type signs that indicate the likely presence of other humans include footprints;","rect":[144.0009002685547,695.6342163085938,539.9837412796021,686.5260620117188]},{"page":345,"text":"scraped and broken vegetation; bits of thread or clothing on the ground or on vegetation; limbs freshly","rect":[108.0009994506836,707.3345947265625,540.0506496429443,698.2264404296875]},{"page":345,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,146.0020010986328,747.489013671875]},{"page":345,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.08868408203127,754.0679931640625,329.0590231933594,747.489013671875]},{"page":345,"text":"I-1","rect":[529.5661010742188,753.9600219726563,540.0384848632813,747.489013671875]},{"page":346,"text":"Appendix I","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,117.82589831542968,38.196014404296878]},{"page":346,"text":"broken or grass bent over on a windless day; the sudden excited cries of animals or sounds of sudden","rect":[90.0,83.57427978515625,521.9891872406006,74.46610260009766]},{"page":346,"text":"movement; disturbed insect life; and upturned rocks.","rect":[90.0,95.25468444824219,301.40752696990969,86.16654205322266]},{"page":346,"text":"Armed Soldier","rect":[72.0,112.06472778320313,141.24426042175294,104.45558166503906]},{"page":346,"text":"I-5.","rect":[90.0,129.83018493652345,104.2634687423706,123.08673095703125]},{"page":346,"text":"A footprint, found near a waist-high scuffmark on a tree, can indicate the passage of an armed","rect":[126.00090026855469,131.874267578125,522.0831203460693,122.7660903930664]},{"page":346,"text":"Soldier (Figure I-2).","rect":[90.0009994506836,143.57464599609376,171.22915172576905,134.46646118164063]},{"page":346,"text":"Footgear","rect":[72.0,382.70068359375,114.16758500671387,373.07122802734377]},{"page":346,"text":"Figure I-2. Examples of displacement.","rect":[216.4199981689453,363.6809997558594,377.5521708984375,355.24798583984377]},{"page":346,"text":"I-6.","rect":[90.0,398.2702331542969,104.2634687423706,391.386474609375]},{"page":346,"text":"A footprint can reveal what footgear the enemy is wearing, if any; the lack of proper equipment;","rect":[126.00090026855469,400.3143005371094,522.0540537796021,391.20611572265627]},{"page":346,"text":"the direction of movement; the number and gender of people moving and their rate of movement; the","rect":[90.0009994506836,412.0146789550781,521.9970369415283,402.906494140625]},{"page":346,"text":"weight of their loads; the amount of time passed since they made the track; and whether they know they are","rect":[90.0009994506836,423.7149963378906,522.2821321563721,414.6068115234375]},{"page":346,"text":"being tracked (Figure I-3). ","rect":[90.0009994506836,435.4154052734375,199.11504650115968,426.3072204589844]},{"page":346,"text":"Rapid Movement","rect":[72.0010986328125,453.15576171875,142.50311994171143,444.23797607421877]},{"page":346,"text":"I-7.","rect":[90.0009994506836,468.73187255859377,104.2644681930542,461.9683837890625]},{"page":346,"text":"If the footprints are deep and the pace long, the party is moving fast. Long strides and deep prints,","rect":[126.00189971923828,470.75592041015627,522.0534009933472,461.6477355957031]},{"page":346,"text":"with toe prints deeper than heel prints, indicate that they are running.","rect":[90.00199890136719,482.456298828125,366.61464977264407,473.3481140136719]},{"page":346,"text":"Heavy Load","rect":[72.0020980834961,500.2156982421875,121.92374229431153,491.2778625488281]},{"page":346,"text":"I-8.","rect":[90.00199890136719,515.7517700195313,104.2654676437378,508.8680114746094]},{"page":346,"text":"If the prints are deep, short, and widely spaced, with signs of scuffing or shuffling, the party is","rect":[126.00289916992188,517.7958374023438,521.9920184593201,508.6876525878906]},{"page":346,"text":"probably carrying a heavy load.","rect":[90.00299835205078,529.49609375,217.39965343475343,520.387939453125]},{"page":346,"text":"Gender","rect":[72.00309753417969,545.2425537109375,102.65428042221069,538.3187255859375]},{"page":346,"text":"I-9.","rect":[90.00299835205078,562.8126220703125,104.26646709442139,555.9088745117188]},{"page":346,"text":"To determine the gender of the party, study the sizes and positions of the footprints. Women tend","rect":[126.00389862060547,564.836669921875,521.9955348968506,555.728515625]},{"page":346,"text":"to walk with their toes pointed inward, whereas men usually walk with their feet pointed straight ahead or","rect":[90.00399780273438,576.5369873046875,522.0115869102478,567.4288330078125]},{"page":346,"text":"outward. Women's prints and their strides are usually shorter than those of men.","rect":[90.00399780273438,588.2374267578125,410.5512342453003,579.1292724609375]},{"page":346,"text":"Backstep","rect":[72.00409698486328,605.9779052734375,109.32658958435059,597.06005859375]},{"page":346,"text":"I-10.","rect":[90.00399780273438,621.5338134765625,109.31053447723389,614.6500854492188]},{"page":346,"text":"If a party knows or suspects that someone is following them, they might try to hide their tracks.","rect":[126.00389862060547,623.577880859375,521.9459180831909,614.4697265625]},{"page":346,"text":"Parties walking backwards have a short, irregular stride. The prints will have an unusually deep toe, and","rect":[90.00399780273438,635.2783203125,522.0203762054443,626.170166015625]},{"page":346,"text":"the soil will be kicked backward, confirming the direction of movement.","rect":[90.00399780273438,646.9785766601563,380.8064832687378,637.8704223632813]},{"page":346,"text":"I-2","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,82.47239904785157,747.489013671875]},{"page":346,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[264.9792175292969,754.0679931640625,310.94949560546879,747.489013671875]},{"page":346,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.03631591796877,754.0679931640625,522.038423828125,747.489013671875]},{"page":347,"text":"Tracking and Countertracking","rect":[411.9599914550781,46.52101516723633,540.0696176757813,38.0880126953125]},{"page":347,"text":"Figure I-3. Types of footprints.","rect":[250.13999938964845,369.50103759765627,379.81529345703128,361.0680236816406]},{"page":347,"text":"Box Method","rect":[90.0,398.0027160644531,147.7833465423584,390.5912170410156]},{"page":347,"text":"I-11.","rect":[108.0,415.6800231933594,127.30653667449951,408.906494140625]},{"page":347,"text":"To use the 36-inch-box method, mark off a 30- to 36-inch cross-section of the trail, count the","rect":[143.99989318847657,417.3433532714844,539.9607820587158,408.72613525390627]},{"page":347,"text":"prints in the box, then divide by two to determine the number of parties who used the trail. The M16 rifle is","rect":[108.0,429.53466796875,540.3079364280701,420.4264831542969]},{"page":347,"text":"39 inches long. You can use it to measure (Figure I-4).","rect":[108.0,441.2349853515625,327.76360607147219,432.1268005371094]},{"page":347,"text":"Identify a Key Print","rect":[90.0000991821289,458.9955139160156,171.54987287139893,450.05767822265627]},{"page":347,"text":"I-12.","rect":[108.0,474.42120361328127,127.30653667449951,467.6476745605469]},{"page":347,"text":"The figure shows the use of a left boot print as the key print. In this situation, you draw a line","rect":[143.99989318847657,476.57550048828127,539.9168977813721,467.4673156738281]},{"page":347,"text":"from the heel across the trail. ","rect":[108.0,486.2518615722656,227.41460704803468,479.167724609375]},{"page":347,"text":"Move Forward ","rect":[90.0000991821289,504.0122375488281,154.06533336639405,497.09844970703127]},{"page":347,"text":"I-13.","rect":[108.0,521.5723876953125,127.30653667449951,514.6886596679688]},{"page":347,"text":"Move to the key print for the opposite foot and draw a line through the instep. Your two lines","rect":[143.99989318847657,523.616455078125,539.9550311546326,514.50830078125]},{"page":347,"text":"form two opposite sides of a box. The edges of the trail form the other two sides. Together, the four lines","rect":[108.0,535.3168334960938,539.9743182640076,526.2086791992188]},{"page":347,"text":"form a box. ","rect":[108.0,544.9931640625,157.0379285812378,537.9090576171875]},{"page":347,"text":"Count","rect":[90.0000991821289,562.7635498046875,115.62925672149659,555.8397216796875]},{"page":347,"text":"I-14.","rect":[108.0,580.2034301757813,127.30653667449951,573.429931640625]},{"page":347,"text":"Count every whole or partial print that falls inside of the box. Because any person who was","rect":[143.99989318847657,582.3577270507813,539.9913470726013,573.2495727539063]},{"page":347,"text":"walking normally would have stepped in the box at least once, the number of footprints in the box will help","rect":[108.0,594.0579833984375,540.0162868499756,584.9498291015625]},{"page":347,"text":"you to determine the total number of people in the party.","rect":[108.0,605.7584228515625,334.9193067550659,596.6502685546875]},{"page":347,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,146.0020010986328,747.489013671875]},{"page":347,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.08868408203127,754.0679931640625,329.0590231933594,747.489013671875]},{"page":347,"text":"I-3","rect":[529.5661010742188,754.0590209960938,540.0384848632813,747.489013671875]},{"page":348,"text":"Appendix I","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,117.82589831542968,38.196014404296878]},{"page":348,"text":"STAINS","rect":[72.0,416.5799865722656,107.5664119720459,408.2760009765625]},{"page":348,"text":"Figure I-4. Box method for determination of number of footprints.","rect":[157.55999755859376,398.781005859375,436.46370043945316,390.3479919433594]},{"page":348,"text":"I-15.","rect":[90.0,434.5102233886719,109.30653667449951,427.62646484375]},{"page":348,"text":"One obvious example of staining is blood on the ground or foliage. Other examples include mud","rect":[125.9999008178711,436.5542907714844,521.9753322601318,427.44610595703127]},{"page":348,"text":"dragged by footgear and crushed vegetation on a hard object. Crushed berries also cause stains, and,","rect":[90.0,448.25469970703127,521.9985914230347,439.1365051269531]},{"page":348,"text":"finally, the movement of water makes it cloudy.","rect":[90.0,459.9549865722656,282.1122999191284,450.8468017578125]},{"page":348,"text":"EFFECTS OF WEATHER","rect":[72.0,477.7080078125,186.2981882095337,469.59600830078127]},{"page":348,"text":"I-16.","rect":[90.0,495.650146484375,109.30653667449951,488.7663879394531]},{"page":348,"text":"The weather may help or hinder the tracker to determine the age of signs. Wind, snow, rain, and","rect":[125.9999008178711,497.6942138671875,522.0072536468506,488.5860290527344]},{"page":348,"text":"sunlight all affect tracking. Assess recent weather aids in determining the age of a track. A tracker can use","rect":[90.0,509.3945007324219,521.9941072540283,500.28631591796877]},{"page":348,"text":"the last rain or strong wind as a measure to show the amount of time it has been there.","rect":[90.0,521.0949096679688,434.52813243865969,511.9867248535156]},{"page":348,"text":"LITTER","rect":[72.0,538.6798706054688,109.38696384429932,530.73583984375]},{"page":348,"text":"I-17.","rect":[90.0,556.8101196289063,109.30653667449951,549.9063720703125]},{"page":348,"text":"A poorly disciplined unit leaves a trail of litter. ","rect":[125.9999008178711,558.8341674804688,317.0701856613159,549.7260131835938]},{"page":348,"text":"DECEPTION TECHNIQUES","rect":[72.0,578.1264038085938,197.2660427093506,568.4759521484375]},{"page":348,"text":"I-18.","rect":[90.0,594.5302124023438,109.30653667449951,587.646484375]},{"page":348,"text":"Deception applies when the followed party tries to slow the tracker by, for example, leaving false","rect":[125.9999008178711,596.5742797851563,522.0259065704346,587.4661254882813]},{"page":348,"text":"trails, walking backwards, brushing out trails, splitting up, fading out, fanning out, and walking over rocky","rect":[90.0,608.274658203125,522.1099147796631,599.16650390625]},{"page":348,"text":"ground or through streams.","rect":[90.0,619.9749755859375,198.7940320968628,610.8668212890625]},{"page":348,"text":"INTERPRETATION OF COMBAT INFORMATION","rect":[72.0,637.72802734375,295.57579135894778,629.4359741210938]},{"page":348,"text":"I-19.","rect":[90.0,655.690185546875,109.30653667449951,648.7864379882813]},{"page":348,"text":"The tracker makes a mental image of his quarry based on his learned concepts. When reporting to","rect":[125.9999008178711,657.7142333984375,521.9984645843506,648.6060791015625]},{"page":348,"text":"the commander, he reports what he believes, but should not state it as a fact. The commander considers the","rect":[90.0,669.3945922851563,521.9520540313721,660.3064575195313]},{"page":348,"text":"facts alongside the tracker's beliefs and any other information he has. ","rect":[90.0,681.1148681640625,369.7982130050659,672.0067138671875]},{"page":348,"text":"I-4","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,82.47239904785157,747.489013671875]},{"page":348,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[264.9792175292969,754.0679931640625,310.94949560546879,747.489013671875]},{"page":348,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.03631591796877,754.0679931640625,522.038423828125,747.489013671875]},{"page":349,"text":"Tracking and Countertracking","rect":[411.9599914550781,46.52101516723633,540.0696176757813,38.0880126953125]},{"page":349,"text":"ORGANIZATION OF TRACKING TEAM","rect":[90.0,85.58970642089844,350.9953373413086,75.90156555175781]},{"page":349,"text":"I-20.","rect":[108.0,103.91020965576172,127.30653667449951,97.0264663696289]},{"page":349,"text":"Tracking units can be any size as long as they have these three elements: a leader, a tracker, and","rect":[143.99989318847657,105.95428466796875,540.0225734710693,96.84610748291016]},{"page":349,"text":"security. Often tracking teams consist of two types:","rect":[108.0,117.6546630859375,314.0381236038208,108.5464859008789]},{"page":349,"text":"TRACKER AND COVER PERSON","rect":[90.0,135.40798950195313,242.70343112945558,127.1159896850586]},{"page":349,"text":"I-21.","rect":[108.0,153.239990234375,127.30653667449951,146.4664764404297]},{"page":349,"text":"Each team member is equally skilled. They can move fast because they know each other's abilities","rect":[143.99989318847657,155.394287109375,540.0322406272888,146.28610229492188]},{"page":349,"text":"and weaknesses and can compensate for each other.","rect":[108.0,167.07469177246095,315.97817516326907,157.98654174804688]},{"page":349,"text":"TRACKING TEAM LEADER, TRACKER, RTO, AND TWO SECURITY PERSONNEL","rect":[90.0,186.7679901123047,473.18302297592165,176.55599975585938]},{"page":349,"text":"I-22.","rect":[108.0,202.67999267578126,127.30653667449951,195.90647888183595]},{"page":349,"text":"The  advantages  of  a  tracking  team  with  this many  members  are  increased  observation  and","rect":[143.99989318847657,204.83428955078126,540.0448513031006,195.72610473632813]},{"page":349,"text":"security. The disadvantage is the size of the team.","rect":[108.0,216.53472900390626,307.29848766326907,207.42654418945313]},{"page":349,"text":"TRACKER AND DOG TEAM","rect":[90.0,236.2496795654297,274.15994915771486,226.56153869628907]},{"page":349,"text":"I-23.","rect":[108.0,254.5702362060547,127.30653667449951,247.68650817871095]},{"page":349,"text":"Trackers work more effectively with dog teams than without.","rect":[143.99989318847657,256.61431884765627,389.8897657394409,247.50613403320313]},{"page":349,"text":"TRAITS OF A TRACKING DOG","rect":[90.0,274.34222412109377,233.69750690460206,266.2560119628906]},{"page":349,"text":"I-24.","rect":[108.0,292.20001220703127,127.30653667449951,285.4264831542969]},{"page":349,"text":"The dog(s) follows a trail faster and can continue to track at night. Despite years of domestication,","rect":[143.99989318847657,294.35430908203127,540.2415723800659,285.2461242675781]},{"page":349,"text":"dogs retain most of the traits of their wild ancestors. If put to controlled use, these traits are effective when","rect":[108.0,306.0546875,540.0543727874756,296.9465026855469]},{"page":349,"text":"tracking.","rect":[108.0,317.7550048828125,143.3966474533081,308.6468200683594]},{"page":349,"text":"Endurance","rect":[90.0,334.5227355957031,141.876111618042,327.1112365722656]},{"page":349,"text":"I-25.","rect":[108.0,352.31024169921877,127.30653667449951,345.4264831542969]},{"page":349,"text":"A dog can hold a steady pace and effectively track for up to eight hours. The speed can be up to","rect":[143.99989318847657,354.35430908203127,540.0113430023193,345.2461242675781]},{"page":349,"text":"10 miles per hour, only limited by the speed of the handler. The speed and endurance can be further","rect":[108.0,366.0546875,540.0046899375916,356.9465026855469]},{"page":349,"text":"increased by the use of vehicles and extra teams.","rect":[108.0,377.7550048828125,303.21999645233157,368.6468200683594]},{"page":349,"text":"Mental Characteristics","rect":[90.0,394.5337219238281,197.6962381324768,386.9355773925781]},{"page":349,"text":"I-26.","rect":[108.0,412.31024169921877,127.30653667449951,405.4264831542969]},{"page":349,"text":"Dogs are curious by nature. They can also be aggressive or lazy, cowardly or brave. Dogs' sensory","rect":[143.99989318847657,414.35430908203127,540.1508693695068,405.2461242675781]},{"page":349,"text":"traits are what make them seem intelligent.","rect":[108.0,426.0546875,280.0297803878784,416.9465026855469]},{"page":349,"text":"Aggressiveness","rect":[90.0,445.04071044921877,160.12595615005493,435.235595703125]},{"page":349,"text":"I-27.","rect":[108.0,460.6302490234375,127.30653667449951,453.7264709472656]},{"page":349,"text":"Tracking dogs are screened and trained to function as aggressive trackers, eager to please their","rect":[143.99989318847657,462.654296875,540.0822656211853,453.5461120605469]},{"page":349,"text":"handlers.","rect":[108.0,472.3305358886719,144.54101085662843,465.24639892578127]},{"page":349,"text":"SENSES OF A TRACKING DOG","rect":[90.0,492.1199035644531,233.45657062530518,483.81591796875]},{"page":349,"text":"I-28.","rect":[108.0,510.0501403808594,127.30653667449951,503.1663818359375]},{"page":349,"text":"Sight","rect":[90.0,531.0806274414063,114.45684643936157,521.2754516601563]},{"page":349,"text":"Knowledge of the dog's senses and how he uses them helps the evader to think ahead of the dog.","rect":[143.99989318847657,512.09423828125,531.5399122238159,502.98602294921877]},{"page":349,"text":"I-29.","rect":[108.0,546.670166015625,127.30653667449951,539.7664184570313]},{"page":349,"text":"A dog's vision is the lesser of the sensing abilities. He can see in black and white and has trouble","rect":[143.99989318847657,548.6942138671875,540.0355501251221,539.5860595703125]},{"page":349,"text":"spotting static objects at more than 50 yards. He can spot moving objects at considerable distances, but he","rect":[108.0,560.39453125,540.0525178985596,551.2763061523438]},{"page":349,"text":"does not look up unless he is trained. His night vision is no better than that of a human.","rect":[108.0,572.0949096679688,457.6895704269409,562.9867553710938]},{"page":349,"text":"Sound","rect":[90.0,588.8846435546875,119.97540129089356,581.2864990234375]},{"page":349,"text":"I-30.","rect":[108.0,606.650146484375,127.30653667449951,599.7664184570313]},{"page":349,"text":"Dogs can hear quieter and higher frequencies than humans. A dangerous problem for the evader is","rect":[143.99989318847657,608.6942138671875,540.1770770530701,599.5860595703125]},{"page":349,"text":"the dog's ability to hear. Even more dangerous is their ability to locate the source of a sound. Dogs can","rect":[108.0,620.39453125,539.9592189788818,611.286376953125]},{"page":349,"text":"hear 40 times better than a human.","rect":[108.0,630.0708618164063,246.36631298065186,622.9867553710938]},{"page":349,"text":"Smell","rect":[90.0,648.8846435546875,116.23560637664795,641.2864990234375]},{"page":349,"text":"I-31.","rect":[108.0,666.650146484375,127.30653667449951,659.7664184570313]},{"page":349,"text":"The dog's sense of smell is about 900 times better than a human. It is by far the greatest asset to","rect":[143.99989318847657,668.6942138671875,540.0422267913818,659.5860595703125]},{"page":349,"text":"the tracker and largest threat to the evader. Dogs can detect minute substances or disturbances on the","rect":[108.0,680.3944702148438,540.0049715118408,671.2863159179688]},{"page":349,"text":"ground, or even in the air. Using distracting or irritating odors such as CS powder or pepper only bothers a","rect":[107.9990005493164,692.0949096679688,539.9869051055908,682.9867553710938]},{"page":349,"text":"dog for 3 to 5 minutes. After the dog discharges the odor, he can pick up a cold trail even quicker. The dog","rect":[107.9990005493164,703.7952880859375,540.1731472015381,694.6871337890625]},{"page":349,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,146.0020010986328,747.489013671875]},{"page":349,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.08868408203127,754.0679931640625,329.0590231933594,747.489013671875]},{"page":349,"text":"I-5","rect":[529.5661010742188,754.0590209960938,540.0384848632813,747.5159912109375]},{"page":350,"text":"Appendix I","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,117.82589831542968,38.196014404296878]},{"page":350,"text":"smells odors from the ground and air and forms scent pictures. He puts together these scent pictures from","rect":[90.0,83.57427978515625,522.1413855514527,74.46610260009766]},{"page":350,"text":"several sources.","rect":[90.0,93.25067901611328,153.5448408126831,86.16654205322266]},{"page":350,"text":"Individual Scent","rect":[72.0000991821289,111.0211410522461,140.2701792678833,104.09732055664063]},{"page":350,"text":"I-32.","rect":[90.0,128.5710906982422,109.30653667449951,121.6873550415039]},{"page":350,"text":"This is the most important scent when it comes to tracking. Vapors from body secretions work","rect":[125.9999008178711,130.61517333984376,521.9763698577881,121.50699615478516]},{"page":350,"text":"their way through the evader's shoes onto the ground. Sweat from other parts of the body rubs off onto","rect":[90.0,142.31561279296876,521.9899196624756,133.20742797851563]},{"page":350,"text":"vegetation and other objects. Scent is even left in the air.","rect":[90.0,154.015869140625,317.44387340545657,144.89767456054688]},{"page":350,"text":"Reinforcing Scent","rect":[72.0000991821289,171.7763671875,146.8891520462036,162.83853149414063]},{"page":350,"text":"I-33.","rect":[90.0,187.31224060058595,109.30653667449951,180.4285125732422]},{"page":350,"text":"Objects that reinforce the  scent  as  it  relates to  the  evader  are  introduced  to  the  dog.  Some","rect":[125.9999008178711,189.3563232421875,521.9795808868408,180.23812866210938]},{"page":350,"text":"reinforcing scents could be on the evader's clothing or boots, or they could be made of the same material as","rect":[90.0,201.0567626953125,522.2530658226013,191.94857788085938]},{"page":350,"text":"is used in his clothing. Even the smell of boot polish can help a dog find a person.","rect":[90.0,212.757080078125,418.7697401046753,203.64889526367188]},{"page":350,"text":"Ecological Scent","rect":[72.0000991821289,230.51763916015626,141.3657145462036,221.57980346679688]},{"page":350,"text":"I-34.","rect":[90.0,246.0536346435547,109.30653667449951,239.16990661621095]},{"page":350,"text":"For the dog, the most important scent comes from the earth itself. The strongest smell comes from","rect":[125.9999008178711,248.09771728515626,522.0704016647339,238.98953247070313]},{"page":350,"text":"disturbances  in  ecology  such  as  crushed insects,  bruised  vegetation,  and  broken  ground.  Over  varied","rect":[90.0,259.79803466796877,522.0596828460693,250.68984985351563]},{"page":350,"text":"terrain, dogs can smell particles and vapors carried by the evader wherever he walks.","rect":[90.0,271.4984130859375,430.8666639328003,262.3902282714844]},{"page":350,"text":"UNFAVORABLE TRACKING CONDITIONS","rect":[72.0,289.260009765625,268.30304527282717,280.9560241699219]},{"page":350,"text":"I-35.","rect":[90.0,307.19024658203127,109.30653667449951,300.3064880371094]},{"page":350,"text":"Few conditions are ideal for dog tracker teams. During training, the teams learn the difficulties","rect":[125.9999008178711,309.23431396484377,522.0477435569763,300.1261291503906]},{"page":350,"text":"that they will face and develop skills to cope with them: ","rect":[89.9990005493164,320.9345703125,316.8886365890503,311.8263854980469]},{"page":350,"text":"Unverified Start Point","rect":[72.0,337.7247009277344,176.4549238319397,330.1155700683594]},{"page":350,"text":"I-36.","rect":[90.0,355.490234375,109.30653667449951,348.6064758300781]},{"page":350,"text":"The dogs may follow the wrong route or scent.","rect":[125.9999008178711,357.5343017578125,314.1708936691284,348.4261169433594]},{"page":350,"text":"Heat, Low Humidity, and Dry Ground","rect":[72.0,376.52069091796877,253.17656553649904,366.715576171875]},{"page":350,"text":"I-37.","rect":[90.0,392.1102600097656,109.30653667449951,385.20648193359377]},{"page":350,"text":"These all cause rapid evaporation of scent.","rect":[125.9999008178711,394.1142578125,296.87697887420657,385.026123046875]},{"page":350,"text":"Wind","rect":[72.0,410.9136962890625,98.27184141540528,403.3155517578125]},{"page":350,"text":"I-38.","rect":[90.0,428.69024658203127,109.30653667449951,421.8064880371094]},{"page":350,"text":"Wind disperses scent, causing the dog to track downwind.","rect":[125.9999008178711,430.73431396484377,359.30816173553469,421.6261291503906]},{"page":350,"text":"Heavy Rain","rect":[72.0,449.7206726074219,127.32821501159668,439.9155578613281]},{"page":350,"text":"I-39.","rect":[90.0,465.3102722167969,109.30653667449951,458.406494140625]},{"page":350,"text":"This washes scent away.","rect":[125.9999008178711,467.3343200683594,224.58967113494874,458.22613525390627]},{"page":350,"text":"Distracting Scents","rect":[72.0,486.3206787109375,157.16965732192993,476.51556396484377]},{"page":350,"text":"I-40.","rect":[90.0,501.89013671875,109.30653667449951,495.0063781738281]},{"page":350,"text":"These divert the dog's attention from the trail. Some distracting scents are blood, meat, manure,","rect":[125.9999008178711,503.9342041015625,522.0065259933472,494.8260192871094]},{"page":350,"text":"farmland, and populated areas.","rect":[90.0,515.6145629882813,213.43239879608155,506.5263977050781]},{"page":350,"text":"Elements that Cover Scent","rect":[72.0,532.424560546875,196.8140546913147,524.826416015625]},{"page":350,"text":"I-41.","rect":[90.0,550.0798950195313,109.30653667449951,543.306396484375]},{"page":350,"text":"Some elements in nature cover the scent picture partially or completely. For example, sand can","rect":[125.9999008178711,552.2341918945313,522.0678615570068,543.1260375976563]},{"page":350,"text":"blow over the tracks and help to disguise it; snow and ice can form over the track and make it nearly","rect":[90.0,563.9345703125,522.0645656585693,554.826416015625]},{"page":350,"text":"impossible to follow; and water can completely obscure a trail.","rect":[90.0,575.6348876953125,342.2606153488159,566.5267333984375]},{"page":350,"text":"FAVORABLE TRACKING CONDITIONS","rect":[72.0,593.3880004882813,254.32303428649903,585.095947265625]},{"page":350,"text":"I-42.","rect":[90.0,611.219970703125,109.30653667449951,604.4464721679688]},{"page":350,"text":"Some conditions favor the teams:","rect":[125.9999008178711,611.3602294921875,260.10034894561769,604.26611328125]},{"page":350,"text":"Fresh Scent","rect":[72.0,630.1646728515625,127.22170849990845,622.5665283203125]},{"page":350,"text":"I-43.","rect":[90.0,647.9301147460938,109.30653667449951,641.04638671875]},{"page":350,"text":"Scent  is  probably  the  most  important  factor  for  dog tracker teams. Fresh scent increases the","rect":[125.9999008178711,649.9741821289063,522.0345735626221,640.8660278320313]},{"page":350,"text":"chance of success.","rect":[90.0,659.6504516601563,163.86243724822999,652.5663452148438]},{"page":350,"text":"Verified Starting Point","rect":[72.0,680.6607055664063,179.53591748428347,670.8555297851563]},{"page":350,"text":"I-44.","rect":[90.0,696.1199951171875,109.30653667449951,689.3464965820313]},{"page":350,"text":"Introducing a definite scent to the dogs early on increases the chance that the dogs will follow the","rect":[125.9999008178711,698.2742919921875,521.9831819610596,689.1661376953125]},{"page":350,"text":"correct trail.","rect":[90.0,707.9506225585938,138.98276805877686,700.8665161132813]},{"page":350,"text":"I-6","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,82.47239904785157,747.489013671875]},{"page":350,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[264.9792175292969,754.0679931640625,310.94949560546879,747.489013671875]},{"page":350,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.03631591796877,754.0679931640625,522.038423828125,747.489013671875]},{"page":351,"text":"Tracking and Countertracking","rect":[411.9599914550781,46.52101516723633,540.0696176757813,38.0880126953125]},{"page":351,"text":"Unclean Evader","rect":[90.0,82.66470336914063,165.40185319519044,75.23123931884766]},{"page":351,"text":"I-45.","rect":[108.0,100.43010711669922,127.30653667449951,93.5463638305664]},{"page":351,"text":"An unclean evader leaves a more distinctive scent.","rect":[143.99989318847657,100.45014190673828,346.70623302459719,93.36600494384766]},{"page":351,"text":"Fast Moving Evader","rect":[90.0,121.46067810058594,185.9794593963623,111.65553283691406]},{"page":351,"text":"I-46.","rect":[108.0,137.0300750732422,127.30653667449951,130.14634704589845]},{"page":351,"text":"A fast moving evader causes more ground disturbances than a slower moving evader and, because","rect":[143.99989318847657,139.07415771484376,540.0214510040283,129.96597290039063]},{"page":351,"text":"he is sweating more than the slower mover, he also leaves a stronger scent trail.","rect":[108.0,150.774658203125,427.1572217941284,141.66647338867188]},{"page":351,"text":"Night and Early Morning","rect":[90.0,169.76072692871095,210.1969394683838,159.95558166503907]},{"page":351,"text":"I-47.","rect":[108.0,185.35023498535157,127.30653667449951,178.4464569091797]},{"page":351,"text":"At these times, the air is thicker, so scent lasts longer.","rect":[143.99989318847657,187.374267578125,359.17299938201907,178.26608276367188]},{"page":351,"text":"Cool, Cloudy Weather","rect":[90.0,206.36070251464845,195.40142594909669,196.56654357910157]},{"page":351,"text":"I-48.","rect":[108.0,221.9300994873047,127.30653667449951,215.04637145996095]},{"page":351,"text":"This limits evaporation of scent.","rect":[143.99989318847657,223.9541473388672,273.5165662765503,214.86599731445313]},{"page":351,"text":"Lack of Wind","rect":[90.0,240.75369262695313,154.80174864196779,233.15553283691407]},{"page":351,"text":"I-49.","rect":[108.0,258.55023193359377,127.30653667449951,251.64646911621095]},{"page":351,"text":"This keeps the scent close to the ground. It also keeps it from spreading around, allowing the dog","rect":[143.99989318847657,260.57427978515627,539.9600734710693,251.46609497070313]},{"page":351,"text":"to follow the correct route.","rect":[108.0,270.25067138671877,215.3553113937378,263.1665344238281]},{"page":351,"text":"Thick Vegetation","rect":[90.0,291.26068115234377,170.9467529144287,281.45556640625]},{"page":351,"text":"I-50.","rect":[108.0,306.8302307128906,127.30653667449951,299.94647216796877]},{"page":351,"text":"This restricts the dissemination of scent and holds the smell.","rect":[143.99989318847657,306.8502502441406,385.5758924484253,299.76611328125]},{"page":351,"text":"COUNTERTRACKING","rect":[90.0,326.62799072265627,191.21220111846925,318.33599853515627]},{"page":351,"text":"I-51.","rect":[108.0,344.5702209472656,127.30653667449951,337.68646240234377]},{"page":351,"text":"To avoid or evade the enemy, the LRS team must constantly use countertracking techniques.","rect":[143.99989318847657,346.6142883300781,540.0067701339722,337.506103515625]},{"page":351,"text":"Knowledge of tracking is probably the best way to successfully evade trackers. Knowledge of trackers and","rect":[108.0,358.314697265625,539.9952297210693,349.2065124511719]},{"page":351,"text":"dog  teams  greatly  assists  the  survivor when evading  the  enemy.  The  two  main  types  of  trackers  and","rect":[107.9990005493164,370.0149841308594,539.9933376312256,360.90679931640627]},{"page":351,"text":"methods of evading each follow:","rect":[107.9990005493164,381.7154235839844,239.55454206085205,372.60723876953127]},{"page":351,"text":"Visual Trackers","rect":[90.0,398.49371337890627,165.36344394302368,390.89556884765627]},{"page":351,"text":"I-52.","rect":[108.0,416.2702331542969,127.30653667449951,409.386474609375]},{"page":351,"text":"Visual trackers cue, obviously, on visible signs. Evading them requires that you reduce visual","rect":[143.99989318847657,418.3143005371094,540.0657725296021,409.20611572265627]},{"page":351,"text":"signs and confuse the tracker(s):","rect":[108.0,430.0146789550781,237.9879527053833,420.906494140625]},{"page":351,"text":"Outdistance the Tracker","rect":[90.0000991821289,445.7710876464844,190.23768496322632,438.8272399902344]},{"page":351,"text":"I-53.","rect":[108.0,463.3111267089844,127.30653667449951,456.4273681640625]},{"page":351,"text":"Put time and distance between you and the tracker. This increases the chance that the track will","rect":[143.99989318847657,465.3551940917969,539.9994273147584,456.24700927734377]},{"page":351,"text":"disappear or the tracker team will track too slowly to keep up with you (the team).","rect":[107.9990005493164,477.0555114746094,437.85735607147219,467.94732666015627]},{"page":351,"text":"Change Direction Frequently","rect":[89.99909973144531,494.8160095214844,211.9460573272705,485.878173828125]},{"page":351,"text":"I-54.","rect":[107.9990005493164,510.3520202636719,127.30553722381592,503.46826171875]},{"page":351,"text":"Change direction often--at least every 1,000 meters--and cover your changes. This can confuse","rect":[143.99888610839845,512.3961181640625,540.0149202423096,503.28790283203127]},{"page":351,"text":"less skillful trackers and buy you some time. If a tracker picks up sign, he can send a party ahead as far as","rect":[107.99800109863281,524.096435546875,540.0268084983826,514.98828125]},{"page":351,"text":"he feels confident that the tracks may be found on a track trap such as road or muddy bank. Track traps","rect":[107.99800109863281,535.796875,540.0003802757263,526.688720703125]},{"page":351,"text":"allow trackers to gain time and distance on the evaders. Methodical tracking is slow and arduous. By","rect":[107.99800109863281,547.4970703125,540.1960964202881,538.388916015625]},{"page":351,"text":"changing direction, you can prevent these cutting parties from finding sign where they expect it and can","rect":[107.99800109863281,559.197509765625,540.0859889984131,550.08935546875]},{"page":351,"text":"enlarge the area that the tracker must cover. If you must cross a track trap such as a road, approach at an","rect":[107.99800109863281,570.8978881835938,539.9993190765381,561.7897338867188]},{"page":351,"text":"off-angle to your azimuth and cross the road or track trap. After crossing, go a short distance, and then","rect":[107.99700164794922,582.5982055664063,539.9902858734131,573.4900512695313]},{"page":351,"text":"change direction sharply, carefully covering the signs.","rect":[107.99700164794922,594.298583984375,325.43264293670657,585.1904296875]},{"page":351,"text":"Use Streams for Deception","rect":[89.99710083007813,612.0589599609375,200.61689662170412,603.12109375]},{"page":351,"text":"I-55.","rect":[107.99700164794922,627.5950317382813,127.30353832244873,620.8515625]},{"page":351,"text":"Approach a stream at an off-angle. Move downstream for 100 to 200 meters, leaving false trails","rect":[143.99688720703126,629.6390991210938,539.9632098655701,620.5309448242188]},{"page":351,"text":"every so often. At the end of the false trail, leave a set of tracks and countertrack them just enough that the","rect":[107.99700164794922,641.3394775390625,539.9873323516846,632.2212524414063]},{"page":351,"text":"tracks can be seen just barely. This will make the tracker think that he has found the right set of prints. Find","rect":[107.99700164794922,653.039794921875,540.0003566741943,643.9215698242188]},{"page":351,"text":"a place to enter the stream such as a log and move in the opposite direction from where you entered. Go to","rect":[107.99800109863281,664.740234375,540.0236110687256,655.632080078125]},{"page":351,"text":"a place where you can leave the stream without leaving sign and do so. This will buy you time, because the","rect":[107.99800109863281,676.4404907226563,540.0109529571533,667.3323364257813]},{"page":351,"text":"trackers will have to check out false trails and scour the banks for tracks.","rect":[107.99800109863281,686.1168212890625,400.2597608566284,679.03271484375]},{"page":351,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,146.0020010986328,747.489013671875]},{"page":351,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.08868408203127,754.0679931640625,329.0590231933594,747.489013671875]},{"page":351,"text":"I-7","rect":[529.5661010742188,753.9600219726563,540.0384848632813,747.5159912109375]},{"page":352,"text":"Appendix I","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,117.82589831542968,38.196014404296878]},{"page":352,"text":"Move on Hard Surfaces","rect":[72.0,83.63427734375,170.98860049057007,74.69644165039063]},{"page":352,"text":"I-56.","rect":[89.9999008178711,99.17028045654297,109.3064374923706,92.28653717041016]},{"page":352,"text":"Any  surface  that  is  too  hard to retain the indentations  of  feet  makes visual  tracking  almost","rect":[125.99980163574219,101.21435546875,522.0449595413209,92.1061782836914]},{"page":352,"text":"impossible. Ensure that the soles of your footwear are as clean as possible to avoid leaving deposits on the","rect":[89.9989013671875,112.9146728515625,522.0280428009033,103.8064956665039]},{"page":352,"text":"surface. Enter the hard-surfaced area from an off-angle, and leave as little sign as possible. Even as little as","rect":[89.9989013671875,124.6151123046875,522.0503680686951,115.5069351196289]},{"page":352,"text":"100 meters of hard surface can gain you a great amount of time over a tracker team.","rect":[89.9989013671875,136.31536865234376,426.0946912765503,127.20719146728516]},{"page":352,"text":"Camouflage Sign","rect":[71.9990005493164,154.07586669921876,144.2115468902588,145.13803100585938]},{"page":352,"text":"I-57.","rect":[89.9989013671875,169.6319122314453,109.30543804168701,162.868408203125]},{"page":352,"text":"Any deliberate attempt at camouflage will slow any following parties by making them look harder","rect":[125.9988021850586,171.65594482421876,522.0208642539978,162.54776000976563]},{"page":352,"text":"for sign. It will also make the aging of sign more difficult. The best technique is to leave as little sign as","rect":[89.9989013671875,183.35626220703126,522.1007220726013,174.24807739257813]},{"page":352,"text":"possible. This is an individual responsibility. One person at the rear of the formation cannot cover all the","rect":[89.9989013671875,195.056640625,522.0166292266846,185.94845581054688]},{"page":352,"text":"sign left by a team of six. Each person must take special care at track traps and things such as ant mounds","rect":[89.9979019165039,206.757080078125,521.9722430686951,197.64889526367188]},{"page":352,"text":"that leave definite signs for trackers. When crossing roads or track traps, try to step in the footprints of the","rect":[89.9979019165039,218.4573974609375,521.9587678985596,209.34921264648438]},{"page":352,"text":"Soldiers before you. This will make the job of countertracking for the last Soldiers easier. If you cannot","rect":[89.9979019165039,230.15777587890626,522.0932993850709,221.03958129882813]},{"page":352,"text":"completely camouflage the tracks, try to age them by brushing them or sprinkling debris in them.","rect":[89.9979019165039,241.85809326171876,479.53029918670657,232.74990844726563]},{"page":352,"text":"Walk Backwards","rect":[71.99800109863281,257.6045837402344,141.98518252182007,250.68075561523438]},{"page":352,"text":"I-58.","rect":[89.9979019165039,275.15460205078127,109.30443859100342,268.2708435058594]},{"page":352,"text":"Walking backwards produces a different type of print than walking forward, but only the most","rect":[125.997802734375,277.19866943359377,522.0412974319459,268.0904846191406]},{"page":352,"text":"skillful trackers will pick up the difference. Used with other deception methods, this one can create some","rect":[89.9979019165039,288.8789367675781,522.0348787384033,279.7908020019531]},{"page":352,"text":"confusion and buy some time.","rect":[89.9979019165039,300.59942626953127,210.55112743377686,291.4912414550781]},{"page":352,"text":"Split Up the Team","rect":[71.99800109863281,318.3397521972656,146.97337102508545,309.4219665527344]},{"page":352,"text":"I-59.","rect":[89.9979019165039,333.91583251953127,109.30443859100342,327.0120544433594]},{"page":352,"text":"Multiple sets of tracks slow the tracker team, because following six sets of prints takes much","rect":[125.997802734375,335.93988037109377,522.0150661468506,326.8316955566406]},{"page":352,"text":"longer than following one set. The team can then link up at a rally or rendezvous site. This is a great","rect":[89.9979019165039,347.6402893066406,522.0437998733521,338.5321044921875]},{"page":352,"text":"technique for use in tall grass or other areas where leaving tracks is unavoidable. Animal tracks increase","rect":[89.9979019165039,359.3406066894531,521.9901399688721,350.232421875]},{"page":352,"text":"the confusion.","rect":[89.9979019165039,369.0169372558594,146.90296459197999,361.93280029296877]},{"page":352,"text":"Use Animal Trails","rect":[71.99800109863281,386.78741455078127,147.74178957748414,379.86358642578127]},{"page":352,"text":"I-60.","rect":[89.9979019165039,404.33740234375,109.30443859100342,397.4536437988281]},{"page":352,"text":"Wildlife that shares trails with the team will soon obscure any signs of human passage.","rect":[125.997802734375,406.3814697265625,474.4305372238159,397.2732849121094]},{"page":352,"text":"Set Booby Traps","rect":[71.99700164794922,424.1419677734375,140.02560305404664,415.2041320800781]},{"page":352,"text":"I-61.","rect":[89.99689483642578,439.67791748046877,109.3034315109253,432.7941589355469]},{"page":352,"text":"Even if the tracker team fails to detonate the device, they will become more cautious. A few hasty","rect":[125.99679565429688,441.72198486328127,522.0690212249756,432.6138000488281]},{"page":352,"text":"devices such as a grenade and trip wire will slow them down considerably. The more they encounter, the","rect":[89.99689483642578,453.4223937988281,522.0082674102783,444.314208984375]},{"page":352,"text":"slower they will move.","rect":[89.99689483642578,465.122802734375,181.84350109100343,456.0146179199219]},{"page":352,"text":"Dog Trackers","rect":[72.0,484.1006774902344,136.39110812759399,474.4712219238281]},{"page":352,"text":"I-62.","rect":[90.0,499.6701354980469,109.30653667449951,492.786376953125]},{"page":352,"text":"Dogs track by scent, so countertracking against them is more difficult than countertracking a","rect":[125.9999008178711,501.7142028808594,522.0697908477783,492.60601806640627]},{"page":352,"text":"visual tracker. One of the main ways to defeat a dog is to defeat his handler. A dog is only as effective as","rect":[90.0,513.4146118164063,522.0495746116638,504.306396484375]},{"page":352,"text":"the handler allows:","rect":[90.0,523.0908203125,166.32024335479736,516.0067138671875]},{"page":352,"text":"Change Direction Frequently","rect":[72.0000991821289,542.8753662109375,193.94706440734863,533.9375]},{"page":352,"text":"I-63.","rect":[90.0,558.4113159179688,109.30653667449951,551.527587890625]},{"page":352,"text":"One  way  to  defeat  the  handler  is  to change direction  frequently.  A  relatively  inexperienced","rect":[125.9999008178711,560.4553833007813,522.0174465179443,551.3472290039063]},{"page":352,"text":"handler might perceive the dog's resulting frequent direction changes as a sign of indecisiveness. He might","rect":[89.9990005493164,572.1558227539063,521.9903941116334,563.0476684570313]},{"page":352,"text":"then think that the dog has lost the scent. Changing direction frequently in difficult terrain such as brush","rect":[89.9990005493164,583.856201171875,522.0906887054443,574.748046875]},{"page":352,"text":"has the added advantage of entangling dog and handler, thus fatiguing and stressing them. ","rect":[89.9990005493164,595.5565185546875,453.66143321990969,586.4483642578125]},{"page":352,"text":"Use Hard Surfaces","rect":[71.99909973144531,613.3170166015625,150.6420733909607,604.379150390625]},{"page":352,"text":"I-64.","rect":[89.9990005493164,628.85302734375,109.30553722381592,621.9692993164063]},{"page":352,"text":"Dogs track best on loose textured surfaces. Hard surfaces seldom retain scent as well. Use these as","rect":[125.9989013671875,630.8970947265625,522.0037982444763,621.7889404296875]},{"page":352,"text":"is tactically feasible. The effect of this technique depends on the experience of the dog.","rect":[89.9990005493164,642.597412109375,439.4168653488159,633.4892578125]},{"page":352,"text":"Travel in More Frequented Areas","rect":[71.99909973144531,660.337890625,211.25308108139039,651.4200439453125]},{"page":352,"text":"I-65.","rect":[89.9990005493164,675.8938598632813,109.30553722381592,669.0101318359375]},{"page":352,"text":"While not a preferred technique for a LRS team, traveling in more frequented areas might be","rect":[125.9989013671875,677.9379272460938,522.0530672149658,668.8297729492188]},{"page":352,"text":"necessary to throw dogs off the scent. Having to differentiate between scents can cause them to lose the","rect":[89.9990005493164,689.6383056640625,522.0951204376221,680.5301513671875]},{"page":352,"text":"scent of the team.","rect":[89.9990005493164,699.3146362304688,160.6252088546753,692.2305297851563]},{"page":352,"text":"I-8","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,82.47239904785157,747.489013671875]},{"page":352,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[264.9792175292969,754.0679931640625,310.94949560546879,747.489013671875]},{"page":352,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.03631591796877,754.0679931640625,522.038423828125,747.489013671875]},{"page":353,"text":"Tracking and Countertracking","rect":[411.9599914550781,46.52101516723633,540.0696176757813,38.0880126953125]},{"page":353,"text":"Travel in Streams","rect":[90.0,81.6202621459961,163.53077578353882,74.69644165039063]},{"page":353,"text":"I-66.","rect":[107.9999008178711,99.17028045654297,127.3064374923706,92.28653717041016]},{"page":353,"text":"While traveling in streams, avoid contact with anything that could catch and reinforce your scent","rect":[143.99978637695313,101.21435546875,540.0569834671021,92.1061782836914]},{"page":353,"text":"such as a branch or rock.","rect":[107.9999008178711,110.89063262939453,207.9504041671753,103.8064956665039]},{"page":353,"text":"METHODS OF AVOIDING DETECTION","rect":[90.0,130.64219665527345,271.04539585113528,122.38800048828125]},{"page":353,"text":"I-67.","rect":[108.0,148.63014221191407,127.30653667449951,141.7263641357422]},{"page":353,"text":"To avoid detection--","rect":[143.99989318847657,148.63014221191407,225.98142028427126,141.54598999023438]},{"page":353,"text":"Wear Common Footwear","rect":[90.0000991821289,166.4005889892578,194.7653186302185,159.47677612304688]},{"page":353,"text":"I-68.","rect":[108.0,183.95066833496095,127.30653667449951,177.0669403076172]},{"page":353,"text":"Some types of soles, such as the ripple type, are uncommon, which allows for easier tracking. Flat","rect":[143.99989318847657,185.9947509765625,540.0376353225709,176.88656616210938]},{"page":353,"text":"soles leave less sign than treaded soles, but are impractical for traveling over rough terrain. Wearing","rect":[108.0,197.69512939453126,540.0262355804443,188.58694458007813]},{"page":353,"text":"sandbags over boots reduces sign. However, burlap rips off and leaves telltale sign, so watch out for this","rect":[108.0,209.3953857421875,540.0553119163513,200.28720092773438]},{"page":353,"text":"should you choose this method.","rect":[108.0,221.0958251953125,234.82482433319093,211.98764038085938]},{"page":353,"text":"Leave No Scent","rect":[90.0000991821289,236.8422393798828,154.60004376983643,229.91842651367188]},{"page":353,"text":"I-69.","rect":[108.0,254.41224670410157,127.30653667449951,247.5084686279297]},{"page":353,"text":"Avoid leaving scent. While in a position or on the move, leave as little scent picture as possible.","rect":[143.99989318847657,256.436279296875,540.0691480636597,247.32809448242188]},{"page":353,"text":"Food, blood, urine, and feces all leave strong, reinforcing scents for a search dog. Be especially careful in","rect":[108.0,268.13665771484377,540.0704250335693,259.0284729003906]},{"page":353,"text":"areas where you must remain for some time and in areas that you know are patrolled by dog teams.","rect":[108.0,279.83709716796877,505.21767711639407,270.7289123535156]},{"page":353,"text":"Behave Unpredictably","rect":[90.0000991821289,297.5975036621094,181.61394978332519,288.65966796875]},{"page":353,"text":"I-70.","rect":[108.0,313.1535339355469,127.30653667449951,306.249755859375]},{"page":353,"text":"Go against everything that human nature tells you to do. Go into difficult terrain and behave as","rect":[143.99989318847657,315.1775817871094,540.0311419944763,306.06939697265627]},{"page":353,"text":"most people moving through such an area would not do.","rect":[108.0,326.87786865234377,333.88469982147219,317.7696838378906]},{"page":353,"text":"Practice Tracking","rect":[90.0000991821289,344.6383972167969,164.34653282165528,335.7005615234375]},{"page":353,"text":"I-71.","rect":[108.0,360.1944580078125,127.30653667449951,353.2906799316406]},{"page":353,"text":"Know your enemy. Practice tracking and you will notice things that you should avoid doing when","rect":[143.99989318847657,362.218505859375,540.0203151702881,353.1103210449219]},{"page":353,"text":"you are the one being tracked. For the team to successfully countertrack as a unit, each team member must","rect":[108.0,373.9187927246094,540.0099863967896,364.81060791015627]},{"page":353,"text":"have a basic working knowledge of tracking.","rect":[108.0,385.61920166015627,288.49074840545657,376.5110168457031]},{"page":353,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,146.0020010986328,747.489013671875]},{"page":353,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.08868408203127,754.0679931640625,329.0590231933594,747.489013671875]},{"page":353,"text":"I-9","rect":[529.5661010742188,754.0679931640625,540.0384848632813,747.489013671875]},{"page":354,"text":"This page intentionally left blank. ","rect":[163.4399871826172,392.5619812011719,452.493501953125,375.69598388671877]},{"page":355,"text":"Appendix J","rect":[280.91998291015627,85.87195587158203,345.54959399414067,74.9279556274414]},{"page":355,"text":"Night Operations","rect":[250.0800018310547,110.50821685791016,379.93330433654787,95.49747467041016]},{"page":355,"text":"Night-fighting skills are necessary and are combat multipliers. Infantry forces use","rect":[126.0,129.2007293701172,504.05251847839357,119.21990966796875]},{"page":355,"text":"these skills to gain tactical and psychological advantages. Night operations do not","rect":[126.0,141.92100524902345,504.0259811325073,131.940185546875]},{"page":355,"text":"rely on  technology  for  success--commanders  can  plan  and  execute  them  with  or","rect":[126.0,154.6414031982422,504.07546826553348,144.66058349609376]},{"page":355,"text":"without  the  use  of  night  vision  devices.  In  fact,  for  LRSU,  night  operations are","rect":[126.0,167.36167907714845,503.9881263885498,157.380859375]},{"page":355,"text":"the norm.","rect":[126.0,177.8640594482422,168.08800220489503,170.1011962890625]},{"page":355,"text":"This  appendix  lists  the  psychological,  physiological,","rect":[126.0,198.8018035888672,382.1505479812622,188.82098388671876]},{"page":355,"text":"and","rect":[389.9002990722656,196.58384704589845,405.7751865386963,188.82098388671876]},{"page":355,"text":"physical","rect":[413.5248718261719,198.8018035888672,450.2705795211792,188.82098388671876]},{"page":355,"text":"effects","rect":[458.0202941894531,196.58384704589845,487.1546121559143,188.8319549560547]},{"page":355,"text":"of ","rect":[494.9043884277344,196.58384704589845,506.81549549102786,188.8319549560547]},{"page":355,"text":"night-fighting. It also discusses the techniques used to maintain direction, control,","rect":[126.0,211.52220153808595,504.0040330886841,201.5413818359375]},{"page":355,"text":"and surprise. Some of these apply in other limited visibility conditions such as fog,","rect":[126.0,224.24253845214845,504.13889026641848,214.26171875]},{"page":355,"text":"rain, snow, and sandstorms. ","rect":[126.0,235.0,250.23515796661378,226.98193359375]},{"page":355,"text":"NIGHT VISION","rect":[90.0,256.6495666503906,189.75988047027588,246.96144104003907]},{"page":355,"text":"J-1.","rect":[108.0,275.0003356933594,122.8125638961792,268.0865173339844]},{"page":355,"text":"At night, the eye uses spiral eye cells called rods. These cells cannot differentiate color, and are","rect":[144.0,277.01434326171877,540.0581331329346,267.9061584472656]},{"page":355,"text":"easily blinded by light. This creates a central blind spot, which causes the viewer to miss larger objects as","rect":[108.0,288.714599609375,539.9867084007263,279.5964050292969]},{"page":355,"text":"distances increase.","rect":[108.0,298.39093017578127,182.61793041229249,291.3067932128906]},{"page":355,"text":"PROTECTION OF NIGHT VISION","rect":[90.0,318.1679992675781,244.38081455230714,310.0559997558594]},{"page":355,"text":"J-2.","rect":[108.0,336.1402893066406,122.8125638961792,329.2264709472656]},{"page":355,"text":"Soldiers who work and perform tasks in daylight experience a reduction in night vision. Exposure","rect":[143.99989318847657,338.154296875,540.0151643829346,329.0461120605469]},{"page":355,"text":"to intense sunlight for two to five hours significantly decreases visual sensitivity for up to five additional","rect":[108.0,349.8545837402344,540.0333628616334,340.74639892578127]},{"page":355,"text":"hours. Sunlight magnified by reflective surfaces such as sand or snow reduces the rate of adaptability to the","rect":[108.0009994506836,361.55499267578127,540.0484285430908,352.4468078613281]},{"page":355,"text":"dark and it reduces general night vision even more. These effects are cumulative and may persist for","rect":[108.00199890136719,373.25543212890627,539.9959008750916,364.1472473144531]},{"page":355,"text":"several days. Consequently, Soldiers scheduled for night operations should wear military, neutral-density","rect":[108.00199890136719,384.9556884765625,540.0293483734131,375.8475036621094]},{"page":355,"text":"(N-15) sunglasses (or the equivalent) in bright sunlight. ","rect":[108.00299835205078,396.6560974121094,333.7359571456909,387.54791259765627]},{"page":355,"text":"NIGHT-VISION SCANNING","rect":[90.0,414.41998291015627,217.12907123565675,406.1159973144531]},{"page":355,"text":"J-3.","rect":[108.0,432.3802795410156,122.8125638961792,425.4664611816406]},{"page":355,"text":"Soldiers use the night-vision-scanning technique to overcome physiological limitations and reduce","rect":[143.99978637695313,434.394287109375,540.1222810821533,425.2861022949219]},{"page":355,"text":"illusions.  It  also  protects  their  night  vision  and  dark  adaptation  capabilities.  The  night-vision-scanning","rect":[108.0,446.0946960449219,540.1422023773193,436.98651123046877]},{"page":355,"text":"technique  involves  scanning  slowly  and  regularly  from  right  to  left  or  from left to right (Figure J-1).","rect":[108.0,457.7950134277344,540.0684766769409,448.68682861328127]},{"page":355,"text":"Granted, this is the same as scanning in daylight. The difference is that, at night, Soldiers must also avoid","rect":[108.0,469.49542236328127,540.0448513031006,460.3872375488281]},{"page":355,"text":"looking directly at faintly visible objects. ","rect":[108.0,481.1957092285156,275.3500623703003,472.0775146484375]},{"page":355,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":355,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":355,"text":"J-1","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":356,"text":"Appendix J","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,120.33290319824219,38.196014404296878]},{"page":356,"text":"Figure J-1. Typical scanning patterns.","rect":[216.1800079345703,345.86102294921877,377.7622233886719,337.5090026855469]},{"page":356,"text":"OFF-CENTER VISION","rect":[72.0,363.64801025390627,176.10081577301026,355.35601806640627]},{"page":356,"text":"J-4.","rect":[90.0,381.62030029296877,104.8125638961792,374.70648193359377]},{"page":356,"text":"Looking straight at an object (using central vision) works in daylight, but not at night. This is due","rect":[125.99970245361328,383.6343078613281,521.9908723907471,374.51611328125]},{"page":356,"text":"to  the  aforementioned  central  blind  spot.  To  compensate  for  this  blind  spot,  Soldiers  use off-center","rect":[90.0,395.3346862792969,522.0218036155701,386.22650146484377]},{"page":356,"text":"(peripheral) vision. In other words, instead of looking directly at an object, they look 10 degrees above,","rect":[90.0,407.03497314453127,522.0362501144409,397.9167785644531]},{"page":356,"text":"below, or to either side of it (Figure J-2).","rect":[90.0,418.73541259765627,254.01380443572999,409.6272277832031]},{"page":356,"text":"J-2","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":356,"text":"Figure J-2. Off-center viewing technique.","rect":[209.8800048828125,696.6809692382813,384.1211101074219,688.2479858398438]},{"page":356,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":356,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":357,"text":"Night Operations","rect":[466.91998291015627,46.52101516723633,540.03964453125,38.0880126953125]},{"page":357,"text":"ADAPTATION TO THE DARK","rect":[90.0,83.59274291992188,226.01127338409425,75.3480224609375]},{"page":357,"text":"J-5.","rect":[108.0,101.60030364990235,122.8125638961792,94.8267822265625]},{"page":357,"text":"Adaptation to the dark means that as darkness increases, so does visual sensitivity. Just like the","rect":[143.99989318847657,103.61431884765625,540.1227693634033,94.50614166259766]},{"page":357,"text":"aperture in a camera, the pupil opens to let in more light. Soldiers are unique, so they adapt to darkness at","rect":[108.0,115.314697265625,540.0176157913209,106.2065200805664]},{"page":357,"text":"slightly different degrees and rates. After the first 30 minutes in the dark, visual sensitivity maxes out (to","rect":[108.0,127.0150146484375,540.0503444671631,117.9068374633789]},{"page":357,"text":"about 10,000 times that of normal), and it increases little after that time. ","rect":[108.0,138.69529724121095,398.6184949874878,129.60714721679688]},{"page":357,"text":"• Visual sensitivity in the dark is affected by exposure to bright lights such as matches,","rect":[143.99989318847657,156.4156494140625,496.59539318084719,147.30746459960938]},{"page":357,"text":"flashlights, flares, and vehicle headlights. Full recovery from this exposure might take up to 45","rect":[154.80039978027345,168.115966796875,535.7278347015381,159.00778198242188]},{"page":357,"text":"minutes. ","rect":[154.80039978027345,177.7923126220703,191.46164989471436,170.70816040039063]},{"page":357,"text":"•","rect":[144.0009002685547,193.2781982421875,147.50790042877197,190.82330322265626]},{"page":357,"text":"•","rect":[144.0019073486328,234.37933349609376,147.5089075088501,231.9244384765625]},{"page":357,"text":"•","rect":[144.0019073486328,263.780029296875,147.5089075088501,261.32513427734377]},{"page":357,"text":"Use of night vision goggles impedes dark adaptation. However, if a Soldier adapts to the dark","rect":[154.7993927001953,197.51666259765626,530.9360256195068,188.40847778320313]},{"page":357,"text":"before he dons the goggles, then he will adapt to the dark fully about two minutes after","rect":[154.80039978027345,209.217041015625,503.53581786727906,200.10885620117188]},{"page":357,"text":"removing the goggles. ","rect":[154.80140686035157,220.9173583984375,246.78637218475343,211.80917358398438]},{"page":357,"text":"Color perception decreases as light decreases. Soldiers can distinguish light and dark colors","rect":[154.80059814453126,238.6177978515625,522.5669085960388,229.50961303710938]},{"page":357,"text":"only to the degree of reflected light intensity.","rect":[154.80140686035157,250.318115234375,335.8429822921753,241.20993041992188]},{"page":357,"text":"Darkness reduces visual acuity to one-seventh of daylight levels, so Soldiers can see only","rect":[154.80250549316407,268.01849365234377,513.9093837738037,258.9103088378906]},{"page":357,"text":"large objects.","rect":[154.80140686035157,279.71875,208.3152265548706,270.6005554199219]},{"page":357,"text":"BLEACHED-OUT EFFECT","rect":[90.0,297.4679870605469,212.77828359603883,289.1759948730469]},{"page":357,"text":"J-6.","rect":[108.0,315.4402770996094,122.8125638961792,308.5264587402344]},{"page":357,"text":"Even when the Soldier practices off-center viewing, the image of an object that he views for more","rect":[143.99989318847657,317.45428466796877,539.9886751251221,308.3360900878906]},{"page":357,"text":"than two to three seconds tends to bleach out into one solid color. As a result, he can no longer see the","rect":[108.0,329.1546936035156,540.0022859649658,320.0465087890625]},{"page":357,"text":"object, which can increase operational risk. To overcome this effect, the Soldier must know about this","rect":[107.9990005493164,340.85498046875,540.0130755882263,331.7367858886719]},{"page":357,"text":"phenomenon and avoid looking at any object for more than two or three seconds. By shifting his eyes from","rect":[107.9990005493164,352.555419921875,540.1466956100464,343.4372253417969]},{"page":357,"text":"one off-center point to another, he can continue to see the object in his peripheral vision. ","rect":[107.9990005493164,364.2557067871094,466.0673780441284,355.13751220703127]},{"page":357,"text":"SHAPE OR SILHOUETTE","rect":[90.0,382.0199890136719,205.45762014389039,373.71600341796877]},{"page":357,"text":"J-7.","rect":[108.0,399.98028564453127,122.8125638961792,393.2067565917969]},{"page":357,"text":"At night, Soldiers must identify objects by their shapes or silhouettes. Knowing the architectural","rect":[144.0,401.9942932128906,540.0318369827271,392.8760986328125]},{"page":357,"text":"designs of structures common to the AO determines the success of this technique. For example, in the US,","rect":[108.0,413.6947021484375,540.0162305831909,404.5865173339844]},{"page":357,"text":"a  church  is  often  characterized  by  a  high  roof  and steeple,  but  churches  elsewhere  have  different","rect":[108.0,425.3949890136719,540.0646128616334,416.28680419921877]},{"page":357,"text":"architectures.","rect":[108.0,435.0713806152344,161.7232313156128,427.98724365234377]},{"page":357,"text":"LIGHT SOURCES AND DISTANCES","rect":[90.0,454.8600158691406,252.51657676696778,446.5560302734375]},{"page":357,"text":"J-8.","rect":[108.0,472.8203125,122.8125638961792,465.906494140625]},{"page":357,"text":"Table J-1 shows how far the naked eye can detect light sources at night.","rect":[143.99978637695313,474.8343200683594,432.2858839035034,465.72613525390627]},{"page":357,"text":"Table J-1. Light sources and distances.","rect":[230.9399871826172,491.48101806640627,399.12681689453128,483.1289978027344]},{"page":357,"text":"Note:","rect":[144.0,682.6902465820313,166.83958983993532,675.9267578125]},{"page":357,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":357,"text":"From the air, these distances can increase two to three times. ","rect":[179.99978637695313,683.0,425.72866344451907,675.6061401367188]},{"page":357,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":357,"text":"J-3","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":358,"text":"Appendix J","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,120.33290319824219,38.196014404296878]},{"page":358,"text":"HEARING","rect":[72.0,85.58970642089844,138.72934491729738,75.90156555175781]},{"page":358,"text":"J-9.","rect":[90.0,103.94026947021485,104.8125638961792,97.0264663696289]},{"page":358,"text":"Hearing is more acute in the dark for several reasons: mental concentration increases; background","rect":[125.9999008178711,105.95428466796875,522.1002712249756,96.84610748291016]},{"page":358,"text":"noises tend to diminish; and, lower temperatures and higher humidity carry sound farther. Practice and","rect":[90.0,117.6546630859375,522.0750637054443,108.5464859008789]},{"page":358,"text":"training help the Soldier overcome fear of night sounds. Training helps him to discriminate (distinguish)","rect":[90.0,129.35498046875,521.9625146446228,120.2468032836914]},{"page":358,"text":"multiple sounds, faint sounds, and the directions from which sounds originate. Table J-2 shows how far","rect":[90.0,141.05535888671876,522.0101220664978,131.94717407226563]},{"page":358,"text":"away the Soldier can hear particular sounds at night.","rect":[90.0,152.75567626953126,300.4425916671753,143.64749145507813]},{"page":358,"text":"Table J-2. Sounds and distances.","rect":[225.89999389648438,167.62796020507813,368.07481494140628,160.96795654296876]},{"page":358,"text":"SMELL","rect":[72.0,600.209716796875,120.89924465560913,590.5355224609375]},{"page":358,"text":"J-10.","rect":[90.0,618.5602416992188,109.8516263961792,611.646484375]},{"page":358,"text":"Smell is  the  Soldier's  least  used  sense.  Typically,  he  only  uses  two  percent  of  its  potential.","rect":[125.9999008178711,620.5742797851563,522.0689649581909,611.4661254882813]},{"page":358,"text":"Different diets produce different human odors. For example, habitual meat eaters smell different from","rect":[90.0,632.254638671875,522.1735510787964,623.16650390625]},{"page":358,"text":"habitual vegetarians. Most enemy have different diets from those of US Soldiers. Once US Soldiers learn","rect":[90.0,643.9749755859375,522.1061916351318,634.8668212890625]},{"page":358,"text":"the enemy's characteristic odor, they can easily detect him at night. Practice improves skill and confidence. ","rect":[90.0,655.6754150390625,521.0300245285034,646.5672607421875]},{"page":358,"text":"J-11.","rect":[90.0,671.3616333007813,109.8516263961792,664.4478759765625]},{"page":358,"text":"Facing  into  the  wind  at  a  45-degree  angle  makes  sensing  odors  easier. The Soldier relaxes,","rect":[125.9999008178711,673.3756713867188,522.0023756027222,664.2675170898438]},{"page":358,"text":"breathes normally, sniffs  sharply,  thinks  about  specific  odors,  and  concentrates.  Table J-3  shows  the","rect":[90.0,685.0761108398438,521.8976717071533,675.9679565429688]},{"page":358,"text":"distances at which the human nose can typically sense particular odors. ","rect":[90.0,696.7763671875,377.9686231613159,687.668212890625]},{"page":358,"text":"J-4","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":358,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":358,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":359,"text":"Table J-3. Odor sources and distances.","rect":[231.1800079345703,80.739013671875,398.8200847167969,74.0880126953125]},{"page":359,"text":"Night Operations","rect":[466.91998291015627,46.52101516723633,540.03964453125,38.0880126953125]},{"page":359,"text":"FATIGUE","rect":[90.0,200.4896697998047,153.60061489486695,190.80152893066407]},{"page":359,"text":"J-12.","rect":[108.0,218.8402862548828,127.8516263961792,211.92649841308595]},{"page":359,"text":"Too much work and too little sleep make for a tired Soldier, especially in conditions of great","rect":[143.99989318847657,220.85430908203126,540.0368418655396,211.74612426757813]},{"page":359,"text":"stress.  Tired  Soldiers  affect  the  unit's  capabilities.  Following  a  work-rest schedule can help prevent","rect":[107.9990005493164,232.5546875,540.0661997756959,223.44650268554688]},{"page":359,"text":"collective fatigue. It builds-in recovery time to maintain unit effectiveness. Leaders--","rect":[107.9990005493164,244.2550048828125,448.73067260360718,235.14682006835938]},{"page":359,"text":"• Ensure that each Soldier sleeps or rests during part of each of his off-shift periods. ","rect":[143.99888610839845,261.955322265625,487.8391065597534,252.84713745117188]},{"page":359,"text":"• Rotates cross-trained Soldiers through various duties to reduce errors.","rect":[143.99888610839845,279.6556396484375,435.0371046066284,270.5474548339844]},{"page":359,"text":"• Should assign two Soldiers to each job that requires discrimination between factors, such as OP","rect":[143.99888610839845,297.3559875488281,538.6737813873291,288.23779296875]},{"page":359,"text":"procedures or writing and encrypting messages. ","rect":[154.7983856201172,309.0564270019531,349.1319532394409,299.9482421875]},{"page":359,"text":"• Can experiment until he finds the best schedules. A four-hours-on, four-hours-off schedule","rect":[143.99888610839845,326.7366638183594,519.9783601837158,317.6485290527344]},{"page":359,"text":"works in good weather; a two-hours-on, four-hours-off schedule works better for bad weather.","rect":[154.7983856201172,338.4570007324219,533.9340772628784,329.34881591796877]},{"page":359,"text":"Other schedules can also help. No schedule suits everyone, but a particular schedule might","rect":[154.7983856201172,350.15740966796877,518.4593272171021,341.0492248535156]},{"page":359,"text":"work best for a particular team. ","rect":[154.7983856201172,361.8376159667969,283.21804332733157,352.7494812011719]},{"page":359,"text":"J-13.","rect":[107.99800109863281,377.5440673828125,127.84962749481201,370.6302490234375]},{"page":359,"text":"Sleep order depends on task seriousness, complexity, and tedium level. For example, team leaders","rect":[143.99778747558595,379.5580749511719,540.0901629905701,370.44989013671877]},{"page":359,"text":"and RTOs might rate Priority 1 or 2 in this system. So, if someone has to miss sleep to check the OP, the","rect":[107.99800109863281,391.2584228515625,540.0334138946533,382.1502380371094]},{"page":359,"text":"team leader might check it once, his assistant twice, and an observer thrice. The team leader must get the","rect":[107.99800109863281,402.95880126953127,539.9942903594971,393.8506164550781]},{"page":359,"text":"most sleep, since he makes the most serious decisions and processes the most complex information. ","rect":[107.99800109863281,414.6390380859375,510.0837354660034,405.5509033203125]},{"page":359,"text":"J-14.","rect":[107.99800109863281,430.3454895019531,127.84962749481201,423.4316711425781]},{"page":359,"text":"Some Soldiers  operate  at  their  greatest  efficiency  early  in  their  awake  cycle,  and  vice  versa.","rect":[143.99778747558595,432.3594970703125,540.0743970870972,423.2513122558594]},{"page":359,"text":"Leaders try to have decision makers perform their most critical tasks when they tend to think most clearly.","rect":[107.99800109863281,444.059814453125,540.0699415206909,434.9516296386719]},{"page":359,"text":"Leaders evaluate and plan this ahead of time. ","rect":[107.99800109863281,455.74017333984377,291.5523633956909,446.65203857421877]},{"page":359,"text":"CAUTION","rect":[287.70001220703127,488.23199462890627,342.30959936523439,479.364013671875]},{"page":359,"text":"The","rect":[157.6800079345703,506.09014892578127,174.95448207092287,498.80560302734377]},{"page":359,"text":"intense","rect":[182.76119995117188,506.09014892578127,215.09573268127444,498.80560302734377]},{"page":359,"text":"concentration  required  to  use  night  vision  devices","rect":[222.90249633789063,508.0740966796875,472.2811794281006,498.80560302734377]},{"page":359,"text":"can degrade  the  other senses. Leaders  should  prepare  Soldiers  for","rect":[157.6800079345703,519.5940551757813,472.3069970664978,510.205322265625]},{"page":359,"text":"night  operations  by  having  them  use all  of  their  senses.  On  some","rect":[157.6800079345703,531.1141967773438,472.29411219787598,521.7154541015625]},{"page":359,"text":"operations,  this  might  require  that some  of  them  avoid  using  night","rect":[157.6800079345703,542.6340942382813,472.2999644241333,533.245361328125]},{"page":359,"text":"vision devices.","rect":[157.6800079345703,552.1702270507813,222.80600690460205,544.8856811523438]},{"page":359,"text":"SELECTION OF ROUTE","rect":[90.0,588.5697021484375,247.4329818382263,578.8955078125]},{"page":359,"text":"J-15.","rect":[108.0,606.9202880859375,127.8516263961792,600.0065307617188]},{"page":359,"text":"The leader determines the route for night movement based on METT-TC. Since more than one","rect":[143.99989318847657,608.934326171875,539.9939241485596,599.826171875]},{"page":359,"text":"route might satisfy METT-TC, leaders should select the easiest one to navigate. Night travel is strenuous,","rect":[108.0009994506836,620.6345825195313,540.0463209152222,611.5264282226563]},{"page":359,"text":"and often done when Soldiers are tired. This adds to physical and psychological stress. Simple navigation","rect":[108.0009994506836,632.3349609375,540.0344753265381,623.226806640625]},{"page":359,"text":"is easier to direct and control.","rect":[108.0009994506836,642.0113525390625,226.77906322479249,634.92724609375]},{"page":359,"text":"J-16.","rect":[108.0009994506836,659.7216796875,127.8526258468628,652.8079223632813]},{"page":359,"text":"He analyzes the selected route farther using the factors of OAKOC. METT-TC might weight","rect":[144.0009002685547,661.7357177734375,540.0090098342896,652.6275634765625]},{"page":359,"text":"some of these factors, such as terrain, cover, or avenues of approach, over other factors.","rect":[108.0009994506836,673.4160766601563,460.2513074874878,664.3279418945313]},{"page":359,"text":"J-17.","rect":[108.0009994506836,689.1223754882813,127.8526258468628,682.2086181640625]},{"page":359,"text":"Before analyzing the route, the leader divides it into segments or legs. Each leg starts with a","rect":[144.0009002685547,691.1364135742188,540.0631990509033,682.0282592773438]},{"page":359,"text":"checkpoint and ends with a change in direction or prominent terrain feature. The leader orients and controls","rect":[108.0009994506836,702.836669921875,540.0225970726013,693.728515625]},{"page":359,"text":"the team's movement on the checkpoints along the route. He uses OAKOC to analyze each leg, and to","rect":[108.0009994506836,714.537109375,540.0311183929443,705.428955078125]},{"page":359,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":359,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":359,"text":"J-5","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.5159912109375]},{"page":360,"text":"Appendix J","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,120.33290319824219,38.196014404296878]},{"page":360,"text":"determine probable hasty ambush sites, likely areas for enemy movement, and locations with improved","rect":[90.0,83.57427978515625,522.0062770843506,74.46610260009766]},{"page":360,"text":"observation. ","rect":[90.0,93.25067901611328,141.88500499725343,86.16654205322266]},{"page":360,"text":"J-18.","rect":[90.0,110.96102142333985,109.8516263961792,104.0472183227539]},{"page":360,"text":"The leader also identifies a contiguous feature, or catchpoint, such as a river, road, or ridge, on the","rect":[125.9999008178711,112.97503662109375,522.0004549102783,103.86685943603516]},{"page":360,"text":"far side of each checkpoint. If the team misses the checkpoint, they head for the nearest catchpoint. This is","rect":[89.9990005493164,124.67529296875,522.0113055686951,115.5671157836914]},{"page":360,"text":"a quick, easy way to reorient movement. ","rect":[89.9990005493164,136.37567138671876,255.0296277999878,127.26749420166016]},{"page":360,"text":"J-19.","rect":[89.9990005493164,152.0619659423828,109.8506269454956,145.14817810058595]},{"page":360,"text":"The leader tries to reconnoiter the route before he moves the unit. Ideally, he reconnoiters day and","rect":[125.9989013671875,154.07598876953126,521.9532985687256,144.96780395507813]},{"page":360,"text":"night. During his reconnaissance, he adds, confirms, or adjusts orientation aids. These can include any of ","rect":[89.9990005493164,165.7763671875,524.5043897628784,156.65817260742188]},{"page":360,"text":"the following:","rect":[89.9990005493164,177.4766845703125,146.61186933135986,168.36849975585938]},{"page":360,"text":"•","rect":[125.9989013671875,193.0,129.50590152740478,189.0]},{"page":360,"text":"•","rect":[125.9989013671875,208.638916015625,129.50590152740478,206.18402099609376]},{"page":360,"text":"•","rect":[125.9989013671875,228.0,129.50590152740478,224.0]},{"page":360,"text":"• ","rect":[125.9989013671875,245.0,132.00377941131593,241.0]},{"page":360,"text":"• ","rect":[125.9989013671875,262.0,131.98279857635499,258.0]},{"page":360,"text":"•","rect":[125.9989013671875,279.4402160644531,129.50590152740478,276.9853210449219]},{"page":360,"text":"•","rect":[125.9989013671875,299.0,129.50590152740478,295.0]},{"page":360,"text":"Terrain features (hills, cliffs, rivers, ridges, draws).","rect":[136.82740783691407,195.17706298828126,341.7533826828003,186.06887817382813]},{"page":360,"text":"Man-made features (towers, buildings, bridges, and roads). ","rect":[136.79739379882813,212.87738037109376,376.31106090545657,203.76919555664063]},{"page":360,"text":"Ground surveillance radar (GSR).","rect":[136.8343963623047,230.5576629638672,272.9230604171753,221.46951293945313]},{"page":360,"text":"Wire.","rect":[136.81838989257813,246.2639923095703,159.42750072479249,239.16983032226563]},{"page":360,"text":"Illumination rounds.","rect":[136.7974090576172,263.954345703125,218.6835126876831,256.8702087402344]},{"page":360,"text":"Night vision devices.","rect":[136.79739379882813,283.6786804199219,221.83104991912843,274.57049560546877]},{"page":360,"text":"Machine gun tracer fire. When mortar illumination rounds or tracer fire is used to locate","rect":[136.82740783691407,301.37896728515627,490.3641939239502,292.2707824707031]},{"page":360,"text":"positions, the leader plans the fire patterns so that the team can see them.","rect":[136.7983856201172,313.0593566894531,428.7914991378784,303.9712219238281]},{"page":360,"text":"J-20.","rect":[89.9990005493164,328.76568603515627,109.8506269454956,321.85186767578127]},{"page":360,"text":"A reorientation plan is one of  the  final  ingredients  in  route  selection.  The  leader  plans  for","rect":[125.9989013671875,330.7796936035156,522.0808007774353,321.6715087890625]},{"page":360,"text":"reorientation throughout the movement using checkpoints, catchpoints, and position locators. Nevertheless,","rect":[89.9990005493164,342.4800720214844,522.0062818527222,333.37188720703127]},{"page":360,"text":"units do get lost. Therefore, the leader must plan how to recover and reorient his team and complete the","rect":[89.9990005493164,354.180419921875,522.0695467071533,345.0722351074219]},{"page":360,"text":"mission. He plans this during the reconnaissance and adds checkpoints as needed. He uses distant terrain","rect":[89.9990005493164,365.88079833984377,521.9821681976318,356.7726135253906]},{"page":360,"text":"features  to  resection  off  indirect  fire.  Planning  how  to react  should  the  unit  become  lost  reduces  the","rect":[89.9990005493164,377.5810852050781,522.0242586212158,368.472900390625]},{"page":360,"text":"negative effects should it occur. ","rect":[89.9990005493164,389.281494140625,220.44089794158936,380.1733093261719]},{"page":360,"text":"NIGHT WALKING","rect":[72.0,408.98968505859377,192.66417462921144,399.3015441894531]},{"page":360,"text":"J-21.","rect":[90.0,427.3403015136719,109.8516263961792,420.4264831542969]},{"page":360,"text":"Leaders must train their units to move silently. Night movement requires different muscles than","rect":[125.9999008178711,429.35430908203127,522.0660915374756,420.2461242675781]},{"page":360,"text":"day movement, and so requires practice. ","rect":[90.0,441.0546875,254.25754833221436,431.9465026855469]},{"page":360,"text":"J-22.","rect":[90.0,456.7409973144531,109.8516263961792,449.8271789550781]},{"page":360,"text":"Whereas daylight travel stresses the calf muscles, walking at night places more strain on the","rect":[125.9999008178711,458.7550048828125,522.0230989532471,449.6468200683594]},{"page":360,"text":"muscles of the thighs and buttocks. Soldiers must get used to taking short, careful steps, stressing the use of ","rect":[90.0,470.4552917480469,524.6327466964722,461.34710693359377]},{"page":360,"text":"the larger muscle groups in their thighs. This method of balanced, smooth walking at night reduces the","rect":[90.0,482.15570068359377,521.9186678009033,473.0475158691406]},{"page":360,"text":"chance of tripping over roots and rocks, and it reduces noise. Sufficient practice helps make crossing","rect":[90.0,493.8560791015625,522.0290431976318,484.7478942871094]},{"page":360,"text":"terrain at night seem as natural and easy as walking on a sidewalk in the daytime. Soldiers conditioned to","rect":[90.0,505.5564270019531,521.9299221038818,496.4482421875]},{"page":360,"text":"move this way can travel far with little fatigue. ","rect":[90.0,517.2567138671875,280.4302930831909,508.1485290527344]},{"page":360,"text":"J-23.","rect":[90.0,532.9430541992188,109.8516263961792,526.029296875]},{"page":360,"text":"To walk at night, the Soldier looks ahead, shifts his weight completely to his left foot, and then","rect":[125.9999008178711,534.9570922851563,522.0573635101318,525.8489379882813]},{"page":360,"text":"slowly lifts his right foot about knee high. He balances on his left foot while he eases his right toes down","rect":[90.0,546.6574096679688,521.9586696624756,537.5492553710938]},{"page":360,"text":"and out, feeling lightly for twigs or trip wires. Still keeping his weight on his left foot, he gently touches","rect":[90.0,558.3577880859375,522.1168963890076,549.2496337890625]},{"page":360,"text":"his right toes to the ground about 6 inches to the front of his left foot. He lightly feels the ground under the","rect":[90.0,570.05810546875,521.9607820587158,560.949951171875]},{"page":360,"text":"outside of the toes of his right boot. Then, he feels with his right boot for any twigs, loose rocks, or holes.","rect":[90.0,581.7584838867188,522.0067090988159,572.6503295898438]},{"page":360,"text":"If he finds none, he finally settles his foot on the ground. Once he is confident of solid, quiet footing, he","rect":[90.0,593.4588623046875,521.9832429962158,584.3507080078125]},{"page":360,"text":"slowly shifts his weight forward onto the right foot, hesitates until he has his balance, then repeats the","rect":[89.9990005493164,605.1591796875,522.0726595001221,596.051025390625]},{"page":360,"text":"sensing process with his left foot. ","rect":[89.9990005493164,616.859619140625,226.91872692108155,607.75146484375]},{"page":360,"text":"J-24.","rect":[89.9990005493164,632.5458984375,109.8506269454956,625.6321411132813]},{"page":360,"text":"Crossing fords and streams requires extensive team-level training. The team must establish and","rect":[125.9989013671875,634.5599365234375,522.0707302093506,625.4517822265625]},{"page":360,"text":"maintain security when crossing these obstacles. To cross a ford, the Soldier slips silently into the water,","rect":[89.9990005493164,646.2601928710938,522.1036329269409,637.1520385742188]},{"page":360,"text":"gains and maintains his footing, and remains alert. He starts crossing by sliding his leading foot forward","rect":[89.9990005493164,657.9605712890625,522.0254421234131,648.8524169921875]},{"page":360,"text":"and dragging his rear foot, as if shuffling. This helps him keep his balance in the current. After everyone","rect":[89.9990005493164,669.6610107421875,522.0649690704346,660.5528564453125]},{"page":360,"text":"crosses, the leader counts heads, and the team moves out. ","rect":[89.9990005493164,680.0,322.57049083709719,672.253173828125]},{"page":360,"text":"J-6","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":360,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":360,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":361,"text":"Night Operations","rect":[466.91998291015627,46.52101516723633,540.03964453125,38.0880126953125]},{"page":361,"text":"SIGNALS","rect":[90.0,85.58970642089844,151.3889686126709,75.90156555175781]},{"page":361,"text":"J-25.","rect":[108.0,103.94026947021485,127.8516263961792,97.0264663696289]},{"page":361,"text":"The team uses simple, familiar signals to pass information, identify locations, control formations,","rect":[143.99989318847657,105.95428466796875,540.1846265792847,96.84610748291016]},{"page":361,"text":"or initiate activity. Each basic signal has alternate signals as backups, and everyone must know these as","rect":[108.0,117.6546630859375,540.0222308616638,108.5464859008789]},{"page":361,"text":"well. Signaling at night helps the leader control what is happening. It supports security and surprise. It","rect":[108.0,129.35498046875,540.0879282913209,120.2468032836914]},{"page":361,"text":"requires different methods than daylight signaling, for example, arm-and-hand signals might not be visible","rect":[108.0,141.05535888671876,540.0870637969971,131.94717407226563]},{"page":361,"text":"at night. The most common signals use sound, touch, and sight. The leader chooses signals based on the","rect":[108.0,152.75567626953126,540.0119905548096,143.64749145507813]},{"page":361,"text":"unit's activity and desired results, then he briefs the Soldiers and has them practice.","rect":[108.0,164.45611572265626,441.06997203826907,155.34793090820313]},{"page":361,"text":"AUDIO SIGNALS","rect":[90.0,182.219970703125,168.7094326019287,173.91598510742188]},{"page":361,"text":"J-26.","rect":[108.0,200.1802520751953,127.8516263961792,193.26646423339845]},{"page":361,"text":"These include radio, wire, telephones, messengers, and grating or clicking of objects.","rect":[143.99989318847657,202.19427490234376,485.7781934738159,193.07608032226563]},{"page":361,"text":"Radio and Telephone Signals","rect":[90.0,221.1805877685547,226.67026767349243,211.3754425048828]},{"page":361,"text":"J-27.","rect":[108.0,236.78028869628907,127.8516263961792,229.8665008544922]},{"page":361,"text":"When using the radio and telephone at night, operators take precautions. They know that noise","rect":[143.99989318847657,238.7943115234375,540.0252962188721,229.68612670898438]},{"page":361,"text":"travels  farther  at  night  than  during  the  day.  They  lower  the  volume  as  much  as practical. They use","rect":[107.9990005493164,250.49468994140626,540.0342683868408,241.38650512695313]},{"page":361,"text":"headphones or earphones to reduce unnecessary noise. They know the possibility of loud static. They use","rect":[107.9990005493164,262.19500732421877,540.0490999298096,253.08682250976563]},{"page":361,"text":"signals such as breaking squelch a specified number of times. ","rect":[107.9990005493164,273.8953857421875,357.33852672576907,264.7872009277344]},{"page":361,"text":"Messages","rect":[90.0,292.8807067871094,133.90902194595336,283.2512512207031]},{"page":361,"text":"J-28.","rect":[108.0,308.48028564453127,127.8516263961792,301.56646728515627]},{"page":361,"text":"Messengers carry written messages to avoid confusion and misinterpretation. When this is not","rect":[143.99989318847657,310.4942932128906,540.0624766311646,301.3861083984375]},{"page":361,"text":"possible, leaders ensure the messenger understands the message by having him repeat it word for word. ","rect":[108.0,322.1947021484375,525.4160718917847,313.0865173339844]},{"page":361,"text":"Oral Signals","rect":[90.0,341.1806945800781,148.36309299087524,331.3755798339844]},{"page":361,"text":"K-1.","rect":[108.0,356.6400146484375,126.16726207733155,349.8664855957031]},{"page":361,"text":"Oral communication at night should be whispered. To do this, the Soldier takes a normal breath,","rect":[143.99989318847657,358.7943115234375,539.9972486495972,349.6861267089844]},{"page":361,"text":"exhales half of it, and then whispers into the other person's ear using the remainder of his breath. ","rect":[108.0,370.4945983886719,498.42608165740969,361.38641357421877]},{"page":361,"text":"VISUAL SIGNALS","rect":[90.0,388.260009765625,172.90944480895997,379.9560241699219]},{"page":361,"text":"J-29.","rect":[108.0,406.2203063964844,127.8516263961792,399.3064880371094]},{"page":361,"text":"These can be active or passive and include many options. For visual signals to work, everyone","rect":[143.99989318847657,408.23431396484377,540.0053987579346,399.1261291503906]},{"page":361,"text":"must see and recognize them. ","rect":[108.0,419.9345703125,228.72532176971436,410.8263854980469]},{"page":361,"text":"Passive Visual Signals","rect":[90.0,438.9206848144531,193.31302890396118,429.1155700683594]},{"page":361,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,454.0,147.50700016021728,450.0]},{"page":361,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,472.0,147.50700016021728,468.0]},{"page":361,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0,490.0,150.00600719451905,485.0]},{"page":361,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,507.0,147.50700016021728,503.0]},{"page":361,"text":"Sticks indicating direction. ","rect":[154.79849243164063,456.5343017578125,265.11370372772219,447.4261169433594]},{"page":361,"text":"Light-colored paint.","rect":[154.80059814453126,474.2345886230469,235.09899425506593,465.12640380859377]},{"page":361,"text":"Tape.","rect":[154.82061767578126,491.9149169921875,177.36680126190186,483.1474304199219]},{"page":361,"text":"Rock formations. ","rect":[154.79849243164063,507.6112365722656,226.93731212615968,500.527099609375]},{"page":361,"text":"• Markings on the ground. ","rect":[144.0,527.3355712890625,256.68902111053469,518.2274169921875]},{"page":361,"text":"•  Powder.","rect":[144.0,544.0,188.04050731658936,535.9278564453125]},{"page":361,"text":"Active Visual Signals","rect":[90.0,564.0206298828125,188.98028049087524,554.2154541015625]},{"page":361,"text":"•  Flares.","rect":[144.0,579.610107421875,181.7993574142456,572.5260009765625]},{"page":361,"text":"• ","rect":[144.0,596.0,149.98400402069093,592.0]},{"page":361,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,614.0,147.50700016021728,611.0]},{"page":361,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,632.0,147.50700016021728,629.0]},{"page":361,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,650.0,147.50700016021728,646.0]},{"page":361,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,667.0,147.50700016021728,664.0]},{"page":361,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,685.0,147.50700016021728,682.0]},{"page":361,"text":"•","rect":[144.0,703.0,147.50700016021728,699.0]},{"page":361,"text":"Flashlights.","rect":[154.79861450195313,599.33447265625,201.29381847381593,590.226318359375]},{"page":361,"text":"Illumination rounds (M203, mortar, artillery). ","rect":[154.83250427246095,617.034912109375,340.80837535858157,607.9267578125]},{"page":361,"text":"Chemical lights. ","rect":[154.82151794433595,634.7352294921875,222.84817028045655,625.6270751953125]},{"page":361,"text":"Infrared or incandescent strobe lights. ","rect":[154.79849243164063,652.435546875,309.32110118865969,643.327392578125]},{"page":361,"text":"Either AN/PVS-5 or -7 night vision devices (infrared), or both. ","rect":[154.79849243164063,670.1358642578125,410.5028944015503,661.0277099609375]},{"page":361,"text":"Burning fuel (saturated sand in a can).","rect":[154.83450317382813,687.836181640625,308.5072889328003,678.72802734375]},{"page":361,"text":"Luminous tape or compass dial.","rect":[154.79849243164063,705.5164794921875,282.52248668670657,696.4283447265625]},{"page":361,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":361,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":361,"text":"J-7","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0590209960938,540.0481284179688,747.5159912109375]},{"page":362,"text":"Appendix J","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,120.33290319824219,38.196014404296878]},{"page":362,"text":"Uses of Visual Signals","rect":[72.0,84.86070251464844,174.33579501724243,75.05555725097656]},{"page":362,"text":"J-30.","rect":[90.0,100.46016693115235,109.8516263961792,93.5463638305664]},{"page":362,"text":"These signals can be used to identify a critical trail junction, mark a rally or rendezvous point,","rect":[125.9999008178711,102.47418212890625,521.9999952316284,93.35598754882813]},{"page":362,"text":"mark caches, or report that a danger area is clear. White powder can be used to indicate direction at a","rect":[90.0,114.17449951171875,522.0483064727783,105.06632232666016]},{"page":362,"text":"confusing trail intersection. A flashlight with a blue filter (with an \"X\" cut out of the filter) can signal \"All","rect":[90.0,125.8748779296875,521.9927134475709,116.7667007446289]},{"page":362,"text":"clear\" to a unit crossing a danger area. The possibilities are endless. However, the leader ensures that each","rect":[90.0,137.5753173828125,522.0195217132568,128.46713256835938]},{"page":362,"text":"Soldier in the team understands every signal used. ","rect":[90.0,149.275634765625,293.6201124191284,140.16744995117188]},{"page":362,"text":"TOUCH SIGNALS","rect":[72.0,167.0400390625,153.76944541931153,158.73605346679688]},{"page":362,"text":"J-31.","rect":[90.0,185.0003204345703,109.8516263961792,178.08653259277345]},{"page":362,"text":"These consist of wire, string, or rope used in the hide or surveillance position to communicate","rect":[125.9999008178711,187.01434326171876,522.0617342071533,177.90615844726563]},{"page":362,"text":"without  disclosing  the  position.  They usually  consist  of  wire  loosely  secured  to  an  arm  or  leg.  By","rect":[90.0,198.714599609375,521.9714260101318,189.60641479492188]},{"page":362,"text":"prearrangement, two pulls on the wire might mean that a ground-mounted force is approaching, while three","rect":[90.0,210.41497802734376,522.3947420196533,201.30679321289063]},{"page":362,"text":"pulls might indicate a convoy. ","rect":[90.0,222.1153564453125,213.58202648162843,213.00717163085938]},{"page":362,"text":"TARGET DETECTION","rect":[72.0,241.82969665527345,218.15670053863526,232.1415557861328]},{"page":362,"text":"J-32.","rect":[90.0,260.1802673339844,109.8516263961792,253.26646423339845]},{"page":362,"text":"Successful  night  movement  and  target  engagement  depend  on  knowing  the enemy--how he","rect":[125.9999008178711,262.19427490234377,521.9852571563721,253.08609008789063]},{"page":362,"text":"attacks, defends, and uses terrain. Studying the enemy's techniques and patterns aids in target detection.","rect":[90.0,273.89471435546877,522.0022535324097,264.7865295410156]},{"page":362,"text":"Nature provides an endless array of patterns. Man invariably disturbs or alters these patterns so they are","rect":[90.0,285.5950012207031,521.9902620391846,276.48681640625]},{"page":362,"text":"detectable. Sensing the enemy at night requires leaders and Soldiers to exercise patience, pay attention to","rect":[89.9990005493164,297.2954406738281,521.9929714202881,288.187255859375]},{"page":362,"text":"detail, and practice. Patience and confidence are critical to effectively sense a target at night. While moving","rect":[89.9990005493164,308.9956970214844,522.0443630218506,299.88751220703127]},{"page":362,"text":"through an area, Soldiers look calmly and methodically for patterns rather than on details. For example,","rect":[89.9990005493164,320.69610595703127,522.0930738449097,311.5879211425781]},{"page":362,"text":"they look for straight lines, light variations, and any other odd-looking, obviously man-made, or disturbed","rect":[89.9990005493164,332.39642333984377,522.0186061859131,323.2882385253906]},{"page":362,"text":"patterns. The team looks for sentries or positions at the entrances to draws, on hills overlooking bridges or","rect":[89.9990005493164,344.0968322753906,522.0032250938416,334.9886474609375]},{"page":362,"text":"obstacles, and on the military crests of prominent terrain features. This is where the enemy will go for","rect":[89.9990005493164,355.797119140625,522.0906884727478,346.6889343261719]},{"page":362,"text":"observation. The team also looks for supporting positions. They must know the ranges of enemy weapons,","rect":[89.9990005493164,367.49749755859377,521.9305372238159,358.3893127441406]},{"page":362,"text":"including  supporting  weapons,  as  well  as  the  ranges  of  the  enemy's  night  vision and line-of-sight","rect":[89.9990005493164,379.19781494140627,522.0596690139771,370.0896301269531]},{"page":362,"text":"observation  devices.  They  must  search  thoroughly  for  enemy  positions and for  any  other  signs  of ","rect":[89.9990005493164,390.898193359375,524.4964551925659,381.7900085449219]},{"page":362,"text":"enemy activity.  Typical  indicators  of  enemy activity  include  sounds,  odors,  displacement,  weathering,","rect":[89.99800109863281,402.5985107421875,521.9926710128784,393.4903259277344]},{"page":362,"text":"littering, and camouflage: ","rect":[89.99800109863281,414.2989196777344,195.74872875213624,405.19073486328127]},{"page":362,"text":"Sounds","rect":[72.0,431.084716796875,106.24112948989868,423.4865417480469]},{"page":362,"text":"J-33.","rect":[90.0,448.8802795410156,109.8516263961792,441.9664611816406]},{"page":362,"text":"A Soldier places an ear to the ground or drives a stick 6 inches into it. Ground is denser than air,","rect":[125.9999008178711,450.894287109375,522.0647535324097,441.7861022949219]},{"page":362,"text":"so sounds can travel farther through it, although determining direction is difficult. Rain and winds mask","rect":[90.0,462.5946960449219,522.0604152679443,453.48651123046877]},{"page":362,"text":"sounds. Rain causes Soldiers to seek shelter in static positions or, if moving, to put down their earflaps.","rect":[90.0,474.2950134277344,522.0394239425659,465.18682861328127]},{"page":362,"text":"Both actions degrade the ability to hear someone stalking them.","rect":[90.0,485.99542236328127,345.11162853240969,476.8872375488281]},{"page":362,"text":"Odors","rect":[72.0,502.7736511230469,101.2704797706604,495.18646240234377]},{"page":362,"text":"J-34.","rect":[90.0,520.5802001953125,109.8516263961792,513.6664428710938]},{"page":362,"text":"When the sun sets, the air cools and odors float downhill. When the sun and temperatures rise, so","rect":[125.9999008178711,522.57421875,522.0730495452881,513.486083984375]},{"page":362,"text":"do odors. The more odors rise, the more likely they are to be picked up and carried by the wind. ","rect":[90.0,534.2946166992188,477.20669078826907,525.1864624023438]},{"page":362,"text":"Displacement","rect":[72.0,553.2587280273438,135.43145581436159,543.4755249023438]},{"page":362,"text":"J-35.","rect":[90.0,568.880126953125,109.8516263961792,561.9663696289063]},{"page":362,"text":"The team checks for displaced stones, leaves, or logs. The undersides of these objects are usually","rect":[125.9999008178711,570.8941650390625,521.9975490570068,561.7759399414063]},{"page":362,"text":"darker in color than their top sides, and they are usually also damp. Crumbled rocks have lighter colored","rect":[90.0,582.594482421875,522.0676174163818,573.486328125]},{"page":362,"text":"faces and chips. At night, Soldiers need flashlights to detect these signs, so the team must place security","rect":[90.0,594.294921875,522.0281276702881,585.186767578125]},{"page":362,"text":"well out. When viewed through infrared devices, broken and crushed vegetation look very different from","rect":[89.9990005493164,605.9953002929688,522.1489539108277,596.8871459960938]},{"page":362,"text":"undisturbed vegetation. ","rect":[89.9990005493164,617.6956176757813,186.77991771697999,608.5874633789063]},{"page":362,"text":"Weathering","rect":[72.0,636.6806030273438,127.55330848693848,626.8754272460938]},{"page":362,"text":"J-36.","rect":[90.0,652.2802734375,109.8516263961792,645.3665161132813]},{"page":362,"text":"Weathering  indicates  a  recent  disturbance.  At  night,  the  team usually  needs  experience--and","rect":[125.9999008178711,654.2943115234375,522.0233669281006,645.1861572265625]},{"page":362,"text":"light--to detect weathering. ","rect":[89.9990005493164,665.9945678710938,201.41820812225343,656.8864135742188]},{"page":362,"text":"J-8","rect":[72.0,754.0679931640625,84.970796875,747.489013671875]},{"page":362,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.01470947265627,754.0679931640625,310.97390966796879,747.489013671875]},{"page":362,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0577697753906,754.0679931640625,522.048189453125,747.489013671875]},{"page":363,"text":"Night Operations","rect":[466.91998291015627,46.52101516723633,540.03964453125,38.0880126953125]},{"page":363,"text":"Littering","rect":[90.0,84.86070251464844,132.12148475646974,75.05555725097656]},{"page":363,"text":"J-37.","rect":[108.0,100.46016693115235,127.8516263961792,93.5463638305664]},{"page":363,"text":"Littering proves humans were present and can give clues about their discipline (or lack of it),","rect":[143.99989318847657,102.47418212890625,540.0713453292847,93.36600494384766]},{"page":363,"text":"distraction, supplies, and morale. However, it might be deliberate, that is, litter and other items left behind","rect":[108.0,114.17449951171875,540.1064968109131,105.06632232666016]},{"page":363,"text":"might contain booby traps.","rect":[108.0,125.8748779296875,215.5182752609253,116.7667007446289]},{"page":363,"text":"Camouflage","rect":[90.0,144.86058044433595,146.8104683074951,135.06642150878907]},{"page":363,"text":"J-38.","rect":[108.0,160.4601593017578,127.8516263961792,153.54637145996095]},{"page":363,"text":"Natures few straight lines tend to stand out. So do contrasting or unnatural colors, tones, and","rect":[143.99989318847657,162.47418212890626,540.0359401702881,153.36599731445313]},{"page":363,"text":"textures such as green leaves among dead branches. For example, an infrared source will show newly","rect":[108.0,174.17449951171876,539.9661159515381,165.06631469726563]},{"page":363,"text":"cut foliage.","rect":[108.0,185.8748779296875,153.15459728240968,176.76669311523438]},{"page":363,"text":"MOVEMENT","rect":[90.0,205.5757293701172,175.33392177963257,195.91554260253907]},{"page":363,"text":"J-39.","rect":[108.0,223.9402618408203,127.8516263961792,217.02647399902345]},{"page":363,"text":"Team leaders determine the best formation and movement techniques based on METT-TC. The","rect":[143.99989318847657,225.9342498779297,540.0402498321533,216.84609985351563]},{"page":363,"text":"file works well at night--it is easy to control and allows rapid movement through dense terrain. The only","rect":[108.0,237.6546630859375,540.0595607757568,228.54647827148438]},{"page":363,"text":"problem is that it does not allow the team to mass fire to the front. However, its advantages usually","rect":[108.0,249.35498046875,540.0739040374756,240.24679565429688]},{"page":363,"text":"outweigh its disadvantages. To aid in movement control and security—","rect":[108.0,261.05535888671877,394.3494682312012,251.94717407226563]},{"page":363,"text":"• Each Soldier must be within reach of the Soldier to his front. ","rect":[143.99989318847657,276.7416687011719,401.4698438644409,269.6474914550781]},{"page":363,"text":"• No Soldier moves unless told to do so. ","rect":[143.99989318847657,295.0,312.3909559249878,287.3478088378906]},{"page":363,"text":"• The leader(s) does the talking.","rect":[143.99989318847657,314.15631103515627,276.5974073410034,305.0481262207031]},{"page":363,"text":"• The leader(s) positions himself far enough forward to make timely decisions to eliminate","rect":[143.99989318847657,331.856689453125,511.56161213684086,322.7485046386719]},{"page":363,"text":"confusion.","rect":[154.7993927001953,341.532958984375,196.95946788787843,334.4488220214844]},{"page":363,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98858862304687,747.489013671875]},{"page":363,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":363,"text":"J-9","rect":[527.0773315429688,754.0679931640625,540.0481284179688,747.489013671875]},{"page":364,"text":"This page intentionally left blank. ","rect":[163.4399871826172,392.5619812011719,452.493501953125,375.69598388671877]},{"page":365,"text":"Appendix K","rect":[279.41998291015627,85.87195587158203,346.0223984375,74.9279556274414]},{"page":365,"text":"Example Evasion and Recovery Plan","rect":[175.4399871826172,110.50821685791016,454.5275391273499,95.68971252441406]},{"page":365,"text":"Figure K-1, page K-2, shows an example plan of action for an evasion. ","rect":[126.0,129.2007293701172,440.6773729324341,119.21990966796875]},{"page":365,"text":"Figure K-2 and Figure K-3, pages K-5","rect":[126.0,147.9215545654297,303.66126441955569,137.94073486328126]},{"page":365,"text":"example of DD Form 1833 TEST (V2).","rect":[126.0,160.62542724609376,299.9641466140747,150.66656494140626]},{"page":365,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98230200195312,747.489013671875]},{"page":365,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0636901855469,754.0679931640625,329.0175192871094,747.489013671875]},{"page":365,"text":"of  an","rect":[478.854248046875,146.0,503.97864723205569,137.9517059326172]},{"page":365,"text":"K-1","rect":[525.5616455078125,753.9600219726563,540.0264609375,747.489013671875]},{"page":366,"text":"Appendix K","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":366,"text":"K-2","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,86.46480017089844,747.489013671875]},{"page":366,"text":"Figure K-1. Example plan of action for an evasion.","rect":[190.1999969482422,664.4010009765625,403.80647387695316,655.968017578125]},{"page":366,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0093078613281,754.0679931640625,310.96850805664067,747.489013671875]},{"page":366,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0523986816406,754.0679931640625,522.042818359375,747.489013671875]},{"page":367,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.9904044189453,747.489013671875]},{"page":367,"text":"Example Evasion and Recovery Plan","rect":[383.4599914550781,46.52101516723633,539.9955209960938,38.196014404296878]},{"page":367,"text":"Figure K-1. Example plan of action for an evasion (continued).","rect":[182.39999389648438,719.3009643554688,447.5602275390625,710.8679809570313]},{"page":367,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0744934082031,754.0679931640625,329.03369360351567,747.489013671875]},{"page":367,"text":"K-3","rect":[525.5779418945313,754.0590209960938,540.0427573242188,747.489013671875]},{"page":368,"text":"Appendix K","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77249798583985,38.196014404296878]},{"page":368,"text":"K-4","rect":[72.0,753.9600219726563,86.46480017089844,747.489013671875]},{"page":368,"text":"Figure K-1. Example plan of action for an evasion (continued).","rect":[164.39999389648438,650.7808837890625,429.5602275390625,642.347900390625]},{"page":368,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0093078613281,754.0679931640625,310.96850805664067,747.489013671875]},{"page":368,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0523986816406,754.0679931640625,522.042818359375,747.489013671875]},{"page":369,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,145.98230200195312,747.489013671875]},{"page":369,"text":"Example Evasion and Recovery Plan","rect":[383.4599914550781,46.52101516723633,539.9963754882813,38.196014404296878]},{"page":369,"text":"Figure K-2. Example of DD Form 1833 TEST (V2) (front).","rect":[196.4399871826172,708.6809692382813,433.67491259765628,700.2479858398438]},{"page":369,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0636901855469,754.0679931640625,329.0175192871094,747.489013671875]},{"page":369,"text":"K-5","rect":[525.5616455078125,754.0590209960938,540.0264609375,747.5159912109375]},{"page":370,"text":"Appendix K","rect":[72.0,46.404014587402347,121.77519116210938,38.196014404296878]},{"page":370,"text":"K-6","rect":[72.0,754.0590209960938,86.46480017089844,747.489013671875]},{"page":370,"text":"Figure K-3. Example of DD Form 1833 TEST (V2) (back).","rect":[178.4399871826172,703.1008911132813,415.666794921875,694.6679077148438]},{"page":370,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[265.0093078613281,754.0679931640625,310.9630759277344,747.489013671875]},{"page":370,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[466.0443115234375,754.0679931640625,522.0265830078125,747.489013671875]},{"page":371,"text":"Glossary","rect":[280.7400207519531,90.4081802368164,349.2046971588135,75.3974380493164]},{"page":371,"text":"Section I. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS","rect":[80.63999938964844,111.62397766113281,339.16079931640629,102.74398040771485]},{"page":371,"text":"23 June 2009","rect":[90.0,754.0679931640625,146.00689916992187,747.489013671875]},{"page":371,"text":"FM 3-55.93","rect":[283.0937805175781,754.0679931640625,329.0694296875,747.489013671875]},{"page":371,"text":"close air support","rect":[397.79840087890627,135.26829528808595,464.14462995147707,126.1801528930664]},{"page":371,"text":"combined arms training strategy","rect":[397.79840087890627,154.12786865234376,527.1701564788818,145.01968383789063]},{"page":371,"text":"chemical, biological, radiological,","rect":[397.79840087890627,172.967529296875,534.3890333175659,163.85934448242188]},{"page":371,"text":"and nuclear","rect":[397.79840087890627,183.60377502441407,444.3719689903259,176.51962280273438]},{"page":371,"text":"close combat attack","rect":[397.79840087890627,202.44337463378907,476.72939109802248,195.35922241210938]},{"page":371,"text":"commander's critical information","rect":[397.79840087890627,221.28297424316407,530.7123928070068,214.19882202148438]},{"page":371,"text":"requirements","rect":[397.79840087890627,235.94712829589845,450.0619952659607,226.85897827148438]},{"page":371,"text":"combat lifesaver","rect":[397.79840087890627,252.7827911376953,464.24422240829468,245.69863891601563]},{"page":371,"text":"course of action","rect":[397.79840087890627,271.6224365234375,461.9427089691162,264.5382995605469]},{"page":371,"text":"company operations base","rect":[397.79840087890627,292.486083984375,499.1394624786377,283.3778991699219]},{"page":371,"text":"communications security","rect":[397.79840087890627,311.3257141113281,498.09349632263186,302.217529296875]},{"page":371,"text":"combined obstacle 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